HERRAMIENTAS11

8/4/2019 HERRAMIENTAS11

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Eiwwblmic{bt

gâtmdbt ic in

lbc{icmlmic{h



In lbc{icmlmic{h ic `iciwbn ti gbtb ictbgiw tiniddmhcbw } y{mnmzbw nbt eiwwblmic{bt

dhwwid{bt qbwb ebdiw ty {wbgboh

wâqmkblic{i dhc qwidmtmôc } icdhckmdmhcit ki ti`ywmkbk#Tmc nbt dhwwid{bt eiwwblmic{bt } nht

dhchdmlmic{h ciditbwmht qbwb ty yth tiqmiwki {milqh. ti wikydi nb ifmdmicdmb. i

mcdnyth qyiki nni`bw dbytbwti nitmhcit b tmlmtlh y b h{wht#



EIWWBLMIC[BTLBCYBNIT



‧ In bnlbdíc ki eiwwblmic{bt dyic{b dhc ycb`wbc vbwmikbk ki eiwwblmic{bt kmtqhcmgnitqbwb nht {ídcmdht icdbw`bkht kinlbc{icmlmic{h ki nbt biwhcbvit. ic{wi nbtdybnit icdhc{wblht? eiwwblmic{bt ki lbch.iníd{wmdbt. ciylâ{mdbt. eiwwblmic{bt

itqídmbnit i mct{wylic{ht ki likmdmôc#



Dymkbkht ki nbt Eiwwblmic{btNb ifmdmicdmb ki nbt {bwibt ki lbc{icmlmic{h.ifid{ybkbt qhw yc {ídcmdh kiqickic ic `wbclikmkb qhw in dhchdmlmic{h ki nbt eiwwblmic{bt

} nbt dhckmdmhcit ic nbt ryi ti bnlbdicbc#Nbt eiwwblmic{bt kigic tiw nmlqmbkbt } tidbkbtbc{it ki tiw `ybwkbkbt ic tyt dbobt# Tm ty yth chit{â qwivmt{h ic yc fy{ywh qwôumlh. kigic tiwnygwmdbkht qbwb ivm{bw ryi ti humkic



Hgoi{mvht kin [DQ

‧ In hgoi{mvh qwmlhwkmbn kin qwh`wblb kidhc{whn ki eiwwblmic{bt it liohwbw nb

ti`ywmkbk ic vyinh inmlmcbckh nhtbddmkic{it ic vyinh. mcdmkic{it. } kbòht birymqht dbytbkht qhw eiwwblmic{bt chdhc{whnbkbt. qiwkmkbt h fyiwb ki ny`bw#



‧ In [DQ it{b „itdwm{h dhc tbc`wi“? dhliczbwhc b

mlqnilic{bwti {wbt ki{iwlmcbwti ryi ycbeiwwblmic{b hnvmkbkb kywbc{i in lbc{icmlmic{h ic

in fytinboi ki yc bvmôc ebgìb tmkh nb dbytb ki ycbddmkic{i lhw{bn#

‧ In [DQ it{b ic dhc{mcyb ivhnydmôc#

— Iwwhwit dhlycit

— Qwhgnilbt fwidyic{it ki{id{bkht ic bykm{hwìbt#

Ciditmkbk } ivhnydmôc kin [DQ



‧ Qwhdikmlmic{ht qbwb bti`ywbw in dhc{whnfwidyic{i } nb {wbzbgmnmkbk ki eiwwblmic{bt

‧ Nmt{bt ki mcvic{bwmh ki {hkht nht

dhc{icikhwit ki eiwwblmic{bt‧ Dhc{icikhwit dhcfm`ywbkht ki fhwlb ryi

dbkb eiwwblmic{b {mici ycb qhtmdmôcmckmvmkybn itqidìfmdb kigmkblic{i

mkic{mfmdbkb. } kmtiòbkb qbwb kit{bdbw nbfbn{b ki dybnrymiw eiwwblmic{b%dhc{icikhwit tmnyi{ibkht-#

Dhlqhcic{it kin [DQ



[ìqmdbt dbobt ki eiwwblmic{bt



Dhc{icikhwit Tmnyi{ibkht



FHK qhw eiwwblmic{bt



Nmc{iwcb eâgmnlic{i dblyfnbkb



Kit{hwcmnnbkhw fyiwb ki dhc{whn



[wbqht fyiwb ki dhc{whn

Nht dhctylmgnit{blgmíc thc

eiwwblmic{bt }eb} ryi

dhc{whnbwnht



KIT[HWCMNNBKHW



it ycb eiwwblmic{b ryi ti y{mnmzb qbwb bqwi{bw } bfnhobw {hwcmnnht ryiwirymiwic qhdb fyiwzb ki bqwmi{i

2# Lbc`h? inilic{h qhw khcki ti

tyoi{b. tyini tiw ki yc lb{iwmbnbmtnbc{i

7# Vât{b`h h dbòb? gbwwb ki li{bn ryiyci in lbc`h } ebdi qbw{i ki nbdbgizb# Ty kmâli{wh } nhc`m{yk vbwìb

ic fycdmôc kin {mqh ki kit{hwcmnnbkhw#4# Dbgizb? it nb qbw{i ryi ti mc{whkydi

ic in {hwcmnnh#

TDWIPKWMVIWKIT[HWCMNNBKHW



Widhlickbdmhcit ki yth ki nht

kit{hwcmnnbkhwit

2# Nht kit{hwcmnnbkhwit {micic vbwmht {blbòht. } itbdhctiobgni ini`mw in {blbòh ryi liohw ti bkbq{i b nbdbgizb kin {hwcmnnh#

7# Eb} ryi {iciw qwidbydmôc qbwb ch qmcdebwti dybckh tiy{mnmzb it{b eiwwblmic{b#4# Nht kit{hwcmnnbkhwit ki qbnb. {micic ryi {iciw bfmnbkb

dhwwid{blic{i nb qyc{b#;# Ch it bdhctiobgni y{mnmzbw it{b eiwwblmic{b dhlh dmcdin

h qbnbcdb#9# Dybckh ti lbcmqynic dmwdym{ht iníd{wmdht. nht

kit{hwcmnnbkhwit {micic ryi {iciw bmtnbkb nb dbòbli{ânmdb } in lbc`h#

6# Ti widhlmickb in yth ki ̀ ybc{it



[MQHT KIKIT[HWCMNNBKHWIT



DHLLHC TDWIPKWMVIWKIT[HWCMNNBKHW KI QBNB H IT[ÂCKBW

It yc {mqh ki kit{hwcmnnbkhw kh{bkh kiycb dbgizb ic fhwlb ki qbnb. yc vât{b`h }yc lbc`h# in dybn it ytbkh ic {hwcmnnht kidbgizb wbcywbkb



QEMNNMQT TDWIPKWMVIW

KIT[HWCMNNBKHW KI IT[WINNB

It yc {mqh ki kit{hwcmnnbkhw kh{bkh ki ycb dbgizb ic fhwlb ki dwyz.nb dybn qhtii yc Bc`ynh ki 41± ryi ni qiwlm{i yc liohw bdhqni bnmc{whkydmwnh ic nb wbcywb kin {hwcmnnh } ivm{bw ryi ti tbn`b bnlbcmqynbwnh

Pbwcmc`

In yth kin {mqh irymvhdbkh ki kit{hwcmnnbkhw wityn{bwb ic nbly{mnbdmôc ki nb whtdb kin {hwcmnnh h dbgizb kin kit{hwcmnnbkhw#



HFFTI[ TDWIPKWMVIWKIT[HWCMNNBKHW IC _

It yc {mqh ki kit{hwcmnnbkhw. dhlqyit{h qhw yc vât{b`h.in dybn qhtii ic dbkb ych ki tyt iu{wilht yc qbnb ryiit{âc khgnbkbt b =1± ic Bc`ynh dhc wid{h bn vât{b`h

CH[B? it ytbkh qbwb {wbgbobw ic itqbdmhtly} wikydmkht



WB[DEI[ TDWIPKWMVIW KIT[HWCMNNBKHWIT KI [WMCRYI[I H ITQMWBN

Pbwcmc`

In Kit{hwcmnnbkhw ki {wmcryi{i ch it ycbeiwwblmic{b qbwb {wbgboht qitbkht } kigitiw ytbkh thnblic{i qbwb in {wbgboh

nm`iwh#

it yc {mqh ki kit{hwcmnnbkhwkh{bkh dhc yc {wmcryi{i. in dybn itin ryi ni qwhqhwdmhcb nb fhwlb kiboyt{bw nb kmwiddmôc ki `mwh. ytbkhqbwb bqwi{bw h bfnhobw yc {hwcmnnhtmc {iciw ciditmkbk ki rym{bw inkit{hwcmnnbkhw ki nb dbgizb kin{hwcmnnh



BNMDB[IT H QMC_BTFHWOBKHT IC BDIWH



QNMIWT BNMDB[IT H QMC_BT

nht bnmdb{it thc eiwwblmic{bt ryi it{âc dhct{wymkht ki{bn fhwlb ryi lyn{mqnmryic nb qwitmôc bqnmdbkb {wbvítki nb mc{iwdiqdmôc ki qyc{h ki qmvh{i# Thc y{mnmzbkbtqbwb tyoi{bw debqbt } qmizbt qiryiòbt: dhw{bw h khgnbw

bnblgwit } tmlmnbwit: lhc{bw } kitlhc{bw qbtbkhwiti{d# It{âc fhwobkht ic bdiwh



CHWLBT KI TI@YWMKBK QBWB IN YTH KIN

BNMDB[I ‧

Nht bnmdb{it ic cmc`ÿc dbth ti {micic ryi y{mnmzbw qbwbbfnhobw h bqwi{bw {yiwdbt h {hwcmnnht#

‧ Ch dhw{bw debqb dhc nht bnmdb{it tônh ti y{mnmzbwâc qbwbdbgnit. emnht } bnblgwit#

‧

Ch `hnqibw dhc innht cmc`ÿc hgoi{h. }b ryi ti qyikicit{whqibw h qihw bÿc whlqiwti } bddmkic{bwcht dhc innht#

‧ Dybckh nht y{mnmdilht ic bn`ÿc tm{mh dhc wmit`h iníd{wmdh.dbgnit iníd{wmdht. {icilht ryi dhlqwhgbw ryi {ic`bc

qyit{h ic nht lbc`ht dhc ty dhwwitqhckmic{i bmtnblmic{hiníd{wmdh#

‧ Nmlqmbw nht bnmdb{it qbwb ty dhctiwvbdmôc } widhwkbw ryi

kitqyít ki ytbwnht nht dhnhdbwilht ic ty tm{mh#



[MQHT KI BNMDB[IT HQMC_BT



TNMQ,OHMC[ QNMIWTBNMDB[I KI GHDB VBWMBGNI

It yc {mqh ki bnmdb{i in dybn qhtii ycb wbcywb icfhwlb ki hdeh ic nb qbw{i ki nb mc{iwtiddmôc kinqyc{h qmvh{i it ytbkh. qbwb bkbq{bw in {blbòh ki nblbckìgynb. qbwb b`bwwbw hgoi{ht `wbckit hqiryiòht. {blgmíc dyic{b dhc yc ghwki fmnhth qbwb

dhw{bw dbgnit ki lb{iwmbnit gnbckht



KMB@HCBN DY[[MC@ QNMIWT BNMDB[I KI DHW[I KMB@HCBN H DHW[BFWMH

It{ht bnmdb{it ti y{mnmzbc qwmcdmqbnlic{i qbwb dhw{bw bnblgwit

gnbckht. qmcit y h{wht tmlmnbwit#

qwhqhwdmhcbc yc dhw{i nmlqmh } dhc qhdh itfyiwzh `wbdmbt b nht

fmnht ki qwidmtmôc ki fwitbkh h dhlqictbdmôc ki 29± ic nbQbw{i ki nbt lbckìgynbt

PBWCMC@

‧

ch y{mnmzbw qbwb b`bwwbw hgoi{ht#‧Ch {wb{bw ki tbdbwni fmnh



NHC@,CHTI QNMIWTBNMDB[I KI QYC[B NBW@B H QMC_B

It ycb eiwwblmic{b ytbkb qbwb nni`bw b ny`bwitMcbdditmgni h it{wideht b nht kikht. dhlh mctiw{bwqmcit y h{wht. [blgmíc thc ytbkht qbwb khgnbw

qiryiòht [whzht ki li{bn gnbckh#



FNB[,CHTI QNMIWT

BNMDB[IT KI QYC[B QNBCBthc bnmdb{it dhc lbckìgynbt tiwwbkbt qnbcbt.ryi qhtiic yc qmvh{i. it{ht bnmdb{it thc

ytbkht qbwb khgnbw debqbt li{ânmdb nm`iwbt }dbgnit



WHYCK,CHTI QNMIWT

BNMDB[I KI QYC[B WIKHCKB

Thc bnmdb{it qmczbt ryi qhtiic lbckìgynbtwikhckbt. y{mnmzbkbt qbwb dhlgbw in lb{iwmbn

dhlh nblmcbt. h ebdiw dìwdynht dhc bnblgwit#



Pâ{iw Qylq Qnmiwt qmczb qmdh ki nhwh h ki ;9±

it yc bnmdb{i ytbkh Qbwbb`bwwit fyiw{it } `wbckititfyiwzht. qhtii nbebgmnmkbk ki `wbkyâwtinib kmfiwic{it [blbòht nblhwkmkb. [mici kht

lí{hkht ki boyt{iytbkht dhc it{i {mqh kibnmdb{i#



NnbvitDWHLH VBCBKMH. DHLH LHNMGKICH



Nnbvit

thc eiwwblmic{bt lbcybnit kit{mcbkbt b ioiwdiwitfyiwzht ki {hwtmôc bn bqwi{bw h bfnhobw qiwcht.{yiwdbt } {hwcmnnht ryi qhtibc dbgizbt ryidhwwitqhckbc b nbt ghdbt ki nb eiwwblmic{b#It{âc kmtiòbkbt qbwb bdhqnbwti `iciwbnlic{inbt dbwbt hqyit{bt ki it{bt dbgizbt dybckh tilhc{bc h kitlhc{bc qmizbt. fbgwmdbkbt icbnibdmhcit ki bdiwh#

Nbt nnbvit ti dnbtmfmdbc ic ?

Bgmiw{bt. Diwwbkbt. Lmu{bt.Boyt{bgnit. _ôdbnh.Eiub`hcbnit } ebnic



CHWLBT KI TI@YWMKBK DHC NBT

NNBVITRymobkbt } lidbcmtlht ic qiwfid{hit{bkh#

Dwilbnniwb } {hwcmnnh ki boyt{i kitnmzbckhdhwwid{blic{i#

Kic{bkh ki nbt rymobkbt ic gyic it{bkh#Ch kitgbt{bw nbt ghdbt ki nbt nnbvit fmobtqyit ti kit{ilqnbc h qmiwkic qbwbninmtlhnbt dbwbt mc{iwmhwit#

Nbt nnbvit ki{iwmhwbkbt ch ti wiqbwbc.

ti wiqhcic#

Ivm{bw nb iuqhtmdmôc b dbnhw iuditmvh#

Ifid{ybw nb {hwtmôc `mwbckh ebdmb inhqiwbwmh. cycdb ilqyobckh#




NNBVIT

Bn `mwbw bti`ywbwti ryi nht cykmnnht ch ti`hnqibc dhc{wb bn`ÿc hgoi{h#

Y{mnmzbw ycb nnbvi ki kmlictmhcit bkidybkbtbn qiwch h {yiwdb b bqwi{bw h kitbqwi{bw#

Y{mnmzbw nb nnbvi ki fhwlb ryi it{í

dhlqni{blic{i bgwbzbkb } btic{bkb b nb {yiwdb} fhwlbckh âc`ynh wid{h dhc in ioi kin {hwcmnnhryi bqwmi{b#

Ch kigi thgwidbw`bwti nb dbqbdmkbk ki ycbnnbvi y{mnmzbckh ycb qwhnhc`bdmôc ki {ygh thgwiin lbc`h. y{mnmzbw h{wb dhlh bnbw`h h `hnqibwít{i dhc yc lbw{mnnh#



It lât ti`ywh y{mnmzbw ycb nnbvi lât qitbkb h kiit{wìbt#

Qbwb {yiwdbt h qiwcht kmf ìdmnit ki bfnhobw y{mnmzbw nnbvit ki{ygh ki `wbc witmt{icdmb#

Nb nnbvi ki ghdb vbwmbgni kigi bgwbzbw {h{bnlic{i ic ty

mc{iwmhw b nb {yiwdb } kigi `mwbwti ic nb kmwiddmôc ryityqhc`b ryi nb fyiwzb nb thqhw{b nb rymobkb fmob# [mwbwtmilqwi ki nb nnbvi ivm{bckh ilqyobw thgwi innb#

Y{mnmzbw dhc qwifiwicdmb nb nnbvi ki ghdb fmob ic viz ki nbki ghdb boyt{bgni#

Ch y{mnmzbw nbt nnbvit qbwb `hnqibw#


NNBVIT



[mqht ki nnbvit



Hqic Ick pwicdeNnbvit ki ghdb bgmiw{b

Thc yc {mqh ki nnbvit in dybn qhtii khtlbckìgynbt qbwbninbt ic dbkb iu{wilh ki nbgbwwb. qbwb bqwi{bw h bfnhobw {yiwdbt h qiwcht#



Hqic,Ick Pwicde Obp Hffti{nnbvit ki ghdb bgmiw{b dhc dhlqictbdmôc

Thc yc {mqh ki nnbvit tmlmnbwit bnbt bc{iwmhwit. khtlbckìgynbt qbwbninbt b 29± ki nb nìcib dic{wbn. icdbkb iu{wilh ki nb gbwwb. qbwb behwwh kin {hwryi i

mkic{mfmdbw ebdmb bkhcki tini kigi bqnmdbw qbwbbqwi{bw h bfnhobw. {yiwdbt h qiwcht nb kmfiwicdmb iclikmkbt ic{wi iu{wilh } h{wh ic ycb nnbvi it ic26 bvht io# 4(5 u 0(26 qiwlm{i wibnmzbw {wbgboht ic

tm{mht ki kmfmtmn bddith#



[M@E[ICMC@ [H =1, HW 251,KI@WIIPWICDE BWD



GHU ICK PWICDENNBVIT KI GHDB TIWWBKB

Thc yc {mqh ki nnbvit in dybn qhtii kht dbobtqbwbninbt ic dbkb iu{wilh ki nb gbwwb. qbwbbqwi{bw h bfnhobw {yiwdbt h qiwcht# cht

qwhqhwdmhcb nb qhtmgmnmkbk ki {wbgbobw tmcciditmkbk ki qictbw ryi ti cht vb b tbnmw hwitgbnbw nb nnbvi kin qiwch h {yiwdb# Nbt whtdbtnbt qhkilht icdhc{wbw ki 6 } 27 qyc{bt.

lbciob nbt lmtlbt likmkbt ryi nb ki ghdb fmob#



Ghu,Ick Pwicde Hffti{nnbvit ki ghdb tiwwbkb dhc dhlqictbdmôc

Thc yc {mqh ki nnbvit tmlmnbwit bnbt bc{iwmhwit.qhtii kht ghdbt ic Bc`ynh b 29± kin vât{b`h. icdbkb iu{wilh ki nb gbwwb. qhtmgmnm{b wibnmzbw yc

gbwwmkh dhc liohw ifmdmicdmb bn bqwi{bw h bfnhobw.{yiwdbt h qiwcht nbt likmkbt {blgmic timcdwilic{bc ic 26 bvht#



Dhlgmcb{mhc Pwicdennbvi lmu{b

Thc yc {mqh ki nnbvit in dybn qhtii ic yciu{wilh ycb nnbvi ki ghdb tiwwbkb h dybkwbc{i.dhc 29± ic Bc`ynh bn vât{b`h } ic in h{wh ycbnnbvi ki ghdb bgmiw{b. qbwbninbt bn vât{b`h. qbwbbqwi{bw h bfnhobw {yiwdbt h qiwcht qhtii nblmtlb likmkb ic blght iu{wilht#



Bkoyt{bgni Pwicde

nbvi boyt{bgni thc eiwwblmic{bt lbcybnit kmtiòbkbt qbwb ioiwdiwitfyiwzht ki {hwtmôc. dhc nb qbw{mdynbwmkbk ki ryiqyikic vbwmbw nb bgiw{ywb ki tyt rymobkbt ic fycdmôc kin{blbòh ki nb {yiwdb b bqwi{bw h kitbqwi{bw# Nht kmt{mc{ht{mqht } tyt qbw{it qwmcdmqbnit thc? lbc`h. {yiwdb ki

fmobdmôc. rymobkb lôvmn. rymobkb fmob } {hwcmnnh ki boyt{i#

#

B[[IC[MHCCh thc nnbvit y{mnmzbkb cmqiwlm{mkbt ic nb bvmbdmôc



EIUB@HCBN PWICDE H BNNIC PWICDENNBVI EIUB@HCBN

Thc nnbvit eiub`hcbnit dhc ic fhwlb ki N. tmcdbgizb. ryi vbwìbc ic ty {blbòh kitki 4(6; ebt{b¼ qyn`bkb. Ti y{mnmzbc qbwb boyt{bw h bfnhobw

{hwcmnnht dhc qiwfhwbdmôc eiub`hcbn ic nb dbgizb. nblikmkb ki nb nnbvi kigi tiw qwidmtb qbwb ivm{bwkbòht ic in qiwch h ic nb eiwwblmic{b. tidhctm`yic mckmvmkybnit h dhlh dhcoyc{h#

T j {



Thdji{tnnbvit ki dhqb

Thc nnbvit ic fhwlb ki dhqb fbgwmdbkbt ki bdiwh bndwhlh# Nb dhqb dhct{b ki yc hwmfmdmh ic nb qbw{ityqiwmhw ytbkh qbwb mc{whkydmw in dybkwbc{i kin Wb{dei{} in dybkwbc{i y hwmfmdmh mcfiwmhw. khcki ti mc{whkydi nb

{yiwdb h qiwch ryi ti kitib boyt{bw h bfnhobw#

Ti dnbtmfmdbc?Dhqb dhw{b

Dhqb qwhfyckb h nbw`bt} ki 6 h 27 qyc{bt

P e e m



Pwicde debmc Nnbvi ki dbkicb

It yc {mqh ki eiwwblmic{b nb dybn dhct{b ki yclbc`h nbw`h# Ic ych ki tyt iu{wilhtdyic{b dhc ycb itqidmi ki yòb } lbt bgbohycb dbkicb# ti ytb dhnhdbckh nb dbkicb

bnwikikhw kin {yght h bddithwmht } tibdhqnb nb dbkicb bnb yòb qbwb bfnhobw hbqwi{bw# Ti ytb ic tyqiwfmdmit mwwi`ynbwit



vhnvikhwit

W e E kn



Wb{dei{ Ebckninnbvi ki {wmcryi{i h dbwwbdb

It ycb eiwwblmic{b nb dybn {micic ic nb dbgizb thgwi in ioidhc dybkwbc{i ic in dybn ti dhnhdbc nb dhqb. iu{ictmhc hbkbq{bkhw qbwb mc{whkydmw in qiwch h {yiwdb. {blgmíc{mici ycb qbnbcdb tinid{hwb qbwb itdh`iw in tic{mkh ki

`mwh kiqickmickh ki nb ciditmkbk kin hqiwbwmh. ic {wbgbohtwâqmkht it mkibn qiwh ch kigi thli{iwti b`wbckititfyiwzht qbwb ch kbòbw ty lidbcmtlh#



Tnmkmc` [,Gbw EbckniGbwwb ic [ h lbc`h kitnmzbc{i

It{b eiwwblmic{b it{b kh{bkb ki yc dbgizbn. ryi qyikitiw boyt{bkh b nh nbw`h ki ycb gbwwb# [mici kht ghnbt dhclyinni. ycb qbwb lbc{icmlmic{h ki nb gbwwb ic nb dbgizb

} in h{wh qbwô lbc{iciw tyoi{b nb dhqb # ti y{mnmzb qbwbfbdmnmkbk ki bn`ycht {wbgboht# Kâckhni lb}hw wbqmkiz }ifmdmicdmb bn {wbgboh. {hniwb `wbckit itfyiwzht#



Emc`ik Ebcknivhnvikhw lbcybn

It ycb eiwwblmic{b ryi {mici yc bkbq{bkhwdhc gmtb`wb ic yc iu{wilh ryi qyiki tiwwh{bkh b =1 `wbkht# It{ht vhnvikhwit ti

y{mnmzbc qbwb whlqiw in {hwryi ki {ywdbt hqiwcht



Tqiik Ebckni vhnvikhw wâqmkh h giwgmryì

It{i {mqh ki eiwwblmic{b {miciycb fhwlb hw{hqíkmdb ic likmhkin vât{b`h ryi it ytbkh dhlh

ioi wh{b{hwmh. dhc ycbilqyòbkywb ic nb qbw{i tyqiwmhw#Ti y{mnmzb qbwb wi{mwbw i mct{bnbw

qiwcht h {yiwdbt. ryi {micicqhdb h cmc`ÿc qbw ki {hwtmôc#



lbw{mnnht } lbzht#LI[BN



Eblliwt bck Lbnni{t#

lbw{mnnht h lbzht‧ Nht lbw{mnnht thc Eiwwblmic{bt

ryi it{âc dhlqyit{bt ki ycb

dbgizb eideb kin li{bn.Qnât{mdh. dyiwh. h lbkiwbkiqickmickh ty yth. lhc{bkhtthgwi yc lbc`h `iciwbnlic{i

eideh ki lbkiwb. ic lbw{mnnhtlhkiwcht nht lbc`ht it{âceideht ic fmgwb ki vmkwmh#



Yth ti`ywh kin lbw{mnnh

2# Wivmtbw ryi in lbw{mnnh it{i ic gyic it{bkh

7# Ch ytbw in lbc`h kin lbw{mnnh qbwb ebdiwqbnbcdb

4# Dblgmbw in lbw{mnnh dybckh ti qwitic{icfmtywbt ic nb dbgizb

;# Hqiwbw in lbw{mnnh tmilqwi kin iu{wilhmcfiwmhw kin lbc`h

9# Dybckh ti kitib ebdiw {wbgboh kinmdbkh inlhvmlmic{h kin lbw{mnnh ch kigi ki tiwtyqiwmhw bn wbc`h kin lhvmlmic{h ki

lyòidb



[mqht ki lbw{mnnht

GBNN EBLLIW



GBNN EBLLIW LBW[MNNH KI GHNB

It in {mqh lât y{mnmzbkh qhw nht lidâcmdht# [miciycb dbgizb ki bdiwh } it{â kmtqhcmgni ic ; .6. 5 ] 27 H_. } 2. %2 ¼-. ] ki 7 nmgwbt. it{ilbw{mnnh ti mkic{mfmdb qhw ryi ic {mici ycdbgizb ic fhwlb ghnb } ic in iu{wilhhqyit{h it chwlbn

Nibk hw Dhqqiw Eblliw



Nibk hw Dhqqiw Eblliw lbw{mnnh ki qnhlh h dhgwi

It yc lbw{mnnh ki qnhlh h ki dhgwi ryiti tyini ytbw qbwb nb bnmcibdmôc kityqiwfmdmit ki bdiwh. ch ki{iwmhwb inlb{iwmbn#

it{i lbw{mnnh qyiki wiqbwbwti dybckhqwitic{i kbòht mcdnytmvi ic nbt dbwbt#

Thf{ Fbdik Eblliw



Thf{,Fbdik Eblliw lbw{mnnh ki dbwb tybvi

it dbqbz ki hfwidiw fyiw{it `hnqit iclb{iwmbnit tônmkht } qynmkht. h {wbgbobwtiic tyqiwfmdmit tybvit tmc dbytbw kbòhbn`ych#

B it{ht lbw{mnnht. ti nit qyikic dblgmbw tytdbwbt dybckh ti kifhwlbc h dybckh ticiditm{b H{wh cmvin ki kywizb h witmt{icdmb#

It{bt dbwbt thc dhkmfmdbkbt qhw dhnhwit kibdyiwkh b ty kywizb } witmt{icdmb. dhlh tilyit{wb ic nb tm`ymic{i kmbqhtm{mvb#



Thf{,Fbdik Eblliw lbw{mnnh ki dbwb tybvi

Kywizb tìlghnh dhnhw

Tybvi T DBFÍ

Likmh L WHOH

Nivi( kywh [ VIWKI

Likmh Kywh C DWILB

kywh E CI@WH

Iu{wb kywh UE BLBWMNNH



LB_HT

Wbpemki Lbnni{



Wbpemki Lbnni{ lbzh ki dyiwh

It yc Lbzh ki dyiwh dwykh ryi {mici ycbdbgizb dmnìckwmdb ryi ti icvyinvieiwlí{mdblic{i } Ti y{mnmzb qbwb nb

fhwlbdmôc } dhcfhwlbdmôc ki debqbtli{ânmdbt

Dhcfhwlbdmôc kidebqbt thgwi ycgyn{h ki bwicb

Wyggiw Lbnni{



Wyggiw Lbnni{ lbzht ki `hlb

it yc {mqh ki lbzh ryi dhct{b ki ycbdbgizb dmnìckwmdb ki `hlb# Ti ytb qbwb nbfhwlbdmôc ki nbt debqbt li{ânmdbt tmc

fhwlbw bghnnbkywbt h dybnrymiw {mqh kikbòh# io# ic tmt{ilbt emkwâynmdht

[m ' L nn



[mcciw't Lbnni{ gbryi{b h qiwlbnhm{

It yc {mqh ki lbzh ryi {mici ycb dbgizbdmnìckwmdb ki lbkiwb ryi it ki % 2 2 (; -

b %4 2 (7- qyn`bkbt ki kmâli{wh } ki 4b 6 qyn`bkbt ki nbw`h# Ti y{mnmzb qbwbfhwlbw } kbw fhwlb b nb debqb li{ânmdb#



dmcdinitBDIWH BN DBWGHCH [ILQNBKH

Demtint



Demtint dmcdin

it ycb eiwwblmic{b dhc yc fmnh bn fmcbn ki ycb ehobki li{bn } ti y{mnmzb ic in {bnniw qbwb lhnkibw inli{bn h dhcfhwlbwnh } dhw{bw lb{iwmbnit likmbc{i nb{wbctlmtmôc ki yc mlqbd{h#

In dmcdin kiwmvb ty chlgwi kin eideh ki ryi tiqyiki ytbw qbwb dhw{bw li{bn ryi ch eb tmkhtybvmzbkh qhw in {wb{blmic{h {íwlmdh#

eideh ki bdiwh bndbwghch {ilqnbkh



Chwlbt ki yth kin dmcdin

Nbt itrymcbt ki nht fmnht ki dhw{i kigic tiw wikhckibkbt tmti ytbc qbwb dhw{bw#

Kigic it{bw nmgwit ki wigbgbt#

Nht dmcdinit kigic tiw nh tyfmdmic{ilic{i `wyitht qbwb ryich ti dywvic cm bnbgiic bn tiw `hnqibkht# Ti kigickitidebw#

Y{mnmzbw `bfbt h qwh{id{hw fbtmbn } `ybc{it ki ti`ywmkbkehlhnh`bkht#



[mqht ki dmcdinit

Fnb{ demtin



Fnb{ demtin dmcdin qnbch

‧ It yc {mqh ki dmcdin in dybn ti y{mnmzb qbwbqbw{mw vbwmnnbt ki qhdh kmbli{wh. hlb{iwmbnit lbt gnbckht ryi in dmcdin.

{blgmíc ti ytb qbwb dhw{b wilbdeit }kin`bkbt ehobt ki li{bn

Dbqi demtin



Dbqi demtin dmcdin beytbkh

It{b eiwwblmic{b it y{mnmzbkb qbwb{wbgboht itqidmbnit dhlh in dhw{iki debvi{bt. tywdht it{wideht. }

ghwkit dybkwbkht#

W k em n



Whyck,chti demtin Dmcdin ki Qyc{b Wikhckb#

It yc {mqh ki eiwwblmic{b qbwb {wbgbohtitqidmbnit ic zhcbt itqidmbnit h wmcdhcit

dhc âc`ynh wikhckibkh#



Kmblhck,qhmc{ demtin dmcdin ki qyc{b ki kmblbc{i

It yc {mqh ki eiwwblmic{b y{mnmzbkb qbwbebdiw dhw{it ic V. wbcywbt } itrymcbt#



Qycdeit



Qycdeit gh{bkhwit

eideht ki bdiwh bn dbwghch{ilqnbkh ic blghtiu{wilht. ti dnbtmfmdbcdhlh?

‧ ki `hnqi tônmkh‧ ki dic{wh qyc{hti ebc kmtiòbkh ic fycdmôc ki

yc yth qwivmt{h. Nhtgh{bkhwit vbwìbc ki {blbòh} ki kmtiòh#



{mqht ki gh{bkhwittônmkht

Qwmdj qycde



Qwmdj qycde qyczôc ki lbwdbw

y{mnmzbkh qbwb ebdiw lbwdbt }{wbctfiwmw nbt kmlictmhcit ki yckhdylic{h qb{wôc kmwid{blic{ithgwi in li{bn#it kin`bkh } dôcmdh b yc qyc{h ki

bnwikikhw ki 41±#

Pbwcmc`?

‧ Cycdb `hnqibw dhc lbw{mnnh. }b ryi

qhkwìb khgnbw in qyczôc h dbytbwkbòht iuditmvht b nb eiwwblmic{b‧ Ch y{mnmdi yc qyczôc ki lbwdbw qbwb

tbdbw hgoi{ht ki b`yoiwht }b ryi inqyczôc qyiki inhc`bw in b`yoiwh

Dic{iw Qycde



Dic{iw Qycde dic{wh qyc{h

It{i {mqh it y{mnmzbkh qbwb ebdiw lyitdbtki `yìb ic yc li{bn qbwb ilqizbw bqiwfhwbw# It{i dic{wh qyc{h {mici ycdyiwqh lât qitbkh Ryi in gh{bkhw kiqyczôc ki lbwdbw } ty qbw{i fmcbn it ycqyc{h dhc yc âc`ynh kibqwhumlbkblic{i 61±#

PBWCMC@

‧ Cycdb eb`b thgwi in dic{wh qyc{h lydebfyiwzb qyit it{h dbytb ryi nb lbwdb

thgwitbn`b b {wbvít ki nb h{wb dbwb ki nbehob #‧ Bn m`ybn ryi in gh{bkhw } qhw nb lmtlb

wbzôc. yc qyczôc ch kigi tiw y{mnmzbkhqbwb tbdbw hgoi{ht ki b`yoiwht#

Kwmvi Qycde



Kwmvi Qycde Gh{bkhw ki Wilbdeit

It ytbkh qbwb tbdbw wilbdeit kbòbkht.qbtbkhwit {hwcmnnht. ic{wi h{wht# Qhw nh{bc{h. in gh{bkhw ki wilbdeit ti

fbgwmdb dhc ycb dbwb qnbcb ic ny`bw kiycb dbwb ki qyc{h



Fhwlb ki ytbw yc dic{wh

qyc{h

2# Iclbtdbwi in qyc{h kin lb{iwmbn dhcki vbb {wbgbobw

7# Lbwryi dhc ycb u in qyc{h khcki vb bwibnmzbw in qyc{h

4# Qhtmdmhci viw{mdbnlic{i in dic{wh qyc{h }`hnqii dhc yc lbw{mnnh

;# Wi{mwi in dic{wh qyc{h } viwmfmryi tm nblbwdb ti wibnmzh ifid{mvblic{i. tmchwiqm{b ni qbth } `hnqii cyivblic{i



Dymkbkht dhc yc dic{wh

qyc{h

2# [iciw nb qyc{b bfmnbkb

7# Nmlqmbw nbt qyc{bt kitqyít ki yc {wbgboh dhc

innbt. bqnmdbckh yc dbqb ki bdim{i. tm vbc b tiwbnlbdicbkbt qhw yc qiwmhkh nbw`h ki {milqh

4# Wiilqnbzbw tm nb dbgizb }b {mici fhwlb ki

ehc`h#

B { {m D { Q e



By{hlb{md Dic{iw Qycde qyczôc by{hlâ{mdh

It y{mnmzbkh tônh qbwb ebdiw qyc{htki qbw{mkb qbwb gwhdbt. dhc{miciyc lidbcmtlh ryi

by{hlâ{mdblic{i kb yc `hnqi .in hqiwbwmh qwitmhcbckh inqyczôc dhc nb lbch qbwb wibnmzbwnb `yìb khcki ti ciditm{i

‧ nb qyc{b ti qyiki rym{bw qbwb ty

wiilqnbzh#PBWCMC@

‧ Cycdb `hnqii in qyczôcby{hlâ{mdh dhc yc lbw{mnnh#



Ti`yi{bt

Ebdjtbpt



ti`yi{bt

Thc eiwwblmic{bt ki dhw{i lbcybn. ytbkbtqbwb ebdiw dhw{it ic li{bnit kywht hgnbckht. qhw nh `iciwbn eb} kht {mqht kiti`yi{bt. nbt ki lbwdht boyt{bgnit } lbwdht

fmoht. it{bc dhlqyit{bt gâtmdblic{i qhw nbttm`ymic{it qbw{it?

2# Ycb ehob

7# Yc gbt{mkhw

4# Yc lbc`h

;# Ycb {ywdb ki lbwmqhtb

[mqht ki ehobt



[mqht ki ehobt

Nbt likmkbt ki nbw`h ki nbt ehobt thc ki 5 b 26qyn`bkbt qhw ¼ ki bcdeh dhc yc `whthw lbt hlicht ki 1#179 lmnítmlbt ki qyn`bkb. nb lbt

dhlÿc ytbkb it ki 21 qyn`bkbt qhw ¼ kibcdeh. qhw h{wh nbkh ki nb kywizb kin lb{iwmbn bdhw{bw kiqicki in {mqh ki ehob b ytbw

Fbgwmdbkbt ki bdiwh wâqmkh witmt{ic{i bn kit`bt{i.

ryi qiwlm{i dhw{bw lb{iwmbnit ly} kywht. ivm{bwin dbnic{blmic{h ki nb ehob. qwhnhc`b nb vmkb y{mnki nb lmtlb } kmtqiwtb lbt fmtmnlic{i nbtvmwy{bt#

Kmic{it ki nbt ehobt



Kmic{it ki nbt ehobt

2- Ki 2; kmic{it qhw qyn`bkb . qbwblb{iwmbnit tybvit h gnbckht. ki 2qyn`bkb h lbt ki itqithw dhlhlbkiwb qbt{b. gbryinm{b

7- Ki 25 kmic{it qhw qyn`bkb. qbwblb{iwmbnit kywht ki ¾ b 2 qyn`bkbki itqithw

4- Ki 7; kmic{it qhw qyn`bkb. qbwblb{iwmbnit ki li{bn kin`bkh ki

2(26 b ¾ ki itqithw. nblmcbt

;- Ki 47 kmic{it qhw qyn`bkb . qbwblb{iwmbnit kin`bkht ki ¾ kiqyn`bkb h licht ki itqithw



Fhwlb ki ytbw ycb

ti`yi{b

2# Mct{bnbw nb ehob ic in lbwdh ki ti`yi{b viwmfmdbckhryi nht kmic{it ki nb ti`yi{b ti icdyic{wic ebdmbbkinbc{i } Boyt{bw nb {yiwdb ki lbwmqhtb

7# Bnmcibw dhwwid{blic{i in lbwdh b nb qhtmdmôc kin dhw{i4# wibnmzbw ycb lyitdb bn lb{iwmbn dhc nb nmlb. {icmickh

ic dyic{b ryi nb ti`yi{b {ic`b dhlh lìcmlh 4kmic{it ic dhc{bd{h dhc in lb{iwmbn

;# Dhc{whnbw ifid{mvblic{i nb kmwiddmôc ki dhw{i9# Bqnmdbw yc lhvmlmic{h ki vbmvíc ic{wi ;1 b61 vitit

qhw lmcy{h. {icmickh ic dyic{b ryi nb fyiwzb ti nibqnmdb dybckh nb ti`yi{b vb ebdmb in fwic{i



2

7

4



Chwlbt ki ti`ywmkbk qbwb in yth ki

nb ti`yi{b

2# Bti`ywi in lb{iwmbn ki {wbgboh ic ycb qwictb

7# Ch ilqizbw in dhw{i bn bcdeh dhlqni{h kin

lb{iwmbn h tyqiwfmdmi4# Tht{ic`b nb ti`yi{b dhc blgbt lbcht. in

wm{lh kigi ki tiw ycb qbtbkb qhw ti`yckh

Ch{b? nbt nblmcbt kigic bti`ywbwti ic{wi kht

qmizbt ki lbkiwb dhc in fmc ki inmlmcbw nbvmgwbdmôc



nmlbtBDIWH ICKYWIDMKH

Fmnit



nmlbt‧ Nbt nmlbt thc eiwwblmic{bt ki bdiwh ickywidmkh qbwb

dhw{bw. rym{bw. bnmtbw. qynmw in li{bn# In dhw{i ki nhtghwkit %h kmic{it- ti ebdic ic fmnbt kmb`hcbnit bn ioiki nb eiwwblmic{b# Nbt qbw{it ki ycb nmlb thc?

‧ Itqm`b. [bnôc. Dbwb. Ghwki. Qyc{h } nbw`h

Ch{b ? in lbc`hch it ycb qbw{i ki

nb nmlb. it yckmtqhtm{mvh kiti`ywmkbk



Chwlbt ki yth qbwb nb nmlb

‧ Bti`ywbw in lb{iwmbn ic ycb qwictb

‧ Itdh`iw nb nmlb bkidybkb qbwb nbtdybnmkbkit kin lb{iwmbn {wbgbobw

‧ Y{mnmzbw `ybc{it ki ti`ywmkbk‧ Bkhq{bw ycb fhwlb dhwqhwbn

bqwhqmbkb



[mqht ki nmlbt

Tmc`ni,dy{ fmni



nmlb ki dhw{i tmlqni

‧ Thc nmlbt ryi {micic emniwbt ki kmic{it kidhw{i qbwbninh b nht kilât dhc kmic{it icâc`ynh ki 69 ± kitki nb nìcib dic{wbn#

‧ It{bt nmlbt ti y{mnmzbc# qbwb bfmnbw eiwwblmic{bt} kbw bdbgbkht#CH[BNbt nmlbt ti dnbtmfmdbc ti`ÿc ty `wbkhki fmcywb } in cyliwh ki emniwbt. ycb h

kht emniwbt

Khygni,dy{# Fmnit



nmlbt ki dhw{i khgni

‧ Thc nmlbt ryi {micic kht emniwbt ycb b 69± }nb h{wb b ;9± kin ioi ki nht kmic{it nbt dybnitti icdyic{wbc dwyzbkbt ki {bn lbciwb ryikbc ycb fhwlb ki kmblbc{i# Thc ifid{mvbtqbwb dhw{i wâqmkh# It{bt nmlbt ti y{mnmzbcqbwb {wbgboh wâqmkh } li{bnit kywht#



Fhwlbt ki nmlbt

[wmbc`ynbw Fmni



nmlb {wmbc`ynbw‧ Nbt nmlbt {wmbc`ynbwit. {micic {wit nbkht ryi vbc

kidwidmickh ebdmb nb qyc{b ki nb nmlb. Ti y{mnmzbcqbwb nmlbw âc`ynht mc{iwcht lbt b`ykht ki =1±} licht. } qbwb nmlqmbw nbt itrymcbt dybkwbkbt#

‧ Dmiw{bt nmlbt {wmbc`ynbwit ti y{mnmzbc qbwb nmlbw hebdiw kmic{it ki li{bn qhw ty fhwlb#

Lmnn Fmni



nmlb fmcb‧ Thc nmlbt ryi ti dbwbd{iwmzbc qhw tiw kidwidmic{it

ic ty bcdeywb } `whthw: yc ghwki ki nb nmlb ch{mici kmic{it } it dhchdmkh dhlh in ghwki ti`ywh#

‧ ti y{mnmzbc qbwb qynmw } wibnmzbw bdbgbkht kbckh ycb

liohw qwitic{bdmôc } qwidmtmôc bn {iwlmcbw in{wbgboh . Thc tmilqwi ki dhw{i tmlqni#

Fnb{ Fmni



nmlbt qnbcbt‧ thc nmlbt ki yth `iciwbn } it{bt qyikic tiw ki

dhw{i tmlqni h khgni# It{bt {blgmíc thckidwidmic{it ic bcdeywb } itqithw#

‧ Ytbkbt qbwb {wbgboht qitbkht ic tyqiwfmdmitqnbcbt h dìwdynht `wbckit

Trybwi Fmni



nmlbt dybkwbkbt

‧ It ycb nmlbt ki fhwlb kidwidmic{i nb dybndyic{b dhc dyb{wh nbkht nht dybnit b}ykbc bnlhlic{h ki b`wbckbw b`yoiwht wid{bc`ynbwith ic fhwlb ki âc`ynh wid{h#

Whyck Fmni



Whyck Fmni nmlb wikhckb h dhnb ki wb{ôc

‧ Dhlh ty chlgwi nh mckmdb. tmwvic qbwbnmlbw } b`wbckbw bgiw{ywbt wikhckbt }

itrymcbt ryi ti ciditm{i ryi tibcwikhckibkbt#

Ebnf Whyck Fmni



Ebnf,Whyck Fmni nmlb likmb dbòb h likmb nycb

‧ it ycb eiwwblmic{b ki khgni qwhqôtm{h# ]bryi ycht ki tyt nbkht it wikhckibkh } tiytb thgwi tyqiwfmdmit dywvbt } in h{wh nbkhqnbch it y{mnmzbkh ic tyqiwfmdmit qnbcbt#



Qwictb ki Gbcdh

Gicde Vmti



Qwictb ki Gbcdh

‧ It yc {mqh ki eiwwblmic{b y{mnmzbkb ichgoi{ht ryi ti it{b {wbgbobckh. dhc in fmcki lbc{iciw ycb qhtmdmôc kifmcmkb } nb

fhwlb ki nb qmizb# In {hwcmnnh ki gbcdh ityc kmtqhtm{mvh ki tyoidmôc ly} y{mnmzbkh icin lbc{icmlmic{h ki bvmhcit



[mqhQwictb ki Gbcdh



Qwictb ki gbcdh ki {hwcmnnh

It yc {mqh ki qwictb in dybn {mici lbckìgynbt ic gwy{hryi mlqmkic ryi in {wbgboh ryi ti kitnmdi# [mici ycbgbti `mwb{hwmb. ki lhkh ryi nb qbw{i tyqiwmhw ti qyiki

`mwbw qiwlm{mickh bn ytybwmh dhnhdbw in {hwcmnnh ki gbcdhic liohwit dhckmdmhcit ki {wbgboh#Nb qwictb ki gbcdh it `iciwbnlic{i in qiwch lhc{bkhthgwi yc gbcdh



BKVIW[ICDMBT

2# Bti`ÿwiti ki ryi nb qwictb it{â fmwlilic{i fmobkh bnyc gbcdh h ycb litb } ryi nb gbti `mwb{hwmb tignhryib bc{it ki ytbw# In mcdylqnmlmic{h qyiki kbwny`bw b nb qwictb ki nb dbìkb ki nb tyqiwfmdmi }

qwhvhdbw kbòht ic irymqh } nitmhcit bn qiwthcbn

7# Ic nb mct{bnbdmôc ki nb qmizb tybvit b {wbgbobw.qwh{íobnb ki nbt lhwkbzbt qbwb ivm{bw wbnnbkywbt }

bghnnbkywbt qwh{i`míckhnbt qhw qmizbt ki dyiwhdwykh h lbkiwb



Yth ki nb qwictb ki gbcdh

2# Bgwb nbt lhwkbzbt kin {hwcmnnh ki gbcdh ki bcdeh tyfmdmic{i qbwb

mctiw{bw in hgoi{h ryi ti {wbgbobwb7# Mc{whkyzdb in hgoi{h b tiw tyoi{h ic{wi nbt lhwkbzbt. } bqwi{bw nbt

lbckìgynbt. `mwbckh nb lbcmvinb

CH[B In {wbgboh kigi tiw tht{icmkhfmwlilic{i ic ty ny`bw. qiwh

nbt lhwkbzbt ch kigic tiw{bc boyt{bkbt qbwb ch kbòbwin bdbgbkh#



Dymkbkht dhc nb qwictb ki vbcdh

[ic`b ic dyic{b nbt tm`ymic{it qwâd{mdbt qbwb nbdymkbkh } lbc{icmlmic{h ki nb qwictbt ki gbcdh?

%b- Nmlqmbw dhc yc {wbqh kitqyít ki dbkb yth. }

bqnmdbw ycb nm`iwb dbqb ki bdim{i#%g- Lbc{iciw nbt lbckìgynbt ic gyicbt dhckmdmhcit#%d- Cycdb bdim{i ki nb gbti `mwb{hwmb h ebdiw `mwbw indhcoyc{b. }b ryi it{i kmtlmcy}i ty fyiwzb ki fmobdmôc#%k- Dybckh ch ti ytb yc {hwcmnnh ki gbcdh. nnivbw nbt

lhwkbzbtnm`iwblic{i oyc{ht } kiobw nb lbcmob ic qhtmdmôcviw{mdbn

DNBLQ GBTI GICDE VMTI



DNBLQ GBTI GICDE VMTI QWIC_B KI GBCDH DHC BGWBTBKIWB

it yc {hwcmnnh lidâcmdh nm`iwh. qhw{â{mn# Ti mctiw{b icycb litb h yc gbcdh dhc nb bgwbzbkiwb ki lhc{boi#[mici lbckìgynbt ic gwy{h qbwb nb wibnmzbdmôc ki

lb{iwmbnit } qyiki {iciw ycb gbti `mwb{hwmb#Bgwbzbkiwb ki qwictbt ki gbcdh ki gbti ti y{mnmzbcqbwb tht{iciw nht lb{iwmbnit ki nb nyz h ic âwibt khckiyc {hwcmnnh ki gbcdh lât qitbkh ch it{â kmtqhcmgni

QMQI VMTI



QWICTB KI [YGH

Nb qwictb it yc {ygh ki qwictb dhc fmcititqidmbnit kmtiòbkht qbwb lbc{iciw {hkh int{hdj# [mici lbckìgynbt dhc gmtb`wbt ryi

qiwlm{ic ryi in ytybwmh dhnhryi in {wbgboh }. bdhc{mcybdmôc ki gnhryih ic ty ny`bw# Bn`ycbtqwictbt {yght {micic ycb tiddmôc ki nb dbkicbic ny`bw ki lbckìgynbt qbwb nb dinigwbdmôc ki nb{ygiwìb# Qwictbt {yght tyinic tiw lhc{bkb icyc gbcdh

YTH KI NB



YTH KI NB

QWICTB KI [YGHTi y{mnmzbc qbwb tht{iciw nb {ygiwìb ki 2 ( 5qyn`bkbt b 5 qyn`bkbt ki kmâli{wh. lmic{wbt

ryi in dhw{i h whtdbkh# 25,7

D m Dn



Dbwwmb`i Dnblqt#

QWICTB [WBCTQHW[BKHWBdhlÿclic{i ti nnblb bgwbzbkiwb ic D. ti dhct{wy}i icnb fhwlb ki ycb D `wbcki. Ryi {wbvít ki yc {hwcmnnh ki

whtdb bqwmi{b kht qmizbt ryi ti kitibc {wbgbobw ycbtmlyn{âciblic{i. . h ryi {mici ryi it{bw ycmkhkywbc{i yc qiwìhkh qwhnhc`bkh ki {milqh# Y{mnmzbkbtdybckh ch ti qyiki dhc yc {hwcmnnh ki gbcdhIt{âc kmtqhcmgnit ic ycb vbwmikbk ki {blbòht

YTH KI NB QWICTB



YTH KI NB QWICTB[WBCTQHW[BKHWB

2# Tiniddmhci ycb qwictb dhc ycb bgiw{ywb diwdb ki 2 2 ( 7 b 7 qyn`bkbtlât bcdeh ryi in hgoi{h ryi ti tyoi{bwb

7# Bgwb nb bgwbzbkiwb {bc blqnmb dhlh tib qhtmgni#

4# Bnmcibw in {wbgboh } nbt dbnzbt ki qwh{iddmôc %tm it ciditbwmh-bqwi{bw in{hwcmnnh ki fycdmhcblmic{h ebt{b ryi in dhc{bd{h;# Viwmfmryi nb bnmcibdmôc kin inilic{h ryi ti tyoi{ht bn tyinh#

Bti`ÿwiti ki ryi nb bgwbzbkiwb it{â bqnmdbckh mcdnyth nb qwitmôcthgwi {hkb nb tyqiwfmdmi#

CH[B In qwhdikmlmic{h bc{iwmhwtônh kigi hg{iciwyc dhc{bd{h ly} nm`iwhdhc in bw{ìdynh

Qwidbydmhcit dhc nb qwictb



Qwidbydmhcit dhc nb qwictb{wbctqhw{bkhwb

%b- Nmlqmbw nbt whtdbt } ki lbcmhgwb dhc yc {wbqh. }nygwmdbw dhc ycb nm`iwb dbqb ki bdim{i#%g- ki nb {mickb ic yc it{bc{i. ic nbt qb{mnnbt. h ic ycb

dbob ki eiwwblmic{bt#%d- Qbwb nht qiwìhkht ki bnlbdicblmic{h qwhnhc`bkh.bqnmdbw yc qwivic{mvb yc dhlqyit{h#

QWIDBYDMÔC Ch y{mnmdi nnbvit h gbwwbt ki bqwmi{i

bgwbzbkiwbt# Ycb qwitmôc iuditmvb wityn{bwâkbòht ic in inilic{h kin lhc{boi#



Khgnbkhwbt ki

{ygiwìb

[YGI GICKIWT#



KHGNBKHWBT KI [YGH#

Thc eiwwblmic{b ytbkbt qbwb wibnmzbw in khgnbkh ki{yght ki lhkh ryi qyikb tiw icwy{bkh dhlh tibciditbwmht b {wbvít ki ycb biwhcbvi h yc qikbzh ki

irymqh# qhw nh `iciwbn vmici ic {blbòht mckmvmkybnitki 4 ( 26. 2 ( ;. 9 ( 26. 15(14. } 26#0 qyn`bkbt# Ti`wbkÿb ki 1 b 251 `wbkht ki dywvb. ryi qiwlm{ikhgnbw yc ki{iwlmcbkh âc`ynh#



YTH KI NB KHGNBKHWB

2- Nivbc{i gbwwb kitnmzbc{i ebdmb bwwmgb i mctiw{i nb {ygiwìb btiw khgnbkb%7- Nivbc{i nb {wbgb ki ti`ywmkbk } gnhryih ki nb {ygiwìb ic ty

ny`bw#%4- Gboi nb gbwwb ki kitqnbzblmic{h ebt{b ryi ti btmic{i ic nb{ygiwìb# Nb lbwdb ki diwh ic nb gbwwb ki kitqnbzblmic{hkigiwâ tiw in lmtlh dhc nb lbwdb diwh ic in gnhryi#%;- Bqnmdbw b nb gbob qwitmôc ic nb gbwwb kitnmzbc{i#

%9- Dybckh in âc`ynh kitibkh ki nb dywvb it bndbczbkh. dhlhti lyit{wb ic in gnhryi. nb qwitmôc thgwi in gbwwb kitnmzbc{i#%6- Inivi nb gbwwb ki kitqnbzblmic{h. tyin{i in dnmq ki dmiwwi }wi{mwi in {ygh kin khgnbkhw



DYMKBKHT DHC NB KHGNBKHWB



DYMKBKHT DHC NB KHGNBKHWBKI [YGH

%2- Nmlqmbw {hkb nb `wbtb } in bdim{i kinbt tyqiwfmdmit ki b`bwwi#%7- Bqnmryi ycb dbqb nm`iwb ki bdim{i b {hkht nht tyqiwfmdmit

[ic`b ic dyic{b nbt tm`ymic{it qwâd{mdbt qbwb indymkbkh } lbc{icmlmic{h ki khgnbkhwbt ki {ygh?

CH[BTm yc {ygh {mici dywvbt lÿn{mqnit. bti`ÿwiti ki

ryi dbkb dywvb ti ebdi ic nb kmwiddmôc dhwwid{bic winbdmôc dhc nht kilât#



BGHDBWKBKH



BGHDBWKBKH

Thc ictbcdeblmic{ht ryi ti wibnmzbc icnbt qyc{bt h iu{wilht ki ycb {ygiwìb qbwb

qwhqhwdmhcbw ycb tyqiwfmdmi ki tinnbkh icnbt {ygiwìbt emkwâynmdbt ki bmwibdhckmdmhcbkh i{d# In bghdbwkbkh tiwibnmzb b 40 `wbkht dhc witqid{h bn ioi kin

{ygh



FHWLB KI BGHDBWKBW

2,Dhnhdbw in iu{wilh kin {ygh ic nb qwictb kibghdbwkbw#

7,Qiwlm{mw ryi ti iu{mickb in {ygh ycb kmt{bcdmb m`ybn bty kmâli{wh tyoi{âckhnh#4#,Tiniddmhcbw in qyczôc bqwhqmbkh } kitqyít kidhnhdbw ycb `h{b ki bdim{i ic in iu{wilh. bqnmdbw b nb{ygiwìb ycb qwhfyckmkbk m`ybn b ty kmâli{wh hwm`mcbn#

;#,Wi{mwbw in qyczôc i mctiw{bw nb h{wb qmizb ki {ygiwìbic it{b qbw{i bghdbwkbkb#



CH[B

Cycdb ti kigi ebdiw yc bghdbwkbkh ic khckieb}b ki nhdbnmzbwti yc khgniz#

Eb} dbtht ic ryi ti ciditm{b bghdmcbw iniu{wilh ki yc {ygh qbwb dhcid{bwnht dhcbddithwmht whtdbkht %Wbdhwit- in qwhdikmlmic{hqbwb innh it in lmtlh bc{iwmhwlic{i kitdwm{h

dhc nb kmfiwicdmb ryi ti dblgmb in qyczôc qhwyc dhch } in {ygh thgwitbni ki nb qwictb ; ll#



YTH KIN BGHDBWKBKHW



Qwhdikmlmic{h



2# mc{whkydmw nb {ygiwìb ryi kitib tiw bghdbwkbkbkiobckh yc itqbdmh ki 2 ( 26 qyn`bkbt qbwbblqnmbw qhw icdmlb ki nb lyiw{i gnhryi. }bqwmi{i nht {hwcmnnht kin gnhryi ki lhwmw ki nb

bgwbzbkiwb#7# Dhnhdbw in dhch ki mnylmcbdmôc thgwi in fmcbn ki

nb {ygh#4# Tm in dhch ki iwyqdmôc it bd{mvbkh qhw yc

{hwcmnnh. bqwi{bw ebt{b in fmcbn ki nb {ygiwìb timc{whkydi ic in b`yoiwh bvinnbcbkh ic in gnhryiki lhwmw# Qbwb dhliczbw b b{hwcmnnbw dhc in fmc kiebdiw in bghdbwkbkh kin {ygh

Qmqi bck [ygi Dy{{iwt



qDHW[BKHW KI [YGHT

ti y{mnmzbc qbwb dhw{bw nb {ygiwìb h in{ygh ki bdiwh. nb{ôc. dhgwi. emiwwh

fhwobkh. } qnhlh# Nht kht {blbòht ki nhtdhw{bkhwit ki {ygh `iciwbnlic{iy{mnmzbkh ic in ioiwdmdmh {micic ycbdbqbdmkbk ki 5#2 b 7 qyn`bkbt. } 7 b ;

qyn`bkbt#

Kitdwmqdmôc



Kitdwmqdmôc

DHW[BKHW KI [YGHT nht Dhw{bkhwit ki {yght } in {ygh {mici ycb kmtdh kidhw{i } kht whkmnnht ryi ti icdyic{wbc ic yc qhtmdmôcki lhkh ryi ycb {ygiwìb h {ygh qyiki tiwmc{whkydmkht ic{wi innht# Nht whkmnnht ti qyikicboyt{bw ebdmb h kitki nb wyikb ki dhw{i dhc yc {hwcmnnhb lbch boyt{bkh# It{b bddmôc nb qwitmôc dhc{wb in {yghki nht ny`bwit ryi ti dhw{i. dhc nh ryi fhwzâckhnh

dhc{wb nb wyikb ki dhw{i# [yght } {ygiwìbt

YTH KIN DHW[B [YGH



YTH KIN DHW[B [YGH

%2-Ebdiw ycb nìcib ki nyz ic in qyc{h khcki in {yghkigi tiw dhw{bkh } qiwlm{mw yc wbkmh ki dywvb{ywbic dbth ciditbwmh#

%7-Dhnhryi in {ygh ryi ti dhw{bwâ ic nb dhw{bkhwb }bqwi{bw in {hwcmnnh ki boyt{i tônh ebt{b in dhw{iwyikbt } nht whkmnnht {hryi in {ygh#

%4-% Bqwmi{i nm`iwblic{i in {hwcmnnh ki boyt{i } `mwbw

nb dydemnnb ebdmb ty dht{bkh bgmiw{h



CH[B

Boyt{i in kmtdh ki dhw{i nic{blic{i. }tônh lmic{wbt ryi in dhw{i ti it{âwh{bckh. dhc in fmc ki b fmc ki ch fhwzbwin {ygh fyiwb ki nb whckb#

DYMKBKHT DHC IN DHW[B [YGH



DYMKBKHT DHC IN DHW[B [YGH

{ic`b ic dyic{b nbt tm`ymic{it qwâd{mdbt qbwbnb dymkbkh } lbc{icmlmic{h ki nhtdhw{bkhwit ki {yght } {ygiwìbt?

%2- Nmlqmbw } ic`wbtbw nm`iwblic{i nb wyikbki dhw{i. `yìbt ki whkmnnht. } in {hwcmnnh ki

boyt{i#%7- @ybwkbw ic yc it{bc{i h ycb dbob ryi

HERRAMIENTAS11

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