Ieee Pes Gm 2012 Pgm Presentation
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New Energy Horizons
Opportunities and Challenges
Performance of Relaying
During Wide-area Stressed Conditions
IEEE Power Systems Relaying Committee
C12 Working Group Report
Presented y Pratap !ysoreH"R Engineering In#$
%uly 2&' 2(12'
San "iego' C)
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New Energy Horizons
Opportunities and Challenges
C12 Working Group
C*air+ "amir No,osel
-i#e #*air+ George .artok
!emers+
)$ )postolo,/ !$ .ego,i#/ 0$ .e*rendt/ G$ .enmouyal/ !$.loder/ S$ .ra*ma' G$ .runello/ )$ .uanno/ $ Calero/ !$Carpenter/ %$ "e la Ree/ )$ "erona/ W$ Elmore' W$Hartmann/ G$ Henneerg' S$ Horowitz/ S$ Imai/ )$%o*nson/ .$ 0asztenny/ .$ 0ennedy/ P$ 0errigan/ S$ 0im/C$W$ 3iu/ -$ !adani/ P$!ysore/ S$ Saygin' !$ S*a*/ %$Soe*ren/ -$ 4erzia' "$ 4ziou,aras/ !$ -enkata/ S$Ward/"$ Ware/ 4$ Wiedman/ .$ Wosz#zyk
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New Energy Horizons
Opportunities and Challenges
C12 WG Report Organization
"es#ription and detailed analysis o5 #auses t*at lead to widearea disturan#e
Relay e*a,ior under stressed #onditions
ield e6perien#e and e6amples
Solutionsto mitigate undesired operations$ Report a,ailale on t*e PSRC wesite+
*ttp+77www$pes8psr#$org7
http://www.pes-psrc.org/http://www.pes-psrc.org/ -
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New Energy Horizons
Opportunities and Challenges
lackouts
In#rease in 5re9uen#y o5 maor' #ostly' la#kouts sin#e :;result?@ o5 our de#isions
)nalysis o5 disturan#es re,eals some #ommon t*reads+
Prote#tion e9uipment *as *ad maor impa#t on disturan#e propagation+
)ddress solutions to pre,ent propagationA
Propagation o5 t*e la#kout #an e arrested
Restoration time #an e redu#ed
It is not possile to a,oid multiple #ontingen#y initiated la#kouts'
*owe,er+
4*e proaility' size and impa#t o5 wide area
la#kouts #an e redu#edA
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New Energy Horizons
Opportunities and Challenges
!ndesired" !ne#pected Relay
Operation During a Distur$ance
Sometimes #ontriutes to t*e propagation$
)ug$ 1
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New Energy Horizons
Opportunities and Challenges
%actors &nfluencing Relay Performance
During a Wide 'rea Distur$ance
Conditions not #onsidered in t*e relay
settings #riteria = !ultiple #ontingen#ies'
se,ere o,erload #ondition' system ,oltage and
5re9uen#y e6#ursions eyond t*e normal
operating range$
Hidden 5ailures in t*e s#*eme$
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New Energy Horizons
Opportunities and Challenges
Causes of Wide 'rea Distur$ance
In,ol,es a #omination o5+
-oltage instaility7 ,oltage #ollapse
)ngular instaility
-oltage7 re9uen#y e6#ursions
Small Signal Instaility
Hig* e9uipment loading and *ig* power trans5ers/
Hig* system unalan#e
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New Energy Horizons
Opportunities and Challenges
(oltage &nsta$ility
Inaility to maintain ,oltage so t*at ot* power and ,oltage are#ontrollale
4ypi#al s#enario+ *ig* system loading' 5ollowed y a 5ault' line o,erload
or generators *itting an e6#itation limit
Grid o,erloads' more rea#ti,e power #onsumed and ,oltages drop
ollowed y motors stalling at lower ,oltages
How t*e system gets to t*e knee pointF
Continuous load growt*
Generator *its t*e rea#ti,e limit andt*e P- #ur,e s*i5ts
Contingen#y #auses t*e knee pointF to
s*i5t to a lower #riti#al load ,alueReal
Power
Voltage
Margin
Pre-contingencycase
Post-contingencycase
PV Curve
108% Peak- in 3 years
100% Peak
Margin
108% Peak
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New Energy Horizons
Opportunities and Challenges
(oltage )#cursions
lu#tuations eyond t*e a##epted operating range$ Can o##ur due to *ea,y loads' sudden loss o5 load'
!otor Starting' Swit#*ing operations #apa#itor7
rea#tors$
!ore #ontrollale t*an -oltage instaility7#ollapse$
3ong term ,ariations = se,eral minutes$
S*ort term = 1(82( ms or 5ew #y#les/ E6#ursions are
typi#ally larger t*an long term ,ariations su#* as
t*ose during 5aults$
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New Energy Horizons
Opportunities and Challenges
*ransient 'ngular &nsta$ility
Caused y t*e rotor dynami#s o5generators w*en t*ey a##elerate at
di55erent speeds
ut8o58Step Relaying
"o not trip on re#o,erale swings
Separate t*e out o5 step segments
Separate to mat#* generation and load
"etailed staility studies re9uired
"ete#ting t*e multi8area out8o58step may
e re9uired
P
0 180
Equal-area: A1 > A !> insta"ility
Fault
0
CR
L
PF
Pre-fault
A1
Post-fault
A
P0
PC
R
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New Energy Horizons
Opportunities and Challenges
Small Signal &nsta$ility
Inaility o5 power system to restore a state o5 e9uilirium5ollowing a small disturan#e$
Primarily due to Generator rotors swinging relati,e to one
anot*er$
($181 HD etween inter8area$
182 HD 8 lo#al plant mode$
ndamped os#illations #an rea#* #ontrol limits or result in
prote#ti,e relay operation$
Power System Stailizers >PSS@ o55set negati,e dampingand supplement e6#itation #ontrol$
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New Energy Horizons
Opportunities and Challenges
+ig, )uipment .oading and +ig,
Po/er *ransfers
Stressed #onditions o5ten o##ur at or near t*esystem peak load$
4*is #ould e poor power 5a#tor loads generating
*ig* #urrent 5low t*roug* e9uipment$ Hig* temperatures may result in #ondu#tor sag
and insulation 5ailures propagating t*edisturan#e$
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New Energy Horizons
Opportunities and Challenges
Cold .oad Pickup
3oss o5 load di,ersity a5ter a long outage$
Cold load pi#k up is t*e inrus* #urrent during
restoration o5 load$
Inrus* #urrent #ould e se,eral times t*e normalload$
Can #ause o,er#urrent relay operation$
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New Energy Horizons
Opportunities and Challenges
%reuency )#cursion
##urs due to imalan#e o5 generation and load$
Caused y ,ariation in load or generation/ system
5aults or line swit#*ing$
E6#essi,e load #auses de#line in 5re9uen#y$ E6#essi,e generation #auses in#rease in 5re9uen#y$
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New Energy Horizons
Opportunities and Challenges
+ig, System !n$alance
Current nalan#e due to asymmetry o5 transmission
line #on5igurations = E6$8untransposed lines$
Hea,y loading generates neg$ se9$ #urrent as *ig* as
1& and zero se9$ #urrent as *ig* as 1( o5 t*e pos$
se9$ #urrent$
"uring single pole tripping #onditions$
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New Energy Horizons
Opportunities and Challenges
Protection e,a0ior During Stressed
Conditions
4*e report addresses issues wit* t*e 5ollowing+
4ransmission line prote#tion
4rans5ormer prote#tion
Generator Prote#tion
.us Prote#tion
S*unt Rea#tor7 Capa#itor Prote#tion
eeder Prote#tion !otor Prote#tion
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New Energy Horizons
Opportunities and Challenges
&mpact of %reuency )#cursion
55 =nominal 5re9uen#y operation a55e#ts most o5 t*e
mi#ropro#essor8ased relays$
Relays make use o5 5undamental 5re9uen#y#omponents 5or t*eir prote#tion 5un#tion$
P*asor estimation te#*ni9ues in !i#ropro#essor8
ased relays work well at nominal 5re9uen#y$
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New Energy Horizons
Opportunities and Challenges
%reuency Response of t,e %ull-cycle
%ourier P,asor )stimator
50 100 150 200 250 300 3500
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
GAIN
frequency, Hz
Nominal Frequency
Upper Envelope
Lower Envelope
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New Energy Horizons
Opportunities and Challenges
P,asor )stimation- Off-nominal
%reuency Response
50 100 150 200 250 300 3500
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
GAIN
frequency, Hz
Off-Nominal Frequency
The estimated magnitude oscillatesbetween the upper and lower envelopes
momentary overestimation
momentary underestimation
8 re9uen#y 4ra#kingalgorit*ms areslow7 may stoptra#king during adisturan#e$
8 E55e#t on Currentdi55erentials#*emes arein#onse9uential$
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New Energy Horizons
Opportunities and Challenges
+ea0y O0erloads
!ay result in 5aults lines sagging into trees or e9uipmentdamage
"istan#e relays pi#k up i5 o,erloads not relie,ed 8 Done B
tripping as Relay dete#ts t*is as t*ree p*ase 5ault
4*ermal line prote#tion' usually not widely used in t*e S
R
X
ZLoad
ZArc
ZLine
Zone 2
Zone 3
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New Energy Horizons
Opportunities and Challenges
.oad )ncroac,ment .ogic
!et*ods ),ailale
to pre,ent relay
operation 5or loads
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New Energy Horizons
Opportunities and Challenges
one Summary
Done B #annot e aritrarily remo,ed wit*out re,iewing #on#rete prote#tionappli#ations and alternati,es
Prote#tion )ppli#ations and Settings S*ould not inter5ere wit* peration
Condu#tor 4*ermal Ratings' Sagging' and Re8rating
New installations or upgrades using mi#ropro#essor relays #an minimize
e55e#ts o5 load en#roa#*ment
W*ere #on5li#t etween impedan#e set points and load en#roa#*ment use
alternati,e prote#tion met*ods
"ire#t 4rans5er 4rip
3ine di55erential relays
se o5 adapti,e prote#tion or multi8setting groups
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New Energy Horizons
Opportunities and Challenges
Po/er S/ing Detection and
'pplication of Relays
Slow -ariation o5 -oltage and #urrent instead o5 astep #*ange during 5aults$
4*ree p*ase alan#ed p*enomenon$
Power swings may #ause unwanted Relay operationsat lo#ations t*at #an lead to #as#ading outages$
Relay appli#ations on transmission lines 5or powerswing lo#king and out o5 step #onditions are #o,ered
in dept* in t*e report produ#ed y IEEE PSRC a5ter)ugust 1
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New Energy Horizons
Opportunities and Challenges
Po/er S/ing locking Relay 3PS4
PS. = dis#riminates etween 5aults and power swings >Stale
and unstale@$
.lo#ks relay elements prone to operate during stale and
unstale power swings$ )llows relay elements to operate during 5aults or 5or 5aults t*at
e,ol,e during ut o5 step #onditions$
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New Energy Horizons
Opportunities and Challenges
Out of Step *ripping Relay 3OS*4
"is#riminates etween stale and unstale power
swings$
Initiates system area separation at pre8determined
points to maintain staility$
Prote#tion p*ilosop*y is simple ut' proper
implementation re9uires transient staility studies$
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New Energy Horizons
Opportunities and Challenges
Out of Step Relay C,aracteristics
Narrow Juadrilateral 5un#tion
R
X
a
R
X
b
R
X
c
R
X
d
dR
dX
Bus R
Bus S
Swing locus
X
R
#a$
Finite tie inside t!e
narrow "uad #one
Bus R
Bus S
Swing locus
X
R
#"$
$!en fault t!e locus
sto%s at t!e fault
%osition
Bus R
Bus S
X
R
#c$
Selecti&e #one
Bus R
Bus S
X
R
#$
'e%endabilit( for
close in faults) sall
o&ertri%%ing s%ots
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New Energy Horizons
Opportunities and Challenges
'pplication of Super-imposed
Component
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New Energy Horizons
Opportunities and Challenges
Distance Relay Operation During
Off-nominal %reuency
-
nI D
I
nP I D -=
!PC3 -=
IZs
IR
IX
-
nI D
I
nP I D -=
!PC3 -=
IZs
IR
IX
B((
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New Energy Horizons
Opportunities and Challenges
Solutions- %reuency *racking and
Compensation
Numeri#al relays adapt estimation algorit*ms to
maintain a##ura#y during slow #*anges in
5re9uen#y$
Suggested met*ods 5or memory polarized relays+!emory ,oltage is used
nly during 5ault #onditions wit* t*e use o5 5ault
dete#tors$
nly i5 t*e a,ailale ,oltage is elow a le,el$
O i i S
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New Energy Horizons
Opportunities and Challenges
Ot,er *ransmission Sc,emes and
'pplications
Current di55erential )symmetri# C*annel delays may #ause misoperation
Harmoni#s or 5re9uen#y de,iation may a55e#t
depending on t*e 5iltering te#*ni9ue used$
Generally not a55e#ted y ot*er stressed #onditions$
Parallel lines
!ulti84erminal and 4apped lines
Series #ompensated lines
Hig* speed #ommuni#ation s#*eme #onsiderations
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New Energy Horizons
Opportunities and Challenges
*ransformer Protection
4*ermal Pro,ides prote#tion against loss o5 li5e o5 t*e trans5ormer
sed 5or tripping i5 top oil or Winding 4emperaturee6#eeds a set point
,er#urrent ,erload prote#tion > Some degree o5 t*ermal
Prote#tion@$
4ypi#ally set to 1B( to 2(( o5 t*e top rating$
!ay operate during temporary o,erloads$
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New Energy Horizons
Opportunities and Challenges
*ransformer *,ermal" O0ercurrent
Relay Solutions
Super,isory #ontrol a#tion ased on top oil and windingtemperature allowing loss o5 li5e during stressed #onditions
will pre,ent tripping during temporary o,erloads$
Se#ond di55erential s#*eme pro,ides re9uired redundan#y
instead o5 using o,er#urrent relays$
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New Energy Horizons
Opportunities and Challenges
*ransformer O0er )#citation
Protection
4rans5ormer di55erential relays not e9uipped wit* 5i5t*
*armoni# restraint may trip$
4*e restraint may lo#k operation resulting in 5ailure o5
t*e trans5ormer$ =)ug$1(' 1;;M Cali5ornia disturan#e
resulted in 5our 2B( k- trans5ormer 5ailures during o,er
,oltage 7under85re9uen#y #onditions$
Re#ommended to use -7HD prote#tion on all
trans5ormers$
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New Energy Horizons
Opportunities and Challenges
*ransformer Differential Protection
ses 2nd '
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New Energy Horizons
Opportunities and Challenges
Generator Protection &ssues5 con6
3oss o5 ield Prote#tion 8 Pi#ked up during stalepower swings$ Were not #oordinated wit* e6#itation
#ontrol and limit settings$
nder re9uen#y relays = were not #oordinated wit*
manu5a#turer re#ommendation on low 5re9uen#y
turine operation$ Not re9uired on Hydro units$ No
,oltage super,ision
nknown #auses due to la#k o5 data re#orders$ IEEE PSRC wesite 8 Per5orman#e o5 Generator prote#tion
during maor system disturan#eF
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New Energy Horizons
Opportunities and Challenges
Generator Relay Coordination
)normal -oltage Prote#tion = !ust #oordinatewit* #ontrol systems allowing operation o5generator and e6#itation system outside t*eirsa5ety limit$
.a#kup prote#tion =3imit t*e rea#* o5 t*ese relaysto #oordinate settings wit* o,erload$ S*ould#oordinate wit* us relays and reaker 5ailurerelays$
or ,oltage #ontrolled relays' t*e ,oltage setting is setelow t*e lowest system operating ,oltage$
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New Energy Horizons
Opportunities and Challenges
Generator Relay Coordination
3oss o5 ield Prote#tion+ Can trip on re#o,erale powerswing$ Studies needed to determine t*e re9uired time
delay$
,er E6#itation+ -7HD relay s*ould e #oordinated wit*
generator and trans5ormer #apailities and wit* !inimumE6#itation 3imit #ontrol$
ut o5 Step = System studies needed to determine proper
setting$ 4ypi#ally set to trip only on unstale swings$
nder re9uen#y load s*edding relays s*ould e#oordinated wit* generator under 5re9uen#y relay$
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New Energy Horizons
Opportunities and Challenges
us Protection
"i55erential prote#tion$
C4 saturation dete#tion may lo#k relay during *ig*
#urrent 5lows$
)dapti,e prote#tion s#*eme is proposed in t*e report touse 2 out o5 BF ,oting s#*eme during system stressed
#onditions$
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New Energy Horizons
Opportunities and Challenges
Ot,er Protection Sc,emes
eeder Prote#tion = !ay operate under #old load pi#k up
#onditions$ Settings are #oordinated to pre,ent operation
during t*is situation$
!otor Prote#tion = impa#ted y anormal ,oltage or
5re9uen#y operation$ IEEE guide to !otor Prote#tion
addresses t*ese issues$
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New Energy Horizons
Opportunities and Challenges
&mpro0ing Protection Performance
Prote#tion #oordination studies a#ross regions and wit*in in t*e
region$
#oordination wit* e9uipment #ontrol and prote#tion
Study and re,iew prote#tion designs on a regular asis' as system
#onditions #*ange
),oid *idden 5ailures y ade9uate testing o5 not only indi,idual
relays' ut also o,erall relay appli#ations
In#rease t*e se#urity o5 prote#tion design in t*e areas ,ulneraleto la#kouts
-oting s#*emes are implemented y some utilities$
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New Energy Horizons
Opportunities and Challenges
Conclusions
Prote#ti,e systems are o5ten in,ol,ed in maor wide
area disturan#es' sometimes pre,enting 5urt*er
propagation and sometimes #ontriuting to t*e
spread$ 4*e report identi5ies key system #onditions t*at
a55e#t t*e prote#tion per5orman#e' des#ries pro,en
met*ods and re#ommendations to impro,e t*e
prote#tion per5orman#e$
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New Energy Horizons
Opportunities and Challenges
7uestions8