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karEsVgyl;cMeBaHGtßn½yEdlemIlmineXIj³ neya)ay R)ak;kas nig karP½yxøac RKb;RKgRbB½n§ pSayB½t’mankm

cMeBaHB½t’manbEnßmsUmTMnak;TMng³ elakRsIevC¢bNÐit Bug QIvekk RbFanGgÁkarlIkadU Gasydæan³ GgÁkarlIkadU ¬sm

matikaerOg

esckþIsegçb ---------------------------------------------------------- i buBVkfa-------------------------------------------------------------- 1 PaK 1³ RbB½n§pSayB½t’man --------------------------------------------- 4 RbvtiþsaRsþ ---------------------------------------------------------- 4

munqñaM1953³ sm½yGaNaniKmcab;epþIm ------------------------------------------- 4 qñaM1953-1970³ karRKb;RKgsarB½t’man ----------------------------------------- 5 qñaM1970-1975 ³ karRtYtBinitüCapøÚvkar------------------------------------------ 7 qñaM1975-1979 ¬qñaM sUnü¦ --------------------------------------------------- 8 qñaM1979-1993³ eRkamkarRtYtRtarbs;kum μ úynIsþ ----------------------------------- 9 qñaM1991-1993 ³sm½yG‘untak; ----------------------------------------------- 10 qñaM 1993- 2008 ³ karrIkceRmIny:agelOn nigeFVITukçbukemñj ------------------------- 10

Gñksþab;¼TsSnikCn---------------------------------------------------14 TsSn³énB½t’manrbs;RbB½n§pSayB½t’man ----------------------------------17

sarB½t’man---------------------------------------------------------------- 18 viTüú --------------------------------------------------------------------- 24 TUrTsSn_ ----------------------------------------------------------------- 27 GIunFWeNt ----------------------------------------------------------------31

smaKmRbB½n§pSayB½t’man -------------------------------------------- 33 smaKmRbB½n§pSayB½t’mankm

PaK 2³ esrIPaBkñúgkarbeBa©jmti nigkarTTYl)an B½t’man ------------------50 PaBCam©as;km μsiTi§RbB½n§pSayB½t’man GaCJab½NÑ nigPaBlMeGog xagneya)ay ---50

tYnaTIrbs;rdæaPi)al --------------------------------------------------------- 52 TUrTsSn_ ----------------------------------------------------------------- 54 viTüú --------------------------------------------------------------------- 64 sarB½t’man---------------------------------------------------------------- 74 sarB½t’manPasabreTs ------------------------------------------------------ 81

karRtYtBinitü nigkarRtYtBinitüxøÜnÉg -------------------------------------84 karRtYtBinitü -------------------------------------------------------------- 84 karRtYtBiinitüxøÜnÉg --------------------------------------------------------- 87 karp¥ak ------------------------------------------------------------------ 88 karrwbGUs ---------------------------------------------------------------- 89

karTTYl)anB½t’man--------------------------------------------------- 91 PaK 3³ karvayRbhar karKMramkMEhg nigkarP½yxøac---------------------- 95 karvayRbharelIrUbragkay -------------------------------------------- 95

Xatkm μ------------------------------------------------------------------ 96 karbgárrbYssñam ----------------------------------------------------------100

karvayRbharEpñkc,ab; ---------------------------------------------- 101 karbMPitbMP½y nigkarP½yxøac----------------------------------------- 104 Gnusasn_ -------------------------------------------------------- 110 ]bsm

i neya)ay R)ak;kas nig karP½yxøac RKb;RKgRbBn½§pSayB½t’mankm

karEsVgyl;cMeBaHGtßn½yEdlemIlmineXIj ¬r)aykarN_lIkadU¦ ii

CaRbvtiþsaRsþ km

iii neya)ay R)ak;kas nig karP½yxøac RKb;RKgRbBn½§pSayB½t’mankm

karEsVgyl;cMeBaHGtßn½yEdlemIlmineXIj ¬r)aykarN_lIkadU¦ iv

GñksarB½t’manxøHeTot)anrgrbYsedaykarvaydM b¤rgkarb:unb:geFVIXadmin)anseRmc b¤ kariyal½yrbs;BYeKrgkarlukluycUllYcsmÖar³edayhVÚgmnusS\tsNþab;Fñab; b¤RtUvTTYlrg karKb;RKab;EbkcUleTAkñúgkariyal½yrbs;BYkeK. sMNagEdr EdlGMeBIXatkmμ nighigSaelIrag kayF¶n;F¶rnanamkelIRbB½n§pSayB½t’man)anfycuHry³eBlb:un μanqñaMfμ I²enH b:uEnþkarbgárrbYs sñamtictYc nigkarKMramkMEhgdl;GayuCIvitenAEtbnþmandEdl.

dUcKñaenHEdr cMeBaHkarvayRbhartamviFIc,ab;mkelIGñksarB½t’manenAEtman. b:un μanqñaM knøgeTAenH manGñksarB½t’maneRcIn)anRbQmmuxnwgkarecaTRbkan;BIbTRBhμTNÐ b¤KMram kMEhgmkelIBYkeK ehIymanGñkxøHCab;Bn§naKarpg. fμ I²knøgeTAenH karcab;xøÜnBYkGñkriHKn;Ca krNId¾FMmYyrbs;RbmuxrdæaPi)alEdlrYmman ¬m©as;sßanIy_viTüúpgEdr¦ kalBIExFñÚ qñaM2005 knøgeTA ehIyeRkaymkk¾manmRnþICan;x

v neya)ay R)ak;kas nig karP½yxøac RKb;RKgRbBn½§pSayB½t’mankm

karEsVgyl;cMeBaHGtßn½yEdlemIlmineXIj ¬r)aykarN_lIkadU¦ vi

edayectna b¤CRmwtTarR)ak; k¾enAmanGñksarB½t’manmYycMnYnyl;BIkarTTYlxusRtUvrbs;xøÜn EdlRtUvpSBVpSayCasaFarN³CUnRbCaBlrdæ nigraykarN_edayes μaHRtg;. GñksarB½t’manCa eRcIneTotbgðajnUvbMNgeFVI[mankarRbesIrCagenH RbsinebIsßanPaBGMeNaypl.

RbB½n§pSayB½t’mankm

neya)ay R)ak;kas nigkarP½yxøac RKb;RKgRbBn½§pSayB½t’mankm>> ebImankarrMelaPelIRbB½n§pSay B½t’manenAeBlbnþeTot minGacecosputBIkarrMelaPelIsßab½nRbCaFibetyüeT :.

r)aykarN_enHepþateTAelIRbB½n§pSayB½t’mankm

2 karEsVgyl;cMeBaHGtßn½yEdlemIlmineXIj ¬r)aykarN_lIkadU¦

siTi§kñúgkarEsVgrkB½t’man nigTMnak;TMngB½t’man RBmTaMgTsSn³ KWCasiTi§EdlBlrdækm

neya)ay R)ak;kas nigkarP½yxøac RKb;RKgRbBn½§pSayB½t’mankm


PaK 1³ RbB½n§pSayB½t’man RbvtiþsaRsþ

sßanPaBRbB½n§pSayB½t’mankm


BIqñaM1941-19708 sarB½t’maneRcInEtRtUv)anRtYtBinitü GñksarB½t’manRtUvCab; Bn§naKar ehIysarB½t’manRtUv)anbiTCajwkjab;edIm,IbMbiTsemøgBYkRbqaMg. bBaðaenH)an bNþal[RbB½n§pSayB½t’maneFVIkarRtYtBinitüedayxøÜnÉg9.

bNÑaFikarsarB½t’manmñak; eQ μaH saLút qay RtUv)ancab;xøÜnkñuúgqñaM1955 bursenaH RtUvCabgrbs; saLút s ¬eKsÁal;eQ μaH b:ul Bt eRcInCag EdleRkaymkkøayCaemdwknaMEx μr Rkhm¦10. elak exov sMpn EdleRkaymkkøayCaRbmuxrdæénrbbExμrRkhmRtUv)anvaydM Rsatexa edaHGav ehIyftrUbedaynKr)alesøokBak;semøokbMBak;suIviledaysarEtKat;)an sresrenAkñúgsarB½t’manRbcaMs)aþh_ { L’Observateur GñksegátkarN_rbs;Kat;}11 .

semþcsIhnueRcInEtCMruj[GñksarB½t’manbreTstbtKñaeTAvijeTAmk e)aHBum


qñaM1975-1979 ¬qñaM sUnü¦

GñksarB½t’manRtUv)ancat;Tukfa CaFatumYyénsgÁm {BYkcRkBtiþ} EdlEx μrRkhmRtUv e)assMGat ehIyGñksarB½t’mankm


qñaM1991-1993 ³sm½yG‘untak;

bnÞab;BImankic©RBmeRBogsniþPaBTIRkug)a:rIs GaCJaFrbeNþaHGasnñGgÁkarshRbCaCati énkm000 eRKOg. viTüúRtUv)ancat;TukCa ]bkrN_d¾manRbsiTi§PaBbMputEdlG‘untak;)aneRbIedIm,IbBa©úHbBa©ÚlsaFarNCn Edlmin)anyl; c,as;las;GMBIkare)aHeqñat fakare)aHeqñatrbs;BYkeKKWCakarsm¶at;. edaymankarBnül;tam viTüúenHehIy )anCaRbCaBlrdæcMnYn 90° mankare)aHeqñatedaymanPaBeCOCak;24.

enAqñaM1993 viTüúG‘untak;)ancb;GaNÑtiþehIyRbKl;]bkrN_TaMgGs;[RksYgB½t’manEdl mantémøCaTwkR)ak;srub 4 landuløa. ]bkrN_PaKeRcIn)an)at;Gs; b:uEnþ]bkrN_xøHRtUv)an RbKl;[viTüúCatiEdlkMBugeRbIR)as;rhUtdl;sBVéf¶25.

qñaM 1993- 2008 ³ karrIkceRmIny:agelOn nigeFVITukçbukemñj

kic©RBmeRBogTIRkug)a:rIs nigrdæFm μnuBaØkm


kñúgqñaM1996 GñksarB½t’manmñak; RtUv)aneKeFVIXadedaysarkargarrbs;Kat;. mñak;eTot

KWCaGñkpSayviTüúhVú‘nsuInbiuc d¾l,IeQμaHRtUv)aneK)aj;bNþal[rbYsy:agF¶n;F¶r.

kñúgqñaM1996 dEdl tulakarkMBUl)antMkl;salRkmBIrkrNIepSgBIKña 1 KWbTbrihar ekrþ× b¤pSBVpSayB½t’manminBitecaTRbkan;bNÑaFikarsarB½t’manmñak;eQ μaH c½nÞ rtna nigkrNITI2 KWbNÑaFikarsarB½t’manmñak;eToteQ μaH Ehn viPaK fa)ansresrGtßbTRbmafemIlgaysemþc RkumRBH nigsemþc naykrdæm®nþI. GñksarB½t’manTaMgBIrnak;enH RtUv)anpþnÞaeTasdak;Bn§naKar ry³eBl 1 qñaM ehIyenH KWCakarpþnÞaeTas nigkarXMuXaMgelIkTI1 cab;taMgBIsm½yG‘untak; b:uEnþ bursTaMgBIrnak;enHRtUv)anedaHElgmYys)aþh_eRkay edayRBHmhakSRtRTg;RBHraCTaneTas.

kñúgExmina qñaM1996 bNÑaFikarénsarB½t’manPasaevotNamRbqaMgnwgkumμ úynIsþRtUv)an cab;xøÜntamGMeBIcitþ nigbBa¢ÚneTAevotNamEdlCakEnøgKat;RtUv)anpþnÞaeTasdak;Bn§naKar.

viTüú FM rbs;rdæ nigdMbUgeKEtmYyKt;KWviTüúCati FM 96 )ancab;epþImpSayenAkñúgExmina qñaM1999 EdlminEmnCa]bkrN_f μ IeTmantémøsrubRtwm900 duløaGaemrik .

qñaM1997 GñksarB½t’man4nak;RtUv)aneKeFVIXad. enAkñúgkarvayRbharedayRKab;Ebk édmYyeTAelIkarRbCMuénRkumneya)aymYy y:agticmanGñksarBt’man22nak; RtUvrgrbYsehIy mñak;eTot)ansøab;.

enAkñúgninñakarmYyEdlbnþrhUtmkdl;sBVéf¶ viTüú nigTUrTsSn_Cati )anepþatEteTAelI skmμPaBRBHmhakSRt semþc naykrdæmRnþI ¬rYmTaMgkarcak;pSayeLIgvijnUvsunÞrkfaTaMgRsug¦ nigskmμPaBrbs;mRnþInana. viTüú nigTUrTsSn_Cati k¾cak;pSayceRmog nigkmμviFIkMsanþpgEdr.

kñúgEx]sPa qñaM1997 sßanIyTUrTsSn_Cati enARkugRBHsIhnuRtUv)anvayRbharbNþal [Gñkbec©keTsmñak;)at;bg;CIvit eRkayBI ¬sßanIyEdlRKb;RKgedayKNbkSRbCaCnkm


Gñksþab;¼TsSnikCn munnwgRkeLkeTAemIlRbB½n§pSayB½t’mankm


RCavB½t’manmYycMnYn ¬dUcCar)aykarN_EdleKhamXat;sþIBIkarrksuIeQIxusc,ab; nigGMeBIBuk rlYyCaedIm¦ EdlrdæaPi)alEtgEthamXat;min[ecjpSay. dUcCasarB½t’manEdr lkçN³ TUeTAénGuInFWeNt KWPaKeRcIneRbIR)as;EtkñúgcMeNamGñkecHdwgenATIRkugtictYcEtb:ueNÑaH.

meFüa)ayEdl)anerobrab;mkxagelIenH KWCaviFIEdlBlrdækm


sarB½t’man

mRnþIrdæaPi)al nigGñkeFVIGtßaFib,ayRbB½n§pSayB½t’maneRcInGHGagfa karrIkceRmInEpñk {sarB½t’man} km


KaMRTedayGñkneya)ayEdlmanGMNac b¤BaNiC¢kr ehIyvaqøúHbBa©aMg[eXIjnUvPaBlMeGog neya)aycMeBaHecAhVayxøÜnenAkñúgxøwmsarvicarNkfarbs;sarB½t’manenaH. cMeBaHkare)aHBum< sarB½t’mantUc² ecAhVay nigGñksresrvicarNkfarbs;eKGacnwgmankarpøas;bþÚrCaeRcIndg. GMLúgqñaM2000 témøRtwmEt 400 duløa b:ueNÑaHkñúg1ExedIm,ITijTwkcitþsarB½t’manmYyEdlecj pSayBIr-bIdgkñúgmYys)aþh_ b:uEnþbc©úb,nñ minc,as;fa {vaeLIgdl;éføb:un μan} eT37. ¬cMeBaH B½t’manbEnßmGMBIbBaðaBak;B½n§KñaeTAvijeTAmkrbs;km μsiTi§RbB½n§pSayB½t’man nigsunÞrkfalMeGog sUmGanEpñksþIBIkmμsiTi§RbB½n§pSayB½t’man GaCJab½NÑ niglMeGogEpñkneya)ay¦.

GñksarB½t’mankm


Can;x


viTüú

eCaKC½yénviTüúG‘untak; nigkarEckcayviTüúcMnYn 346>000 eRKOg eday\tKitéførbs; GgÁkarshRbCaCatienAedImTsvtSr_1990 KWCakarcab;epþImeFVI[viTüúmanRbCaRbiyPaBy:ag elOnenAkm


enH)aneFVIenaH KWkarCYlema:gpSay[eTAKNbkSCMTas; EdlminGacsMuGaCJab½NÑviTüúxøÜnÉg)an edIm,IpSBVpSayTsSn³ nigkm μviFIneya)ayrbs;eK.

sMxan;bMput viTüúsm,úkXμ úM taMgBIqñaM1999 )anCYlema:gpSayeTA[viTüúGasuIesrI EdlCa viTüúpSaysemøgGnþrCatipþl;mUlniFiedayrdæaPi)alshrdæGaemrik ¬RFA¦ nigviTüúsemøgshrdæ Gaemrik ¬VOA¦. b:unμanqñaMfμ I²enH k¾)anCYlema:gpSayeTAsemøgRbCaFibetyü ¬VOD¦ Edl BImunCaEpñkmYyénGgÁkarsiTi§mnusS begáIteLIgedayelak kwm suxa EdleRkaymk)ancakecj BIGgÁkarenaH ehIymkbegáItKNbkSsiTi§mnusS. rdæaPi)alEtgEtbdiesFminpþl;GaCJab½NÑ[ viTüúGasuIesrI semøgshrdæGaemrik nigsemøgRbCaFibetyüeT.

RBwtiþb½RtsarB½t’manCaPasaExμr kmμviFIBiPakSatamTUrs½BÞ nigevTikarnanarbs;viTüúGasuI esrI semøgshrdæGaemrik nigsemøgRbCaFietyü RBmTaMgviTüúGnþrCati)araMg ¬EdlmansßanIy pÞal;xøÜn¦ eCOfa Cakm μviFImanRbCaRbiyPaB ehIyCaBiesscMeBaHGñksþab;enAPñMeBj45. TaMgGs; Kña eK)anpþl;nUvesckþIraykarN_ nigvicarNkfay:agmuWgm:at; nigÉkraCütamrlkFatuGakas EdlCakarTb;Tl;y:agsMxan;eTAnwgviTüúrdæaPi)alEdlRKbdNþb;elIslb;elIeK.

min)ac;egOgq¶l;eT GñksarB½t’manTaMgGs;enH ehIyCaBiessBYkEdlbeRmIkargarenA viTüúGasuIesrIEdll,IxagraykarN_BImUldæan nigKas;kkaybBaðakarkab;eQIxusc,ab; nigGMeBI BukrlYyEtgEtRbQmmuxCamYynwgkarKMramkMEhg nigbMPitbMP½y. GñkykB½t’manviTüúGasuI esrImYycMnYn)ancakecjBIRbeTsedaysarEtmankarKMramkMEhgdl;GayuCIvit.

eCIgÉkkñúgkarpSayRBwtiþb½RtsarB½t’man viTüúGasuIesrI nigsemøgshrdæGaemrikEdlcak; pSaytamry³viTüúsm,úkXμMú¬EdlBIedImRKan;EtpSaycUlmkkm


rbs;rdæaPi)al b¤CitsñiT§CamYynwgrdæaPi)al ehIyCaBiessCitditCamYyKNbkSRbCaCnkm


B½t’manneya)ay. sßanIyenHpSayvIedGUxøI²sþIBIskm μPaBnayk rdæmRnIþ nigemdwknaMrdæaPi)al epSg²cuHBinitüemIlkargarsaFarN³ nigEckGMeNayry³eBlBIr bInaTI ehIykm μviFI {viPaK} B½t’manvijpSayKMaRTmaKa’KNbkSRbCaCnkm


sarB½t’manPasaEx μrmYycMnYnk¾man {Evbsay} ¬eKhTMB½r¦dUcsarB½t’manPasabreTs Edr dUcCaPñMeBjb:usþ×CaedIm.

EvbsayB½t’manEdlKYr[kt;smÁal;mYyKW KI Media EdlmanBaküesøakfa {pSayEt B½t’manekþAKKukGMBIkm


bc©úb,nñmankøwbnigsmaKmGñksarB½t’mankm


enAkñúgExkkáda qñaM2007 smaKmRbB½n§pSayB½t’mancMnYn 11 rYmKñaedIm,IbegáItRkum RbwkSaCatisarB½t’man58rYmmanGñkedIrtYsMxan;mYyKWsmaKmkm


shB½n§GñksarB½t’manGnþrCati KWCaGgÁkarGñksarB½t’manFMCageKbMputelIBiPBelak EdlmansmaCikRbEhl 500>000nak; enAkñúgRbeTsCag 100. shB½n§enHecjpSaynUv esckþIRbkasB½t’manGMBIkarvayRbharelIGñksarB½t’man nigbBaðaepSg²eToténRbB½n§pSay B½t’man. smaKmGñksarB½t’mankm


GñkRKb;RKgCan;x25 eTA 5 duløa cMeBaHRBwtiþkarN_tUctac ehIyBI10 eTA 20 duløa cMeBaHRBwtiþkarN_FMCag. GñksarB½t’man TUrTsSn_mñak;)anGYtGMBIkarTTYl)an50 duløa CaRbcaMBIKNbkSkan;GMNacenAeBlEdlcUlrYm RBwtiþkarN_GVImYyenAtamextþ edayBnül;fa areFVIdMeNIrk¾RtUveKcMNay[Edr62.

vaCaerOgxusqÁgEdlGgÁkarmYycMnYncMNayR)ak;kas [RbB½n§pSayB½t’manedIm,I[eK cUlrYmkñúgRBwtiþkarN_NamYy. kareFVIEbbenH CakarCRmuj nigBRgwgbBaðasMxan;kñúgbBaðananaén RbB½n§pSayB½t’man-GñksarB½t’manrkcMNUl b¤sgÇwmfanwg)anTTYlR)ak;kasedIm,IcuHpSay ¬b¤ mincuHpSay¦ GtßbTmYy. minmanPaBxusKñaeRcIneBkeT rvagGgÁkarminEmnrdæaPi)alcMNay R)ak;kas[GñksarB½t’manedIm,IcUlrYm nigraykarN_BIsniñsITsarB½t’man nigGñkneya)ay cMNayR)ak;kasedIm,I[GñksarB½t’mansresrvicarNkfasresIrGMBIGñkneya)ayenaH .

Gñkneya)ayCan;x


GMeBIBukrlYyEdlraldalTUeTAenAkñúgRbB½n§pSayB½t’man )aneFVI[mankarsgS½yy:agxøaMg GMBIbBaðafaetIGñksarB½t’manGacedIrtYCaGñkXøaMemIlkñúgkarebIkkkayGMeBIBukrlYy nigkarrMelaP epSg²RbRBwtþedaymRnþIrdæaPi)al b¤buKÁlmanGMNacEdr b¤Gt;? krNId¾sMxan;mYykñúgcMNucenHKW karRbkYtRbECgfμ I²Edlpþl;mUlniFiedaysßanTUtGaemrik ehIycat;EcgedaykøwbGñksarB½t’man km


rdæFmμnuBaØCati

katBVkic©GnþrCatienH RtUv)anTTYlsÁal;edaymaRta 31 énrdæFmμnuBaØkm


EtCabTel μ IsRBhμTNÐdEdl. elIsBIenHeTotenaH GñksarB½t’manNaEdlRtUv)anpþnÞaeTas BIbTbriharekrþ×GacRtUvCab;Bn§naKar RbsinebIKat;minmanlT§PaBbg;karBin½yEdlmantémøcenøaH BI250 eTAdl; 2500 duløa.

karecaTRbkan;mYyeTotEdlCaFm μta mkelIGñkeFVIkarenAkñúgRbB½n§pSayB½t’man ¬enAEt GnuvtþeTasCab;Bn§naKardEdl¦ KWkarpSayB½t’manminBit EdlmanEcgenAkñúgmaRta 62 énRkm RBhμTNÐGnþrkal. tambTbBaØtþienH GñksarB½t’man bNÑaFikar b¤ m©as;RbB½n§pSayB½t’manGac Cab;Bn§naKarrhUtdl; 3 qñaM cMeBaHkarEckcayB½t’manEdl {minBit RbDit Ekøgkøay b¤ P¢ab;B½t’manminBiteTAmnusSTI3Namñak;eTot} niyayfa eK)aneFVIEbbenHEmn {edaybMNg GaRkk; nigmanectnaBüa)aTeK} ehIynaM[ :rMxan b¤ TMngCaeFVI[rMxandl;sniþsuxsaFarN³ :71. lkçxNÐeRkayenH RbsinebIkarpSayenHGacRtUvrkeXIjfamanectnaBüa)aT ehIyva)anbNþal [mankarKMramkMEhgBit²dl; :sniþsuxsaFarN³} enaHnwgGacRtUvpþnÞaeTaskñúgkMritF¶n;b:uEnþFatu BitvapÞúyeTAvij. GñksarB½t’manCaeRcIn nigGñkÉeTotdUcCa emdwknaMGgÁkarminEmnrdæaPi)al RtUv)anpþnÞaeTasedayK μanPsþútagbniþcTal;EtesaHEdlGMeBIrbs;BYkeKCakarBüa)aT b¤ KMramdl; sniþsuxsaFarN³enaH.

RkumGgÁkarsiTi§mnusSnana)anGHGagfac,ab;sþIBIkarpSayB½t’manminBitCakarpÞúyeTAnwg rdæFmμnuBaØénRBHraCaNacRkkm


elIsBIenHeTAeTot karP½yxøac nigkarRtYtBinitüxøÜnÉg nigkarkgVHesrIPaB Edl nieyaCk)anpþl;[sarB½t’manCaeRcIn edIm,Isresr[cM² nigRtwmRtUv)anbNþal[RbB½n§pSay B½t’mankm


PaK 2³ esrIPaBkñúgkarbeBa©jmti nigkarTTYl)an B½t’man

PaBCam©as;kmμsiTi§RbB½n§pSayB½t’man GaCJab½NÑ nig PaBlMeGog xagneya)ay

PaBCam©as;km μsiTi§RbB½n§pSayB½t’mankm


caghaVgsarB½t’maneRbI\T§iBlelIkareRbIB½t’man

13%

16%

10%

29%

11%

21%

0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35%

KμancemøIy

kRm

Cajwkjab;

RbPB³ karsÞg;mtirbs;

tYnaTIrbs;rdæaPi)al

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National Institute of Statistics & Directorate General for Health [Cambodia], and ORC Macro, Cambodia Demographic and Health Survey 2000

O’Keefe, Kathleen, The Media and HIV/AIDS in Cambodia: A Country Assessment, Internews/DFID, May 2005

Sharpe, Wayne. Guiding the Development of Free and Responsible Election Coverage: A Canadian Perspective on Media Coverage of Elections in Cambodia, Canadian Consortium on Human Security, Centre of International Relations, University of British Columbia.

United Nations Cambodia Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, Continuing Patterns of Impunity in Cambodia, October 2005.

United Nations, Report of the Secretary General, Agenda item 112 (b) of the Fiftieth Session of the General Assembly of the United Nations, 26 October 1995.

GtßbT Huang, Bonnie. Camera Shy Broadcasters. KNIGHTline International: Knight International Press Fellowships News. (Winter 2004): 8-13. http://www.knight-international.org/i/knightlinewinter04.pdf.

Loo, Eric. Cambodian journalism ‘flying blind’, 2007 in ‘Media Development’ a publication of the World Association for Christian Communication, http://www.wacc.org.uk/wacc/regional_associations/asia/asian_articles/cambodian_journalism_flying_blind

Lor, Chandara, Media in Cambodia's Emerging Democracy, paper presented at "Media and Democracy in Asia" held by the Asian Media Information and Communication Centre, Singapore, 2003. http://seamedia.org/cambodia.php?story_id=164.

Tenove, Chris. Cambodian media: A 'mad dog' not a watchdog. UBC Journalism Review. April 2001. http://www.journalism.ubc.ca/thunderbird/archives/2001.04/cambodia.html

Tive, Sarayeth. Media Reform Experiences In Cambodia, 2002. http://www.wacc.org.uk/wacc/publications/media_development/archive/2003_1/media_reform_experiences_in_cambodia

epSg² Cambodian People’s Party, The People’s Magazine

Club of Cambodian Journalists, list of attacks and threats 1994-2007

Ministry of Information, List of registered media in Cambodia, June 2007.

Press Law (1995), Cambodia. Available at http://www.cdpcambodia.org/press_law.asp.

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