LA IZQUIERDA LATINOAMERICANA , LA COLONIALIDAD DE PODER Y LA EMERGENCIA DE ACTORES SOCIALES DE 1989...

8/8/2019 LA IZQUIERDA LATINOAMERICANA , LA COLONIALIDAD DE PODER Y LA EMERGENCIA DE ACTORES SOCIALES DE 1989

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Dgs f|cnfm`s k` dg nzwpn`ykg |fd{ncg$ `m `s|`cngd k` dfs |gy{nkfs |fd{ncfs$ s` igdgm`m{y` dg y`snomgcnm `m pm epmkf pmn|fdgy `m{ygmkf k` dd`mf g dg doncg k`d e`y`d cg|n{gdnsef c`dìygig dg cgkg k` dg Pmnm Sfxn{ncg g {gd |pm{f wp` gdopmfs nm{cfef `d `s{gkfpmnk`ms` Hygmcns Hpbp~geg gmpmcn `d hnm k` dg ans{fyng cfmk`d cg|n{gdnsef ~ k` dg kèfcygcng dni`ygd `m `d epmkf- @m `d |gmfygeg nm{`ymgcdfcgd |gy`cg mf `qns{ny f{yg xg |gyg dg nzwpn`ykg snmf f|{gy gs |fy dg ddgegkg { |yf|p s{g |fy dg sfcngdkèfcygcng `pyf|`g2 f$ |fy dg k`sg|gyncnm k`hnmn{nxg knzwpn`ykg cfef f|cnm |fd{ncg ygkncgd k` {ygmshfyegcnm |gyg `d mp`xf fyk`mk` cfen`mzf k` dg kcgkg k` dfs mfx`m{g k`d snodf |gsgkf-

Dg cfdfmngdnkgk k`d |fk`y |`yegm`c` cfef dg eg{ynz k`d |g{ym k` |fk`y k` dg a`ynkcfdfmngd$ `s{g knh`y`mcngd cfms{n{p{nxg k` dg efk`ymnkgk ~ `d cg|n{gdnsef$ k` dg cfk`d epmkf efk`ymf&cfdfmngd$ `s|`cngde`m{` k` dgs |`ynh`yngs k` s{`- Oygm |gy{` k |yf~`ccnfm`s |yfoyge{ncgs ~ k`d gccnfmgy `s{yg{oncf ans{yncf k` dg nzwpn`yDg{nmfgeyncg y`sopgykg ~ y |yfkpc` `d `swpèg k` kfenmgcnm k` dfs cfm{`m |yfhpmkfs k` cfdfmngdnkgk k`d |fk`y `m dfs `s|gcnfs |fd{ncfs2 snm èigyof$ |gy`c` w

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`m{y` dfs spj`{fs ~ cfd`c{nxnkgk`s `m è`yo`mcng `qns{`m f|cnfm`s {`mkn`m{`sk`cfdfmngzgcnm k` dgs y`dgcnfm`s k` |fk`y$ cy{ncfs k` dfs |yfc`sfs ans{yncfs$ k` dgmgyygcnm ans{yncg$ k`m{yf k` dg cpgd agm snkf gsnomgkgs$ nmscyn{gs nk`mk`dnen{gcnm k` dg xgdnk`z k`d cfmfcnen`m{f- Cfm `d mp`xf y`spyony k` dgs f|cnf

nzwpn`ykg$ è`yo`m f|cnfm`s k`cfdfmngd`s g dg |gy wp` f{ygs |`y`c`m y`nm{yfkpcfdfmngdnkgk k`d |fk`y `m sps |yc{ncgs ~ knscpysf sfcnf|fd{ncf-

3- \Y@OPM[G \YFID@EG

Igjf wp doncgs knscpysnxgs ~ fyogmnzg{nxgs `m `d dgyof$ e`kngmf ~ cfy{f |dcfms{n{p~` ~ gy{ncpdg `d {ygegkf k`d cge|f |fd{ncf k` dg nzwpn`ykg dg{nmfge`ynccpgd`s kgm dpogy gd |yf{gofmnsef |fd{ncf k` dg nzwpn`ykg kpygm{` `d cncdf gin`y{fcfm `d hnm k`d |yf~`c{f |fd{ncf efk`ymf k` dg nzwpn`ykg cfepmns{g$ {`mn`mkf `m cphgc{fy`s nm{òygm{`s k` dg cfdfmngdnkgk k`d |fk`y$ cfef y`dgcnfm`s sfcngd`s ~ |fhpmkge`m{gde`m{` ygcngdnzgkgs6

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11/151

;- FIJ@[NXFS

Fij`{nxf |ynmcn|gd

Gmgdnzgy dg gy{ncpdgcnm k` dgs y`dgcnfm`s k`d cge|f k` knscpysnxnkgk k`d |fknzwpn`ykg dg{nmfge`yncgmg$ `m y`dgcnm cfm dgs nms{gmcngs k` cfms{n{pcnm k`k`d |fk`y ~ a`o`efmg$ kpygm{` `d |`ynfkf cfe|y`mknkf `m{y` `d gf 7>1> gd gf 91> gd 9


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0- JPS[NHNCGCNM

Dgs y`hd`qnfm`s sfiy` dfs gcfm{`cnen`m{fs wp` giy`m |gs g dgs y`gdnkgk`s |fddg{nmfge`yncgmgs k` cfen`mzfs k`d snodf QQN {n`m`m pmg `q{`msg dn{`yg{pyg$ ge|defe`m{f |fy dgs xgyngm{`s$ onyfs ~ mp`xfs a`cafs wp` g kngynf cfmxpdsnfmgm dg gon{ |fd{ncg k` mp`s{yg yònm- Dg sne|d` k`mfenmgcnm nzwpn`ykg |fd{ncg `s ~g |yfidè{ncg$ cfm df cpgd è|y`mk`y cpgdwpn`y cdgs` k` `s{pknf f nmx`s{nogcnm gdy`ks{g gcgyy`g dgs ed{n|d`s |fsnindnkgk`s ~ xgyngkgs cfms`cp`mcngs$ ~g s`g |gyg sp `s{ |gyg s`m{gy pmg |fsncnm sfiy` s{gs- @s k`cny$ cpgmkf s` gifykg cfef `sc`mgynf |ynmcn |fd{ncf ~ dg |fd{ncg$ `m{nmkgs` cfef s` `m{n`mkg$ |fy sps |yf|ngs doncgs ~ e`cgmns`m{yg `m pm {`yy`mf nmcn`y{f ~ pmg {è|fygdnkgk cgygc{`ynzgkg |fy dg cfmhdnc{snepd{gm`nkgk k` y`dgcnfm`s k` |fk`y$ pmgs x`c`s gkx`ysg ~ f{ygs x`c`s cfe|dè`m{gyn

gofmns{g !Efphh`$ 9


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|yf|ngs hfyegs `scfdgy`s k` g|y`mknzgj`$ kns`f nmx`s{nog{nxfs cfef |fsncnm f {f|fdfo`|ns{èfdoncg$ dfs cpgd`s sfm gh`c{gkfs ~ gh`c{gm |yfc`sfs k` gy{ncpdgcnm |fd{ncghfyegcnfm`s sfcngd`s$ k`sk` df encyf g g df egcyf$ k` df dfcgd g df odfigd$ k` df mgcnf`m{nkgk`s yònfmgd`s-

[gd`s |yf~`ccnfm`s ` nm{yf~`ccnfm`s nmx`s{nog{nxgs sfm |gy{` k` dgs |yf|ngs knscpsnkìg{`s nm{`ymfs k` dg sfcn`kgk cfef k`d cge|f gcgkencf2 gwp |fy `jè|df$ k` egm`ygdg{`m{`$ s` `mcp`m{ygm `m{y`cypzgkgs ~ gy{ncpdgkgs xgyngs k` dg mfcnfm`s `m {cfmfcnen`m{f sfcngd- \fy mfeiygy gdopmgs k` dg {`msnfm`s wp` g|gy`c`m$ `s{mcfm{`q{f dgs y`dgcnfm`s `m{y` dg pmnx`ysgdnkgk ~ dg |gy{ncpdgynkgk2 `m{y` gcgkencfs k` cfy{` cdsncf knscn|dnmgy hy`m{` g dfs `s{pknfs cpd{pygd`s nm{`yknsc`m{y` `d `pyfc`m{ynsef gcgkencf ~ dfs |yf~`c{`s k` gd{`ynkgk `|ns{encg2 knscpsnfm`s whnmgd k` cp`m{gs `m{ygm `m gy{ncpdgcnfm`s ge|dngs k`d `s|gcnf |fd{ncf-

Xèfs cfef af~ `s{s knscpsnfm`s gdcgmzgm mnx`d`s `q{ygfyknmgynfs k` y`hd`qnm ~ k

gs$ {ygnof g cfdgcnm `d ep~ ndps{yg{nxf dniyf k` Jpkn{a Ip{d`y$ @ym`s{f Dgcdn`b$Cfm{nmo`mcng$ aòèfmg$ pmnx`ysgdnkgk: kndfofs cfm{è|fym`fs `m dg nzw!Ip{d`y$ Dgcdgp $ n`b$ 9


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8- EGYCF K@ Y@H@Y@MCNG

8-7- Dg nzwpn`ykg `m Geyncg Dg{nmg: k`hnmncnfm`s ~ |y`sp|p`s{fs

Dg nk`m{nhncgcnm k` spj`{fs ~ cfd`c{nxnkgk`s cfm `d {yenmf |fd{ncf nzwpn`ykgcfmhpsg- @m pmg nmx`s{nogcnm g|f~gkg `m e`{fkfdfogs cpgm{n{g{nxgs |fy e`mcp`s{gs g {ygxs k` {fkg Geyncg Dg{nmg g|dncgkg |fy `d Dg{nmfigye`{yf$ kpy |`ynfkf wp` xg k` 7>>0 gd 9


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{ygmshfyegmkf sps `mpmcngcnfm`s knscpysnxgs$ g |gy{ny k` `s{` |`ynfkf$ nk`m{nhgcpk`m cfef y`s|p`s{g gm{` dg sn{pgcnm |fd{ncg$ f$ sn s{gs xn`m`m g s`y |gy{` nmpmg hfyegcnm `mpmcng{nxg |yf|ng %`m `d cgsf wp` s` gjps{` g `ddf%- Gkès$ cfdfmngdnkgk k`d |fk`y$ `q|dfygy `d cfm{`mnkf gm{gomncf f `s{ypc{pygd k

cfd`c{nxnkgk`s ~ spj`{fs sfcngd`s$ c`ycgmfs g pmg |yf|p`s{g k`cfdfmngd ~ {ygmshfyegdgs y`dgcnfm`s k` |fk`y `m `d sns{èg epmkf efk`ymf&cfdfmngd `m mfkfs `wpnxgd`m{`s`d cfm{ygynf$ s` gjps{g cfef efe`m{f ensef k` pmg y`dgcnm knscpysnxg cfe|dè`m{gyngpm sns{èg k` knh`y`mcngs-

Dg!s. xgs k`d cgeinf sfcngd ~ dg negonmgcnm k` df sfcngd `m pm |yf~`c{f k` y`cgeinf sknx`ysnhncgyfm g dg Nzwpn`ykg `m {`mk`mcngs g x`c`s nyy`cfmcndngid`s- G mp`s{yf jpnnm{`m{f k` k`hnmny f k` y`k`hnmny g dg Nzwpn`ykg k` Geyncg Dg{nmg af~ `m `s{` odfigdnzgcnm mf |p`k` `qcdpny k`d gmdnsns k` gdopmfs dfs cfe|fm`m{`s cdgx`s k` sp k`hncdsncg$ `s k`cny pmnx`ysgd$ gd egyo`m k` dg neiyncgcnm k` dg Nzwpn`ykg `m cfm{`q{fcpd{pygd`s knx`ysfs !Cgmcnmf$ 9>0.-

Dg cfmc`|cnm k` nopgdkgk wp` sps{`m{g Ifiinf `s{ e`kngkg |fy dg cg|gcnkgk |fd{nceg{`yngd wp` |fs`` dg apegmnkgk |gyg cfm{ygyy`s{gy dfs `h`c{fs mòg{nxfs k` gwk`snopgdkgk`s sfcngd`s wp` {`yenmgm |fy `s{gid`c`y y`dgcnfm s k` kfenmgcspifyknmgcnm$ `q|df{gcnm ` nmcdpsf k` f|y`snm- @s{f$ cfef in`m |p`k` `m{`mk`ysp|fm` pmg nopgdkgk gp{fyn{gyng wp` `s{gid`c`yg pm nopgdn{gynsef `m {fkfs ~ cgkg gs|`c{fs k` dg xnkg$ |fy {gm{f$ dg cfmc`|cnm k` nopgdkgk |gyg dg nzwpn`ykg `s{ gcfe |fy dg k`h`msg k` dgs dni`y{gk`s nmknxnkpgd`s igmk`yg ans{yncg k`d dni`ygdnsef7$snè|y` ~cpgmkf `m mfeiy` k` `ddgs mf s` `s{gid`zcgm y`dgcnfm`s k` k`snopgdkgk- @d gc`ycgys

7 Egy{g Eg{spsan{g knc` gd y`s| c{f wp` Jpm{f g dg |yfidè{ncg k`d apegmnsef$ dg nzwpn`ykg edg{nmfge`yncgmg gc{pgd s` `mcp`m{yg cfe|yfe`{nkg$ `m sp y`mfxgcnm nk`fdoncg$ cfm dg |y`fcp|gdg k`h`msg k` dg nmknxnkpgdnkgk- Dg nzwpn`ykg {n`m` wp` `mhy`m{gys` cfm dg cy{ncg$ g |gy{nysfxn{ncg$ k` wp` `d egyqnsef g{`m{g cfm{yg dg nmknxnkpgdnkgk ~ knsp`dx` `m pm cfy|fyg{nxnsefdgs knh`y`mcngs y`gd`s wp` `qns{`m `m{y` dfs afeiy`s- @d cfdfeingmf Gm{fmnf Ogycg y`|pnopgdn{gynsef ne|dgm{gkf |fy `d sfcngdnsef y`gd$ y`nxnmkncgmkf dg |y`fcp|gcnm wp` ag~ `m dg fiyg |fy dg o`mpnmg y`gdnzgcnm k` dg nmknxnkpgdnkgk !Ogycg$7>.- @m dg enseg dm`g k` |`msgcfdfeingmf$ O`ygykf Efdnmg$ k`hn`mk` dg nk`g k` pm sfcngdnsef kèfcy{ncf wp` y`cagc` dgs hgdsgsnopgdn{gyngs wp` s` ne|fmgm `m mfeiy` k`d egyqnsef-!EG[SPSAN[G$ 9


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x`z es g dg nopgdkgk sfcngd ` nmknxnkpgd$ mf mncge`m{` jpykncg$ `s `d |nxf{` kn |fd{ncf k` gccnfmgy k` dg nzwpn`ykg k`m{yf k` dfs `s|gcnfs |fd{ncfs$ k` dg epd{n|dsòm Ifiinf-

@m cfm{ygs{`$ dg mf%nopgdkgk `m dfs {fkfs dfs gs|`c{fs k` dg xnkg `s `d a`caf hpmkgnmgd{`ygid` k` dgs y`dgcnfm`s sfcngd`s `m dfs sns{ègs kèfcy{ncfs$ |fy df cpgd {y`s{gid`c`y e`cgmnsefs |gyg dg nopgdkgk wp` mf s`g jpykncg$ `s xns{f |fy |gy{` k` dg k`ycfef pm g{`m{gkf g dg dni`y{gk nmknxnkpgd$ df wp` ne|dncgyg dg hfyegcnm k`gp{fyn{gynfs ~ afefom`fs- Gs wp` `s dg |dpygdnkgk k` pm sns{èg k` knh`y`mcngs |fsnindn{g dfs cgeinfs sfcngd`s ~ dg gyefmg sfcngd$ {n`mk` g `wpndniygy dgs k`snopgdgs y`dgcnfm`s k` |fk`y igjf egycfs nms{n{pcnfmgd`s wp` ogygm{nc`m `h`c{nxge`m{` `dgd k`sgyyfddf k` dg dni`y{gk nmknxnkpgd$ kfmk` dg knh`y`mcng `s `d ein{f k` dgs sfcngd`s |fy `qc`d`mcng-

K`cnefs$ |gyg `h`c{fs cfmc`|{pgd`s k` `s{` {ygigjf$ wp` dg nzwpn`ykg `s gwp`ddg cg{`

|fd{ncg |yf|ng k` dfs `s|gcnfs |fd{ncfs efk`ymfs$ hfyegkg k` dgs {`msnfm`s `m dy`dgcnfm`s k` |fk`y k` dfs sns{ègs |fd{ncfs `m dg efk`ymnkgk$ cp~f cyn{`ynf cfms{n{pknh`y`mcng hy`m{` g f{ygs cg{òfygs |fd{ncgs k`d `s|`c{yf |fd{ncf `s sp |`ys|`c{nxgnopgdkgk- Dg nzwpn`ykg s` gc`ycg g pm cyn{`ynf k` nopgdkgk cfef pmg gsm{f{g$ cden{` f c`yf !


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cfmc`|cnm k`d `s|gcnf |fd{ncf `m `d `s{gid`cnen`m{f k` dgs y`dgcnfm`s k` |fk`y- Dy`dgcnfm`s k` cfdfmngdnkgk k`d |fk`y s` nmscyni`m `m dg enseg {ygeg k` dgs y`dg |fd{ncgs$ g sp x`z `m {nè|f%`s|gcnf$ c`m{yf%|`ynh`yng k` dfs gmdnsns k`d sns{ègDgs k`hnmncnfm`s ans{yncgs k` dg nzwpn`ykg |gsgm |fy `d knscpysf ~ `d efkf k` nms`

dgs cfyyn`m{`s sfcngdns{gs$ gmgywpns{gs ~ cfepmns{gs$ wp` gcg|gygigm `d `s|`cnzwpn`ykg @pyf|`g- Fixnge`m{`$ gpmwp` mf `s `d fij`{nxf d{nef k` `s{` {ygigjfk`hnmncnm k` dg nzwpn`ykg dg{nmfge`yncgmg cfm{n`m` pm mcd`f ans{yncf$ ~g kcfe|fm`m{`s `m dg y`dgcnm c`m{yf%|`ynh`yng k`d sns{èg epmkf efk`ymf&cfdfmngd kdg `s{ypc{pyg k`d sns{èg ans{yncf efk`ymf-

@d |gsf k` dg nk`gs k` nzwpn`ykg k` pm cfm{nm`m{` g f{yf$ cgsn mf sphyn cgeinfcfm{`mnkfs dfs cpgd`s |gsgyfm `m sp oygm eg~fyg nmgd{`ygkfs- @s{g cgygc{`ys{ncegm`yg k` cfykm peindncgd `m dg |y`ènm`mcng {`yncg k` dgs knscpsnfm`s `pyf|`gs n`m `d `s|gcnf sfcnf|fd{ncf dg{nmfge`yncgmf$ g {gd |pm{f$ wp` dgs |`ynfknzgcnfm`s ok` dg nzwpn`ykg g mnx`d epmkngd s` kègycgm cfm dfs yn{efs k` dg knscpsnfm`s `pyf|`g

nzwpn`ykg-Dgs nk`gs k` dg nzwpn`ykg |fd{ncg `m Dg{nmfgeyncg ddògyfm g {ygxs k` dfs nm`pyf|`fs g hnmgd`s k`d snodf QNQ$ cfm dg cy`gcnm k` dfs |yne`yfs |gy{nkfs sfcngdnsnmhdp`mcng k` `s{gs nk`gs `m dg mgcn`m{` ` nms|nkg cdgs` fiy`yg dg{nmfge`yncgmknc` gd y`s|`c{f:

@d knscpysf gmgycf%snmkncgdns{g ~ dgs |yne`ygs `q|y`snfm`s k` dg nk`fdfog sfcngdngcc`kn`yfm g dfs |gs`s e`mcnfmgkfs$ |fy dg xg k` dniyfs ~ hfdd`{fs wp` ddògyfm k`sk` @pywp` hp`yfm y|nkge`m{` knhpmknkfs `m cycpdfs k` `s{pknfs ~ cdpi`s fiy`yfs- \`yf {geinm ~pm efkf k`cnsnxf hp` dg |y`s`mcng k` {ygigjgkfy`s ènoygkfs ~ `m gdopmfs cgsfs k` `qndgkfs |gs`s `pyf|`fs ~g e`m{gdnzgkgkfs `m dgs kfc{ynmgs gmgywpns{gs ~ sfcngdns{gs$ dfs wp` n

cfm sp |ykncg$ gc{nxnsef ~ knhpsnm k` sps `q|`yn`mcngs `m dfs |yne`yfs goyp|gen`m |yfd`{gynfs- @d gmgycfsnmkncgdnsef snom |yfhpmkge`m{` `m `s{` |`yfkf hfyeg{nxf `d knscdg nzwpn`ykg wp` mgcg gy{ncpdgkg cfm `d efxnen`m{f fiy`yf mgcn`m{`- @d knscpygmgywpns{gs cp~fs `j`s nk`m{n{gynfs `ygm cdgyfs ~ |y`cnsfs- @ddfs s` hfyepdgyfm g cfmsnomgs {gd`s cfef: jps{ncng sfcngd ${n`yyg ~ dni`y{gk ~ sfdnkgynkgk |yfd`{gynf!Cgmcnmf: ;9.

Dg nms`ycnm `m `d d`mopgj` |fd{ncf dg{nmfge`yncgmf k` dfs cfe|fm`m{`s knscpycfmc`|{pgd`s k` dgs knscpsnfm`s k` dg nzwpn`ykg `s gcfe|ggkf |fy dg cy`gcnm k` |yne`yfs |gy{nkfs sfcngdns{gs$ k` cfyyn`m{`s gmgywpns{gs cfm dg cy`gcnm k` dfssnmkncg{fs$ cfm dfs d`xgm{gen`m{fs |f|pdgy`s gm{n%ne|`yngdns{gs ~ dg cy`gcnm kfiy`yg- @d |`ynfkf hfyeg{nxf$ cfef df k`mfenmg Cgmsnmf$ nyg k` hnmgd`s k`d snoags{g 7>7?$ gf k` dg y`xfdpcnm ypsg$ wp` egycgyg pmg mp`xg `s{yg{òngnm{`ymgcnfmgd kny`ccnfmgkg k`sk` `d \gy{nkf Cfepmns{g k` dg Pmnm Sfxn{ncg !\Csps yogmfs k` kny`ccnm ~ cffyknmgcnm nm{`ymgcnfmgd$ `m `s{` cgsf dg Bfen{`ym

@d |`ynfkf k` dg {`yc`yg nm{`ymgcnfmgd spifyknmgyg$ k`sk` dgs kny`c{ync`s k` dknyno`m{`$ g {fkgs dgs kès fyogmnzgcnfm`s nm{`ymgcnfmgd`s wp` s` pmn`yfm gdhgefsg yp|{pyg k` dg {`yc`yg nm{`ymgcnfmgd wp` |gy{n gd efxnen`m{f ans{ynnzwpn`ykg `m sps |ynmcn|nfs nm{`ymgcnfmgdns{g$ k` knscpsnm |yf|nge`m{` `pyf|`g

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y`|`ycp{n`mkf k` egm`yg snendgy `m dgs fyogmnzgcnfm`s ~ |gy{nkfs dg{nmfge`yncgagiygm k` f|{gy |fy pmg k` dgs f|cnfm`s gin`y{gs {ygs dg yp|{pyg- @s gs cfef epc |gy{nkfs sfcngdns{gs `m Dg{nmfgeyncg$ f in`m |gsgyfm g k`mfenmgys` cfepmns{gs f hk` `s{fs |gy{nkfs s` cfmx`y{nygm `m |gy{nkfs cfepmns{gs kny`c{ge`m{` spifyknmgkf

{`yc`yg nm{`ymgcnfmgd$ dfs cpgd`s mf gdcgmzgyfm g {`m`y pmg y`|`ycpsnm es s`c{fy`s k` dg `scgsg cdgs` fiy`yg- K` egm`yg igs{gm{` snendgy fcpyyn cfm dg cynsnssfxn{ncg k` 7>01$ `s{g x`z k`m{yf k` dfs |gy{nkfs cfepmns{gs$ kfmk` hgccnfm`s |gsgknh`y`mcngs` |fy sp k`mfenmgcnm egyqns{g%d`mnmns{g$ cgygc{`ynzgkgs |fy degfs{g-

@m sp oygm eg~fyg dfs |gy{nkfs cfepmns{gs dfcgd`s mf gspen`yfm `m sp knscpysf ~ `m sdg m`c`snkgk k` cfdfcgy `m `d c`m{yf k` sp `s{yg{òng dg efxndnzgcnm k` dfs cge|`snnmko`mgs |fy `d |yfidèg k` dg {n`yyg ~ k` sp f|y`snm {mncg- @d knscpysf nk`fdoncf cgm idfwp` dg xnsnm k` dg y`gdnkgk g dfs oyp|fs knyno`m{`s k` dfs |gy{nkfs cfepmns{gs- @d Edg{nmfge`yncgmf hp` sdf pmg y`|yfkpccnm k`d egyqnsef k` dg NNN Nm{`ymgcnfmgd- !

Oygm |gy{` k` `s{g còp`yg ~ spifyknmgcnm gyynmcfm g dfs efxnen`m{fs k` nzwpn`ypm kfoeg{nsef `qcdp~`m{`$ {gd cfef spc`kn cfm Egyn{òpn$ wpn`m gd |yf|fm`yegyqnsef snm cgdcf mn cf|ng sgdnkf k` dgs y`hd`qnfm`s k` dgs cfmkncnfm`s |yf|ny`gdnkgk |`ypgmg$ hp` fij`{f k` gcpsgcnfm`s k` y`xnsnfmnsef ~ sps |yf|p`s{gs hp`yk`s`cagkgs- Gsnensef dg xnsnm `cfmfencns{g$ `d è|d`f sfiy`%kne`msnfmgkf %sfiy`k`{`yenmgkf% k` dg dpcag k` cdgs`s$ dnogkf g dfs cfe|fm`m{`s `s{yg{oncfs k |fd{ncg nm{`ymgcnfmgdns{g k`d cge|f sfxn{ncf$ `m dpogy k` gc{nxgy kns|fsn{nxfs dn{ygmshfyegkfy`s$ cfmkpj`yfm g wp` s` nmxnsnindnzgyg spj`{fs ~ cfd`c{nxnkgk`s sfc{ygmshfyegcnm sfcngd$ s`c{fy`s `s{fs mf |y`xns{fs k`sk` dfs cmfm`s k`d egyqnsef cddg y`xfdpcnm ypsg s` y`x`dg cfef pmg y`xfdpcnm k`sgc{nxgm{` !Ogycg \ncg |gyg dg sòpmkg en{gk k`d snodf QQ-

Dg cfeinmgcnm k` /dg k`{`yenmgcnm `m pd{neg nms{gmcng/ k` dfs |yfc`sfs sfcngknmencgs k` |yfkpccnm cfm `d |gmfygeg |fd{ncf |fs{`ynfy g dg sòpmkg op`yyg epmkngkf|cnm k` pmg `s{yg{òng nm{`ymgcnfmgd |gyg dg |`ynh`yng k`d sns{èg epmkf f gs{`yc`y epmkf2 pm |gmfygeg epmkngd yònkf |fy dgs cnycpms{gmcngs k` dg op`ycfms`cp`m{` knxnsnm k`d epmkf `m kfs idfwp`s$ `m `d epmkf in|fdgy- [fkf `ddf owp` dg `s{yg{òng gkf|{gkg |fy dg nzwpn`ykg nm{`ymgcnfmgd y`|y`s`m{gkg |fy dgdy`k`kfy k` dg Pmnm Sfxn{ncg$ s` cfmhnopyg `m oygm e`knkg |fy dgs cfmkncnk`sgyyfddf k` dgs hp`yzgs |yfkpc{nxgs `m dfs |gs`s |`ynhyncfs- Gd mf agi`y `d k`sgyyfhp`yzgs gk`cpgkgs |gyg `d |gsf gd sfcngdnsef$ `m{fmc`s$ dgs hp`yzgs sfcngd`s |ynxnd` |gyg dg {ygmshfyegcnm sfcngd$ kì m è| zgy g è|y`mk`y dgs {gy`gs nmcfmc

ne|pdsgmkf y`hfyegs kèfcy{ncgs wp` dg ipyop`sg mgcnfmgd hp` nmcg|gz k` cpeNopgde`m{`$ hygoe`m{ gm egs dg nzwpn`ykg dg{nmfge`yncgmg `m knxnsnfmnyy`cfmcndngid`s

@s{g doncg sps{`m{gkg |fy `d k`sgyyfddf k` dgs hp`yzgs ~ dfs e`knfs k` |yfkpccnmnmc`sgm{` |yfc sf gcpepdg{nxf k`d cg|n{gdnsef$ `m dg |`ynh`yng$ cfm pm k`sgyyfddf k` kncafs |yfc`sfs ~ knmencgs$ kfmk` dg cdgs` fiy`yg nmkps{yngd `s pm s`c{fy igs

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enmfyn{gynf `m dg hfyegcnfm`s sfcngd`s$ `m dfs cpgd`s dgs ipyop`sgs mgcnfmgd`dd`xgkf g cgif f mf agm snkf cg|gc`s k` cpe|dny cfm dgs {gy`gs ans{yncgs k` sp cdcfmkncnfm`s s{gs s` s`|gygyfm k` dg {`fynzgcnm- @s `xnk`m{` wp` dg y`gdnkgk |fd{ncgs ~ `cfmencgs k` dg |`ynh`yng sfm gin`y{ge`m{` kns{nm{gs ` nmg|y`msnid`s g

/k`{`yenmgcnfm s m d{neg nms{gmcng/-----dg k`{`yenmgcnm `m d{neg nms{gmcng |fy dg `cfmfeg- Cfmsnk`yèfs dgs ne|dncg`s{` cfmc`|{f- Sn `s{g k`{`yenmgcnm d{neg `s pmg x`ykgk xdnkg |gyg {fkg sfcn`kgksnomnhncg wp` dg y`dgcnm `m{y` dg k`{`yenmgcnm ~ dgs cfmkncnfm`s wp` dg |fsnindn{g{ygxs k` pmg gy{ncpdgcnm ans{yncg ~ cfm{nmo`m{`$ snmf wp` `s pmg m`c`snkgk Gkxny{gs` wp` `d |yfidèg wp` knscp{nefs mf `s sn dg `cfmfeg {n`m` sps cfmkncnfm`s`qns{`mcng %`s{f `s pmg {gp{fdfog: sn gdof `qns{` `s |fywp` s` kgm dgs cfmkncnfm`s wp` |fsp `qns{`mcng%2 `d |yfidèg `s wp` sn )dg `cfmfeg) `s k`{`yenmgm{` `m d{neg nms{gm{fkf {n|f k` sfcn`kgk$ kì` {geinm k`hnmnys` cfm nmk`|`mk`mcng k` {fkf {n|f |gy{ncpdgsfcn`kgk2 ~ dgs cfmkncnfm`s k` `qns{`mcng k` dg `cfmfeg kì`m {geinm k`hnmnys` gd egy{fkg y`dgcnm sfcngd cfmcy`{g- !Dgcdgp$ Efphh`$ 9


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s`qpgdnkgk$ om`yf$ `{mncnkgk$ ygzg$ cdgs`$ `s|nyn{pgdnkgk$ d`mopg$ mn dfcgdnzgcnmnmopmg y`dgcnm k` |fk`y$ ~ |yfkpc` dg x`ykgk k`sk` pm efmdfof nm{`ynfy cfmsnof ensey`dgcnm cfm mgkn` hp`yg k` s- @s k`cny$ s` {yg{g k` pmg hndfsfhg sfykg$ snm yfs{yf ~oygx`kgk- @d spj`{f snm yfs{yf hdf{g |fy dfs cn`dfs snm s`y k`{`yenmgkf |fy mgkg mn |fy !Oyfshfop`d$ 9


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8-3 Kne`msnfmgy df sfcngd |fy sfiy`k`{`yenmgcnfm`s: gy{ncpdgcnfm`s$ efe`m{fs$`dè`m{fs ~ gm{gofmnsefs

Dgs y`dgcnfm`s sfcngd`s k` cpgdwpn`y hfyegcnm sfcngd gkwpn`y`m sp cfm{`mnkf ~ s`gd s`y `m{y`dgzgkfs e`kngm{` seifdfs2 dfs seifdfs mf {n`m`m pm cgyc{`y k` `q|y`mncf$ snmf wp` sp cfm{`mnkf `s dg hfyegcnm k` pmg xgyngkg ~ knx`ysg oxnmcpdgcnfm`s `s|gcnf{è|fygd`s k` dfs gs|`c{fs k` dg xnkg wp` e`kngm dgs y`dgcnfsfcngd`s ~ sfm cfms{n{p{nxfs k`d knscpysf- Dgs k`{`yenmgcnfm`s sfm |p`s cfmkncnfmdgs y`dgcnfm`s sfcngd`s `m e`knf k` dg epd{nxfcgdnkgk-

Dgs k`{`yenmgcnfm`s mf sfm$ |p`s$ mf |p`k`m s`y$ pmndnm`gd`s$ mn pmnkny`ccnfmgdsfm y`c|yfcgs- Sfm a`{`yfom`gs$ knscfm{nmpgs$ nmcfmsns{`m{`s$ cfm nc{nxgs$ cfef cfyydgs y`dgcnfm`s `m{y` `dè`m{fs wp` {n`m`m$ {fkfs ~ cgkg pmf$ {gd`s cgygc{`ys{ncgs- Dg k` a`{`yfom fs$ knscfm{nmpfs ~ cfm nc{nxfs `dè`m{fs `m pmg `s{ypc{pyg cfem$ k`{`yenmgkf cge|f k` y`dgcnfm`s$ ne|dncg$ |p`s$ y`wpn`y`$ y`dgcnfm`s k` y`c|yfcgs$ ed{n

a`{`yfom`gs k`{`yenmgcnfm`s- !Wpnnjgmf$ 9


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Cfm{nmpgmkf `d andf k` `s{gs kns`y{gcnfm`s sfiy` dg cfms{n{pcnm k` df sfcngd k`skEfphh` ~ @ym`s{f Dgcdgp$ dg sfiy`{`yenmgcnm k` dgs y`dgcnfm`s sfcngd`s cfe{geinm ~ `s|`cngde`m{` `d |`msgy df sfcngd cfef `d {`jnkf `m `s|gcnfs k` gy{ncpdgcnfm`y`dgcnfm`s k`{`yenmgkgs `m pm pmg hfyegcnm ans{yncg- Df sfcngd$ k`sk` gwp$ m

cfms{ypccnm {f{gde`m{` cfe|d`{g$ k`|`mk` hpmkge`m{gde`m{` k` doncgs k` y`dgcnfmk`m{yf k` `ddgs mnmopmg k`{`yenmgcnm s` `s{gid`c` pmg sfiy` f{yg k` pmg x`zsnè|y`$ ~ kfmk` cpgdwpn`y `s{gid`cnen`m{f k` pmg k`{`yenmgm{` `s g|`mgs {è|fnmcfms{gm{` ` nmcfe|d`{g$ giyn`mkf `d cge|f |gyg dg gy{ncpdgcnm k` kncags y`dhnjgmkf s`m{nkfs k` egm`yg nmcfmcdpsg `m `d knscpysf-

[fkg |yc{ncg sfcngd `s$ |fy {gm{f$ `m pmg k` sps kne`msnfm`s$ gy{ncpdg{fyng$ ~g wp` efe`m{f nm{`ymf k` pmg {f{gdnkgk gp{fk`hnmnkg$ mf |p`k` s`y |pyge`m{` dg `q|y`snm kgkwpnynkf %mf |p`k`$ `m cfms`cp`mcng$ s`y m{òyge`m{` spispenkg igjf `d |ynmcny`|`{ncnm% snmf wp` cfmsns{` snè|y` `m dg cfms{ypccnm k` mp`xgs knh`y`mcngs- Dfgy{ncpdgcnm `m dg e`knkg `m wp` df sfcngd mf {n`m` `s`mcng %`s k`cny$ `m dg e`knk)sfcn`kgk) `s ne|fsnid`%- !Nink: 70;.

Dg gy{ncpdgcnm y`dgcnfmg pm sns{èg k` knh`y`mcngs$ kìnkf g wp` df s` k`mfenmg`s `d cfmjpm{f k` y`dgcnfm`s ~ |ygc{ncgs igsgkg `m dg knh`y`mcng snomnhncgkg `m `knscpysnxf- Dg knh`y`mcng `m{y` dfs spj`{fs ~ cfd`c{nxnkgk`s k`m{yf k` pm @s|gcnf`mcp`m{yg dgs cfmkncnfm`s k` |fsnindnkgk k` dg |yc{ncg k` y`dgcnfm`s sfcngd`s$ |yc{ncg k` dgs ensegs `s{gid`c` dg knh`y`mcng `m{y` dfs kns{nm{fs cfe|fm`m{` sfccy`gmkf nk`m{nkgk`s wp` s` x`m gh`c{gkgs |fy `d ensef |yfc`sf k` sfiy`k`yenmgcnm$ wcfef ~g knjnefs `s nmcfe|d`{f ~ |`yen{` dg o`m`ygcnm mp`xgs knh`y`mcnggy{ncpdgcnm `s `d |yfc`sf wp` |`yen{` `d `s{gid`cnen`m{f k` fyk`m knscpsnxf `m hfyegcnm sfcngd `m{y` knx`ysgs y`dgcnfm`s knh`y`mcngd`s k` spj`{f ~ cfd`c{nxnkgk-

Cfef ~g s` agiy |fknkf `m{y`x`y$ sn df kncaf gm{`ynfye`m{` hp`s` k`d {fkf cn`y{f %snm`q{`ymgdnkgk% s` `s{gyg agidgmkf k` pm sns{èg c`yygkf$ `mko`mf ~ gp{fy`h`y`mc`d `s{gid`cnen`m{f k` dg knh`y`mcng k`|`mk`yg k`d fyk`m knscpysnxf ~ kfenmgm{` `s{`m dg nm{`ynfynkgk k` dgs y`dgcnfm`s k` dgs hfyegcnfm`s sfcngd`s- K`d {gd egm`sns{èg k` knh`y`mcngs `mcfm{ygyg {gyk` f {è|ygmf pm den{`$ ~ sp gof{gen`m{f k`k` s dg cg|gcnkgk gy{ncpdg{fyng |gyg |yfkpcny mp`xgs knh`y`mcngs$ nm{yfkpcnfyk`m knscpysnxf$ mf hp`s` `h`c{nxg- \gyg `m{`mk`y pm |fcf es wp `s dg gy{ncpdgcnwp` y`|gsgy df wp` dfs gp{fy`s knc`m gd y`s|`c{f$ sfiy` pmgs k`hnmncnfm`s igs{gm{`s k` pmgs cg{òfygs wp` s`yxnym |gyg `d gmdnsns knscpysnxf k` dg nzwpn`ykg dg{nmf

@m `d cfm{`q{f k` `s{g knscpsnm$ ddgegyèfsgy{ncpdgcnmg {fkg |yc{ncg wp` `s{gid`c` pmgy`dgcnm {gd `m{y` `dè`m{fs$ wp` dg nk`m{nkgk k` s{fs y`spd{g efknhncgkg cfef y`spd{g |yc{ncg- G dg {f{gdnkgk `s{ypc{pygkg y`spd{gm{` k` dg |yc{ncg gy{ncpdg{fyng dg ddgegyknscpysf-Ddgegyèfsefe`m{fs g dgs |fsncnfm`s knh`y`mcngd`s$ `m {gm{f g|gy`c`m gy{ncpdgkgs `m `d k` pm knscpysf- Ddgegyèfs$ |fy `d cfm{ygynf$`dè`m{f g {fkg knh`y`mcng wp` mf s` gy{ncpdgknscpysnxge`m{`- !Nink: 7;3.

Cfef s` ag xns{f$ dg doncg k` dg gy{ncpdgcnm k` pm sns{èg k` knh`y`mcngs agc` | |yfc`sf wp` k`ynxg `m pmg hfyegcnm aòèmncg$ `m dg cfms{n{pcnm k` pmg {

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knscpysnxg- Gs |p`s$ wp` dg kns{nmcnm `m{y` efe`m{fs ~ `dè`m{fs `s xn{gd `m{`mknen`m{f k` pmg `q{`ynfynkgk wp` mf ag snkf {ygmshfyegkg knscpysnxge`mefe`m{f knh`y`mcngd k`d knscpysf- Dfs `dè`m{fs cfef knh`y`mcngs mf gy{ncpdgkefe`m{fs$ giy`m `s|gcnfs k` {`msnm `m{y` dfs efe`m{fs- @s{` `s|gcnf df k`mfenmgm

gp{fy`s$ cfef `d cge|f k` knscpysnxnkgk$ kfmk` s` xgm |yfkpcn`mkf f o`m`ygmkf doncggy{ncpdgcnm |gyg dg nms`ycnm `m `d knscpysf k` dfs `dè`m{fs- @m{fmc`s$ {`mèknscpysf s` cfms{n{p~` cfef nm{`m{f |fy kfenmgy `d cge|f k` dg knscpysnxnkgk$ |fy k`{`d hdpjf k` dgs knh`y`mcngs$ |fy cfms{n{pny pm c`m{yf- Dfs |pm{fs knscpysnxfs |ynxnd`s{g hnjgcnm |gycngd dfs k`mfenmgyèfs |pm{fs mfkgd`s- !Nink: 709. Mf sfiyg k`c`s{` gmkgengj` cg{òfyngd snyx` k` sps{`m{f gd cfmc`|{f kàòèfmg cfms{ypnkf |fy Cagm{gd Efphh` ~ @ym`s{f Dgcdgp-

@s{fs |pm{fs mfkgd`s s` `s{gid`c`m |gyg kgy s`m{nkf ~ hnjgy pmg |fsncnm k` dgs `m `d knscpysf- @d |gsf f {ygmsn{f k` `dè`m{fs g efe`m{fs$ |fy dg enseg k`hnmncnmgy{ncpdgcnm$ k` sfiy`k`{`yenmgcnm$ mpmcg |p`k` cfms{n{pnys` |d`mge`m{`2 dgs

`m{y` knh`y`mcngs kgm s`m{nkfs ~ cy`gm nk`m{nkgk`s$ y`spd{gm gh`c{gkfs ep{p`h`c{fs k` `s{` ensef |yfc`sf$ k` sp cgyc{`y knmencf- @m cfms`cp`mcng$ dgs |fsncnfmdgs nk`m{nkgk`s mpmcg gdcgmzgm g `s{gy |d`mge`m{` hnjgkgs$ ~ `d s`m{nkf `s gof{gkf ~ hnmn{f-

Cgi` |yòpm{gys`$ ddògkfs g `s{` efe`m{f$ s dg cfms{ypccnm k` dg hfyegcnm kaòèfmg k`m{yf k` pmg hfyegcnm sfcngd$ cp~f {ygegkf k` y`dgcnfm`s gy{ncpdy`spd{g `m pm knscpysf wp` {yg{g k` `s{gid`c`y efe`m{fs ` nm{`m{g hnjgy dfs `dè{ygxs k` dg {f{gdnzgcnm k`d cge|f knscpysnxf gin`y{f |fy dg {`msnm k` dfs `dè`m`q|gmknys` dg |yc{ncg gy{ncpdg{fyng2 `m{fmc`s$ cpd `s `sg `q{`ymgdnkgk g `s{` sns{k` knh`y`mcngs wp` ne|nk` wp` s` sp{py` `d cge|f k` df sfcngd `m pmg |fsn{nxnkgk cfe|d`@s{g `q{`ymgdnkgk wp` mf `s snmf `d den{` k` dg cfms{n{pcnm k` pmg sfcn`kgk cfe`s kgkf snmf |fy pm `m{ygegkf knscpysnxf wp` `qc`k` gd knscpysf ensef: `d gm{gofmnsef

@d gm{gofmnsef$ |fy {gm{f$ d`jfs k` s`y pmg y`dgcnm fij`{nxg$ `s pmg y`dgcnm `mep`s{ygm %`m `d s`m{nkf `m wp` _n{{o`ms{`nm k`cg wp` df wp` mf s` |p`k` k`cny s` efs{ygy% dfs den{`s k` {fkg fij`{nxnkgk- \`yf sn$ cfef aèfs xns{f$ df sfcngd sdf `qns{` cf`shp`yzf |gycngd |fy nms{n{pny dg sfcn`kgk %`s{f `s$ pm sns{èg fij`{nxf ~ c`yygkf k` knh`y`d gm{gofmnsef$ cfef {`s{nof k` dg ne|fsnindnkgk k` pmg sp{pyg d{neg$ `s dg )`q|`yn`mcnden{` k` df sfcngd- @s{ync{ge`m{` agidgmkf$ dfs gm{gofmnsefs mf sfm nm{`ynfy`s snmf `dg sfcn`kgk2 f$ e`jfy kncaf$ `ddfs `s{gid`c`m dfs den{`s k` dg sfcn`kgk$ dg ne|fsnindnkgk kd{neg k` cfms{n{pnys` |d`mge`m{`-!Nink: 78>.

Hy`m{` g dg cfms{n{pcnm k` pmg |fsn{nxnkgk è`yo` df gm{gomncf cfef dg `q|`yn`mk` dfs {`yy`mfs k`d knscpysf k` dg y`gdnzgcnm k` dg sfcn`kgk- @sg mòg{nxnkgk wp |fsnindnkgk k`d cgeinf sfcngd ~ k`d den{` k` dfs sns{ègs ans{yncfs ~ k`d knscpysgwp`ddf wp` mf |p`k` s`y nm{òygkf `m `d knscpysf |fywp` df k`sifykg$ dg mògcnm knh`y`mcng s` {ygmshfyeg ags{g ddògy g cfms{n{pnys` `m pm gm{gofmnsef- Mf `s{ kwp` dfs gm{gofmnsefs {ge|fcf sfm {ygms|gy`m{`s g s ensefs$ |p`s `s{gygefs agidgmkf |gy{ncpdgynsefs `mko`mfs- @s{gs mòg{nxnkgk`s ne|pdsgkgs k`sk` `s{` {ygigjf g |gy{n|{ncg k` sfiy`k`y{ènmgcnm$ dfs spj`{fs ~ cfd`c{nxfs k` mòg{nxnkgk `q|p`s{g k`sk

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cfdfmngdnkgk k`d |fk`y `m `d sns{èg epmkf efk`ymf cfdfmngd-

S` ag kncaf wp` `d |yfc`sf k` hfyegcnm aòèmncg {n`mk` g `q|gmknys`- @d sns{epmkf efk`ymf&cfdfmngd wp` s` cfms{n{p~` cfef `d sns{èg ans{yncf gc{pgd$ ne|d

ge|dngcnm k` `s{` |yfc`sf g `scgdg |dgm`{gyng$ k`m{yf k`d cpgd epcags k` dgs `q|y`snk` dg nzwpn`ykg ygkncgd wp` sp|fm`m pmg cfm{ygknccnm f dg k`s{ypccnm k` s{`$ `cfms`cpcnm k` pm mp`xf sns{èg ans{yncf$ |`yf wp`$ dg gy{ncpdgcnm k`d knscpy`cfmkpcnkf k`d dpogy k` dfs `dè`m{fs knh`y`mcngd`s cfm |yf|p`s{gs gm{gomncgs$ mògkgs$ gd dpogy k` pm efe`m{f es `m `d sns{èg k` knh`y`mcngs$ sf|fy{gkgs `knscpysf-

@s gs wp` dg y`dgcnm k` pmg mòg{nxnkgk$ gd mf |fk`y {ygs|gsgy dfs den{`s knscpsns{èg ans{yncf nmoy`sg `m `d sns{èg k` knh`y`mcngs cfef pm efe`m{f es k` knscpsnxnkgk aòèmncg wp` cg|{pyg dfs `mpmcngkfs mògkfs- \gy`c`yg wp` `m `d efegc{pgd k`d sns{èg epmkf dgs |yf|p`s{gs ` nk`gd`s k` cn`y{fs s`c{fy`s k` dg nzwpn`ykg hp

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Gpm wp`kg |fy |fy k`{`yenmgy cpd`s sfm dfs e`cgmnsefs wp` |`yen{`m pm {`jngm{gomncf `m{y` go`m{`s sfcngd`s k` {ygmshfyegcnm- Dfs gm{gofmnsefs cgygc{`ys{ncgs wp` gd mf `s{gy nme`ysfs `m `d knscpysf s` `m{y`dgzgm$ s` cfepmncgm |yfc`sfs k` gy{ncpdgcnm knh`y`m{`s `m{y` s$ gsnensef knh`y`m{` gd k`d knscpysf kèfk`ymf epmkf&cfdfmngd-

@s{f ne|dncg wp` pmg hfyegcnm sdf dfoyg snomnhncgys` g s enseg %`s k`cny$ cfms{n{gd% {ygmshfyegmkf dfs den{`s `m hyfm{`ygs$ cfms{n{p~`mkf pmg cgk`mg k` `wpnxgcfms{yp~` g df wp` `s{ es gdd k` dfs den{`s$ cfef gwp`ddf wp` `ddg mf `s- @s sdf g {ydg mòg{nxnkgk$ k` dg knxnsnm ~ k`d gm{gofmnsef$ wp` pmg hfyegcnm |p`k` cfms{n{afynzfm{` {f{gdnzgm{`-!Nink: 711.

Dfs den{`s k` dg knscpysnxnkgk k` pmg hfyegcnm sfcngd `s{m kgkfs |fy dg doncsns{èg k` knh`y`mcngs wp` s` gy{ncpdg `m{y` efe`m{fs$ ge|dnmkfs` |fy `d cge|f knscpysnxnkgk `m {`msnm cfm dfs `dè`m{fs$ {ygmshfyegmkf kncafs `dè`m{fs `m ef`m pm knh`y`mcngd es yòpdmkfdf ~ kf{gmkf k` s`m{nkf g kncafs `dè`m{fs- \fy `j`dgs dpcag k` spj`{fs ~ cfd`c{nxnkgk`s |fy `d y`cfmfcnen`m{f g wp` sps knh`y`mcngs

`h`c{nxge`m{` y`cfmfcnkgs ~ gc`|{gkgs `m `d s`mf k` pmg hfyegcnm sfcngd %y`cdgegk` om`yf$ dgs cpgd`s |p`k`m |gsgy k` pm `s|gcnf |pyge`m{` y`nxnmkncg{nxf gd {`yy`pmg hfyegdnzgcnm jpykncg-

\fy `d cfm{ygynf$ dfs gm{gofmnsefs kègycgm dg hyfm{`yg k`d knscpysf `m pmg hfsfcngd$ sn`mkf dgs knh`y`mcngs mògkgs$ wp` `s{gid`c`m nopgde`m{` pmg {`ms`q|y`snm `s{ kgkg |fy dgs `wpnxgd`mcngs cfm `d knscpysf$ kì`ygm `s{gy `m cfm{

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f{yfs gm{gofmnsefs g {ygxs k` dg cfmhnopygcnm k` pmg cgk`mg k` `wpnxgd`mcngs-cfd`c{nxnkgk`s cp~fs y`cfmfcnen`m{fs ~ gs|nygcnfm`s `s{m ~ xgm es gdd k` dg nms`gc`|{gindnkgk k` sps y`nxnmkncgcnfm`s `m egycfs jpykncfs f nms{n{pcnfmgd`s$ f |fyw`m |`dnoyf `d sns{èg gy{ncpdgcnfm`s knh`y`mcngd`s$ `s{gid`cn`mkf `m{y` sps gs|ny

kègmkgs cn`y{fs `mpmcngkfs `wpnxgd`m{`s cfm `d knscpysf `s{gid`cnkf `m pmghfyegcnm sfcngd$ `m pm `qc`sf knscpysnxf-

8-; Dg è`yo`mcng k` spj`{fs ~ cfd`c{nxnkgk`s: |fsnid` hfyegcnm k` gm{gofmnsefs

@d cypc` k` dg knscpsnm gyynig |dgm{`gkg cfm dg nzwpn`ykg dg{nmfge`yncgmg scfmc`m{ygkg `m dg cp s{nm k` dfs spj {fs ~ cfd`c{nxnkgk`s k` {ygmshfyegcnmè`yo`m{`s `m `s{` |yfc`sf k` gy{ncpdgcnfm`s sfcngd`s- \p`s{f wp` `s{` {ygigjf y`gdnzg{yg{gen`m{f `s|`cngd k`sk` dg cfdfmngdnkgk k`d |fk`y `m dg g|`y{pyg k` `s|gcnf |fd{ncdg è`yo`mcng k` spj`{fs ~ cfd`c{nxnkgk`s sfcnf|fd{ncgs cfef go`m{`s sfcnfans{yn |fd{ncfs ~ cpd{pygd`s k` {ygmshfyegcnm `m sp y`dgcnm cfm dg k`hnmncnm k` dg

Dg{nmfgeyncg$ gd nm{`ynfy k` pm @s|gcnf[nè|f k`dnen{gkf k` dg `s{ypc{pyg k` pmans{yncf `m |gy{ncpdgy2 `s |`y{nm`m{` gwp gmgdnzgy `d dpogy ~ dgs cfmkncnfm`s k` `qns{`mcng k` kncafs spj`{fs ~ cfd`c{nxnkgk`s$ cfef pmg |yfidè{ncg y`cpyy`m{` `knscpsnm k` dg nzwpn`ykg-

[geinm pmg cp`s{nm wp` s` d` |dgm{`g g dg nzwpn`ykg `s dg y`dg{nxg gd spj`{f k`d cgein~g wp` dfs spj`{fs cfd`c{nxfs wp` egm`jgig {ygkncnfmgde`m{`$ cfef `d |yfd`{gyngkf$ g|gykndpnkfs ~ mf |gy`c` agi`y f{yg sgdnkg wp` nmcfy|fygy cfef cg{òfygs cfmc`|{pgd`s ~ f|`yg{ng dfs mp`xfs efxnen`m{fs sfcngd`s$ wp` {ygscn`mk`m dgs cg{òfygs k` cdgs`- @s{f |fkygpmg y`k`hnmncnm k`d sfcngdnsef$ cfef pmg |yfhpmknzgcnm k`d |yfc`sf kèfcy{ncf y`gdnzspj`{fs |f|pdgy`s fyogmnzgkfs!Efm{`s$ 1


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|fkyg k`cnys`$ k` gdopmg egm`yg$ `|ns{èfdoncg-

Snopn`mkf dg kns`y{gcnm k` Wpnjgmf ~ k` gcp`ykf cfm `ddg:---$ df wp` ne|fy{g |gyg mp`s{yfs |yf|sn{fs k` nmkgogcnm sfiy` dg `s{ypc{pyg k` dg sfdg{nmfge`yncgmg af~ `s s`gdgy wp` dgs y`dgcnfm`s `m{y` cg|n{gdnsef ~ {ygigjf sfm gafyg`m Geyncg Dg{nmg$ epcaf es cfe|d`jgs wp` |fcf gm{`s$ wp` `d epmkf k`d {ygigjf `s epcafes a`{`yfom`f ~ gkès kns|`ysf ~ hygoe`m{gkf- Dg cynsns k` nk`m{nkgk sfcngd wp` {fkf cfmdd`xg ag è|pjgkf g epcafs g pm |yfc`sf k` y`nk`m{nhncgcnm `m {yenmfs mf xnmcpdgkfsy`dgcnm `m{y` cg|n{gd ~ {ygigjf$ snmf `m f{yfs ep~ kns{nm{fs$ `m{y` dfs cpgd`s dfs c|fiy`zg$ k` `{mncnkgk$ k` fhncnfs ~ k` gc{nxnkgk`s nmhfyegd`s ~ k` cfepmnkgsfm$ |yfigidè`m{`$ dfs es hy`cp`m{`s- !Wpnjgmf$ 9


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`qns{`mcng cfef `h`c{nxge`m{` gm{gomncf- Dg mòg{nxnkgk hy`m{` g pm `s{gid`cnedg efk`ymnkgk$ |p`k` f mf {`m`y sp cge|f k` cfmhdnc{nxnkgk `m `d @s{gkf$ cfm$ f c |`yf mf snm d- Df nm{`y`sgm{` `m `s{g cp`s{nm$ `s wp`$ g mnx`d o`m`ygd$ s` xnxn `pm kfid` k`s`mcgm{f ~ k`c`|cnm `m {fymf g df `s{g{gd$ cfef {`yy`mf |gyg dg {ygmshfy

k` df sfcngd: hy`m{` gd `s{gkf cg|n{gdns{g cfm sns{ègs kèfcy{ncf%dni`ygd`s `m GDg{nmg$ ~ k` nopgd egm`yg$ hy`m{` g dfs |yf~`c{fs k` {ygmshfyegcnm xnxnk`q|`yn`mcng k`d sfcngdnsef y`gd k` dfs @s{gkfs k` @pyf|g k`d @s{`-

Dg |yf|ng `q|`yn`mcng Dg{nmfge`yncgmg k` cfmhdnc{nxnkgk `m `d cge|f |fd{ncf |gnzwpn`ykg ~ f{ygs cfd`c{nxnkgk`s |fd{ncgs ag `s{gkf egycgkg |fy dg xnfd`mcng$ `d k`dg |`ys`cpcnm$ `d s`gdgen`m{f ~ `d {geinm `d kfoeg{nsef- @d y`sopgykf k` gdo`q|y`snfm`s `m dg nzwpn`ykg Dg{nmfgeyncg$ {gm{f k` dgs wp` gccnfmgigm k |yfc`knen`m{fs dògd`s$ cfef k` gwp`ddgs wp` cfmhyfm{gyfm k` hfyeg ygkncgd ~ gyegkg$ `s|`cngde`m{`$ kpygm{` dg |fcg k` dgs knc{gkpygs endn{gy`s$ k`j {ygs k``s{`dg k` {èfy ~ hyps{ygcnm- S` xn`m` k` kcgkgs gm{`ynfy`s egycgkgs |fy pm gcc

`s{yg{oncf hyfm{gd ~ kny`c{f$ cp~g y`gccnm hp` |fcf egs wp` |yf|fycnfmgd-@d afdfcgps{f dg{nmfge`yncgmf kpy xgyngs kcgkgs$ k`jgmkf sp ap`ddg `m `d hp{yònm- [fkg pmg o`m`ygcnm k` gc{nxns{gs |fd{ncfs ~ dgifygd`s hp` gs`snmgkg$ {fyk`sg|gy`cnkg |fy dg y`|y`snm endn{gy- Pmg x`z dfs efxnen`m{fs gm{nsns{encfs hp`yfm k`s{apif pmg {ygmsncnm g dg kèfcygcng hfyegd cfm{yfdgkg k`sk` gyynig- Cpgdwpn`y knscpsnk`d qn{f k` dg ne|fsncnm k` |fd{ncgs m`fdni`ygd`s `m {fkg dg yònm kpygm{` dfs gfs wp` |gy{ny k` dg k`yyf{g ans{yncg k` `sfs efxnen`m{fs g egmfs k` dgs knc{gkpygs gps|ncnhnmgmcngkgs |fy @@PP-!Oyfshfop`d$ 9


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---|`wp`gs goyp|gcnfm`s ~ knscpysfs |yfc`k`m{`s k`d |`yfkf gm{`ynfy$ wp` |yfdfmogm `d `m{y` dgs {`mk`mcngs k`d ddgegkf sfcngdnsef cn`m{hncf$ agm xp`d{f g ogmgy gdopmg gpkìg{` |idncf- \`yf {geinm `s{ `m cpysf k` cfms{n{pcnm pmg mp`xg cfyyn`m{`$ |yfkpcnkgcynsns gc{pgd ~ wp`$ |yfigidè`m{`$ {n`mk` g cy`c`y es wp` dg gm{`ynfy- Gpmwp` sp knscpgm sns{è{ncf$ mn sps |yf|p`s{gs `q|dcn{gs$ s` knyno` mf sdf cfm{yg dg xgyngm{` m`fcg|n{gdnsef$ snmf cfm{yg `d |fk`y cg|n{gdns{g cfef {gd- Dfs cfd`c{nxfs wp` s` hfyegm `m kn |gs`s$ cfm knx`ysfs mfeiy`s ~ f|cnfm`s$ goyp|gmkf `s|`cngde`m{` g dfs jx`m`s |ynmcn|gde`m{` `s{pkngm{`s ` nm{`d`c{pgd`s$ |`yf {geinm {ygigjgkfy`s$ sfm dg `q|y`snm |yne`ygs hfyegs ~ `{g|gs k`d kìg{`$ k` dg fyogmnzgcnm ~ k` dg gc{pgcnm k` `s{g x`y\yfigidè`m{` `d s`ddf cfem g sp a`{`yfom`f pmnx`ysf `s dg k`scfmhngmzg `m dg `q|`yn`mcn`m dgs |yf|p`s{gs k`d sfcngdnsef y`gde`m{` `qns{`m{`$ sp xny{pgd yp|{pyg cfm dg `q|`y`s{gdnmngmg ~ `d `s{g{nsef k` {gd`s sfcngdns{gs- \fy `sf cfen`mzgm g s`y |`ycninkfs |fy epcasps cy{ncfs$ ~ gpm |fy sps |yf|nfs gc{fy`s$ cfef pmg |yfdfmogcnm k` pm nmk`{`yenmgkf ~mf knscp{nkf gmgywpnsef-!Wpnjgmf 9


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|gy{ncpdgy`s snè|y` |gycngde`m{` hnjgkgs ~ y`h`ynkgs cg{òfygs wp` g|gy`c`m$ k`sg|gs` fcpd{gm ~ y`x`dgm k`d d`mopgj` |fd{ncf- \fy {gm{f$ `s{g y`knhnmncnm cfnmcfe|d`{g mf mfs |`yen{nyg agidgy k` mp`xf$ cfef yp|{pyg$ df cpgd s`yg pmkns{nm{g wp` yèn{` g pmg f{yg mfenmgcnm$ snmf g pmg cfms{gm{` nmcfe|d`{g snmf hp`s` gs$ cgkg cgeinf knscpysnxf$ kny`c{ge`m{` {`mkyg wp` gkj`{nxgys` cfef mk`s|gy`c`y-

@d `mcp`m{yf k` pmfs go`m{`s sfcngd`s wp` |gy`c`m {gm kns{gm{`s `m{y` s g {ycfms{ypccnm ans{yncg k` dg nzwpn`ykg |fd{ncg$ cfef gwp`ddg yòpdgynkgk kn`mcp`m{yg |y`s`m{` `m dfs cgeinfs ~ y`gcfefkgen`m{fs o`f|fd{ncfs k`d sns{èg epmkf `m`d {ygmscpysf k` dfs kfs d{nefs snodfs$ ge|dngkg sp cfe|d`jnkgk `m dfs |yfc`sfs k

gy{ncpdgcnm$ {n`m` wp` x`y {geinm cfm dg nmcnk`mcng k` `s{fs |yfc`sfs `m dg {ygmk` pm sns{èg ans{yncf ~ k` dg {f{gdnkgk `s{ypc{pygd sfiy` `s{fs$ cfef mògcnm$ `d~$ kgkf `d cgsf$ cfef efe`m{fs k` s{g enseg- Dg hfyegcnm k` gm{gomncfs$ g |gy{nygwp$ s` `mdgzg cfm dg |yf|p`s{g ~ gccnfmgy {ygmshfyegkfy k` `s{fs go`m{`s sfcngd`cfmc |cnm k` dg nopgdkgk$ ne|pdsgkg gd ygkncgd kèfcy{ncf$ {`mn`mkf |y`s`cfdfmngdnkgk k`d |fk`y$ {`mkn`m{` g dg k`cfdfmnzgcnm k` dgs y`dgcnfm`s sfcngd`s-

Mnmom |yf~`c{f ygkncgd `m Geyncg Dg{nmg {`mky qn{f sn mf k`segm{`dg dgsygcngd`s&cfdfmngd`s- @s{f |dgm{`g dg m`c`snkgk k` |fm`y cfef pmg k` dgs |ynfynkgk`s kèfxnen`m{fs y`xfdpcnfmgynfs `d gspm{f k` dg k`scfdfmnzgcnm ~ kèfcyg{nzgcnm sfc |fk`y- Dg y`|yfkpccnm k` `s{gs j`ygywpgs gh`c{g mf sfdf `d gdcgmc` k`d |yfc`sf y`xfdpcnfmsnmf dg kèfcyg{nzgcnm k` dgs j`ygywpgs sfcngd`s-!Oyfshfop`d$ 9


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@d k`s|dgzgen`m{f knscpysnxf ~ `|ns{encf k`d k`scpiynen`m{f k` Geyncg `m dfs gans{yncfs k` dg efk`ymnkgk ~ k` sps `dè`m{fs cfms{n{p{nxfs$ ne|dncg$ `m {yenmfs k |dgzf$ wp` dg efk`ymnkgk ~ `d k`sgyyfddf k`d cg|n{gdnsef {n`m`m `s{` gcfm{`cnen`m{pmf k` sps efe`m{fs nmgpopygd`s |gyg dg `s{ypc{pygcnm k`d sns{èg epmefk`ymf&cfdfmngd$ wp` ~g cpe|d` es k` cnmcf snodfs- Cfm df cpgd dg `q|`yn`mcngcfdfmng agc` |gy{` k`d cfms{ypc{f `|ns{encf ~ fm{fdoncf k` dg spij`{nxnkgk efk`ymg-mfs cfmkpc` g pmg |yne`yg cgygc{`ynzgcnm k` dg cfdfmngdnkgk k`d |fk`y-

K`sk` dg nms`ycnm k` Geyncg `m `d cg|n{gdnsef epmkngd efk`ymf&cfdfmngd$ dgs cdgsn cgm ~ sfm cdgsn cgkgs sòm {y`s dm`gs knh`y`m{`s$ |`yf gy{ncpdgkgs `m pmgodfigd cfem |fy dg cfdfmngdnkgk k`d |fk`y: {ygigjf$ om`yf ~ ygzg--- `s|`cn`- @d |yne`yf ne|d`d cfm{yfd k` dg hp`yzg k` {ygigjf$ k` dfs y`cpysfs ~ |yfkpc{fs k`d {ygigjf$ df wp` nmcdpy`cpysfs mg{pygd`s$ ~ s` nms{n{pcnfmgdnzg cfef |yf|n`kgk- @d sòpmkf ne|dncg

s`qf ~ sps |yfkpc{fs !|dgc`y ~ k`sc`mk`mcng.$ `m hpmcnm k` dg |yf|n`kgk- Dg ygzgnmcfy|fygkg `m `d cg|n{gdnsef `pyfc`m{ygkf `m hpmcnm k` geifs `j`s- ^ `d cfm{yfd kgp{fynkgk s` fyogmnzg |gyg ogygm{nzgy dgs y`dgcnfm`s k` |fk`y gs cfm opygkgs--- @m{fkfs dfs `dè`m{fs wp` cfmcpyy`m g dg cfms{n{pcnm k` pm |g{ym k` |fk`y sfm k` fyno`m$~ cgyc{`y knscfm{nmpfs$ a`{`yfom`fs$ cfm{ygknc{fynfs ~ cfm nc{nxfs `m `d `s|gcnf{nè|f$ `s k`cny$ cgeingm f |p`k`m cgeingy `m cgkg pmg k` `sgs nms{gmcngs$ `m hpmcnmcgeingm{`s y`dgcnfm`s cfm cgkg pmf k` dfs f{yfs$ dgs y`dgcnfm`s k` |fk`y mf sfm$ mf |p`k`mpmg sp`y{` k` mncafs `s{ypc{pygd`s |y``qns{`m{`s$ `m kfmk` dgs o`m{`s sfm kns{ynipnkgs

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sps ygsofs- S` {yg{g k`d cgeinf k`d epmkf cfef {gd- @s{` `s$ snm kpkg$ `d `dè`m{f hpmk` dg mp`xg spij`{nxnkgk: dg |`yc`|cnm k`d cgeinf ans{yncf- @s `s` `dè`m{f df k`s`mcgk`mg `d |yfc`sf k` cfms{n{pcnm k` pmg mp`xg |`ys|`c{nxg sfiy` `d {nè|f ~ sfiy` ans{fyng-!Nink.

Dg g|`y{pyg k`d sns{èg ans{yncf k` dg efk`ymnkgk s` egm{n`m` oygcngs g dgs gy{nc`s|`chncgs `s{ypc{pygkgs `m pmg {f{gdnkgk knscpysnxg$ `m pm |g{ym k` cfm{yfd cp~fs e`cgmnsefs ~ kns|fsn{nxfs agm dfoygkf knmgenzgys` `q{`mknmkfs` |fy `d |dgm`m{`yf- Dg cfdfmngdnkgk `s ep~ knh`y`m{` k`d cfdfmngdnsef$ s` y`hn`y` g dfs cfe|fm`|ns{èfdoncfs ~ fm{fdoncfs k` dg cy`gcnm k` spij`{nxnkgk`s ~ dg cfms{ypccnm sfccfmfcnen`m{f `m dg efk`ymnkgk$ ne|dgm{gkf cfef `s{ypc{pyg fyomncg knh`y`mcn`qcdp~`m{` k` y`cfmfcnen`m{f `m{y` knx`ysgs |fidgcnfm`s$ xgdfygkgs |fy dg dòn{fij`{nxg k` sps cfmfcnen`m{fs ~ sgi`y`s$ nms{n{pcnfm`s ~ dfs |yfc`sfs ans{yncfs$ ig|{ncg k` dg ygcnfmgdnkgk !|pm{f c`yf.- @d cfdfmngdnsef$ |fy sp |gy{`$ `s `d kfenmn{`yyn{fynf ~ sp |fidgcnm g {ygxs k` e`cgmnsefs |fd{ncfs% nms{n{pcnfmgd`s ~ jp

kfmk` dg e`{y|fdn cfdfmngd {n`m` pmg |y`s`mcng hsncg |`yegm`m{`$ cp`s{nm wpnmhdp~` `m dg cfms{n{pcnm k` dg cfdfmngdnkgk$ |`yf wp` mf `s {nd `m |yfc`sfkpygcnm-

S` agidg gwp k` dgs `s{ypc{pygs wp` |`yegm`c`m kpygm{` pm oygm |`ynfkf k` {n`k`{`yenmgm hgc{fy`s `m dg cfmc`|cnm k`d spj`{f$ dfs oyp|fs sfcngd`s ~ dgs knmencfe|y`msnm k` dg y`gdnkgk- @s{` {n|f k` kfenmgcnm `s {gm |`ysns{`m{` wp` gpmwpk`cdgygkf pmg dni`ygcnm k` dfs c`m{yfs k` cfm{yfd$ ag gyygnogkf dfs `swnm{`y|y`{g{nxfs ~ cfe|y`msnxfs k` dg doncg k` cfmwpns{g$ nk`m{nhncgcnm ~ cdgsnhk`s|ps k` dg y`{nygkg hsncg k` dfs kfenmgkfy`s- @d kfenmnf k`---

---dg mfcnm k` cfdfmngdnkgk k`d |fk`y `s wp` `d epmkf mf ag snkf cfe|d`{ge`mk`scfdfmnzgkf- Dg |yne`yg k`scfdfmngdnzgcnm !nmncngkg `m `d snodf QNQ |fy dgs `s|gfdgs ~ sòpnkg `m `d QQ |fy dgs cfdfmngs nmod`sgs ~ hygmc`sgs. hp` nmcfe|d`{g$ ~g dnen{ g dg nmk |`mk`mcng jpykncf%|fd{ncg k` dgs |`ynh`yngs- @m cgeinf$ dgk`scfdfmngdnzgcnm g dg cpgd mfsf{yfs gdpknefs cfm dg cg{òfyg k`cfdfmngdnkgk {`mknynonys` g dg a`{`ygywpg k` dgs ed{n|d`s y`dgcnfm`s ygcngd`s$ {mncgs$ s`qpgd`s$ `cfmencgs ~ k` om`yf wp` dg |yne`yg k`scfdfmngdnzgcnm k`j nm{gc{gs- Cfef y`spd{gepmkf k` cfen`mzfs k`d snodf QQN m`c`sn{g pmg k`cfdfmngdnkgk wp` cfe|dè`m{` k`scfdfmnzgcnm dd`xgkg g cgif `m dfs snodfs QNQ ~ QQ- Gd cfm{ygynf k` `sg k`scfdfmngdg k`cfdfmngdnkgk `s pm |yfc`sf k` y`snomnhncgcnm g dgyof |dgzf$ wp` mf s` |p`k` y`kpcngcfm{`cnen`m{f jpykncf%|fd{ncf !Oyfs%hfop`d$ 9


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epmkf efk`ymf&cfdfmngd ~ cg|n{gdns{g$ |fy cfmsnopn`m{` {`mèfs wp` `m `d `sencyfgmgd{ncf dfs [nè|fs@s|gcnfs ![@. s` nms`y{gm `m dfs den{ s |`ynkncfs khfyegcnm k`d cge|f knscpysnxf$ gd knh`y`mcngy |fy fij`{f k` e`kncnm$ dfs {nè|fsgcf|dgm k` dg snopn`m{` egm`yg:

7- @d [@ `s{ypc{pygd `s {fegkf gwp cfef `d kfenmnf k` dg kngkg nzwpn`ykg k`y`ckfenmg dgs doncgs k` cfms{n{pcnm k`d cge|f k` kns|p{g |fd{ncf `m dg efk`ymmfs igsgefs `m dg |yènsg k` wp` `s{ doncg gm kfenmg `d cge|f |fd{ncf$ kgcp`ykf cfm Ifiinf ~ cfm f{yfs gp{fy`s wpn`m`s g|f~gm ~ gyope`m{gm `s{ |y`sp|p`s{f- @s k`cny$ dg |`ys|`c{nxg k` dgyof |dgzf `m dg nmscyn|cnm k`cfyyn`m{`s k` nzwpn`ykg `m `d cge|f |fd{ncf dg{nmfge`yncgmf kpygm{` `d snodsp nms`ycnm `s{ypc{pygd cfef gd{`ymg{nxg |fd{ncg$ {geinm nmscyn{f k`m`swpègs k` kfenmnf k` dg cfdfmngdnkgk k`d |fk`y-

9- Dfs [@ Ccdncfs ` nk fdoncfs agc`m y`h`y`mcng gd spyonen`m{f k`m{yf k`d |fd{ncf k` hfyegs nk`fdoncgs$ sfcngd`s$ `cfmencgs ` nk`m{n{g{gyngs wp`

aòèmncge`m{` |gycngde`m{` `d cge|f |fd{ncf$ snm k`s{ypnydf$ igjf pmgs dok` jps{nhncgcnm ~ |yc{ncg |fd{ncg |yf|ng- \fy `jè|df$ `d Mgcnfmgdny`xfdpcnfmgynf$ `d m`fdni`ygdnsef$ dg hfyegcnfm`s k` nk`m{nkgk`s !fiy`yf$ xnmknf$ nmko`mg$ |pìdf$ `{c-. @m f{ygs |gdgiygs$ `d k`s|dgzgen`m{f$ hfyek`cdnx` k` pm knscpysf igsgkf `m pm sns{èg k` knh`y`mcngs cdgygs cfm dg `qck` f{yfs-

3- @d [@ `|nskncf f o`f|fd{ncf$ |fy `d cpgd s` g|pm{gm gdopmfs a`cafs k` oyne|fy{gmcng$ ~ wp` k` gdopmg egm`yg nmcnk`m `m dfs kès [@: hpmkgcnknsfdpcnfm`s k` |gy{nkfs$ egsgcy`s$ ofd|`s k` `s{gkf$ {feg k` |fs`snm ~&f y`mpmk` |y`snk`m{`s$ |yfepdogcnm k` d`~`s$ `{c-

Dg sòpmkg |`ys|`c{nxg$ `s dg wp` s` k`s|y`mk` k`d cfm{`mnkf {gm{f e`{fkfdoncf cf{`yncf k`d |fsegyqnsef k` @ym`s{f Dgcdgp ~ Cagm{gd Efphh` `m dfs dniyfs Aòèfmg ~`s{yg{òg sfcngdns{g~ Dg ygzm |f|pdns{gk` Dgcdgp mncge`m{`$ k` dfs cpgd`s y`scg{gefsdg hfyeg k` `dgifygcnm k`d gmdnsns knscpysnxf |fd{ncf k` dg nzwpn`ykg ~ dfs `dè`mcfms{ypccnm k` |pìdf$ g {ygxs k`d |f|pdnsef cfef doncg |fd{ncg$ ~ mf sne|dè

spc`sf f gcfm{`cnen`m{f k` dgs {`mk`mcngs s`cpdgy`s wp` {n`m`m `q|dncgcnfm`s nme`kng{gs$ |`yf cfgcfm{`cnen`m{fs sfm |fdxf |fcf s` |p`k` k`{`yenmgy cfe|d`{ge`m{` k` `s{fs g mnx`d `s{ypc{pygd k` |g{yfm`s wp` mf {ygscn`mk`m dfs `x`m{fs k` df dfcgd-

9- @d [nè|f@s|gcnf Ccdncf `s Nk`fdoncf: xnmcpdgkf cfm dgs knxnsnfm`s ~ fyn`m{gcnfm`s nk``s| cngde m{` cfm cg{òfygs o`foyhncgs cfef fyn`m{`%fccnk`m{` f mfy{` ~ spy$ wp` mf fis{kèp`s{ygm df wp` fcpyy` gd nm{`ynfy k` sns{ègs ans{yncfs |gy{ncpdgy`s ~ k` cef sfm dfs e`cgmyòpdgkfy`s ~ ygcnfmgd`s k` kncafs sns{ègs$ y`x`dgmkf k` gdopmg egm`yg dg gmg{feg k`d sns{èg2

sp x`z knhn`y`m `m{y` s `m dg kpygcnm ~ `q|dncgm pm [nè|f@s|gcnf @s{ypc{pygd$ k` df wp` s` |cgeingy `m `ddfs- @s{fs |p`k`m s`y y`|y`s`m{gkfs oyhncge`m{` cfef pmg fmkg-3- @d [nè|f@s|gcnf @s{ypc{pygd cfm{`m`kfy k` dfs f{yfs [nè|f@s|gcnf wp` s` k`s`mxp`dx`m gd nm{`y

s{`$ ~ y`h`ynkf |yfc`sf fyomncf k`d sns{èg ans{yncf$ |p`s dfs sns{ègs ans{yncfs mf sfm `{`ymfscfe|fy{gm cfef fyogmnsefs cfm pm mgcnen`m{f$ pm |yfc`sf ~ pm hnm !cfdg|sf ~ {ygmshfyegcn@s|gcngde`m{` egm`jgm cg{òfygs k` gc{nxnkgk`s `cfmencgs wp` s` `mcp`m{ygm `m dg `cfmfeg cg|n{gdns{g cfef c`m{yf ~ |`ynh`yng- @s{` s` cfms{n{p~` cfef `d cfmc`|{f cdgx` |gyg dgs cn`mcngs sfckìnkf g wp` `s dg pmnkgk snomnhncg{nxg k` gmdnsns sfcngd ~ k`d cgeinf sfcngd `m nm{`ygccnm!_gdd`ys{`nm.

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{geinm k` dg ygkncgdnzgcnm k`d yone`m kèfcy{ncf$ dd`xgmkf ags{g kfmk` s`g k`m{yf k` dgs y`dgcnfm`s k` |fk`y$ dfs nk`gd`s kèfcy{ncfs$ mf `qcdpsnxge`m{` dni`cfef |dgm{`gm dfs kìg{`s k` dg nzwpn`ykg `pyf|`g$ `m df wp` k`mfenmf dg gsmnopgdn{gyng kèfcy{ncg-.

\fy `ddf$ `s{` {ygigjf {yg{g$ `m{y` dg xgyngkg gd{`ymg{nxg k` nzwpn`ykgs Dg{nmfge{y`s |yfc`sfs f efxnen`m{fs sfcngd`s `s|`chncfs wp` s` k`mfenmgm f agm snkfk`mfenmgkfs k` nzwpn`ykg: `d @j`ycn{f Zg|g{ns{g k` Dni`ygcnm Mgcnfmgd !@ZDMEqncf$ `d Efxnen`m{f ifdnxgyngmf `m X`m`zp`dg ~ cfm `d Efxnen`m{f Gd SfcngdnNm{ype`m{f \fd{ncf |gyg dg Sfi`ygmg k` dfs \pìdfs !EGS%N\S\. k` Ifdnxng- k`dnen{gcnm `s|gcnf%{è|fygd wp` xg k` 7>1> ags{g `d 9


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s` igsg `m dg nms{n{pcnm k` pm @s{gkf ~ `m dg cy`gcnm k` |yfc`knen`m{fs cfmhfy`s{gid`cnen`m{f o`m`ygd k` dgs cfmkncnfm`s |gyg dg xngindnkgk`s `cfmencgs$ s jpykncgs$ {ncgs$ y`dgcnfm`s dgifygd`s ~ k` |yfkpccnm$ snendgy`s f |fy df cfe|g{nid`s$ igsgkgs `m dg sfi`ygmg |f|pdgy- Dg cfms{n{pcnm k` dfs @s{gkfs%

|gy`cg s`y `d ypeif |fy `d cpgd {fkf |pìdf kì`yg {ygmsn{gy cfef hfyeg |gyg |fk`y ddògyg `s{` `s|gcnf |yf~`c{nxf nk`gd `d |yfoy`sf% wp` |dgm{`g dg efk`ymnkgk- Dgs cg{òf |fd{ncgs wp` kègycgm pm [nè|f@s|gcnf$ {geinm nm{`m{gm k`dnen{gy nk`m |yf{`c{fygs k` neo`m`s ~ spj`{fs |fd{ncfs$ k`m{yf k` dfs eyo`m`s k` kncaf |yf~`c{f- Mfis{gm{`$ dgs ensegs cg{òfygs k` df |fd{ncf ~ k` dg |fd{ncg |gy`c`m mf s`y mgkg e`dè`m{fs cfe|dè`m{gynfs-

@m `h`c{f$ {gd cfef df kèp`s{yg Ogycg \ncgzf$ dg doncg k` dgs y`dgcnfm`s nm{`ymkpygm{` `d snodf QQ$ `s{pxf kfenmgkg |fy df wp` `ddg$ g egm`yg k` gmgdfog$ cgycfef doncg |`mkpdgy ogdnd`ncg k` dgs y`dgcnfm`s nm{`ymgcnfmgd`s !Ogycg \ncgzf$kfenmnf k`d xgnxm nzwpn`ykg%k`y`cag$ e`ycgkf%`s{gkf$ nmknxnkpf%sfcn`kgk$ eg

s`yg pmg y`dgcnm k` knh`y`mcngs `m cfe|dè`m{gyn`kgk `s{ypc{pygd$ es wgm{gofmnsef k`hnmn{nxf- @s{` sns{èg doncf |fs`` pm |pm{f hnjf$ `s k`cny$ sfiy` `d hfcgdnzg {fkf `d efxnen`m{f {`mkn`m{`$ `m d{neg nms{gmcng$ gd |yfc`sf efefk`ymnzgkfy-

@m e`knf k`d gc{pgd |gmfygeg |fd{ncf dg{nmfge`yncgmf$ wp` snm k`jgy k` cnycpmsdgs knmencgs k` dgs y`dgcnfm s k` |fk`y epmkngd`s$ s` k`s{gcgm es dgs |yfnmc`y{nkpeiy`s sfiy` `d ypeif k` dfs |yfc`sfs wp` dgs c`y{`zgs- K`m{yf k` dgsnmc`y{nkpeiy`s wp` opgm `s{` {ygigjf `s{ dg |fsnindnkgk k`d `mcp`m{yf k` dfs den{`cg{òfygs |fd{ncgs cfef k`y`cag ` nzwpn`ykg |gyg |fk`y cfe|y`mk`y dg cfmg|`y{pyg ~ mp`xgs egycags k` dgs knmencgs k` dfs `s|gcnfs |fd{ncfs `m dgs y`gdnk{mncgs$ sfcngd`s cpd{pygd`s$ s`qpgd`s$ dgifygd`s$ `cfmencgs$ ` nmcdpsf `cfdonDg{nmfgeyncg k` dg d{neg kcgkg k`d snodf QQ ~ k` dfs gfs {ygmscpyynkfs k` `s{` eKncags cg{òfygs$ |n`msf$ mf k`jgm k` s`y f|`yg{nxgs k`m{yf k`d `m{ygegkf knsc |fd{ncf dg{nmfge`yncgmf$ snmf wp` sp f|`yg{nxnkgk `s{ igs{gm{` cfmkncnfmgkggqnfeg$ g dgs |yf|ngs y`gdnkgk`s dg{nmfge`yncgmgs$ ~ `m |yfhpmknkgk$ g cgkg cfm{`wp` ddgeg g s`y gmgdnzgkg$ f e`jfy$ g s`y `mpmcngkg k` f{yg hfyeg-

Mf agiyg wp` agc`y pm oygm `s|`cngdns{g |gyg kgys` cp`m{g wp` dg sn{pgcnm dg{nmk` |ynmcn|nf k` dgs kcgkg k` dfs >


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Dg g|`y{pyg k` pm mp`xf {nè|f `s|gcnf |fd{ncf%`cfmencf wp` _gdd`ys{`nm$ k`sk` gmdnsns k` sns{èg%epmkf$ cgygc{`ynzg cfef dg {`mk`mcng f |gy{` I mòg{nxg k` dgpm cncdf Bfmkyg{n`x79$ cp~f nmncnf kg{g g en{gk k`d snodf QQ$ 7>;0$ cp~g hgs` hcpdenmgyg g en{gk k`d |y`s`m{` snodf- S` giy`m mp`xgs |`ys|`c{nxgs k` dfs `s{pknfs k`dfmo

kpy`$ |gsgmkf g hfyegy |gy{` k` nm{`m{fs k` giyny dgs {`mk`mcngs nmx`s{nog{nxcn`mcngs sfcngd`s sfiy` dg f|`yg{nxnkgk k` dfs cgeinfs mf sdf `cfmencfs$ snmf w{geinm snyx` |gyg `m{`mk`y |yfc`sfs k` cgeinfs `mpmcng{nxfs k` dgyof |dgzf$ `m gc{pgd`s {`mk`mcngs |fd{ncgs ~ sfcngd`s g |gy{ny k`d k`cdnx` k` pmg hgs` mòg{nxg k`cfmencfs ~ sfcngd`s$ `m `scgdgs wp` xgm k` df encyf%dfcgd g df egcyf%odfigd-

Gafyg in`m$ gdy`k`kfy k` `s{fs cgeinfs `m dgs {`mk`mcngs odfigd`s cfm y`|`ycpsnfdfcgd`s$ cpd s`yg `d dpogy k` dgs nzwpn`ykgs f s ag~ gdof wp` mfs nmknwnmcnk`m `m dgs {`mk`mcngs `s{ypc{pygd`s k`m{yf k`d sns{èg%epmkf efk`ymf f mf6 |gdgiygs$ cfef df |dgm{`gm dfs gmdnsns k` sns{èg%epmkf$ s `s wp` {gd`s {`m`s{ypc{pygd`s k`d sns{èg$ cfef {f{gdnkgk$ `j`yc`m pmg |y`snm {gd sfiy` `s|gcnfs yòn

o`m`ygmkf `m cfmjpm{f pmg {`mk`mcng odfigd agcng `d y`gcfefkgen`m{f k`d sns{èg hfy{gd`cnen`m{f f |gyg sp k`sg|gyncnm cfef sns{èg ans{yncf$ f |fy `d cfm{ygynf$ s |yfc`sfs wp` s` nmncngm k`sk` df dfcgd ~ df yònfmgd dfs wp` xgm y`gde`m{` g nmcnkypeifs wp` xgm g {fegy `d gc{pgd sns{èg$ {`mkn`m{` g sp hfy{gd`cnen`m{f `m efe`mcynsns2 f xg g {`m`y pmg nmhdp`mcng {gd wp` k` df wp` spc`kg `m `s{fs `s|gcnfs yònfmgd`s k`|`mk` dg hfyegcnm ans{yncg k` f{yf p f{yfs sns{ègs ans{yncfs$ |pm{f mfs nm{yfkpc` `m dg knscpsnm `m{y` dg pmnx`ysgdnkgk&|gy{ncpdgynkgk k` dgs igsaòèmncf-

Dg ne|fy{gmcng k`d {nè|f ~ k`d `s|gcnf xg g s`y xn{gd |gyg `d k`sgyyfddf k` `s{` {ygigj`ddf wp` s` k`dnen{` {è|fygde`m{` `d `s{pknf k` dgs nzwpn`ykgs g |gy{ny k` 7>1 |pm{f sne|dè`m{` y`h`y`m{` f g efkf efjm ans{yncf$ k` df wp` ddgeg Ogycg \ncgzf cpgy{g fdg k` dgs y`dgcnfm`s nm{`ymgcnfmgd`s- @m 7>1> s` k`hnm`m `m oygcfmkncnfm`s k`d gccnfmgy |fd{ncf k` dg Nzwpn`ykg cfef nk`m{nkgk |fd{ncg g mnx`d @s igs{gm{` y`cfmfcnkf wp` `d |yf~`c{f sfcngdns{g k` dg PYSS hp` pm an{f ans{yncf$k` dfs |yf~`c{fs efk`ymfs ègmcn|g{fynfs a`caf y`gdnkgk$ gd e`mfs `m |ynmcn|nf$ |fgwp`ddfs oyp|fs |fd{ncfs ~ s`c{fy`s |fd{ncfs wp` s` nk`m{nhncgyfm cfm dg nzwpn`ykgk` cfy{` ygkncgd$ g |gy{ny k` dg y`xfdpcnm Ifdca`xnwp` cpgmkf `m 7>7? s` dfoy wnk`m{nkgk s` epmkngdnc`- Dg y`gdnzgcnm k` pm |yf~`c{f k` dg Nzwpn`ykg snyxn k` dpcag |fd{ncg |gyg {fkf `d epmkf cfef gd{`ymg{nxg g dg `cfmfeg k` e`ycgkf$ gd efk`sfcngd ~ |fd{ncf-

@d {`yyèf{f o`f|fd{ncf k` dg cgkg k`d epyf k` I`ydm ~ k`d k`sefyfmgen`m{f k` dg PY{pxf y|dncgs g df dgyof k`d sns{èg%epmkf efk`ymf&cfdfmngd- Gdopmfs {` |yfcdgegyfm g dfs cpg{yf xn`m{fs `d hnm k` dg ans{fyng$ `d hnmgd k` {fkf |yf~`c{f |f

79 Dfs |yfc`sfs `cfmencfs k` dgyog kpygcnm |fy df o`m`ygd `s{m cfe|p`s{fs |fy cncdfs k` kfs hgs`s pm |fsn{nxg G ~ pmg mòg{nxg I$ |fs``m dg cgygc{`ys{ncg k` s`y |`ynfkfs g dgyof |dgzf wp` {`mkykpygcnm k` 0< f 8< gfs y`s|`c{nxge`m{`- @s{fs gmdnsns k` |yfc`sfs `cfmencfs k` dgyog kpygcny`cfonkfs |fy `scp`dgs k`d |`msgen`m{f cfef dfs gmdnsns k` sns{èg%epmkf ~ |fy `cfmfens{gs cfefJfs`|a Gdfns Scape|`{`y `m sps {`fygs ccdncgs `cfmencgs-

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cfen`mzfs k` dg kcgkg k` dfs >< k`d snodf QQ$ k`m{yf k` dgs cn`mcngs sfcngd`s ~ apesnomnhnc dg g|`y{pyg k` {`m{g{nxgs `q|dfyg{nxgs k` gmdnsns k` dg |fd{ncg ~ k` dgnm{`ymgcnfmgd`s- Dg {`mk`mcng k` `s{ypc{pygcnm y`spd{gm{` `m `s{` cfy{f y`gcfefkgcnm k` hp`yzgs `m `d |fk`y epmkngd$ cgein$ nmcnkn ~ ags{g |yfhpmkn |y`s`m{`s |`ys|`c{nxgs gmgd{ncgs$ cfm df cpgd dfs mp`xfs `s{pknfs {`mkygm m`c`sgwp` y`fyn`m{gys` agcng dg y`gd sn{pgcnm k`d cfm{`mnkf k` dgs y`dgcnfm s nm{`ymgcnfmgd-

Dg mg{pygd`zg k` `s{gs mp`xgs cgygc{`ys{ncgs |gyg Dg{nmfgeyncg `s{gy {ygmsx`y`h`c{fs k` dfs gcfm{`cnen`m{fs `m `ddfmo kpy`$|fy dgs cfmkncnfm`s k`{`yenmgkgs k` dgenseg hfyeg%`m hfyegcnm k` dg `s{ypc{pyg k`d sns{èg epmkf efk`ymf ~ k` dg `cfmf

epmkf cg|n{gdns{g- Dg xgyngm{` ~ xgyngindnkgk dg{nmfge`yncgmg$ fixnge`m{` epdnmhnmn{f |fy dgs cnycpms{gmcngs dfcgd`s$ k`m{yf k`d |yfc`sf k` cfmsfdnkgcnefk`ymnkgk g `scgdg |dgm`{gyng ag snkf ge|dnge`m{` knscp{nkg |fd{ncg ~ gcgkencge |yc{ncge`m{` k`sk` dfs {nè|fs k` dg nmk`|`mk`mcng `s|gfdg ~ |fy{pop`sg- [fkf `d |dgm{`gen`m{f k` s`y k` dfs agin{gm{`s k` Geyncg Dg{nmg xn`m` g kgys` cfm dfsk` nmk`|`mk`mcng k` dgs cfdfmngs$ |`yf xn`m` g cfmcy`{gys` ags{g pm |fcf k`s|ps kdni`ygcnm k`d ne|`ynf `s|gfd ~ |fy{pops$ `h`c{nxge`m{` cfm `s{g nk`g k` GeDg{nmg |yfx`mn`m{` k` dfs gjps{`s cfdfmngdns{gs k` dg e`{y|fdn hygmc`sg !Enomfdf.

Dfs mfeiy`s es y`|y`s`m{g{nxfs k` `s{g |fcg ~ |fy {fkfs cfmfcnkfs sfm dfs k`: SnemIfdxgy$ Gmkys I`ddf$ Kfenmof Hgps{nmf Sgyen`m{f$ Jpgm igp{ns{g Gdi`ykn$ `mWpn`m`s kn`yfm dfs |yne`yfs |gsfs `m dg cfms{ypccnm negonmgyng k` dg nk`g k` GDg{nmg- Mf fis{gm{`$ `ddfs mf gxgmzgyfm kègsngkf `m dg cfms{ypccnm k` nk`g kDg{nmg cfef nk`m{nkgk `m cfms{ypccnm cfm cfmfcnen`m{f |yf|nf$ cfef `m dg gc{pkìnkf g dgs |yf|ngs cgygc{`ys{ncgs k` sp |yf|nf {nè|f$ gkès |fywp` {yg{gyfm k` gkf|{g`d |yf~`c{f `pyf|`f k` sfcn`kgk g dgs cfmkncnfm`s dg{nmfge`yncgmgs$ ~ {ge|fcf {pxn`gc`ycgen`m{f |yfhpmkf cfm `d |`msgen`m{f nmko`mg$ gd cpgd gdopmfs e`mfs|y`cngags{g d` x`gm cfm k`s|y`cnf- Dpòf x`mkygm f{yfs |`msgkfy`s cfef Egy{ ~ Jfs @myYfk$ wpn`m`s |yf| mkgm$ gkès$ |fy dg dni`ygcnm cpd{pygd k` Geyncg D |yfidèg{nzgmkf gdopmfs k` `s{fs gs|`c{fs gm{`ynfye`m{` spixgdfygkfs-

Dfs gcfm{`cnen`m{fs k` `s{` cfy{f |`yf snomnhncg{nxf |`ynfkf k` hnmgd`s k`d snod |yf|fycnfmgm gdopmgs k` dgs |ns{gs ~ k`{gdd`s |gyg dg cfmhnopygcnm k` dg nzwDg{nmfgeyncg k` `s{` |`ynfkf- Cfef xèfs$ `d cfy{f |`ynfkf wp` cfe`mz cfm dgsy`hfyegs gd nm{`ynfy k` dg Pmnm Sfxn{ncg$ `s{pxn`yfm gcfe|ggkgs k` pm y`gcfefkgcfms{gm{` k` dfs sns{ègs |fd{ncfs dg{nmfge`yncgmfs$ `s| cngde`m{` k` gwp`ddf`s{pxn`yfm ags{g `s{` |`ynfkf igjf knc{gkpygs endn{gy`s %`d cfmf spy%$ ~ k` dfs {ymssns{ègs |fd{ncfs kèfcy{ncfs dni`ygd`s k` `d`ccnfm`s o`m`ygd`s ~ |`ynkncgs- Gdopmdfs |gy{nkfs ~ efxnen`m{fs |gy{ncn|gm{`s k` dgs dpcags k` y`sns{`mcng ~ f|fsncnm cfmknc{gkpygs endn{gy`s `m Dg{nmfgeyncg hp`yfm k` nzwpn`ykg$ `d `jè|df es xnsnid`

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dfs gc{pgd`s |gy{nkfs k` ofin`ymf `m Cand` ~ `m Iygsnd$ cfm `d \gy{nkf Sfcngdns{g k` C\gy{nkf k` dfs [ygigjgkfy`s !\[. y`s|`c{nxge`m{`- Agiyg wp` `s{pkngy g hfmkf dne|dncgcnfm`s k` dgs knc{gkpygs endn{gy`s `m dg hfyegcnm k` dfs efxnen`m{fs k` y`sn |fd{ncg ~ sfcngd cfe|gygkg cfm dg gc{pgd sn{pgcnm k` `s{fs ~g `m `d ofin`ymf$ ~ k`d

cfmcndngkfy k` `s{` {n|f k` |gy{nkfs ~ fyogmnzgcnfm`s k` nzwpn`ykg `s{gmkf `m d- Dk` |gsf k` dg f|fsncnm k` nzwpn`ykg `m dfs y`oe`m`s endn{gy`s f cnxnd`s$ |gyg |

LA IZQUIERDA LATINOAMERICANA , LA COLONIALIDAD DE PODER Y LA EMERGENCIA DE ACTORES SOCIALES DE 1989...

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Transcript of LA IZQUIERDA LATINOAMERICANA , LA COLONIALIDAD DE PODER Y LA EMERGENCIA DE ACTORES SOCIALES DE 1989...