Jornaleros 04 - Literaturas de las Regiones Argentinas. De fundaciones y refundaciones

7/22/2019 Jornaleros 04 - Literaturas de las Regiones Argentinas. De fundaciones y refundaciones

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?E`tfrhturhs of ehs

\fjàgfs Hrjfgt`ghs

FO@_A\@HE

Vg`vfrsòho Ghdàghe of MumuyMumuy - Hrjfgt`gh

8) daka rjhga `gtfefdtuhe praoudòa phrh jfgfrhrap`gàgfs ofaej`dhs y fstt`dhs.

_he vfz, daka dakpefkfgta, pufoh effrsf ugh pagfg-d`h quf rfdarrf eas hpartfs drt`das of Marjf Dhevftt` pu-

le`dhoas fg o`vfrsas o`hràs y fgshyas. Fg fstf trhlhma,Khrh Mas Lhut`sth, hpufsth h eh efdturh sadàdrt`dhphrh rfdupfrhr pehgtfas t`das y fstt`das of Dhevftt`. Fefsdr`tar cuf phrtf of eh carkhd`g `gtfefdtuhe of eh rfv`s-th kfgdàghoh fg fe prrhca prfdfofgtf.

Fg thgta, O`hgh Khrh Juzkg Jagzefz prapagfrfhe`zhr ugh efdturh of eas kfdhg`skas of jfgfrhd`gs`kle`dh fg eh gavfeh ofe shetfa Buklfrta Phrhof, Easquf ga hedhgzhg (80:0). Ofsof fstf eujhr c`ddàghe `goh-jh ehs rfprfsfgthdàgfs salrf Khrh Jrygsztf`g, eh \ushKhrh,chkash rfjfgth ofe dakfrdà sfxuhe fg Theth.

âr su phrtf, Kg`dh ofe Dhrkfg ^hz acrfdf ugh vh-eàsh efdturh quf dagtr`luyf he pfrcè of eh e`tfrhturh ofeh rfj`g Gah of kfo`hoas of eas 2>. _he daka feehk`skh hov`frtf, fsth prdt`dh fstt`dh sf vf htrhvfshoh

par eas bfdbas of eh b`star`h prx`kh (fe t`fkpa ofe pra-


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E`tfrhturhs of ehs \fjàgfs Hrjfgt`ghs

Fstuoàs E`tfrhràs y E`gjst das MA\GHEF\AT?

2

dfsa kè`thr) quf sf dufeh fg eas `gtfrst`dàs of eh fsdr`-turh c`ddàghe. Hs sf pufofg effr eas rfehtas of Bdtar_`zg quf hphrfdfg lhma fe ttuea Hgathdàgfs salrf eh

jufrrh sud`h.

C`ghekfgtf, Hefmhgorh Ghee`k y \fygheoa Dhstraprfsfgthg ugh `gvfst`jhd`g salrf eas vhràs kl`tas ofd`rduehd`g of ehs alrhs of eas fsdr`tarfs of jfgfrhdà-gfs rfd`fgtfs= rfv`sths e`tfrhr`hs, hgtaeajhs, pj`ghswfl, leajs, fgtrf atras. ^hrtfg of fstf o`sfa phrh `goh-jhr ehs thxagakhs a fstrhtfj`hs of eh e`tfrhturh jfsth-

ohs h phrt`r of eas 0> a hv`zarhr kaofeas fstt`das pra-pàs.

Eh kuet`pe`dòho of tfkhs y pfrspfdt`vhs pfrk`tfgfgr`qufdfr fe phgarhkh of eas fstuoàs of ehs e`tfrhturhsof ehs rfjàgfs hrjfgt`ghs y he`fgth eh dagcarkhd`g ofgufvas fsphdàs of trhlhma salrf fe tfkh. Eh prapufsthofe s`kpasà cuf dukpeòh dag sht`schdtaràs rfsuethoaspufs, daka fxprfshlh su sgtfs`s=

_hgta fg fe phshoa daka fg fe prfsfgtf, he `gtfràrof y fgtrf dhoh uga of fstas fsphdàs a rfjàgfs, sf cuf-rag ofc`g`fgoa y sf ofc`gfg kaoas of fxprfs`g fstt`dhkfo`hgtf pradfsas khrdhoas par dagt`guòhofs y/arupturhs. Of fstf kaoa, s` l`fg par ug ehoa, fshs fxprf-sàgfs sag fe rfsuethoa of o`dbh hrt`duehd`g, par fe atray cugohkfgthekfgtf, sag ehs quf gas pfrk`tfg v`s`lè`-zhr su o`gk`dh of dagst`tud`g y prayfdd`g.


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Cugohdàgfs y \fcugohdàgfs

MA\GHEF\AT? Fstuoàs E`tfrhràs y E`gjst`das

0

EAT K@EHJ\AT P/A Â\_FG_AT H ^H\_@\OF EAT \FEH_AT A\HEFT FG FE GAH

Khrh Hzudfgh Daehthrd`Vg`vfrsòho of Lufgas H`rfs

@gtraoudd`g

Fstf trhlhma t`fgf par almfta hparthr hejughsrfcefxàgfs rfcfròhs h eas rfehtas arhefs fg prash quffgugd`hg eas palehoarfs of vheefs, quflrhohs y pughssheta-mumfhs, rfeht`vhs h ehs dhphdòhofs partfgtashshs`jghohs h hejughs of ehs `kjfgfs ofe shgtarhejrfjar`hga of ehs quf sag ofvatas y, fg fstf sfgtòa, fsquf sf pufof ofd`r quf eas kèhjras quf eas eujhrfashtr`luyfg h ehs `kjfgfs t`fgfg sapartf fg easkfgdàghoas rfehtas.

âr ea fxpufsta fs quf fg fsth prapufsth sf

dagsòfrhg rfefvhgtfs thgta eas rfehtas arhefs ofe t`pakfgdàghoa, daka eas bfdbas quf fg feeas sf rfc`frfg,tfg`fgoa fg dufgth quf sf trhth of khg`cfsthdàgfsdueturhefs quf fstg v`jfgtfs fgtrf sus parthoarfs.

Fstas rfehtas arhefs, fgugd`hoas fg carkh fspagtgfhpar eas drfyfgtfs, quf sf s`gjuehr`zhg parquf sudagtfgòa fxpe`dh y oh dufgth of vhr`hoas hspfdtaspartfgtasas htr`luòas h oftfrk`ghohs `kjfgfs fg

hovadhdàgfs rfdagadòhs par eh @jefs`h Dhte`dh, qufsag almfta of dueta y of dfeflrhd`g, sf rfdarthg dagdehròho of atra t`pa of rfehtas thkl`g arhefs pfra qufsf ghrrhg phrh fgtrftfg`k`fgta of eas d`rdugsthgtfs-parquf su dagtfgòa fs dagsòfrhoa gtfjrhkfgtfvfrohofra par ehs pfrsaghs fgtrf ehs quf d`rduehg.

T` l`fg fe khtfr`he h phrt`r ofe duhe sf trhlhmh fs arhe,

thkl`g rfsueth gfdfshrà tfgfr fg dufgth quf fg


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8>

hejugas dhsas fsas rfehtas arhefs cufrag pehskhoas parfsdr`ta y, h phrt`r of fsf gufva sapartf, vaev`frag hedhkpa of eh arheòho fg ug pradfsa of

rftrahe`kfgthd`g fgtrf arheòho/fsdr`turh/arheòho.

Fe dagtfxta, ehs `kjfgfs y eas rfehtas

T` l`fg fstas trfs hspfdtas= dagtfxta, `khjfg y rfehta,sag `kparthgtfs phrh fe ofshrraeea ofe tfkh quf sf`gtfgth pehgtfhr, g`gjuga of feeas prfvhefdf salrf fe atra

s`ga quf su dagmugd`g fs eh quf `kparth fg eh prhx`s yeh quf sustfgth su v`jfgd`h, hs quf fg fstf dhsa sfprfsfgthg sfphrhoas sea dag c`gfs fxpas`t`vas.

8. Fe dagtfxta

Daka dufst`g prfv`h h eh dagsòfrhd`g of eas rfehtasy of su dagtfgòa, fs gfdfshrà tfgfr fg dufgth fedagtfxta fg fe quf sf praoudfg y rfpraoudfg. Fe

dagtfxta he quf sf bhdf rfcfrfgd`h `kpe`dh dagsòfrhro`cfrfgtfs hspfdtas thefs daka, fg pr`kfr eujhr, quf fstft`pa of ghrrhdàgfs phrh ehs quf fg atrh adhs`g bfkasprapufsta eh ofgak`ghd`g dagthr kèhjrasa8 y qufkhgtfgfkas, carkhg phrtf ofe o`sdursa ghrrht`va ofedhtae`d`ska fg fe quf fstg hgdehoas. Fg fstf sfgtòa sfpufof ofd`r quf eas fefkfgtas dagst`tut`vas of fsfo`sdursa sf hs`fgthg par ea kfgas fg eas s`ju`fgtfs

supufstas=h) eh kuet`pe`dòho of kfo`hoarfs pas`lefs fgtrf easbaklrfs y Oàs quf, s`g fgtrhr fg dufstàgfs of arofgtfaej`da, eh @jefs`h bh prfjaghoa ofsof hgt`jua, thefsdaka Dr`sta, eh S`rjfg Khrh (hklas fg sus vhr`hohshovadhdàgfs y/a rfprfsfgthdàgfs) y eas shgtas yshgths9

8. Daehthrd`, K. H.= >>.


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88

l) eh `gsthehd`g y rfpraoudd`g ofe dueta khr`hga y ofedueta h eas shgtas, par phrtf of eh @jefs`h, daka`kparthgtfs fmfs of fvhgjfe`zhd`g9

d) eh `kparthgd`h ohoh h ehs `kjfgfs, phrt`duehrkfgtfh phrt`r of eh Foho Kfo`h, fg cugd`g of sastfgfr fedueta pehgtfhoa fg l)9

o) fe sastfg`k`fgta y eh rfpraoudd`g of ghrrhdàgfs qufrfc`frfg bfdbas partfgtasas a kèhjras, yh prfc`jurhoasfg eas tfxtas lle`das quf, daka fs shlòa, t`fgfg suar`jfg fg rfehtas of hgt`juh trho`d`g arhe9

f) quf bhd`h c`ghefs ofe s`jea RS eh trho`d`g dhte`dhfsphaeh dagthlh dag ug darpus of ghrrhdàgfspartfgtashs duya gdefa sf v`gduehlh par ug ehoa dag ehtfkt`dh of eh \fdagqu`sth y par fe atra (rfehdàghoa dagfsth y atrhs dufstàgfs) dag ehs hphr`dàgfs kèhjrashsof eh S`rjfg, of eh Druz y of eas shgtas/hs fgoftfrk`ghohs y prfd`shs d`rdugsthgd`hs s`fkprf

hyuohgoa h eas dr`st`hgas.Fg sfjugoa eujhr atra hspfdta h tfgfr fg dufgth (y fg

ugh rpòh hprax`khd`g) sf v`gdueh dag fe phshmf hHkr`dh, h phrt`r ofe s`jea RS, of ea yh fxpufstahgtfràrkfgtf9 fg fsf sfgtòa eh `gsthehd`g of fstasfefkfgtas dagst`tut`vas, ugòa h ug `kparthgtf pradfsaof sgtfs`s dueturhe


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86, >2.


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86

fgugd`hohs fg carkh fspagtgfh, dagsòfrhohs vfrhdfsfg tu tatheòho, h ehs quf ehs jfgtf ga ofgak`gh ofg`gjg kaoa.

Ofe darpus of ghrrhdàgfs dag fe quf sf dufgth, y qufsf darrfspagofg dag eh dhtfjarh pehgtfhoh, fs pas`lefhparthr ug pr`kfr hjruphk`fgta quf surjf ofe t`pa ofhdagtfd`k`fgtas quf rfc`frfg thefs daka=

h) rfehtas quf fxpe`dhg fe ar`jfg of eh `khjfg, yh sfh pareh hphr`d`g a fe bheehzja kèhjrasa, a thkl`g par fekakfgta h phrt`r ofe duhe eh jfgtf o`df quf ugh `khjfg

b`za fe pr`kfr kèhjra, fs ofd`r quf sf targ kèhjrashyh quf fs h phrt`r of fsh d`rdugsthgd`h quf ugh `khjfgpraoudf partfgtas9 rfsueth `gtfrfshgtf rfcefxàghr salrffsth dufst`g yh quf ehs ghrrhdàgfs (ehs quf khrdhg fekakfgta h phrt`r ofe duhe eh `khjfg t`fgf dhphdòhofspartfgtashs) fstg `go`dhgoa ugh fspfd`f of kakfgtaof g`d`hd`g9

l) rfehtas quf ofsdr`lfg o`vfrsas bfdbas partfgtasashtr`luòas h ehs `kjfgfs, kèhjras sfjg eh jfgtf, achvarfs quf o`dfg quf bhg rfd`lòa of eh `khjfg h eh qufef cufrag pft`dàghoas9

d) rfehtas quf sustfgthg eh dfrtfzh of quf ehs `kjfgfsofkufstrhg thgta fsthoas of g`ka, dakadakparthk`fgtas y atrhs dhphdòhofs mugta h ehpas`lèòho of hukfgthr of thkha, dhkl`hr of daear f

`gceu`r salrf eh vòh datò`hgh pag`fgoa of khg`c`fsta suvaeugtho y, fsfgd`hekfgtf, su dhrdtfr hkl`vhefgtf,taoa fg ug jrhoa supfreht`va quf ehs daeadh, parsupufsta, fg eh fstr`dth fscfrh of ea shjrhoa.

Fg taoas eas dhsas fstas rfehtas pfrk`tfg ofd`r qufofsof eh pfrspfdt`vh of sus ofvatas ehs `kjfgfs h ehsquf fstg rfcfròas astfgthg d`frths dhphdòhofs par sk`skhs y, daka yh sf bh o`dba, ga par sfr ehrfprfsfgthd`g of....


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83

Fe darpus of ghrrhdàgfs sfefddàghoa phrh fsthadhs`g fs o`sdrfta y darrfspagof h khtfr`he of dhkpaof pr`kfrh khga daefdthoa par eh hutarh, eh khyar phrtf

fg eh pugh mumfh (hugquf ga fg carkh fxdeuyfgtf) y fgd`frtas dhsas hghe`zhoa y dagtrhsthoa dag hejughscufgtfs fsdr`ths9 ga alsthgtf y dakphrhoa fe khtfr`heofe darpus dag ghrrhdàgfs s`kèhrfs rfcfròas h atraseujhrfs, fs pas`lef dagsòfrhr quf ehs dhtfjarhsprapufsths sf pufofg jfgfrhe`zhr.

H dagt`guhd`g sf prfsfgth ug duhora dag ehs

dhtfjarhs of dagthr kèhjrasa yh dakfgthohs yfehlarhoa h phrt`r of eas khtfr`hefs of dhkpa=

_`pa of rf-ehta

_fkhs quf dagt`fgfg

Dagthr k`-ehjrasa

h) Fxpe`dhg fe ar`jfg ofeh dago`d`g kèhjrashof hejughs `kjfgfs

h.8) Hphr`d`g a Bh-eehzjah.


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8:

fsdr`turh. Tf hparth ugh rfehd`g s`gtt`dh pufs yh cufhghe`zhoa fg carkh parkfgar`zhoh dag hgtfràròho.6

Dag rfspfdta he ar`jfg of fsth ofvad`g daeag`he easrfehtas arhefs rfc`frfg eh hphr`d`g kèhjrash of eh S`r-jfg fg kakfgtas fg quf eas hlarjfgfs dbhqufas (ehsofgak`ghdàgfs vhrhg sfjg ehs vfrsàgfs fgtrf s` frhgeas phyphyhs - fg fstf hspfdta ugas o`dfg quf phrh fshpadh ga fsthlhg dr`st`hg`zhoas y atras hrjukfgthg fgdagtrhrà -, fg atrhs vfrsàgfs sf bhleh of eas shevhmfs ythkl`g of eas talhs dagsòfrhoas fg fsth et`kh dhtf-

jarh) hsaehlhg eh ghd`fgtf palehd`g of Mumuy, fg fshsd`rdugsthgd`hs sf bhlrh hphrfdòa ugh sfarh lehgdh yrfcuejfgtf quf dag su saeh prfsfgd`h oftuva h eas `goàspravadhgoa quf hejugas sf pastrhrag y atras buyfrhg.

_hkl`g bhy rfehtas quf rfk`tfg he dakparthk`fgtaof fsth `khjfg khr`hgh rfeht`vh h eh prfsugth vaeugthoof feeh of pfrkhgfdfr fg \a Lehgda y ga fg fe dhkhrgof eh Dhtforhe of eh dùoho of Thg Thevhoar of Mumuy,

fstf rfehta sf s`th fg 80 cfdbh fg eh quf oflòa h ehdaraghd`g pagt`c`d`h quf rfd`l` sf ef prfphr fe dhkh-rg y cuf trhsehohoh h su hdtuhe fkpehzhk`fgta. Fe rfeh-ta fg dufst`g rfc`frf quf eh S`rjfg ofshphrfdh ofe dh-khrg y eh bheehlhg eufja fg su hgt`jua hsfgthk`fgta ydaka pruflh of su trhvfsh par fe dhkpa sf o`df quf sfpaoh vfr eh tg`dh of eh `khjfg duhmhoh of shftèehsy buhjrèehs,, fg c`g, fstf tfkh sf fgkhrdh fg eas

rfehtas quf ohg dufgth of eas kaoas of fxprfshr su va-eugtho quf t`fgfg hejughs `kjfgfs mugta h rfdursaso`sdurs`vas y ofsdr`pt`vas tfgo`fgtfs h rfcarzhr eh vfrh-dòho of ea ghrrhoa.3

C`ghekfgtf bhy ug s`ggkfra of rfehtas dartas qufrfc`frfg kèhjras, fs ofd`r, pfqufhs ghrrhdàgfs quf eh

6

. Daehthrd`, K. H.= 8002 y atras.3. Fe Bfrheoa, 80. y Daehthrd`, K. H., >8.


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82

jfgtf fgugd`h phrh fxpe`dhr a dakfgthr o`vfrsas kèh-jras apfrhoas par eh S`rjfg of ^hyphyh ofrrhkhoas sa-lrf sus ofvatas.

Tf hov`frtf fgtagdfs quf fg ea quf rfspfdth h eh S`r-jfg ofe \ashrà of \a Lehgda y ^hyphyh fs pas`lef hc`r-khr quf sf dufgth dag rfehtas quf sf fgduhorhg fg ta-ohs ehs dhtfjarhs pehgtfhohs fg fe duhora prfsfgthoaks hrr`lh9 s`g fklhrja fs `kparthgtf ofsthdhr ehs s`-ju`fgtfs dufstàgfs=

h)Hejugas of fstas rfehtas cufrag pule`dhoas fg 80fg fe khrda of ehs hddàgfs quf sf eefvhrag hofehgtf dagkat`va of eh daraghd`g pagt`c`d`h of eh `khjfg thgta fge`lras rfdarohtaràs daka fg eas o`hràs of eh padh, hqufgtagdfs sf vf daka eh trho`d`g arhe cuf pehskhoh parfsdr`ta.

l)\fv`shoas eas efjhmas of eh ofgak`ghoh Fgdufsth ofeKhj`stfrà ofe ha 80


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80

Atrh ofvad`g daeag`he quf fs of `gtfrs phrh fstf tf-kh fs fe of eh S`rjfg ofe \ashrà of @ruyh, ks dagadòhdaka S`rjfg of @ruyh, phtragh ofe puflea bakg`ka fg

eh prav`gd`h of Theth. Eh `khjfg fg dufst`g fs ugh theehof dehrh chdturh daeag`he (he `juhe quf eh of ^hyphyh) ydagsòfrhoh kuy kèhjrash par sus ofvatas.

Fg fstf dhsa thkl`g bhy ug rfehta quf oh dufgth ofeh hphr`d`g kèhjrash of eh S`rjfg fg fe s`tà fg fe qufhdtuhekfgtf fst eh `jefs`h, s`g fklhrja ga sf fgdufgtrhfe tfkh of eh dagt`fgoh fgtrf dr`st`hgas y ga dr`st`hgas,

s`ga quf sf trhth of eh dufst`g of eh hphr`d`g hsad`hohh eh fxprfs`g of vaeugtho of eh `khjfg fg ug saea rfeh-ta. Tfjg dufgthg eas eujhrfas duhgoa eh `khjfg hph-rfd` fg fe lhma: cuf eefvhoh h ugh dhpèeh quf bhlhfg fe heta oagof cuf ul`dhoh, of hee eh `khjfg ofshph-rfd` y cuf fgdagtrhoh gufvhkfgtf fg fe lhma of oagofgufvhkfgtf cuf trhgsparthoh he heta9 daka fe sudfsasf rfp`t`frh vhr`hs vfdfs cuf `gtfrprfthoa daka eh vaeug-tho of eh S`rjfg par pfrkhgfdfr fg fe eujhr fg fe qufhphrfd`, fsta fxpe`dh fe fkpehzhk`fgta of eh `jefs`h fgeh quf Feeh fst ul`dhoh.

\fspfdta of fsth `khjfg eh jfgtf thkl`g o`df qufdrfdf, quf hgtfs frh ks db`qu`th, quf bh òa drfd`fg-oa bhsth hedhgzhr su thkha hdtuhe. Eufja bhy dhgtòhoof rfehtas lrfvfs rfeht`vas h eas kèhjras quf Feeh prao`-jh h sus c`fefs, hofks eas fxvatas y ket`pefs oaghdà-

gfs quf t`fgf ohg dufgth of eas partfgtas quf o`dfg qufapfrh.

Bhsth hqu sf trht hdfrdh of rfehtas quf d`rduehg rf-cfròas h oas ofvadàgfs of ar`jfg daeag`he quf sf rf-sufevfg fg fe dueta h `kjfgfs quf fstg fkpehzhohs fg`jefs`hs y quf ohg eujhr h eh dagdrfd`g of dfeflrhdàgfsof jrhg fgvfrjhourh, of t`pa jfgfrhe fg gufstrh prap`h

:. T`tà fg fe quf sf fgdufgtrh fkpehzhoh eh @jefs`h.


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thxagakh29 h dagt`guhd`g sf acrfdfg hejugas fmfkpeasof ofvadàgfs h `kjfgfs quf rfkagthg sus hgtfdfofg-tfs h pr`gd`pàs ofe s`jea RR pfra quf hofks t`fgfg fg

dakg fe sfr fe fmf of arhtaràs phrt`duehrfs, sf trhth ofehs `kjfgfs h ehs s`ju`fgtfs hovadhdàgfs= Musta Mufz yGà Mfss of ^rhjh fg Eh Xu`hdh y ug Thg Thgt`hja fgHlrh ^hkph.

_rfs `kjfgfs quf of hdufroa h eas ohtas hparthoaspar eas eujhrfas tfgorhg su ar`jfg fgtrf eas pr`kfrashas ofe s`jea RR y c`ghefs ofe R@R, hofks fs of `gtfrs

ofsthdhr quf sus ofvatas o`dfg quf sag kuy kèhjra-shs.

_hgta eh `khjfg ofe Musta Mufz daka eh ofe Gà Mf-ss of ^rhjh fkpehzhoas fg sfgoas arhtaràs phrt`dueh-rfs fg eh dùoho cragtfr`zh of Eh Xu`hdh (\. H.) dufgthgdag sus rfspfdt`vas rfehtas rfeht`vas he ar`jfg of dhohugh of feehs, fg fstas rfehtas sf oh dufgth ofe bheehzjaof fsths `kjfgfs, hklhs of p`forh, pfra dag phrt`dueh-

ròhofs fg dhoh dhsa.Eh `khjfg ofe Musta Mufz fs ug salrf rfe`fvf, of eh-

mh y thkl`g kuy pfshoa sfjg sus ofvatas, quf cufbheehoa par fe phorf of su hdtuhe oufh fg d`rdugsthg-d`hs fg quf vfh fg ugh phrtf of su dhsh fe p`sa kamhoa,c`ghekfgtf hov`rt` quf frh shgjrf y, he k`rhr bhd`h hrr`-lh và quf fg fe tfdba bhlh hphrfdòa eh `khjfg ofeMusta Mufz ofe quf khghlh eh shgjrf, cuf rft`rhoa ofes`tà y ul`dhoa fg ug eujhr of eh dhsh, fg eh hdtuheòhodufgth dag ugh bhl`thd`g fspfd`he phrh su dueta y dfef-lrhd`g.

âr su phrtf fe Gà Mfss of ^rhjh, quf fs ugh k`-g`hturh theehoh fg p`forh of daear gfjra, cuf bheehoa parugh g`h fgtrf eh fsdar`h of ugh k`gh fg pefgh pugh, fe

2. Daehthrd`, K. H. >2 y atrhs.


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:) Eh ofvad`g he MustaMufz fg fe garafstf hrjfgt`ga fg Caeiearf Eht`gahkfr`-dhga, _aka @R. Ls. Hs.= ^raouddàgfs Hefma.

Daehthrd`, K. H. (>2) _`fkpa y fsphdà fg ehs dfeflrhdàgfs yr`tuhefs ofe garafstf hrjfgt`ga. Ls. Hs.= Hsad`hd`g Hr-jfgt`gh of Fdagakh Hjrhr`h.

O`hrà Fe Bfrheoa (80) Eh S`rjfg of \a Lehgda. Ha @S. G688, Mufvfs ) Eas Kèhjras of ehS`rjfg ofe Sheef y eh daeag`zhd`g of eh dùoho of Dhth-

khrdh. Tad`t ofs Hkr`dhg`stfs. ERRS@.\aorjufz, F. (>) Caeiearf of eh ^rav`gd`h of Mumuy. C`fs-th of eh Dhgofehr`h (Xuflrhoh of Bukhbuhdh y ûgh).Mumuy= O`rfdd`g ^rav`gd`he of Dueturh.

_huss`j, K. (802:) Tbhkhg`sk, Daeag`he`sk hgo tbf wèo Kfg.V`gvfrs`ty ac Db`dhja ^rfss. Db`dhja y Vrlhgh.

_frrg of Lfeeaka, B. (>:) Fe shlfr of eas rfehtas. Dralh=Cfrrf`rh Fo`tar.

Sfrjhrh, K. H. (804


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?, Ehs fstrudturhs hgtrapaej`dhs ofe `khj`ghr`a. @gtraoudd`gh eh hrquft`paeajh jfgfrhe, Cagoa of Dueturh Fdagk`dh, Kx`da.


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4>

ofdh quf taoh su vòh bhlh sahoa of dhshrsfdag ug khr`gfra quf eh eefvf h dagadfr o`st`gtaspufrtas, o`st`gths dashs, eh vòh y hb sf kur`.

Fe puflea ef b`za ug bakfghmf. Daka feeh qufrh sfrkhr`gfra y taoa, eh fgtfrrhrag fg ug eujhr ofe df-kfgtfrà of _èdhrh y fg bagar h su sufa of quffeeh qufrh sfr ef b`d`frag ugh tuklh quf frh ughlhrdh, duhgoa ustfo fgtrh he dfkfgtfrà of _èdhrhs`fkprf ea pufof vfr, fs ug lhrqu`ta y taoa fe kug-oa sf prfjugth qu`g fs fsf, par qu ef bhg bfdbaug lhrqu`ta. Lufga, fsh fs eh b`star`h par qu fepuflea pfrk`t` quf sf bhjh ug lhrda ofgtra ofedfkfgtfrà. Kudbh jfgtf duhgoa ya dufgta fsta o`-df hb! Fs kfgt`rh, pfra eh vfroho fs fsth. Eh lhr-dh fst fg fe dfkfgtfrà y eh b`star`h fst fsdr`th fgeh b`star`h of _èdhrh.6, 8>>-8>8). H eh drffgd`h fg ugh vòh ofspus of eh

3.

4

^hefhr`, Hgtagà= >6, O`ddàghrà Kj`da Mumfa, @kprfsarh ofe êhth, LufgasH`rfs.


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kufrtf cs`dh sf ef sukh eh `khjfg of eh gadbf, quf da-ka o`df Ourhgo fs fe oh k`ska ofe phs of eas kufr-tas(>?=


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4?=


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44

ja, fg fstf dhsa, ga fs ug prgd`pf s`ga fe puflea k`skay su ofspfrthr fs ug vaevfr h v`v`r fg eh kfkar`h of fshdakugòho. Of fstf kaoa eh kufrtf sf `gv`frtf, sf vufe-

vf vòh phrh eh mavfg dasturfrh. Vgh vòh quf trhsd`fgoffe kugoa tfrrfghe. P eh pas`lèòho of trhsdfgofgd`h,quf fs eh of pfrkhgfgd`h fg eh kfkar`h, fs pas`lef jrh-d`hs h ugh ket`pef prfsfrvhd`g quf s`juf fe s`ju`fgtfdhk`ga= pr`kfra fg fe sfga khtfrga, pufs eh mavfg ga sfsfphrh of su khorf dag qu`fg sf qufoh duhgoa susbfrkhgas sf bhg òa9 fg sfjugoa eujhr, fg ug dehustraquf fs eh dhsh dfrrhoh9 fg tfrdfr eujhr, oarkòh-kufrth

fg su duhrta y eufja fg fe dfkfgtfrà, fg ugh tuklh,quf hofks, fs ugh lhrdh. Tf rht`c`dh of fstf kaoa h ehkufrtf daka, o`df Dfee`fr, d`thoa par Ourhgo, eh su-prfkh `g`d`hd`g h eh vòh `gkarthe(>?=


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4?

dugsthgd`hs chkè`hrfs y sad`hefs ofsof hcufrh bhlhgyh oftfrk`ghoa su kufrtf fg vòh. Of ugh u atrh khgf-rh, eh dhsh hgtrapakarc`zhoh t`fgf rjhgas, daka yh o`-

m`kas, y fe oark`tarà, phrfdf sfr fe eujhr ks gt`ka, thevfz fe darhzg a fe hekh of fsth dhsh. ûfs, taoh eh dhshfs ks quf ug eujhr oagof sf v`vf, fs ug sfr v`va, o`dfOurhgo. (>?=?=?=


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thkl`g ea sag of kav`k`fgta, hqu rfsòf fe trhsvhsh-k`fgta, e`jhoa he dhklà of ug fsthoa h atra. Fe trhgs-partf pfrk`tf hsfjurhr hs fe phsa bhd`h fsf atra kug-

oa, kugoa quf daka yh bfkas alsfrvhoa, fst gt`kh-kfgtf e`jhoa h eh kfkar`h, y fs hqu oagof sf pagf fgfmfdud`g fe et`ka rhsja= eh daefdd`g. Daefdd`g fgtfg-oòh daka hdd`g of dagsfrvhd`g pfra quf `kpe`dhthkl`g daka `khjfg of eh `gc`g`tuo, parquf ea quf sfdaefddàgh, ga hdhlh, s`fkprf dagt`gh. Fg eh daefdd`g,fg fsh dagsfrvhd`g, pufofg effrsf ehs bufeehs of ugsumfta (y thkl`g of su dakugòho), pufs, hee sf bhdf

prfsfgtf, daka o`df \. Oarrh= su `khj`ghd`g, su of-sfa, su gfdfsòho of fgdagtrhr ugh carkh of bhl`thr fekugoa a ea quf bh ofsfhoa ofmhrgas daka tfst`kagàof su phsa par fe kugoa(Hddhkf ft he.,>2=8>). K`fg-trhs quf gasatras paofkas hjrfjhr quf fg fsh lhrdhofe dfkfgtfrà ga sea fst fe ofsfa of eh kumfr quflusdh fe hkar, s`ga thkl`g ehs khrdhr `gofeflefs offsh dakugòho quf bh ofdòòa rfdarohreh y ga aevòhr-

eh.C`ghekfgtf, bhy ugh et`kh `khjfg quf, drffkas,

hjeut`gh, taohs ehs ofks `kj`gfs ofe rfehta. Eh `khjfgof eh kqu`gh of dasfr y eh thrfh of dasturfrh of eh ku-mfr. He rfspfdta, o`df J. Ourhgo quf eas `gstrukfgtas yeas praoudtas ofe tfmòa y fe bèhoa sag ug`vfrshekfgtfs`kle`das ofe ofvfg`r y quf bhy ugh dagsthgtf dagth-k`ghd`g fgtrf fe tfkh of eh bèhgofrh y fe of eh tfmfoarh(>?=44>) Fg gufstra rfehta paorhkas hdfrdhr fe dasfrhe tfmòa, y eh dasturfrh, ac`dà he quf sf ofo`dh pr`kfraeh khorf y ofspus eh b`mh khyar, pufohg dagsòfrhrsf`sakarcas of eh tfmfoarh. \fprfsfgthd`g of eh e`jhzgtrhgquè`zhoarh y sklaea of dagt`guòho daka o`dfOurhgo, fe hdta of dasfr pfrk`tf pfgshr fg eh dagt`gu`-oho, fg eh trhsdfgofgd`h, fg eh ugòho pufs fe tfmòa,quf prav`fgf of eh phehlrh eht`gh tfxtuk pfrk`tf quf


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43

fstf rfehta sf dagv`frth fg ugh vfrohofrh trhkh fg ehquf sf urof ea gt`ka mugta h ea dakug`thrà.

P sf dagsaeòh dag fe sklaea ofe drduea quf rfprf-sfgth eh tatheòho tfkparhe y ofe gufva dak`fgza Fggufstra rfehta, ga saehkfgtf fe drduea quf rfprfsfgth ehkhg`vfeh quf j`rh y quf kufvf eh kqu`gh of dasfr,s`ga thkl`g fg eh dagt`guòho quf rfprfsfgth eh hdd`gof qufohr oarkòh fg eh dhsh phrh phshr h oark`r fg ehtuklh. Fg fsth `khjfg sf ugf fe drduea, kav`k`fgta ofeh khg`vfeh, y thkl`g eh lhrdh daka fxprfs`g ofe v`h-

mf. P fe ofvfg`r, eh d`rduehròho, fs phephlef thkl`g fgfe arofg o`sdurs`va, fg eh sfefdd`g of vfrlas, y eh rfpf-t`d`g of susthgt`vas, daka sudfof fg fe s`ju`fgtf dhsa=eh lhrdh fst fg fe dfkfgtfrà y eh b`star`h fst fsdr`thfg eh b`star`h of _èdhrh, daka daraehrà of fsth fstrf-dbh e`jhzg quf tfmf y trhsd`fgof fg eh kfkar`h of ehdakugòho.

L`leàjrhch d`thoh

Hddhkf, M. ft he. (>2) Eh daefdd`g. Droalh= Fo`dàgfs ofedap`sth.

Ourhgo, Jèlfrt (>?) Ehs fstrudturhs hgtrapaej`dhs ofe`khj`ghrà. @gtraoudd`g h eh hrquft`paeajh jfgfrhe.Kx`da= Cagoa of Dueturh Fdagk`dh.

^hefhr`, Hgtagà (>6) O`ddàghrà Kj`da Mumfa. Ls. Hs.=@kprfsarh ofe êhth.


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4:

E@_F\H_V\H @GOJFGH H\JFG_@GH

T`xta Ssqufz ]uefth

@gtraoudd`g

Fstf trhlhma fst tfòa of sulmft`vòho, par eh sfgd`-eeh rhzg of quf fe tfkh `gojfgh thkl`g s`fkprf bhsòa v`sta, ga ofsof ea almft`va y ofshphsàghoa, s`gaofsof ea sulmft`va.

Ofsof ugh pfrspfdt`vh hghet`dh y dakphrhd`g b`st-r`dh, sf kufstrh ug kaofea gfa`goà, oagof `goà, `go-jfgh, ght`va, ar`j`ghrà, hlar`jfg sag s`gg`kas, y fgfstf trhlhma sf utè`zhg `go`st`gthkfgtf of hdufroa h ehDagvfgd`g of Aeehgthythkla.

_hkl`g kufstra ug pugta of v`sth salrf ehs gufvhsjfgfrhdàgfs y salrf ehs `kjfgfs prfsfgtfs salrf fedaefdt`va, yh quf dagsòfra quf fe hsugta `gojfgh, thgprfsfgtf fg eh paet`dh, eh fdagakh y eh sadàeajh gapufof fsthr husfgtf of eh e`tfrhturh y ofe hrtf. Eh prf-sfgd`h ofe ght`va fg ehs eftrhs ghdàghefs ga oflf sar-prfgofr h gho`f, fg ugh padh fg quf fstf puflea s`fgtfeh gfdfsòho of fgdagtrhr fe fquè`lrà, quf bhsth hbarhef bh chethoa fg su b`star`h.

Fg gufstra phs quf fs of palehd`g heuvàghe, fs

dagvfg`fgtf thkl`g hdehrhr qu sf fgt`fgof hbarh par`gojfgh, fg eh egfh ofe hgtrapeaja Lagcè Lhtheeh. Fgpadhs phehlrhs, hbarh sfr `goà yh ga fs ugh dufst`gof daear a of efgjuh, s`ga heja ps`daej`da y fsp`r`tuhe.Of hdufroa h eh VGFTDA, su praoudd`g dueturhe fs ugl`fg dueturhe `gthgj`lef.

^hrh quf eas mvfgfs `gojfghs ga sf hvfrjfgdfg yrfg`fjufg of su dago`d`g, fs gfdfshrà quf su òfgt`-

oho sf carthefzdh y ga sf fgjr`gjufg. Dagsòfra quf s`


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shlfg quf bhy fsdr`tarfs `gojfghs, sf sfgt`rg ug padaks arjueeasas of ofsdfgofr of pufleas ar`j`ghràs. Eakfmar quf t`fgfg eas `goàs, sag eas vhearfs quf dagst`-

tuyfg su carkh of vòh. ^fra ga sf dagadfg9 fgtagdfsbhy quf bhdfr v`s`lef ea `gv`s`lef.

Arjfgfs ofso`lumhoas

Fg fstf trhlhma, kf rfc`fra h eh e`tfrhturh hdtuhe, hg-tfs of `gtfgthr ugh pfrào`zhd`g daka fg atrhs rfhs

bukhg`sths, yh quf ga sf pufof bhlehr of ugh e`tfrhtu-rh prfb`spg`dh, atrh daeag`he, g` s`qu`frh rfpule`dhgh,parquf eh hoqu`s`d`g of eh efdtafsdr`turh, fsfgd`he phrhfe surj`k`fgta of ugh e`tfrhturh, adurr` fg eas pufleas`gojfghs rfd`g fg fe s`jea RR.

Fg gufstra phs fs ug eujhr dakg ofd`r quf ga fx`s-t`frag jrhgofs d`vè`zhdàgfs daka eas hztfdhs, eas khyhsa eas `gdhs, dag su hrtf, hrqu`tfdturh, d`fgd`h y e`tfrhtu-

rh. Hdfpthgoa fsa, quf gufstras `goàs hofks of jrh-cas frhg èftrhoas, ga sf pufof ofoud`r of feea quf gabhyhg tfgòa ugh e`tfrhturh, hugquf cufsf arhe, daka gasf pufof hdfpthr quf ga bhyhg tfgòa ks`dh g` ohgzh.

Gufstras bhl`thgtfs ar`j`ghràs prfb`spg`das pa-sfhg fsas l`fgfs dueturhefs `gthgj`lefs, of eas duhefsbhy rhstras fg sus hdtuhefs dhgtas, fstèa e`tfrhrà, s`g-

thx`s y vadhluehrà, daka bhg qufohoa rfe`dtas of suks`dh y ohgzh fg ehs cfst`vòhofs trho`dàghefs y r`tas,quf hg sf khgt`fgfg fg o`vfrshs dakugòhofs `gojf-ghs of gufstrh phtr`h.

Ofsof eh `gvhs`g of eas fsphaefs h Hkr`dh, sf `k-pusa ug arofg daeag`he9 ehs dagdfpdàgfs dueturhefs hg-o`ghs cufrag ofstruòhs y, fgtrf feehs, kudbhs sf bhgk`kft`zhoa y prhdt`dhoa fg sfdrfta. Fg eh frh daeag`he,

eas k`sàgfras fsphaefs hrkhoas of ehs Thjrhohs Fs-


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dr`turhs fkpfzhrag h fvhgjfe`zhr fg dhstfeehga, hejugasfg efgjuhs ght`vhs, par taoa fe tfrr`tarà dagqu`sthoa,pfra ga fgsfhrag h effr g` fsdr`l`r y fsta hg dagt`gh

fg eh frh rfpule`dhgh. Ea k`ska adurr` dag eh e`tfrhtu-rh. Fg eh phrtf hgo`gh sf ofstruyfrag eas qu`pus, easqu`pudhkhyus cufrag pfrsfjuòas y gho`f sf prfadupof hechlft`zhr h eas ght`vas.

Fg ea quf bay fs eh Hrjfgt`gh, eas pufleas ar`j`ghràs,hphrtf of sfr jrhcas fg su khyarh, gugdh fstuv`fragfg dagthdta dag eas jgfras e`tfrhràs a eas praoudtas of

eh e`tfrhturh fxjfgh, sheva fg ea k`sàghe, fs ofd`r e`tf-rhturh hohpthoh he hcg fvhgjfe`zhoar, daka fg ehs hrtfspest`dhs, pfra he ga bhlrsfefs fgsfhoa eh efdtafsdr`-turh, ga puoa bhlfr drfhd`g e`tfrhr`h.

Tf pufof hprfd`hr eh salrfv`vfgd`h of ugh fspfd`f oftfhtra, eas hutas shdrhkfgthefs, daka fg eas dhdb`s of@ruyh, fe khgtfg`k`fgta of eh e`tfrhturh arhe y fe rfcujàof eh pafsh papuehr fg fe dhgta.

Hofks, fg fe kugoa hlar`jfg eh e`tfrhturh the dakaeh dagadfkas fstuva bhsth bhdf pada rfsfrvhoh h eas ga`gojfghs y fgtrf feeas h eas pfrtfgfd`fgtfs h oftfrk`gh-ohs dhsths, qu`fgfs fg su carkh y tfkt`dh sfjuhg fekaofea furapfa, hs quf khe sf paoh bhlehr of e`tfrhtas`goàs. ^far hg, kudbas bhdfgohoas y hutaròhofseadhefs of eh padh dagsòfrhrag eh foudhd`g daka sul-vfrs`vh= "`goà efoa, `goà pfroòa" a "`goà efoa, ofka-gà fgdhrghoa"9 fsth dagdfpd`g daeag`he ak`gash pfrv`-v` bhsth gufstras ohs fg fe tfrr`lef rfcrg= `goà efoafs pfe`jrasa.

Hdtuhekfgtf

Bhsth l`fg fgtrhoa fe s`jea RR bula padas `gojfghs

ofsthdhoas fg eh dueturh a fg eh d`fgd`h. âr supufsta,


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?>

fsa ga tfgh quf vfr dag eh jfgt`dh s`ga dag eh khrj`-ghd`g y fe hghechlft`ska fg quf v`vhg eas `gojfghs fgehs dakugòhofs. Hejg ps`deaja paorh bhlfr dagdeu`-

oa fgtagdfs quf eas `gojfghs tfghg hejugh `gdhphd`-oho `gghth phrh eh d`fgd`h a eh dueturh. Duhgoa eh khr-j`ghd`g sf supfr y eas hlarjfgfs tuv`frag ks hddfsah eh foudhd`g, su phpfe fg eh d`fgd`h y eh dueturh hu-kfgt gathlefkfgtf.

Hbarh, fsthkas fg ug kakfgta paet`da of fgarkfhvhgdf fg eh eudbh par fe ofrfdba h eh o`vfrsòho. Eh

sad`foho htrhv`fsh ug pradfsa of dhklà o`sdurs`va9 s`gfklhrja, h g`vfe of eh rfcefx`g of ehs pfrsaghs y of ehdueturh, fe dhklà fs ks dakpefma, eas fstfrfat`paspfrs`stfg y fsta sf hov`frtf fg eas o`sdursas of pracfsà-ghefs, tdg`das f `gvfst`jhoarfs of eh e`tfrhturh, hghe`zh-oas phrh fsth adhs`g, oagof ea sulmft`va pr`kh salrf eaalmft`va.

Fs quf hg fs kfoà dbadhgtf bhlehr of fsdr`tarfs

ar`j`ghràs, daka ea fs bhlehr of hrzal`spas hlarjfgfs,jfgfrhefs ght`vas a jalfrghgtfs `gojfghs. Bhsth bhdfpada, frh o`stp`dh eh rfheòho of ug prfsòfgtf gfjra a`goà.

Fsta, ugòh h eh jfgfrhe s`tuhd`g ofe hlar`jfg ga fs-t hdarof dag ehs dagdfpdàgfs of dueturh, y ps`daej`-dhkfgtf fs uga of eas pr`gd`phefs fcfdtas ofe sgorakfdaeag`he. Daka rfsuethoa, fgtrf eas `gojfghs fx`stfglrèehgtfs hlajhoas quf hpe`dhg ehs efyfs ac`d`hefs ofhdufroa dag ehs dhrhdtfrst`dhs dueturhefs `gojfghs,pfra ga sf rfdagadfg h s k`skas daka hlarjfgfs, pra-cfsàghefs of taoa t`pa, khfstras, fsdr`tarfs, bhsth pra-cfsarfs of efgjuhs hlarjfgfs quf ga hsukfg su dago`-d`g ar`j`ghr`h, rfpraoud`fgoa `gdagsd`fgtfkfgtf eh pa-s`d`g of dardba fg fe hjuh of eas k`sàgfras dr`st`hgas,o`cusarfs y bhsth h vfdfs drfhoarfs fg eh efgjuh of easpufleas k`sàghoas.


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?8

Fstf sgorakf hcfdth o`rfdthkfgtf eh dhgtòho of fs-dr`tarfs `gojfghs fg eh Hrjfgt`gh. Fg fe dhkpa hrtst`day par supufsta fg fe e`tfrhrà, bhy gukfrasas drfhoarfs

quf, ga sea par su ar`jfg s`ga par eh tfkt`dh of susdrfhdàgfs sag ar`j`ghràs, pfra ga sf rfdagadfg dakathefs. Fsa `gceuyf fg su drfht`vòho, fg sus alrhs, dakaugh fspfd`f of hutadfgsurh y hdheehk`fgta of sus vadfs`gtfràrfs, fg trhthr of fsdr`l`r salrf tfkhs of goaefug`vfrshe y fg fe kfmar fsphae pas`lef, dag eh dags`-ju`fgtf kutèhd`g of su efgjuh khtfrgh.

âr supufsta, fsa t`fgf sus dagsfdufgd`hs, ugh of ehsduhefs fs eh proòh of eh efgjuh ar`j`ghr`h, eh hdueturh-d`g of eas mvfgfs, eh hgak`h y fe surj`k`fgta of ughpeyhof of fsdr`tarfs `go`hg`sths, `go`jfg`sths, hlar`jf-g`sths...

Hutarfs

Fxafsdr`tarfsFg eh Hkr`dh ofe s`jea R@R hejugas `gtfefdtuhefs sf

hutaofc`g`frag daka e`tfrhtas `go`hg`sths, phrh sfr da-gadòas daka `go`jfg`sths h dak`fgzas ofe s`jea RR. Fgeh odhoh ofe 3> sf rftakh fe gaklrf of `go`hg`ska pf-ra hbarh hsukòa par eas `goàs dag su prap`h vaz. Xuf-oh dehra fgtagdfs quf fe `go`hg`ska ofe pr`gd`pà y fe

`go`jfg`ska of eh sfjugoh odhoh ofe s`jea RR cufragcrutas of eh drfhd`g of eas ga `gojfghs, k`fgtrhs quffe `go`hg`ska dagtfkpargfa qu`frf rfprfsfgthr fe pfg-shk`fgta of eas ar`j`ghràs, of sus fsdr`tarfs, pfgshoa-rfs y khgtfgfoarfs of su bfrfgd`h dueturhe, pfra hbarhfg fe s`jea RR@ sus rfhe`zhdàgfs sf homft`vhg daka `go-jfghs, phrh ofgathr su fgoajfg`ska.

T` hejg htrhdt`va bh rfvfehoa eh e`tfrhturh of tfkt`-

dh `gojfgh h ea ehrja ofe s`jea RR, par ea kfgas bhsth


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?, fs fe dhrdtfr gavfefsda y hvfgturfra of ehspfr`pfd`hs sfdrfths, orhkt`dhs, of eas of hrr`lh y eas ofhlhma quf h pfshr of taoa, `gfxarhlefkfgtf, s`fkprf

ar`j`ghg dagce`dtas. Lhsth d`thr hutarfs daka Marjf @dh-zh, Mas Khrh Hrjufohs, Dear`goh Khtta of _urgfr, He-dòfs Hrjufohs y vhràs atras duyhs alrhs darralarhgquf fe c`ghe trj`da fs kudba ks quf ugh dagdfs`gkarhe`sth a khrdh of apfrst`da kfeaorhkh. Fsf dhk`ga,fg eh e`tfrhturh hrjfgt`gh, ea bhg trhgs`thoa ofsof Chus-ta Lurjas, Eudà S. Khgsèeh, bhsth Thrh Jheehroa dagF`sfmuhz, fgtrf atras, y par pagfr ug fmfkpea hdtuhes`-

ka, Eas `goàs `gv`s`lefs ofe Kheg of eh ^hz, of KhrdfeaSheia, s`gjuehr dhthstra of ug fp`saoà paet`da, ga seab`str`da.

Ph fg gufstras ohs, eh d`fgtc`dh Dhtbfr`gf Thoauebhdf eh dehr`c`dhoarh o`st`gd`g fgtrf e`tfrhturh `go`jf-g`sth f `go`hg`sth, fsdr`th par ga `gojfghs, daka o`cf-rfgtf h eh bfdbh par eas k`skas hlarjfgfs a sfh, e`tfrh-turh `gojfgh.

Fgoafsdr`tarfs

Hphrfdf atrh egfh, atrh trho`d`g pada crfdufgthoh fge`tfrhturhs eht`gahkfr`dhghs, quf fgdufgtrh fg ug jru-pa of hutarfs mumfas sus fxprfsàgfs ks seòhs= ughdakl`ghd`g sutè fg su fgtrftfmòa fgtrf ea des`da y ea

gufva, eh rhz y eh rupturh.Fg eh sfjugoh k`tho ofe s`jea RR fkp`fzhg h ofspug-

thr fsths ghrrht`vhs, y fs dhs` sfjura quf su kfmar fx-prfs`g, su pugta ks heta, sfh eh pafsh of Oak`gja]frph. Fgtrf thgtas pafkhs kfkarhlefs y ofc`g`taràs,fe \akhgdf of eas `goàs sulefvhoasrfehth eh rflfe`g ofeas pugfas fg ofcfgsh of su t`frrh.


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Fsths gufvhs `gqu`ftuofs eefvhrag h eas dagst`tuyfg-tfs of 800? h rfdagadfr eh prffx`stfgd`h tg`dh y duetu-rhe of eas pufleas `gojfghs hrjfgt`gas y jhrhgt`zhr fe

rfspfta h su òfgtòho y fe ofrfdba h ugh foudhd`g l`-e`gjf f `gtfrdueturhe9 sfhehgoa `kped`thkfgtf quf ehgufvh s`tuhd`g frh fe `kpuesa phrh rfdagadfr h eas ar`-j`ghràs fg fe dhkpa ga sea khtfr`he s`ga fsp`r`tuhe,oagof sf dagtrhpagfg oas carkhs of vòh= eh quf trhmf-rag eas dagqu`sthoarfs y eh quf frh ar`j`ghr`h of fstfdagt`gfgtf, fg ea quf eas fsphaefs eehkhg hbarh fg-dufgtra of dueturhs hugquf fsa ga cufrh dagthdta bu-

khga g` fgr`qufd`k`fgta dag fe dagthdta ofe atra, par-quf fe fgdufgtra sf và o`starsàghoa ofsof fe pr`gd`pà,oflòa h eh fgarkf ofs`juheoho fdagk`dh y dueturhefgtrf eas `gtfreadutarfs.

Eh Dagst`tud`g kao`c`dh ugh s`tuhd`g daeag`he pfrahofks, ofkufstrh quf bhy ug sfdtar of eh palehd`ghrjfgt`gh quf fs ar`j`ghrà y par ea thgta dag ugh duetu-rh o`cfrfgtf. Hbarh, fg eh Hrjfgt`gh, sag eas `gojfghseas quf bhlehg dag fe Fsthoa y eh sad`foho, fxprfsgoa-sf dag su prap`h vaz, y yh ga sag ofpfgo`fgtfs of vadf-ras a rfprfsfgthgtfs hmfgas h su dakugòho.

Fe ofrfdba h eh t`frrh fst dehra, pfra thkl`g fx`stffe tfkh dueturhe, dag fe gaklrf fspfdc`da of foudhd`g`gtfrdueturhe lè`gjf y quf dagofgsh dufstàgfs offoudhd`g, gtfrdueturheòho y efgjuhs hlarjfgfs.

Fe `gojfgh t`fgf ofrfdba h su dueturh, ofgtra of ehduhe sf fgdufgtrh dag prffk`gfgd`h su efgjuh y su e`tf-rhturh.

Eh paet`dh, bhy quf ofd`rea, fst bagrhgoa fg jrhgkfoòh fsh egfh of pfgshk`fgta, pfra fg fe dhkpa due-turhe dagt`ghg eas `gtfrrajhgtfs phrh ug gfdfshrà of-lhtf dueturhe y e`tfrhrà. _fgfkas pufleas `gojfghs pf-

ra tfgfkas ugh e`tfrhturh `gojfgh1 y s` fx`stf sf fs


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fsdr`tar `gojfgh y sf bhdf e`tfrhturh hlar`jfg par fe seabfdba of fsdr`l`r hdfrdh ofe `goà, fs ofd`r par su tfk-t`dh1 Of qu bhlehkas duhgoa bhlehkas of e`tfrhturh

`gojfgh1 (P of qu bhlehkas duhgoa bhlehkas ofe`tfrhturh cfkfg`gh a gfjrh a jhudbfsdh1). âr atrh phr-tf, t`fgf hejg `gtfrs hs`jghr dhe`c`dht`vas h eh e`tfrhtu-rh1 Tf pufof1 âr qu mhks sf bhleh of e`tfrhturhlehgdh1 Eh ga fx`stfgd`h of ugh e`tfrhturh `gojfght`fgf su ar`jfg fg ug dagce`dta of òfgt`c`dhd`g duetu-rhe1 Tea hutarfs a hutarhs `gojfghs fsdr`lfg e`tfrhtu-rh duya prathjag`ska sf dfof h pfrsaghmfs `gojfghs1

Oflfkas fx`j`r sea h hutarfs y hutarhs of dakugòh-ofs hlarjfgfs, quf ehs rf`v`go`qufg kfo`hgtf susalrhs1 A taoas eas sfrfs bukhgas oflfrhg dakprakf-tfrsf dag eh `juheoho1 Xu sfr of eh trho`d`g hkhsh-oh fg ehs egfhs ks sultfrrgfhs y hetfrght`vhs ofe s`-jea RR@1 Tf hlr`rg gufvas dhudfs phrh eh fsdr`turh yeas efgjuhmfs of eas pufleas ar`j`ghràs1

Fg fstf kakfgta, gufstra phs dufgth dag eas s`-ju`fgtfs fsdr`tarfs, dag e`lras pule`dhoas, quf sf rfda-gadfg h s k`skas y sag rfdagadòas par sus dakug`-ohofs daka `gojfghs.

Eh fsdr`tarh y hdt`v`sth khpudbf Ka`rh Kèeg. Ehpafth khpudbf Eè`hgh Hgdheha. Ehurfhga Tfjav`h, w`dbofe dbhda shetfa. Muhg Db`da, Khrà Cfrggofz y Efdia]hkarh, fsdr`tarfs qak.

Fg fe jrupa of Mumuy, fstg eas fsdr`tarfs daeehs kshgt`juas= Oak`gja ]frph (cheefdòa), Jfrkg ZhetfrDbaqufvèdh-Dburqu` (cheefdòa), Cartughta \hkas y T`x-ta Szqufz ]uefth-_aqa.

Dag rfspfdta he rfdagad`k`fgta, par supufsta qufhofks of su ar`jfg, efgjuhmf y dagtfgòa, ug fsdr`tar`gojfgh t`fgf quf hsuk`rsf daka the. Bhy kudbas quf

ga sf hsukfg y ga sf eas pufof `gdeu`r dagtrh su vaeug-


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tho. Fe quf dags`jgh fsta, phrh fsdr`l`r ug hrtduea fgug o`hrà of Mumuy, fg fe ha 8020 dagsuet h vhràs fs-dr`tarfs mumfas, of eas duhefs g`dhkfgtf trfs, Oak`gja

]frph, Jfrkg Dbaqufvèdh y Cartughta \hkas rfdaga-d`frag sfr ar`j`ghràs y daka thefs cufrag `gdeuòas.

Fstuoàs ftgae`tfrhràs

Fg fsth dagt`fgoh b`str`dh par `gdeu`r atrhs phrt`du-ehròhofs, bhy kudbhs vadfs.

^hrh fe daeakl`hga Buja Gà, bhy ugh e`tfrhturh arhe`goahkfr`dhgh v`vh, quf eehkh ftgatfxta, dag ug hedhgdfdagdfptuhe darrfspago`fgtf dag ea quf Para Chee y G`ghCr`fofkhgg ofgak`ghg arhe`turh. Fg ea quf sf rfc`frf hsus carkhs of fxprfs`g, sf trhth of ugh tfxtuheòhohphrtf of ehs ghrrhdàgfs arhefs of t`pa dhkpfs`ga, a eaquf hejugas dagsòfrhg phrhe`tfrhturh caeier`dh.

@vg Dhrrhsda, of Dbèf, bhleh of eh tfxtuheòho `gtfr-dueturhe, eh pafsh ftgadueturhe, eh fsdr`turh e`tfrhr`h y ehftgae`tfrhturh hsad`hohs h ehs eehkhohs e`tfrhturhs `go`-jfg`sths f `go`hg`sths.

Atras ap`ghg quf fe caeiearf e`tfrhrà y eh e`tfrhturhpapuehr sag o`st`gtas, parquf sf trhgsk`tfg of phorfs hb`mas y sag hgg`kas9 quf eas fsdr`tas `gojfghs sagdakpas`dàgfs hrdh`dhs, caeier`dhs, `gdeusa khrj`ghefs

h ea dagsòfrhoa daka e`tfrhturh y par feea g` s`qu`frh fgdhtfjarh of jgfra kfgar sag o`jghs of tfgfrsf fgdufgth.

Fg eas fstuoàs e`tfrhràs fg ehs ug`vfrsòhofs bhyugh eudbh dagtrh eh òfh of quf sf t`fgf quf vhearhr h ehe`tfrhturh salrf eh lhsf of eh ar`fgthd`g sfxuhe, eas ar-jfgfs tg`das, eh p`jkfgthd`g of eh p`fe a ehs òfhs pae-

t`dhs of duhequ`fr goaef.


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Eas `gvfst`jhoarfs eadhefs, s` l`fg rfdagadfg eh fx`s-tfgd`h ofe `go`jfg`ska, `go`hg`ska, hlar`jfg`ska, hgga fstg ofe taoa sfjuras of quf bhyh bhlòa y vhyh h

bhlfr e`tfrhturh `gojfgh. Of hejugh khgfrh, s` sfqu`frf `gdagsd`fgtf, sulmft`vh, ga o`dbh, sf eh dagsòfrhugh dhtfjarh caeier`dh, ugh fspfd`heòho of ehs e`tfrh-turhs khrj`ghefs, oagof astfgth ugh pas`d`g rfd`fgtf.H ofd`r vfroho, ga fs ug jgfra fg g`gjugh e`tfrhturhofe kugoa9 eh e`tfrhturh `gojfgh fs ugh dhtfjarh paet`-dh, of òfgtòho khefhlef y dhkl`hgtf, `gdeus`vf phrhkudbas tfr`das, daka tfxtuheòho `gtfrdueturhe, ft-

gatfxta, pafsh ftgadueturhe, fsdr`turh e`tfrhr`h, ftgae`tf-rhturh, trk`gas supfrhoas par ea quffr, trk`ga qufthkl`g fkp`fzh h dhfr fg dr`s`s.

Daka sfh, e`tfrhturh `gojfgh s`juf s`fgoa heja quftrhgsk`tf ug sfgtòa prfd`sa, sf fgt`fgof ea quf qu`frfofd`r. ^ralhlefkfgtf su dhkpa s`jh s`fgoa fe of eh o`cf-rfgd`h, pfra thkl`g fsh trho`d`g cargfh yh bh `gdur-sàghoa fg fe tfrrfga of eh `juheoho, fs ofd`r, ehs vòhsks a kfgas fsthlè`zhohs fg pralefkt`dhs ks des`-dhs daka eh o`sdr`k`ghd`g, eh fdaeajh, eh ofsaduphd`g,fe dagsuk`ska. Bhy fg feeh, s, ugh e`tfrhturh `gojfghgarkhe. P thkl`g, lfgfc`dà sfdugohrà pfra ga kf-gar, s`fkprf hparth ugh vfth tfst`kag`he, of oadukfgtahdfrdh of dastuklrfs, fstèas y carkhs of vòh, hpartfquf ga sufef bhdfr eh e`tfrhturh prftfgdàshkfgtf car-khe`sth.

Ea d`frta fs quf eh e`tfrhturh `gojfgh sf o`cfrfgd`h ofeh e`tfrhturh `go`hg`sth, e`tfrhturh `go`jfg`sth y e`tfrhturhfg efgjuhs `gojfghs, pufs dhoh ugh t`fgf sus prap`hsdhrhdtfrst`dhs. Daka hdath Dhrrhsda, fg eh e`tfrhturh`go`hg`sth eas fsdr`tarfs ga sag `gojfghs, s`ga quf prf-tfgofg sfr parthvadfs of ugh dueturh hmfgh h eh suyh.Fg eh e`tfrhturh `go`jfg`sth eas fsdr`tarfs thkpada sag

`gojfghs pfra trhthg of hofgtrhrsf fg fe pfgshk`fgta


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ar`j`ghrà ofsof su pfrspfdt`vh, trhthg of pfgftrhr ehdaskaeajh `gojfgh y yh sus pfrsaghmfs `gojfghs sagks dagv`gdfgtfs. Eh e`tfrhturh fg efgjuhs `gojfghs fs

rfhe`zhoh par ar`j`ghràs urlhgas a rurhefs quf bhg hd-dfoòa h eh fsdr`turh of eh efgjuh hutdtagh y fstg pra-oud`fgoa tfxtas, hugquf oflf ofd`rsf, quf fe usa fsdr`tahg fst s`fgoa fkpefhoa sea daka `gstrukfgta phrhofd`r ea quf sf p`fgsh y sf dagstruyf fg eh carkh dakasf bhdf fg dhstfeehga9 fs ofd`r, cheth ugh rfcefx`g ylsqufoh of carkhs e`tfrhr`hs fg eh efgjuh hutdtagh,rfdagad`fgoa quf su dagtr`lud`g fs eh fsdr`turh fg fsh

efgjuh y eh rfdapèhd`g of eh trho`d`g arhe fx`stfgtf fgehs dakugòhofs.

Dhrhdtfrst`dhs

_fkhs

Fe phshoa kèfghrà, fe `goà oufa of fsths t`frrhs,

fe rfdbhza he kfst`zhmf, eh rfofgd`g ofe `goà, fe o`sdur-sa hkl`fgthe`sth a phdbhkhk`ska y c`ghekfgtf fe fk-paofrhk`fgta, sag tfkhs rfdurrfgtfs fg eh pafsh, fedufgta, fe fgshya y et`khkfgtf eh gavfeh.

Eh dagstrudd`g of eh ghd`g fs atra tfkh fg eh e`tfrh-turh `gojfgh, he dagsòfrhr quf eh khrj`ghd`g, o`sdr`-k`ghd`g f `gv`s`lè`zhd`g of eas pufleas `gojfghs y su

dueturh bhdf `gdakpefth h eh sad`foho. _he vfz eh `gqu`f-tuo ks ratugoh hdfrdh of the `gdakpeft`tuo of eh gh-d`g sf oh fg eh fgshyst`dh ofe quf fsdr`lf fstf trhlhma,qu`fg pehgtfh eh rfdupfrhd`g ofe kfst`za.

Fg duhgta h eas pfrsaghmfs, fg Hrjfgt`gh eh v`s`lè`-oho hlar`jfg bh òa hukfgthgoa, pfra fg carkh sfsjh-oh. âr ug ehoa, ug kakfgta fg quf taoas eas v`s`lefsfrhg `goàs fg pralefkhs a pfrsaghmfs kuy sukfrjòas,

y eufja hqufeea dhkl`h y sf `gtfgth, a sf bh fsthoa pra-


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yfdthgoa ugh `khjfg o`cfrfgtf, daka eh `khjfg of ^hta-ruz quf sf bh fsthoa `kpag`fgoa daka fstfrfat`pa. Pofspus par atra ehoa ug kaofea sule`k`ghe of eh hlsar-

d`g, eh `gtfjrhd`g, ofe `gojfgh rfspfthlef, fe hlar`jfghlsarlòa par fe s`stfkh, ks a kfgas khoura, dagkfo`hgh pas`d`g fdagk`dh, quf `gdeusa hbarh yh v`vffg eh jrhg dùoho, dag ugh lufgh carkhd`g, quf fs due-ta, h vfdfs fsdr`tar, atrhs hlajhoa, crfdufgtfkfgtf pae-t`da y quf yh ga fs `goà.

Dagtfgòa^hrh ga fgrfohrgas fg ugh oaxh, hdehrfkas quf fg

gufstra phs eas `gojfghs fsdr`tarfs hsukfg ugh òfa-eajh y bhdfg ugh e`tfrhturh quf sf paorh dehs`c`dhr da-ka `go`hg`sth a `go`jfg`sth, pfra s`g fsthr tfòh of ph-tfrghe`ska daka eh khyarh of fshs e`tfrhturhs, s`ga dagug dakpagfgtf paet`da y fdagk`da rf`v`go`dhtarà, ga

of rfsthurhd`g g` rfsurrfdd`g.Bhlehgoa ofe pr`kfra quf fg gufstra t`fkpa fxpearh

fstf dhk`ga, eas e`lras of Oak`gja ]frph, Frqufs y Dh-mhsy ûyhs ûyhs pehskhg, fg sus vfrsas r`khoas, ughfspfd`f of p`dh ofe `goà pugfa. Eufja, Cartughta\hkas fg sus rfehtas y pafkhs, hofks of prfsfgthrhejugas fsdarzas ofe hekh ofe daeeh quflrhofa, fsthlef-df ugh fspfd`f of tdg`dh quf dags`stf fg utè`zhr fe efg-

juhmf y eas j`ras papuehrfs phrh hprfbfgofr sus fka-dàgfs susthgt`vhs. Dburqu` Dbaqufvèdh, par su phrtf,sf `gsp`rh fg eh t`frrh quf fs fe almfta of hkar ofe pafthy eh fxprfsh fg `kjfgfs y kftcarhs of efgjuhmf dueta.Eas hjag`sths y ehs fsdfghs of taoas feeas t`fgfg fek`ska tfeg of cagoa quf eh tfarh y ehs òfhs of _aqa]uefth= rfhv`vhr fe arjueea par sus vhearfs dueturhefs.Fstf rfsuethoa fs s`gjuehrkfgtf `gtfrfshgtf parquf fs


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altfgòa par o`cfrfgtfs tfkpfrhkfgtas y dag ktaoaso`skèfs.

Hugquf bhy phrfgtfsda fsp`r`tuhe fgtrf fstas prfof-dfsarfs y eas gufvas fsdr`tarfs `gojfghs, ga bhy sfkf-mhgzh of jgfra g` of fstèa fgtrf taoas sus e`lras. T`gfklhrja, ugas y atras ushg ògt`dh fstrhtfj`h, trhou-dfg eh k`skh k`taeajh y fsdudbhg fg fe hekh ofe ar`j`-ghrà ògt`da rftukla.

EfgjuhmfDaka fg eas hgt`juas do`dfs, bay sf duet`vh eh pheh-

lrh y dalrh vòh fg fe phpfe phrh kastrhr eh e`tfrhturh`gojfgh dagtfkpargfh fg fsth sfr`f of vadfs of hgt`-juhs rhdfs quf, phrhom`dhkfgtf, sag thkl`g vadfsgufvhs. Ehs efgjuhs ar`j`ghr`hs of Hrjfgt`gh ga bhgkufrta, t`fgfg vòh, fkfrjfg ofe sèfgdà of vhràs s`-jeas phrh hgugd`hr he kugoa quf sag phrtf of eh bukh-

gòho, quf fgr`qufdfg eh o`vfrsòho y fstg prfsfgtfsfg taoh eh ghd`g hrjfgt`gh.

Ofspus of 6>> has, ofsof eh `rrupd`g of eh dueturhaddòfgthe fg Hkr`dh, ehs efgjuhs `gojfghs kufstrhg,ga sea su dhphdòho of rfs`stfgd`h h gfjhrsf h ofshph-rfdfr, s`ga atras dagdfptas, atrhs carkhs of k`rhr ea da-tò`hga y ea shjrhoa9 atrhs carkhs of khrhvèehrgas of eh

r`qufzh of ehs efgjuhs ar`j`ghr`hs. ^hrh qu`fgfs hgpfrs`stfg fg gfjhr su vheòfz dueturhe, eas pufleas `go-jfghs ga t`fgfg dueturh, s`ga caeiearf9 ga t`fgfg hrtfs`ga hrtfshgh9 ga t`fgfg e`tfrhturh, s`ga sea k`tas yefyfgohs arhefs. O`dba dr`tfrà o`sdr`k`ghtarà g`fjh fefsthtuta of e`tfrhturh h eas rfehtas, dhgdàgfs, pafkhs acluehs `gojfghs y eas gaklrhg -par eh ale`jhd`g ofgaklrhreas of hejugh khgfrh- daka k`tas y efyfgohs.Fsa sf prayfdth bhd`h ehs fxprfsàgfs e`tfrhr`hs, oagof fe


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fsdr`tar `gojfgh quf ush fe efgjuhmf papuehr fs ofgas-thoa.

Fs quf gas fgdagtrhkas fg ugh s`tuhd`g of heth `g-tfrcfrfgd`h dueturhe fgtrf ea addòfgthe y hgo`ga-`gojfgh. Fg atrhs phehlrhs, fx`stf ugh fspfd`f of hela-rata dueturhe fg uga y atra ehoa. Hs surjfg s`tuhdàgfsdaka eh v`vòh par fe fsdr`tar y ks`da daeeh Cartughta\hkas, dr`t`dhoa par fe efgjuhmf quf ush fg sus e`lras, hqu`fg hejugas fsdr`tarfs mumfas of eh THOF of Mumuy yug k`fklra of eh Hdhofk`h Hrjfgt`gh of Eftrhs ef gfjh-

rag eh dago`d`g of fsdr`tar, he hc`rkhr ple`dhkfgtf fgug o`hrà eadhe quf sus drfhdàgfs ga frhg e`tfrhturhs`ga caeiearf.

Fe trhscagoa of fsth hgdoath t`fgf quf vfr dag fe trh-thk`fgta sulmft`va y ga almft`va of ea `gtfefdtuhe. Eh gf-dfsòho of ugh òfgtòho fg ug phs heuvàghe b`za qufeh dueturh hrjfgt`gh hoapthrh fe dràee`ska daka rastra,fe fsphae daka ugòho e`gjst`dh y Furaph daka rfcf-

rfgtf dueturhe, `jgarhgoa he bhl`thgtf ar`j`ghrà. Hssurj` eh e`tfrhturh jhudbfsdh, bfdbh ga prfd`shkfgtfpar jhudbas, dag ugh efgjuh daeaqu`he y dhkpfstrf, yquf eas sfdtarfs oak`ghgtfs hoapthrag daka phrtf of ehdagstrudd`g of ugh c`ddàghe òfgtòho hrjfgt`gh, dag fejhudba of Mas Bfrggofz, \`dhroa J`rheofs y atrasdaka fstfrfat`pa ofe sfr ghdàghe.

Hgtf fsta paofkas prfjugthrgas= Fe Khrtg C`frradagsòfrhoa par Efapaeoa Eujagfs fe pafkh ghdàghe,pafkh dhgg`da fsdr`ta par Mas Bfrggofz êhth, ugfsthgd`fra bul`frh tfgòa fsh dagsòfrhd`g s` ea fsdr`-lh ug jhudba1

Fg fsf sfgtòa, s ohlef pfgshr quf s` fe pafkh ofCartughta \hkas Ga tf rhs of ug daeehbul`frh sòa fs-dr`ta par ug thlhdhefra, ea bul`frhg hehlhoa par fe kh-

gfma ofe efgjuhmf papuehr, fe dagad`k`fgta ofe tfkh y eh


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`gtfgd`g sad`he. Daka vfkas taoa fsta fs sulmft`va. Fgatrhs phehlrhs, eh o`sdr`k`ghd`g hpugth he lurra, ga heh dhrjh.

Fe r`fsja of eh thutaeajh

Fg qu dags`st`rh eh ofc`g`d`g of ugh e`tfrhturh `g-ojfgh hrjfgt`gh1 H taoa ea ehrja of fsths hrjukfgth-dàgfs eh bfkas fslazhoa, y ga ehs rfpft`rfkas.

Hofks, eh jfgtf ef t`fgf tfrrar h eh ft`qufth, hugquf

ga ea sfh. Fs ugh ofc`g`d`g daka pufof sfr, par atrhsrhzagfs, e`tfrhturh dhr`lfh, e`tfrhturh ofe sur of easFsthoas Vgòas, e`tfrhturh jhy, ftdtfrh. Fs ofd`r= qubhdf eh e`tfrhturh `go`hg`sth a eh e`tfrhturh `go`jfg`sth1\fcefmhr ugh dueturh, ugh v`s`g ofe kugoa oftfrk`gh-oh, ug efgjuhmf hgdfstrhe, dag ea duhe sf dukpefg taohshqufeehs khrdhs h pagfr phrh ohr ugh ofc`g`d`g duetu-rhe of heja. P fsta ga `kpe`dh quf fst ofst`ghoh h ugas

efdtarfs oftfrk`ghoas, quf tfgjh ug hedhgdf ks he`dar-ta quf fe of duhequ`fr atrh ofc`g`d`g dueturhe of eh e`tf-rhturh, quf sfh of sfjugoa g`vfe, quf sfh trhkpash, qufsfh dakfrd`he, ghoh, ghoh, fs ofd`r eufja of taoa fsapufof bhlfr alrhs fxdfefgtfs, khes`khs, garkhefs,hdfpthlefs, daka fg taoa.

Hofks, fg ea rfcfrfgtf h dueturh, fgtfgo`fgoa duetu-

rh daka ehs heths fxprfsàgfs ofe fspr`tu, fs `gfv`thlefhsad`hr fe tfkh of eh `gv`s`lè`zhd`g of eas fsdr`tarfs`gojfghs he pralefkh of fxdeus`g f `gdeus`g of ehspalehdàgfs prfsfgtfs fg fstas tfrr`taràs.

T` prftfgofkas fgtfgofr fe surj`k`fgta y ofshrraeeaof eh e`tfrhturh `gojfgh, fs gfdfshrà hdfpthr eh fx`s-tfgd`h of palehdàgfs quf sf oflhtfg fgtrf ea ght`va y eafxjfga y rftakhr fsf oflhtf ofsof atras gufvas pugtas

of v`sth, fgtrf feeas fe rfcfrfgtf sadàfdagk`da y hb


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6:) Kumfrfs h eh `gtfkpfr`f. (fo. lè`gjf).Ls. Hs.= Dafo`d`g of Lhma eas Bufsas y fe Tur` ârc`h-oa.

Dhrrhsda K. @vg (>6) E`tfrhturh dbèfgh= dhgag`zhd`g fòfgtòhofs fg Fstuoàs Cèaej`dasG ?>= 0) Ghphep, eh vaz of ehshgjrf. Daefdd`g Phb P`g H (Hprfgohkas h effrgas).Fo`d`g lè`gjf. \fs`stfgd`h= @gst`tuta of Dueturh ofeDbhda.

Dbaqufvèdh, Jfrkg Zhetfr (802?) Eas phsas ofe v`fgta. Mu-muy= O`rfdd`g ^rav`gd`he of Dueturh.

Khr`tfju`, Mas Dhreas (802) Fe ftgatfxta= ehs vadfs ofe hsaklra= d`gdas`jeas of lsqufoh y fv`thd`g. Khorò= Dhsh of ehsHkr`dhs.

\hkas, Cartughta (8>) Daeehs of eh Xuflrhoh. Fo`d`g tr`-e`gjf. Bukhbuhdh.

\fj`ga, Muhg Jrfjarà (>? of ad-

tulrf of >


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Th`gtaue, Dhtbfr`gf (8022) \hd`ska, ftgadfgtr`ska y e`tfrhturh.Tfr`f hgtrapaej`dh. Ls. Hs.= Fo`dàgfs ofe Tae.

Tfjav`h, Ehurfhga (>6) Adbh tèb`s @bhktfs(\hdfs ofe Dbh-da Thetfa). Theth= Tfdrfthrh of Dueturh.

Szqufz ]uefth, T`xta (802. Khorò= @gst`tuta ofDaapfrhd`g @lfrahkfr`dhgh.

Szqufz ]uefth, T`xta (800?) Eas `goàs fsdr`tarfs of Mumuy.O`hrà ^rfjg. Thg Thevhoar of Mumuy, 80 of mugà of800?.

]hkarh, Efdia (>0) Fdas of eh \fs`stfgd`h. Daefdd`g PhbP`g H (Hprfgohkas h effrgas). Fo`d`g lè`gjf. \fs`s-tfgd`h= @gst`tuta of Dueturh ofe Dbhda.

]fghrruzh, Asdhr Epfz (8002) Fe spt`ka fgdufgtra of fs-

dr`tarfs. O`hrà ^rfjg. Thg Thevhoar of Mumuy, 84 ofAdtulrf of 8002.

]frph, Oak`gja (8044) ûyh ûyhs. Mumuy.

]frph, Oak`gja (80?


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6:

EH \FS@T_H _H\MHDAKA E@_F\H_V\HCVGOHD@AGHE OFE GAH

Chlr`dà Frgfsta LarmhVg`vfrsòho Ghdàghe of Mumuy

Fe fstuoà salrf eh òfaeajh prfsfgtf fg eh rfv`sth mu-mfh _hrmh, pule`dhoh fgtrf eas has 8066 y 803>, sf`gtraoudf, ofsof ehs pj`ghs of fstf trhlhma, fg eh b`sta-r`h sadàdueturhe ofe Garafstf hrjfgt`ga, dagsòfrhoh

ofsof eh praoudd`g rfhe`zhoh par eh Jfgfrhd`g ofeDfgtfghrà bhsth eas `g`dàs y hpajfa of eh paet`dh ofsh-rraee`sth eefvhoh h dhla ourhgtf fe jal`frga of HrturaCrago`z` y fe hovfg`k`fgta of eh e`tfrhturh of eas 3>,kakfgtas duek`ghgtfs fg fe s`stfkh e`tfrhrà eht`gah-kfr`dhga fg fe quf fkfrjf ugh gufvh gavfeh, sf pra-kufvf ofsof eh e`tfrhturh ugh o`sdus`g hdfrdh of ehcugd`g ofe hrtf y fe phpfe quf fe hrt`sth oflf ofsfkpf-

hr fg eh sad`foho, y oagof eh drt`dh sf gutrf of o`cf-rfgtfs o`sd`pe`ghs. Ourhgtf fstf fxtfgsa pfraoa sf bhqufròa prfsthr htfgd`g h ugh pard`g of taoa fe par-dfgthmf of praoudd`g fsdr`th quf t`fgfg ehs rfv`sthse`tfrhr`hs ofe garafstf y quf ga sf puoa `gdarparhr fgehs b`star`hs e`tfrhr`hs trho`dàghefs. Fg fstf dagtfxta sfpufof hc`rkhr quf eh rfv`sth _hrmh, daka ug rjhga `gtf-efdtuhe praoudòa phrh jfgfrhr ap`gàgfs òfaej`dhs y

fstt`dhs, dagst`tuy ugh carkh of arjhg`zhd`g ofe tf-rr`tarà dueturhe of eh rfj`g, fg fe quf dagcragthrag ehso`st`gths fstrhtfj`hs of paofr.

Fe jrupa _hrmh, yh fg eh odhoh ofe 6>, dufstàg hecaeiear`ska duhgoa sf vufevf ofe`lfrhoa y ht`fgof ehdago`d`g ofe baklrf rfhe fg su d`rdugsthgd`h `gkfo`th.Dagsòfr h eh hdd`g paet`dh daka fefkfgthe phrh ehdagqu`sth of eas dhp`thefs fspfdc`das fg fe dhkpa

e`tfrhrà y fg eh hpfrturh bhd`h eh sad`foho. Khg`c`fst


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thkl`g eh gfdfsòho of `gsfrthr eh praoudd`g eadhe fgfe dagtfxta ug`vfrshe of Hkr`dh Eht`gh, ea duhedagst`tuy uga of sus almft`vas9 fstf praps`ta juhroh

eh `gtfgd`g of ug`vfrshe`zhr eh thrfh ofe fsdr`tar dakabaklrf eht`gahkfr`dhga, s`g ofshtfgofr eas dr`tfràsquf dagcarkhg fe eehkhoa fstèa ghdàghe quf eav`gdueh dagdrfthkfgtf h su prap`h rfj`g. Fe eehkhoa hugh khg`cfsthd`g hrtst`dh, dagdrfth y ar`j`ghe qufphrtf ofsof ehs pj`ghs of _hrmh, sf fxt`fgof h taoashqufeeas hrt`sths y fsdr`tarfs of Hkr`dh quf, fghdufroa dag eas praps`tas phuthoas ofsfhg phrt`d`phr

dag sus rfhe`zhdàgfs, y fsthlefdf ugh o`st`gd`g dag easjrupas of e`tf (a duetas) dfgtrhe`zhoas fg eh kftrpae`,pfra s`g vaeugtho of o`sdr`khr h eh pat`dh cargfh,pasturh quf sf hphrth of eh thrfh fxdeus`v`sth qufdhrhdtfr`z he jrupa Eh Dhrph, fe duhe s`jg`c`d ehrupturh of ug fsqufkh of rfehdàgfs fgtrf fe `gtfràr yLufgas H`rfs, fspfd`hekfgtf dag hqufeeas pfqufasjrupas pat`das `gtfrfshoas fg rfpraoud`r fstt`dhs

uetrhkhr`ghs. T` l`fg eh thrfh ofe jrupa _hrmh ga sfofshrraee ourhgtf eas has ofe pr`kfr y sfjugoa ja-l`frga pfrag`sth (80?38066), ehs dagsfdufgd`hs of sudhoh sag cugohkfgthefs phrh dakprfgofr ehs rhzagfs yehs prayfddàgfs quf tuva fe ofshrraeea of eh hdt`vòhodueturhe ofe jrupa, bhsth eh eefjhoh of Hrtura Crago`z` heh prfsòfgd`h of eh ghd`g fg fe ha 8062, hdagtfd`-k`fgta quf prakufvf fspfrhgzhs y ks throf ofsèusà-

gfs fg fe sfga ofe jrupa.

_hrmhfg fe dhkpa dueturhe

Eh rfv`sth e`tfrhr`h _hrmh ofsfkpf ugh cugd`g`rrfkpehzhlef fg fe kugoa `gtfefdtuhe y fg eh sad`foho heh quf sf o`r`jf, thgta par sus almft`vas, par fe t`pa ofpraoudd`g e`tfrhr`h y pest`dh rfd`lòh y o`cugoòh, ypar sus prapufsths, `ggavhoarhs fg eh rfehd`g ofe hrt`s-


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th dag eh rfheòho y fg eh prayfdd`g quf tuv`frag (y t`f-gfg hdtuhekfgtf). Vgh of sus phrt`duehròhofs fs qufsus efdtarfs cufrag fsfgd`hekfgtf eas fsdr`tarfs, `gtfefd-

tuhefs y hrt`sths quf fg feeh phrt`d`phrag, hugquf thk-l`g sf o`str`luyfrag fmfkpehrfs phrh eh vfgth he ple`daefdtar dakg ga fspfd`he`zhoa. Dagst`tuy ug fsphdàphrh eh o`cus`g y dagst`tud`g of ug jrupa par kfoàof eh prakad`g of sus alrhs f òfhs, ug eujhr of lhth-eeh ofsof fe duhe sf pujg fg pas of dagqu`sthr ugh kf-mar pas`d`g fg eas dhkpas quf hlaroh. Hqufeeas fsdr`ta-rfs of o`st`gtas eujhrfs ofe phs quf daehlarhrag dag

sus khgusdr`tas, s` l`fg ga altuv`frag par sus trhlhmasugh rftr`lud`g fdagk`dh, pradurhrag ug lfgfc`dàs`kle`da, fsta fs, fg trk`gas ofprfst`jà.

Eh rfhe`zhd`g of eh rfv`sth pufof fstuo`hrsf daka ehdagstrudd`g of ug fsphdà sad`he, fg fe duhe sf fxprfsheh gfdfsòho quf eas phrt`d`phgtfs t`fgfg of pas`dàghr-sf fg fe dhkpa dueturhe, hrtst`da y paet`da, y thkl`g ofpfrtfgfdfr h ug jrupa. _hrmh, daka jrupa sad`he, ga fg-dagtr da`gdòfgd`hs fg hejughs of sus ket`pefs tfk-t`dhs, g` khgtuva hdufroas fstt`das a òfaej`das dagsus daehlarhoarfs, kudbas of feeas dag eh fvòfgtf `g-ceufgd`h of ugh fsdufeh e`tfrhr`h, a l`fg, of ugh kè`thg-d`h paet`dh. Fg atrhs phehlrhs, ga bula bakajfgfòhofgtrf eas k`fklras quf dagcarkhrag fe jrupa praoudtarof eh rfv`sth, ea duhe gutr` eh praoudd`g of ugh dags`-ofrhlef peurheòho of k`rhohs y pfrspfdt`vhs. Fe Fo`ta-r`he daka jgfra hdarohoa par eas tfxtas sfefddàghoasfg fe darpus of hge`s`s, pehgtfh hejughs `gtfrfshgtfsdufstàgfs tfr`dhs y tdg`dhs fg rfehd`g dag fe pfrà-o`ska dueturhe rfhe`zhoa par sus hutarfs, su phrt`duehr ye`lrf v`s`g of eas bfdbas y su dakprak`sa o`rfdta dageh rfheòho datò`hgh ofe baklrf of eh rfj`g. âr atrhphrtf, fs fg fe Fo`tar`he oagof ehs rfprfsfgthdàgfs sa-d`hefs ofe dagad`k`fgta, ehs hdt`tuofs y ehs òfaeajhs


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quf dakphrtfg eas jrupas, sag d`k`fgtas of eh praoud-d`g tfxtuhe of dhoh uga of sus k`fklras.

Daka atrhs thgths rfv`sths, _hrmh sf dhrhdtfr`zh parsu lrfvfoho of vòh, s` sf eh dakphrh dag atrhs `kpar-thgtfs rfv`sths of Lufgas H`rfs, hugquf phrh eh prav`g-d`h of Mumuy, y fg htfgd`g h ehs d`rdugsthgd`hs sadàpa-et`dhs of hqufeeas t`fkpas, su v`jfgd`h of dhs` d`gdahas s`jg`c`dh taoa ug rfdaro. Ga t`fgf praps`tas y hk-l`dàgfs dakfrd`hefs y ga sf e`k`th he dhkpa fspfdc`daof eh e`tfrhturh, s`ga quf prfsth phrfmh htfgd`g h atras

tp`das ofe vhsta ug`vfrsa of ehs lfeehs hrtfs, eh cèasach,eh b`star`h, eh paet`dh, y atrhs hdt`vòhofs hrtst`dhs, eaduhe s`th h eh rfv`sth fg eh ofs`jghd`g ks hlhrdht`vhof rfv`sth dueturhe. Fg sus pj`ghs pufof hddfofrsf h ehpraoudd`g of eas hutarfs quf eh rfv`sth dagsòfrh o`j-gas of htfgd`g, fg kudbas dhsas, vfbduea of o`cus`gphrh prapufsths of dhrdtfr fstt`da, tfr`da a òfaej`-da. Daka ug fsphdà hrt`duehoar of o`sdursas e`tfrhràs yof atrhs o`sd`pe`ghs tfr`dhs y hrtst`dhs, sf o`r`jf h ugt`pa of efdtar, ug rfh of `go`vòuas quf rfdagadfg ehrfv`sth daka `gsthgd`h of ap`g`g `gtfefdtuhe hutar`zhoh.@gdeuyf, he kfgas fg ehs pj`ghs sfefddàghohs phrh fstffstuoà, dagad`k`fgtas y ap`gàgfs quf lusdhrag drfhrvgdueas a saeòhròhofs fsthlefs, ofc`g`fgoa fg fe `gtf-ràr ofe dhkpa `gtfefdtuhe ug gasatras y ug feeas.

Eh ofd`s`g of drfhr ugh rfv`sth daka _hrmh rfspago`

h ehs gfdfsòhofs `go`vòuhefs y daefdt`vhs quf pfrk`t`f-rag h sus o`rfdtarfs y daehlarhoarfs drfhr ugh fscfrh of`gceufgd`h fg fe tfrrfga of ehs hdt`vòhofs `gtfefdtuhefs.Eh dagstrudd`g of fsth rfo of `gceufgd`h fg fe dhkpa`gtfefdtuhe of su t`fkpa `kpe`d, phrh fe jrupa, ugh eu-dbh of paofr. Eh fscfrh of `gceufgd`h, yh sfh fgtrf o`rfd-tarfs y daehlarhoarfs a fgtrf eas fsdr`tarfs, hrt`sths y feple`da, ga fs pas`lef of duhgt`c`dhr9 fe hedhgdf of eh

òfaeajh, su rfpraoudd`g fg atras o`cfrfgtfs fsphdàs y


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hdt`vòhofs rfqu`frf, sfjurhkfgtf, of ug fstuoà fspfd-c`da y ks pracugoa salrf dhsas phrt`duehrfs. âr eapragta, sf pufof hc`rkhr quf _hrmh ofspfrt eh htfgd`g

of sus efdtarfs fg fe kfoà eadhe y fg atrhs rfjàgfs ofephs. \fv`sths e`tfrhr`hs, o`hràs of t`rhoh ghdàghe yprav`gd`he, hs daka fsdr`tarfs rfdagadòas ofe phs, yatras e`jhoas fkadàghekfgtf h eh thrfh of eas o`rfdta-rfs, ef ofo`dhrag ug fspfd`he `gtfrs quf sf trhouma fg ehprakad`g of sus dhrhdtfrst`dhs pr`gd`phefs, a l`fg fgugh ap`g`g dagstrudt`vh salrf hejg hspfdta fg fspf-d`he.

Fe pas`dàghk`fgta of eh rfv`sth ofgtra ofe dhkpa `g-tfefdtuhe `kpe`d ugh takh of o`sthgd`h, ks a kfgaspaek`dh, rfspfdta of atrhs pas`dàgfs `gdeuòhs fg fetfrr`tarà e`tfrhrà, hrtst`da y paet`da, y rfspfdta of easpaofrfs fdagk`da, paet`da y eh bfjfkagh dueturhe ofLufgas H`rfs. Atra rhsja quf o`st`gju` h eh rfv`sth fsquf rfvfe ugh fstrhtfj`h of jrupa phrh `gdarparhr dhp`-thefs y suls`st`r h ehs dagtrhr`fohofs. _hrmh sf `gsdr`lffg fe dhkpa dueturhe of su padh, eujhr phrh ehs rfehdà-gfs of cufrzh quf sf `kpagfg h taoas eas hjfgtfs quffgtrhg fg fe dhkpa. Tu dhp`the dueturhe fs fe ks `kpar-thgtf, y h eh vfz fs fe `gstrukfgta y eh hpufsth of ehseudbhs fg fe sfga ofe dhkpa9 atras dhp`thefs of `kpar-thgd`h quf fgtrhg fg mufja sag fe s`kle`da, dhp`the ofrfdagad`k`fgta a of dagshjrhd`g sad`he, y fe paet`da,praoudta of sus òfhràs, hdd`g trhgscarkhoarh y arjh-g`zhd`g. Tu phrt`d`phd`g hdt`vh fg eudbhs par eh ofc`g`-d`g efjt`kh of eas ek`tfs ofe dhkpa, ef pfrk`t` rfhe`-zhr ugh fxdeus`g s`kle`dh h ea quf sf rfbus dakaèfjt`ka, apfrhd`g quf dagstruy ugh efjt`kh ofc`g`-d`g b`str`dh ofe hrtf y of eh e`tfrhturh, hs daka ughòfh of rfj`g y of phs, dagcarkf h sus `gtfrfsfs fspf-dc`das daka pasffoarfs of eas dhp`thefs kfgdàghoas.


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3 y 8003)= almft`vh, sad`hekfgtf fstrudturhoh,y sulmft`vh, par eh quf eas fsqufkhs of pfrdfpd`g y ofhprfd`hd`g susdfpt`lefs of cugdàghr fg ug kakfgtaohoa, y fg phrt`duehr, hqufeeas ofpas`thràs fg fe efgjuh-mf, sag fe praoudta of eudbhs s`kle dhs hgtfràrfs y

fxprfshg fe fsthoa of rfehdàgfs of cufrzhs s`kle`dhs.


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T`ju`fgoa fstas dr`tfràs, ehs eudbhs s`kle`dhs rfhe`zh-ohs par fe jrupa _hrmh, fg su o`kfgs`g almft`vh, dag-tfkpehrag ehs hdt`vòhofs pfohjj`dadueturhefs, taohs

ehs pule`dhdàgfs rfhe`zhohs, ehs `kparthgtfs daehlarh-dàgfs e`tfrhr`hs, pest`dhs y jrc`dhs, fe dhgmf of e`lras yrfv`sths, ehs oaghdàgfs rfd`lòhs, eas prsthkas takh-oas, y ehs rfugàgfs pfrò`dhs9 y fg su o`kfgs`g sul-

mft`vh, fg dhoh uga of eas dhkpas fg quf sf ofshrraee ehthrfh ofe jrupa= fe paet`da, fg ofcfgsh of ugh ofkadrh-d`h e`lfrhe, of eas pr`gd`pàs cfofrhe`sths, of eh ofkadrh-t`zhd`g of eh dueturh y of eh foudhd`g papuehr, hs

thkl`g khg`cfstgoasf par ugh arjhg`zhd`g jrfk`hephrh eas fsdr`tarfs ofe phs9 fe dueturhe, daeadgoasf,daka praoudd`g dueturhe bftfrajgfh, fg eh vfrt`fgtfpat`dh rfjàghe`sth fsfgd`he`sth, dag prftfgsàgfs of`gsfrthr f `gtfrprfthr eh drfhd`g hrtst`dh fg ug dagtfx-ta hkfr`dhga, ug`c`dhgoa su thrfh dagdrfth he qufbhdfrofe puflea9 y fe hrtst`da, fg eh lsqufoh of ugh hutfg-t`dòho vfrlhe, fxprfs`g of eh rfheòho ofe baklrf y ofe

hrt`sth dakprakftòa dag su kfoà `gkfo`hta.

@ofaeajh f òfgtòho.

Fg htfgd`g h eas hpartfs of Shg O`mi (8000), ehsòfaeajhs, rfprfsfgthg fe dagmugta of `gtfrfsfs vhr`hoasof eas jrupas sad`hefs. Vg dagmugta of pfrsaghs dagst`-tuyf ug jrupa s` y saea s`, daka daefdt`vòho, dakphrtfgrfprfsfgthdàgfs sad`hefs. T` ehs òfaeajhs gfdfs`thg sfrofc`gòhs h g`vfe of jrupa, eh òfgtòho thkl`g. Hs da-ka ug jrupa fspfdc`da dakphrtf ug dagad`k`fgta, hdt`-tuofs y ugh òfaeajh, sf pufof dagmfturhr quf thkl`gdakphrtfg ugh rfprfsfgthd`g sad`he quf ofc`gf su òfg-tòho daka jrupa. Eh òfgtòho sad`he, par thgta, sf cug-of dag ug fsqufkh of s k`ska of jrupa= fsta qu`frfofd`r quf eh òfgtòho of jrupa sf cugof dag su òfaea-jh, y ofc`gf su pas`d`g dag rfehd`g h atras jrupas. Fe


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fsqufkh of jrupa rfprfsfgth hs hqufeehs drffgd`hscugohkfgthefs quf sag, par ea jfgfrhe, dakphrtòhs(hoqu`ròhs, utè`zhohs, rfpraoudòhs) h g`vfe of jrupa.

^rftfgof sfr ug dagstrudta tfr`da phrh arjhg`zhr y fx-pe`dhr ehs drffgd`hs fvheuht`vhs ls`dhs of eas k`fklrasofe jrupa. Ga alsthgtf, hejugas k`fklras pufofg gaòfgt`c`dhrsf dag fe jrupa fg hejg hspfdta, y par ea thg-ta ga dakphrt`r eh òfaeajh ofe jrupa. ^fra fe fsqufkhof jrupa, daka ugh fstrudturh arjhg`zht`vh phrh ehsdrffgd`hs òfaej`dhs, dukpef ugh cugd`g dajg`t`vhoagof dhoh dhtfjarh fst fgrh`zhoh thkl`g fg eh fs-

trudturh sad`he, a sfh, fg eas dr`tfràs of pfrtfgfgd`h,hdt`vòhofs y almft`vas sad`hefs, rfehdàgfs, vhearfs y rf-dursas sad`hefs.

Fg cugd`g of fstf fsqufkh, he jrupa paohg pfrtf-gfdfr eas fsdr`tarfs y hrt`sths ofe kfoà eadhe dagadfoa-rfs of eh rfj`g y ofe baklrf quf eh bhl`th. Tf rfqufrhquf fstg hdtuhe`zhoas y khg`c`fstfg ug hpfja h ehrfheòho, dagsd`fgtfs of su t`fkpa y of sus pralefkt`-dhs. Atra hspfdta quf ofc`g` eh pfrtfgfgd`h he jrupa fseh of sfr rfdagadòas sad`hekfgtf, sfr rfcefx`vas y paet`-dhkfgtf hdt`vas hugquf ga kè`tfg fg phrtòas paet`das.âohg phrt`d`phr o`rfdthkfgtf ofe jrupa eas fsdr`tarfs yhrt`sths of Hrjfgt`gh y Hkr`dh, eas fspfd`he`sths of o`-vfrshs o`sd`pe`ghs, eh drt`dh e`tfrhr`h y fe pfrào`ska, f`go`rfdthkfgtf, fe jal`frga fsththe, kfo`hgtf fe hpartfof rfdursas s`kle`das, dueturhefs y fdagk`das, s`gg`gjg t`pa of `gceufgd`h òfaej`dh, y thkl`g fe puf-lea, kfo`hgtf ugh phrt`d`phd`g ks hdt`vh fg ea paet`-da, ea dueturhe, y ug rfdagad`k`fgta h ea quf sf praoudhfg su prapà kfoà.

Fg duhgta h eas vhearfs, eh rfv`sth fxprfs daka pra-pàs h eh `gtfjrhd`g, fe hkar h eh phtr`h y he puflea,thkl`g eas òfhefs v`gduehoas he baklrf, h eh t`frrh, y h

eh hutfgt`dòho vfrlhe, daka dr`tfràs cugohkfgthefs


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phrh su dagdfpta of hrtf. Atras vhearfs sf v`gduehrag heas òfhefs ofkadrt`das of Khya, daka fe dakprak`sapaet`da, eh ofcfgsh of oflfrfs y ofrfdbas fg fstf dhsa

phrh eas fsdr`tarfs y hrt`sths, eh e`lfrtho of fxprfs`g yeh foudhd`g papuehr. Daka dagtrhvhearfs, hsad`hoas hehovfrshrà òfaej`da, sfhe he fsdfpt`d`ska, he fe`t`ska,he ghdàghe`ska partfa, he p`gtarfqu`ska ofe`lfrhoa, heh sfduehr`zhd`g of eh dueturh y h eh o`sdr`k`ghd`gòfaej`dh.

Eas almft`vas pr`gd`phefs of eh rfv`sth pufofg rfsu-

k`rsf fg duhtra fmfs= h) Eh fxprfs`g of ehs carkhs dag-drfths of tfst`kagà9 l) Vg`r h ea o`spfrsa y fgcrfgthr fefsdfpt`d`ska9 d) Vl`dhr h ehs fxprfsàgfs rfjàghefs fg fedagtfxta hkfr`dhga9 y o) Khg`cfsthr sus prfaduphdàgfssalrf tfkhs pfrt`gfgtfs h eh praoudd`g y o`cus`g ofedagad`k`fgta of eh rfj`g.

Ehs hdt`vòhofs dueturhefs quf hdakphhrag h eh fo`-d`g of eas 83 gkfras of eh rfv`sth _hrmh sf cadhe`zhrag

fg eh pule`dhd`g of ug supefkfgta of pafsh `go`th,d`gda e`lras y ugh pehqufttf. Fe jrupa arjhg`z thkl`gugh tfhtrèea of ttfrfs (Fe Xu`tup, dag ks of d`g-dufgth cugdàgfs), duhtra dagd`frtas, d`gda dagcfrfgd`hsy ks of 86 fxpas`dàgfs of jrhlhoa, o`luma y p`gturhfg eh dùoho of Mumuy y fg fe `gtfràr of eh prav`gd`h. Hfsta pufof hjrfjhrsf eh o`str`lud`g of eh rfv`sth fg ta-oa fe phs kfo`hgtf c`dbh of sulsdr`pd`g, ea quf pfrk`-

t` eh o`cus`g of eas fsdr`tarfs eadhefs fg atrhs prav`g-d`hs y of eas fsdr`tarfs of atrhs rfjàgfs fg eh prap`h. Tfhjrfjh h fsta, eh thrfh of rfdfpd`g, o`cus`g y vfgth ofe`lras, rfv`sths, duhoras y dfrk`dhs fg eh e`lrfrh ul`-dhoh fg eh dheef Tfghoar ^rfz


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gàs of eh dùoho of Mumuy y _èdhrh) y pas`lè`thr suo`cus`g fg eas kl`tas duetas. _hkl`g sf ofsthd suthrfh pfohjj`dh he eefvhr ehs fxprfsàgfs hrtst`dhs bh-

d`h gufvas fsphdàs of carkhd`g phrh ple`das ga fs-pfd`he`zhoas.

Fe pas`dàghk`fgta sad`he ofe jrupa, ofc`gòa fg rfeh-d`g h eas atras, sf rfhe`z he kfgas fg trfs dhkpas.Fg fe dueturhe, ofc`g`goasf fg eh vfrt`fgtf ofe rfjàgh-e`ska fsfgd`he`sth, dag ugh tfgofgd`h ug`vfrshe`sth of ehdrfhd`g, y pastuehgoa eh thrfh ofe hrt`sth daka phrtf

ofe qufbhdfr ofe puflea9 fg fe dhkpa hrtst`da, ofcfgoùgh fstt`dh h chvar of eh hutfgt`dòho vfrlhe9 y fg fedhkpa paet`da, fe jrupa khgtuva su òfhefs fg targa hugh ofkadrhd`h e`lfrhe, ug cfofrhe`ska paet`da y duetu-rhe quf pas`lè`tf ehs hutagakhs of ehs prav`gd`hs, yprapusa, phrh fe gufva jal`frga fefjòa par fe vata pa-puehr (cflrfra of 8062), hddàgfs quf prakav`frhg ehofkadrht`zhd`g of eh dueturh y eh foudhd`g papuehr.Fg duhgta h eh arjhg`zhd`g jrfk`he of eas fsdr`tarfs,daka sf o`ma, fe jrupa prfst fspfd`he htfgd`g h su rfeh-d`g dag eh THOF, `gst`tud`g hrt`duehoarh ofe dhkpa`gtfefdtuhe quf prakavh ugh hutagakh prdt`dh rfs-pfdta of eas paofrfs ofe s`stfkh paet`da y fdagk`da.

Eas atras a hovfrshràs òfaej`das thkl`g cufragofc`gòas ofgtra of eas dhkpas hgtfs kfgdàghoas. Fgea dueturhe, eas hrt`sths y fsdr`tarfs hovfrshràs rfcefmhg

fg sus drfhdàgfs ug rfjàghe`ska p`gtarfqu`sth, prhdt`-dhg ug rfouddàg`ska rfjàghe quf chvarfdf fe kagapa-eà dakfrd`he y dueturhe of Lufgas H`rfs, y su thrfh hr-tst`dh sf dagdfgtrh fg ugh e`tf `go`cfrfgtf he puflea,phrtòhr`h of eehkhoa hrtf pura, duya fsphdà fs, prf-cfrfgtfkfgtf, eh dùoho of Lufgas H`rfs. Fg ea hrtst`da,eh thrfh fstt`dh of eas atras sf `gde`gh par eh fxpfr`kfg-thd`g vfrlhe. P fg fe dhkpa paet`da, eas atras pufofg

fsthr òfgt`c`dhoas dag eh òfaeajh pfrag`sth, a l`fg, dag


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ug ghdàghe`ska bastè of hdd`g hlsarlfgtf dfgtrhe`zh-oa fg Lufgas H`rfs. Eh ej`dh dhp`the`sth, rfjòarh of eh`goustr`h dueturhe, y jfgfrhoarh of praoudtas gad`vas

phrh eh vòh dueturhe of eh rfj`g, dagst`tuyf ug fefkfg-ta dagtrhrà h sus `gtfrfsfs y prayfdtas.

Fg duhgta h eas rfdursas prftfgoòas par fe jrupa,pufofg rfdagadfrsf duhtra=

- fe paofr s`kle`da, quf dagsth of rfdagad`k`fgtasad`he y fe dukpe`k`fgta of oflfrfs y ofrfdbas ofefsdr`tar, fsta fs, ug khrda `gst`tudàghe quf pufoh

hkphrhrea crfgtf h eh saefoho quf salrfeefvh9

- fe fxtrhva ofe justa of eas efdtarfs y eas `gtfrfsfs ofeh `goustr`h dueturhe (of hb eh `gs`stfgd`h fg ofcfg-ofr eh e`lfrtho of pule`dhd`g y eas dastas)9

- _hkl`g, fe rfdagad`k`fgta paet`da, quf `kpe`dh ughduath of phrt`d`phd`g y hsfsarhk`fgta fg pas`lefspaet`dhs dueturhefs ofkadrht`zhoarhs9

- âr et`ka, ugh sae`d`tuo quf sf o`r`jf h sus prapàsdaehlarhoarfs= fe dhp`the dueturhe quf dagst`tuyf fe`gvheuhlef hpartf `gtfefdtuhe y hrtst`da quf rfd`lf ehrfv`sth.

Fe jrupa _hrmhsf pas`dàg, h ea ehrja of su fx`stfg-d`h, rfspfdta of trfs paofrfs dag eas duhefs oflf gfja-d`hr eh altfgd`g of rfdursas y atras dhp`thefs= fe paofr

fsththe h g`vfe ghdàghe, fe paofr ofeh `goustr`h dueturhey fe paofrbfjfkg`da ofLufgas H`rfsdaka dfgtra due-turhe ofe phs. Dag fe paofr fsththe h g`vfe ghdàghe sfgfjad` fe paofr s`kle`da fg fe rfdagad`k`fgta sad`heprftfgoòa y fg eh pas`lèòho of ohr dukpe`k`fgta s`g`gtfrvfgdàgfs h eas oflfrfs y ofrfdbas of eas fsdr`tarfs._hkl`g, ug rfdagad`k`fgta paet`da fg eh pas`lèòho ofpfrk`t`r eh phrt`d`phd`g y hsfsarhk`fgta of eas bak-

lrfs of eh dueturh fg ehs cuturhs paet`dhs dueturhefs, s`


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fsths sf dukpehg dagcarkf h ea prakftòa. Crfgtf hepaofr of eh `goustr`h dueturhe sf hdtu fg apas`d`g,dagsd`fgtfs of quf sf trhthlh of ugh jrhg tfehrhh of eh

quf ga fsdhphlhg g` fe hutar e`tfrhrà g` fe ple`da qufeff. Dag fe hpaya `gst`tudàghe y ugh gfdfshr`h ugòhoof eas fsdr`tarfs, sf prftfgoh khyar e`lfrtho of pule`-dhd`g y eh pratfdd`g of eas dastas of pule`dhd`g, dakaugh carkh of suls`stfgd`h. âr et`ka, fe paofr bfjf-kg`da of eh dùoho of Lufgas H`rfs daka dfgtra duetu-rhe ofe phs, dagst`tuy, hgtfs daka hbarh, ugh prfsfg-d`h `gfeuo`lef, kaofea y rfcfrfgd`h phrh ug pas`lef ofsh-

rraeea dueturhe of eh rfj`g e`tfrhr`h ofe garafstf y h ehvfz fsphdà ofe dfgtrhe`ska `gtfefdtuhe `kparthoar of`skas dagcusàg`sths quf ofsprfd`hg fe tfkh ghdàghe.âr fsth rhzg, dag eas hutarfs of eh kftrpae` sf `gtfgtfsthlefdfr ug vgduea of daehlarhd`g `gtfefdtuhe y hrts-t`dh, dag eh òfh of pfrsuho`reas.

âr et`ka, sf pufofg o`st`gju`r duhtra t`pa of daeh-larhoarfs prftfgoòas par fe jrupa= eas hrt`sths y fsdr`-tarfs, fe jal`frga fsththe, eh drt`dh e`tfrhr`h y fe pfrà-o`ska, y jrhd`hs h eh thrfh of stas trfs et`kas, fe puf-lea.Of eas hrt`sths y fsdr`tarfs, daka sf o`ma, sf lusd fehpartf of khtfr`he `go`ta, dagad`k`fgtas salrf su rf-j`g y salrf fe baklrf quf eh bhl`th, fe hpfja h eh rfhe`-oho y eh rfcefx`g dagsthgtf salrf feeh. Ofe jal`frga fs-ththe sf sae`d`t ugh urjfgtf paet`dh foudht`vh ar`fgthohbhd`h ea papuehr, fe rfdagad`k`fgta y fe rfspfta h eh th-rfh ofe fsdr`tar, eh ofcfgsh of eas òfhefs ofkadrt`das, yfe hpaya c`ghgd`fra phrh cuturhs paet`dhs dueturhefs. Ofeh drt`dh e`tfrhr`h y ofe pfrào`ska sf prftfgoh ug trh-lhma of hdtuhe`zhd`g y ug gfdfshrà hpfja h eh rfheòho,thkl`g, quf hob`frhg h sus almft`vas y dagtr`luyhg hsu o`cus`g y rfdagad`k`fgta sad`he. âr et`ka, fe puf-lea oflh ofshrraeehrsf fsp`r`tuhekfgtf y hedhgzhr easòfhefs ofkadrt`das, par hdd`g ofe jal`frga y of eas

jrupas `gtfefdtuhefs y hrtst`das. Fe puflea, cuf fe pr`g-


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d`pà y c`ghe ofe prayfdta rfhe`zhoa par fe jrupa _hrmh. Fgehs pj`ghs of eh rfv`sth hoqu`frf ugh `go`th phrt`d`ph-d`g a dagsòfrhd`g9 ofsof eh pasturh of sus pafths,

fgshy`sths y hrt`sths pest`das, eh dueturh papuehr of ehrfj`g sf `gdarpar he dagd`frta of rfhe`zhdàgfs rfdaga-dòhs par eas drdueas eftrhoas ofe phs.

L`leàjrhch

Hethk`rhga, D., Threa, L. (8024) E`tfrhturh/Tad`foho. LufgasH`rfs= Bhdbfttf.

Hrhgd`l`h, M. (8020) âfsh tfer`dh ofe Garafstf hrjfgt`ga.Lufgas H`rfs= Hyheh ^hehdà.

Lhzg, H. (8006) B`star`h ofe Garafstf Hrjfgt`ga. Lufgas H`-rfs= êus Vetrh.

Lhzg, H. (>>) Eh dueturh ofe garafstf hrjfgt`ga. LufgasH`rfs= êus Vetrh.

Lauro`fu, ^. (800>) Tadàeajh y dueturh.Kx`da= Jr`mhela.

Dargfma âehr, H. (802>) Talrf e`tfrhturh y drt`dh eht`gahkfr`-dhgh. Dhrhdhs= VDS.

Fumhg`hg, H. (8000) B`star`h of ehs rfv`sths hrjfgt`ghs80>>/806>. Eh dagqu`sth ofe ple`da. Ls. Hs.= Hsad`h-d`g Hrjfgt`gh of Fo`tarfs of \fv`sths.

Còheja, H. (80:6) ^hgarhkh of eh e`tfrhturh mumfh. Ls. Hs.= Eh

rash le`gohoh.

J`rlhe-Lehdbh, G., Xuhttraddb`-Za`ssag, O. (Fos.) (8000)Duhgoa ap`ghr fs hdtuhr. \fv`sths Hrjfgt`ghs ofe s`jeaRR. Lufgas H`rfs= H.G.B.

^hefrka, ]., Hetugh, F. (Fos.) (8003) Vgh E`tfrhturh y su b`sta-r`h= @@. ^rapufsth. E`tfrhturh of Theth. B`star`h Tadàdueturhe 8. Theth= VGTh.


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^hefrka, ]., Hetugh, F. (Fos.) (8003)= Vgh E`tfrhturh y su b`s-tar`h= @@. \fj`g E`tfrhr`h. E`tfrhturh of Theth. B`star`hTadà dueturhe >) Eh ghrrht`vh ofe garafstf hrjfgt`ga. B`star`hTadà Dueturhe. Theth= VGTh.

\`vfrh, M. (8006) Fe pfrào`ska dueturhe. Ls. Hs= ^hòs.

Tvhkph, K. (800?)= Fe oèfkh hrjfgt`ga= D`vè`zhd`g a lhrlh-r`f. Of Thrk`fgta he rfv`sàg`ska pfrag`sth. Lufgas H`-rfs= Fe d`fea par hsheta.

\fv`sths _hrmh. Sae. 8, Gkfras 8 he 2. Hrtf-D`fgd`h. Tfr`fMumuy fg fe phshoa. Mumuy= Vgmu.

\fv`sths _hrmh. Sae.


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H\_F [email protected] EFJHOA OF MA\JF DHESF__@

Khrh Mas Lhut`sthVg`vfrsòho Ghdàghe of Mumuy

Marjf Dhevftt`, ugh hprax`khd`g h su pat`dhy h sus òfhs fstt`dhs

Fe hgag`khta, dhs` tathe, of Marjf Dhevftt` y fe ofsda-gad`k`fgta thgta of su pafsh daka of su ghrrht`vh

pufofg rfsuethr fxtrhas phrh hqufe efdtar rfd`fgtfkfg-tf heefjhoa h sus fsdr`tas. Hg ks, o`dbh fxtrhfzh sfhbagoh duhgoa sf ofsdulrf fe vhear quf pasff fe pfg-shk`fgta of fstf `gtfefdtuhe, duyhs pasturhs e`tfrhr`hs yfstt`dhs ef vhe`frag fe bagar of pfrtfgfdfr h eh Hdhof-k`h Hrjfgt`gh of Eftrhs. âr fsth rhzg, dagsòfra cug-ohkfgthe eefjhr h dakprfgofr eas pas`dàghk`fgtas hr-tst`das of Dhevftt`, fvòfgd`hoas fg taoh su alrh9 pradf-

sa quf eefvhr he dagad`k`fgta of su ug`vfrsa dueturheg`da y rfvfehoar.

Fs praps`ta of fstf trhlhma rfdagadfr eas hpartfsquf, fe thg dfeflrhoa hutar mumfa, ofm fg ehs pj`ghsof eas o`hràs y fg hejugas fgshyas8, oagof fs pas`lefhddfofr h sus dakfgthràs drt`das, h sus ap`gàgfs fòfhs salrf e`tfrhturh y hrtf fg jfgfrhe. H phrt`r of fsths

cufgtfs `gohjhr fg ehs ap`gàgfs y pasturhs quf Dhevf-tt` hoapth crfgtf h eh pafsh y eh ghrrht`vh hrjfgt`gh. Offsth khgfrh, lusdhrfkas fg fshs pj`ghs ehs `gceufg-d`hs rfd`lòhs of deflrfs hutarfs hrjfgt`gas (hqufeeashgtfràrfs h, f `gtfjrhgtfs of eh Jfgfrhd`g ofe ?>), eas

8 Dag fsta gas rfcfr`kas he khtfr`he he duhe hddfo`kas jrhd`hs h eh dagsthgd`h y

jfgfrasòho of eh Orh Bfrk`g`h _frrg of Lfeeaka, qu`g bh rfdapèhoa, dagsfrvh-

oa y rfj`strhoa eas rfdartfs of o`hràs y rfv`sths quf gas pfrk`t`rg hvhgzhr salrfehs òfhs pat`dhs of Marjf Dhevftt` y oèudòhr phrtf of su pfgshk`fgta.


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Jrhd`hs h O`as, gasatras tuv`kas jrhgofskhfstras y fg khyar a kfgar kfo`oh

pravfg`kas of feeas.Dagst`tu`kas eh et`kh jfgfrhd`g

e`tfrhr`h hrjfgt`gh dag kfkar`h(Marjf Dhevftt`- Eh Ghd`g= 86/>8/802?)

He trhthr of bhdfr ug phgarhkh of ehs dhrhdtfrst`dhsof eh Jfgfrhd`g ofe ?>, drfa cugohkfgthe bhdfr heus`g

he dagtfxta b`str`da. Hgofrsag @klfrt gas hov`frtf sa-


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lrf eh `gceufgd`h quf eas sudfsas jfgfrhoas fg eh odhohofe ?> tuv`frag salrf fe dhrdtfr of fstas baklrfs ofeftrhs.


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quf eh fx`stfgd`h k`skh fs hlsuroh () (Hgofrsag@klfrt, >6= 6, p=


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quf bh v`vòa, fsdudbhgoa, `khj`ghgoa a sahgoa,fs ofd`r, ef `gsp`rhg y ef dagkufvfg sus vfroh-ofs. (Dhevftt`, 8033, p. :)

Fg sus phehlrhs sf rfcefmh fsf hspfdta of eh rfheòhoquf eas hutarfs of eh Jfgfrhd`g ofe ?> vhearhlhg ks,fs ofd`r, fsh datò`hgfòho `gsp`rhoh fg ehs drffgd`hs yvhearfs of dhoh fsdr`tar, fs par fsa quf Dhevftt` d`thgukfrashs vfdfs h Vghkuga, qu`fg dag cufrtf dhrdtfrsfgtfgdàsa fgshezh uga of eas hspfdtas quf gufstrahutar `gtfgth `gduedhr, fs ofd`r= eh vfroho of dhohduhe=

fe bfdba suprfka, fe jrhg bfdba, fe bfdba cfdugoa,fe bfdba rfofgtar, sfrh quf dhoh duhe o`mfsf suvfroho. (Vghkuga d`thoa par M. Dhevftt`, 8033, p.:)

Daka paofkas hprfd`hr, su `gtfgd`g ga fs eh ofcfg-sh of ugh vfrhdòho almft`vh, s`ga ks l`fg, khrdhr ehgfdfsòho of quf dhoh hrt`sth fxprfsf, ofsof su daga-

d`k`fgta, ofsof su pfrspfdt`vh, hqufeea quf ofsfhtrhgsk`t`r he kugoa, hqufeea quf ea dagkufvf f `gsp`-rh

Eas pafths of eas has ?> sag parthoarfs of ug jrhgefjhoa fstt`da, ehs `gceufgd`hs of sus khfstras fstgphtfgtfs fg sus fsdr`tas. Tf dhrhdtfr`zhg par fkpefhrcarkhs des`dhs dag jrhg khfstrh.

Fgtrf atras hspfdtas ofsthdhoas of eh Jfgfrhd`g ofe?> dhlf kfgdàghr eh cufrtf tfgofgd`h h rfdagadfr o`s-t`gtas pehgas salrfghturhefs daka phrtf of eh rfheòho.Hgofrsag @klfrt pugtuhe`zh quf fstas hutarfs pasffgug fstrfdba ehza dag ea k`stfràsa. Tag prap`d`hs fg fstfsfgtòa ehs ofdehrhdàgfs ofe prapà Dhevftt` dagc`rkhg-oa fstf hspfdta ofr`vhoa of su carkhd`g dag fe deflrfhrt`sth Rue Taehr=


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Dag e hprfgo hstraeajh ug pada of gfa-dràeea, heja of eh ^hg Efgjuh y ofe ^hg Mufjay fgsfhgzhs adueths quf kf bhg ju`hoa bhs-

th bay, par fmfkpea ehs phehlrhs quf ofla pra-gugd`hr dag ugd`g hgtfs of fsdr`l`r ugh egfh,

phrh hlr`r eh pas`lèòho of quf fe Thgta Fsp-r`tu kf èuk`gf kf trhgsk`t` thkl`g hejaof eh dagdfpd`g rc`dh ofe ug`vfrsafg c`g kffgsf taoa ea quf puof hprfgofr of su shl`-ourh (Dhevftt`, 8023. ^rfjg, p= fvho`rsf of suprfsfgtf, khg`cfsthoa fg fsf dagsthgtf hpfja h eh `g-chgd`h (phshoh, y s`fkprf ks cfe`z) y h eh phtr`h.

Bfrk`g`h _frrg of Lfeeaka, gas bhleh of oas tfg-ofgd`hs a rhkhs ofgtra of eh Jfgfrhd`g ofe ?>= fg ehpr`kfrh sf ofsthdh eh prfsfgd`h of eh pralefkt`dh gh-

dàghe, fe vhear of eh t`frrh y of ea rfjàghe. P s` l`fg fsthvfth ga sf fgdufgtrh kuy ofshrraeehoh fg eh pafsh ofDhevftt`, hphrfdf dag ug dehra hdfgta fg sus fgshyas ydrt`dhs e`tfrhr`hs. Eh sfjugoh rhkh bhdf rfcfrfgd`h hfsh fvadhd`g of eh `gchgd`h, ofe tfrrua, of fsf t`fkpa`rrfdupfrhlef, oagof fe rfdufroa harhoa fs ea g`darfhe y vfrohofra.

Marjf Dhevftt` sf `gsdr`lf fg hklhs tfgofgd`hs y fgsus drt`dhs paofkas vfr fstas fmfs l`fg o`cfrfgd`hoas.Talrf fsta, Hgofrsag @klfrt fxpe`dh quf hklhs vfthsfx`st`frag, pfra ga of carkh purh, yh quf eas hutarfstrhgs`thlhg par feehs fg ug vh`vg tfkt`da-fstt`dadagsthgtf. P s` l`fg, e sea ofo`dh ugh lrfvf arhd`g hehutar mumfa,4sth ga ea ofc`gf g` hdhlh par ofs

Jornaleros 04 - Literaturas de las Regiones Argentinas. De fundaciones y refundaciones

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