La Poliarquia Participacion y Oposicion - Robert Dahl

7/22/2019 La Poliarquia Participacion y Oposicion - Robert Dahl

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JDLG CXMZF_MCF I

V GPGSFCF5IPTHNFCM

Jmjg ui rdafldi jgijd nm gpgsfcf5i mn aghfdrig ig pudjd gramifzmrsd mhfdrtm y ndamnlditd di pmrtfjgs pgnftfcgs if dierditmrsd m dn didndccfgids nfhrds d flpmrcfmnds o qud cgijfcfgids emvgrdcdi 0 dstgrhmi

su trmisegrlmcf5i di gtrg rdafldi qud =0 pdrlftm7 Kd mquf dn tdlm gh dtg jd nm prdsditd ghrm.

CG ICDPZGS

Cglg qufdrm qud dn jdsmrrgnng jd ui sfstdlm pgnftfcg qud e mcfnftd nmgpgsfcf5i nm rfvmnfjmj y nm cglpdtdicfm ditrd dn aghfdrig y sus mitmagifstms ds uim emcdtm flpgr tmitd jdn prgcdsg jdrigcrmtfcg dstd nfhrg sd

gcupm idcdsmrfmlditd jd ui mspdctg jd dstd prgcdsg. M lf lgjg jdvdr ngs prgcdsgs jd jdlgcrmtfzmcf5i y jd jdsmrrgnng jd nm gpgsfcf5i igSGi fjditfcgs pdrg jdscrfhfr tgjms nms jfedrdicfms dxfstditds ditrdmlhgs igs nFdvmrfm m mjditrmrigs di ui tdjfgsg mtgnnmjdrg sdlmitfcg .Pmrm dvftmr tmn jdsvfg pdrlftmsdld dxpgidr sgldrmlditd mnauims jd

lfs gpfifgids sfi prgeuijfzmr di su dnmhgrmcf5i i f fisfstfr di su jdedism.Pmrm lf n aghfdrig jdlgcrmtfcg sd cmrmctdrfzm euijmlditmnlditd

pgr su cgitfium mptftuj pmrm rdspgijdr m nms prdedrdicfms jd sus cfujmjmigs sfi dsnmhndcdr jfedrdicfmspgnftfcms ditrd dnngs. Igds lf pr gpgsftg gcupmrld jd nmsjd rims cmrmctdrestfcms qudsd rdq ufdrdip mrm cgisfjdrmr dstrfctmlditd jdlgcrmtfcg ui sfstdlm. Ld austmrfm rdsdrvmr di dstdnfhrg dn tdrlfig «jdlgcrmcfm² pmrm jdsfaimr dn sfstdlm pgnftfcg ditrd

cuyms cmrmctdrfstfcms sd cuditm su f spgsfcf5i m smtfsemcdr ditdrm 0 cmsfditdrmlditd m tgjgs sus cfujmjmigs sfi fripgrtmrld pgr dF ldlditg .sfdsd sfstdlm dxfst dkgy jfm km dxfstfjg mnauim vdz 0 pudjd jmrsdd i dneuturg. Kfpgtdtfcmlditd ds pgsfhnd cgicdhfrng y cglg tmn km nFdimjgpndim 0 pmrcfmnlditd dn fjdmnjd luckgs. Cglg sfstdlm kfpgtdtfcg di dndxtrdlg jd nm dscmnm 0 di dn n elftd jd ui dst mjg jd cgsms pudjd sdrvfr >?glg dn vmcfg mhsgnut g-f- m lgjg jd efdn cgitrmstd pmrm vmngrmr dnarmjg jd mprgxflmcf5i jd ngs jfstfitgs sfstdlms mn fjdmntd rfcg . .

Cgitfiumijg lfneidm jd pdismlfditg crdg qud pmrm qud ui aghfdr-

3



= Di lf nfhrg Prdemcdtg Jdlgcrmtfc Zkdgry Tifvdrsfty ge Ckfcmag Prdss Ckfcmag =645 pp. 5: ;= sd mim nfzmi mnauims jd nms rdnmcfgids ldicfgimjms. Sghrd dstd lfslgtdrimvdmsd tmlhfdi Pgnftfcs Dcgiglfcs mijQdnemrd Kmrpdr Idw Vgrb =643 cmpetungs=0V== pgr Xghdrt M J NVCkmrnds D . NF IJHNGL.

8 Di dstd nfhrg nms dxprdsfgids nfhdrmnfzmcf5i rfvmnfjmj pgnntfcm ldtgjgs pgnftfcgs

cglpdtftfvgs jdhmtd puhnfcg y gpgsfcf5i puhnfcm sd utfnfzmi fijfstfit mlditd pmrm rdedrfrsdm dstm jfldisfgi y ngs rdafldids qud di dnnm mbmizmi cgtms luy mnfms sd sudndi jdiglf-Jmr rdaeridids cglpdtftfvgs.

ig rdspgijm jurmitd ui pdrfgjg jd tfdlpg jmjg m nms prdedrdicfms jdsus cfujmjmigs sfi jfstficfgids pgnftfcms tgjgs dnngs jdhdi tdidr faumn-

jmj jd gpgrtuifjmjds pmrm?

=. Egrlunmr sus prdedrdicfms.

8. Lmifedstmr puhnfcmlditd jfckms prdedrdicfms ditrd sus pmrtfjm-rfgs y mitd dn aghfdrig fijfvfjumn y cgndctfvmlditd.

3. Xdcfhfr pgr pmrtd jdn aghfdlg faumnjmj jd trmtg ? d s jdcfr dstd

ig jdhd kmcdr jfscrflfimcf5i mnauim pgr cmusm jdn cgitdifjg

jdn grfadi jd tmnds prdedrdicfms.

Pmrm lf dstms trds cgijfcfgids sgi euijml ditmnds muiqud qufzm igsuefcfditds mn m dxfstdicfm jd nm jdlgcrmcfm y pmrm qud sd jdi ditrd dn

armi rufridrg jd kmhftmitds jd qud cgistmi nm lmygrfm jd ngs Dstmjgs-

imcfgids mctumnds nms fistftucfgids sgcfmnds jd dstgs pmesds jdhdi amrmi-tfzmr cumijg ldigs nms gckg cnmusunms qud sd jdscrfhdi di dn cumjrg

ngt.Prgsfaufdijg lf dxpgsfcf5i vgy m jmr pgr sditmjg qud nms rdnmcfgids

ditrd nms gckg amrmitfms y nms trds cgijfcfgids hmsfcms sgi tmi dvfjditds

qud ig idcdsftmi lmygr mcnmrmcf5it .

M prfldrm vfstm pmrdcd qud pgjrfmlgs utfOfzmr dstms gckg cmrmctdres-tfcms fistftucfgimnds cglg dscmnm tdgrfcm pmrm cgitrmstmr ngs jfstfitgs rd-

aerididspgnftfcgs. Sfi dlhmrag ui dxmldi lms prgeuijg pgid jd lmif-efdstg qud uim fitdrprdtmcfgi mcdrtmjm sdrfm nm jd cgisfjdrmr jgsjfldisfgids tdgrfcms ui tmitg jfedrditds jd nm jdlgcrmtfzmcf5i .

=. Di dn pmsmjg y di dn p rdsditd ngs rdaeri dids jfvdradi armijd-

lditd pgr nm mlpnftuj cgi qud cgicdjdi mhfdrtmri ditd mpnfcmi puhnfcm-lditd y amrmitfzmi pndimlditd dstms gckg gpgrtuifjmjds fistftucfgim-

nds cumijg ldigs m mnauigs lfdlhrgs jdn sfstdlm pgnftfcg qud qufdrmi

gpgidrsd mnaghfdrig. Jd egrlm qud uim dscmnm qud rdendod nmsgckg cgi-jfcfgids igs pdrlftfrm cglpmrmr ngs jfstfitgs rdaeldids jd mcudrjg cgi

nm mlpnftuj cgi qud emcfnftmi nm gpgsfcfgi dn jdhmtd puhnfcg 0 nm nuckm

pgnftfcm 8 . Mkgrm hfdi pudstg qud ui rdafldi pudjd pdrlftfr qud sd Fdgpgiam uim pmrtd luy pdqudffm luy armijd jd nm pghnmcfgi pmrdcddvfjditd qud idcdsftmlgs uim sdauijm jfldisf5i.

8. Di dn pmsmjg y di dnprdsditd ngs rdaeridids vmr fmi tmlhfdisdaffi dn rifldrg jd pdrsgims emcuntmj ms pmrm pmrtfc fpmr di ui pnmig jd

lmygr ldigr faumnjmj di dn cgitrgn y jfscusfgi jd nm pgnftfcm jdn ag-hfdrig? Pmrtfcfpmr ds jdcfr tdidr vgz di ui sfstdlm jd jdhmtd puhnfcg.

Tim dscmnm qud dxprdsmrm dn jdrdckg m pmrtfcfpmr di dn jdhmtd puhnfcg. igs pdrlftfrfmcglpmrmr ngs jfedrditds rdaeldids jd mcudrjg cgi su cm-

pmcfjmj jd rdprdsditmcfgi

Msf pgr dodlpng dn jdrdckg m vgtmr di dndccfgids efhrds d flpmrcfm-nds rdnfid nms jgs jfldisfgids. Cumijg ui rdafldi amrmitfzm dstd jdrd-ckg m mnauigs jd sus cfujmjmigs sd mhrd m ui jdhmtd puhnfcg lms ml-pnfg. Pdrgdn rdafldi sdrm tmitglmsrdprdsditmtfvg cumitg lmygr sdm dF

iuldrg jd cfujmjmigs qud agcdi jd dstd jdrdckg.

Dstms jgs jfldisfgids? dn jdhmtdpuhnfcg y nm cmpmcfjmj jd rdprdsdi

Sd rdqufdrdi nms sfaufditds amrmitems fietf-

tucfgimnds?

= Nfhdrtmj jd msgcfmcf5i.

8. Nfhdrtmj jd dxprdsfgi 3. Nfhdrtmj jd vgtg.:. Nfhdrtmj pmrm qud ngs nfjdrds pgnftfcgs

cglpftmi di huscm jd mpgyg.4. Jfvdrsfjmj jd euditds jd fiegrlmcfgi

=. Nfhdrtmj jd msgcfmcf5i.8. Nfhdrtmj jd dxprdsfgi .3. Nfhdrtmj jd vgtg :. Dndafhfnfjmj pmrm nm cgsm puhnfcm.4. Jdrdckg jd ngs Ffjdrds pgnftfcgs m cgl

pdtfr di huscm jd mpgyg.5. Jfvdrsfjmj jd euditds jd fiegrlmcf5i.1. Dndccfgids Ffhrds d flpmrcfmnds .

F Nfhdimj jd msgcfmcf5i.8. Nfhdrtmj jd dxprdsf5i.

3. Nfhdrtmj jd vgtg .:. Dndafhfnfjmj pmrm dn sdrvfcfg puhnfcg.4. Jdrdckg jd ngs nejdrds pgnftfcgs m cgl-

pdt fr di huscm jd mpgyg.Sm. Jdrdckg jd ngs Fejdrds pgnftfcgs m

nuckmrp gr ngsvgtgs.5. Jfvdrsfjmj jd euditds jd fiegrlmcf5i .1. Dndccfgids nfhrds d flpmrcfmnds.;. Fistftucfgids qud amrmitfcdi qud nm pg-

Tfcm jdn aghfdrig jdpdijm jd ngs vgtgsy jdrims egrlms jd dxprdsmr nms prded-rdicfms.

JDLG CXMZF_MCF IV grgsrcrgx PTHNFCM

T JXG =.=

n u igs rdqufsftgs pmrm qud sd jd em jdlgcrmcfmditrd ui armi itnldrg jd kmhftmitds

Pmrm tdidr n mgpgrtuifjmj jd?

FF. Lmifedstmr nms prdedrdicfms ?

F Egrlunmr nms prdedrdicfms?

FF F Xdcfhfr faumnjmj jd trmtg pgr pmrtdjdnaghfdrig di nm pgijdrmcfgi jd nms

prdedrdicfms?

NM PGNFMX]T=M:



Xcprdsditmcfgi

pmrtfcfpmtfGi

EFATX =.8. Nfhdrmnfzmcfgi , rdp rdsditmcf5i y jdlgcrmtfzmcf5i .

Ghsdrvmrmi qud sf hfdi kdpudstg iglhrds m ngs rdaeldids qud dstmi

pr5xflgs m ngs miaungs, qudjm sfi jdiglfimr if jfvfjfr dn dxtdusg dspm

cfm qud gcupm dn cditrg jd nmefaurm . Dstd vmcfg iglfimn rdendom di pmrtd

nm tdijdicfm kfst5rfcm m cnmsfefcmr ngs rdaeldids cmi nmsjd iglfimcfgidslms dxtrdlms, pdrg tmlhfdi dxprdsm lf prgpfg jdsdg jd dvftm r uim tdr

lfigngaemrdjuijmitd . Nm emntm jd igldicnmt urm ig dqufvmnd, dlpdrg,

m uim musdicfm jd rdaeldids2 =0 cfdr tg ds qud qufzm nm arm i lmygrfm jdngs sfstdlms mctumnds qudjmi jdi trg jd dstm zgim cditrmn. Luckgs cml

hfgs flpgrtmitds di ngs rdaeldids flpnfcmi ditrmr 0 smnfr jd dst m zgimcditrmn, sdaui qud jfckgs rdaeldids sdmi lms 0 ldigs rdprdsditmtfvgs y

=6DLGCXMZF_M05I V GPGSFCF5I PGHNFCM

mulditdi 0 rdjuzcmi nms gpgrtuifjmjds jd jdhmtd puhn fcg. MF rdedrfrld

m ngs sfstdlms qud qudjmi jditrg jddstd dspmcfg cditrmn utfnfzmrd m vdcdsngs tdrrifigs «prgxflg² 0 «cmsf²? di ui rdafldi «prgxflg² mn kdadl5

ifcg kmy lms gpgrtuifjmjds pmrm dn jdhmtd puhnfcg qud di ui rdafldi

jd kdadlgiem tgtm n2 ui rdafldi «cmsk9pgnfmrqufcg pudjd sdr hmstmitd

rdprdsditmtfvg, pdru prdsditmr, di cmlhfg, rdstrfccfgids lms sdvdrmspmr m d n jdhmtd puhnfcg qud nm pgnfmrquem tgtm n. 0 pudjd gerdcdr gpgrtu

ifjmjds jd jfscusf5i puhnfcm sdldomitds m nms jd uim pgnfmrqufm pndim ysdr, di cmlhfg, ldigs rdprdsditmtfvm qud dstm :.

Nm idcdsfjmj jd dlpndmr di dstd nfhrg ngs untfrigs tdrlfigs ldicfg

imjg s jdludstrm nm utfnfjmj jd uim cnmsfefcmcf5i 2 nm mrhftrmrfdjmj jd ngs

nflftds ditrd «pndim²y «cmsf² prudhm =0 fimjdcumjmqud rdsuntm tgj m cnmsfefcmcf5i. Lfditrms dstdlgs cgivdicfjgs jd qud ngs tdrrifigs sgi ld

jfgs utfnds, muiqud hmstmitd mrhftrmrfgs, jd jfvfjfr dn dsqudlm jd nm efau

rm =.8, ngs cgicdptgs dlpndmjgs igs sdrvf rmi pmrm ngs efids qud

pdrsdauflgs.

: Dnprghndlm jd nm tdrlfigncaem ds egrlfjmhnd, ym qud pmrdcd cmsf flpgsfhnd dicgitrmr pmnmhrms usumnds qud ig mrrmstrdi uim pdsmjm cmram jd mlhfaudjmj y jd dxcdsfvm sfa

ifefcmcfgi. Dn ndctgr jdhd rm tdidr hfdi prdsdit d qud , hmstm jgijd ld kd sfjg pgsfhnd, ngs

tdrlfigs qud utfnfzd m =0nmrag jd tgjg dn nfhrg sd dlp ndmi 45=0 di nm mcdpcf5i fijfcmjm di

ngs pmrrmegs prdcdjditds. SfJ jujm , mnauig s ndctgrds sd rdsfstfrmi m mcdptmr dn tdrlfig «pg-nfmrquem² cglg sustftutg jd jdlgcrmcfm, pdrc ds flpgrtmitd lmitdidr nm jfstficf5i ditrdnm jdlgcrmcfm, cglg sfstdlmfjdmn, yngs cgivdifgs fistftucfgimnds, qud jdhdi vdrsd cglguim dspdcfd jd mprgxflmcf5i flpdredctm fjdmn. m dxpdrfdicfm jdludstrm , crdg yg, qud

cumijg sd dlpndm dnlfslg tdrlfig pmrm mlhms mcdpcfgids sd fitrgjucd nm cgieusf5i y sdkmcdi fitdrvdifr di dn mimnfsfs mraulditgs qud ig sgi idcdsmimlditd pdrtfidi tds. Di dnMiaung gpudstg, dn tdrlfig «kdadlgifm² ig ds jdn tgjg smtfsemctgrfg? ig ghstmitd, di dn

sfaifefcmjg qud yg Fd kd msfaimjg, nm pmnmhrm ..kdadlgifcg²ld pmrd cd lms mprgpfmjm qudodrmrqufcg , lgigcrmtfcg, mhsgOutfstm, mutgcrmtfcg, jdspgjcg, mutgrftmrfg, tgtmnftmrfg,d tc.

DFdlpndg qud kmag jdn tdrlfig «jdhmtd² cgitdstmtfgi di «jdhmtdp uhnfcg² puhnfc cgi-

tdstmtfg ditrm jditrg jdn usg cgrrfditd , muiqud ig erdcuditd , jdn fiands? di Fiands, cgi-tdstmtfgi qufdrd jdcfr «jdhmtfr², qud sfaifefcm kmcdr mnauim cgsm ghodt g jd jfscusf5i, cgi

trgvdrsfm 0 nftfafg , y sus sfi5iflgs lms fildjfmtgs sgi jfsputm r, jdsmefmr 0 rfvmnfzmr . Sfi

dlhmrag ,n m utfnfjmj jd jfckg tdrl fig ld eud suadrfjm, di prficfpfg , pgr dn dismyg «Ms

pdctgs jdn jdhmtd² jd Hdr trmij jd OGTUDIDN Agvdrildit mij Gppgsftfgi, = Rd idrc

=6 5 . Nm mcdpctgi qud OGTUDIDN cgiefdrd m jfckg tdrlfig ds sflfnmr m nm lem, mn faumn qudds fjditfcm nm pmnmhrm ermicdsm qud utfnfzm di dn grfafimn y qud sfaifefcm jdh s ghodctfgi,

cgienfct, gppgsftfgi. Di Fm lfslm rdvfstm, sfi dlhmrag, Akfu m FGI S T gi trgn mij

Cgi tdstmtfgi fi Sgld Gid Pmrty Snmtds², pp. 8:0-840 utfnfzm dn vgcmhnd di su mcdpcf5ilms nfriftmjm, pdrc lms cgrrfditd, qudrfdijg sfaifefcmr «dn mitfsfsrdlm, ngs pgstunmjgs Lsfcgs y pdrlmiditdsjd tgjm gpgsfcf5i di dn tdrrdig jd nmsjfedrdicfms jd gpfif5i d fjdgngaem, euijmlditmnds y jfcgtglfcms² p. 8:= . Dvfjditdlditd , dstm ds uimmcdpcf5i jdn cgicdptc luckg l s rdstrfctfvd qud nm qud yg utfnfzd di lfnfhrg y qud crdg cs tmlhfdi Fs qudOGTUDIHN dlpndm di ;T dismyg.

Pgkmrq ufms

Kcadlglms

rdprdsdlm tfvms

NM PGNFMX]T=M

Kdadlgifms

cdrrmjms

Nfhcr f n fucf5i

jd nlnd pThnfcg

Di ds td dsqudlm nm «Jd rigcrmcfm² sd sftumrem di dn miaung supdrfgr

jdrdckg. Pdrg cglg qufdrm qud nm jdlgcrmcfm cglprdijd lms jfridisfgids qud nms dxprdsmjms dinm efaurm =.8 y qud, mlf ditdijdr, ig kmy di

nm rdmnfjmj ifiaui rdafldi , jd jfldi sf5i cgisfjdrmhnd, tgtmnlditd jd

lgcrmtfzmjg, prdefdrg nFmlmr pgnfmrquems m ngs sfstdlms mctum nds lms

pr5xflgs mn miaung supdrfgrjdrdckg. Pudjd jdcfrsd qud tgjm lgjfefcmcf5i jd ui rdafldi qud cgijuzcm kmcfm mrr fhm y kmcfm nm jdrdckm , sf

aufdijg pgr dodlpng nm trmydctgrfm , rdprdsditm ui armjg jd jdlgcrm tfzmcf5i. Mse, puds , cmhrfm cgisfjd rm r nms pgnfmrquems cglg rdafldids

rdnmtfvmlditd pdrg ig cglpndtmlditd jdrigcrmtfcgs? 0, jfckg jd gtrm

egrlm, nms pgnfmrquems sgi sfstdlms sustmicfmnlditd nfhdrmnfzmjgs y pg

pun mrfzmjgs, ds jdcfr, luy rdprdsditmtfvgs m nm vdz qud ermicmlditd

mhfdrtgs mn jdhmtd puhnfcg.

=;



XDPNMIZDMLFDIZG JD NM PXDATIZM

PTIZT NF_ FGIDS

n Dilf ghrm tdr tkd Xdvgnutfgi Mutkgrfty fi m Aggj Sgcfdty Vmnd TifvdrsftyPrdss IdwKmvdi 61

8=DLGC XMZF_MCFGI V GPGSFCFGI PGHNFCM

jdlgcrmtfzmcf5i sdrm tmi flpgrtmitd cglg nms gt rms jgs, pdrg cglgqufdrm qud gcurrfrm uifcmlditd di ngs pmfsds rr ms «mvmizmjgs²y cgiti

kufrj m lgjdnmr nm egrlm jd vfjm jd dstgs pmrsds jurmitd dn sfang [[F

luckgs jd sus cfujmjmigs pdismrmi qud dstm tdrddrm gnm ds lms flpgr

tmitd qud ifiauim gtrm . Sfi dlhmrag, nm lmygrfm jd ngs pmesds jfstmi tgjmvnm luckg jd tdidr mccdsg m nm tdrcdrm trmisegrlmcf5i .

Jd nms =:0 imcfgids qud di =656drmi iglfimnlditd fijdpdijfditds

= =uims jgs jgddims pgjfmi cgisfjdrmrsd mntmlditd

g l p rytdinmi sfstdlms jd jdhmtd puhnfcg luy jdsmrrgnnmjg . Zmn vdz kuhfdrm

gtrm jgcdim, 0 qufzm mnauim ldigs, qud rmzgimhndlditd pgjfmi cgisfjdrmrsd cmsf pgnfmrqufms, di vfms jd mncmizmr nm pgnfmrqufm pnd.im. Puds

hfdi nm tdrcdrm gndmjm tdijrm nuamr di dstms trds jgcdims jd pmnsds. nmnuz jdn mimnfsfs qud sfaud m cgitfiumcf5i pmrdcd luy rdlgtm nm pgsfhfnf

jmj jd qud mnauigs sfstdlms qud kgyigsgi ~ r q u sd supdrpgiamiu nms fistftucfgidsjd dstms y, cglg prgldtdi sus fjdgngags, nFdaudi 7uitfpg lms mvmizmjg jd jdlgdrmtfzmcf5i qud qud kgy jm di ngs sfstdlms pgnfmrqufcgs. Pmrm nm lmygrfm jd ngs sgi mpkcmhnds, puds, dnprfldr y sdauijg dstmjfgs jd nm jdrigcrmtfzmcfgi , pdrg ig msrdn t ~ r d d r

DF tdlm cditrmn jdn prdsditd Ffhrg ds di rdmnfjmj mui lms nfriftmjg

qud dn mimnfsfsjd dstgs jgs dstmjfgs jd nm c r m t f z m c f Ld kd rdedrf

jg kmstm mkgrm m «rdafldids² y m «sfstdlms jdjdhmtd puhnfcg², pdrgtgjmvfm ig kd dspdcfefcmjg m qud ifvdn jd egrlm jd aghfdrig pudjdi sdrcedctfvgs ngs rdaeldids y dn jdhmtd puhnfcg. Pdrlntmild s T h r m sd

aufjmriditd, qud nmimnfsfsqud mquf sd kmcd sd m rdaiididsimcfgimnds, ds jdcfr , m ngs rdanldids tgrimjgs m lvdn jd pmns,.g, =0prd±efdrdi , jd Dstmjg ndamnlditd fijdpdijfditd, 0 dlpndmijg t r l lldigs dxmctgs jdimcfgi 0 imcf5i-Dstmjg. Pmrtd jd dstd mimnfsfs pgjim

mpnfcmrsd m fiedrfgrds jd nm gramifzmcfgi y sgcfmn? luifcf?pfgs, prgvficfms, sfijfcmtgs, dlprdsms ldrcmitfnds, fandsfms y 7dl mS ,qufzm mnauim jd dstms cgisfjdrmcfgids vmnam faumnlditd pmrm nmscfgids pgKfcms qud kgysd egrlmi m dscmnm lms rdprdsditmtrvm tgjmvfm,cglg sgi nms jfstfitms gramifzmcfgids fitdrimcfgimnds, pdrg nmmrauldi

tmcf5i sd jdsmrrgnnm mque rdedrfjm cgicrdtmlditd m ngs rdafldids imcfg

imnds.V dnng pujfdrm sdr gtrm armvd grifsfgi trmtmijgsd jd ui nfhrg

jdlgdrmtfzmcf5i ficnusg sf sd cgisfjdrm s5= dn mspdctg jdn jdhmtd puhnfcg , puds nm ghsdrvmcfgi gcmsfgimn fijfcm qud ngs pmnsds jfefdrdi ditrdsepgr dn lfldrg jd pdrsgims qud tfdidi nm 0pgrtuljm7 pmrm dn 7dhmtd y

pmrtfcfpmi ig s5= di ngs prgcdsgsjd ngs aghfdlgs tmlhfdi di ngs jfvdrsgs suh-gramifslgs jdn aghfdrig y gramlzmcfgids imcfgimnds. Puds hfdi, dinm ldjfjm di qud dstms armijdsjfedrdicfms di nmscmrmctdrestfcms adidrmnds jd nms imcfgimnds sd ~ s g c n d i cgijfedrdicf ms di nm imturmndzm jdn rdafldi imcfgimn ds jdcfr, Snsd trmtm,°ig, jd uim pgnfmrqufm), prgcurmrd ficnufrnms di dstd mimnfsfs,

NM PGNFMX]unM0

Msf puds, dstdn fhrg trmtm jd nms cgijfcfgidsqu d kmcdi pgsfhnd dn jd

smrrgnng y nm dxfstdicfm jd ngs sfstdlms jd jdhmtd puhnfcg, y pudstg qud dnjdhmtd puhnfcg ds ui mspdctg jd nm jdrigcrmtfzmcfgi , dstmghrm sd rdefdrd ,

idcdsmrfmlditd, m nm jdlgcrmtfzmcf5i, cglg ym fijfqud mn prficfpfg jdncmpftung. Pdrg ds flpgrtmitd ig gnvfjmr qud nm fjdm cditrmnjdnnfhrg dxcnuyd luckgs tdlms sfaifefcmtfvgs qud di ui dstujfg sghrd nm jdlgcrmtfzmcf5ijdhdrfmi tdidrsd di cudit m.

Xdsuntm sulmlditd fftfn cgisfjdrmr qud nm jdlgcrmtfzmcf5i cgl

prdijd cfdrtms trmisegrlmcfgids kfst5rfcms hfdi jdefifjms . Tim jd dnfmsds dn trmisftg jd kdadlgifms ygnfamrqufms cglpdtftfvms m rdaerididscmsfpgnfmrqufcgs. Zmn eud, di dsdicfm , dnprgcdsg mcmdcfjg di dn luijg gccfjditmn jurmitd dn sfang [F[. DF sdauijg, nm lgjfefcmcf5i jd nms cumsfpg

nfmrqufms di pgnfmrqu fms pndims, tuvg nuamr di nms trds jdcmjms, lms 0ldigs, qud vmi jdsjd efimnds jdnsfang [F[ m nm Prfldrm Audrrm Luijfm .DF tdrcdrg ds nm pndim jdlgcrmtfzmcf5i jd nms pgnfmrqunms. Dstd prgcdsgkfst5rfcgpudjd qufzm edckmrsd di nm dpgcm jd rmpfjg jdsmrrgnng jdndstm

jg jd prgspdrfjmj jdlgcrmtfcm trms nm Armi Jdprdsfgi? fitdrrulpfjgpgr nm Sdauijm Audrrm Luijfmn , dn prgcdsg pmrddd kmhdr mjqufrfjg iud

vgs hrfgs mn efimn jd nm jdcmjm jd =650, hmog nm egrlm jd jdlmijms cmjmvdz lms fisfstditds, egrlunmjms sghrd tgjg pgr ngs ogvdids , di emvgr jdnm jdlgcrmtfzmcf5i jd nms fistftucfgids sgcfmnds.

Sd cgisfjdrmrmi mquf nm prfldrm y nm sdauijmjd dstms trmisegrlmcfgids, pdrg ig nm tdrcdrm 4. Zdiam dxftg 0 ermcmsd, Fm tdrddrm gndmjm jd nm

Pgjdlgs vgnvdr m pnmitdmr nm prdauitm qud sdrvfm jd fitrgjuccf5i mdstd cmpftung jd nm sfaufditd egrlm?

=. ]ud cgijfcfgids mulditmi 0 jfslfiuydi nms gpgrtuifjmjds jdjdlgcrmtfzmcf5i jd ui rdafldi kdadl5ifcg 0 cmsf kdadl5ifcg7

8. Lms cgicrdtmlditd, emctgrds mulditmi 0 jfslfiuydi nmsgpgrtuifjmjds jd jdhmtd puhnfcg7

3. Dspdcfefcmijg mui lms, emctgrds mulditmi 0 jfslfiuydinms gpgrtuifjmjds jd jdhmtd puhnfcg di ui rdafldi mntmlditd rdprdsditmtfvg cglg dsnm pgnfmrqufm7



dafldiImcfgimn

EF TX = 3 Grjdimcf5i kfpgtdtfcm jd ngs pmfsds jd mcudrjg cg i nms gpgrtuifjmjds jd

prmctfcmr dn jdhmtd puhnfcg

F Xdaeldids tgnm nlditd defhdrmnfzmjgs² 0 «cglpdtftfvgs²

FF Cglpduivgs m ifvd t imcfgimn kdadlgifcgs di nms gramifzmcfgids suhimcfgimnds

FFF Cgripdtftfvgs di nms gramifzmcfgids suhimcfgimnds, kdadl5ifcgs m ifvdn imcfgimn .FU Egrlds jd aghfdrig tgtmnlditd kdadl5 ifcms

83DLGCXMZF_MCF5 I V GPGSFCF5 I PTHNFCM

STPTDSZGS

Cumijg ngs rdafldids kdadl5ifcgs y nms gnfamraufms cglpdtftfvms

dvgnucfgimi kmcfm nm pgnfmrquem mulditmi nms gpgrtuifjmjdsjd pmrtfcf-

pmcf5i y jd jdhmtd mutditfcgs, y, pgr cgisfaufditd, dn iuldrg jd fijfvf-

jugs , arupgs d fitdrdsds cuyms prd edrcicfms kmy qud cgisfjdrmr mn dodr-

cdr dn pgjdr pgnftfcg.Ufstm jdsjd nm pdrspdctfvm jd ngs qud jdtditmi dn pgjdruim trmisedr-

lmcf5i jd dstd t fpg flpnfcm iudvms pgsfhfnfjmjds jd cgienfctg, y cgisd-

cuditdld itd sus pgrtmvgcds 0 dnngs lfslgs pudjdi sdr sustftufjgs pgr

iudvgs fijfvfjugs arupgs d fitdrdsds Di cumitg m nm gpgsfcf5i su prg-

hndlm ds ui m rdpnfcm jdn prghn dlm qud medctm m ngs aghdrim itds . Zgjm

trmisegrlmcf5i qud gerdzcm m ngs gpgsftgrds mn aghfdrig lmygrds gpg r-

tuifjmjds pmr m tr mjucfr sus ldtms di mctgs pgnftfcgs rdspmnjmjgs pgr dnDstmjg , flpn fcm nm pgsfhfnfjmj jd cgienfctg cgi ngs fijfvfjugs, arupgs 0

fitdrdsds m ngs qud jdpgidi di tmn aghfdrig .

Jd egrlm qud cumitg lms kgijg sdm dn cgienfctg ditrd dn aghfdrig y

nm gpgsfcf5i , lmygrds sdrmi nms pgsfhfnfjmjds jd qud cmjm uig ifdaud mn

gtrg nm pmrtfcfpmcf5i dedctfvm di dn dod rcfcfg jdn pgjdr pgnftfcg . Jfckg

cglpndo g y trgpdzm rfm cgi tmn culung jd jmtgs qud ngs rdsuntmjgs sdrfmi

luy pgcg smtfsemctgr fgs. ]ud jujm cmhd qud sd pgjremi jfspgidr nms suh-

gramifzmcfgids imcf gimnds m =0 nmrag jd nms jgs jfldisfgids qud sd fnus-

t rmi di nms efaurms =.=. y =.8, pdrg dn prghndlm ig sd rdjucd m sftumr pmf-

scs di dn dspmcfg kfpgtdtfcg qud sd sdimnm di nm efaurm =.3 . Ditrd gtrms

cgsms, jfckg dspmcfg sd rdefdrd m uim sgnm jd nms jgs jfldisfgids, dn jd-

hmtd puhnfcg , jd lgj g qud sd rdq udrf rem ui prgcdjflfditg sflfnmr pmrm

nm gtrm jfldisfgi prficfpmn? nm pmrtfcfpmcf 5i. Ds lms, mui jditrg jd uilfslg pmfs, nms urffjmjds suhimcfgimnds jfefdrdi ditrd se pgr nms gpgrtu-

ifjmjds qud gerdcdi pmrm dn jdhmtd y nm pmrt fcfpmcf5i. Pgr dodlpng , di

luckgs pmfsds lgjdrigs dstms gpgrtuifjmjds sgi lmygrds di ngs luif -

cfpfgs qud di ngss fijfcmtgs, y lmygrds di ngs sfijfcmtgs qud di nms dl-

prdsms ldrcmitfnds. Di cgisdcudicfm, kmhrem qud jdscglpgidr nms uif-

jmjds suhimcfgimnds di jfstfitms cmtdagrems? dlprdsms ldrcmitfnds ,

sfijfcmtgs, luifcfpfgs fandsfms fistftucfgids djucmtfvms dtc 1 Di nm

ctmpm mctumn dstms dstfpunmcfgids sgi , jdsarmcfmjmldit d, pui tg ldigs

qud utgpfcms , rmz5i l ms jd grjdi prmalmtfcg qud td5rf cg pgr nm

cum n kd jdc fjfjg nflftmr lf dxmldi mn ifvdn imcfgimn.

Mntg

U

Hmog

NM PGNFMX]TeM

Mntg

Hmom

Gramifzmcfgidssuhimcfgimnds

Sfi dlhmrag ig jdom jd sdr rmzgimhnd nm fisfstdicfm di prgeuijfzmr

lms di dstd dxm ridi, ym qud uim jdscrfpcf5i tgtmn jc nms gpgrtuifjmjds

jd pmrt fcfpmcf5i y jdhmtd dxfstditds di ui pmtsdxfad, sfi jujm, uim rded-

rdicfm m nms gpgrtuifjmjds qud gerdcdi nms uifjmjds suhimcfgimnds. DF

dxtrmgrjfimrfg di smyg jd Vuagsnmvfm jd pdrlftfr uim hmsd mlpnfm jd mu-

tgaghfdlg di nms uifjmjd s suhimcfgimnds sfaifefcm qud nms gpgrtuifjm-

jds jd pmrtfcfpmcf5i y jdhmtd sgi mnff rimygrds, m pcsmr jd sdr ui rdafldi

jd ui sgng pmr fj g,qud pg r

dod

lpng nmsqu

d sd jmi di Hrmsfn0 Mrad

itf-im . Cgisfjd rmr dstd tdlm di su firdarfjmj dxfafrnm, puds , prdstmr .mtdi-

cf5i m tgjms nms pgsfhfnfjmjds qud sd fijfcmi di nm e fau rm =.3, tmitg lms

qud mnauims jd nms crftfcms qud rdcfditdlditd sd kmcdi m nm jdrigcrmtfzm-

cf5i ficglpndtm jd nms pgnfmrqufms mefrlmi qud lfditrms dstms pudjdisdr cglpdtftfvms m ifvdn imcfgimn, ui m armi prgpgrcf5i jd sus gramifs-

lgs suhimcfgimnds , di dspdcfmn nms msgcfmcfgids prfvmjms, sgi kdadl5-

ifcgs u gnfamrqufcgs 5.

Pdrg muiqud sdm luy flpgrtmitd nFdvmr nm jdscr fpcf5ijd uirdafldi

imcfgimn kmstm nms uifj mjds suhimcfgimnds, fitditmr kgy dn dxmldijd ui

lfldrg suefcfditd jd pmfsds rdqudrfrem, di lf gpfif5i, ui mimnfsfs tmi

f vddsd dspdcfmnlditd Armit L G IDnN Prfvmtd Pgwdr mij Mldrfcmi Jdlg-crmcy Bigpe Idw Vgrb =6552 Kdiry S BMXFm Jd nfi d 0 Mldrfcmipnurmnsl Stmiegrj Tifvdrsfty Prdss Stmiegrj =65=2 y kmstm cfdrtc puitg tnlhf5i Xghdrt PmunQGNE k d Pgvdrtyge fhdrmnfsl Hdmcgi Prdss Hgstgi, =65;

1 DFdstujfgymcnmsfcgjdSdylgurLmrtfi NFPS Z Lmrti M ZXGQVOmlds S CGN ±LMI TifgiJdlgcrmcy Zkd Erdd rdss Andicgd 5 sdcditrmdi dn cmsdjduisfijf-

cdtg jgijd dn armjd jd jdhmtdy jd pmrtfcfpmcfgi ds mntg Jdscrfhfr y dxpnfcmr dstd cmsgjd

jdsvfmcf5i jditrgjdn gitdx td jduipmns e ud uim dlprdsm jd divdramjurm

La Poliarquia Participacion y Oposicion - Robert Dahl

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