Innovación y desarrollo tecnológico en América Latina

Innovacin y desarrollo tecnolgico en Amrica Latina

Sebastin RoviraDivisin de Desarrollo Productivo y EmpresarialSummer School on Latin American EconomiesCEPAL, Santiago de Chile 16 Agosto 2013

ndiceInnovacin: conceptos y definiciones Conocimiento, innovacin y cambio tecnolgico Las instituciones de la innovacin: Sistemas Nacionales de InnovacionInnovacin y crecimiento econmico Innovacin en Amrica Latina: evidencia emprica Institucionalidad para la innovacinLas polticas de apoyo a la innovacin en Amrica LatinaPorque los procesos de innovacin necesitan de polticas de apoyo?Evolucin de las polticas de CyT en ALCDesafos y prioridades actuales para las polticas de CyTI en ALCFocus: apoyo a la inversin privada para la innovacin

I. Innovacin:conceptos y definiciones

DefinicionesInnovacin (I)By changes in the methods of supplying commodities we mean a range of events much broader than the phrase covers in its literal acceptance. We include the introduction of new commodities which may even serve as the standard case. Technological change in the production of commodities already in use, the opening up of new markets or of new sources of supply, Taylorization of work, improved handling of material, the setting up of new business organizations such as department stores in short, any doing things differently in the realm of economic life all these are instances of what we shall refer to by the term Innovation (J. Schumpeter)Innovacin (II)La innovacin es definida como la transformacin de una idea en un producto o servicio comercializable, un procedimiento de fabricacin o distribucin operativa, nueva o mejorada, o un nuevo mtodo de proporcionar un bien o un servicio (Manual de Oslo)TecnologaLos medios, los mtodos, el know-how, y las actividades a travs de las cules los agentes resuelven sus problemas. Estos medios incluye conocimiento y procedimientos, insumos fsicos e intangibles, las caractersticas del output.

Conocimiento e informacin: rasgos principalesBackground: marco terico Stanford-Yale-Sussex (SYS)

Innovacin y cambio tecnolgico: caractersticas

No nocin de equilibrio, no hiptesis de fuerte racionalidad (mecanismos de prueba y error, incertidumbre)No proceso linealCambios incrementales o discontinuidades (ruptures) Learning by doing Cumulativeness: If I have seen further, it is only by standing on the shoulders of giants (I. Newton)Dynamic increasing returns, network externalities, path dependency (ej.: QWERTY teclado)RRHH y elevado capital humanoConocimiento es especfico, enraizado en los sistemas socio-institucionales, el aprendizaje y la acumulacin de conocimiento son fundamentalesCarcter sistmico

Investigacin AplicadaInvestigacin BsicaDesarrolloCommercializacinDos modelos para la innovacinModelo de innovacin linealInvestigacin BsicaInvestigacin AplicadaDesarrolloCommercializacinUso potencialDesarrollo de productos y procesosNuevas aplicaciones no previstas FEEDBACK:Diseo, Nuevos productos, caractersticasFEEDBACK:Bsqueda de nuevas ideas y solucionesComprensin del fenmenoModelo de innovacin no lineal

Innovacin: proceso evolutivo, proceso sistmicoInnovacin: NO es un resultado, es un proceso complejoLa innovacin es un elemento central en la estrategia de desarrollo, definido como un proceso dinmico de interaccin que une agentes que trabajan guiados por incentivos de mercado (como las empresas) y otras instituciones (como los centros pblicos de investigacin y las instituciones acadmicas) que actan de acuerdo a estrategias y reglas que responden a otros mecanismos y esquemas de incentivos. Los vnculos sistemticos y la interaccin entre actores, as como la infraestructura econmica e institucional que cada pas es capaz de desarrollar, determinan su habilidad para capturar el impulso que el conocimiento da a la produccin y la hace entrar en un crculo virtuoso de crecimiento. (CEPAL, 2006) Se compone de muchas fases, funciones y actores, necesita de adecuadas condiciones e infraestructuras institucionales: Sistema Nacional de Innovacin (SIN)El conjunto de agentes, instituciones y normas en el que se apoyan los procesos de incorporacin de tecnologa se ha denominado sistema de innovacin generalmente sistemas nacionales de innovacin, que determina el ritmo de generacin, adaptacin, adquisicin y difusin de conocimientos tecnolgicos en todas las actividades productivas (CEPAL, 2002)

Sistema Nacional de InnovacinActoresRed de actores gubernamentalesInstituciones de educacin superiorActores de mercado (empresas) CaractersticasDensidadFrecuencia/ fluidezProcesosInvestigacinGeneracinApropiacin Difusin

FuncionesFormulacin, implementacin, evaluacin de polticas de CyTProcesos innovativosFormacin RRHHFinanciamientoGeneracin/transferencia infoProteccin (derechos PI)

Fuente: CEPAL/SEGIB,2010

Innovacin, cambio tecnolgico y crecimiento econmico

los clsicos: the invention of a great number of machines which facilitate and abridge labour, and enable one man to do the work of many(A.Smith) mainstream: se reduce el inters en el cambio tcnico (Modelo de Solow)ltimas decadas (desde 1980s): se reaviva el inters por la innovacin y difusin de tecnologa, vistos como procesos endgenos a mecanismos de competencia econmica: lookign within the blackbox of technology (N .Rosenberg)perspectiva evolucionista:el crecimiento econmico es un proceso entretejido con y dirigido por la innovacin tecnolgica y organizacional (Schumpeter)la innovacin es una de las variables fundamentales para un proceso de crecimiento econmico que sea de largo plazo, sostenible, con equidad

Por que la innovacin y el cambio tecnolgico son importantes para el desarrollo y el crecimiento econmico ?

Cambio estructural Productividad Competitividad Capital humanoDistribucin del ingreso

La innovacin es tema central de la agenda econmica presente y futura

Innovacin y crecimiento: el cambio estructural

Innovacin, destruccin creativa y evolucin de la estructura industrialThe opening up of new markets, foreign or domestic, and the organizational development from the craft shop and factory to such concerns as U.S. Steel illustrate the same process of industrial mutationif I may use that biological termthat incessantly revolutionizes the economic structure from within, incessantly destroying the old one, incessantly creating a new one. This process of Creative Destruction is the essential fact about capitalism. It is what capitalism consists in and what every capitalist concern has got to live in. (J. Schumpeter)

II. Innovacin en Amrica Latina:evidencia emprica

Recursos financierosRecursos humanos calificadosInstituciones de formacin e investigacin de excelenciaEmpresas que desarrollen proyectos innovadores y una estructura productiva que demande y genere conocimientoInfraestructura institucionalInsumos crticos en un SNI

Distribucin mundial del gasto en IyD (2002 y 2007)Dinmica mundial de la inversin en IyDFuente: Comisin Econmica para Amrica Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL), sobre la base de informacin de RICYT y UNESCO (2010).

Grfico1

297.8206.16.9213.320.711.2

394.5260.910.4371.633.317.8

EEUU y Canad

Europa

frica

Asia

Amrica Latina y el Caribe

Oceana

Datos Grafico 1

Grfico 1.Gasto en IyD como porcentaje del PIB, pases y regiones seleccionadas, 2000, 2004, 2008 o ltimo disponible

Fuente: Comisin Econmica para Amrica Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL), sobre la base de informacin de UNESCO y RICYT (Red de Indicadores de Ciencia y Tecnologa).

Nota: Los pases de Iberoamrica se encuentran en color naranja en tanto que Iberoamrica como regin se representa en color rojo

200020042008mas recienteIyD%PIB

Bolivia0.280.260.002002Bolivia20000.28

Chile0.530.400.00200420040.26

Mxico0.370.400.37200720080.00

Per0.110.150.002004Per20000.11

Paraguay0.090.080.0620040.15

El Salvador0.000.000.1120080.00

Colombia0.140.160.15Paraguay20000.09

Panam0.400.240.2120040.08

Ecuador0.060.070.25200320080.06

Costa Rica0.430.370.40El Salvador20000.00

Cuba0.450.560.4920040.00

Argentina0.440.440.5220080.11

Amrica Latina y el Caribe0.570.530.63Ecuador20000.06

Uruguay0.240.260.64200220040.07

Iberoamrica0.640.710.8620080.25

Brasil0.940.901.09Colombia20000.14

Espaa0.911.061.3420040.16

China0.901.231.44200720080.15

Portugal0.760.771.58Panam20000.40

Reino Unido1.811.691.88200720040.24

Francia2.152.152.0220080.21

Singapore1.882.192.522007Mxico20000.37

Alemania2.452.492.5420040.40

Estados Unidos2.752.582.8220080.37

Rep. de Corea2.302.683.212007Chile20000.53

Finlandia3.353.453.4620040.40

Israel4.324.264.8620080.00

Costa Rica20000.43

20040.37

20080.40

Cuba20000.45

20040.56

20080.49

Argentina20000.44

20040.44

20080.52

Uruguay20000.24

20040.26

20080.64

Brasil20000.94

20040.90

20081.09

China20000.90

20041.23

20081.44

Rep. de Corea20002.30

20042.68

20083.21

Singapore20001.88

20042.19

20082.52

Estados Unidos20002.75

20042.58

20082.82

Reino Unido20001.81

20041.69

20081.88

Francia20002.15

20042.15

20082.02

Alemania20002.45

20042.49

20082.54

Finlandia20003.35

20043.45

20083.46

Grafico 1

0.2753904795

0.26

0

0.1092988265

0.1493345005

0

0.0882927811

0.0839999983

0.060008717

0

0

0.1089777794

0.0599312788

0.0683823529

0.2548316398

0.1389998579

0.1583274546

0.1529767193

0.3985209532

0.2397861672

0.206867697

0.3727292958

0.4002747219

0.37

0.5251393474

0.4

0

0.4254509375

0.3731824527

0.3982708034

0.4476059354

0.5603339113

0.4854492798

0.4388397067

0.4375580848

0.5238108682

0.2377741243

0.2639800455

0.6406259733

0.9387086874

0.8995167649

1.0904990913

0.9027516001

1.2298940442

1.4419585116

2.2957022286

2.682972047

3.2103571952

1.8828328328

2.1912982494

2.5194009801

2.7457910044

2.5805053779

2.8246451787

1.8143780087

1.6865054411

1.8842611619

2.1475094563

2.1499118474

2.0215992658

2.4542545455

2.4861775747

2.5375376615

3.3454439553

3.4527673167

3.4625437786

IyD%PIB

Datos Graficos 2 y 3

Grfico 2. Inversin en IyD: valor absoluto y distribucin en Iberoamrica, 2000


(millones de dlares en PPC)

Fuente: Comisin Econmica para Amrica Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL), sobre la base de informacin de RICYT (Red de Indicadores de Ciencia y Tecnologa).

20002008mas reciente

Brasil12,483Brasil22,4661

Mxico3,551Mxico5,7892

Argentina1,478Argentina2,9853

Chile756Chile1,23320044

Colombia277Colombia6035

Per139Uruguay2736

Costa Rica106Ecuador2867

Panam75Costa Rica1948

Bolivia E. P.75Panam8020079

Uruguay62El Salvador4810

Guatemala1Guatemala4211

Portugal1,323Paraguay1912

Grafico 2

12482.794840171

3551.4317343312

1477.9759733887

755.8077648748

277.043517072

139.1090931153

105.9348393267

75.4080662273

74.9591389331

61.6860436424

1.3601313551

1322.6245173211

Grafico 3

22466.063199731

5789.4146839889

2985.4856512141

1232.6677781039

603.4447131145

272.5415078054

286.3281817317

194.2075480026

80.2006688963

47.5962740222

41.6373338356

18.6349661906

Datos Grafico 4

Grfico 4. Distribucin mundial del gasto en IyD, principales regiones (2000 y 2007)


Fuente: Comisin Econmica para Amrica Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL), sobre la base de informacin de UNESCO

Con Europa e America LatinaCon Europa (sinEP) e Iberoamerica

2002200720022007

millones de dlares expresados en PPC (I + D)millones de dlares expresados en PPC (I + D)%millones de dlares expresados en PPC (I + D)%millones de dlares expresados en PPC (I + D)millones de dlares expresados en PPC (I + D)%millones de dlares expresados en PPC (I + D)%

Mundo788.501001,137.90100Mundo788.501001,137.90100

Norteamrica297.800.3939394.500.3624EEUU y Canad297.800.3939394.500.3624

Europa206.100.2726260.900.2397Europa206.100.2726260.900.2397

frica6.900.009110.400.0096frica6.900.009110.400.0096

Asia213.300.2821371.600.3414Asia213.300.2821371.600.3414

Amrica Latina y el Caribe20.700.027433.300.0306Amrica Latina y el Caribe20.700.027433.300.0306

Oceana11.200.014817.800.0164Oceana11.200.014817.800.0164

Total756.001.00001,088.501.0000Total756.001.00001,088.501.0000

Fuente: Elaboracin propia con datos de RICYT y UNESCO

Europa206.10260.90

Espaa9.8118.75

Portugal1.453.67

Europa sin EP194.84238.48

Amrica Latina y el Caribe20.7033.30

Iberoamerica31.9655.72

Datos Grafico 5

Grfico 5. Gastos en IyD segn sector de ejecucin, 2008 o ltimo ao disponible

Fuente: Comisin Econmica para Amrica Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL), sobre la base de datos de UNESCO y RICYT (Red de Indicadores de Ciencia y Tecnologa).

Nota: Bolivia 2002; Brasil, 2004; Chile 2004; Mxico 2007; Per 2004.

GobiernoEducacin SuperiorEmpresasOrg.priv.sin fines de lucro

Rep. de Corea11.56%9.95%77.26%1.23%

Finlandia8.68%19.01%72.31%0.62%

EEUU10.60%12.85%72.62%3.92%

Ecuador90.00%1.43%8.57%0.00%

Panam47.12%8.72%0.24%43.92%

Uruguay64.31%17.54%18.15%0.00%

Mxico25.10%25.98%47.54%1.38%

Argentina41.79%29.03%27.44%1.73%

Chile10.24%32.02%46.07%11.67%

Portugal7.28%34.48%50.10%8.14%

Per25.63%38.11%29.17%7.08%

Brasil21.32%38.38%40.20%0.10%

Bolivia E.P.21.00%41.00%25.00%13.00%

Costa Rica16.75%47.89%30.22%5.14%

Colombia4.24%54.18%22.48%19.10%

Espaa18.18%54.92%26.75%0.16%

Paraguay28.32%59.86%0.00%11.82%

Guatemala13.44%80.94%0.00%5.63%

Iberoamrica18.70%49.97%29.65%1.68%

Grafico 5

0.0995355760.7725821610.11559879620.0122843445

0.19006486180.72313725860.08679787960.0061907242

0.12852248010.72623754670.10603738890.0392025844

0.01428571430.08571428570.90

0.08723678560.00236355820.47120756340.4391920928

0.17538660990.18149828690.64311510330

0.25979943710.475384650.25100549960.0138104133

0.29027642710.27442954880.41794651060.0173475135

0.32016785690.46073081230.10241101270.1166903181

0.3447736910.50099089140.07284756160.0813878559

0.3811361140.29171712620.25631565610.0708311037

0.38376087950.40201557490.21318140170.0010421438

0.410.250.210.13

0.47894013050.30219393630.16747153640.0513943968

0.54180391020.22480582140.04243532190.1909549465

0.54916538560.26748472930.1817718040.001578081

0.598588935100.28321570690.118195358

0.8093937739Guatemala0.13435281270.0562534134

Educacin Superior

Empresas

Gobierno

Org.priv.sin fines de lucro

Datos Grafico 6

Grafico 6. Ejecucin de las actividades de IyD: participacin de empresas e instituciones de educacin(2008 o ltimo ao disponible)



IyD%PIBEducacin SuperiorEmpresas

Rep. de Corea3.219.95%77.26%

Finlandia3.4619.01%72.31%

EEUU2.8212.85%72.62%

Ecuador0.251.43%8.57%

Panam0.218.72%0.24%

Uruguay0.6417.54%18.15%

Mxico0.3725.98%47.54%

Argentina0.5229.03%27.44%

Chile0.4032.02%46.07%

Portugal1.5834.48%50.10%

Per0.1538.11%29.17%

Brasil1.0938.38%40.20%

Bolivia E.P.0.2841.00%25.00%

Costa Rica0.4047.89%30.22%

Colombia0.1554.18%20.48%

Espaa1.3454.92%26.75%

Paraguay0.0659.86%0.00%

Linea 45 grados0.00%0.00%

60.00%60.00%

80.00%80.00%

Grafico 6

3.21035719523.46254377862.82464517870.25483163980.2068676970.64062597330.370.52381086820.41.58008954690.14933450051.09049909130.27539047950.39827080340.15297671931.34239378070.0600087171.3423937807

0.6

0.8

Rep. de Corea

Finlandia

EEUU

Ecuador

Panam

Uruguay

Mxico

Argentina

Chile

Portugal

Per

Brasil

Bolivia E.P.

Costa Rica

Colombia

Espaa

Paraguay

Educacin superior

Empresas

Datos Grafico 7

Grfico 7. Gastos en IyD segn sector de financiamiento, 2008 o ltimo ao disponible


Nota: Bolivia 2002; Chile 2004; Mxico 2007; Per 2004; Paraguay 2005.

Educacin SuperiorEmpresasExtranjeroGobiernoOrg.priv.sin fines de lucro

Rep. de Corea0.98%73.65%0.22%24.80%0.34%

Finlandia0.26%68.20%6.52%24.05%0.97%

EEUU2.68%66.18%0.00%28.30%2.84%

Bolivia E.P31.00%16.00%14.00%20.00%19.00%

Guatemala28.89%0.00%48.44%22.67%0.00%

Colombia26.52%27.08%4.37%39.26%2.77%

Portugal3.57%48.08%2.99%43.71%1.65%

Chile0.80%45.77%8.65%44.45%0.33%

Panam3.16%2.30%48.07%45.51%0.97%

Espaa0.00%44.95%5.70%48.79%0.55%

El Salvador44.71%0.68%4.52%49.95%0.13%

Mxico3.18%44.58%1.37%50.74%0.13%

Brasil2.16%43.88%0.00%53.96%0.00%

Uruguay12.86%24.65%2.28%60.22%0.00%

Argentina4.36%26.52%0.60%67.62%0.90%

Cuba0.00%18.00%13.01%68.99%0.00%

Paraguay9.20%0.25%12.25%76.20%2.10%

Costa Rica0.00%5.55%11.03%78.72%4.69%

Ecuador1.42%8.53%0.50%89.55%0.00%

Iberoamrica1.74%43.31%3.14%51.34%0.46%

Grafico 7

0.24795887720.00984182820.7365229670.0034490470.0022269387

0.24051087110.00260193150.68202547950.00970530240.0651567358

0.28298306320.02678420660.66183766510.02839238470

0.20.310.160.190.14

0.22665210270.2889131622000.4844347351

0.3925789040.26518268470.27082746730.02768669480.0437242493

0.43709137940.0357362430.48077077650.0165417750.0298598261

0.44448125730.00803065480.45768228050.00328289620.0865229112

0.45509239360.03158573270.02299097550.00966910180.4806617963

0.48793644100.44951806980.00553692530.0570085639

0.4994730740.44711733610.00683257140.00134580320.0452312153

0.50740298680.03175850970.44579563910.00130403030.0137388341

0.53956885030.02161546870.438815681100

0.60218538750.12857672010.246481155700.0227567367

0.67617149960.04361154070.26522251180.00902587570.0059685722

0.689881734600.180026281200.1300919842

0.76199455810.09200009690.00250003340.02100005410.1225052575

0.787249913400.05546527430.04694035220.1103444601

0.89552238810.01421464110.085287846500.0049751244

Gobierno

Educacin Superior

Empresas


Extranjero

Datos Grafico 8

Grafico 8. Financiamiento de las actividades de IyD: participacin de empresas y gobierno, 2008 o ltimo ao disponible



IyD%PIBGobiernoEmpresas

Rep. de Corea3.2124.80%73.65%

Finlandia3.4624.05%68.20%

EEUU2.8228.30%66.18%

Bolivia E.P.0.2820.00%16.00%

Colombia0.1539.26%27.08%

Portugal1.5843.71%48.08%

Chile0.4044.45%45.77%

Panam0.2145.51%2.30%

Espaa1.3448.79%44.95%

El Salvador0.1149.95%0.68%

Mxico0.3750.74%44.58%

Brasil1.0953.96%43.88%

Uruguay0.6460.22%24.65%

Argentina0.5267.62%26.52%

Cuba0.4968.99%18.00%

Paraguay0.0676.20%0.25%

Costa Rica0.4078.72%5.55%

Ecuador0.2589.55%8.53%

Grafico 8

3.21035719522.82464517871.58008954690.2068676970.10897777941.09049909130.52381086820.0600087170.25483163983.46254377861.34239378070.27539047950.15297671930.40.370.64062597330.48544927980.3982708034

Rep. de Corea

EEUU

Portugal

Panam

El Salvador

Brasil

Argentina

Paraguay

Ecuador

Finlandia

Espaa

Bolivia E.P.

Colombia

Chile

Mxico

Uruguay

Cuba

Costa Rica

Gobierno

Empresas

Inversin en IyD (2000, 2004, 2008 o ltimo disponible)(en porcentaje del PIB)Panorama de IyD en Amrica Latina Fuente: Comisin Econmica para Amrica Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL), sobre la base de informacin de RICYT y UNESCO (2010).

Grfico1

0.2753904795

0.26

0

0.1092988265

0.1493345005

0

0.0882927811

0.0839999983

0.060008717

0

0

0.1089777794

0.0599312788

0.0683823529

0.2548316398

0.1389998579

0.1583274546

0.1529767193

0.3985209532

0.2397861672

0.206867697

0.3727292958

0.4002747219

0.37

0.5251393474

0.4

0

0.4254509375

0.3731824527

0.3982708034

0.4476059354

0.5603339113

0.4854492798

0.4388397067

0.4375580848

0.5238108682

0.2377741243

0.2639800455

0.6406259733

0.9387086874

0.8995167649

1.0904990913

0.9027516001

1.2298940442

1.4419585116

2.2957022286

2.682972047

3.2103571952

1.8828328328

2.1912982494

2.5194009801

2.7457910044

2.5805053779

2.8246451787

2.4542545455

2.4861775747

2.5375376615

3.3454439553

3.4527673167

3.4625437786

IyD%PIB

Datos Grafico 1

Grfico 1.Gasto en IyD como porcentaje del PIB, pases y regiones seleccionadas, 2000, 2004, 2008 o ltimo disponible

Fuente: Comisin Econmica para Amrica Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL), sobre la base de informacin de UNESCO y RICYT (Red de Indicadores de Ciencia y Tecnologa).

Nota: Los pases de Iberoamrica se encuentran en color naranja en tanto que Iberoamrica como regin se representa en color rojo

200020042008mas recienteIyD%PIB

Bolivia0.280.260.002002Bolivia20000.28

Chile0.530.400.00200420040.26

Mxico0.370.400.37200720080.00

Per0.110.150.002004Per20000.11

Paraguay0.090.080.0620040.15

El Salvador0.000.000.1120080.00

Colombia0.140.160.15Paraguay20000.09

Panam0.400.240.2120040.08

Ecuador0.060.070.25200320080.06

Costa Rica0.430.370.40El Salvador20000.00

Cuba0.450.560.4920040.00

Argentina0.440.440.5220080.11

Amrica Latina y el Caribe0.570.530.63Ecuador20000.06

Uruguay0.240.260.64200220040.07

Iberoamrica0.640.710.8620080.25

Brasil0.940.901.09Colombia20000.14

Espaa0.911.061.3420040.16

China0.901.231.44200720080.15

Portugal0.760.771.58Panam20000.40

Reino Unido1.811.691.88200720040.24

Francia2.152.152.0220080.21

Singapore1.882.192.522007Mxico20000.37

Alemania2.452.492.5420040.40

Estados Unidos2.752.582.8220080.37

Rep. de Corea2.302.683.212007Chile20000.53

Finlandia3.353.453.4620040.40

Israel4.324.264.8620080.00

Costa Rica20000.43

20040.37

20080.40

Cuba20000.45

20040.56

20080.49

Argentina20000.44

20040.44

20080.52

Uruguay20000.24

20040.26

20080.64

Brasil20000.94

20040.90

20081.09

China20000.90

20041.23

20081.44

Rep. de Corea20002.30

20042.68

20083.21

Singapore20001.88

20042.19

20082.52


20042.58

20082.82

Alemania20002.45

20042.49

20082.54

Finlandia20003.35

20043.45

20083.46

Datos Graficos 2 y 3




Fuente: Comisin Econmica para Amrica Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL), sobre la base de informacin de RICYT (Red de Indicadores de Ciencia y Tecnologa).

20002008mas reciente

Brasil12,483Brasil22,4661

Mxico3,551Mxico5,7892

Argentina1,478Argentina2,9853

Chile756Chile1,23320044

Colombia277Colombia6035

Per139Uruguay2736

Costa Rica106Ecuador2867

Panam75Costa Rica1948

Bolivia E. P.75Panam8020079

Uruguay62El Salvador4810

Guatemala1Guatemala4211

Portugal1,323Paraguay1912

Espaa7,781Portugal3,671

Espaa18,752

ALC19,01634030.81

Ib28,10756,441

Portugal4.71%6.50%

Espaa27.68%33.22%

ALC67.66%60.29%

Grafico 2

12482.794840171

3551.4317343312

1477.9759733887

755.8077648748

277.043517072

139.1090931153

105.9348393267

75.4080662273

74.9591389331

61.6860436424

1.3601313551

1322.6245173211

7780.7190411696

Grafico 3

22466.063199731

5789.4146839889

2985.4856512141

1232.6677781039

603.4447131145

272.5415078054

286.3281817317

194.2075480026

80.2006688963

47.5962740222

41.6373338356

18.6349661906

3670.8411531171

18751.643667107

Datos Grafico 4

Grfico 4. Distribucin mundial del gasto en IyD, principales regiones (2000 y 2007)


Fuente: Comisin Econmica para Amrica Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL), sobre la base de informacin de UNESCO

Con Europa e America LatinaCon Europa (sinEP) e Iberoamerica

2002200720022007

millones de dlares expresados en PPC (I + D)millones de dlares expresados en PPC (I + D)%millones de dlares expresados en PPC (I + D)%millones de dlares expresados en PPC (I + D)millones de dlares expresados en PPC (I + D)%millones de dlares expresados en PPC (I + D)%

Mundo788.501001,137.90100Mundo788.501001,137.90100

Norteamrica297.800.3939394.500.3624EEUU y Canad297.800.3939394.500.3624

Europa206.100.2726260.900.2397Europa (sin Eespaa y Portugal)194.840.2577238.480.2191

frica6.900.009110.400.0096frica6.900.009110.400.0096

Asia213.300.2821371.600.3414Asia213.300.2821371.600.3414

Amrica Latina y el Caribe20.700.027433.300.0306Iberoamerica31.960.042355.720.0512

Oceana11.200.014817.800.0164Oceana11.200.014817.800.0164

Total756.001.00001,088.501.0000Total756.001.00001,088.501.0000

Fuente: Elaboracin propia con datos de RICYT y UNESCO

Europa206.10260.90

Espaa9.8118.75

Portugal1.453.67

Europa sin EP194.84238.48

Amrica Latina y el Caribe20.7033.30

Iberoamerica31.9655.72

Grafico 4

297.8194.83836.9213.331.961711.2

394.5238.477610.4371.655.722417.8

EEUU y Canad

Europa (sin Espaa y Portugal)

frica

Asia

Iberoamerica

Oceana

Datos Grafico 5

Grfico 5. Gastos en IyD segn sector de ejecucin, 2008 o ltimo ao disponible



GobiernoEducacin SuperiorEmpresasOrg.priv.sin fines de lucro

Rep. de Corea11.56%9.95%77.26%1.23%

Finlandia8.68%19.01%72.31%0.62%

EEUU10.60%12.85%72.62%3.92%

Ecuador90.00%1.43%8.57%0.00%

Panam47.12%8.72%0.24%43.92%

Uruguay64.31%17.54%18.15%0.00%

Mxico25.10%25.98%47.54%1.38%

Argentina41.79%29.03%27.44%1.73%

Chile10.24%32.02%46.07%11.67%

Portugal7.28%34.48%50.10%8.14%

Per25.63%38.11%29.17%7.08%

Brasil21.32%38.38%40.20%0.10%

Bolivia E.P.21.00%41.00%25.00%13.00%

Costa Rica16.75%47.89%30.22%5.14%

Colombia4.24%54.18%22.48%19.10%

Espaa18.18%54.92%26.75%0.16%

Paraguay28.32%59.86%0.00%11.82%

Guatemala13.44%80.94%0.00%5.63%

Iberoamrica18.70%49.97%29.65%1.68%

Grafico 5

0.0995355760.7725821610.11559879620.0122843445

0.19006486180.72313725860.08679787960.0061907242

0.12852248010.72623754670.10603738890.0392025844

0.01428571430.08571428570.90

0.08723678560.00236355820.47120756340.4391920928

0.17538660990.18149828690.64311510330

0.25979943710.475384650.25100549960.0138104133

0.29027642710.27442954880.41794651060.0173475135

0.32016785690.46073081230.10241101270.1166903181

0.3447736910.50099089140.07284756160.0813878559

0.3811361140.29171712620.25631565610.0708311037

0.38376087950.40201557490.21318140170.0010421438

0.410.250.210.13

0.47894013050.30219393630.16747153640.0513943968

0.54180391020.22480582140.04243532190.1909549465

0.54916538560.26748472930.1817718040.001578081

0.598588935100.28321570690.118195358

0.8093937739Guatemala0.13435281270.0562534134

Educacin Superior

Empresas

Gobierno


Datos Grafico 6

Grafico 6. Ejecucin de las actividades de IyD: participacin de empresas e instituciones de educacin(2008 o ltimo ao disponible)



IyD%PIBEducacin SuperiorEmpresas

Rep. de Corea3.219.95%77.26%

Finlandia3.4619.01%72.31%

EEUU2.8212.85%72.62%

Ecuador0.251.43%8.57%

Panam0.218.72%0.24%

Uruguay0.6417.54%18.15%

Mxico0.3725.98%47.54%

Argentina0.5229.03%27.44%

Chile0.4032.02%46.07%

Portugal1.5834.48%50.10%

Per0.1538.11%29.17%

Brasil1.0938.38%40.20%

Bolivia E.P.0.2841.00%25.00%

Costa Rica0.4047.89%30.22%

Colombia0.1554.18%20.48%

Espaa1.3454.92%26.75%

Paraguay0.0659.86%0.00%

Linea 45 grados0.00%0.00%

60.00%60.00%

80.00%80.00%

Grafico 6

3.21035719523.46254377862.82464517870.25483163980.2068676970.64062597330.370.52381086820.41.58008954690.14933450051.09049909130.27539047950.39827080340.15297671931.34239378070.0600087171.3423937807

0.6

0.8

Rep. de Corea

Finlandia

EEUU

Ecuador

Panam

Uruguay

Mxico

Argentina

Chile

Portugal

Per

Brasil

Bolivia E.P.

Costa Rica

Colombia

Espaa

Paraguay

Educacin superior

Empresas

Datos Grafico 7

Grfico 7. Gastos en IyD segn sector de financiamiento, 2008 o ltimo ao disponible



Educacin SuperiorEmpresasExtranjeroGobiernoOrg.priv.sin fines de lucro

Rep. de Corea0.98%73.65%0.22%24.80%0.34%

Finlandia0.26%68.20%6.52%24.05%0.97%

EEUU2.68%66.18%0.00%28.30%2.84%

Bolivia E.P31.00%16.00%14.00%20.00%19.00%

Guatemala28.89%0.00%48.44%22.67%0.00%

Colombia26.52%27.08%4.37%39.26%2.77%

Portugal3.57%48.08%2.99%43.71%1.65%

Chile0.80%45.77%8.65%44.45%0.33%

Panam3.16%2.30%48.07%45.51%0.97%

Espaa0.00%44.95%5.70%48.79%0.55%

El Salvador44.71%0.68%4.52%49.95%0.13%

Mxico3.18%44.58%1.37%50.74%0.13%

Brasil2.16%43.88%0.00%53.96%0.00%

Uruguay12.86%24.65%2.28%60.22%0.00%

Argentina4.36%26.52%0.60%67.62%0.90%

Cuba0.00%18.00%13.01%68.99%0.00%

Paraguay9.20%0.25%12.25%76.20%2.10%

Costa Rica0.00%5.55%11.03%78.72%4.69%

Ecuador1.42%8.53%0.50%89.55%0.00%

Iberoamrica1.74%43.31%3.14%51.34%0.46%

Grafico 7

0.24795887720.00984182820.7365229670.0034490470.0022269387

0.24051087110.00260193150.68202547950.00970530240.0651567358

0.28298306320.02678420660.66183766510.02839238470

0.20.310.160.190.14

0.22665210270.2889131622000.4844347351

0.3925789040.26518268470.27082746730.02768669480.0437242493

0.43709137940.0357362430.48077077650.0165417750.0298598261

0.44448125730.00803065480.45768228050.00328289620.0865229112

0.45509239360.03158573270.02299097550.00966910180.4806617963

0.48793644100.44951806980.00553692530.0570085639

0.4994730740.44711733610.00683257140.00134580320.0452312153

0.50740298680.03175850970.44579563910.00130403030.0137388341

0.53956885030.02161546870.438815681100

0.60218538750.12857672010.246481155700.0227567367

0.67617149960.04361154070.26522251180.00902587570.0059685722

0.689881734600.180026281200.1300919842

0.76199455810.09200009690.00250003340.02100005410.1225052575

0.787249913400.05546527430.04694035220.1103444601

0.89552238810.01421464110.085287846500.0049751244

Gobierno

Educacin Superior

Empresas


Extranjero

Datos Grafico 8

Grafico 8. Financiamiento de las actividades de IyD: participacin de empresas y gobierno, 2008 o ltimo ao disponible



IyD%PIBGobiernoEmpresas

Rep. de Corea3.2124.80%73.65%

Finlandia3.4624.05%68.20%

EEUU2.8228.30%66.18%

Bolivia E.P.0.2820.00%16.00%

Colombia0.1539.26%27.08%

Portugal1.5843.71%48.08%

Chile0.4044.45%45.77%

Panam0.2145.51%2.30%

Espaa1.3448.79%44.95%

El Salvador0.1149.95%0.68%

Mxico0.3750.74%44.58%

Brasil1.0953.96%43.88%

Uruguay0.6460.22%24.65%

Argentina0.5267.62%26.52%

Cuba0.4968.99%18.00%

Paraguay0.0676.20%0.25%

Costa Rica0.4078.72%5.55%

Ecuador0.2589.55%8.53%

Grafico 8

3.21035719522.82464517871.58008954690.2068676970.10897777941.09049909130.52381086820.0600087170.25483163983.46254377861.34239378070.27539047950.15297671930.40.370.64062597330.48544927980.3982708034

Rep. de Corea

EEUU

Portugal

Panam

El Salvador

Brasil

Argentina

Paraguay

Ecuador

Finlandia

Espaa

Bolivia E.P.

Colombia

Chile

Mxico

Uruguay

Cuba

Costa Rica

Gobierno

Empresas

Generacin, difusin y uso del conocimiento CyT para la innovacin en la reginLas instituciones de educacin superior (universidades) son los actores que ms participan a la ejecucin de actividades de IyD (50% o casi en Guatemala, Paraguay, Espaa, Colombia y Costa Rica)En unos pases pequeos (Panam, Ecuador, Uruguay) el Gobierno es el principal actorGastos IyD segn sector de ejecucin (2008 o mas reciente disponible)Fuente: Elaboracin propia con datos de RICYT.

Chart1

0.01428571430.08571428570.90

0.08723678560.00236355820.47120756340.4391920928

0.17538660990.18149828690.64311510330

0.22375690610.01933701660.75690607730

0.25979943710.475384650.25100549960.0138104133

0.29027642710.27442954880.41794651060.0173475135

0.32016785690.46073081230.10241101270.1166903181

0.3447736910.50099089140.07284756160.0813878559

0.3811361140.29171712620.25631565610.0708311037

0.38376087950.40201557490.21318140170.0010421438

0.410.250.210.13

0.47894013050.30219393630.16747153640.0513943968

0.54180391020.22480582140.04243532190.1909549465

0.54916538560.26748472930.1817718040.001578081

0.598588935100.28321570690.118195358

0.809393773900.13435281270.0562534134

Educacin Superior (I + D)

Empresas (I + D)

Gobierno (I + D)

Org.priv.sin fines de lucro (I + D)

G.Sector Productivo

Graficos de las actividades del sector productivo

Iberoamerica

CapacitacinTecnologa desincorporadaIngeniera y diseo industrialI+DTecnologa incorporadaGasto Adq de tec externa (2000)

Argentina0.040.110.080.241.65Argentina (2001)

Brazil0.050.090.350.711.16Brazil (2003)

Chile0.020.030.160.140.26Chile (2003)

Mexico0.020.080.080.59Mxico (2000)0.06

Uruguay0.050.140.220.151.76Uruguay (2003)

Portugal0.420.090.442.76

Europa

CapacitacinTecnologa desincorporadaI+DTecnologa incorporada

Germany0.850.12.91.57

Finland0.260.362.540.79

UK1.30.182.311.83

G.Sector Productivo

Chile

Mexico

Brazil

Argentina

Uruguay

Portugal

G.Gasto ejecucio IyD

Germany

Finland

UK

Sheet3

Grafico Gastos ejecucion IyD por sector

Gobierno (I + D)Educacin Superior (I + D)Empresas (I + D)Org.priv.sin fines de lucro (I + D)

Ecuador0.90.01428571430.08571428570

Panam0.47120756340.08723678560.00236355820.4391920928

Uruguay0.64311510330.17538660990.18149828690

Trinidad y Tobago0.75690607730.22375690610.01933701660

Mxico0.25100549960.25979943710.475384650.0138104133

Argentina0.41794651060.29027642710.27442954880.0173475135

Chile0.10241101270.32016785690.46073081230.1166903181

Portugal0.07284756160.3447736910.50099089140.0813878559

Per0.25631565610.3811361140.29171712620.0708311037

Brasil0.21318140170.38376087950.40201557490.0010421438

Bolivia0.210.410.250.13

Costa Rica0.16747153640.47894013050.30219393630.0513943968

Colombia0.04243532190.54180391020.22480582140.1909549465

Espaa0.1817718040.54916538560.26748472930.001578081

Paraguay0.28321570690.598588935100.118195358

Guatemala0.13435281270.809393773900.0562534134

Sheet3


Empresas (I + D)

Gobierno (I + D)


Gastos IyD segn sector de financiamiento (2008 o mas reciente disponible)La principal fuente de financiamiento de las actividades de IyD sigue siendo el Gobierno (50% o mas en la mayora de los pases)

Solo en unos pases (Brasil, Mxico, Espaa, Portugal y Chile) la participacin de las empresas es relevante (40% o casi)

Fuente: Elaboracin propia con datos de RICYT.

Chart2

0.20.310.160.190.14

0.22665210270.2889131622000.4844347351

0.3925789040.26518268470.27082746730.02768669480.0437242493

0.43709137940.0357362430.48077077650.0165417750.0298598261

0.44448125730.00803065480.45768228050.00328289620.0865229112

0.45509239360.03158573270.02299097550.00966910180.4806617963

0.48793644100.44951806980.00553692530.0570085639

0.4994730740.44711733610.00683257140.00134580320.0452312153

0.50740298680.03175850970.44579563910.00130403030.0137388341

0.53956885030.02161546870.438815681100

0.60218538750.12857672010.246481155700.0227567367

0.67617149960.04361154070.26522251180.00902587570.0059685722

0.689881734600.180026281200.1300919842

0.76199455810.09200009690.00250003340.02100005410.1225052575

0.787249913400.05546527430.04694035220.1103444601

0.89552238810.01421464110.085287846500.0049751244

Gobierno (I+D)

Educacin Superior (I+D)

Empresas (I+D)

Org.priv.sin fines de lucro (I+D)

Extranjero (I+D)

G.Sector Productivo


Iberoamerica



Brazil0.050.090.350.711.16Brazil (2003)

Chile0.020.030.160.140.26Chile (2003)

Mexico0.020.080.080.59Mxico (2000)0.06

Uruguay0.050.140.220.151.76Uruguay (2003)

Portugal0.420.090.442.76

Europa


Germany0.850.12.91.57

Finland0.260.362.540.79

UK1.30.182.311.83

G.Sector Productivo

Chile

Mexico

Brazil

Argentina

Uruguay

Portugal


Germany

Finland

UK

G.Gasto financiamiento IyD



Ecuador0.90.01428571430.08571428570

Panam0.47120756340.08723678560.00236355820.4391920928

Uruguay0.64311510330.17538660990.18149828690


Mxico0.25100549960.25979943710.475384650.0138104133

Argentina0.41794651060.29027642710.27442954880.0173475135

Chile0.10241101270.32016785690.46073081230.1166903181

Portugal0.07284756160.3447736910.50099089140.0813878559

Per0.25631565610.3811361140.29171712620.0708311037

Brasil0.21318140170.38376087950.40201557490.0010421438

Bolivia0.210.410.250.13

Costa Rica0.16747153640.47894013050.30219393630.0513943968

Colombia0.04243532190.54180391020.22480582140.1909549465

Espaa0.1817718040.54916538560.26748472930.001578081

Paraguay0.28321570690.598588935100.118195358

Guatemala0.13435281270.809393773900.0562534134



Empresas (I + D)

Gobierno (I + D)


Grafico Gastos financiamiento IyD por sector

Educacin Superior (I+D)Empresas (I+D)Extranjero (I+D)Gobierno (I+D)Org.priv.sin fines de lucro (I+D)

Bolivia0.310.160.140.20.19

Guatemala0.288913162200.48443473510.22665210270

Colombia0.26518268470.27082746730.04372424930.3925789040.0276866948

Portugal0.0357362430.48077077650.02985982610.43709137940.016541775

Chile0.00803065480.45768228050.08652291120.44448125730.0032828962

Panam0.03158573270.02299097550.48066179630.45509239360.0096691018

Espaa00.44951806980.05700856390.4879364410.0055369253

El Salvador0.44711733610.00683257140.04523121530.4994730740.0013458032

Mxico0.03175850970.44579563910.01373883410.50740298680.0013040303

Brasil0.02161546870.438815681100.53956885030

Uruguay0.12857672010.24648115570.02275673670.60218538750

Argentina0.04361154070.26522251180.00596857220.67617149960.0090258757

Cuba00.18002628120.13009198420.68988173460

Paraguay0.09200009690.00250003340.12250525750.76199455810.0210000541

Costa Rica00.05546527430.11034446010.78724991340.0469403522

Ecuador0.01421464110.08528784650.00497512440.89552238810

Gobierno (I+D)


Empresas (I+D)


Extranjero (I+D)

Los recursos humanos calificados: base para la innovacin y el desarrolloLa economa basada en el conocimiento ha puesto de manifiesto la importancia del capital humano para sustentar el dinamismo innovador Por tanto, la educacin y la formacin son elementos centrales de las estrategias de desarrollo productivo de un pas.La experiencia de los pases industrializados y de los emergentes, demuestra que el nfasis en los recursos humanos y en la infraestructura para la investigacin son fundamentales para desarrollo cientfico y tecnolgico Amrica Latina tiene mucho espacio para mejorar su masa critica de capital humano: hay que fomentar el reconocimiento profesional del investigador, mejorar la calidad de las instituciones de I+D , fomentar la formacin en reas con aplicaciones y proyecciones CyT

Distribucin de los investigadores en IyD por sector (2008)Las instituciones de educacin superior concentran el 60% de los investigadores en jornada completa. nicamente en Chile y Mxico las empresas son quienes tienen el mayor nmero de investigadores en jornada completa (56,1% y 45,8% del total de investigadores del pas, respectivamente)La relevancia del nmero de investigadores en las instituciones de investigacin superior es muestra del significativo peso que tienen estas instituciones en la generacin del conocimiento; esto subraya la importancia de fortalecer los vnculos entre estas instituciones y el sector productivoFuente: Elaboracin propia con datos de RICYT.

Chart4

0.30343007920.01055408970.58311345650.1029023747

0.33931934360.56113801450.04129674470.0582458972

0.3575588290.42483332890.19294316060.0246646815

0.40201409870.4584088620.13856998990.0010070493

0.4274016810.10480938280.45088264340.0169062929

0.43228200370.11131725420.29684601110.159554731

0.47961671760.34333129460.17461365950.0024383282

0.56826197230.37294583760.05143847640.0073537136

0.57261987120.25518565580.07926107970.0929333933

0.646296296300.35370370370

0.70.050.150.1

0.704232534400.22029576750.0754716981

0.728522336800.09536082470.1761168385

0.77486910990.02530541010.19109947640.0087260035

0.78812415650.00674763830.20512820510

0.82482168330.00941512130.02382310980.1419400856

0.8504359490.14956405100

0.87540983610.04918032790.05573770490.0196721311

0.89559916170.00819203660.09049342730.0057153744

Educacin Superior (EJC)

Empresas (EJC)

Gobierno (EJC)

Org.priv.sin fines de lucro (EJC)

G.Sector Productivo


Iberoamerica



Brazil0.050.090.350.711.16Brazil (2003)

Chile0.020.030.160.140.26Chile (2003)

Mexico0.020.080.080.59Mxico (2000)0.06

Uruguay0.050.140.220.151.76Uruguay (2003)

Portugal0.420.090.442.76

Europa


Germany0.850.12.91.57

Finland0.260.362.540.79

UK1.30.182.311.83

G.Sector Productivo

Chile

Mexico

Brazil

Argentina

Uruguay

Portugal


Germany

Finland

UK




Ecuador0.90.01428571430.08571428570

Panam0.47120756340.08723678560.00236355820.4391920928

Uruguay0.64311510330.17538660990.18149828690


Mxico0.25100549960.25979943710.475384650.0138104133

Argentina0.41794651060.29027642710.27442954880.0173475135

Chile0.10241101270.32016785690.46073081230.1166903181

Portugal0.07284756160.3447736910.50099089140.0813878559

Per0.25631565610.3811361140.29171712620.0708311037

Brasil0.21318140170.38376087950.40201557490.0010421438

Bolivia0.210.410.250.13

Costa Rica0.16747153640.47894013050.30219393630.0513943968

Colombia0.04243532190.54180391020.22480582140.1909549465

Espaa0.1817718040.54916538560.26748472930.001578081

Paraguay0.28321570690.598588935100.118195358

Guatemala0.13435281270.809393773900.0562534134



Empresas (I + D)

Gobierno (I + D)


G.Investigadores IyD

Grafico Gastos financiamiento IyD por sector

Educacin Superior (I+D)Empresas (I+D)Extranjero (I+D)Gobierno (I+D)Org.priv.sin fines de lucro (I+D)

Bolivia0.310.160.140.20.19

Guatemala0.288913162200.48443473510.22665210270

Colombia0.26518268470.27082746730.04372424930.3925789040.0276866948

Portugal0.0357362430.48077077650.02985982610.43709137940.016541775

Chile0.00803065480.45768228050.08652291120.44448125730.0032828962

Panam0.03158573270.02299097550.48066179630.45509239360.0096691018

Espaa00.44951806980.05700856390.4879364410.0055369253

El Salvador0.44711733610.00683257140.04523121530.4994730740.0013458032

Mxico0.03175850970.44579563910.01373883410.50740298680.0013040303

Brasil0.02161546870.438815681100.53956885030

Uruguay0.12857672010.24648115570.02275673670.60218538750

Argentina0.04361154070.26522251180.00596857220.67617149960.0090258757

Cuba00.18002628120.13009198420.68988173460

Paraguay0.09200009690.00250003340.12250525750.76199455810.0210000541

Costa Rica00.05546527430.11034446010.78724991340.0469403522

Ecuador0.01421464110.08528784650.00497512440.89552238810

G.Investigadores IyD

Gobierno (I+D)


Empresas (I+D)


Extranjero (I+D)

Graficos investigadores

Educacin Superior (EJC)Empresas (EJC)Gobierno (EJC)Org.priv.sin fines de lucro (EJC)

Panam0.30343007920.01055408970.58311345650.1029023747

Chile0.33931934360.56113801450.04129674470.0582458972

Mxico0.3575588290.42483332890.19294316060.0246646815

Per0.40201409870.4584088620.13856998990.0010070493

Argentina0.4274016810.10480938280.45088264340.0169062929

Honduras0.43228200370.11131725420.29684601110.159554731

Espaa0.47961671760.34333129460.17461365950.0024383282

Brasil0.56826197230.37294583760.05143847640.0073537136

Portugal0.57261987120.25518565580.07926107970.0929333933

Guatemala0.646296296300.35370370370

Bolivia0.70.050.150.1

Paraguay0.704232534400.22029576750.0754716981

Costa Rica0.728522336800.09536082470.1761168385

Uruguay0.77486910990.02530541010.19109947640.0087260035


Colombia0.82482168330.00941512130.02382310980.1419400856

Ecuador0.8504359490.14956405100

El Salvador0.87540983610.04918032790.05573770490.0196721311

Venezuela0.89559916170.00819203660.09049342730.0057153744

Educacin Superior (EJC)

Empresas (EJC)

Gobierno (EJC)

Org.priv.sin fines de lucro (EJC)

Los pases de la regin pueden y deben aumentar su matriculacin en educacin terciariaTasa bruta de matrcula en la educacin terciaria

Y la calidad de las instituciones de educacinDisponer de recursos humanos para la investigacin y lograr niveles de excelencia es importante para el apoyo de la innovacin. La calidad de los mismos es influenciada por toda la trayectoria educacional del individuo, desde la educacin bsica a la formacin post-universitaria.

ALC presenta un profundo rezago en calidad de educacinDistribucin de los estudiantes en la prueba Pisa en ciencias segn nivel alcanzado

Se debe avanzar en la formacin de profesionales en las disciplinas cientfico-tecnolgicasEn formacin universitaria la regin no solo presenta una reducida tasa de matriculacin, sino que tambin se especializa en ciertas disciplinas que no estn relacionadas con reas cientfico-tecnolgicas y con escasa proyecciones de aplicacin en el campo de la CyT.

Aparece como fundamental aumentar la masa crtica de la formacin en reas cientficas y tecnolgicas para satisfacer la demanda creciente de recursos humanos calificados que se puede impulsar a partir del continuo cambio tecnolgico. Distribucin de estudiantes de grado de grado por disciplina

La situacin de las universidades en el contexto mundialPrincipales funciones: 1. Formacin 2. Investigacin3. Extensin (transferencia tecnolgica y del conocimiento): creacin de nuevas estructuras (OTT, OP) y estructuras hbridas (spin-off)

Y los centros de investigacinLos centros de investigacin son, adems de las universidades, uno de los actores principales, sobretodo en cuanto a produccin de conocimiento bsico y experimental, en el sistema nacional de innovacin.

ALC cuenta con 18 centros de investigacin entre los 500 mejores, Nmero de los mejores centros de investigacin por pas entre los 500 mejores

Graph top 500 paises segib

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

2

3

5

5

5

6

7

8

10

10

11

16

16

24

25

47

54

180

Sheet4

Argentina1

Chile1

Colombia1

Costa Rica1

Portugal1

Puerto Rico1

Rep. de Corea1

Mxico2

India3

Suecia5

Suiza5

China5

Canad6

Finlandia7

Noruega8

Australia10

Brasil10

Pases Bajos11

Espaa16

Italia16

Reino Unido24

Japn25

Alemania47

Francia54

Estados Unidos180

Taiwan8

Sheet4

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

TOP 500 insituto de I+D

COUNTRYSIZEVISIBILITYRICH FILESSCHOLAR

5Max Planck GesellschaftAle8171426496

21Fraunhofer GesellschaftAle122963122480

39Deutsches Zentrum fur Luft- und RaumfahrtAle828372113462

42Gesellschaft fur Wissenschaftliche Datenverarbeitung GottingenAle231344360459

54European Southern ObservatoryAle5512733191447

76Forschungszentrum KarlsruheAle1431966590425

80Deutsche Elektronen-Synchrotron DesyAle752671866421

86Zuse Institute BerlinAle160177141211415

131Max Planck Institut fur InformatikAle280201135433370

152Gesellschaft fur Schwerionenforschung DarmstadtAle13747240142349

153Forschungszentrum Julich in der Helmholtz GemeinschaftAle2224525881348

164Leibniz Rechenzentrum MunchenAle16643867293337

178German Research Center for Artificial IntelligenceAle451347168300323

205Goethe InstitutAle129564241634296

216Bundesinstitut fur BerufsbildungAle218312419743285

219Forschungszentrum L3SAle529131013741282

229Astrophysical Institute PotsdamAle272550182282272

254Geoforschungszentrum PotsdamAle387526295387247

255Alfred Wegener Institut fur Polar und MeeresforschungAle342520326451246

256European Molecular Biology Laboratory HeidelbergAle1062251103975245

262Leibniz-Institut fur Meereswissenschaften KielAle161480896299239

268Deutsches Institut fur Internationale Paedagogische ForschungAle287339661907233

275Hans Bockler StiftungAle264456988256226

284Max Planck Institute for Molecular GeneticsAle270589173714217

287Max Planck Institut fur Extraterrestrische PhysikAle361577236601214

295Bundesagentur fur ArbeitAle853512631805206

298Helmholtz GemeinschaftAle858253762557203

317German Cancer Research CenterAle426506509759184

332Institut Zur Zukunft der ArbeitAle5554471228224169

341Bundesanstalt fur Materialforschung und -PrufungAle2296612011038160

370Deutscher WetterdienstAle3201172637579131

382Berlin Brandenburgische Akademie der WissenschaftenAle20914716161672119

391Fachinformationszentrum KarlsruheAle21048711291074110

401Schloss Dagstuhlale615643791396100

402MaxPlanckInstitute for BiologicalCyberneticsale88454296221799

409Helmholtz Zentrum fur UmweltforschungAle28988949738392

410Gesellschaft Sozialwissenschaftlicher InfrastruktureinrichtungenAle526507143740591

419Physikalisch-Technische BundesanstaltAle75258146091282

422Rheinischen Kliniken KlnAle591458372163479

423Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary AnthropologyAle89162465140678

435German Institute for Economic ResearchAle535561164222866

442Institut fur Arbeitsmarkt- und Berufsforschungale632705114119259

451Bundesforschungsanstalt fur Forst und Holzwirtschaftale199877119421950

459Potsdam Institut fur KlimafolgenforschungAle56297530835542

460Deutsches Institut fur Medizinische Dokumentation und InformationAle627290194292641

492Hessisches Landesamt fur Umwelt und Geologieale73257947514939

499Gkss Forschungszentrum Geesthachtale10817794134602

Alemania223.531914893647

361Instituto Nacional de Tecnologia Agropecuaria Buenos AiresArg3709302201041401

Argentina1

27Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research OrganizationAus38903410474

61Bureau of MeteorologyAus12242140330440

239Australia Telescope National FacilityAus24552986653262

308Anglo Australian ObservatoryAus4085161581002193

310Geoscience AustraliaAus2313901494334191

327Australian MuseumAus2813151766429174

340Department of Conservation Te Papa AtawhaiAus7723511202324161

364Australian Bureau of StatisticsAus8623719861077137

371Australian Institute of Health and WelfareAus267729280973130

424Landcare ResearchAus42874253774877

Australia223.910

101Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas EspaciaisBrasil783256153400

161Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa AgropecuariaBrasil9447124785340

210Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnologicoBrasil611676241202291

212Fundacao Oswaldo CruzBrasil22357364199289

237Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e EstatisticaBrasil2112425311149264

245Instituto Nacional de Matematica Pura e AplicadaBrasil542511188272256

289Instituto Brasileiro de Informacao em Ciencia e TecnologiaBrasil282645594134212

429Laboratorio Nacional de Computacao CientificaBrasil254102324538672

430Observatorio NacionalBrasil1015468431103671

494Instituto Nacional de MetrologiaBrasil64465845013797

Brasil220.210

416Canadian Space Agencycan5433671126122585

428British Columbia Institute of Technologycan729517561112073

448Pacific Institute for the Mathematical Sciencescan103957573852053

34Statistics CanadaCanada465323558467

48International Development Research CentreCanada4793109155453

63National Research Council CanadaCanada491751298438

Canada261.56

278Comision Nacional de Investigacion Cientifica y TecnologicaChile3385332416522231

Chile1

365International Center for Tropical AgricultureColombia4147626382571361

Colombia1

383Centro Agronomico Tropical de Investigacion y EnseanzaCosta Rica22091671351181

Costa Rica1

28Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientificasEs32973219473

37Rediris Red Espaola de I+DEs409485107464

107Xarxa Telematica Educativa de CatalunyaEsp10413371710394

116Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de CervantesEsp2687106744385

117Harvard-Smithsonian Center for AstrophysicsUs310158153349384

133Instituto Astrofisico de CanariasEsp72317125376368

176Instituto Nacional de EstadisticaEsp185208737526325

201Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIEsp30743152114300

204Centro Informatico Cientifico de AndaluciaEsp266393210523297

253Instituto de Estudios Documentales sobre Ciencia y TecnologiaEsp176535783150248

280Centro Nacional de Informacion y Comunicacion EducativaEsp882614701676221

351Sistema Madri+dEsp3272275272085150

354Fundacion Espaola para la Ciencia y la TecnologiaEsp4696081018177147

373Centro de Supercomputacion de GaliciaEsp2424958781194128

385Instituto de Estudios CatalanesEsp317676830567116

471Institute for Prospective Technological StudiesEsp128662055842130

472Fundacion Catalana para la InvestigacionEsp1044528463115129

Espaa254.687516

141Technical Research Centre of FinlandFIN126376203114360

149Finnish Meteorological InstituteFIN205205250674352

193Finnish Environment InstituteFIN212216129939308

285Center for Scientific ComputingFIN232406600960216

303Finnish Forest Research InstituteFIN589616381143198

331National Research Development Center Welfare HealthFIN462636611315170

357National Public Health InstituteFIN565558309943144

Finlandia249.71428571437

6Centre National de la Recherche ScientifiqueFra20142713495

12Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en AutomatiqueFra19342321489

26Institut National de la Recherche AgronomiqueFra33743761475

38Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicalefra79849084463

44Institut National de la Statistique et des Etudes EconomiquesFra5120267185457

51Commissariat a l'Energie AtomiqueFra701485356450

70Institut National de Physique Nucleaire et de Physique des ParticulesFra992261528431

73UPS76 Institut de l'Information Scientifique et TechniqueFra931294274428

75FR71 Institut Informatique et Mathematiques Appliquees de GrenobleFra1671972886426

78UMR8623 Laboratoire de Recherche en Informatiquefra11516666237423

87Observatoire de Parisfra18115577348414

98Institut de Recherche pour le DeveloppementFra10227612880403

103UMR7503 Laboratoire Lorrain de Recherche en Informatique et Ses ApplicationsFra21925545129398

104UMR6074 Institut de Recherche en Informatique et Systemes AleatoiresFra14928562119397

108Institut Geographique NationalFra12338546527393

110UMR9912 Sciences et Technologies de la Musique et du SonFra53212216400391

112Centre de Cooperation Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le DeveloppementFra10030423230389

120Institut Francais de Recherche pour l' Exploitation de la MerFra12133289156381

126UMR7606 Laboratoire d'Informatique de Paris 6fra17134681128375

134Museum National d'Histoire Naturellefra142171801105367

135InstitutNational DeRechercheen Informatiqueet en Automatique Rhone Alpesfra34728682173366

143Institut PasteurFra286120249739358

147Institut National de Recherche PedagogiqueFra158246354453354

168Centre National du Machinisme Agricole, du Genie Rural, des Eaux et ForetsFra491296197288333

174Centre National de Etudes Spatialesfra489116310824327

183UMR5506 Laboratoire d'Informatique, de Robotique et de Microelectronique de Montpellierfra30447449232318

186Maison des Sciences de l'HommeFra394311289428315

191UMR5800 Laboratoire Bordelais de Recherche en InformatiqueFra9854378304310

198Institut de Veille SanitaireFra948164298260303

207UPS2275 Centre pour la Communication Scientifique et DirecteFra15137396915294

244UMR5505 Institut de Recherche en Informatique de ToulouseFra53757173162257

249Institut de Mathmatiques de JussieuFra545564145188252

258UPR8001 Laboratoire dAnalyse et dArchitecture des SystemesFra38964979214243

277Institut National d' Etudes DemographiquesFra709421390380224

290UFR927 Ufr des Sciences de la VieFra560428243853211

301Centre Scientifique et Technique du BatimentFra195534368917200

320IRD Centre de MontpellierFra769491369498181

321UMR8022 Laboratoire d'Informatique Fondamentale de LilleFra55671592328180

326European Research Consortium for Informatics and MathematicsFra1530224530278175

335Bureau International des Poids et MesuresFra6794083171114166

338FR636 Institut Pierre Simon LaplaceFra225735127835163

342UMS831 Observatoire Midi PyreneesFra30281383562159

345UMR5015 Institut des Sciences CognitivesFra583919111473156

347UMR7095 Institut d'Astrophysique de ParisFra5315012591143154

369UMR7154 Institut de Physique du Globe de ParisFra745724150459132

395Bureau de Recherches Geologiques et MinieresFra7014426261079106

403Centre Interuniversitaire de Calcul de ToulouseFra553419214181998

439GDR2602 Centre de Calcul Recherche et EnseignementFra640459123186862

443UPR3251 Laboratoire d'Informatique pour la Mecanique et Les Sciences de l'IngenieurFra92572859727758

456UMR7126 Preuves Programmes et SystemesFra83963166076145

461Institut National de Recherche et de ScuritFra538387192876740

462Centre de Ressources Informatiques de Haute-NormandieFra2533421073216139

464Institut National de Recherche sur les Transports et leur SecuriteFra81082036356337

482Agropolis Portail de Cooperation Internationale en Recherche et Formation AgronomiquesFra104164841485919

Francia279.259259259354

32ERNET IndiaIndia371191242469

316Indian Academy of Sciencesindia11784452922185

339Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysicsindia443522596798162

India2723

16Consiglio Nazionale delle RicercheIta17401746485

45Istituto Nazionale di Fisica NucleareIta31145664456

119Ente per le Nuove Tecnologie l'Energia e l'AmbienteIta9128974333382

140Istituto Nazionale di StatisticaIta214130371635361

148Istituto Superiore di SanitaIta21633142543353

175Institute of Information Science and TechnologiesIta324369161354326

208Servizio Reti e TelecomunicazioniIta125559172241293

261International Plant Genetic Resources InstituteIta382462756180240

318Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologiaita297652323634183

343Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physicsita354798121508158

374Laboratori Nazionali di Frascatiita650812130342127

392Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisicaita396870133546109

440Center for Advanced Studies, Research and Development in Sardiniaita111949048387961

466Astronomical Observatory of Paduaita730746175111035

477Inter-University Consortium for the Application of Super-Computing for Universities and Researchita369657457166824

478National Institute for the Physics of Matterita355838336120523

Italia22616

41Japan Science & Technology AgencyJap391051706460

55National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science & TechnologyJap6013211492446

69Agriculture Forestry and Fisheries Research CouncilJap4119515463432

85Japan Aeroespace Exploration AgencyJap103135123424416

88National Astronomical Observatory JapanJap15921352209413

113High Energy Accelerator Research OrganizationJap1323521950388

121RIKENJap95282118335380

127Institute of Physical and Chemical ResearchJap107350149140374

158Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and TechnologyJap48457226186343

162Ehime Fruit Tree Experiment StationJap84307231664339

180National Institute of Health and NutritionJap228309767153321

195Japan Health & Research InstituteJap138511901810306

199Geological Survey JapanJap71236889605302

220National Institute for Environmental StudiesJap294383284559281

243Institute of Space and Astronautical ScienceJap295483163684258

273National Institute of Genetics MishimaJap641079581706228

286Institute of Developing EconomiesJap2572651729270215

294Hydrographic and Oceanographic Department Japan Coast GuardJap2432754381613207

349Global Environmental Technology DevelopmentJap4135622211144152

407Advanced Telecommunications Research Institute Internationaljap69678634632094

427National Institute for Materials Sciencejap24083372554474

433Japan Institute for Labor Policy and Trainingjap49377882232968

455National Institute of Polar Researchjap353104632534646

458Japan Atomic Energy Agencyjap321112729417843

490National Institute of Health Sciencesjap739601107580811

Japn263.8825

485Electronics Telecommunication Research Institutekor6066281827108161

Rep. de Corea

309Instituto Latinoamericano de la Comunicacion EducativaMex2905152441083192

352Instituto Nacional de Salud PublicaMex31689231596149

Mxico170.52

106Statistics NorwayNOR97159137565395

206Sintef Foundation for Scientific and Industrial Research at the Norwegian Institute of TechnologyNor575316131472295

242Norwegian Polar InstituteNor263349510822259

274Research Council of NorwayNor1872505481485227

291Norwegian Meteorological InstituteNor35215310191291210

307Norwegian Water Resources and Energy DirectorateNor2463983011461194

473Norwegian Institute for Air ResearchNor404101227758328

479Institute of Marine ResearchNor93086540228622

Noruega176.42857142868

67Centrum Voor Wiskunde en InformaticaNTL1281528489434

77Royal Netherlands Meteorological InstituteNTL12016593197424

82Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and SciencesNTL105149238222419

177Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Researchntl448210580340324

224National Institute for Public Health and the Environmentntl574371253321277

297Energy Research Centre of Netherlandsntl57252171688204

355Netherlands Organization for Scientific Researchntl5674133491374146

405National Museum of Natural History Netherlandsntl224492207917996

450International Institute for Geo-Information Science and Earth Observationntl101261792824951

Holanda263.88888888899

360Instituto de TelecomunicaesPortu10995632563191411

Portugal1

311Arecibo ObservatoryPuerto Rico3735541329701901

Puerto Rico1

62Office for National Statistics LondonRU15388117165439

122European Bioinformatics Institute EMBLRU15254201004379

136National Institute for Health and Clinical ExcellenceRU182198222547365

138Natural History Museum LondonrU226161612245363

150Institute of Development StudiesRU340243370269351

154Swansea NHS TrustRU170192181896347

160Royal Botanic Gardens KewRU19122891494341

166European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecastsru299278113682335

179Natural Environment Research Councilru15729875953322

181MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biologyru10229518968320

185Medical Research CouncilRU1441742331265316

194Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research CouncilRU301300405536307

231Centre for Economic Policy Researchru40740468195270

240Wellcome Trust Sanger InstituteRU22378211860261

241Overseas Development InstituteRU603498213168260

315Wellcome Trustru832222892775186

372Council for Central Laboratory of Research Councilsru33094541638129

375UK Meteorological Officeru77612315571044126

387Institution of Engineering and Technologyru2274304211917114

437Royal Institute of International AffairsRU60559390677364

441British Antarctic SurveyRU241566774151860

457Institute for Fiscal Studiesru79977171229844

470Health Protection AgencyRU1102363163544531

489British Geological Surveyru434707120972112

Reino Unido239.2524

142Paul Scherrer InstitutSUI11342454139359

146International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural ResourcesSUI81881314161355

264Eidgenossische Forschungsanstalt fur Wald, Schnee und Landschaft Eth-BereichsSUI391439812254237

393Swiss Institute of BioinformaticsSUI3151918462208108

404Institut fur Schnee- und Lawinenforschung in DavosSUI4873341403100597

Suiza231.25

1National Institutes of HealthUS12201500

2National Aeronautics and Space AdministrationUS46112499

3National Oceanic and Atmospheric AdministrationUS54433498

4US Geological SurveyUS11101129497

7US Environmental Protection AgencyUS7112657494

8NASA Goddard Space Flight CenterUS1312270493

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13National Institute of Standards and TechnologyUS5423931488

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52Brookhaven National LaboratoryUS621601077449

53At&T Labs ResearchUS1877204220448

57National Centers for Environmental PredictionUS592169525444

58National Bureau of Economic ResearchUS15510016455443

59Environmental Systems Research InstituteUS1016837332442

60Texas Medical CenterUS14610844170441

65SRI InternationalUS2476455218436

68American Museum of Natural HistoryUS15699157226433

71Sandia National LaboratoriesUS1341786099430

72Us National Science FoundationUS901568723429

74National Center for Supercomputing ApplicationsUS16867100440427

79San Diego Supercomputer CenterUS42144103414422

81Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics LaboratoryUS16315798244420

83Brookings InstitutionUS23344443207418

84NASA Johnson Space CenterUS19360142521417

90Agency for Healthcare Research and QualityUS235101160376411

93NASA Marshall Space Flight CenterUS1886357699408

94National Radio Astronomy ObservatoryUS6625142258407

95Noaa National Weather ServiceUS1278167863406

96Urban InstituteUS34511135354405

97Woods Hole Oceanographic InstitutionUS9224599210404

99Summer Institute of LinguisticsUS5241685394402

100Hewlett Packard LabsUS427156108100401

102National Renewable Energy LaboratoryUS385163151102399

105World Resources InstituteUS14862407529396

109NYU Medical Center NYU School of MedicineUS152180106476392

111Transportation Research BoardUS17523335736390

114Scripps Research InstituteUS130220189336387

114Thomas Jefferson Lab National Accelerator FacilityUS8031830235386

123National Institute of Environmental Health SciencesUS32811267852378

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139Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research CenterUS74103468796362

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156National High Magnetic Field LaboratoryUS359181260649345

163Education Development Center, IncUS349203344548338

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170Marquette UniversityUS133234252937331

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202National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney DiseasesUS673109623504299

209Marine Biological LaboratoryUS136324332865292

211National Institute of Mental HealthUS768114571494290

213Princeton Plasma Physics LaboratoryUS41148541267288

214Research Triangle InstituteUS379187654698287

215Institute of Medicine of the National AcademiesUS561904181365286

217Missouri Botanical GardenUS81551433771284

218Desert Research InstituteUS87359439749283

221Schlumberger Doll Research CenterUS194277557788280

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223Bureau of Economic AnalysisUS496501131593278

225Henry J Kaiser Family FoundationUS441581157654276

227Woodrow Wilson International Center for ScholarsUS549337274482274

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232Cold Spring Harbor LaboratoryUS114399272941269

233National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseasesus524141543987268

236Frederick Cancer Research Development CenterUS380403143750265

238Salk Institute for Biological StudiesUS162523388425263

246Nasa Advanced Supercomputing DivisionUS499416303555255

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259Robert Wood Johnson FoundationUS2592398231014242

260National Heart, Lung, and Blood InstituteUS7561044821148241

265Southern Research Station USDA Forest ServiceUS51659433351236

267Office of Naval ResearchUS913358208456234

269Jackson LaboratoryUS3411310531611232

270International Computer Science InstituteUS515494378385231

272Education Testing ServiceUS124595710419229

281Institute for Sustainable DevelopmentUS660308542733220

291American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy ResearchUS139482388556209

293Joint Astronomy CentreUS3434332191170208

302Carnegie InstitutionUS611609177332199

306Ames LaboratoryUS204555392872195

312GettyUS11111513831535189

313International Food Policy Research InstituteUS1034440415216188

319National Institute of Standards and Technology Boulder LaboratoriesUS586451498745182

322Guttmacher InstituteUS890377916187179

323American Petroleum InstituteUS10051222481578178

328Family Health InternationalUS1122423485248173

329Center for Strategic and International StudiesUS6611261981357172

330Loyola Law School los AngelesUS7463222611331171

333National Academy of EngineeringUS5943335621229168

336Social Science Research CouncilUS1029288749621165

337National Institute on Drug AbuseUS1339231507646164

348National Institute of Health Center for Information TechnologyUS4352488831496153

350Whitehead Institute for Biomedical ResearchUS6252707191338151

353California Academy of SciencesUS1808222031112148

358NOAA Great Lakes Environmental Research LaboratoryUS718518785432143

359Mathematical Sciences Research InstituteUS1404789391188142

363Institute for Telecommunication SciencesUS561570524793138

366Field Museum Natural HistoryUS18428417401065135

367Defense Advanced Research Projects AgencyUS13271935001085134

368USGS Biological Resources DivisionUS5973018061407133

376Children's Hospital BostonUS7714014991183125

377Center on Budget and Policy PrioritiesUS16641381082287124

377National Institute of Child Health and Human DevelopmentUS1073297967660123

379Global Environment FacilityUS10193882391157122

380Exploratorium Museum of Science Art and Human PerceptionUS313768712509121

381West Virginia University Health Sciences CenterUS721642288665120

384Science Applications International CorporationUS4753443301962117

386Sun Microsystems LaboratoriesUS1290293671706115

389Cooperative State Research Education and Extension ServiceUS9892214801552112

390National Institute of Neurological Disorders and StrokeUS78414212741311111

393National Institute on Agingus40226310551643107

396National Energy Research Scientific Computing CenterUS444695215997105

398Pittsburgh Supercomputing CenterUS9063363501464103

399Population CouncilUS1315455446430102

408IBM Research Almaden Research Centerus157236831858793

411National Energy Technology LaboratoryUS116163245213090

412Center for Applied LinguisticsUS1234169867116789

414W K Kellogg FoundationUS1095121326108787

415Conservation InternationalUS863199180166286

417Institute for Genomic ResearchUS57722127186084

418Idaho National LaboratoryUS78963975936683

420World Wildlife FundUS6651401639132081

421National Biological Information InfrastructureUS4821841320174180

426Long Term Ecological Research NetworkUS584607411114775

431National Human Genome Research InstituteUs1496110731129770

432Planetary Science Instituteus3062811287175969

438New York Botanical GardenUS5322871790100863

446Hoover Institutionus950200215745555

447Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Centerus486650585115054

449Rush University Medical CenterUS2985921006120152

453University of Maryland Center for Environmental Scienceus44577068776648

463Natural History Museum of los Angeles CountyUS1022356170745738

467Center for Science in the Public InterestUS1229183718178434

474American Institutes for ResearchUS1602194125674327

475Patuxent Wildlife Research CenterUS4524251549122426

476High Energy Physics Information CenterUS100465136592325

480Louisiana State University Agricultural CenterUs255749508146721

481National Kidney FoundationUs2023291457199220

483Gemini ObservatoryUS1055524504116618

484U S Army War College at Carlisle BarracksUS143250858963717

486George Washington University Medical Centerus684708409116915

490Brigham and Women's Hospitalus388565631184010

493Center for Defense Informationus581131180318608

497National Telecommunications and Information Administrationus108523526523984

498Hudson InstituteUS120021487317103

500Franklin Instituteus2498599133281


171China Meteorological AdministrationChina265863801131330

189National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaChina364326563158312

344China Geological SurveyChina672381673925157

362National Astronomical Observatories CASChina470733234619139

434Institute of High Energy Physics Chinese Academy of ScienceChina47310767612167

China201

10European Organization for Nuclear Research1428534491

17Academia Sinica29362245484

18European Space Agency69263171483

43Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic (cas.cz)501362541458

56Interdisciplinary Centre for Mathematical and Computational Modelling Warsaw University1311181627445

64Computer and Automation Research Institute Hungarian Academy of Sciences11875126271437

66Russian Academy of Sciences Siberian Branch632025140435

89Osterreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften832799449412

91Russian Academy of Sciences12421988205410

92Swedish Institute of Computer Science11024480172409

118Academic and Research Network of Slovenia6522346599383

125Research Institute for Technical Physics and Materials Science174249112392376

128Jozef Stefan Institute27731448135373

144Tubitak Scientific and Technical Research Council of Turkey17939620024357

151Institute of Information Science Academia Sinica Taiwan337354107181350

157State Institute of Information Technologies and Telecommunications141338352326344

159Polish Academy of Sciences26027268676342

165Bulgarian Academy of Sciences29344196103336

171China Meteorological AdministrationChina265863801131330

173Danish Meteorological Institute786124206496328

189National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaChina364326563158312

192Flanders Marine Institute20039772311309

196National Environmental Research Institute186366364533305

203Slovak Academy of Sciences17358810197298

226BRICS Basic Research in Computer Science305532176243275

229Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas63846070206271

234International Institute of Social History Amsterdam276218919687267

235Joint Institute for Nuclear Research20367459132266

247National Research and Education Network Bulgarian Academy of Sciences165668292174254

250Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute3562154411313251

252Czech Hydrometeorological Institute2011729051204249

263Institut Ruder Boskovic Zagreb135567202778238

266Industrial Technology Research Institute of Taiwan2843413041245235

271Ataturk Training and Research Hospital236544147829230

276Icelandic Meteorological Office505310426986225

279Research Academic Computer Technology Institute239670110471222

282National Central Library272415391807219

283International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis49771350110218

288National Science Council Taiwan2374931111172213

296Central Weather Bureau Taiwan333436992012205

299Tartu University Library33162275837202

300Agency for Science, Technology and Research Singapore296737194273201

304Danish Institute of Agricultural Sciences587449430656197

305Riso National Laboratory279801178157196

314Taipei Veterans General Hospital58273818091187

324Institute of Mathematics and Informatics4715022271059177

325International Rice Research Institute292671351615176

333Space Research Institute Russian Academy of Sciences2346212121099167

344China Geological SurveyChina672381673925157

346Hungarian Meteorological Service3032114292237155

356Institute of Cybernetics Tallinn University of Technology325781196632145

362National Astronomical Observatories CASChina470733234619139

388Hungarian Academy of Sciences6765393161061113

397Regional Environmental Center for Central and Eastern Europe9454121551335104

400Institute of Computer Science1197627122339101

406Institute of Automation and Electrometry Russian Academy of Sciences49584019855295

413National Institute for Nuclear Physics and High Energy Physics1989032995788

425Uppsala Biomedical Centre154680401148276

434Institute of High Energy Physics Chinese Academy of ScienceChina47310767612167

436Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences149548434250765

444Institute of the Estonian Language500268936204357

445Latvia Academic Network252610307186856

452Demokritos National Centre for Scientific Research82085018449949

454Indonesian Institute of Sciences269787604103247

465Center for International Forestry Research65991070712636

468National Board of Health and Welfare1083405554140833

469Danish Centre for Health Technology Assessment596605183176332

487National Observatory of Athens751682359122314

488Slovak Academy of Sciences Kosice99090222430913

495Council for Scientific and Industrial Research8519943351066

496National Center for High-Performance Computing Taiwan35143773222335

Alemania47

Argentina1

Australia10

Brasil10

Canad6

Chile1

Colombia1

Costa Rica1

Espaa16

Finlandia7

Francia54

India3

Italia16

Japn25

Rep. de Corea

Mxico2

Noruega8

Holanda11

Portugal1

Puerto Rico1

Reino Unido24

Suiza5

Estados Unidos180

China5

National Institutes of Health

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

US Geological Survey

Max Planck Gesellschaft

Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique

US Environmental Protection Agency

NASA Goddard Space Flight Center

Jet Propulsion Laboratory

European Organization for Nuclear Research

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique

National Institute of Standards and Technology

World Wide Web Consortium

National Library of Medicine

Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche

Academia Sinica

European Space Agency

Oak Ridge National Laboratory

Stanford Linear Accelerator Center

Fraunhofer Gesellschaft

Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

Los Alamos National Laboratory

University Corporation for Atmospheric Research

Smithsonian Institution

Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique

Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization

Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas

Library of Congress

Argonne National Laboratory

Agricultural Research Service

ERNET India

US National Agricultural Library

Statistics Canada

National Cancer Institute

Universities Space Research Association

Rediris Red Espaola de I+D

Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale

Deutsches Zentrum fur Luft- und Raumfahrt

Space Telescope Science Institute

Japan Science & Technology Agency

Gesellschaft fur Wissenschaftliche Datenverarbeitung Gottingen

Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic (cas.cz)

Institut National de la Statistique et des Etudes Economiques

Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare

NASA Ames Research Center

Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory

Information Science Institute University of Southern California

International Development Research Centre

Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory

Commi

Innovación y desarrollo tecnológico en América Latina

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Transcript of Innovación y desarrollo tecnológico en América Latina