La Física y aspectos sociales de Energía Solar

Óptica Escuela De Verano 2013

La Física Y Aspectos Sociales De Energía Solar

DR . RODGER EVANS

INVES T IGADOR PR INC IPAL DE LEARS

( L ABORAT OR IO DE ENERG ÍA ALTERN A , RENOVABLE , SOS TEN IBLE )

DET, C I CESE

JUL IO 30 2013

Thursday, August 22, 13

Object ivo


1. Aprender Fis ica Básica2. Intender Energía Solar3. Saber Sobre LEARS Y CICESE


Temas • Termodinámica

• Geometría esférica

• Energia en sociedad


Leyes De Fisica• ¿Quien es el juez?


Termodinámica • Calor Q

• Energía interno U*

• Capacidad de calor


notes pp. 45, internal energy, measure changeHeat capacity, pp 46

Intensivo : Extensivo• Intensivo

• independiente de extenso de sistema (T, p, µ) (V/m=ν=1/𝜌

volumen especifica )

• Extensivo

• aditivo para independente, no interactando subsistemas (m, V, G)


Termodinamica• Leyes

• 0: A=B, B=C => A=C

• 1: energía interna de sistema aislado es constante

• 2: calor no puede mover de un lugar frío a caliente. Incremento de entropía, máximo a equilibrio

• 3: cero absoluto, entropía mínimo, todo proceso dejan de funcionar


Motores De Calor• Conversion de calor a trabajo

• e.g. ciclo Carnot


draw pics from pp 48Carnot cycle, pp 50

Conceptos• fuerza

• energía

• acción

• trabajo

• entropiaS = kB logW

�Apath

~ =�S

kB


action is from Lecture 2 notesrelation of action and entropy Condensed Matter Physics, 2005, Vol. 8, No. 4(44), pp. 655–664 , J. P. Badiali

Energia En Sociedad


switch presentations to E&SenenrgiaContempranio.key

Geomotria Esferica• control de ángulo

• 2 dimensiones


Geometría Esférica


cos a = cos b cos c+ sin b sin c cosA• formula coseno

• formula seno

• formula analógica

• formula de cuatro partes

sinA

sina=

sinB

sinb=

sinC

sinc

sin a cosB = cos b sin c� sin b cos c cosA

cos a cosC = sin a cot b � sinC cotB


EL SOL


El Sol• fuente de fotones

• vacío

• campo magnético del tierra

• atmósfera


Radiación De Cuerpo Negro

• Planck's law of black-body radiation

• Wien's displacement law

• Stefan–Boltzmann law

I(⌫, T ) =2h⌫3

c21

eh⌫kT � 1

�max

=b

T

� = 5.67⇥ 10�8Wm�2K�4

j⇤ = �T 4


Irradiancia Solar• Distancia sol-tierra

• órbita elíptica

• atmósfera

• latitud

• fecha

• actividad solar

• años


El Sol Y Atmósfera Thursday, August 22, 13

Mapa De Irradiación Thursday, August 22, 13

Actividad SolarThursday, August 22, 13

Solar


Convertidores • Foto-térmico

• Foto-voltaico

• Foto-uso


Foto-termico• Cuerpo negro

• transmisión, absorción, reflexión

• absorción, emisividad


V IS IBLE Y INFRAROJO

usando la frecuencia de luz

cuerpo gris j⇤ = ✏�T 4


Temperatura Maximo• equilibrio entre energía entrando y saliendo

• E.g. colector plano




q = �kA

@T

@x




q = �kA

@T

@x

q = �A(T 41 � T 4

2 )




q = �kA

@T

@x

q = hA(T1 � T2)

q = �A(T 41 � T 4

2 )




q = �kA

@T

@x

q = hA(T1 � T2)

q = �A(T 41 � T 4

2 )

conducción




q = �kA

@T

@x

q = hA(T1 � T2)

q = �A(T 41 � T 4

2 )

conducción

radiación




q = �kA

@T

@x

q = hA(T1 � T2)

q = �A(T 41 � T 4

2 )

conducción

radiación

convección


Usos De Calor


Cooking with the Sun!

SECO FACT SHEET NO. 23 COOKING WITH THE SUN! P.1

HIGHLIGHTS

! Solar cookers are useful for everyday cooking or solar picnics

! They come in many types and capabilities

! They are easy to build, or can be bought ready-made

! Solar cooking works well, and is easy, fun, and good for the environment

SUMMARY

Although most Texans understandhow it can be hot enough to fry anegg on the pavement, few have seri-ously considered actually cookingwith the sun. Yet in some parts ofthe world, solar cooking is very pop-ular. In Texas it works just as welland is suitable for everything frompicnics to everyday cooking.

SOLAR COOKERBASICS

Solar cookers work because directsunlight carries lots of power: onbright days, about 1,000 watts fallon each square meter of surface thatit strikes (compare this to yourtoaster oven, which is likely to useabout 1,000 watts). In a solar cook-er, sunlight is concentrated into acooking area that gets hot enough to

SECO FACT SHEET NO. 23

cook food. Collecting more sunlightprovides more power; this is bal-anced by heat losses, so solar cookerssometimes feature an insulatedcooking chamber.

SOLAR COOKERDESIGNS

Just as there are many kinds of con-ventional cookers (ovens, stovetops,broilers, microwave ovens), there are

Figure 1 Panel Cooker The “Cookit” panel cooker is simple but effective

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:JU

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conversión


SECO FACT SHEET NO. 23 COOKING WITH THE SUN! P.2

many kinds of solar cookers. Perhapsthe simplest solar cooker is the“Cookit” shown in Figure 1. It con-sists of a single piece of aluminizedcardboard folded into a reflector. Adark pot placed in a plastic bagserves as the cooking vessel. Thisdesign performs similarly to simplebox cookers.

Figure 2 shows a box cooker, whichis basically an insulated box, blackon the inside (to absorb sunlight)with a transparent cover (commonlyglass), and one or more reflectivepanels to increase the amount ofsunlight that enters the cookingchamber. Food to be cooked isplaced inside, usually in a dark-colored pot to increase energy

absorption. Box cookers behavemuch like conventional ovens oper-ating at medium temperatures.

Parabolic designs, illustrated in fig-ure 3, have a dish reflector with aparabolic shape that reflects sunlight

into a focal region where a cookingvessel, usually dark in color, isplaced. Depending on the size of thereflector, very high temperatures canbe reached. Such designs may have alarge solar collection area and there-fore high power; but they typicallydo not have an insulated cookingchamber, so they are used similarlyto a conventional stovetop.

Some cooker designs combine thehigh concentration of a paraboliccooker with an insulated cookingchamber. Such designs, called con-centrator ovens, can rival a conven-tional oven in performance. Figure 4shows one such unit that is soldcommercially.

As you can see from these examples,solar cooker designers have been

RENEWABLE ENERGYTHE INFINITE POWER

OF TEXAS

Figure 2 Box cooker Box cookers are excellent for slowcooking

Figure 3 ParabolicCooker Parabolic solarcookers produce concen-trated heat

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conversión


El Paso solar pond70 kW

Organic Rankin cycle


El Paso solar pond; 70 kW Organic Rankin cycleIsreal; Ormat, 150 kW

El Paso solar pond70 kW


Isreal; Ormat, 150 kW



El Paso solar pond; 70 kW Organic Rankin cycleIsreal; Ormat, 150 kW

conversión


!"

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!"#$%&'(#)%"*+%#)*,)-"#!%

./0)*+%#)*,)-"#!% #1/23%"*+%#)*,)-"#!%

+-)'(#)%"*+%#)*,)-"#!%

<.''+%+()&9+$9"($#&*+$)&9)"%$0+&)+:*("#"0.+9

conversión


Motor Stirling

Convertador termal-mechanica

alta eficiencia

Dificil a fabricar

Alta pression

conversión


Sandia Nation Labsstirling engine

conversión


conversión


Foto-voltaico• semiconductor tipo N y P

• Circuito equivalente

• Corriente

• Potencia maximo


EFECT O DE TEMPERATURA


Foto-voltaico• usos

• directo, bombas de agua

• pilas, PPPT

• inversor interconectado a red (Grid-Tie)


PRAESENT COMMODO CURSUS MAGN A .


RAS TREADOR SOL AR


SEGU IMIENT O SOL AR : POS IC IÓN


Óptica


Concentración Óptica

ópticia


Scheffler Reflector; off-axis parábola


2D optical concentration

HORNO SOL AR


La Física y aspectos sociales de Energía Solar

Education

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