"La ortopedia de la imagen" Memoria de Andrea Baeza

8/19/2019 "La ortopedia de la imagen" Memoria de Andrea Baeza

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Whkvgrskdad dg Artgs, Bkghbkas y BlnuhkbabkòhCabuitad dg Artg, Dksgñl, ArquktgbturaBarrgra dg Artgs Sksuaigs y Cltleracîa

IA LPTLZGDKA DG IA KNAEGH

Zrlygbtl para lptar ai Eradl Abadënkbl dg Ikbghbkada gh Artgs Sksuaigs yCltleracîa y ai Tîtuil Zrlcgsklhai dg Artksta Sksuai y Cltòeracl

Zrlcgslra Euîa= [ghhycgrtf Ahdrga @gbgrra AvghdañlNgtldòilel= Fuel Narbgil Earbîa Earrkdl

GstudkahtgAhdrga Dahkgia @agza Ean`la

Khbiuyg Sgrskòh Dkektai, BD-PLN

Rahtkael dg Bfkig, Hlvkgn`rg dg 0:14


2/102

Aeradgbknkghtls

A nk cankika plr su khblhdkbklhai aplyl a il iarel dg gstg prlbgsl, gh gspgbkai a

nk fgrnaha naylr plr sgr ia prkngra gh brggr gh nk.

A tldls ils dlbghtgs plr su dgdkbabkòh y ghtrgea.

A nks blnpañgrls y ankels, qukghgs dg uha u ltra nahgra supkgrlh gstar afî

buahdl nás ils hgbgsktë? aightahdl, aplyahdl g khbghtkvahdl bada pasl qug

muhtls dknls a il iarel dg gstls añls.

Ahdrga.


3/102

ÎHDKBG

Záe.

1 KHTPLDWBBKÒH ................................................................................................ 7

0 KHSGRTKEABKÒH ............................................................................................... 3

0.1 Ahtgbgdghtgs? Ia Kdglileîa gh Artg Blhbgptuai ..................................... 3

0.0 Ia knaegh dg ia numgr y gi cgnkhksnl gh gi Artg .................................. 17

0.0.1 Blhstrubbkòh dg kdghtkdad, Rgxl v/s Eëhgrl ....................................... 17

0.0.0 Ia numgr gh ia fkstlrka dgi artg ............................................................. 0:

0.0.2 Wha vkskta ai cgnkhksnl ......................................................................... 21

0.2 Zgrclrnahbg / @ldy-Art ........................................................................... 24

0.4 Clubauit= Ia knplrtahbka gh gi pasl dgi pldgr sl`grahl ai pldgr

rgeuiadlr. .......................................................................................................... 26

2 PGCGPGHTGR ................................................................................................. 44

2.1 Nartfa Plsigr, Rgnkltkbs lc tfg Oktbfgh, (1;57) ................................... 47

2.0 [lol Lhl, But Zkgbg, (1;37) .................................................................... 45

2.2 Ias numgrgs ’rgaigs„ dg Mghhy Ravkiig................................................... 4;

2.4 Abtkvksnl @klpliîtkbl dg Lriah ............................................................... 71

2.7 Khtgrvghbkòh blsnëtkba dg @grhardl Lyarzýh ...................................... 73

2.3 Narkha A`ranlvkb .................................................................................... 76


4/102

2.5 Ngiatk surylradarnl ................................................................................ 30

4 L@PAR ............................................................................................................. 34

4.1 Rkh tîtuil, (0::;) ........................................................................................ 37

4.0 Gat ng, (0:1:) ........................................................................................... 35

4.2 Trabo, (0:11) .............................................................................................. 3;

4.4 B/ 07, (0:11)............................................................................................... 51

4.7 Zgrclrnahbg 1, Lrtlpgdka dg ia knaegh, (0:10) .................................... 57

4.3 Zgrclrnahbg 0, Lrtlpgdka dg ia knaegh KK, (0:10) ................................. 61

4.5 Zgrclrnahbg 2, Dgs/craenghtl, (0:10) ................................................... 62

7 BLHBIWRKLHGR ............................................................................................. ;:

3 PGCGPGHBKAR ................................................................................................ ;4

3.1 Tgxtls ........................................................................................................ ;4

3.0 Knáeghgs ................................................................................................... ;3

5 @K@IKLEPACÎA .............................................................................................. 1:0


5/102

!" $%&$'()*" )( +" *,"-(. "

1 KHTPLDWBBKÒH

Gsta ngnlrka sg gstrubtura àml trgs gmgs? gi prkngrl blrrgsplhdg ai aháiksks

tgòrkbl g khvgstkeatkvl dg ils tgnas qug blhstktuygh ia gstrubtura àsg dgi prlbgsl,

dgsarrliil, prldubbkòh y prlìgnátkbas dg ias l`ras prlpkas, ias qug fah skdl

eghgradas a travës dg dkvgrsas gxpgrknghtabklhgs, tahtl gh natgrkaikdad blnl gh

ias dkstkhtas dksbkpikhas vksuaigs (cltleracîa, pgrclrnahbg, khstaiabkòh l vkdgl).

Gh gi sgeuhdl gmg sg prgsghtah rgcgrghtgs artîstkbls y vksuaigs, dgsdg

dlhdg sg gstaìgbgráh ias rgiabklhgs g khciughbkas qug lrkekhah ia àsg tahtl

tgòrkba y prábtkba para ia blhstrubbkòh dg l`ra. @aml gi sustghtl dg gstls dls gmgs,

sg artkbuia gi tgrbgrl, gh gi buai sg prgsghta uh gxtrabtl dg ias khvgstkeabklhgs

rgaikzadas a il iarel dgi prlbgsl abadënkbl, prlplhkghdl uha iîhga gh gi

dgsarrliil dg l`ras, artkbuiáhdlias dgsdg ia prldubbkòh y su gxfk`kbkòh.

Gi blhtghkdl nghbklhadl, ciubtýa gh prlpugstas kdgliòekbas y pliîtkbas

piahtgadas a travës dgi artg, gspgbîckbanghtg prlìgnátkbas dg eëhgrl, dgsdg

dlhdg sg blhcrlhtah ias kdgas prlpugstas, anparadas àml dkstkhtls skstgnas

prldubtkvls.


6/102

!" $%&$'()*" )( +" *,"-(. #

0 KHSGRTKEABKÒH

0.1 Ahtgbgdghtgs? Ia Kdglileîa gh Artg Blhbgptuai

Wha dg ias vgrtkghtgs nás knplrtahtgs ‒fasta hugstrls dîas‒ dghtrl dgi artg

blhbgptuai, gs ia khblrplrabkòh dg uh barábtgr gxtrgnadanghtg kdgliòekbl y

pliîtkbl, qug gvkdghbka prkhbkpainghtg gi pghsar dg uha su`mgtkvkdad

blhtgxtuaikzada gh gi pgrîldl gh gi buai sg traàma.

Zgtgr Ls`lrhg (1;76), gh su ik`rl nlhleráckbl Artg blhbgptuai (0::7),

piahtga uha iîhga brlhliòekba dlhdg gvkdghbka qug ils traàmls blhbgptuaigs blh

uh narbadl ikhgankghtl brîtkbl y pliîtkbl, blnghzarlh gh Iatkhlanërkba a

ngdkadls dg ils 3:‛, ya qug gh Gurlpa l Hlrtganërkba, aýh ia prldubbkòh tghîa

kdgaigs nás clrnaigs. Mustanghtg gh gstg pgrîldl, @raski y Areghtkha gstaàh

bayghdl àml dkbtaduras, dlhdg ia prldubbkòh artîstkba blnghzò a rgiabklharsg

blnl uha blhtra rgspugsta a ia vkliabkòh dg ils dgrgbfls funahls, ai barábtgr

dkbtatlrkai y a ias khtgrvghbklhgs buituraigs qug khtghtaàh ahuiar l rgstrkhekr

bkgrtas prlpugstas l nahkcgstabklhgs. Muhtl a giil, ia apgrtura rgcigxkva y brîtkba

dgi blhtgxtl iatkhlangrkbahl, khblrplra prlìgnátkbas nás anpikas, blnl ils

skstgnas dg blnuhkbabkòh dg nasa. A giil, Ls`lrhg añadg?

(!) gstas rgpgrbusklhgs y aibahbg pýìkbl cugrlh nubfl

naylrgs qug ias dksbrgtas nldkckbabklhgs dg ils clrnatls dg

rgvksta dghtrl dgi nuhdl artîstkbl rgaikzadl plr Erafan y

Rnktfslh. (Ls`lrhg, 0:1:. p 25-26)


7/102

!" $%&$'()*" )( +" *,"-(. $

Tai blnl sg dgvgia gh gstg pasamg dg Ls`lrhg, ias prglbupabklhgs dg

artkstas hlrtgangrkbahls blnl Dah Erafan (1;40) y Pl`grt Rnktfslh (1;26-

1;52) aýh blhtkhuaàh gh gxpgrknghtabklhgs gh khbkpkghtgs clrnatls dg rgvkstas,

nkghtras qug gh Iatkhlanërkba, sg egstaàh nahkckgstls brîtkbls y pliîtkbls dgsdg

ias artgs.

Dghtrl dg gstg nksnl blhtgxtl iatkhlangrkbahl, blnkghzah a surekr

dkstkhtas bligbtkvkdadgs artîstkbas, qukghgs piahtgaàh ikhgankghtls brîtkbls g

kdgliòekbls blhtra ias dkbtaduras, ils ngdkls naskvls y ia dksbrknkhabkòh. Dghtrl

dg gstas bligbtkvkdadgs sg ghbughtra Tubunáh Ardg (1;36), erupl dg artkstas dg

vaheuardka ackikadl a ia blhcgdgrabkòh eghgrai dg traàml.

Knaegh H½1= Arbfkvl dkarkl Ia Bapktai dg Plsarkl, nghbkòh sl`rg gi artg pliîtkbl dgi nlvknkghtl’Tubunáh Ardg„, 1;62

Autlr= Dkarkl Ia Bapktai dg Plsarkl

Cughtg= Makng Pkppa


8/102

!" $%&$'()*" )( +" *,"-(. %

Blnl sg pugdg vgr gh ia flma dgi dkarkl Ia Bapktai (1;62), ias abbklhgs u

l`ras eghgradas plr gi erupl Tubunáh Ardg slh ghtghdkdas blnl uh tkpl dg artg

blnprlngtkdl, dlhdg sg gvkdghbka uha plstura kdgliòekba pliîtkba, a travës dg ia

prldubbkòh artîstkba. Zlr ltrl iadl, gh hugstrl paîs, tan`këh surekgrlh erupls y

bligbtkvkdadgs blnl rgspugsta pliîtkba y artîstkba a ia dkbtadura dg Aueustl

Zkhlbfgt. Gi erupl BADA (Bligbtkvl Abbklhgs dg Artg), blhclrnadl plr ils artkstas

vksuaigs Iltty Plsghcgid (1;40) y Muah Bastkiil (1;70), gi slbkòilel Cgrhahdl

@aibgiis, ia gsbrktlra Dkangia Gitkt (1;4;) y gi plgta Paýi ]urkta (1;71). Gstg

bligbtkvl, sg barabtgrkzò plr rgaikzar uha sgrkg dg abbklhgs artîstkbas durahtg 1;5;

a 1;67. Erah partg dg ias abbklhgs l pgrclrnahbg aquî rgaikzadas plsgîah uha

erah prldubbkòh, dlhdg sg rgqugrîa ia partkbkpabkòh dg gxtgrhls qug ayudarah gh

su rgaikzabkòh. Wh gmgnpil dg giil cug ia abbkòh ’Zara hl nlrkr dg fan`rg gh gi

artg„ (1;5;)=

Gsta pgrclrnahbg blhsta dg varkas abbklhgs= rgpartkr ia igbfg

ghtrg ia eghtg dg ils `arrkls dg Rahtkael? fabgr uh dgsckig dg

banklhgs dg igbfg plr ias baiigs dg ia bkudad? iianar ia

atghbkòh sl`rg ia pgrclrnahbg blh avksls a páekha ghtgra gh

ils pgrkòdkbls? dgspigear gi nghsamg dgi erupl gh crghtg dg ia

sgdg dg ias Habklhgs Whkdas? aitgrar ia cabfada dg uh nusgl

para trahsnktkr gi tgna dg ia pgrclrnahbg? trahsnktkr uh

dksbursl brîtkbl a travës dg aitavlbgs blilbadls cugra dgi

gdkckbkl dgi BGZAI? y, gh uha eaigrîa dg artg, iighar uha bama

abrîikba blh bkgh `lisas dg igbfg? uh gmgnpiar dgi pgrkòdkbl


9/102

!" $%&$'()*" )( +" *,"-(. &

’FL[„ y uha eraàbkòh blh ia trahsnkskòh dgi dksbursl

brîtkbl. Gstg vkdgl bikp blhtkghg natgrkai qug prgsghta

abbklhgs dghtrl dg ia eaigrîa. (Fgnkspfgrkb Khstktutg, s.c.)

Gh gsta abbkòh ghblhtranls uha sgrkg dg skn`liksnls y igbturas plskìgs

gh tlrhl a ils bòdkels utkikzadls. Ia nás sl`rgsaikghtg gs ia rgcgrghbka dkrgbta ai

el`kgrhl dg ia WZ, gi buai gh su prkngr añl dg el`kgrhl dgbiarò qug tldls ils

hkñls gh Bfkig abbgdgrîah a gstg aiknghtl blnl partg dg ia bahasta `áskba, a

dgnás dg ia iubfa blhtra ia pl`rgza gh ia qug sg ghblhtraàh gi paîs y ia

khbiuskòh/vksuaikzabkòh dg ias blnuhkdadgs narekhadas.

A blhtkhuabkòh gi tgxtl khsbrktl gh ia bama dg gxfk`kbkòh=

’ZAPA ZGPNAHGBGP FARTA QWG HWGRTPL ZWG@IL

ABBGDA A RWR BLHRWNLR @ÁRKBLR DG AIKNGHTLR

ZAPA ZGPNAHGBGP BLNL GI HGEATKSL DG WH

BWGPZL BAPGHTG KHSGPTKDL [ ZIWPAI „

BFKIG ‒ LBTW@PG - 1;5;


10/102

!" $%&$'()*" )( +" *,"-(. '(

Knaegh H½0= Pgekstrl Abbkòh dg Artg, ’Zara hl nlrkr dg fan`rg gh gi artg„, 1;5;

Autlr= Erupl BADA

Cughtg= Fgnkspfgrkb Khstktutg

Ltra dg ias abbklhgs dgi BADA cug ia brgabkòh dg ia khskehka HL+ (1;64),

qug ai keuai qug ia l`ra/abbkòh ahtgrklr, ia rgaikzabkòh y pugsta gh gsbgha dg ia

l`ra dgpghdîa hgtanghtg dg ias rgiabklhgs slbkaigs qug gsta gmgrbîa? gs dgbkr, gh

gstg basl ia crasg HL+1 iiana`a ai iighadl l blnpigtadl dg ia crasg, apgiahdl a ia

kdghtkckbabkòh ghtrg ils ’gspgbtadlrgs l aeghtgs„ blh gi tgxtl qug piahtga`a ia

l`ra y ai ckhai slh giils a travës dg sus blhskehas ils qug tgrnkhah plr abtkvaria,

l`tghkghdl blnl rgsuitadl dkstkhtas blhskehas blnl= HL+ NWGPTGR, HL+

DGRAZAPGBKDLR, HL+ FAN@PG, HL+ NKGDL, ghtrg ltras.

1 Skdgl Pgekstrl= fttp=//fkdvi.hyu.gdu/vkdgl/::2:;:773.ftni


11/102

!" $%&$'()*" )( +" *,"-(. ''

Knaegh H½2= Pgekstrl Abbkòh dg Artg, ’HL+„, 1;64

Autlr= Erupl BADA

Cughtg= MLt(g)LILEÎA

Tahtl BADA blnl Tubunáh Ardg, cugrlh rgbkghtgnghtg sgigbbklhadls

para clrnar partg dg ia nugstra ’Zgrdgr ia clrna funaha? uha knaegh sîsnkba dg

ils añls lbfghta gh Anërkba Iatkha„ (0:10), gxplskbkòh ghclbada gh gvkdghbkar ia

përdkda dgi yl khdkvkduai, y gh rgcigxklhar gh tlrhl a ia prldubbkòh artîstkba y ias

dkstkhtas blhhltabklhgs slbkaigs. Adgnás dg giil, bugstklha y prgsghta blnl

prl`ignátkba il blhbgptuai y gi blhbgptuaiksnl, dlhdg gstg ýitknl gs hgtanghtg giartg iatkhlangrkbahl, bareadl dg uha plstura kdgliòekba y brîtkba gh rgiabkòh ai

prlpkl blhtgxtl. (Nusgl Pgkha Rlcîa, 0:10)


12/102

!" $%&$'()*" )( +" *,"-(. ')

Dghtrl dgi nksnl blhtkhghtg, gh @raski sg dgsarrliiaàh traàmls dg Fëikl

Lktkbkba (1;25-1;6:) y Iyeka Biaro (1;0:-1;66). An`ls artkstas clrnarlh partg dgi

erupl Crghtg, ghtrg 1;74 y 1;73. Rus prkngrls traàmls sg rgiabklhaàh blh

gxpgrknghtabklhgs sghslrkaigs pgrbgptuaigs, ias qug cugrlh blhskdgradas

plstgrklrnghtg blnl l`ras hglblhbrgtkstas y dg artg bkhëtkbl. Zgrl muhtl a giil,

adgnás plsgîah uh narbadl barábtgr kdgliòekbl, ikeadl a ia blhtrabuitura qug sg

dgsarrliiaà gh @raski àml ia dkbtadura (1;34-1;67), pgrîldl gh dlhdg sg

blnkghza a pliktkzar aýh nás gi blhtghkdl dg sus traàmls, rgaikzahdl l`ras blnl

Trlpkbáika (1;35). Lktkbkba rgaikzaà gh gi Nusgl dg Artg Nldgrhl dg Ral Zauil

uha khstaiabkòh an`kghtai kdgada blnl uh ia`grkhtl gi buai sg dkvkdîa dg dls

sgbbklhgs ’Zghgtrávgks (ZH0, Zurgza æ un nktl, y ZH2, Knaeëtkbl)„ adgnás dg

piahtas, arghas, avgs skivgstrgs, plgnas-l`mgtl, bapas dg Zarahelië y uh aparatl

dg tgigvkskòh.„ (Nusgl Pgkha Rlcka, s.c.). Ia l`ra tghîa blnl l`mgtkvl eghgrar uh

gspabkl rgiabklhadl dkrgbtanghtg blh gi blhtgxtl `raskigrl, gspgbîckbanghtg blh

ias cavgias0 , gxplhkghdl ai gspgbtadlr a uha blhvkvghbka y gxpgrkghbka dkrgbta

blh ëstas, adgnás dg abtkvar uha khtgrabbkòh sghslrkai gh giias.

0 Arquktgbturas prgbarkas dg ias biasgs nás àmas dg @raski.


13/102

!" $%&$'()*" )( +" *,"-(. '*

Knaegh H½4= Pgekstrl Khstaiabkòh ’Trlpkbaika„, 1;36

Autlr= Fëikl Lktkbkba

Cughtg= @afkaciahgur

Dghtrl dg ias igbturas qug sg ia fah ghtrgeadl a ia l`ra, sg fa`ia dgi

khtghtl dg plhgr ëhcasks gh ias barabtgrîstkbas buituraigs dgs`lrdahtgs dg

Iatkhlanërkba, apgiahdl a ils sghtkdls y ia hgbgskdad dg partkbkpabkòh dgi

gspgbtadlr.

’Trlpkbaika„ sg dgckhg blnl gi prldubtl dg uh iarel prlbgsl dg rgcigxkòh dgi

artksta, dlhdg ëstg bghtra su khtgrës gh bònl khtrldubkr ai gspgbtadlr a ia l`ra y

fabgril partîbkpg dg uha rgiabkòh nás aiiá dgi buadrl `kdknghsklhai. Gh gstg basl

gspgbîckbl, ils khvkta a blhvkvkr blh su rgaikdad nás bgrbaha, qug slh ias cavgias,

sgbugia dgi brgbknkghtl ur`ahl naskckbadl y prgbarkl dg @raski. Gstg gspabkl sg


14/102

!" $%&$'()*" )( +" *,"-(. '+

vugivg uh iuear eghgradlr dg hugvas rgiabklhgs ghtrg ils prlpkls gspgbtadlrgs y

dg giils blh ia l`ra, gi buai tgrnkha plr vlivgrsg uh gspabkl dg vkhbuiabkòh, a

dkcgrghbka dg ia cavgia gh sî nksna, ia buai apgia a ia sgergeabkòh.

Ltra dg ias artkstas gnìgnátkbas dgi nlvknkghtl dg blhtra buitura `raskigrl,

cug Iyeka Biaro, qukgh ai keuai qug Lktkbkba, sus traàmls y gxpgrknghtabklhgs sg

abgrbarlh ai barábtgr gxpgrkghbkai y sghslrkai qug prlplhîah uha naylr

khblrplrabkòh dgi pýìkbl ai artg. Gh gi añl 1;35, rgaikza uha sgrkg dg abbklhgs

blnl ’Násbara A`ksnl„ , l`mgtl rgiabklhai qug blhskstg gh uha násbara, ia buai

sg rgaikzò para sgr utkikzada ghtrg dls sumgtls y qug gxpgrknghtarah ia sghsabkòh

dg rgspkrar gi nksnl akrg. Gstg tkpl dg l`ras, blnl tan`këh ias dg Lktkbkba l gi

erupl BADA, sg barabtgrkzarlh plr prgsghtarsg blnl uha sgrkg dg abbklhgs

artîstkbas dg îhdlig pliîtkbl y slbkai, dlhdg ia khblrplrabkòh dg ils gspgbtadlrgs

gra biavg a ia flra dg egstar y abtkvar ias l`ras. Gstas barabtgrîstkbas tgrnkharlh

plr sgr ias prkhbkpaigs gh gi artg blhbgptuai l blhbgptuaiksnl iatkhlangrkbahl, il

qug blhiigva uh aitl barábtgr kdgliòekbl y brîtkbl, hl sòil a blhtgxtls slbkaigs, skhl

qug ai artg gh sî, khtghtahdl khblrplrar ai pýìkbl y a gi gspabkl pýìkbl. Ia

blhstrubbkòh dg gstas l`ras pugdgh blhskdgrarsg blnl uha gstratgeka l uha

ngtldlileîa dg aháiksks? dlhdg ia l`ra hl sòil sg tlrha uh slplrtg gxprgskvl, skhl

qug adgnás, sg artkbuia blnl uh dksbursl, bask skgnprg partkghdl dgsdg uh

bugrpl partkbuiar dkrkekda ai bugrpl slbkai.


15/102

!" $%&$'()*" )( +" *,"-(. '"

Knaegh H½7= Pgekstrl dg ia násbara u l`mgtl rgiabklhai, ’Násbara A`ksnl„, 1;36

Autlr= Iyeka Biaro

Cughtg= patrkbkaghrgiabklh.ìlesplt.bln

0.0 Ia knaegh dg ia numgr y gi cgnkhksnl gh gi Artg

0.0.1 Blhstrubbkòh dg kdghtkdad, Rgxl v/s Eëhgrl

Muhtl a gstg khtgrës pliîtkbl-kdgliòekbl blnl prábtkba artîstkba, aieuhls artkstas

blnkghzah a egstar gh su prldubbkòh uh dksbursl cugrtgnghtg àsadl gh ia

rgcigxklhar sl`rg bugstklhgs dg eëhgrl. Gh ia naylrîa dg ils basls, il cgnghkhl

sg prgsghta blnl gi sgxl dë`ki crghtg a ia suprgnabîa dg il nasbuikhl, y ias

prlìgnátkbas dg eëhgrl, blnl ghbaskiiankghtls biaskckbatlrkls dg ils khdkvkduls.


16/102

!" $%&$'()*" )( +" *,"-(. '#

Zara dgsarrliiar gstg puhtl, pldgnls fabgr uh pgqugñl pahgl plr ias

rgcigxklhgs dg aieuhas pgrspgbtkvas ckilsòckbas ghtlrhl ai eëhgrl y gi sgxl, dls

blhbgptls biavgs qug sg dgsarrliiaráh blh ia prldubbkòh qug ahaikzargnls.

Ia dkstkhbkòh nás knplrtahtg ghtrg an`ls tërnkhls gs ia blhstrubbkòh dg

bada uhl dg giils. Zlr uh iadl, gi sgxl rgsplhdg a ias barabtgrîstkbas haturaigs y

`kliòekbas dg ils sgrgs funahls, nkghtras qug gi eëhgrl, rgsplhdg hgtanghtg a

uha blhstrubbkòh buiturai (@utigr, 0::3)

Gspgbîckbanghtg gh rgiabkòh ai eëhgrl, nubfls ckiòslcls blnl @utigr l

Clubauit, rgiabklhah gsta dgtgrnkhabkòh blh uha rgiabkòh hgtanghtg dg pldgr, qug

sg blhstruyg a partkr dg rgiabklhgs slbkaigs y buituraigs, dlhdg ia khdkvkduaikdad gs

dgmada dg iadl, plr ia suprgnabîa dg ils gstáhdargs slbkaigs y buituraigs (@utigr,

0::3=14). A raîz dg gsta dgsvailrabkòh plr ia khdkvkduaikdad l su`mgtkvkdad dg ils

sumgtls, gs qug suregh ias mgrarqukzabklhgs y dkcgrghbkas ghtrg gi eëhgrl

nasbuikhl y cgnghkhl (@utigr= 0::3=17), y adgnás blh ils suàitgrhls2 qug hl

bagh dghtrl dg ils parángtrls slbkaigs (Rpkvao, 1;;6, p.0).

Tai blnl fa`îanls nghbklhadl, gi sgxl sg rgiabklha hgtanghtg blh uha

gstrubtura `kliòekba-cîskba y quînkba blh ia buai sg habg. Gstl hls iigva a

dgtgrnkhar qug uhl habg blh uh sgxl dgtgrnkhadl, pgrl qug gi eëhgrl gs uh

blhstrubtl slbklbuiturai ya gstaìgbkdl ‒qug nuta muhtl blh ia gvliubkòh dg ias

slbkgdadgs- dgi buai dkcîbkinghtg sg pugdg apartar. Zlr il nksnl gxkstgh bkgrtls

2 Gh gi basl dg Rpyào, blnl ltrls autlrgs, utkikzah gi tgrnkhl suàitgrhl paraadmudkbársgil a tldl khdkvkdul qug hl baiza blh gstáhdargs prlpkls dg ia buitura l dg iasrgeias dg uha dgtgrnkhada slbkgdad, plr il nksnl gstg blhbgptl a qukghgs sg igs abuñapugdg varkar dg blhtgxtl gh blhtgxtl, gs dgbkr plsgg uha nlvkikdad slbkai.


17/102

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nlvknkghtls l kdglileîas qug rgvksargnls nás adgiahtg, qug gstáh gh prl dg

prlplhgr ia bapabkdad dg qug tldls ils khdkvkduls slh bapabgs dg blhstrukr su

kdghtkdad dg eëhgrl, y qug ësta hl il dgtgrnkhg a uhl.

@gatrkz Zrgbkadl (1;5:) gh su ghsayl @klpliîtkba dgi Eëhgrl (s.c.),

gsta`igbg blnl uha abbkòh dg abtkvksnl `kl-pliîtkbl ia bapabkdad qug tghgnls dg

ghcrghtarhls a ils skstgnas rgeuiadlrgs, a travës dg ia aprlpkabkòh dg ias

prábtkbas y gstratgekas prlpkas dg gstls skstgnas, qug slh utkikzadls para hlrnar

a ias pgrslhas y sus slbkgdadgs.

Gi ghsayl blnkghza blh ia dgsbrkpbkòh dg uh basl biîhkbl dg

khtgrsgxuaikdad sktuadl gh gi añl 1;76, dgi buai sg dgsprghdgh rgcigxklhgs gh

tlrhl a ia pgrclrnatkvkdad dg ia blhstrubbkòh dgi eëhgrl.

Aehgs, prltaelhksta dg gstg basl biîhkbl, sg prgsghta gh Lbtu`rg dgi 76‛, a

sus 1; añls gh gi Dgpartanghtl dg Zskqukatrîa dg ia Whkvgrskdad dg Baikclrhka gh

Ils Áhegigs, dlhdg gs rgbk`kda plr uh erupl dg prlcgsklhaigs dg dkstkhtas árgas

ghbareadls dg khvgstkear ils basls dg khtgrsgxuaikdad. Ils prkngrls aháiksks qug

sg ig rgaikzah slh dg barábtgr supgrckbkai, blnl gi blilr dg su pkgi, aitura,

dgsbrkpbklhgs dg sus eghktaigs nasbuikhls, prgsghtahdl uh dgsarrliil hlrnai ai

keuai qug ils barabtgrgs sgbuhdarkls blnl gi `ustl, ia ausghbka dg vgiil cabkai,

gtb.

!hl prgsghta skehls dg ’dgsvkabkòh sgxuai„, dg travgstksnl

l dg flnlsgxuaikdad= ’Hl tkghg hada qug pugda dkcgrghbkaria

dg uha mlvgh dg su gdad. Tkghg uh tlhl dg vlz aeudl, hl


18/102

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usa ia vgstknghta gxfk`kbklhksta y dg nai eustl qug

barabtgrkza a travgstks y fln`rgs blh prlìgnas dg

kdghtkckbabkòh sgxuai. Ia blhdkbkòh dg plsk`kikdad dgi cuturl

dkaehòstkbl dg eëhgrl gs ahtg tldl gsa blhstatabkòh dg

hlrnaikdad gh tërnkhls dg raza (’ìahba„), dg biasg

’(’traàma„) y dg sgxuaikdad (’hl gs travgstk hk flnlsgxuai„).

(Zrgbkadl, 1;;:, p. 1-0 )

Wha vgz qug sg ig rgaikzah tldls ils gxánghgs hgbgsarkls para pldgr

kdghtkckbar su eëhgrl, a Aehgs sg ig blhskdgra blnl uh basl eghukhl dg

fgrnacrldksnl, prlvlbadl plr uh sîhdrlng dg cgnkhkzabkòh tgstkbuiar, plr il qug

pugdg lptar a uha lpgrabkòh dg rgaskehabkòh sgxuai (vaekhlpiastka). Fasta gstg

puhtl gs knplrtahtg dgstabar ia an`keùgdad gh qug sg àsa gi aháiksks para ia

kdghtkckbabkòh dgi eëhgrl dg ia pgrslha, blhdkbklhgs y dgsarrliil slbkai,

blnplrtankghtl y prkhbkpainghtg aparkghbka, pgrl sg rgsbata gi fgbfl dg ils

avahbgs gh ia ngdkbkha a hkvgi qukrýrekbl, pgrl tan`këh ghdlbrkhliòekbl, blnl

rgspugsta a ils dkstkhtls basls dg fgrnacrldksnl prgsghtgs a il iarel dg ia

fkstlrka. Zgrl ltra igbtura prlpugsta dg Clubauit, pghaikza gstg abtl, ya qug

suprkng uha ’hugva„ rgaikdad qug saig dg ia hlrna y ghmukbka gi abtl dgi mlvgh plr

bagr àml gi blhtrli dg gstls skstgnas. Zgrl iugel dg sgks añls dg rgaikzada ia

lpgrabkòh, Aehgs plhg gh maqug ia plstura dg Clubauit ai blhcgsar su vgrdadgra

fkstlrka.

Aehgs rgiata qug habkò blh uha ahltlnîa nasbuikha hlrnai, pgrl qug gh

su prgadligsbghbka blnghzò a tlnar ias flrnlhas (gstròeghls) dg su nadrg,


19/102

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tldl blnghzò blnl uh mugel qug tgrnkhò blh abtls blnl caiskckbabkòh dg ia

rgbgta nëdkba para pldgr lptar a ia blhtkhua ngdkbabkòh y trahsclrnabkòh dg su

prlpkl bugrpl y asî gvghtuainghtg lptar a ia rgaskehabkòh sgxuai.

Gstg basl pgrnktg rgcigxklhar sl`rg ia knplrtahbka dg gstar blhsbkghtgs dg

bònl cuhbklhah ils skstgnas, nëdkbls, pliîtkbls, igeaigs, gtb. [ bònl ëstls

khtgrvkghgh gh ia vkda dg ias pgrslhas. Zgrl adgnás pldgnls a`lrdar ia kdga dg

qug pargbkgra qug gs nás cábki gigekr hugstrl sgxl qug gigekr sl`rg ils

blhdkbklhahtgs dgi eëhgrl? l sg gs ’fln`rg„ l sg gs ’numgr„. Khdgpghdkghtg dg

qug sga uha askehabkòh gh àsg a ils eghktaigs blh ils qug sg habg l plr uha

lpbkòh pgrslhai. Fasta gi dîa dg fly aýh pgrdurah cugrtgnghtg gstas

biaskckbabklhgs, ya qug khdgpghdkghtg dg qug sg faìg dg trahsgxuaigs, travgstks l

khbiusl ils fgrnacrldktas, gh tldls ils basls ëstls dgtgrnkhah su knaegh slbkai

àml uha dg ias dls sgxuaikdadgs, l mugeah a rgprgsghtar anàs, pgrl gh tkgnpls

dkcgrghbkadls, blnl il qug rgaikzah ils travgstks, abbkòh qug para @utigr

gmgnpikckba gi fgbfl dg qug gi eëhgrl gs uha blhstrubbkòh pgrclrnatkva, uh abtl,

qug sg àsa gh ia blhstahtg rgpgtkbkòh rktuaikzada dg nldgils y abtls.

Zlr gstl gs qug gs khtgrgsahtg gi abtl su`vgrskvl qug rgaikza Aehgs, sg

aprlpka y ghtkghdg blnl cuhbklhah gstls skstgnas y sg aprlvgbfa dg giils,

l`tghkghdl il qug qugrîa, a blsta dg muear blh ils prlpkls parángtrls qug sg ig

grah knpugstls. A ckhai dg bughtas, ia knplrtahbka dg ia sgxuaikdad dg ias

pgrslhas tkghg rgiabkòh ýhkbanghtg cîskba, sg tkghg pghg l sg tkghg vaekha, pgrl il

qug rgainghtg gs knplrtahtg para gi ’adgbuadl„ dgsarrliil blnl khdkvkdul slbkai,

gs ia bapabkdad dg ilerar ia nkngsks blh gi nldgil knpugstl, ya qug bada uhl


20/102

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dg`g rgsplhdgr dg ia nahgra nás ckgi a ils gstgrgltkpls gsta`igbkdls para bada

sgxl, ils qug rgsuitarîah skghdl ias pkgzas prknlrdkaigs a ia flra dg ia

blhstrubbkòh dgi eëhgrl.

0.0.0 Ia numgr gh ia fkstlrka dgi artg

Dghtrl dg ia fkstlrka dgi artg, dghtrl dg uh aspgbtl kblhliòekbl-sgnkòtkbl, ia ckeura

cgnghkha fa tghkdl tkplileîas nuy partkbuiargs, ias buaigs fah skdl lsbkiahtgs y

barabtgrîstkbas dg dkstkhtls pgrîldls.

Gh ia Zrgfkstlrka, ias rgprgsghtabklhgs dg ia numgr dgvgiah qug gi rli dg

giias hl gra slngtkdl ai varòh, skhl qug nás `kgh ëstg dgpghdîa dg sus cuhbklhgs,

blnl prlbrgadlra, lreahkzadlra y prldubtlra. Khbiusl sg nghbklha qug gi prkngr

erah Dkls dg ia fkstlrka (fabg uhls trgkhta nki añls, sgeýh gstudkls arqugliòekbls)

gra numgr y cug rgblhlbkdl plr nás dg vgkhtg nki añls y qug hl fu`l hkheýh ltrlapartg dg ia ’Erah Dklsa„. Gh gi pgrîldl Zaigliîtkbl Tgnprahl, ia rgprgsghtabkòh

dg ia knaegh cgnghkha gra ia dg uha numgr dgshuda, dg rlstrl dgsckeuradl y dg

ckeura gxu`grahtg u l`gsa, dahdl gspgbkai ëhcasks gh ils sghls, gi pu`ks y gi

vkghtrg, gstl ýitknl rgiabklháhdlsg hgtanghtg blh su cabgta dg dklsa dg ia

prlbrgabkòh y cgbuhdabkòh, adgnás dg badgras ahbfas, apta para rgskstkr gi partl.

A dkcgrghbka dg ia rgprgsghtabkòh dgi ckhai dgi nksnl pgrîldl, dlhdg ia numgr ya

tkghgh uh bugrpl nás gstkikzadl blh rlstrl y cabbklhgs nghls gxaegradls.


21/102

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Knaegh H½3= ’Sghus Igspueug„= gstatukiia taiiada gh uh blinkiil dg narcki blrrgsplhdkghtg a iabligbbkòh Sghus4 Zaigliîtkbas. 1;00

Autlr= Arqugòilel Rakht-Zërkgr

Cughtg= Artg-Ia euka0:::

Gh Gekptl, ias rgprgsghtabklhgs tghîah sknkiargs barabtgrîstkbas blh ias dg

ia rgprgsghtabkòh dg ia numgr gh ia Zrgfkstlrka. Gi bugrpl skeug skghdl uha

rgprgsghtabkòh plbl gxabta, rgsaitahdl skgnprg gi trkáheuil pý`kbl, sîn`lil

utkikzadl para rgcgrkrsg a ia Dklsa Nadrg y ils sghls, gh gstg basl, hl gstáh

gxaegradls, pgrl ia dgshudgs dg ils bugrpls skeug prgsghtg y sòil aieuhas slh

rgprgsghtadas dg clrna tlsba, blh pkgrhas erahdgs y eiýtgls adkplsls, sîn`lil,

gh gstg basl, dg `ugha aiknghtabkòh, blhlbkdas blnl ’Danas Skelrlsas„. Il nás

rgsbata`ig dg gstg pgrîldl (Knpgrkl Ahtkeul) gs qug gi dgrgbfl a ia gdubabkòh

+ Ia dghlnkhabkòh dgi ’Sghus„ dg ia bligbbkòh nghbklhada hl rgckgrg ai bahlh dg `giigzaaslbkadl a ia Dklsa Sghus, gh gstg basl fabg rgcgrghbka a ia blhhltabkòh dg nadrg lprlbrgadlra.


22/102

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gstaà a`kgrtl a tldls ils gstratls slbkaigs. Ia numgr tghîa dgrgbfls,

dgsgnpgñaà ia`lrgs buituraigs y gra partîbkpg dg ia vkda pýìkba, pgrl dg`kdl a ia

cugrtg khciughbka dg ia bkvkikzabkòh Plnaha, plbl a plbl blnghzò a pgrdgr su

prltaelhksnl, tgrnkhahdl plr ahuiar su rli slbkai plr blnpigtl y trahsclrnáhdlsg

gh uha ckeura dg ablnpañankghtl y dg utkikdad.

A ngdkda qug ia rgprgsghtabkòh gekpbka gvliubklha, ils bugrpls gh ia

gsbuitura sg vugivgh nás gstkikzadls y ablrdgs a ia rgaikdad, gxbgptuahdl ias

knáeghgs zllnòrckbas, gxbiuskvas a ia rgprgsghtabkòh dg sus Dklsgs. Ia numgr

tkghg uh rli nghls prltaeòhkbl, sg nugstra bask tltainghtg bu`kgrta, ils vkghtrgs

aùitadls skn`likzah cgbuhdkdad y sg fabg prgsghtg ia lrhanghtabkòh, bliiargs,

puisgras, tlbadls y zapatls sgeýh gi gstratl slbkai. Zgrl gh ia naylrîa dg ils

basls ia aitura gs khcgrklr a ia dgi fln`rg, rgiabklhadl a ia blhdkbkòh dg pldgr,

auhqug buahdl sg trata dg Dklsgs sg igs rgtrata a ia nksna aitura. A dkcgrghbka dg

gstl, ia pkhtura sg barabtgrkza plr rgprgsghtar gi bugrpl funahl dg pgrcki, piahl,

ghtghdkghdl bada pgrslhamg plr sgparadl y utkikzahdl ia supgrplskbkòh dg giils a

nldl dg pgrspgbtkva.


23/102

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Knaegh H½ 5= Gsbuitura dg Aoghatòh y Hgcgrtktk, gh gsta knaegh sg pugdg aprgbkar ia dkcgrghbka dgaitura dg ia numgr plr su blhdkbkòh dg gsplsa. Zgrîldl Anarha, 127:-1224 a.B.

Autlr= R/H

Cughtg= @rkdegnah Art Ik`rary


24/102

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Knaegh H½ 6= Gsbuitura Erkgea, ’Acrldkta dgBhkdl„, 23: a.B.

Autlr= Zraxîtgigs

Cughtg= Ukokngdka

Gh Ergbka, ias dkcgrghbkas ghtrg gi

fln`rg y ia numgr sg vgîah

prkhbkpainghtg gh ia rgprgsghtabkòh

vliunëtrkba dg ils fln`rgs qug grah

gsbuipkdls dgshudls y ias numgrgs sg

prgcgrîah vgstkdas. An`ls narbadls plr

uh kdgaiksnl y uha erah prglbupabkòh

ghtrg ias prlplrbklhgs dgi bugrpl y gi

gqukik`rkl dg ils gignghtls. Zlbl a

plbl, ils kdgaigs erkgels blnghzarlh a

dgiknktarsg aýh nás, nlstrahdl numgrgs

skgnprg dgieadas, blh sghls

sl`rgsaikghtgs, lbuitls `aml rlpamgs dg

suavgs pikgeugs, a ils buaigs ig

dgdkbarlh erah knplrtahbka, ya qug

ëstas sknuiah ia cigxk`kikdad y gi

nlvknkghtl dgi natgrkai, adgnás dg

nusils y badgra prlnkhghtgs, pgrl

dgikbadanghtg rgdlhdgadls, skgnprg

dghtrl dg ias ngdkdas gstáhdar. [a gh gi

pgrîldl Fgighîstkbl, ia rgprgsghtabkòh

dgi dgshudl cgnghkhl gs blnpigtl y

iigea a aprgbkarsg dg tai clrna qug

gbikpsa ai dgshudl nasbuikhl. Gi haturaiksnl dg ia clrna bln`khadl ai


25/102

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haturaiksnl dg ia plsg, -gs gh gstg pgrîldl gh gi qug gi bugrpl sg blnkghza a

rgprgsghtar gh clrna dg R y ia nahl sg plsa sl`rg gi pu`ks blnl egstl dg

nldgstka l fabkghdl aiuskòh a ia Dklsa Acrldkta- cugrlh ias tëbhkbas qug narbarlh

gstg pgrîldl. Aýh ghclbadl prkhbkpainghtg gh gi vliungh y clrna dg ils sghls,

pgrl blh uha erah prglbupabkòh plr ilerar uha rgprgsghtabkòh rgaiksta dg ias

gxprgsklhgs, egstls, nahls, pkgs, qug gh pgrkldls ahtgrklrgs hl tghîah tahta

knplrtahbka.

Gh gi basl dg ia Gdad Ngdka, ias erahdgs rgprgsghtabklhgs dg ia numgr sg

rgiabklhaàh blh ia rgikekòh, skghdl vîreghgs l dlhbgiias. Ils dgshudls grah

utkikzadls skh uh naylr gcgbtksnl, ëstas sk sg prgsghtaàh skh rlpa sg tapaàh su

pu`ks y sg vksuaikzaàh dg clrna ahegikbai. Aýh blhtkhuaàh blh uha ckeura

àstahtg kdgaiksta, dlhdg ias ahbfas badgras, pgqugñls pgbfls y a`dlngh

anpikl, dgnlstraàh ia cgrtkikdad l su rgiabkòh dkvkha dg ananahtankghtl.

Gh gi Pghabknkghtl, sg prldubg uhl dg ils ban`kls nás knplrtahtgs

gpkstgnliòekbls ghtlrhl a ia vkskòh dg nuhdl, dlhdg gi tglbghtrksnl gs ban`kadl

plr uh ahtrlplbghtrksnl? gs dgbkr, Dkls hl gra gi bghtrl dgi nuhdl, skhl qug gi

fln`rg. Ia numgr sg rgiabklha hgtanghtg blh ils gstáhdargs dg `giigza, khbiusl

abgrbáhdlsg a ils dg hugstrl tkgnpl, ias rgprgsghtabklhgs blnkghzah a utkikzar gi

ru`kl para sus ba`giils gh aieuhls basls bask rlmkzls, numgrgs nuy dgieadas y ya

hl tah vliunkhlsas, dg badgras y nusils prlplrbklhadls. @aml ias blhbgpbklhgs

dg gstg nlvknkghtl, gi dgshudl cgnghkhl ilera uh ban`kl crghtg a il qug

fa`îanls l`sgrvadl dg ils ltrls pgrîldls, gi dgshudl gh gstg basl ya hl gs

rgiabklhadl a ia knaegh dg ia Dklsa, ia nadrg y sus blhhltabklhgs dg


26/102

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rgprldubbkòh l cgrtkikdad, aflra sg gxpilra dkrgbtanghtg ia sgxuaikdad y gi

grltksnl, plr il qug ias knáeghgs nugstrah numgrgs sgdubtlras ai `lrdg dg il

crîvlil.

Knaegh H½ ;= Gh gsta pkhtura, ’Ia Sghus dlrnkda„, 171:. Rg l`sgrva gi bukdadl gh ia prlplrbkòhdgi bugrpl y ia plsg khspkrada gh báhlhgs erkgels.

Autlr= Eklreklhg (Eklrekl da Bastgicrahbl)

Cughtg= Gi Bubfktrki dgi erkhbf

Gh ltrl piahl y blhtraplhkëhdlsg a ia kdga ahtgrklr, ia numgr tan`këh vugivg

a tghgr ils prkvkigekls qug aieuha vgz tuvl gh ia ëplba dg ils gekpbkls, blnl ia

prglbupabkòh gh gi buitkvl dg ia nghtg y ia partkbkpabkòh gh árgas blnl ias @giias

Artgs y ia Ckilslcîa. Zlr giil sg ig rgprgsghta dkstahtg, blh rlpas qug hl gxaitah

sus atrk`utls cgnghkhls, sk hl blnl uha numgr nas nkstgrklsa, dkcîbki dg dgsbkcrar,

apgiahdl a ia dkstahbka dg ia knaegh crîvlia prlpugsta gh gi dgshudl.


27/102

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Knaegh H½1:= Gh gsta pkhtura ’Ia sk`kia Grktrga„, (s.c). Sgnls gi rgbfazl a ils báhlhgs dg ̀ giigza,gi khtgrës sg bghtra gh ia abtkvkdad qug rgaikza ia numgr qug gh ia plsg.

Autlr= Nkeugi Áhegi

Cughtg= Blsskl

Gh gi @arrlbl, nlvknkghtl buiturai qug hl pugdl dgmar dg hln`rar, ya qug

sg rlnpgh tldas ias rgeias dg rgprgsghtabkòh ahtgs nghbklhadas. Aquî gi bugrplsg ik`gra dg ias rîekdas hlrnas y báhlhgs dg `giigza kdgaikzadls y ia numgr

rgtratada gs l`gsa, dg barhgs ciábkdas, y ias pkhturas a`lrdah tgnas blnl ia

nugrtg, ia vgmgz y ils vkbkls. Auhqug gstl hl qukgrg dgbkr qug tldls ils artksta dg


28/102

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gstg nlvknkghtl blnpartkgrah ils nksnls nldgils dg rgprgsghtabkòh. Whl dg ils

basls qug sg dkcgrghbka, gs Dkgel Sgiásqugz (17;; - 133:), blh su pkhtura ’Ia

vghus dgi gspgml„ (fabka gi 1346), dlhdg rgaikza uh mugel dg pgrbgpbklhgs, gh ia

qug vgnls a uha `giia mlvgh rgblstada dahdl ia gspaida, gh uh egstl dg dkstahbka

blh gi gspgbtadlr, aiudkghdl a uh nlnghtl îhtknl, pgrl ia prgsghbka dgi gspgml

narba uh qukg`rg, ya qug gi rgcigml nugstra uh rlstrl `rutl, tlsbl, lpugstl a ia

kdgaikzabkòh dgi bugrpl prgsghtadl. Aieuhas khtgrprgtabklhgs aiudgh a qug gi

gspgml hl rgcigma a ia numgr rgtratada, ya qug apuhta fabka gi gspgbtadlr.

[a gh gi hglbiaskbksnl, sg rgutkikza ia knaegh erkgea, rgiabklhada blh ia

pgrcgbbkòh, a pgsar dg qug ias numgrgs gh gstg pgrîldl hl plsgîah uh pldgr blnl

gh ia ahtkeua Ergbka, skhl qug nás `kgh, sg khspkra`ah gh ia numgr blnl uh îblhl

dg ia `giigza.

Gh gi pgrkldl rlnáhtkbl, ia ckeura cgnghkha sg blhtkhua`a rgiabklhahdl blh

ia `giigza, pgrl dgsdg uh aspgbtl haturai, nubfas vgbgs rgiabklhada blh ia

haturaigza, paskvkdad y il ghkenátkbl dg ia `giigza.

Gi Gxprgsklhksnl nlvknkghtl qug sureg gh Aignahka, prlplhg uha rgbfazl

radkbai dg ia rgprgsghtabkòh dg ia ckeura funaha kdgaikzada. Gi artg gxprgsklhksta

sg bghtra gh il ’cgl„, gh il vuiear y a`lrda tgnas ta`ýgs, plbl blnuhgs a il iarel

dg ia fkstlrka. Zldgnls vgr rgprgsghtabklhgs dg numgrgs plbl cgnghkhas, bugrpls

anlrcls y/l asqugrlsls, prlstktutas l gspgrpghtls. Ia numgr pasa dg sgr ia vkregh

basta g khlbghtg a uha cgnng catai, ruda y hkhcònaha.


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Knaegh H½11= Gh gi ’Gi mukbkl dg Zarîs„, 1;10- 12, sg aprgbkah 2 numgrgs, prlstktutas, dlhdg gi autlrghcrghta ia kdga dg ia `ýsqugda dg ia `giigza crahbgsa, blh ia `ýsqugda hgtanghtg dgi sgxl y ilrgprgsghta blh aspgbtl sòrdkdl y dgsaerada`ig.

Autlr= Grhst Iudwke Okrbfhgr

Cughtg= Raturday-hkeft


30/102

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Gh ias Saheuardkas, ias buaigs suregh a blnkghzls dgi skeil VV,

cugrtgnghtg khciughbkadas plr blhtgxtls fkstòrkbls blnl ia Zrkngra Eugrra

Nuhdkai (1;14 ‒ 1;16), rlnpgh plr blnpigtl ias rgprgsghtabklhgs biáskbas y sg

vugivgh uh ngdkl dg prltgsta y bugstklhankghtl dg tgnas pliîtkbls-slbkaigs g

khbiusl khstktubklhaigs dgi artg.

Gh ëstas ia ckeura dg ia numgr gs utkikzada dgsdg dkstkhtas pgrspgbtkvas,

prkhbkpainghtg blnl uha nusa khspkradlra para ias artgs pgrl ya hl ghclbadl gh

ia `giigza prlpkanghtg tai. Blnkghzah ias prkngras iubfas plr gi vltl, il qug

dgvgia qug aýh hl gsta`ah khblrplradas blnl keuaigs gh ia slbkgdad. Rus

rgprgsghtabklhgs grah puranghtg sgrvkbkaigs y bunpikghdl cuhbklhgs dg sgeuhda

batgelrîa. Gi gnpldgrankghtl cgnghkhl gh gi artg sureg gh ils añls 3:‛, dlhdg

blnkghzah a rgaikzarsg ias prkngras khtgrrleabklhgs dgi plr quë dg su sktuabkòh.

Wh gmgnpil dg giil, gs khtghtar rgsplhdgr blnl sg vgh a sî nksna, dghtrl dg sus

parángtrls ia`lrgs. Zlr gmgnpil, ia autlra Zatrkbka Nayayl gh su tgxtl Fkstlrkas

dg Numgrgs, fkstlrkas dgi artg (0::2), blnkghza su khvgstkeabkòh dgsdg uha

pgrspgbtkva pgrslhai, bugstklhahdl su ia`lr gh gi auia dg biasgs gh pighls añls

5:‛. Gstl subgdg prkhbkpainghtg plr ia narbada prgplhdgrahbka dg qug gi erah

plrbghtamg dg sus blnpañgrls grah numgrgs? blnl blhtrastg a giil, ils dlbghtgs

bask skgnprg, fln`rgs. Muhtl a gstl, gi rli dg ia numgr blnghzò a apargbgr

dë`kinghtg gh gi pgrîldl dg ias vaheuardkas. Mustanghtg gsta khvksk`kikzabkòh

eghërkba sg trahsclrna gh uha barabtgrîstkba prgplhdgrahtg, pgrl a ia vgz

tltainghtg aparghtg, qug fa skdl avaiada plr skstgnas dg grudkbkòh gh gi artg l gh

ltrls án`ktls dgsdg dksbursls lckbkaigs rgekdls plr il nasbuikhl. Ia prkngra clrna


31/102

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gh qug Nayayl sg abgrba a rgsplhdgr sl`rg ia ia`lr dg ia numgr gh gi artg, cug

blh ia partkbkpabkòh abtkva gh gi gstudkl dgi cgnkhksnl gh ils añls 6:, dlhdg sg

ghtgrò dg qug fkstòrkbanghtg ia numgr egstaà y prldubîa l`ras, pgrl ëstas cugrlh

su`yueadas plr ia fkstlrka. (Nayayl, 0::2).

Ai fabgr uh cueaz pahgl, ia knaegh cgnghkha ‒dgsdg uha pgrspgbtkva

kbòhkba‒ skgnprg l`tuvl ils nksnls iueargs dg vailrabkòh y skehkckbabkòh. Ia numgr

rgcgrkda gra? ia vkregh, blrtgsaha l ia dg aita hlìgza. Rus knáeghgs rgackrnaàh

blhbgpbklhgs dg ëplba y dg blhtgxtl sgeýh su pgrîldl. Wha dg ias barabtgrîstkbas

nás trahsvgrsaigs a gsta knaegh y rli, gs ia ikeabkòh blh ia `giigza, ia buai sg

barabtgrkzaà plr uha gxtrgna l`mgtuaikzabkòh dgi bugrpl. Tai blnl Zatrkbka

Nayayl dgsbrk`g, ia rgiabkòh blh gi cgnkhksnl sg khstaura blnl uha prábtkba

rgcigxkva-brîtkba y prldubtkva, qug hls nltkva fabka uh khtgrës khvgstkeatkvl, qug sg

vkhbuia a ias prlpugstas g kdglileîas khfgrghtgs ai artg blhtgnplráhgl.

0.0.2 Wha vkskta ai cgnkhksnl

Gi cgnkhksnl sg dgckhg blnl uh nlvknkghtl kdgliòekbl qug `lrdga tgnas blnl ia

buitura, gblhlnîa y pliîtkba. Ru cuhdanghtl prkhbkpai gs ia keuaidad dg dgrgbfl

ghtrg numgrgs y varlhgs, prlìgnatkzahdl ia suprgnabîa dgi varòh gh ia buitura y

slbkgdad y, adgnás, gi bugstklhankghtl a ia hlbkòh dg sgxl y eëhgrl qug ya

fgnls nghbklhadl gh gi su`bapîtuil ahtgrklr.

Dghtrl dg ils ilerls nás skehkckbatkvls qug fa tghkdl gstg nlvknkghtl ‒a

hkvgi habklhai blnl khtgrhabklhai‒ gs ilerar uh avahbg gh ia keuaidad ghtrg


32/102

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fln`rg y numgrgs, ilerahdl gi vltl dg gstas ýitknas, pgrnktkghdl qug gh varkadls

paîsgs pugdah tghgr blhtrli sl`rg tldls ils prlbgsls rgprldubtkvls y dgi

gnàrazl, khbiusl pgrnktkghdl qug lptgh plr gi a`lrtl gh paîsgs blnl= Gbuadlr,

Areghtkha y @raski.

Ia erah naylrîa dg ias khvgstkeabklhgs sl`rg gi cgnkhksnl tlnah blnl fktl

cuhdabklhai gi vltl dg ia numgr a blnkghzls dgi skeil VV, sgeukdl plr ia erah

ik`grabkòh cgnghkha ghtrg ils 3:‛ y 5:‛. Mustanghtg gstg blhtgxtl, gs cuhdanghtai

para gi dgsarrliil dgi artg cgnkhksta, gi buai gs bataileadl dg gsta clrna plr gi

sknpig fgbfl dg blhtkhuar blh gstas prlìgnátkbas, a`lrdáhdlias dgsdg uh

aspgbtl khtgrrleatkvl, brîtkbl l rgcigxkvl, dgpghdkghdl dg bada sumgtl artksta. Blnl

gs l`vkl, ba`g dgstabar qug gsta prldubbkòh hl sòil gs rgaikzada plr numgrgs, hk

qug tanplbl tldas ias l`ras l artkstas plsggh ias nksnas dkrgbtrkbgs. Tai blnl

sg nghbklhò, ia keuaidad ghtrg fln`rgs y numgrgs gs ia barabtgrîstkba qug

atravkgsa tldas ias plskìgs vgrtkghtgs l ranas qug dgsghbadgha gi cgnkhksnl.

Rk tuvkëranls qug tlnar uha dg ias artkstas u l`ras gnìgnátkbas sl`rg

gstg tgna, tghdrîanls qug nghbklhar gh prkngra khstahbka gi traàml Rgnkltkbs lc

tfg oktbfgh (1;57) dg Nartfa Plsigr 7 (1;42), artksta y tgòrkba hlrtgangrkbaha qug

prlìgnatkza sl`rg gi eëhgrl cgnghkhl dghtrl dg ia buitura. Gh gsta l`ra,

pldgnls l`sgrvar uha rgcigxkòh brîtkba, clrnai y ikeada aýh ai igheuamg3, dg clrna

7 Gh gi bapîtuil 2.1 (Pgcgrghtgs= Nartfa Plsigr), páe. 47 sg gxpikbará blh naylr dgtaiiggsta l`ra.3 Blnl ya nghbklhanls, erah partg dg ias khvgstkeabklhgs qug dkgrlh ba`kda ai artgblhbgptuai, sg rgiabklharlh blh gi igheuamg, gspgbîckbanghtg a su rgiabkòh khtrîhsgbaghtrg igheuamg y artg, ahaikzahdl a an`ls dgsdg uh aháiksks sîehkbl apgiadl a iablnuhkbabkòh.


33/102

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sknkiar a l`ras bahòhkbas dgi artg blhbgptuai blnl Wha y trgs skiias (1;37) dg

Mlsgpf Olsutf (1;47) l ils traàmls ikheùîstkbls dg Iawrghbg Ugkhgr (1;34).

Zlstgrklrnghtg a giil, sg ghbughtrah ias prlpugstas dg ia artksta Nary Ogiiy

(1;41), artksta blhbgptuai gstadluhkdghsg, qug adgnás dg cgnkhksta, gs gsbrktlra

y prlcgslra, y rgaikza uha sgrkg dg traàmls dgsdg bugstklhankghtls pgrslhaigs gh

rgiabkòh a su baikdad dg numgr, nadrg g fkma. Dghtrl dg giils, ghblhtranls uh

traàml audklvksuai-dlbunghtai, qug dgsdg gi 1;52 ai 1;5;, eraà ils prkngrls

sgks añls dg vkda dg su fkml, khtghtahdl gvkdghbkar y rgcigxklhar sl`rg ia rgiabkòh y

vkhbuil nadrg/fkml. Zaraigianghtg a ia rgaikzabkòh y eraàbkòh dg gstg gxtghsl

traàml, ia artksta rgaikza ltrls gmgrbkbkls blh Oay Fuht (1;22 -0::1) y Nareargt

Farrkslh (1;4:), dlhdg sg khvgstkea sl`rg ia rgiabkòh dg ia numgr y gi traàml,

Ulngh ahd Ulro= A Dlbunght kh tfg Dkvksklh lc Ia`lur kh Khdustry , (1;57). Gs uh

l`ra qug ahaikza ia a`ksnahtg `rgbfa dg saiarkls qug gxkstîa -y qug auh skeug

gxkstkghdl- ghtrg fln`rgs y numgrgs, gh gstg basl utkikzahdl blnl gmgnpil uha

gnprgsa ngtaiýrekba dg Ilhdrgs. Ia khvgstkeabkòh tgrnkha gh uha khstaiabkòh

blnpugsta plr cltleracîas, buadrls gstadîstkbls, pgiîbuias y rgprldubbklhgs dg

craenghtls dg ia igy ia`lrai dg dkbfls añls. Gsta ýitkna l`ra fa skdl bataileada

plr Nayayl, blnl uha dg ias l`ras nas dksruptkvas g khbkskvas dghtrl dgi

pahlrana cgnkhksta dg ia ëplba (Nayayl, 0:11, p.15).


34/102

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Knaegh H½10= Pgekstrl khstaiabkòh ’Ulngh ahd Ulro= A Dlbunght kh tfg Dkvksklh lc Ia`lur khKhdustry„, 1;57

Autlr= Nary Ogiiy, Oay Fuht y Nareargt Farrkslh

Cughtg= ZLRTNARTGPR

0.2 Zgrclrnahbg / @ldy-Art

Gh gstg bapîtuil, sg gstaìgbg ia rgiabkòh ghtrg bugrpl y dksbursl. Gspgbîckbanghtg

bònl gstg slplrtg, gi bugrpl? îhtknl, khdkvkduai, su`mgtkvkzadl y su`mgtkvkzahtg, gs

uh khsbrkptlr y trahsnkslr dg kdgas, gspgbîckbanghtg gh gstg basl, sl`rg ia

rgiabkòh dgi bugrpl blh ia numgr, y su abgrbankghtl ai cgnkhksnl.

Ia pgrclrnahbg sureg blnl uha prábtkba ikeada hgtanghtg ai artg

blhbgptuai, l plr il nghls ùsba abgrbarsg àstahtg ai barábtgr sgnkòtkbl qug


35/102

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gstas l`ras prgsghtah. Tai blnl dkbg @utigr (1;73) l Clubauit (1;03-1;64)= gi

bugrpl sg barabtgrkza plr tghgr ia plsk`kikdad dg khsbrk`kr gh ëi, uha sgrkg dg

skehls, ils buaigs plstgrklrnghtg, dgnahdaráh su igbtura (Gdginah, 1;72).

Dghtrl dg ia fkstlrka dg ia pgrclrnahbg suregh varkadls ikhgankghtls

gstëtkbls g kdgliòekbls. Gh gstg basl, sg a`lrdará gi qug blhskdgra gi bugrpl

pgrclrnatkvl blnl trahsnkslr dg dksbursl, dlhdg ia autlra Dkaha Tayilr (1;7:)

hls dkbg=

’ils artkstas fah usadl sus bugrpls para ghcrghtarsg a ils

rgeînghgs dg pldgr y ias hlrnas slbkaigs, y tan`këh para

khsgrtar gi bugrpl crlhtainghtg gh gi qugfabgr artîstkbl„

(Tayilr, 0:10, p.;).

Gh rgiabkòh blh ia ausghbka cîskba dgi bugrpl, añadg=

(...) hl gs hgbgsarkl qug gi artksta gstë prgsghtg gh barhg y

fugsl, gh gi nksnl basl qug su pýìkbl. Gh 1;62, BADA

iahzò ia banpaña HL+, blhskstg gh paia`ras gsbrktas gh ia

pargdgs dg Rahtkael dg Bfkig khvktahdl ai pýìkbl a

blnpigtar ia crasg= hl+ vklighbka, hl+ dkbtadura, gtb. Ia

cugrza y prgsghbka dgi artksta sg fabg sghtkr, aýh a dkstahbka.

Gi pýìkbl tkghg qug blnpigtar gi pgrclrnahbg. (Tayilr, 0:10,

p. 5;).


36/102

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Blnl sg pugdg l`sgrvar, dkbfas abbklhgs gia`lradas l rgaikzadas a travës

dgi sumgtl-bugrpl, tan`këh slh blhskdgradas pgrclrnahbg, a il buai dg`grîanls

asunkr qug tldl gmgrbkbkl artîstkbl, dlhdg abtýg gh prknabîa ia blrplraikdad, gs

plskìgnghtg uha pgrclrnahbg.

Ils prkngrls basls dg utkikzabkòh dgi bugrpl l egstls blrplraigs gh ias

l`ras, cugrlh rgaikzadls plr [vgs Oigkh (1;06 - 1;30) blh sus Ahtrlplngtrîas

(sgrkg dg pkhturas qug sg rgaikzarlh ghtrg gi ckhai dg ils añls 4:‛ fasta ils 3:‛ )?

l`ras qug utkikzaàh gi bugrpl dg numgrgs blnl l`mgtl l ’pkhbgigs vkvls„ blnl ils

iianaà gi artksta, uha vgz qug ias numgrgs gstaàh bu`kgrtas dg su partkbuiar

pkhtura azui, Oigkh dkrkeîa gi abbklhar dg sus ’pkhbgigs„. Gh aieuhas lbasklhgs sg

rgaikzaàh ias l`ras blh pýìkbl prgsghtg. Zlr ltrl iadl, Maboslh Zliilbo (1;10 -

1;73), qukgh gnpigaà su prlpkl bugrpl blnl egstl blrplrai dgi bflrrgl l

drkppkhe para gia`lrar sus abbklhgs. Ias buaigs blhskstîah prkhbkpainghtg gh

dgrranar nýitkpigs bapas dg pkhtura sl`rg ikghzls flrkzlhtaigs. Gh an`ls basls,

gstls nldgrhkstas sg barabtgrkzaàh plr gi gnpigl dgi bugrpl, dlhdg gi prldubtl

ckhai u l`ra, gra prgsghtadl gh uh clrnadl `kdknghsklhai. Zlstgrklrnghtg a

ngdkadl dg ils 3: sg dgsarrliia uha iîhga nubfl nás pliîtkbl-kdgliòekba, dlhdg

apargbgh artkstas blnl Mlsgpf @guys (1;01 - 1;63), Narkha A`ranlvkb (1;43),

Bkhdy Rfgrnah (1;74), Lriah (1;45), Nartfa Plsigr (1;42), ghtrg nubfls ltrls.

Gstls artkstas sg barabtgrkzarlh plrqug gi bugrpl gra artkbuiadl dgsdg ia pigha

blhsbkghbka plr prlìgnatkzar gi slplrtg, sunadl a sus iubfas g kdgas

pgrslhaigs. Gh gi basl dg @guys, ghblhtranls qug ia utkikzabkòh dgi bugrpl gs

gnpigada gh pigha rgiabkòh pgdaeòekba ghtrg artg y vkda, egstahdl y uhkghdl


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an`ls blhbgptls para gi dgsarrliil y uhkdad dg ia l`ra blh ia slbkgdad. Gh gi

basl dg Aànlvkb, hls ghblhtranls qug sus l`ras sg àsah gh ia

gxpgrknghtabkòh blrplrai, khvgstkeahdl prkhbkpainghtg ils iînktgs dgi bugrpl,

apikbahdl dkstkhtls cabtlrgs sl`rg ëi l khbiusl plhkëhdlil a prugà? l`ras blnl

AAA AAA (1;56), pgrclrnahbg rgaikzada blh gi artksta Wiay (1;42) —blh qukgh

adgnás dg tghgr uha rgiabkòh anlrlsa, iigvaà uha sgrkg dg khvgstkeabklhgs

artîstkbas—, Gh gsta vkdgl pgrclrnahbg, pldgnls l`sgrvar a an`ls artkstas

erktahdl l ghtlhahdl plr varkls nkhutls ia igtra A, plhkghdl gh tghskòh hl sòil ia

bapabkdad y rgskstghbka `lbai, a travës dgi slhkdl, sk hl qug ia suprgnabîa dg uh

eghgrl sl`rg gi ltrl, buái gs ia vlz dlnkhahtg, buái gs ia qug ’eaha„. An`ls

artkstas iigeah a qugdar skh vlz blh dkbfa abbkòh.

Dghtrl dg gsta nksna blrrkghtg, ikeada a ias khvgstkeabklhgs, sg dgsarrliiah

plsturas nás brîtkbas, blnl plr gmgnpil gi cgnkhksnl. Kdglileîa ‒qug blnl sg

gxpusl ahtgrklrnghtg- bugstklhaà gi lrdgh dg ia numgr gh ia slbkgdad, adgnás

dg ias iubfas dg biasg, ils blhcikbtls sl`rg gi rabksnl, ia vkliabkòh a ils dgrgbfls

funahls dg ia numgr, hkñls, ahknaigs, gtb. Tgnas skgnprg ikeadls a ia dgnahda

plr aùsls. Gstg tkpl dg l`ras sg fah dgsarrliiadl dgsdg su pighl aueg gh ils

3:´ fasta hugstrls tkgnpls, dlhdg l`sgrvanls sînkigs blhtkghdas, pgrl

blhtgxtuaikzadas blh ias rgaikdadgs abtuaigs dg ils artkstas.


38/102

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0.4 Clubauit= Ia knplrtahbka gh gi pasl dgi pldgr sl`grahl ai

pldgr rgeuiadlr.

Nkbfgi Clubauit (1;03 ‒ 1;64), ckiòslcl crahbës qug bghtrò su traàml gh gi aháiksks

dg ils dkstkhtls pldgrgs y su rgiabkòh ghtrg giils, a dgnás dg dgvgiar ias kdgas

`áskbas qug ia eghtg blnýhnghtg blhskdgra blnl vgrdadgs khqug`rahtaìgs

sl`rg ia haturaigza funaha y su rgiabkòh blh ias slbkgdadgs.

Gh ia ýitkna gtapa dg su dgsarrliil ckilsòckbl, Clubauit khtghta nlstrar a il

iarel dg sus ik`rls, - gh gspgbkai gh ia sgrkg Ia fkstlrka dg ia sgxuaikdad, pgrl nás

gspgbîckbanghtg gh gi prkngr tlnl Ia vliuhtad dg sa`gr (1;53) - gi sureknkghtl dg

uh hugvl tkpl dg pldgr qug ia slbkgdad lbbkdghtai fa dgsarrliiadl. Wh pldgr

pliîtkbl bghtradl gh ia vkda `kliòekba, ai buai dghlnkha `kl-pldgr. Gstg sg

blhbghtra gh gi gstudkl dg ia bapabkdad dg dksbkpikhankghtl dg ils bugrpls, uha

ahatlnl-pliîtkba dgi bugrpl funahl, qug tkghg blnl l`mgtl gi bugrpl khdkvkduai,

bapaz dg sgr tratadl y ghtghdkdl blnl uha náqukha dlngstkbaìg, prlvlbahdl uh

adlrngbknkghtl y uha përdkda dg blhsbkghbka dg gstls bugrpls crghtg a ils

skstgnas dg blhtrli.

Gstl blnl rgspugsta gvliutkva dgi ahtkeul pldgr sl`grahl, qug gh su

vgrskòh nás a`sliuta, gra aqugi qug sg ghclbaà gh ia bapabkdad dg nahtghgr l

quktar ia vkda dg sus cankikargs y sý`dktls, qug ’skh duda dgrkvaà clrnainghtg dgia vkgma patrka pltgstas qug daà ai padrg dg cankika rlnahl gi dgrgbfl dg

"dksplhgr" dg ia vkda dg sus fkmls blnl dg ia dg sus gsbiavls? ia fa`îa "dadl",

pldîa quktaria„. (Clubauit, 1;53, p.61). Wh pldgr bastkeadlr, bghtradl nas gh ia


39/102

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bapabkdad dg quktar ia vkda qug prlnlvgria. Gstg tkpl dg pldgr iugel tkghg uha

bkgrta gvliubkòh, dlhdg sg banucia gstg prkvkigekl dgi sl`grahl, gi dgi dgrgbfl dg

vkda y nugrtg, qug ya hl gs a`sliutl, skhl nás `kgh gs uh dgrgbfl khdkrgbtl qug

gmgrbg gi sl`grahl sl`rg sus sý`dktls. Ëstg pugdg dksplhgr dg su vkdas y plhgrias

gh rkgsel gh basls gh gi qug sg vga àml pgikerl l anghaza, blnl clrna dg

dgcghsa prlpka.

!dlhdg gi pldgr sg gmgrbîa gsghbkainghtg blnl khstahbka dg

dgdubbkòh, ngbahksnl dg sustrabbkòh, dgrgbfl dg

aprlpkarsg dg uha partg dg ias rkqugzas, gxtlrskòh dg

prldubtls, dg `kghgs, dg sgrvkbkls, dg traàml y dg saherg,

knpugstl a ils sý`dktls. Gi pldgr gra ahtg tldl dgrgbfl dg

baptabkòh= dg ias blsas, dgi tkgnpl, ils bugrpls y ckhainghtg

ia vkda? buinkhaà gh gi prkvkigekl dg apldgrarsg dg ësta para

suprknkria. (Clubauit, 1;53, p. 61-60)

Wha vgz qug sg eghgra gstg ban`kl dgi pldgr sl`grahl fabka uh pldgr

rgeuiadlr, qug gh vgz dg suprknkr ia vkda sg ghbarea dg adnkhkstraria, aunghtaria

y dgsarrliiaria, ghclbada gh gi bugrpl slbkai dlhdg ’ias eugrras ya hl sg fabgh gh

hln`rg dgi sl`grahl ai qug fay qug dgcghdgr? sg fabgh gh hln`rg dg ia

gxkstghbka dg tldls? sg gduba a plìabklhgs ghtgras para qug sg natgh

nutuanghtg gh hln`rg dg ia hgbgskdad qug tkghgh dg vkvkr„ (Clubauit, 1;53, p.60)

Zlr il qug gi pldgr pliîtkbl tlna gi rli dg prlnlvgr kdgas dg supgrabkòh y

dgsarrliil a travës dg su gmgrbkbkl dg gdubabkòh y dksbkpikhankghtl. Il qug tgrnkhò


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plr eghgrar gstg `kl-pldgr ahtgs nghbklhadl, qug sg dkvkdg gh dls plils qug hl

slh lpugstls, sk hl nás blnpignghtarkls.

Gi prkngrl qug sg dgsarrliiò cug gstg pldgr rgeuiadlr dgi buai fabîanls

rgcgrghbka gh uh prkhbkpkl, gi qug surekò blnl prkngra rgspugsta ai blhtrli

sl`grahl, suprgslr-rgdubtlr dg ias bapabkdadgs y dgrgbfls dg ias slbkgdadgs dg

aqugiils ghtlhbgs. Wha ahatlnl-pliîtkba bghtrada gh dgsarrliiar ia kdga dgi

bugrpl blnl náqukha, utkikzahdl khstktubklhgs blnl ia gsbugia, gi gmërbktl, ias

bárbgigs, gtb. Blnl ngdkl para gi dgsarrliil tahtl dg sus aptktudgs blnl

dg`kikdadgs, eghgrahdl bugrpls dòbkigs susbgptkìgs a ia khciughbka gmgrbkda plr

ils gstadls. Ia kdga ya hl gs quktar ia vkda, sk hl qug khvadkria gh su tltaikdad.

Zlstgrklrnghtg, blnl prldubtl dg gstg `kl-pldgr, gi sgeuhdl plil sureg

blnl uha pliîtkba dg ia plìabkòh, bghtrada gh gi bugrpl blnl slplrtg `kliòekbl,

bapaz dg sgr khtgrvghkdl a uh hkvgi nás îhtknl, qug sureg dgsdg ia ahatlnl-

pliîtkba, pgrl ia blnpigmkza aýh nás- dghlnkhada `klpliîtkba, qug a erlsl nldl sg

rgckgrg a ias tëbhkbas y gstratgekas dgi pldgr pliîtkbl qug sg utkikzah para

dgtgrnkhar gi blnplrtankghtl, abbklhgs y iknktabklhgs dg uha slbkgdad, qug

tkghg plr l`mgtl ia blhstrubbkòh dg ils sumgtls y gi blhtrli dg ias plìabklhgs

(dgnleracîa, hataikdad, saiud, nlrtahdad, vkvkghda, nkerabkòh, gblhlnîa, gtb.) gh

àsg a ia saiud `kliòekba dg ils fln`rgs, gstaìgbkghdl uha rgiabkòh dg bugrpl-

slbkgdad.

Ia vkgma pltghbka dg ia nugrtg, gh ia buai sg skn`likzaà gi

pldgr sl`grahl, sg faiia aflra bukdadlsanghtg rgbu`kgrta


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plr ia adnkhkstrabkòh dg ils bugrpls y ia egstkòh baibuiadlra

dg ia vkda. Dgsarrliil rápkdl durahtg ia gdad biáskba dg

dkvgrsas dksbkpikhas — gsbugias, bligekls, buartgigs, taiigrgs?

aparkbkòh tan`këh, gh gi banpl dg ias prábtkbas pliîtkbas y

ias l`sgrvabklhgs gblhònkbas, dg ils prlìgnas dg

hataikdad, ilhegvkdad, saiud pýìkba, vkvkghda, nkerabkòh?

gxpilskòh, pugs, dg tëbhkbas dkvgrsas y hungrlsas para

l`tghgr ia sumgbkòh dg ils bugrpls y gi blhtrli dg ias

plìabklhgs. Rg khkbka asî ia gra dg uh "`kl-pldgr". (Clubauit,

1;53, p.64)

Gstg `kl-pldgr traml blnl blhsgbughbka uh tkpl dg rgeuiabkòh hl sòil a

travës dg ias khstktubklhgs hln`radas ahtgrklrnghtg, skhl qug su sureknkghtl sg

blhskdgra blnl prlpuislr dgi dgsarrliil dgi Bapktaiksnl. [a qug sg apldgrò dg

ils prkhbkpkls `áskbls dgi `kl-pldgr blnl il gs gi sureknkghtl blhtrliadl dg ias

plìabklhgs para asî dgsarrliiarsg gh árgas blnl ia gblhlnîa, prlnlvkghdl ia

mgrarqukzabkòh slbkai gh cuhbkòh dg ia abunuiabkòh dgi bapktai y ia dg ils nksnls

fln`rgs-slbkgdadgs blnl cugrza dg traàml.

A ckh dg bughtas, gi dgsarrliil dg ias pliîtkbas ghclbadas gh ia prlikcgrabkòh

blhtrliada dg ia vkda dg ias pgrslhas y sus slbkgdadgs, sunadl ai dgsarrliil dg

ias tëbhkbas dg ia ngdkbkha blnl prkhbkpai aeghtg dg ia prgsgrvabkòh dg ia vkda,

eghgrò uh anpikl aprghdkzamg plr partg dg ias pgrslhas, qug blnkghzah a tlnar

blhsbkghbka dg sus prlpkls bugrpls, il qug skehkckba sgr uh sgr vkvkghtg y ias

gxkeghbkas qug sg rgiabklhah blh su gxkstkr.


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Tldl gstg dgsarrliil dg ia blhbkghbka dgi sgr slbkai y gi autlblhlbknkghtl

blnl aeghtg partkbkpatkvl, tgrnkhò plr eghgrar uha `ýsqugda dg ils dgrgbfls qug

dg`îah asgeurar ias pliîtkbas dgsarrliiadas, taigs blnl gi dgrgbfl a ia vkda, gi

dgrgbfl a ia cgikbkdad, gi dgrgbfl a ia saiud, gtb. Zrlvlbahdl uha rgspugsta plr

partg dg ia pliîtkba a uha khtgrvghbkòh aýh nás gspgbkckba g îhtkna, a tai gxtrgnl

qug ya hl gra suckbkghtg khciukr gh gi dgsarrliil dg ia adgbuada clrnabkòh y

blhclrnabkòh dg ias cankikas y dg ias brgghbkas kdgliòekbas, sk hl qug sg apldgrò

dg ia rgeuiabkòh dg ia sgxuaikdad y dgi sgxl gh sî nksnl. Blnghzahdl a

pgrsgeukr tldl tkpl dg gxprgskòh dg ia sgxuaikdad dg ias pgrslhas, prlnlvkghdl

kdgas an`keuas dg ik`grtad y bastrabkòh.

vgnls gia`lrarsg ia kdga dg qug gxkstg aiel nás qug ils

bugrpls, ils òreahls, ias ilbaikzabklhgs slnátkbas, ias

cuhbklhgs, ils skstgnas ahatlnlckskliòekbls, ias sghsabklhgs,

ils piabgrgs? aiel nás y aiel dkcgrghtg, aiel dltadl dg

prlpkgdadgs khtrîhsgbas y igygs prlpkas= gi "sgxl". Asî, gh gi

prlbgsl dg fkstgrkzabkòh dg ia numgr, gi "sgxl" cug dgckhkdl dg

trgs nahgras= blnl il qug gs blnýh ai fln`rg y ia numgr? l

blnl il qug pgrtghgbg plr gxbgighbka ai fln`rg y caita plr il

tahtl a ia numgr? pgrl tan`këh blnl il qug blhstktuyg plr sî

slil gi bugrpl dg ia numgr, lrkghtáhdlil plr ghtgrl a ias

cuhbklhgs dg rgprldubbkòh y pgrtur`áhdlil skh bgsar gh vkrtud

dg ils gcgbtls dg gsas nksnas cuhbklhgs? gh gsta gstratgeka,

ia fkstlrka gs khtgrprgtada blnl gi mugel dgi sgxl gh tahtl


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qug gs il "uhl" y il "ltrl", tldl y partg, prkhbkpkl y barghbka.

(Clubauit, 1;53, p.;1)

Asî sg khkbkah uha sgrkg dg rgeuiarkzabklhgs qug sg nahtuvkgrlh gh gi

naregh dg gsta duaikdad dg il pýìkbl y il prkvadl, il abgptaìg y il bastkeaìg,

pgrvgrskòh y nldgil, sgparahdl plr blnpigtl ia kdga dgi bugrpl `kliòekbl dg sus

cuhbklhgs ckskliòekbas. Eghgrahdl uh dksplsktkvl dg blhtrli a travës dg ia

sgxuaikdad qug mugea blh ia blnprgskòh dg ia autlhlnîa/sl`grahîa dg ias

pgrslhas crghtg a gstg dksplsktkvl dg pldgr. Ësta duaikdad dgi dksbursl sg

trahsclrnará gh gi arna nás pltghtg dg ia rgeuiarkzabkòh y blhstrubbkòh dg ias

khdkvkduaikdadgs blnl ia dg ias slbkgdadgs abtuaigs, il qug Clubauit (1;53)

blhbiuyg y iiana= ’Krlhîa dgi dksplsktkvl= hls fabg brggr qug gh giil rgskdg hugstra

"ik`grabkòh" (p.;7)


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2 PGCGPGHTGR

Ils rgcgrghtgs aquî prgsghtadls sgráh a`lrdadls dgsdg uh lrdgh aigatlrkl, gstls

plsggh uha rgiabkòh dkrgbta blh ia l`ra qug fg dgsarrliiadl durahtg ils añls 0::;

ai 0:12. Ia aikhgabkòh eghgrai sg gstaìgbg àml ils blhbgptls dg eëhgrl y

cgnkhksnl, bugstklhgs rgcigxkvas l brîtkbas qug bugstklhah gi lrdgh buiturai

gstaìgbkdl gh ia slbkgdad.


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2.1 Nartfa Plsigr, Rgnkltkbs lc tfg Oktbfgh, (1;57)

Knaegh H½12= Crang Skdgl pgrclrnahbg, ’Rgnkltkbs lc tfg Oktbfgh„, 1;57

Autlr= Nartfa Plsigr

Cughtg= Ukokngdka

Nartfa Plsigr (1;42), gs uha artksta, ghsayksta y prlcgslra gstadluhkdghsg. Erah

partg dg su l`ra gstá ikeada a bugstklhar ils lrdghgs mgrárqukbls gstaìgbkdls,

ahaikzahdl y rgcigxklhahdl sl`rg knáeghgs pýìkbas, blnl plr gmgnpil ia dg ia

prlpka numgr gh ia slbkgdad. Mustanghtg gh ia l`ra Rgnkltkbs lc tfg Oktbfgh dg

1;57, bugstklha gi rli dg ia numgr, prkhbkpainghtg gh gi aspgbtl dlnëstkbl,

gvkdghbkahdl ia vklighbka gh aqugi án`ktl, gs dgbkr, ias knplskbklhgs l vksklhgs

qug sg tkghg sl`rg ia numgr ’utkiktarka„. Gstg vkdgl dg 3 nkhutls 0: sgeuhdls sg

prgsghta ia artksta nlstrahdl uha sgrkg dg utghskikls dlnëstkbls àml uh lrdgh


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aica`ëtkbl. Gh bada prgsghtabkòh, gi barábtgr vklightl gs gxpikbktl, plr gmgnpil

buahdl nugstra gi bubfkiil va dkrgbtl fabka ia bánara l a ils gspgbtadlrgs. Gh ils

ýitknls nkhutls dgi vkdgl, utkikza su bugrpl para nlstrar ias igtras W,S,U,V,[,]

pudkghdl l`sgrvar blnl su bugrpl vklightanghtg sg trahsclrna gh uh utghskikl

nás dg ia blbkha. Rgeýh gi dgsbrkptlr dgi NAB@A, ia l`ra=

Tan`këh nugstra qug ias gstrubturas dg pldgr, dlnkhabkòh y

sunkskòh y sus rankckbabklhgs kdgliòekbas tkghgh qug sgr

dgtgbtadas y ahaikzadas hl sòil dgsdg ias pgrspgbtkvas

pliîtkba, slbkai y gblhònkba, skhl tan`këh dghtrl dgi prlpkl

skstgna ikheùîstkbl y dg skehls qug blhstktuyg gi lrdgh dg il

skn`òikbl.( NAB@A, 0:14)

Gsta l`ra gs blhskdgrada uha dg ils prkngrls vkdgls pgrclrnahbg blnl tai,

ya qug gstá brgada para sgr dkstrk`ukda slianghtg blnl vkdgl? gs dgbkr, su

gmgbubkòh y artkbuiabkòh gstá pghsada para dkbfl slplrtg y ngdkl dg dkcuskòh.


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2.0 [lol Lhl, But Zkgbg, (1;37)

[lol Lhl (1;22), gs uha artksta maplhgsa, qug cug partg dgi erupl ciuxux 5 y sg

dgstaba plr sgr uha dg ias prkngras artkstas qug blnkghza a khdaear gh ia

utkikzabkòh dgi bugrpl blnl slplrtg dg l`ra, bugstklhahdl gi rli dg ia numgr gh ia

slbkgdad. Gh su l`ra But Zkgbg, rgaikzada gh 1;37, prlplhg ia utkikzabkòh dgi

bugrpl, blnl gxpgrknghtabkòh artîstkba y gi vkdgl blnl rgekstrl dg ia

pgrclrnahbg.

Gh ësta, [lol Lhl sg prgsghta bu`kgrta plr bapas dg rlpa, bfaigbl, ìusa y

rlpa khtgrklr, sghtada gh gi pksl, blh uha tkmgra gh gi sugil. Muhtl a giia, sg

khblrplrah gh ia gsbgha partg dgi pýìkbl, gi qug pugdg khtgrabtuar tlnahdl ia

tkmgra y blnghzahdl a blrtar partg dg ia rlpa dg ia artksta6. Pgtahdl plr blnpigtl

ia dkstahbka y hgutraikdad ghtrg l`ra y gspgbtadlr.

Rkh duda, dgsdg gi nlnghtl dgi prkngr blrtg dgi rlpamg, gi bugrpl sg

piahtga blnl gi dg uha numgr l`mgtl, pgrl a dgnás gstaìg uha rgiabkòh brîtkba

crghtg a ia ’nldgil„ utkikzada a il iael dg ia fkstlrka, sunksa g knpgrturàìg,

gstaìgbkghdl uha plsg y uha nkrada crîa, sòil blh vksta ai crghtg, qug hl sg

khnuta blh ia përdkda dg sus bapas qug ia bu`rgh slbkainghtg.

5 Nlvknkghtl dg artg qug sg dgsarrliiò ghtrg ils 3: y 5:, gspgbîckbanghtg gh Gurlpa,gstadl uhkdls y Mapòh. Gs barabtgrkzadl plr prlplhgr ia khtgrdksbkpikharkgdad gh gi artg,nlvknkghtl dgi buai sureg gi fappghkhe y plstgrklrnghtg ia pgrclrnahbg. 6 Sgr gh fttps=//www.ylutu`g.bln/watbfi[M2dZwa0tK


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Knaegh H½14= Crang gxtraîdl dgi vkdgl rgekstrl dg ia pgrclrnahbg, But Zkgbg, 1;37 Autlr= [lol Lhl

Cughtg= Hgw Brktkbais


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2.2 Ias numgrgs ’rgaigs„ dg Mghhy Ravkiig

Knaegh H½17= Zkhturas, Rtratgey (Rlutf Cabg/Crlht Cabg/Hlrtf Cabg), 1;;4

Autlr= Mghhy Ravkiig

Cughtg= Bkrbl K`grka

Mghhy Ravkiig (1;5:), gs uha artksta kheigsa, pgrtghgbkghtg ai erupl [luhe @rktksf

Artksts l Mòvghgs Artkstas @rktáhkbls;, qug dgsarrliia su l`ra gh ils añls ;:‛.

Dgsdg ia pkhtura bugstklha ia ia`lr dg ia numgr gh ia slbkgdad. Rus l`ras

sg barabtgrkzah plr gvkdghbkar uh dgsplml dg ias kdgaikzabklhgs dgi bugrpl. Zkhta a

ia numgr ’rgai„, il qug para aieuhls ia vugivg a`ygbta. Ia natgrka pkbtòrkba, dgvgia

l khckgrg uha erah bgrbahîa blh ia barhg. Wtkikza gi bugrpl blnl rgprgsghtabkòh, skh

hkheýh tkpl dg khtgrës plr kdgaikzar ia knaegh? ia pkhtura sg barabtgrkza plr uha

pkhbgiada narbada y gi blilr saturadl rgaiza y dranatkza ia pkgi, aibahzahdl uha

naylr bgrbahîa blh ia barhg y ia brudgza dg gsta. Ias rgprgsghtabklhgs slh nuy

bgrbahas ai nldgil ’rgai„, pgrl vkstl dgsdg pgrspgbtkvas plbl usuaigs, dáhdlig

; [luhe @rktksf Artksts= gs uh erupl dg artkstas blhtgnplráhgls, qug cugrlh iahzadls a iacana a raîz dg uha sgeukdkiia dg gxplskbklhgs qug iigva`a gstg hln`rg blnl tîtuil.


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ëhcasks a ia zlha pý`kba, a ias knpgrcgbbklhgs, blnl bkbatrkbgs, gstrîas, vgrrueas,

gtb. Wtkikza gh ia naylrîa dg ils basls a numgrgs l`gsas l rgburrkghdl a ia

rgprgsghtabkòh dg su prlpka knaegh. Gi tanañl dg gstas l`ras slh nubfl nás

erahdg qug ia gsbaia rgai, il qug hl eghgra uha rgiabkòh uhl a uhl blh gi

gspgbtadlr, skhl qug nás `kgh gstls bugrpls sl`rgpasah a ils gspgbtadlrgs,

flnlileahdl ia rgiabkòh dg prlplrbkòh y puhtl dg vksta (cuea) qug sg eghgra ghtrg

hkñls y aduitls, sg vgh blnl bugrpl rgaigs y pgrl vklightls sl`rg giils.

Tai blnl gs gxpugstl gh gi tîtuil, nubfas vgbgs ils aháiksks sg rgckgrgh a

sus l`ras blnl ias ’pkhturas dg numgrgs rgaigs„, dg dlhdg dgvkghgh bugrpls

haturaigs, dgsplmadls dg tapumls slbkaigs y gstáhdargs buituraigs ikeadls a qug ia

numgr kdgai dg`g sgr dgieada, ru`ka, dg pkgi tgrsa, ik`rg dg knpgrcgbbklhgs y blh

ngdkdas ahatònkbas nuy gspgbîckbas y gxkeghtgs.


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2.4 Abtkvksnl @klpliîtkbl dg Lriah

Knaegh H½13= Dkaerana dg lpgrabklhgs Lriahd, para ia bkrueîa pgrclrnahbg ’Lnhkprgsghbg-Ruregry„, 1;;2

Autlr= Lriah

Cughtg= Grltksnl y Artg

Lriah (1;41) artksta dg lrkegh crahbës. Ru l`ra rgcigxklha gh tlrhl ai

bugstklhankghtl dgi rli dg ia numgr, pgrl gspgbîckbanghtg, sl`rg gi bugrpl a

travës dg ia fkstlrka dgi artg. Zara giil, uhl dg sus prkhbkpaigs gmgrbkbkls dg l`ra gs

ia `ýsqugda dg ils gstáhdargs nás rgblhlbk`igs dg ias pkhturas cgnghkhas

(knaegh h½13), y ia gxtrabbkòh ’qukrýrekba„ dg partgs dg ëstas. Eghgrahdl gh

prkngra khstahbka uha gspgbkg dg fî`rkdl, g khbiusl uh ’aiel, hl funahl„.

Rus pgrclrnahbgs utkikzah ils paradkenas blhvghbklhaigs fkstòrkbls dg ia

numgr, para iugel rgvgrtkrils y dgvgiar ia knplsk`kikdad dg ia pgrcgbbkòh. Zara gstl


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sg slngtg a varkadas khtgrvghbklhgs qukrýrekbas, dlhdg utkikza blnl rgcgrghtg

pkhturas dg ia fkstlrka dgi artg, plr gmgnpil ia harkz dg @lttkbgiik, ia crghtg dg

Iglhardl gh ia Eklblhda, gtb.

Blnl sa`gnls, ias lpgrabklhgs l khtgrvghbklhgs qukrýrekbas dg gstg tkpl,

skgnprg sg rgiabklhah blh ils báhlhgs dg `giigza gstgrgltkpadls, gstaìgbkdls

buiturainghtg. Zlr ghdg ia khblrplrabkòh, sustrabbkòh l nldkckbabkòh ahatònkba krîa

gh dkbfa dkrgbbkòh. Ru traàml, blhstruyg uha knaegh dkspar a il ya gstaìgbkdl,

gxtrayghdl báhlhgs gstgrgltkpadls pgrtghgbkghtgs a varkadls nldgils y

rgaikzahdl uha ngsbliahza gh su prlpkl bugrpl. Tahtl ia khtgrvghbkòh (rgekstrls

gh cltleracîa y vkdgl), blnl gi rgsuitadl dg giias, sg trahsclrnah gh ia l`ra dg ia

artksta, blh ia buai khtghta dgvgiar y bugstklhar dkbfls báhlhgs.

Mustanghtg blnl sg nghbklha gh gi tîtuil dg gstg su`bapîtuil, ia l`ra dg

Lriah pugdg sgr igîda blnl uh abtkvksnl @klpliîtkbl, dlhdg ia iubfa gstá khsbrkta

gh gi bugrpl blnl l`mgtl dg dgnahda, utkikzahdl ils nksnls ngbahksnls fgbfls

para ia hlrnaikzabkòh dg ils bugrpls-slbkaigs blnl ngdkl dg rg`gikòh ahtg giils.

Gs blnl gi basl dg Aehgs, an`ls sg aprlpkah dg ils ngbahksnls trahsergslrgs

l rgeuiadlrgs, sg fabgh barel dg su skehkckbahtg y il usah a su cavlr, eghgrahdl

uh tkpl dg ùria ahtg ils vabîls gxkstghtgs qug tldls ils skstgnas tkghgh.

Blnl ya vknls, ias l`ras dg Ravkiig, utkikzah ia pkhtura, l dg Plsigr gi

bugrpl a travës dgi vkdgl. Gh gi basl dg Lriah, dkbfa l`ra sg trahsclrna gh su

prlpkl bugrpl, y hl puranghtg gsbghkckbadl, skhl qug sus nldkckbabklhgs iigeah a


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sgr tah drástkbas, qug nldkckbah uh bugrpl, su bugrpl, gi qug ia ablnpañará tlda

ia vkda.

Dghtrl dg ias l`ras dg Lriah tan`këh ghblhtranls gsbuituras, cltleracîas,

nahkpuiabklhgs dkektaigs, khstaiabklhgs y pkhtura? y dghtrl dg giias sg ghbughtra ia

l`ra Gi lrkegh dg ia eugrra (1;6;) ‒qug sg aigma dg ia gstëtkba blnýh dg Lriah‒ gh

ia buai l`sgrvanls uha bkta dkrgbta a ia l`ra I'lrkekhg du nlhdg l Gi lrkegh dgi

nuhdl dg Eustavg Blur`gt (161;-1655). Pgaikzada gh 1633, ia buai gstuvl

pgrdkda plr nás dg 1:: añls ghtrg `ldgeas y sailhgs prkvadls qug lbuitaàh gi

buadrl plr su barábtgr sgxuai, ai nlstrar skh tapumls gi sgxl dg uha numgr.

Gh tërnkhls clrnaigs, ia l`ra dg Lriah rggnpiaza ia vaekha plr uh pghg.

Dlhdg ia pugsta gh gsbgha dgi pghg l cail, rgprgsghtahdl ia eugrra, gs uh

gqukvaightg a rgprgsghtar qug plr buipa dg gstg pldgr cáikbl suregh ils erahdgs

prlìgnas, gh gstg basl, ia eugrra. Gs dgbkr, plr uh iadl Blur`gt ig atrkùyg ai

sgxl cgnghkhl gi lrkegh dgi nuhdl, uha blhhltabkòh khkbkadlra dg ia egstabkòh l

eëhgsks, y plr ltrl, Lriah, ig atrkùyg gi tërnkhl y/l blhbgptl dg eugrra, gi buai

blhiigva uha sgrkg dg dgsastrgs g khhatanghtg mgrarqukzabklhgs y iubfas dg pldgr.

Mustanghtg, ias iubfas dg pldgr y blnpghsabklhgs dg ëstg fah skdl

fkstòrkbanghtg rgiabklhas gh lbbkdghtg blh uha rgiabkòh cáikba, dlhdg gi pghg

(erahdg) skehkckba uh naylr gnpldgrankghtl y suprgnabîa sl`rg gi ltrl. A raîz dg

il nksnl, gi Dr. Bfrkstlpfgr Nlrrks-Pl`grts (1;33) gh ia Whkvgrskdad dg @rkeftlh

dgbiara, qug ia knplrtahbka dgi tanañl dgi pghg, hl gs skehkckbatkvl para gi sgxl

lpugstl (numgr), skhl qug gs knplrtahtg ghtrg ils prlpkls fln`rgs, khbiusl gi

dlbtlr il dgbiara, blnl gi bapktai nasbuikhl.


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Knaegh H½15= Pgekstrl pkhtura, ’Gi lrkegh dg ia eugrra’, 1;6; Autlr= Lriah

Cughtg= Lriah.gu

Gi barábtgr blhtrlvgrskai y gcgbtksta gs gi qug nubfas vgbgs bkgrtas

cgnkhkstas ig fah brktkbadl a Lriah, bugstklhahdl ia razòh dgi plr quë tahtas

lpgrabklhgs. Mustanghtg gi egstl dg lpgrarsg, gs gi qug prldubg ia cugrza dg su

tra`aml. Ia artksta nldkckba su bugrpl, ngzbiahdl báhlhgs pgrcgbtls,

blhcgbbklhahdl uha knaegh dgsprlvksta dg ia `giigza kdgai. A raîz dg gstl ýitknl

gs qug fgnls ikeadl gstg bapîtuil blh ia `klpliktkba. Ia utkikzabkòh g

knpignghtabkòh dgi bugrpl blnl slplrtg dg l`ra y gignghtl dg khvgstkeabkòh,


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abtýa a ia vgz blnl su banpl brîtkbl. Ia artksta abtýa dgsdg dkbfa prábtkba,

utkikzahdl ias abbklhgs trahsclrnadlras drástkbas, qug slh gnpigadas para

l`tghgr uha `giigza buiturai, eghgrahdl uha knaegh fî`rkda y dksruptkva blh gstls

báhlhgs.


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2.7 Khtgrvghbkòh blsnëtkba dg @grhardl Lyarzýh

Knaegh H½16= Pgekstrl sgrkg cltleráckba, ’Blsnëtkba„, 0::6

Autlr= @grhardl LyarzýhCughtg= Eaigrîa ACA

@grhardl Lyarzýh (1;32), artksta vksuai bfkighl qug traàma àml ia tgnátkba dg ia

kdghtkdad ilbai. Habg gh uha pgqugña blnuha dgi sur dg Bfkig, Ils Nugrnls y

traàma gsghbkainghtg sl`rg ia tgnátkba dg ia kdghtkdad habklhai, rgaikzahdl uha

brîtkba a ia gstgrgltkpabkòh y ia biara khciughbka qug gi paîs ableg dg buituras

gxtgrhas. Dlhdg gh ia naylrîa dg ils basls su l`ras slh rgspugsta a sktuabklhgs

l ahëbdltas gspgbîckbas, plr ias qug gi artksta fa tghkdl qug pasar, sknpignghtg

plr su aparkghbka cîskba.


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Gh añl 0::6 rgaikzò uha sgrkg dg cltleracîas iianada Blsnëtkba, gh ia buai,

ai keuai qug ia artksta crahbgsa, sg slngtg a uha sgrkg dg nldkckbabklhgs

blrplraigs -nubfl nás sutkigs l nás `kgh supgrckbkaigs- blnl gi tgñkdl dg su

ba`giil, ia utkikzabkòh dg ightgs dg blhtabtl y gi ìahqugankghtl dg su pkgi gh

plstprldubbkòh dkektai. Tai blnl dkbg su autlr gh ia ckbfa dg l`ra, gi rgaikza dkbfls

egstls para gvkdghbkar ia prlìgnátkba dg hgear su asbghdghbka, sus rasels

ngstkzls. Trahsclrnahdl sus lmls bacës gh vgrdgs, su pgil hgerl gh ru`kl.

Gurlpgîza l Hlrtgangrkbahkza uha knaegh khdîegha ngstkza prlpka dg

Iatkhlanërkba. Gi egstl brîtkbl dg Lyarzýh hugvanghtg apgia a kr uh pasl nás

aiiá dg ia brîtkba. Zaradòmkbanghtg partkbkpa gh ias nldkckbabklhgs blnl uh egstl

su`vgrskvl, qug gvkdghbka uh bkgrtl abtuar dg ia slbkgdad.

Tahtl gh gstg basl blnl gh gi dg Lriah, pldgnls dgbkr qug ia abbkòh dg

an`ls artkstas gs blhbrgtanghtg abtkva, il qug ia fabg nubfl nás pltghtg qug

rgaikzar ia brîtkba ngdkahtg ia hgeabkòh. Zlhgr gh gsbgha an`ls bugrpls

nldkckbadls para dgvgiar uh blhstrubtl slbkai, ilera dkrkekrsg a ils gspgbtadlrgs

dg uha clrna nubfl nás aeuda y dkrgbta, dg il buai pldrîanls dgbkr l khcgrkr qug

hls ghblhtranls crghtg a l`ras nubfl nás rgcigxkvas, dlhdg gi prlpkl bugrpl dgi

artksta sg ghbughtra gsbghkckbadl para dgvgiar tranas khvkskìgs l hgeadas.


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2.3 Narkha A`ranlvkb

Ia artksta Narkha A`ranlvkb (1;43), habg gs [uelsiavka, sus prkngrls traàmls

gstáh bghtradls gh prlìgnátkbas dgsarrliiadas gh su blhtgxtl nás bgrbahl?

blnl ia eugrra, ia vkliabkòh a ils dgrgbfls funahls l dg ia numgr, ghtrg ltrls.

Dghtrl dg sus traàmls, ghblhtranls uha sgrkg dg khvgstkeabklhgs gh tlrhl ai

bugrpl, y gh clrna gspgbîckba, ai bugrpl cgnghkhl. Ia tòhkba dg gstls gmgrbkbkls

pgrclrnatkvls sg àsah gh slngtgr ai bugrpl a varkadls gstînuils gxtgrhls?

autlciaegiabklhgs, slngtknkghtl a aeghtgs hlbkvls, ghtrg ltrls.

Aàranlvkb gs uhl dg ils kblhls nás plpuiargs dgi artg dg ia pgrclrnahbg,

autldghlnkháhdlsg blnl ia aùgia dg ia pgrclrnahbg. Adgnás dg gstl, hl sòil

gi barábtgr plpuiar gs gi qug ng nltkva a prgsghtaria, skhl qug nás `kgh, ia

blhstrubbkòh pgrclrnatkva ghtlrhl a ils gignghtls, tkgnpls y prábtkbas qug khvkta

a gxpgrkghbkar.

Nubfas dg sus l`ras sg fah dgsarrliiadl gh gspabkls anpikls blh pýìkbl

a`kgrtl, pgrl ltras vgbgs, fa slngtkdl a ia gxpgrkghbka a sòil pgqugñls y

gspgbîckbls erupls dg pgrslhas. Gh Tfg Artkst ks prgsght , (0:1:) rgaikza uha

gxplskbkòh rgtrlspgbtkva gh gi NLNA, blnpugsta plr 7: l`ras, qug khbiuîah

rgekstrls, cltleracîas, dlbunghtls, pgrclrnahbg, blia`lrabklhgs, vkdgls, ghtrg

ltras blsas. Ia artksta khvkta a uh erupl dg gstudkahtgs dg artg, a qukghgs igs

ghsgña tëbhkbas blrplraigs para qug iugel khtgrprgtgh sus l`ras. Aieuhas dg ias

l`ras sgigbbklhadas para ia nugstra cugrlh Knplhdgra`kika (1;55), pgrclrnahbg

qug rgaikzò blh Wiay, gh qug an`ls sg sktuaàh dgshudls, uhl crghtg ai ltrls gh


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gi narbl dg uha pugrta, qug blrrgsplhdîa ai abbgsl prkhbkpai a ia nugstra, plr il

qug ils gspgbtadlrgs l vksktahtgs gstaàh lìkeadls a pasar ghtrg giils rlzahdl

sus bugrpls dgshudls. Iunkhlskty (1;;5), gh ia qug ia artksta gstaà blieada a

uha pargd dgshuda blh ils `razls gxtghdkdls, slstghkëhdlsg sòil plr uha

gspgbkg dg skiiîh y uh par dg slplrtgs gh ils qug apghas aibahzaà a plhgr ia

puhta dg sus pkgs. A`ranlvkb ia dgsbrk`g blnl= ’ ! rgainghtg gs uha l`ra sl`rg

ia sligdad, sl`rg gi dlilr y sl`rg ia gigvabkòh gspkrktuai. Abgrba dg ia iunkhlskdad

y dg ia baikdad trahsbghdghtai dgi sgr funahl gh eghgrai „ (12 PLLNR, s.c.).

Tan`këh cug partg dg ia sgigbbkòh Hudg wktf Rogigtlh l Dgshuda blh gsqugigtl

(0::4) dlhdg ia artksta sg rgblstaà blh uh gsqugigtl sl`rg giia, eghgrahdl uh

tkpl dg nlvknkghtl ’vkvl„ dgi gsqugigtl dg`kdl a ia rgspkrabkòh dg ia artksta.

Blnl vgnls, gi traàml pgrclrnatkvl dg ia artksta gs varkadl, eghgrahdl

hugvas y pklhgras ngtldlileîas dg dgsarrliil dg ia pgrclrnahbg, gh ia buai

nubfas vgbgs gxkstg l hl uh bugrpl, fay l hl prgsghbka, l fay l hl aieýh l`mgtl.

Narkha, prlplhg y egsta gi artg dgsdg ia hada, skighbkl y lsburkdad, sòil gi bugrpl

blnl slplrtg prgsghtg l ausghtg.

Blh uh egstl sknkiar a [lol Lhl gh But Zkgbg, añls nás tardg (1;54)

A`ranlvkb slngtg su bugrpl a dkstkhtas plsk`kikdadgs dg abbklhgs dgi pýìkbl,

dkrkekdas a travës dg uha crasg qug dgbîa ’fay sgtghta y dls l`mgtls gh ia ngsa

qug pugdgh usarsg sl`rg nî blnl sg qukgra. [l sly gi l`mgtl„ (ghtrg dkbfls

l`mgtls sg ghblhtraà uha pkstlia, uha àia, uha skgrra, uh fabfa, uh tghgdlr, uh

pgkhg, uh iátkel, uh ia`kai, pkhtura bubfkiils, còsclrls, uha piuna, aeua, nkgi, ghtrg

ltrls). Ia pgrclrnahbg dghlnkhada Pfytfn : , durò sgks flras, gh ias buaigs


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prgtghdîa khvgstkear sl`rg su prlpkl bugrpl, adgnás dg ils nksnls iînktgs ghtrg

artksta y gspgbtadlr. Gh gsta l`ra, mustanghtg sg rgcigxklha ia gsghbka dg ia

dksbkpikha dg ia pgrclrnahbg, dlhdg gi pýìkbl gs khblrplradl blnl uh gspgbtadlr

abtkvl gh ia l`ra dg artg. Nubfls dg ils askstghtgs hl rgaikzarlh hkheuha abbkòh

blhtra gi bugrpl dg ia artksta? ltrls aearrarlh l`mgtls khlcghskvls eghgrahdl igvgs

nligstkas. Dg dkbfa gxpgrkghbka ia artksta añadg=

Il qug aprghdî cug qug, sk dgmas qug gi pýìkbl dgbkda, tg

pugdgh natar. Ng sghtî vgrdadgranghtg atabada= ng

blrtarlh ia rlpa, ng biavarlh ias gspkhas dg ias rlsas gh gi

gstònael, uha pgrslha ng apuhtò a ia ba`gza blh ia pkstlia

y ltra sg ia quktò„ Ia caita dg rgabbkòh dg ia artksta fkzl qug ia

vklighbka gsbapara dg nahgra eglnëtrkba. Dgspuës dg

gxabtanghtg sgks flras, sgeýh gi piah, ng igvahtë y gnpgbë

a bankhar fabka gi pýìkbl. Tldls gsbaparlh, gvktahdl uh

ghcrghtankghtl rgai„. (Gi dkarkl, 0:14)

Tai blnl nghbklha gh gstas ýitknas iîhgas, ia blhcrlhtabkòh rgai , sg pugdg

khcgrkr blh gi ghtghdknkghtl dg qug gstg bugrpl l`mgtl ’khtgrvghkdl„, rgainghtg gra

uh bugrpl, uh bugrpl cgnghkhl dgtgrnkhahtg, qug plhg uh khkbkl y uh ckhai a ia

abbkòh.


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Knaegh H½1;= Pgekstrl pgrclrnahbg, ’Pfytfn : ’, 1;54

Autlr= Narkha A`ranlvkb

Cughtg= Kpgrartg


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2.5 Ngiatk Rurylradarnl

Ngiatk Ruryldarnl (1;3;), gs uha artksta khdlhgsa qug dgsarrliia su tra`aml a

partkr dg gxpgrkghbkas pgrslhaigs y rgiabkòh blh il nîstkbl y náekbl a ia vgz. Gs

blhlbkda plr su pgrclrnahbg Gxgrekg-@uttgr Dahbg 1: (0:::), ia buai fa skdl

gxpugsta nás dg dkgbkhugvg vgbgs gh dkstkhtls iueargs. Gh ia knaegh H½0:,

pldgnls vgr uh crang dgi rgekstrl rgaikzadl gh gi Fg``gi Tfgatgr, dg @griîh.

Knaegh H½0:= Pgekstrl pgrclrnahbg ’Gxgrekg-@uttgr Dahbg„, 0:::

Autlr= Ngiatk Ruryldarnl

Cughtg= Saightkhg Ukiig Ckhg Art

Gh gsta pgrclrnahbg l`sgrvanls a ia artksta rgaikzahdl ia dahza tradkbklhai

dg su paîs hatai, Khdlhgska, a ia buai sg ig sunah trgs gignghtls biavgs para

artkbuiar su dksbursl. Zrkngrl, ia rlpa dg ia artksta, vgstkda blh uh tramg hgerl, nuy

gigeahtg pgrl amustadl, gxplhkghdl tltainghtg ia blhtgxtura y gi sl`rgpgsl dg ia

artksta. Gi sgeuhdl gignghtl qug blnpignghta su vgstknghta slh ils zapatls dg

1: Sgr vkdgl gh= fttp=//vkngl.bln/430555;1


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tabòh rlml, sîn`lil dg ia trahsbuiturkzabkòh plr ia buai ia artksta sg vkl acgbtada, -

igbtura gh àsg a qug ia dahza tîpkba dg khdlhgska sg rgaikza skgnprg dgsbaiza-. [

blnl tgrbgr gignghtl tghgnls uh erah ìlqug dg nahtgqukiia gh gi buai sg rgaikza

ia dahza, il qug khgvktaìgnghtg acgbtaà su gqukik`rkl y prldubg uha y ltra vgz su

baîda. Ia pgrclrnahbg dura aprlxknadanghtg 1: nkhutls, gh ils qug uha y ltra

vgz ia artksta sg bag y sg vugivg a igvahtar, nlstrahdl ia knplsk`kikdad dg

nahtghgr gi gqukik`rkl, ia plsg y, plr ghdg, ia ciukdgz dg ia dahza, a raîz dg il

rgsàiadkzl qug sg vugivg ia supgrckbkg, sunadl a il dgsgqukik`rahtg dg ils tabls.

Gh ia l`ra, sg l`sgrva blhstahtgnghtg ia ya nghbklhada knplsk`kikdad dg

qukzá ilerar pgrnahgbgr àml aqugiils gstáhdargs gstaìgbkdls gh rgiabkòh ai

eëhgrl. Il khtgrgsahtg gs ia khskstghbka dg pldgr rgaikzar aqugi àkig, paráhdlsg

uha y ltra vgz a pgsar dg ias duras baîdas.

Mustanghtg gsta pgrclrnahbg, gs uhl dg ils rgcgrghtgs dkrgbtls para nk

traàml pgrclrnátkbl, dlhdg gi barábtgr rktuai, ia prgsghbka g khtgrës plr gi eëhgrl y

gstgrgltkpls, nás ia abbkòh y su ëhcasks plr ia knplsk`kikdad, sg trahsclrnah gh

uhls blhbgptls biavgs dg anàs prlpugstas.

Ils artkstas y l`ras gxpugstas, fah skdl partg dg uh blhstahtg gstudkl gh

rgiabkòh a ils rgcgrghtgs qug utkikbgh gi bugrpl cgnghkhl blnl slplrtg l blhbgptl

dg l`ra. Gstls, nubfas vgbgs hl sg rgiabklhah dkrgbtanghtg blh nks gmgrbkbkls,

pgrl sk sg vkhbuiah blh uh prlbgsl blhbgptuai g khvgstkeatkvl para gi dgsarrliil dg

bada uhl. A raîz dg gstl nksnl, gs dlhdg sureg ia hgbgskdad dg piahtgar uh

rgblrrkdl plr nks traàmls durahtg tldl gi prlbgsl dg ia barrgra.


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4 L@PAR

Gh gstg bapîtuil blnghzargnls plr ils prkngrls gmgrbkbkls rgaikzadls gh gstls

bkhbl añls abadënkbls? dlhdg, iugel dg uh plstgrklr aháiksks, ng fg pgrbatadl dg

qug nks rgcigxklhgs gh tlrhl ai eëhgrl, il cgnghkhl y ils gstáhdargs sl`rg gi

bugrpl.

Ia clrna dg a`lrdar bada tra`aml aquî gxpugstl, sgrá ngdkahtg uh aháiksks

dgsdg gi piahtgankghtl qug prlplhîa gh aqugi ghtlhbgs, y ia igbtura qug

abtuainghtg ig ahgxl a giil. Gi prkngrl dg ils tra`amls aquî prgsghtadls, data dgi

añl 0::;, gh gi ranl dg ’igheuamg cltleráckbl„ durahtg gi prkngr sgngstrg dg nk

barrgra.


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4.1 Rkh tîtuil, (0::;)

Knaegh H½01= Pgekstrl cltleráckbl, ’Rkh Tîtuil„, Pgtratl, 0::;

Autlr= Ahdrga @agza

Cughtg= Cltleracîa dgi Autlr

Rkh Tktuil, (0::;). @aml uhl dg ils ranls trlhbaigs dg ia barrgra, rgaikbë uha

sgrkg dg cltleracîas qug bugstklhaàh ils rligs dg ia `giigza, gspgbîckbanghtg dg

ils báhlhgs gstaìgbkdls slbkainghtg. Zara giil utkikbë trgs nldgils blh dkstkhtas

blhtgxturas, blh gi l`mgtkvl dg blhstrukr uh gsbgharkl an`keul ghtrg giils y ils

nahkquîgs qug gstls iigvaàh blhskel gh gi nlnghtl dg ia tlna. Gh gstg

nlnghtl tghîa ias prgtghsklhgs dg eghgrar, mustanghtg, uha tghskòh ghtrg

aqugiils bugrpls aigmadls dg ils báhlhgs y, ils nahkquîgs? gignghtl qug

rgprgsghtah iktgrainghtg gi gstáhdar-tkpl fkstòrkbl y lbbkdghtai dg ia `giigza? a

partkr dg ias prlplrbklhgs

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