La Globalización Hoy: cuales son las novedades? Alexandre de Freitas Barbosa Doctor en Economía...
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Transcript of La Globalización Hoy: cuales son las novedades? Alexandre de Freitas Barbosa Doctor en Economía...
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La Globalizacin Hoy:cuales son las novedades?Alexandre de Freitas Barbosa
Doctor en Economa Social y del Trabajo (UNICAMP-Brasil) Investigador del Observatorio SocialCurso ACTRAV/OIT,
Turn, 17 de septiembre de 2007
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Estructura de la PonenciaEl Trmino Globalizacin
Las Novedades
Las Esferas de la Globalizacin
El rol de las Instituciones Multilaterales
Indicadores Generales
-
El Trmino de la Globalizacin
Surge en las escuelas de administracin de los EUA en los ochentas;
Su ms reciente significado es de que el mundo se qued plano;
No hay ms asimetras, imperialismos, relaciones de poder. El Estado se qued obsoleto;
De la economa el trmino coloniz la politica, la cultura y las relaciones sociales;
El trmino abarca slo parte de la realidad, pues trae muchas veces una interpretacin sesgada de la misma;
Para sus crticos, la globalizacin es la culpada de todo. Compran el argumento de otro lado y cambian el sinal.
-
Cuando Empieza la Actual Globalizacin?
Con el fn del patrn dolar-oro?
Con los gobiernos Reagan y Thatcher?
Con la internacionalizacin de los mercados financieros?
Con la abertura comercial atraves del GATT y de la OMC?
Con el cambio de estrategia de las transnacionales de multidomesticas a globales?
Con las nuevas tecnologas?
Con el quiebre del socialismo?
Con el avanzo de la democracia?
-
Globalizadores X GlobalizadosEstes factores contribuyen para ampliar las fronteras al capitalismo;
Pero, no hubo de esta vez uma decisin conjunta politica, del tipo de Bretton Woods;
Existen los globalizadores: potencias econmicas, multinacionales, grupos financieros privados, las organizaciones multilaterales y las potencias en desarrollo que no creyeran em el discurso del fn del Estado;
Y los globalizados: gran parte de las naciones en desarrollo y parte creciente de los trabajadores del mundo desarrollado y en desarrollo;
La globalizacin ha significado hasta ahora la aceleracin de la acumulacin de capital, gracias a um proceso de desregulacin generalizado;
Embarajamiento del mundo: el centro y la periferia estn en todos los pases;
Hay posibilidad de generar uma contra-hegemona?
-
La esfera comercial
Globalmente, el comercio crece ms que la produccin;
Todos los pases individualmente elevan la corriente de comercio sobre el PIB;
Unos priorizan las exportaciones, especialmente en los sectores ms dinmicos del comercio;
Otros simplesmente reducen de manera uniforme los aranceles y la barreras no-arancelarias;
Especializacin y diversificacin no son excludentes;
La integracin regional es una manera de valorizar la regin ante el global.
-
Evolucin del Comercio y del Producto (en %, mdia anual) por Decadas y Diferencial Comercio/Producto(en nmero de veces)
Grf2
582
691
451
342
363
volume de produo
Volume de exportaes
Diferencial comrcio/produo
Value
World merchandise exports in current dollars, 1950-2002
(Index 1995=100, and percentage change)
Total merchandise aAgricultural productsMining productsManufactures
Index% changeIndex% changeIndex% changeIndex% change
19501521
1951231.1628.6233.3139.1
19522-1.35-13.9316.716.3
195322.550.030.012.9
195424.953.237.115.7
195529.463.1313.3113.5
195628.663.0411.8114.3
195727.968.845.318.3
19582-3.76-5.44-5.01-1.9
195928.668.645.319.8
1960313.275.345.0214.3
196133.972.549.526.3
196236.070.044.327.4
196339.289.858.3211.0
1964311.686.7511.5214.8
196548.184.266.9310.8
196649.194.069.7310.7
196745.490.075.937.9
1968510.793.8813.9414.6
1969614.7107.489.8417.0
1970614.31110.31013.3515.2
1971712.2127.81111.8614.2
1972818.31420.31214.0719.4
19731238.62145.81847.7934.4
19741745.62522.340124.01231.9
1975184.7251.439-3.7139.2
19762013.32810.74516.41513.0
19772313.53213.35010.41714.5
19782615.83613.3513.82121.6
19793325.54523.07545.32519.9
19804021.85113.810641.82915.9
198140-1.550-1.9103-3.229-0.7
198237-6.446-7.592-10.628-3.6
198336-1.945-1.484-8.0280.5
1984395.8485.384-0.9308.1
198538-0.245-5.781-3.2323.8
1986429.55011.162-23.83820.3
19874917.35814.96811.04519.7
19885613.46513.1690.95316.1
1989607.7684.38015.5566.9
19906813.0714.79215.36514.7
1991691.5720.886-6.2673.3
1992746.7777.185-0.9728.0
199374-0.174-4.182-3.5720.0
19948413.68515.8875.18315.6
199510019.410017.310015.510020.0
19961044.41032.911413.61043.5
19971083.4102-1.31172.71084.6
1998107-1.397-4.793-20.51112.3
19991113.993-3.710715.61143.3
200012512.8940.915847.612610.1
2001120-3.9940.3145-8.7121-3.7
20021254.2995.1144-0.71264.3
a Includes unspecified products.
Note: For sources and methods, see the Technical Notes.
&C&R&D+&P^
Unit value
World merchandise export unit values, 1950-2002
(Index 1995=100, and percentage change)
Total merchandise aAgricultural productsMining productsManufactures
Index% changeIndex% changeIndex% changeIndex% change
195019231218
19512319.72922.71527.82117.2
195222-5.425-13.9150.0226.2
195320-5.424-2.214-6.721-6.9
195420-2.6253.2140.420-3.5
195520-1.223-7.2153.6214.4
1956202.0231.0155.7225.8
195720-1.123-0.915-2.622-2.5
195820-0.921-7.1150.021-1.9
195919-2.621-3.315-2.421-0.2
1960190.321-0.913-13.9221.9
196119-0.620-3.2135.3220.8
196219-0.5200.0130.522-0.3
196319-2.8216.8142.622-0.8
1964190.6221.2142.521-0.1
1965191.421-0.9153.6223.1
1966191.3210.3153.2220.3
196719-0.321-2.314-4.0233.1
196819-0.121-1.8151.722-2.8
1969202.2211.9153.6220.5
1970215.1227.0150.9245.9
1971224.8245.71710.7254.8
1972239.12712.6186.6278.4
19732923.73844.52434.03217.7
19744038.24928.155127.83821.3
19754512.9490.4619.44413.7
1976461.3512.9669.0440.3
1977508.9569.4717.4489.1
19785510.6596.170-1.55514.8
19796619.36917.49637.26314.2
19807818.8746.614551.3699.4
198177-1.669-6.51567.566-4.5
198275-3.465-5.6148-5.165-1.5
198371-4.564-1.7137-7.262-4.3
198470-2.2662.4130-5.460-2.4
198568-2.663-4.5127-2.160-0.9
1986714.97113.089-30.26915.6
19877911.3778.9979.17812.6
1988835.18510.293-4.5826.1
1989840.9861.210210.682-0.9
1990907.7893.711411.7888.1
199188-2.287-2.4104-9.388-0.3
1992902.1881.098-5.0913.2
199386-4.284-5.192-6.987-3.9
1994904.0896.590-1.6914.0
199510011.210012.410010.910010.1
199699-0.699-1.41109.898-1.7
199793-6.192-6.6105-4.393-5.7
199888-5.786-6.481-22.890-2.4
199988-0.482-4.69416.189-1.7
2000891.779-3.513139.587-2.5
200186-3.578-2.2120-8.485-2.5
2002871.4792.4119-0.9861.3
a Includes unspecified products.
Note: For sources and methods, see the Technical Notes.
&C&R&D+&P^
Volume
World merchandise export volume, 1950-2002
(Index 1995=100, and percentage change)
Total merchandise aAgricultural productsMining productsManufactures
Index% changeIndex% changeIndex% changeIndex% changevolume de comrcio
1950620143anos 50210
195179.5214.8154.3418.8anos 60227
195274.3210.01716.740.0anos 70167
195388.3222.3197.1410.5anos 80147
195497.7220.0206.759.5anos 90186
19551010.72411.1229.458.7
1956106.5252.0235.768.0
1957119.1279.8258.1611.1
195811-2.8281.824-5.060.0
19591211.43112.3257.9710.0
19601412.8336.33122.0812.1
1961144.5355.9324.085.4
1962156.5350.0333.897.7
19631712.2362.8355.61011.9
19641910.9385.4388.81214.9
1965206.6405.1403.2127.4
1966217.7413.7426.21410.3
1967235.7422.44610.3144.7
19682510.8455.75212.01717.9
19692812.2475.4556.02016.5
1970318.7493.16212.4218.7
1971337.0502.0631.0239.0
1972368.4536.9676.92610.1
19734012.1530.97410.22914.2
1974425.451-4.572-1.7328.8
197539-7.3511.064-12.031-4.0
19764411.8557.5686.83412.6
1977454.2573.5702.7365.0
1978484.7616.8745.3385.9
1979505.2644.8785.9405.0
1980512.5686.873-6.3425.9
1981510.2725.066-9.9444.0
198250-3.170-2.062-5.843-2.1
1983512.7710.261-0.9455.1
1984558.1732.8644.85010.8
1985572.572-1.264-1.2534.8
1986594.471-1.7699.1554.1
1987625.4755.6711.7586.3
1988677.9772.7755.6649.5
1989726.8793.1784.4697.8
1990754.9801.0803.2736.1
1991783.7823.3833.4763.6
1992824.6876.0874.4794.7
1993854.2881.0903.7834.1
1994939.2968.7966.89211.1
19951007.41004.41004.11009.0
19961055.01044.41033.51055.3
199711610.11105.71117.311710.9
19981214.71121.81142.91224.8
19991264.41131.0114-0.41295.1
200014010.91194.61205.814512.9
2001140-0.51222.6120-0.3143-1.3
20021432.71252.71200.31482.9
a Includes unspecified products.
Note: For sources and methods, see the Technical Notes.
&C&R&D+&P^
Production
World production volume, 1950-2002
(Index 1995=100, and percentage change)
Total merchandise aAgricultureMiningManufacturing
Index% changeIndex% changeIndex% changeIndex% changevolume de produoVolume de exportaes
anos 501652101.27
195017342712anos 601792271.27
1951198.8341.73010.51311.5anos 701451671.15
1952192.7353.4312.4143.4anos 801281471.15
1953217.9373.3312.31510.0anos 901281861.45
1954210.0371.6310.0150.0
1955239.8383.13511.41815.2
1956244.4404.5376.1185.3
1957242.1400.0381.9192.5volume de produoVolume de exportaes
1958240.0437.237-1.918-2.4
1959268.3442.7393.82112.5anos 505.17.71.51
1960287.7452.6429.3238.9anos 606.08.51.42
1961293.6461.3456.8246.1anos 703.85.31.39
1962328.6483.8486.3269.6anos 802.53.91.56
1963334.8492.4504.5285.3anos 902.56.42.56
1964369.1514.8548.63010.0
1965385.6510.0563.9339.1
1966416.6533.4595.1368.3
1967434.9553.3612.4385.1
1968465.9563.2657.1417.3
1969485.6560.0662.2448.0
1970515.3583.1717.5465.3
1971535.0603.0744.0485.0
1972564.8600.0762.9526.7
1973608.2634.9816.5579.8
1974622.5641.9831.8593.3
197561-1.6663.678-6.056-3.9
1976656.7670.9848.3618.2
1977673.9692.6873.4644.5
1978704.5713.4880.8675.1
1979733.6710.8968.9704.1
1980730.7720.894-2.2700.7
198173-0.4753.686-7.9700.2
198272-1.4773.280-6.969-1.4
1983742.0770.179-0.9713.1
1984786.3815.3823.8777.2
1985802.5832.481-1.1793.4
1986822.8851.8843.0823.1
1987853.3861.0851.3854.4
1988894.9871.7895.3905.7
1989933.6903.4944.5933.4
1990941.3922.5941.0941.0
199193-0.4930.494-0.593-0.6
1992940.2952.3950.893-0.5
1993940.0950.6972.092-0.6
1994962.7982.9981.6952.9
19951004.11002.11001.91005.1
19961043.51044.11032.71033.5
19971095.01072.51063.31095.7
19981112.21091.81071.11122.4
19991153.21123.2106-1.31163.6
20001205.01141.71103.71235.9
2001120-0.71151.3109-0.3121-1.2
20021200.81160.71100.41220.8
a Includes unspecified products.
Note: World merchandise production differs from world GDP in that it excludes services and construction. For sources and methods, see the Technical Notes.
volume de produoVolume de exportaesDiferencial comrcio/produo
anos 505.17.71.51
anos 606.08.51.42
anos 703.85.31.39
anos 802.53.91.56
anos 902.56.42.56
Grafico 1
&C&R&D+&P^
Production
&A
Page &P
volume de produo
Volume de exportaes
Diferencial comrcio/produo
GDP
volume de produo
Volume de exportaes
Diferencial comrcio/produo
World real GDP, 1950-2002
(Index 1995=100, and percentage change)
Index% change
195017...
1951187.9
1952192.4
1953207.1
1954212.2
1955226.5
1956234.1
1957243.9
1958240.0
1959255.7
1960275.4
1961285.1
1962306.5
1963314.5
1964337.2
1965354.1
1966376.5
1967383.7
1968415.9
1969436.7
1970455.1
1971474.4
1972505.6
1973546.9
1974552.1
1975551.4
1976585.1
1977614.2
1978644.6
1979664.0
1980682.9
1981692.0
1982700.8
1983722.9
1984754.6
1985783.5
1986813.4
1987843.7
1988874.5
1989913.7
1990932.6
1991940.8
1992951.1
1993960.9
1994982.3
19951002.3
19961032.7
19971063.4
19981092.2
19991123.0
20001174.2
20011181.5
20021201.8
Note: For sources and methods, see the Technical Notes.
&C&R&D+&P^
-
Participacin de los Principales Pases en trminos de Exportaciones de manufacturados en el Total del Mundo en Desarrollo en los Aos 90 (en %)
-
Participacin de cada grupo de pases en el total de las exportaciones de productos manufacturados (en %)
Grfico1
82.370.9
10.626.5
1.53.5
7.116.9
1980
1997
Plan1
ArgentinaBrasilChileColmbiaMxico%
19801990200019801990200019801990200019801990200019801990200019801998Filipinas
Saldo Comercialprodutos primrios7668.259.960.346.339.891.489.783.879.359.84340.630.37.5produtos primrios25.714.8Malsia
19601970198019902000manufaturas intensivas em trabalho e recursos naturais8.7108.89.412.712.91.83.75.213.22622.18.77.812.8manufaturas intensivas em trabalho e recursos naturais14.715Coria do Sul
PDs28.928.324.522.118.919601970198019902001197019801990199919701980199019951999manufaturas de baixa intensidade tecnolgica3.18.14.96.413.58.621.41.41.35.16.22.27.54.5manufaturas de baixa intensidade tecnolgica10.17.6Costa Rica
Tigres Asiticos16.324.229.628.426.2mundo51.360.954.270.574.1exportaes47.546.956.376.6bens primrios5,56623,50036,76938,67442,039114.3327259376manufaturas de mdia intensidade tecnolgica5.45.414.91515.619.30.90.932.52.58.619.435.843.6manufaturas de mdia intensidade tecnolgica26.429.6China
China23.730.140.63334.5amrica latina3.410.614.731.458.0importaes84.374.583.490.9bens industrializados-5,402-29,543-12,010-43,398-58,136484.0632805995manufaturas de alta intensidade tecnolgica6.78.211.18.31118.843.96.32.85.618.724.916.529.3manufaturas de alta intensidade tecnolgica20.230.2Tailndia
Amrica Latina28.126.828.22517.8ExportaesImportaestotal88-6,13024,968-9,511-19,541
Anos 70Anos 80Anos 90Anos 70Anos 80Anos 90% no total das exportaesem US$ bilhes19801997
bens primrios515.99.823bens primrios1019.8-3643.9ArgentinaBrasilChileColmbiaMxicoFilipinas67.724.52124.521PDs82.370.9
bens industrializados50061.2217.3bens industrializados477.311.6242.3199020002004199020002004199020002004199020002004199020002004Malsia45.757.8257.82PEDs10.626.5
total50834.2133.3total553.17-0.3214.3produtos primrios44.146.947.328.123.831.231.834.338.364.857.044.946.812.615.2Coria do Sul36.191.61391.613Amrica Latina1.53.5
manufaturas intensivas em trabalho e recursos naturais31.322.025.825.923.722.558.051.752.413.014.818.313.05.96.7Costa Rica32.61.8911.891Sul e Sudeste da sia7.116.9
Anos 70Anos 80Anos 90Anos 70Anos 80Anos 90manufaturas de baixa intensidade tecnolgica12.08.27.114.712.110.62.33.01.913.311.313.17.115.314.0China32.5192.716192.716
bens primrios19.90.92.3bens primrios27.3-3.14.1manufaturas de mdia intensidade tecnolgica10.616.915.925.725.227.83.06.05.16.313.316.427.837.737.1Tailndia28.522.95922.959
bens industrializados19.64.913.7bens industrializados19.21.114.7manufaturas de alta intensidade tecnolgica1.83.21.94.312.57.50.60.70.50.52.62.34.528.226.5Mxico26.549.83549.835
total19.839.9total20.60.0213.6total99.897.298.098.797.399.695.795.798.297.999.095.099.299.799.5Indonsia10.56.7526.752
primarios mais naturais75.468.973.154.047.553.789.886.090.777.871.863.259.818.521.9Brasil7.57.0947.094
primrio
Anos 70Anos 80Anos 90
importaes27.3-3.14.1
exportaes19.90.92.3
Anos 70Anos 80Anos 90
importaes19.21.114.7
exportaes19.64.913.7
Plan1
0000
0000
0000
0000
0000
PDs
Tigres Asiticos
China
Amrica Latina
Plan2
00
00
00
00
00
mundo
amrica latina
Plan3
00
00
00
00
exportaes
importaes
00
00
00
importaes
exportaes
00
00
00
importaes
exportaes
000
000
000
000
000
bens primrios
bens industrializados
total
25.714.8
14.715
10.17.6
26.429.6
20.230.2
1980
1998
% no total das exportaes
em US$ bilhes
1980
1997
-
La Esfera productivaLas inversiones de las transnacionales crecen ms que el comercio;
1/3 del comercio internacional se da entre empresas de um mismo grupo y outro 1/3 entre empresas transnacionales de grupos diferentes;
Dos tipos de inversiones: greenfield y fuisones y aquisiones;
Creciente concentracin de los IEDs en el sector de servicios (privatizacin y mayor participacin de este sector en la demanda);
Las empresas transnacionales actan global y regionalmente;
Las inversiones estn concentradas todava em la trade y en algunos pocos pases en desarrollo;
Hay una nueva divisin internacional del trabajo intra-multinacionales.
-
Indicadores de la Creciente Importancia de los IEDs al Final del Siglo XX
Grf3
2.55.3
4.27.8
7.321.9
flujo inversiones mundiales
estoque ied/pib mundial
Plan1
182018701913195019732001
Europa Ocidental1,2041,9603,4584,57911,41619,256
EUA y otros1,2022,4195,2339,26816,17926,943
Mundo6678751,5252,1114,0916,049
Amrica Latina6926811,4812,5064,5045,811
182018701913195019732001
Amrica Latina/EUA57.628.228.327.027.821.6
MundoPDsPEDsAmrica Latina
1950-19604.44.15.14.9
1960-19735.155.55.5
1973-19802.43.15.15.1
1980-19903.23.23.71.6
1990-20032.62.34.42.7
EUAReino Unido
importaciones25.524.8
inversiones directas47.418.4
agricultura4.793.7
mineracin19.178.3
ferrocarriles71.213
infraestructura59.713.9
deuda publica67.813.8
Crecimiento/Equidad0,4
BoliviaArgentina
ChileUruguay
Per11,5% del PIB
Venezuela
Haiti
2,4%MxicoNadie
Paraguay
Panam
Rep. Dominicana
72,6% del PIB
1994199519961997199819992000200120022003200420052006
fluxos de capital164.5231.1327.9265.7139.1154.2173.1158.9117.3233.4345.1518.1552.9
198219902004
flujo inversiones mundiales2.54.27.3
estoque ied/pib mundial5.37.821.9
Plan1
12041202667692
19602419875681
3458523315251481
4579926821112506
114161617940914504
192562694360495811
Europa Ocidental
EUA y otros
Mundo
Amrica Latina
Plan2
57.5707154742
28.1521289789
28.3011656793
27.0392749245
27.838556153
21.5677541476
Amrica Latina/EUA
Plan3
4.44.15.14.9
5.155.55.5
2.43.15.15.1
3.23.23.71.6
2.62.34.42.7
Mundo
PDs
PEDs
Amrica Latina
25.524.8
47.418.4
4.793.7
19.178.3
71.213
59.713.9
67.813.8
EUA
Reino Unido
164.5
231.1
327.9
265.7
139.1
154.2
173.1
158.9
117.3
233.4
345.1
518.1
552.9
fluxos de capital
flujo inversiones mundiales
estoque ied/pib mundial
MBD0033A936.xls
Grf2
582
691
451
342
363
volume de produo
Volume de exportaes
Diferencial comrcio/produo
Value
World merchandise exports in current dollars, 1950-2002
(Index 1995=100, and percentage change)
Total merchandise aAgricultural productsMining productsManufactures
Index% changeIndex% changeIndex% changeIndex% change
19501521
1951231.1628.6233.3139.1
19522-1.35-13.9316.716.3
195322.550.030.012.9
195424.953.237.115.7
195529.463.1313.3113.5
195628.663.0411.8114.3
195727.968.845.318.3
19582-3.76-5.44-5.01-1.9
195928.668.645.319.8
1960313.275.345.0214.3
196133.972.549.526.3
196236.070.044.327.4
196339.289.858.3211.0
1964311.686.7511.5214.8
196548.184.266.9310.8
196649.194.069.7310.7
196745.490.075.937.9
1968510.793.8813.9414.6
1969614.7107.489.8417.0
1970614.31110.31013.3515.2
1971712.2127.81111.8614.2
1972818.31420.31214.0719.4
19731238.62145.81847.7934.4
19741745.62522.340124.01231.9
1975184.7251.439-3.7139.2
19762013.32810.74516.41513.0
19772313.53213.35010.41714.5
19782615.83613.3513.82121.6
19793325.54523.07545.32519.9
19804021.85113.810641.82915.9
198140-1.550-1.9103-3.229-0.7
198237-6.446-7.592-10.628-3.6
198336-1.945-1.484-8.0280.5
1984395.8485.384-0.9308.1
198538-0.245-5.781-3.2323.8
1986429.55011.162-23.83820.3
19874917.35814.96811.04519.7
19885613.46513.1690.95316.1
1989607.7684.38015.5566.9
19906813.0714.79215.36514.7
1991691.5720.886-6.2673.3
1992746.7777.185-0.9728.0
199374-0.174-4.182-3.5720.0
19948413.68515.8875.18315.6
199510019.410017.310015.510020.0
19961044.41032.911413.61043.5
19971083.4102-1.31172.71084.6
1998107-1.397-4.793-20.51112.3
19991113.993-3.710715.61143.3
200012512.8940.915847.612610.1
2001120-3.9940.3145-8.7121-3.7
20021254.2995.1144-0.71264.3
a Includes unspecified products.
Note: For sources and methods, see the Technical Notes.
&C&R&D+&P^
Unit value
World merchandise export unit values, 1950-2002
(Index 1995=100, and percentage change)
Total merchandise aAgricultural productsMining productsManufactures
Index% changeIndex% changeIndex% changeIndex% change
195019231218
19512319.72922.71527.82117.2
195222-5.425-13.9150.0226.2
195320-5.424-2.214-6.721-6.9
195420-2.6253.2140.420-3.5
195520-1.223-7.2153.6214.4
1956202.0231.0155.7225.8
195720-1.123-0.915-2.622-2.5
195820-0.921-7.1150.021-1.9
195919-2.621-3.315-2.421-0.2
1960190.321-0.913-13.9221.9
196119-0.620-3.2135.3220.8
196219-0.5200.0130.522-0.3
196319-2.8216.8142.622-0.8
1964190.6221.2142.521-0.1
1965191.421-0.9153.6223.1
1966191.3210.3153.2220.3
196719-0.321-2.314-4.0233.1
196819-0.121-1.8151.722-2.8
1969202.2211.9153.6220.5
1970215.1227.0150.9245.9
1971224.8245.71710.7254.8
1972239.12712.6186.6278.4
19732923.73844.52434.03217.7
19744038.24928.155127.83821.3
19754512.9490.4619.44413.7
1976461.3512.9669.0440.3
1977508.9569.4717.4489.1
19785510.6596.170-1.55514.8
19796619.36917.49637.26314.2
19807818.8746.614551.3699.4
198177-1.669-6.51567.566-4.5
198275-3.465-5.6148-5.165-1.5
198371-4.564-1.7137-7.262-4.3
198470-2.2662.4130-5.460-2.4
198568-2.663-4.5127-2.160-0.9
1986714.97113.089-30.26915.6
19877911.3778.9979.17812.6
1988835.18510.293-4.5826.1
1989840.9861.210210.682-0.9
1990907.7893.711411.7888.1
199188-2.287-2.4104-9.388-0.3
1992902.1881.098-5.0913.2
199386-4.284-5.192-6.987-3.9
1994904.0896.590-1.6914.0
199510011.210012.410010.910010.1
199699-0.699-1.41109.898-1.7
199793-6.192-6.6105-4.393-5.7
199888-5.786-6.481-22.890-2.4
199988-0.482-4.69416.189-1.7
2000891.779-3.513139.587-2.5
200186-3.578-2.2120-8.485-2.5
2002871.4792.4119-0.9861.3
a Includes unspecified products.
Note: For sources and methods, see the Technical Notes.
&C&R&D+&P^
Volume
World merchandise export volume, 1950-2002
(Index 1995=100, and percentage change)
Total merchandise aAgricultural productsMining productsManufactures
Index% changeIndex% changeIndex% changeIndex% changevolume de comrcio
1950620143anos 50210
195179.5214.8154.3418.8anos 60227
195274.3210.01716.740.0anos 70167
195388.3222.3197.1410.5anos 80147
195497.7220.0206.759.5anos 90186
19551010.72411.1229.458.7
1956106.5252.0235.768.0
1957119.1279.8258.1611.1
195811-2.8281.824-5.060.0
19591211.43112.3257.9710.0
19601412.8336.33122.0812.1
1961144.5355.9324.085.4
1962156.5350.0333.897.7
19631712.2362.8355.61011.9
19641910.9385.4388.81214.9
1965206.6405.1403.2127.4
1966217.7413.7426.21410.3
1967235.7422.44610.3144.7
19682510.8455.75212.01717.9
19692812.2475.4556.02016.5
1970318.7493.16212.4218.7
1971337.0502.0631.0239.0
1972368.4536.9676.92610.1
19734012.1530.97410.22914.2
1974425.451-4.572-1.7328.8
197539-7.3511.064-12.031-4.0
19764411.8557.5686.83412.6
1977454.2573.5702.7365.0
1978484.7616.8745.3385.9
1979505.2644.8785.9405.0
1980512.5686.873-6.3425.9
1981510.2725.066-9.9444.0
198250-3.170-2.062-5.843-2.1
1983512.7710.261-0.9455.1
1984558.1732.8644.85010.8
1985572.572-1.264-1.2534.8
1986594.471-1.7699.1554.1
1987625.4755.6711.7586.3
1988677.9772.7755.6649.5
1989726.8793.1784.4697.8
1990754.9801.0803.2736.1
1991783.7823.3833.4763.6
1992824.6876.0874.4794.7
1993854.2881.0903.7834.1
1994939.2968.7966.89211.1
19951007.41004.41004.11009.0
19961055.01044.41033.51055.3
199711610.11105.71117.311710.9
19981214.71121.81142.91224.8
19991264.41131.0114-0.41295.1
200014010.91194.61205.814512.9
2001140-0.51222.6120-0.3143-1.3
20021432.71252.71200.31482.9
a Includes unspecified products.
Note: For sources and methods, see the Technical Notes.
&C&R&D+&P^
Production
World production volume, 1950-2002
(Index 1995=100, and percentage change)
Total merchandise aAgricultureMiningManufacturing
Index% changeIndex% changeIndex% changeIndex% changevolume de produoVolume de exportaes
anos 501652101.27
195017342712anos 601792271.27
1951198.8341.73010.51311.5anos 701451671.15
1952192.7353.4312.4143.4anos 801281471.15
1953217.9373.3312.31510.0anos 901281861.45
1954210.0371.6310.0150.0
1955239.8383.13511.41815.2
1956244.4404.5376.1185.3
1957242.1400.0381.9192.5volume de produoVolume de exportaes
1958240.0437.237-1.918-2.4
1959268.3442.7393.82112.5anos 505.17.71.51
1960287.7452.6429.3238.9anos 606.08.51.42
1961293.6461.3456.8246.1anos 703.85.31.39
1962328.6483.8486.3269.6anos 802.53.91.56
1963334.8492.4504.5285.3anos 902.56.42.56
1964369.1514.8548.63010.0
1965385.6510.0563.9339.1
1966416.6533.4595.1368.3
1967434.9553.3612.4385.1
1968465.9563.2657.1417.3
1969485.6560.0662.2448.0
1970515.3583.1717.5465.3
1971535.0603.0744.0485.0
1972564.8600.0762.9526.7
1973608.2634.9816.5579.8
1974622.5641.9831.8593.3
197561-1.6663.678-6.056-3.9
1976656.7670.9848.3618.2
1977673.9692.6873.4644.5
1978704.5713.4880.8675.1
1979733.6710.8968.9704.1
1980730.7720.894-2.2700.7
198173-0.4753.686-7.9700.2
198272-1.4773.280-6.969-1.4
1983742.0770.179-0.9713.1
1984786.3815.3823.8777.2
1985802.5832.481-1.1793.4
1986822.8851.8843.0823.1
1987853.3861.0851.3854.4
1988894.9871.7895.3905.7
1989933.6903.4944.5933.4
1990941.3922.5941.0941.0
199193-0.4930.494-0.593-0.6
1992940.2952.3950.893-0.5
1993940.0950.6972.092-0.6
1994962.7982.9981.6952.9
19951004.11002.11001.91005.1
19961043.51044.11032.71033.5
19971095.01072.51063.31095.7
19981112.21091.81071.11122.4
19991153.21123.2106-1.31163.6
20001205.01141.71103.71235.9
2001120-0.71151.3109-0.3121-1.2
20021200.81160.71100.41220.8
a Includes unspecified products.
Note: World merchandise production differs from world GDP in that it excludes services and construction. For sources and methods, see the Technical Notes.
volume de produoVolume de exportaesDiferencial comrcio/produo
anos 505.17.71.51
anos 606.08.51.42
anos 703.85.31.39
anos 802.53.91.56
anos 902.56.42.56
Grafico 1
&C&R&D+&P^
Production
000
000
000
000
000
&A
Page &P
volume de produo
Volume de exportaes
Diferencial comrcio/produo
GDP
000
000
000
000
000
volume de produo
Volume de exportaes
Diferencial comrcio/produo
World real GDP, 1950-2002
(Index 1995=100, and percentage change)
Index% change
195017...
1951187.9
1952192.4
1953207.1
1954212.2
1955226.5
1956234.1
1957243.9
1958240.0
1959255.7
1960275.4
1961285.1
1962306.5
1963314.5
1964337.2
1965354.1
1966376.5
1967383.7
1968415.9
1969436.7
1970455.1
1971474.4
1972505.6
1973546.9
1974552.1
1975551.4
1976585.1
1977614.2
1978644.6
1979664.0
1980682.9
1981692.0
1982700.8
1983722.9
1984754.6
1985783.5
1986813.4
1987843.7
1988874.5
1989913.7
1990932.6
1991940.8
1992951.1
1993960.9
1994982.3
19951002.3
19961032.7
19971063.4
19981092.2
19991123.0
20001174.2
20011181.5
20021201.8
Note: For sources and methods, see the Technical Notes.
&C&R&D+&P^
-
Participacin de los PEDs, China y Amrica Latina em los Flujos de IED
Grfico7
10.643426153810.017064712235.978232662
15.20508973659.17949579940.095370307
11.87428083466.580210014428.0870741998
9.94414430913.691878033121.2892592253
6.98174006442.915503043318.1310418904
10.78823102075.675989829326.3712313839
7.05208769727.365312107221.7148442955
7.4138476138.45795131226.2883338603
10.41505940449.355037802835.9821015275
% amrica latina
%china
% em desenvolvimento
Plan1
19902003
Nmeros AbsolutosNmeros PercentuaisPDsPEDsMundoPDsPEDsMundo
1991-1996199719981999200020012002200320041991-199619971998199920002001200220032004198219902004200220032004total200220032004totalprimrio145,40424,727170,131428,831143,993572,824
Mundo254.3481.9690.91092.11396.5825.9716.1632.6648.11.0250.4529896169Mundo254.3481.9690.91086.81388.0817.6678.8559.5fluxo ied/investimento mundial2.54.27.3mundo5,6569,3039,79624,755100100100100indstria595,142150,410745,5522,081,645779,1122,860,757
desenvolvidos154.6269.7472.5849.11134.3596.3547.8442.2380.00.8590.3898439566desenvolvidos154.6269.7472.5828.41108.0571.5489.9366.6estoque ied/pib mundial5.37.821.9Pases Desenvolvidos2,7213,8434,07010,63448414243servios717,147157,950875,0974,015,5551,110,7575,126,312
em desenvolvimento91.5193.2194.1232.5253.2217.8155.5166.3233.21.4020.656793049mundo em desenvolvimento sem china66.0149.0148.6192.2212.5170.9102.8112.8Unio Europia1,7702,5652,8517,186312829291,457,693333,0871,790,7806,526,0312,033,8628,559,893
% em desenvolvimento36.040.128.121.318.126.421.726.336.0% mundo em desenvolvimento sem china26.030.921.517.715.320.915.120.2Estados Unidos4145885781,5807666
%china10.09.26.63.72.95.77.48.59.4%china10.09.26.63.72.95.77.89.6Pases em Desenvolvimento2,3554,4464,75811,5594248494719902003
china25.47644.23745.46340.31940.71546.87852.74353.50560.63china25.47644.23745.46340.31940.71546.87852.74353.505China5811,2991,5293,40910141614PDsPEDsMundoPDsPEDsMundo
%amrica latinandia2504576851,3924576primrio10710777
amrica latina27.06973.27582.04108.697.589.150.546.967.5Rssia2024323771,0114544indstria414542323833
10.615.211.99.97.010.87.17.410.4Brasil1752872587203333servios494749625560
brasil3.619.028.928.632.822.516.610.118.2Mxico1291681544512222
% brasil1.43.94.22.62.32.72.31.62.8Malsia791831253871212
% brasil na amrica latina14.342.963.570.980.547.931.519.030.0Tailndia59161121341121119902003
1991-199619971998199920002001200220032004frica1693062627373333PDsPEDsMundoPDsPEDsMundo
Mundo254.3481.9690.91092.11396.5825.9716.1632.6648.1primrio85151007525100
desenvolvidos154.6269.7472.5849.11134.3596.3547.8442.2380.0indstria80201007327100
em desenvolvimento91.5193.2194.1232.5253.2217.8155.5166.3233.2servios82181007822100
1991-199619971998199920002001200220032004
% amrica latina10.615.211.99.97.010.87.17.410.4
%china10.09.26.63.72.95.77.48.59.4
% em desenvolvimento36.040.128.121.318.126.421.726.336.0
% brasil1.43.94.22.62.32.72.31.62.8
1991-199619971998199920002001200220032004
% brasil/amrica latina14.342.963.570.980.547.931.519.030.0
% brasil/mundo1.43.94.22.62.32.72.31.62.8
Plan1
&A
Page &P
Mundo
desenvolvidos
mundo em desenvolvimento sem china
% mundo em desenvolvimento sem china
%china
em US$ bilhes
em %
Plan2
Mundo
desenvolvidos
em desenvolvimento
Plan3
% amrica latina
%china
% em desenvolvimento
fluxo ied/investimento mundial
estoque ied/pib mundial
&A
Page &P
% brasil/amrica latina
% brasil/mundo
-
Participacin de los Principales Pases en trminos de Flujos de IED Recepcionados en el Total del Mundo en Desarrollo en los Aos 90 (en %)
Grf1
23.7
8.3
8.1
7.5
6
5.6
4
2.7
2.7
2.2
2.1
1.7
25.3
Plan1
Exportaes IndustriaisInvestimentos Diretos Externos
China13.2China23.7
Coria do Sul11.7Brasil8.3
Taiwan11.2Mxico8.1
Singapura9.4Hong Kong7.5
Mxico7.0Singapura6
Malsia5.0Argentina5.6
Tailndia4.0Malsia4
Hong Kong3.0Bermuda2.7
Brasil2.8Chile2.7
ndia2.5Tailndia2.2
Indonsia2.4Coria do Sul2.1
Turquia1.8Venezuela1.7
Outros 176 pases25.3Outros 176 pases25.3
Grafico 5Grafico 4
Plan1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Plan2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Plan3
-
La esfera financieraCrece ms rapidamente que los flujos de capital productivo, el comercio y el PIB;
No tiene control, ya que el gran capital financiero se concentra en los PDs;
Nuevos actores: fondos de pensiones y de inversiones, ms importantes que los prstamos de los bancos privados internacionales;
Integracin de los mercados financieros internacionales. Diferencias en las tasas de cambio y de inters propician flujos que afectan las balanzas de pagos;
Principales inversiones: ttulos de la deuda publica, bonos pblicos y privados y ttulos de ingreso variable (acciones);
En los momentos de auge, el capital migra hacia la periferia. En las crises, vuelve a los puertos seguros;
Secuencia de crises financieras en los 90s. Pases afectados son las estrellas de las economas emergentes;
La rentabilidad del capital financiero influye sobre la dinmica del capital productivo. Dictadura de los comits de accionistas: despidos, tercerizaciones etc.;
-
Participacin y Variacin del Comrcio Internacional, de los IEDs e del Flujo de Capitales Privados Internacionales en el PIB Mundial
Grf3
32.54023.0769230769
2.75.188.8888888889
10.321.6109.7087378641
1980
2001
tx de variao
Plan1
19802001tx de variao
comrcio de bens32.54023.1
insvestimentos externos diretos2.75.188.9
fluxos de capital privado10.321.6109.7
Plan1
000
000
000
1980
2001
tx de variao
Plan2
Plan3
-
Flujos de Capitales Privados Hacia los Pases Emergentes (em US$)
Grf2
164.5
231.1
327.9
265.7
139.1
154.2
173.1
158.9
117.3
233.4
345.1
518.1
552.9
fluxos de capital
Plan1
182018701913195019732001
Europa Ocidental1,2041,9603,4584,57911,41619,256
EUA y otros1,2022,4195,2339,26816,17926,943
Mundo6678751,5252,1114,0916,049
Amrica Latina6926811,4812,5064,5045,811
182018701913195019732001
Amrica Latina/EUA57.628.228.327.027.821.6
MundoPDsPEDsAmrica Latina
1950-19604.44.15.14.9
1960-19735.155.55.5
1973-19802.43.15.15.1
1980-19903.23.23.71.6
1990-20032.62.34.42.7
EUAReino Unido
importaciones25.524.8
inversiones directas47.418.4
agricultura4.793.7
mineracin19.178.3
ferrocarriles71.213
infraestructura59.713.9
deuda publica67.813.8
Crecimiento/Equidad0,4
BoliviaArgentina
ChileUruguay
Per11,5% del PIB
Venezuela
Haiti
2,4%MxicoNadie
Paraguay
Panam
Rep. Dominicana
72,6% del PIB
1994199519961997199819992000200120022003200420052006
fluxos de capital164.5231.1327.9265.7139.1154.2173.1158.9117.3233.4345.1518.1552.9
Plan1
12041202667692
19602419875681
3458523315251481
4579926821112506
114161617940914504
192562694360495811
Europa Ocidental
EUA y otros
Mundo
Amrica Latina
Plan2
57.5707154742
28.1521289789
28.3011656793
27.0392749245
27.838556153
21.5677541476
Amrica Latina/EUA
Plan3
4.44.15.14.9
5.155.55.5
2.43.15.15.1
3.23.23.71.6
2.62.34.42.7
Mundo
PDs
PEDs
Amrica Latina
25.524.8
47.418.4
4.793.7
19.178.3
71.213
59.713.9
67.813.8
EUA
Reino Unido
fluxos de capital
-
Fonte: McKinsey Global Institute, Dealogic, Financial TimesEvolucin de los Activos Financieros Globales
Chart1
43.525
17161020
31231427
43382537
Aes
Ttulos Privados
Ttulos Pblicos
Depsitos Bancrios
Ativos Financeiros Globais - em US$ tri
Sheet1
1980199520002005
Aes4173143
Ttulos Privados3.5162338
Ttulos Pblicos2101425
Depsitos Bancrios5202737
14.56395143
Sheet1
0000
0000
0000
0000
Aes
Ttulos Privados
Ttulos Pblicos
Depsitos Bancrios
Ativos Financeiros Globais - em US$ tri
Sheet2
Sheet3
Chart2
109
218
292
316
% do PIB
Ativos financeiros como % do PIB global
Sheet1
19801995200020051980199520002005
Aes4173143% do PIB109218292316
Ttulos Privados3.5162338
Ttulos Pblicos2101425
Depsitos Bancrios5202737
% do PIB109218292316
14.56395143
Sheet1
Aes
Ttulos Privados
Ttulos Pblicos
Depsitos Bancrios
Ativos Financeiros Globais - em US$ tri
Sheet2
% do PIB
Ativos financeiros como % do PIB global
Sheet3
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Movilidad del capital financiero y crisis sucesivas Los pases se tornan muy dependientes del sistema financiero: basta con que algunos inversores decidan transferir sus capitales hacia otras zonas, para provocar fuertes fluctuaciones en los pases con apertura financieraMxico 1994Tailandia 1997Rusia 1998Brasil 1998Argentina 2001
-
La esfera tecnolgicaLa esfera que dinamiza las otras;
Concentrada en los PDs, responsables por la inovacin tecnolgica y gran parte de las patentes;
Tecnologas para actuar sobre la informacin (telecomunicaciones, informatica y biotecnologa);
Elevada penetrabilidad: actan sobre todas las actividades econmicas;
Permiten el funcionamiento en redes de organizaciones privadas, sociales y estatales;
Adaptabilidad y flexibilidad para elevar la competitividad y por ende la rentabilidad;
La creatividad permanente no se hace sin apoyo estatal;
-
El Rol de las Instituciones MultilateralesNo son globales, pues representan los intereses de sus proprios pases;
No cumpren el rol para el cual fueron creadas;
Estimulan la apertura de las economas de los pases en desarrollo y la libertad de accin de las multinacionales;
Sufren de um doble deficit democrtico;
No llevan en consideracin el nuevo mapa geopoltico y econmico;
Vivimos en un mundo posBreton Woods, con las antiguas instituciones Bretton Woods;
Sus polticas contribuyen para empeorar el el cuadro de desigualdad entre las naciones.
-
El FMI
El poder lo ejercen los pases que tienen ms cuotas (o sea ms poder econmico);
Tena en el pasado como funcin financiar pases con problemas en la balanza de pagos y impedir el desnivelamiento de las tasas de cambio de los paises; O sea, actuaba justamente para no permtir la recesin a economas con problemas;
Despus de los aos 80: su rol se restringe a los pases en desarrollo, aplicando paquetes de ajuste estructural para segurar el pago de la deuda a los bancos privados;
Se torna la policia financiera de las buenas praticas: poco Estado y mucha apertura;
En la crisis de 1997, parti del diagnostico equivocado de desajuste fiscal, agravando la crisis;
Sus prstamos se achicaron en relacin a los dems indicadores de la economa internacional.
-
El Banco MundialTambin mandan los ms fuertes economicamente;
Tena como objectivo fornecer capitales de largo plazo para inversiones em infraestrucutra;
Despus de los ochenta, viene con las condicionalidades cruzadas. Apoya programa de salud y educacin, si avanzan la politicas de privatizacin o de terceirizacin;
Las fallas de sus programas son hoy explicadas por la corrupcin em los pases ms pobres;
El Banco Mundial tiene menos recursos para prstamos que el principal banco de fomento brasileo (el BNDES);
-
El GATT y la OMCdesde el GATT hacia la OMC: liberalizacin comercial promovida por los pases ricos, de acuerdo con sus proprios intereses;
Predominio del comercio intra-industrial entre los pases desarrollados (baja ms fuerte de los aranceles industriales hasta 1980);
Jams hubo libre comercio para agricultura y textiles!;
pases en desarrollo creacin de la UNCTAD y del SGP no afectaran el carcter desigual del comrcio;
Creacin de la OMC : agrava el desequilibrio Norte/Sul con la inclusin de los nuevos temas: inversiones, servicios y patentes;
el protecionismo agrcola se vuelve ms poderoso: los PDs no cumpren el acordado en la Ronda Uruguay;
Se posterga por diez anos, para 2005, la liberalizacin del sector textil y de vesturio.
-
La Ronda Doha: injusta, peligrosa y demaggica
Es injusta, pues la agricultura no puede ser factor de cambio. Hace parte de la deuda de los pases ricos;
Peligrosa, pues puede desestructurar ms an las industrias de los PEDs y varios sectores de servicios;
Es demaggica pues no hay ventajas concretas de acceso a mercado en agricultura;
Interesante: la emergencia de nuevas coaliciones de poder (G-20, G33 y G-90), que trajeron la perspectiva de los pases ms pobres para las negociaciones;
No es ms democrtica que el Banco Mundial, el FMI, pero abre ms espacio para coaliciones entre los paises pobres;
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Un mundo sin las actuales IFIs sera una catstrofe?Sin prestamistas de ltima instanciaSin proveedores de recursos ante las crisisSin capacidad de regulacin de capitalesSin posibilidad de intervencin en conflictos monetarios, comerciales y fiscalesRetomaramos un mundo de pura fuerza bruta donde los pases dbiles y menos desarrollados tienen ms que perderNo necesariamente pero...
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La No-Governanza GlobalLa globalizacin acelera la instabilidad econmica por la primaca del financiero;
Las transnacionales ganan mayor mrgen de accin;
Las instituciones multilaterales pierden poder, pero no sin antes forzar varios PEDs en direccin a los ajustes estrucuturales;
En la OMC, los pases pobres se rebelan;
La ONU y sus instancias se mantienen con mucho poco poder;
El Estado Nacional intenta recuperar su poder en los pases en desarrollo;
Y gran parte de los trabajadores vive la presin del ejrcito industrial de reserva junto con las amenazas de las empresas por ms flexibilidad;
Surge una sociedad civil mundial, con gran capacidad de mobilizacin, ms com una agenda fragmentada y sin representacin para negociar;
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Exclusin Social o Insercin Precaria em la GlobalizacinLa globalizacin no es responsable directa de la exclusin social;
La ausencia de instituciones globales, la creciente asimetra de poder entre los pases y la actuacin libre de las transnacionales y de la finanza global, s lo es;
La proteccin sobre el conocimiento incrementa el abismo entre ricos y pobres;
La logica de redes permite la creacin de una economa clandestina que se aprovecha del ejrcito de reserva global;
La apertura precoce de las economas de los PEDs, sin llevar en consideracin las circunstancias nacionales, tambin empeora la situacin social y laboral.
La exclusin social asume su forma especifica en la actual etapa de globalizacin en las grandes metrpolis del mundo en desarrollo.
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Evolucin del Ingreso Per Capita Medio Anual por Regiones 1981-1990 e 1991-2000
Grf3
2.41.7
5.76.4
3.53.2
-0.91.6
0.7-1.7
-0.61
-1.2-0.4
1981-1990
1991-2000
Plan1
1981-19901991-2000Grafico 8
Pases Desenvolvidos2.41.7
Sudeste Asitico5.76.4
Sul da sia3.53.2
Amrica Latina-0.91.6
Europa do Leste sia Central0.7-1.7
Oriente Mdio e Norte da frica-0.61.0
frica Sub-Sahariana-1.2-0.4
Plan1
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
1981-1990
1991-2000
Plan2
Plan3
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Poblacin Pobre en el Mundo en Desarrollo segn la Lnea de Pobreza de US$ 1,00 (en milliones)
Grf1
684767
714558
745424
747472
790416
788287
835282
817284
Resto do Mundo em Desenvolvimento
China e Sudeste Asitico
Plan1
New Poverty Estimates Trace the Decline of Global Poverty since 1981People living on less than $1 a day (millions)
19811984198719901993199619992001
Resto do Mundo em Desenvolvimento684714745747790788835817
People living on less than $1 a day (millions)China e Sudeste Asitico767558424472416287282284
Region19811984198719901993199619992001Grfico 9
East Asia & Pacific76755842447241628728228419812001
China6064213083773362122242121373496
Europe & Central Asia11221720301811
Latin America & Caribbean36464549525254503646
Middle East & North Africa9876458798
South Asia475460473462476441453428475460
Sub-Saharan Africa164198219227241269292314164198
Total1,4511,2721,1691,2191,2061,0751,1171,10175.878704341820581209
Excluding China845850861841870863894888685713
Resto do Mundo684714745747790788835817
China e Sudeste Asitico767558424472416287282284
Share of people living on less than $1 a day (%)
Region19811984198719901993199619992001
East Asia & Pacific55.638.627.929.625.016.615.715.6
China61.040.628.333.028.417.417.816.6
Europe & Central Asia0.30.30.40.53.74.26.23.7
Latin America & Caribbean9.711.810.911.311.310.710.59.5
Middle East & North Africa5.13.83.22.31.62.02.62.4
South Asia51.546.845.041.340.135.134.031.1
Sub-Saharan Africa41.646.346.844.643.745.345.446.5
Total39.532.728.427.926.222.322.221.3
Excluding China31.529.828.426.125.524.023.722.8
People living on less than $2 a day (millions)
Region19811984198719901993199619992001
East Asia & Pacific1.1511.1041.0241.1171.08922900868
China858809732830807650630596
Europe & Central Asia89858789711193
Latin America & Caribbean99119115125136117127128
Middle East & North Africa5250535152617070
South Asia8218599119581.0051.0221.0341.059
Sub-Saharan Africa288326355382409445487514
Total2.4192.4662.4662.6892.7592.6552.732.733112.9805704837
Excluding China1.5611.6571.7341.8581.9522.0152.1012.137
Share of people living on less than $2 a day (%)
Region19811984198719901993199619992001
East Asia & Pacific83.476.367.469.964.853.350.347.6
China86.378.067.072.668.153.450.146.7
Europe & Central Asia1.92.01.712.316.620.623.519.7
Latin America & Caribbean26.930.427.828.429.524.125.124.5
Middle East & North Africa28.925.224.221.420.222.324.323.2
South Asia89.187.286.785.584.581.277.776.9
Sub-Saharan Africa73.376.176.175.074.374.875.776.3
Total65.963.459.861.660.155.354.252.8
Excluding China58.358.057.257.657.256.055.654.8
For more information on the World Development Indicators, see:
http://www.worldbank.org/data
Plan1
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
Resto do Mundo em Desenvolvimento
China e Sudeste Asitico
Plan2
Plan3
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Participacin de los Cuentapropristas en el Empleo Urbano por Regiones(en %)
Grf1
2632
1312
4448
2944
2632
1980-1989
1990-2000
Plan1
1980-19891990-2000
mundo26.032.0
p. desenvolvidos13.012.0
frica44.048.0
amrica latina29.044.0
sia26.032.0
Grafico 12
Plan1
00
00
00
00
00
1980-1989
1990-2000
Plan3
Plan2
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Indicadores Generales sobre Empleo em el Mundo
Mundo Amrica LatinaTrabajo Forzado12,3 millones1,3 millnTrabalho Infantil190,7 millones5,7 millones Desempreados Jvenes88,2 millones9,5 millonesTrabajadores pobres (menos de US$ 1,00 diario) 520 millones28 millones
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Lneas Telefnicas e Total de Usuarios de la Internet por 1.000 personas por Regiones, 2001
Grf1
8727
12241
16249
386
158
22443
523332
Linhas telefnicas
Usurios de Internet
Plan1
11 Technology: diffusion and creationGrfico 13
Linhas telefnicasUsurios de Internet
Pases em desenvolvimento87.026.5
Sudeste Asitico122.041.4
Amrica Latina162.049.0
Sul da sia38.06.3
frica Subsahara15.07.8
Europa Central e do Leste224.042.8
OECD523.0332.0
a. Data refer to the most recent year available during the period specified.b. Data refer to 1991.c. Data refer to 2000.d. Data refer to 1992.e. Data refer to a year before 1996.f. Data refer to 1996.g. Data refer to 1998.h. Data refer to 1997.
Source:Column 1: ITU. Correspondence on telephone mainlines, cellular subscribers, internet users and personal computers data. 2003. April. Geneva.Column 2: ITU. Correspondence on telephone mainlines, cellular subscribers, internet users and personal co
Plan1
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
Linhas telefnicas
Usurios de Internet
Layout
phone90phone01cell90cell01ihosts90ihosts01patentroyaltyrdexp8797sceng
11 Technology: diffusion and creation
Receipts of royalties and licence fees(US$ per person)
HDI rankTelephone mainlines(per 1,000 people)Cellular subscribers(per 1,000 people)Internet users(per 1,000 people)Patents granted to residents(per million people)
199020011990200119902001199920011996-2000a1996-2000a
High human development
1Norway502732468157.1463.89734.31.74,112
2Iceland510664398655.0b599.3210.0c2.35,695
3Sweden681739547905.8516.3285160.53.84,511
4Australia456541115745.9371.46515.41.53,353
5Netherlands46462157673.3490.5187107.52.02,572
6Belgium3934984747(.)310.410386.32.02,953
7United States547667214518.0501.5298135.52.74,099
8Canada565676223623.7466.64448.21.82,985
9Japan44158675880.2384.21,05782.43.05,095
10Switzerland574732187285.8307.0203..2.63,592
11Denmark567722297401.0429.567..2.13,476
12Ireland28148577740.6b233.16690.11.22,184
13United Kingdom441587197700.9329.676134.51.92,666
14Finland534548528044.0430.31112.53.45,059
15Luxembourg48178029201.5d359.8158459.1....
16Austria418468108171.3387.015916.91.82,313
17France49557356050.5263.819542.32.22,718
18Germany44163446821.4373.622938.32.53,161
19Spain31643417340.1182.7458.90.91,921
20New Zealand434477165992.9d461.28616.01.12,197
21Italy38847158830.2268.91137.61.01,128
22Israel34346639071.1276.67168.03.61,563
23Portugal24342517741.0b281.592.50.71,576
24Greece38952907510.5b132.111.30.71,400
25Cyprus41963154560.6d217.50..0.2358
26Hong Kong, China (SAR)450580248591.3b386.8416.0c0.493e
27Barbados2814810198..55.900.9c....
28Singapore346471177241.6b411.512..1.94,140
29Slovenia2114020737..300.8987.21.52,181
30Korea, Rep. of30648626210.2521.193114.6c2.72,319
31Brunei Darussalam1362597401..102.3........
32Czech Republic1583780679..146.7223.61.41,349
33Malta3605300611..252.6261.7..96e
34Argentina93224(.)193(.)d100.840.60.4713
35Poland8629502590.1b98.4261.20.71,429
36Seychelles1242610539..109.9........
37Bahrain19126710460..203.4........
38Hungary96375(.)498(.)b148.4309.40.81,445
39Slovakia1352890399..125.3143.0c0.71,844
40Uruguay1342830155..119.03(.)0.3219
41Estonia20435404550.6d300.541.50.82,128
42Costa Rica101230076(.)d93.400.20.2533
43Chile6623313420.4d201.410.30.5370
44Qatar1902758293..65.6......591e
45Lithuania2123130277..67.9260.1..2,027
46Kuwait18820812386..87.9..0.00.2212
47Croatia172383(.)377..111.31424.31.01,187
48United Arab Emirates20634017616..314.80......
49Bahamas2744008197..54.9........
50Latvia2343070279..72.3411.10.41,078
51Saint Kitts and Nevis237491046..78.5..0.0c....
52Cuba315101..10.74..0.5480
53Belarus154288014..42.4390.1..1,893
54Trinidad and Tobago1412400197..92.30..0.1145
55Mexico6513712170.1b36.210.40.4225
Medium human development
56Antigua and Barbuda2534810323..90.400.0....
57Bulgaria2423590191..74.6250.30.61,316
58Malaysia891985314(.)d273.1..0.90.4160
59Panama931300164..41.4....0.3124
60Macedonia, TFYR1482630109..34.2161.6..387
61Libyan Arab Jamahiriya4810909..3.6......361
62Mauritius522562227..131.6..(.)c0.3360e
63Russian Federation140243053(.)d29.31050.41.03,481
64Colombia69172076..27.0(.)(.)0.3101
65Brazil65218(.)167(.)b46.630.60.8323
66Bosnia and Herzegovina0111060..11.10......
67Belize921430159..73.0........
68Dominica164299099..115.700.0....
69Venezuela76109(.)2630.1d46.8..0.0c0.3194
70Samoa (Western)2654018..16.8........
71Saint Lucia129317017..82.400.0c....
72Romania1021840172..44.7410.70.4913
73Saudi Arabia771451113..13.4(.)0.0....
74Thailand249911230.057.7..0.10.174
75Ukraine136212044..11.9120.10.92,118
76Kazakhstan80121036..9.3790.0c0.3716
77Suriname921760198..33.0........
78Jamaica452050244..38.5(.)2.3..8e
79Oman60902124..45.7......4
80Saint Vincent and the Grenadines124227065..47.8..0.0c....
81Fiji58112099..18.3......50e
82Peru2678(.)59..76.6(.)0.00.1229
83Lebanon1551870229..77.6........
84Paraguay27510204..10.6..32.0....
85Philippines10420150..25.6(.)(.)..156e
86Maldives29990690.036.5..12.8....
87Turkmenistan608002..1.77......
88Georgia99174061..9.338..0.32,421
89Azerbaijan86120094..3.20..0.22,799
90Jordan72129(.)167..45.2......1,948
91Tunisia38109(.)40..41.2..1.60.5336
92Guyana2092087..109.2........
93Grenada1773282640.052.000.0c....
94Dominican Republic48110(.)146..21.5........
95Albania1250099..2.50......
96Turkey1212851295..60.4(.)0.00.6306
97Ecuador481040670.1d25.9(.)..0.183
98Occupied Palestinian Territory089091..18.2........
99Sri Lanka744(.)36..8.00..0.2191
100Armenia15714007..18.446....1,313
101Uzbekistan696703..6.020....1,754e
102Kyrgyzstan727805..30.2130.20.2581
103Cape Verde24143072..27.5........
104China6137(.)110..25.720.11.0545
105El Salvador241020134..23.4..0.2..47
106Iran, Islamic Rep. of40169032..15.620.0c..590e
107Algeria3261(.)3..6.50......
108Moldova, Rep. of106146051..13.7470.3..334
109Viet Nam138015..12.4(.)....274e
110Syrian Arab Republic411030120.03.6....0.229
111South Africa93111(.)2420.1b64.901.2..992e
112Indonesia635(.)31..19.10....130e
113Tajikistan45360(.)..0.53....660e
114Bolivia2863094..21.8..0.20.398
115Honduras1747036..13.810.0c....
116Equatorial Guinea415032..1.9........
117Mongolia3252081..16.7440.0..531
118Gabon22300205..13.5........
119Guatemala2165(.)97..17.1(.)....103e
120Egypt30104(.)43..9.310.70.2493e
121Nicaragua1329030..14.40..0.173
122Sao Tome and Principe193600..60.0..5.1....
123Solomon Islands151702..4.6........
124Namibia3964055..24.6........
125Botswana218501880.029.70......
126Morocco1641(.)164..13.700.8....
127India63806(.)d6.810.1c1.2157
128Vanuatu183402..27.4........
129Ghana31209..1.90......
130Cambodia(.)2017..0.7........
131Myanmar260(.)..0.2..(.)....
132Papua New Guinea81202..9.4........
133Swaziland1731054..13.700.2....
134Comoros81200..3.4........
135Lao People's Dem. Rep.21005..1.9........
136Bhutan42600..7.4........
137Lesotho710026..2.305.6....
138Sudan31403..1.800.0c....
139Bangladesh2404..1.4..(.)c..51e
140Congo77048..0.3......33
141Togo3100260.032.2......102e
Low human development
142Cameroon37020..2.9........
143Nepal313010.02.6........
144Pakistan823(.)6..3.4..(.)..69
145Zimbabwe1322029..8.70......
146Kenya810019..16.0(.)0.2....
147Uganda22012..2.50..0.824
148Yemen112208..0.9........
149Madagascar34010..2.3(.)(.)..12e
150Haiti710011..3.60......
151Gambia726041..13.50......
152Nigeria3503..1.0......15e
153Djibouti111505..5.1........
154Mauritania310043..2.7........
155Eritrea0800..1.6........
156Senegal625031..10.3....(.)2
157Guinea2307..2.0..0.0....
158Rwanda2308..2.500.0c..30e
159Benin39019..3.9......174e
160Tanzania, U. Rep. of34013..3.00(.)c....
161Cte d'Ivoire618045..4.3..(.)....
162Malawi3505..1.90......
163Zambia88011..2.4(.)......
164Angola8606..1.5..1.2c....
165Chad1103..0.5........
166Guinea-Bissau61000..3.30......
167Congo, Dem. Rep. of the1(.)03..0.1........
168Central African Republic2203..0.8......47
169Ethiopia340(.)..0.40......
170Mozambique3509..1.7........
171Burundi13040.00.9......21e
172Mali1504..2.9........
173Burkina Faso2506..1.6....0.216
174Niger120(.)..1.1........
175Sierra Leone3505..1.40......
Developing countries2187(.)75..26.5..0.1....
Least developed countries3606..1.8..(.)....
Arab States3576(.)58..15.6..0.3....
East Asia and the Pacific17122(.)113..41.4..0.11.5619
Latin America and the Caribbean62162(.)160..49.020.7....
South Asia738(.)7..6.3..(.)..158f
Sub-Saharan Africa1115(.)28..7.8..0.1....
Central and Eastern Europe and the CIS124224(.)120..42.8541.00.92,554
OECD392523105392.8332.028462.72.62,324g
High-income OECD465597136053.2400.135478.42.63,305h
High human development382511105292.6328.227360.22.62,335g
Medium human development26102(.)73..22.070.2..588f
Low human development410(.)8..2.8..(.)....
High income461592136083.2396.934676.42.63,281h
Middle income41152(.)128..36.8100.4..778
Low income1030(.)10..6.4..(.)....
World981692153..79.66811.9....
a. Data refer to the most recent year available during the period specified.b. Data refer to 1991.c. Data refer to 2000.d. Data refer to 1992.e. Data refer to a year before 1996.f. Data refer to 1996.g. Data refer to 1998.h. Data refer to 1997.
Source:Column 1: ITU. Correspondence on telephone mainlines, cellular subscribers, internet users and personal computers data. 2003. April. Geneva.Column 2: ITU. Correspondence on telephone mainlines, cellular subscribers, internet users and personal co
&R&D&T
&L&10&D&R&B&IHuman Development Report 2003&CPage
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Mayor Desigualdad Inter y Intra PasesLa desigualdad personal y funcional crece en todos los pases, mismo en los PDs;
La distancia entre pases tambin se agranda;
La proibicin de las migraciones y el proteccionismo de los PDs impiden um acomodo de la situacin y menos an una reduccin de la desigualdad inter-pases;
Importante: la participacin de la PEA de los PEDs supera los 50% en todos los sectores de actividad;
-
Participao del Ingreso de los 20% Ms Ricos en el Ingreso Total por Regiones (en %)
Grf1
59.748.749.145.844.4
60.14849.245.844.6
62.148.150.144.844.7
62.650.550.544.544.9
62.65150.745.445.2
Amrica Latina
sia
frica
Pases Desenvolvidos
Leste Europeu
Plan1
19501960197019801992
Amrica Latina59.760.162.162.662.6
sia48.74848.150.551
frica49.149.250.150.550.7
Pases Desenvolvidos45.845.844.844.545.4
Leste Europeu44.444.644.744.945.2
Grfico 14
Plan1
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
Amrica Latina
sia
frica
Pases Desenvolvidos
Leste Europeu
Plan2
Plan3
-
PIB per capita de los 20 Pases Ms Pobres y de los 20 Pases Ms Ricos en 1960 e 2000 (en US$ de 1995)
Grf1
2121141753.8537735849
26732339121.1198501873
20 pases + pobres
20 pases + ricos
diferencial ricos/pobres
Plan1
1960-19622000-2002
20 pases + pobres212267
20 pases + ricos11,41732,339
diferencial ricos/pobres54121
Plan1
&A
Page &P
20 pases + pobres
20 pases + ricos
diferencial ricos/pobres
Plan2
Plan3
-
Indice de Exclusin Social Mundo, 2000
-
Participacin de los PEDs en la PEA Mundial por Sectores de Actividad (en %)
-
Evolucin de la PEA Industrial por Regiones segn el Nivel de Desarrollo (en millones)
*********Las crisis financieras han sido una constante de la ltima dcada, que ha colocado en el centro de la discusin al FMI y la arquitectura financiera internacional.
******Tiene la economa global marcha atrs? Quizs ms que trabajar en esa direccin habra que intentar regular fuertemente sus efectos y sus reglas de juego. Las IFIs podran ser herramientas para regular al capital financiero, intervenir en conflictos, proveer recursos ante las crisis, promover el respeto a condiciones de trabajo dignas.***