Los Dominados y El Arte de La Resistencia - JAMES C. SCOTT

8/22/2019 Los Dominados y El Arte de La Resistencia - JAMES C. SCOTT

1/214


2/214

oogtmtlgo

Kgo fmse eo uo kgogklbleotg prgiuohg he cm nlstgrlm y cm cltermturm, este clfrg girekegpuestm grlalomc pmrm ec estuhlg he cms recmklgoes he pgher. Zmrte he uo nekng lokuestlgomfce

mktgres he cm vlhm sgklmc y cm pgctlkm og rehukeo sus loterveoklgoes mc eskeomrlg pfclkg. Zotrmrlg, cgs tebms he bmygr lbpgrtmoklm se hlrlbeo iuerm hec mckmoke hec mhversmrlg, kmolsbgs kgo que cgs hgblomhgs gkuctmo g hlslbucmo sus prgpsltgs resuctmo vltmces, mu

umklgoes he recmtlvm estmflclhmh. Ec mutgr prgpgoe, pues, eoigkmr og cms igrbms mpmreotes

aebgom, slog cms prktlkms kgtlhlmoms que se verlilkmo hetrs he cm mreom pfclkm0 prlvlcealhlskursgs gilklmces, slog cgs prgkehlbleotgs he eokufrlbleotg cloastlkg, cgs khlags gkuctrgveknmbleotg hec mogolbmtg y cm mbflaehmh loteoklgomc, pmrm hesklirmr, kgo esgs hmtgoduotg he cms recmklgoes he pgher.


3/214

mbes K. [kgtt

gs hgblomhgs y ec mrte he cm reslsteoklm


4/214

lskursgs gkuctgsKgcekklo4 Zrgfcebms he BxlkgXrmhukklo he Dgrae Maulcmr BgrmXtucg grlalomc4 Hgblomtlgo moh tne Mrts gi Veslstmoke. Nlhheo Xrmoskrlptg =


5/214

armheklbleotgs

Buknm aeote be myuh he buknms bmoerms kgo este bmouskrltg. Ec resuctmhg iueubucmklo he mktgs lohlvlhumces he aeoergslhmh y ogfcezm edebpcmres que, hurmote uo tleghudg eo b uom espekle he ebfgteccmbleotg lotecektumc. Kgbeok m peosmr que estm sltumklbg uom lbmaeo lovertlhm he cm bmog lovlslfce he Mhmb [bltn. Heskgoaestlgomr ec trpclkmfm bmtmr m vmrlgs kgohuktgres, eoterrmr sus venkucgs y vgcver m pmvlbeotmr cm kmrreterm mquccgs ouokm nuflermo exlstlhg. Cms edekuklgoes y cgs eotlerrgs se nlklergo kgo cm hlaflhm y cms vktlbms se pueheo kgosgcmr kgo ec nekng he que tres he bls prgplgs vstmagsptucgs 6, ; y 5) iuergo veohmhgs, kgohuklhgs mc pmreho y edekutmhgs submrlmbeote, muoque ortm moaustlm. Ec resuctmhg iue, kreg, que ec trilkg lotecektumc se revltmclz y puhg iculr he oo fmstmote rmplhez, muoque, be pmreke, m kgstm he eclblomr lotersekklgoes que nuflermo pgslflcicudg eo hliereotes hlrekklgoes y nmklm ouevms betms. Ce tgkm mc cektgr heklhlr sl ec cuamr mmcbeote cceambgs dustlilkm ec trmfmdg lovertlhg.

Eotre cms mtrmktlvms betms que quehmrgo iuerm he ouestrg ltloermrlg esto cms que nuf

earmhg bs otlbmbeote bl ebpresm m cgs mktumces hefmtes terlkgs sgfre ec pgher, cm neaebgreslsteoklm. Zgr edebpcg, exlste uo hlcgag lbpckltg eotre estm gfrm y cm he Draeo Nmferbpeklmc, su tegrm he cm kgbpeteoklm he cm kgbuolkmklo), cms he Zlerre Fgurhleu y Blknec Iguec puotg hgohe se momclzm cm ogrbmclzmklo g omturmclzmklo hec pgher0 cm he [teveo Cu`es yveotm eo recmklo kgo cgs hlstlotgs "rgstrgs hec pgher"0 cm he Irehrlk Dmbesgo y su "lokgoskctlkg", y, bs rekleotebeote, cm he [usmo [tmohigrh Irlehbmo y "cg reprlblhg eo cm omrrmtlbuderes". Bl moclsls nm teolhg preseote cm exlsteoklm he estms gfrms. [lo ebfmrag, kreg qu

ferbe heteolhg y remclzmhg uo hlcgag m igohg kgo kumcqulerm he eccms, nuflerm loterrubplalkm he bl mraubeotg y, pegr mo, nuflerm terblomhg kgovlrtlohgcg eo mcag bs vehmhg

tgres pgkg lokclomhgs m cgs hlskursgs terlkgs.Ce hefg ec omklbleotg he este clfrg m Tm`mrlmn Mfhuccmn, bmestrg he sloaucmr pmkleoklm y msloaucmr aeoergslhmh, quleo be eose kmsl tghg cg que s he cm vlhm rurmc bmcmym.

M cgs blebfrgs he uo seblomrlg loigrbmc que se reuom m cm ngrm he cm kgblhm garmbm he Kleoklm, Xekogcgam y [gklehmh hec Bmssmknusetts Lostltute gi Xeknogcgay, mc que =8 kgo uom fekm Exxgo, ces heferm marmheker pgr ec loters que bgstrmrgo mote cm prl

rslo, mo ruhlbeotmrlm, he cm lhem fslkm he este clfrg. Eo sus hlversms igrbms, estm lhem nmmblomhm, utlclzmhm, krltlkmhm, retrmfmdmhm y rlhlkuclzmhm pgr cgs estuhlmotes he clkeoklmturm hblomrlg "Kmreoklm he pgher y hepeoheoklm". [u perspektlvm y sus trmfmdgs sgfre cm eskcmvlt

vlhubfre, cgs kmbpgs he kgokeotrmklo, cms prlslgoes, cms kmsms he retlrg, cgs que vlveo eces y cms buderes iuergo bukng bs ehukmtlvgs he cg que yg espermfm. Mpreoh m heseoteohsus mcmfmozms y m mbpclilkmr sus krtlkms, ym que yg erm quleo cgs kmclilkmfm.

Eo ec vermog he =1, kgo ec estbucg lotecektumc (pmrm og beoklgomr ec mcgdmbleotgblhm) hec Hepmrtmbeotg he Nlstgrlm hec Zmkilkg y hec [uheste Msltlkg, perteoekleote mc KLovestlamklgoes sgfre ec Zmkilkg he cm Uolverslhmh Omklgomc he Mustrmclm, ec moclsls hems kgotlou perg mngrm ym heklhlhmbeote. Xgoy Velh og scg gramolz cm vlsltm, slog tmbfl

blomrlg hgohe bl tghmvm prgpuestm lolklmc iue ec gfdetg he tmc kmotlhmh he krtlkms tmo vmrlo hlrlalhms y kgotuoheotes que prktlkmbeote tuve que ebpezmr he kerg. Muoque eo ec bgbeo

nuflerm pghlhg heklr, cm experleoklm iue buy estlbucmote heshe ec puotg he vlstm lotecektumc, y


6/214

lerg marmheker eo espeklmc m Aymoeohrm Zmohey, Hlpesn Knm`rmfmrty, Vmomdlt Aunm, Xgoy Bve @esscer, Dmble Bmk`le, Frlmo Ieamo, Cem Decloe`, @eo \guoa y Ogrbmo Gweo. Este ber eokueotrg kgo cm eoeram lotecektumc hec Arupg he Estuhlgs he cm [ufmcterolhmh que osigrbmhg cm nlstgrlgarmim hec sur he Mslm he bmoerm heklslvm. Vmomdlt Aunm, mutgr he uom gfalomclhmh y mbpcltuh iuohmbeotmces, es ec keotrg he este arupg. [l yg nuflerm pghlhg revlsouskrltg eo buknms he cms bmoerms suaerlhms pgr sus mauhms gfservmklgoes, ste nuflerm slhhm uo bedgr clfrg, que m su vez nuflerm retrlfulhg bukng bedgr cm mblstmh que Vmomdlt Aekntnlch ce gireklergo. Gtrgs mblags he Kmoferrm que kgotrlfuyergo m este clfrg iuergo Xgoy D

ceo Velh, Nmrdgt [. Gfergl, [usmo F. K. Hevmcce, Kcmlre Blcoer y @eooy Frmhcey, quleo nlzque puhg pmrm eosemrbe m trmsqulcmr gvedms kgbg uo verhmherg mustrmclmog.Uo mg eo ec Lostltutg he Estuhlgs Mvmozmhgs, que se bmotleoe eo pmrte kgo igohgs hec Mbe

uoklc gi Cemroeh [gkletles y ec Omtlgomc Eohgwbeot igr tne Nubmoltles, represeot ec gmsg pgslfce cms exteosms cekturms y cm trmoqulclhmh oekesmrlm pmrm kgbeozmr m eskrlflr.clamklgoes bolbms que requlere cm Eskuecm he Kleoklms [gklmces hec Lostltutg y cgs loteclaklogs que mcc se pueheo eokgotrmr iuergo uom kgbflomklo kmsl lhemc. Hefg mqu beoklgomr mklogs, que nlklergo bl estmoklm buy prgvekngsm4 Kcliigrh Aeertz, Mcfert Nlrsknbmo, Dgmo knmec Qmczer, Ym ceotloe Hmolec, Ecclgt [ngre, Nmrry Qgcii, Zea Kcmr`, Cuklcce Mclseo, F

rostelo-[bltn, [mohy Cevlosgo y Zmuc Ireehbmo. Og puehg tmbpgkg reslstlr cm teotmklrmheker pfclkmbeote mc "heskgogklhg og furkrmtm" que kgoveokl m cgs mppmrmtknl`spmrs amccloms he cm ilestm he Mprlc IggcP=R puhlermo quehmrse uogs hms eo ec buy kulhmhg pmtltltutg.

Eo hliereotes gkmslgoes mkmhblkms, bl pfclkg se vlg gfclamhg m eskuknmr irmabeotgber fgrrmhgr y cgs resuctmhgs, mc beogs pmrm b, iuergo buy feoilkgs, muoque eo kmslgoes be puslergo m peosmr eo cm pertloeoklm he bl lovestlamklo. Marmhezkg, pues, m mque eskuknmrgo y que gkmslgomcbeote nlklergo krtlkms hevmstmhgrms eo cm Uolverslhmmsnloatgo ([emttce), eo cm Uolverslhmh he Ymoherflct, eo cm Uolverslhmh Dgnos Ngp`los,

otrg he Estuhlgs Kgbpmrmhgs sgfre ec Hlskursg y cm [gklehmh he cm Uolverslhmh he BlooesgKeotrg Hmvls he cm Uolverslhmh he Zrloketgo, eo cm Uolverslhmh he Fgstgo, eo cm Uolverslhr-[ewmoke, eo cm Uolverslhmh Qmsnloatgo ([t. Cguls), eo cm Uolverslhmh Estmtmc he Xreotolty Kgcceae (Kgooektlkut), cm Uolverslhmh Kgroecc, cm Uolverslhmh he Qlskgoslo (Bmhlsg

olverslhmh [t. Cmwreoke, cm Uolverslhmh he Kmcligrolm (Lrvloe), cm Uolverslhmh hec Ogogls, cm Uolverslhmh he Kmcligrolm (Cgs Moaeces), cm Uolverslhmh he Kgpeonmaue, cm UolveGscg y cm Uolverslhmh he Atefera.

Beoklo espeklmc berekeo mcauoms heuhms lotecektumces preseotes eo este clfrg. Cm gfrrloatgo Bggre gkupm uo cuamr buy lbpgrtmote, lokcusg kumohg og se nmke reiereoklm m eccm, y

rte he bl moclsls se puehe ceer kgbg uom kgoversmklo kgo cgs pmsmdes bs suaestlvgs he suustlke. Cg blsbg se puehe heklr he cm gfrm he Burrmy Ehecbmo, kgo cm kumc seao cg mkmskufrlr ne estmhg hefmtleohg hurmote bukng tlebpg. Lokcusg sl og cceambgs m cms bokcuslgoes, Bggre y Ehecbmo se nmo nekng cms blsbms preauotms que yg. Xeoag tmbflo uomuhm kgo cm lbpreslgomote heskrlpklo que nmke Armot Evmos he cm kerebgolm eo Yleogrpgrmhm eo ec kmptucg ;. EoVefecs lo tne Ombe gi tne Xsmr, he Hmolec Ilech, se eokueotrmbeotgs fslkgs he bl moclsls hec bgomrqulsbg loaeoug mc ilomc hec kmptucg 8.

Kgbg hlde motes, buknms persgoms hlergo kmotlhmh he gplolgoes buy hliereotes sgfrclsls eo su igrbm grmc g eskrltm, perg, sl cm bmygrm iue pmrm bedgr, og se puehe heklr que olo

nmym perbltlhg mvmozmr kgo bmygr rmplhez. Uogs peosmfmo que yg estmfm cmhrmohg mc


7/214

ulvgkmhg0 gtrgs que ec rfgc erm ec kgrrektg, perg que bl bmoerm erm cm equlvgkmhm0 gtreauotmfmo slbpcebeote sl teom seotlhg que yg estuvlerm cmhrmohg0 y gtrgs bs, pgr igrtuogrpgrmfmo m cm kmkerm y be myuhmfmo m que bgrhlerm ms kgbg cmhrmfm. [cg se be gkurre m clstm kgo sus ogbfres, slo grheo oloauog, pmrm que kumcqulerm he eccgs puehm oeamr kumcolhmh kgo cm pgslklo que ne trmtmhg he heilolr. Eccgs sgo (resplreo ngohg)4 Ehwmrh y [ehbmo, Dmo Argss, Armot Evmos, Xgoy Velh, Hgo Ebbersgo, Cegomrh Hggf, Dgsepn Err

sepn CmZmcgbfmrm, Neceo [lu, [usmooe Qgiigrh, Hefgrmn Hmvls, Demo Maoew, [teveo vlh Zcgtè, Fruke Mkèrbmo, Aegrae [nucbmo, Lmo [nmplrg, Vgaers [bltn, Dgomtnmo Vlehe

oe, Eh Clohfcgb, [neccey Furtt, Bmrk Ceohcer, [nerry Grtoer, Bmry @mtzeostelo, Dmk` Yeuf Nmrbs, Feo @er`vclet, Flcc @cmusoer, Knuk` Areokn, Dgmo [kgtt, Blknmec Qmcser, Ylue, Knemn Fggo Veoa, Neceo Cmoe, Zeter [mnclos, Fruke Clokgco, Vlknmrh Ceppert, [tumrmurlke Fcgkn, Xeghgr [nmolo, Kmtnerloe Nmcc, Heolse Vlcey, Lvmo @mts, Cgulse [kgtt, Deiirey b Ierausgo, Hmo Cev, Blknmec BkKmoo, [usmo [tgès, Eccls Agchfera, Omtmcle Tebgo wreoke [tgoe, Ezrm [ucelbmo, Feo Mohersgo, Hgo [kgtt, Hmvlh Kgneo, [usmo Ek`stelo

bmlc, Aegra Ecwert, Cescle Mohersgo, Dgno Fgweo, Vghgcpne he @golok`, Bmrle-Mohre Kguomtnmo Zggc, Duhy [wmosgo, Irltz Ameosceo, Ccgyh Bggte, Armke Agghecc, Mohrzed Xybgws`ppersgo, Xgb Zmoace, Bmramret Kcmr`, Znlc Echrlae, Ylaag Fruo, Omoky Mfecbmoo, Dgno F

eclssm Ogfces y Vussecc Blhhcetgo.Uo oberg bs pequeg he kgceams nlzg uom cekturm ilom y blouklgsm hec bmouskrltg kgb

be eovl suaereoklms que se pghmo lokgrpgrmr, ms kgbg krtlkms persplkmkes que eo mcamslgoes be hedmrgo perpcedg. [u myuhm y sus krtlkms bedgrmrgo slo huhm ec clfrg y kreg qulergo uo pgkg bs smflg, cg que og slaolilkm que cm verslo ilomc nmym kubpclhg oekesmrlmb

o sus expektmtlvms. Msubg tghm cm respgosmflclhmh (kgbg sl tuvlerm mcteromtlvm). Estgs fueams sgo Burrmy Ehecbmo, Kcliigrh Aeertz, Krmwigrh \guoa, Deoolier Ngknsknlch, Vmbmkn

unm, Blknmec Mhms, Irmo Zlveo, Mrcle Vussecc Ngknsknlch, Clcm Mfu-Cuangh, Mrlstlhe Tgcmlre Demo @lb. Mqu ces mseaurg m tghgs eccgs que ouokm kgbeter he ouevg ec errgr he pehlr

osedg pgr bl fleo y pgr su fleo.Uom verslo uo pgkg hliereote hec kmptucg ; se pufclk kgo ec ttucg he "Ec prestlalg

kursg pfclkg he cm hgblomklo" eo uo oberg espeklmc he Kucturmc Krltlque hehlkmhgkgogbm hec prestlalg", m kmrag he Vlknmrh Ceppert y Fruke Clokgco, o. =6, prlbmverm he =5-99.

@my Bmosilech, hlrektgrm hec Kgosedg he Estuhlgs sgfre ec [uheste Msltlkg he cm Uolve\mce, nlzg tghg cg pgslfce pmrm que este bmouskrltg iuerm kgokculhg. Mqu ce marmhezk

iuerzg, su mblstmh, su eilkmklm y su tmceotg pmrm cm revlslo. Vutn Buessla, Bmry Qnltoey y bsteh iuergo he armo myuhm eo cms ctlbms y ireotlkms kgrrekklgoes, Cgulse y ouestrgs nldgs s

ohg uo gfstkucg he bl prghuktlvlhmh he lovestlamhgr. Og veo oloauom rmzo terreomc pmrm qulerm seaulr pmsmohg tmotg tlebpg eskrlfleohg clfrgs, hmhg ec loevltmfce kgstg eo sgcehmh grtuolhmhes perhlhms. Este clfrg, kgbg cgs moterlgres, iue eskrltg eo kgotrm he sus teiuerzgs pgr nmkerbe eotrmr eo rmzo. [lo eccgs, og kmfe cm beogr huhm, yg nuflerm pghlhg ess y, qulo smfe, nmstm vgcverbe uo pgkg bs smflg. Kgo tghg, su kgbpmm es bukng bs vmcl


8/214

reimklg

Cm lhem he este clfrg sural he bls perslsteotes, y og buy peoetrmotes, esiuerzgs pgr eoteohmklgoes he kcmse eo uo puefcg bmcmyg. Mcc reklf verslgoes eokgotrmhms he trmosmkklgorrms, he tmsms smcmrlmces, he rmoags sgklmces y he kmbflgs tekogcalkgs. Eo s blsbms, rslgoes og ermo buy sgrpreoheotes hmhgs cgs kgoiclktgs he lotereses eotre hliereotes nmfltmoteefcg. Bs perturfmhgr erm ec nekng he que eo gkmslgoes mcauogs he eccgs se kgotrmhekmosbgs. \ scg hespus he klertg tlebpg be hl kueotm he que estms kgotrmhlkklgoes mpmrrtlkucmr muoque og exkcuslvmbeote eotre cgs nmfltmotes bs pgfres y bs ekgoblkmbpeohleotes. Cm hepeoheoklm erm tmo lbpgrtmote kgbg cm pgfrezm, pues nmfm mcauogs pgfrestmote mutgogbm que expresmfmo gplolgoes kgoslsteotes e lohepeohleotes.

Bs mo, cms kgotrmhlkklgoes respgohmo m klertm calkm seao su puotg he mrtlkucmklo smohg yg clbltmfm ec prgfcebm m cms recmklgoes he kcmse uog he bukngs prgfcebms, pme cgs pgfres nmfcmfmo he uom bmoerm eo preseoklm he cgs rlkgs y he gtrm kumohg se nmccmfmo rsgoms he su blsbm kgohlklo. Mslblsbg, cgs rlkgs og se hlrlamo m cgs pgfres he cm blsbm b

e se kgbuolkmfmo eotre s. Estms ermo cms hliereoklms bs pmteotes. Gtrms hliereoklms bs sutlhmo hlskerolr seao cm kgbpgslklo exmktm hec arupg eblsgr y, pgr supuestg, hec prgfcebkuslo. [lo hmrbe kueotm, be vl buy prgotg rekurrleohg m estm calkm sgklmc pmrm lohmamr gumklgoes eo cms kumces yg puhlerm kgoirgotmr uo hlskursg kgo gtrg y, pgr heklrcg ms, trlmoaucurslo eo uo terrltgrlg heskgogklhg. Eo ec bmrkg he estgs estrekngs iloes, ec btghg iuo

stmote fleo y ec resuctmhg mpmrekl eo Qempgos gi tne Qem`4 Everyhmy Igrbs gi Zeslstmoke(\mce Uolverslty Zress, =5), espeklmcbeote eo cms pp. 6>8->


9/214

lsbg e lokcusg sgfre lostltuklgoes tgtmclzmhgrms P6R kgbg krkeces y kmbpgs he prlslgoergerrm.

Bl estuhlg sgfre uo pequeg puefcg bmcmyg iue oekesmrlmbeote uo moclsls hetmccmhg, mzmro perspektlvm nlstrlkm he uo tedlhg sgklmc espekilkg. Og es ec kmsg he ste, ec kumc, kgrgxlbmklo ekcktlkm y esquebtlkm, oleam bukngs he cgs prloklplgs he cms gfrms pgsbgherooque s kgbpmrte kgo ec pgsbgherolsbg cm kgovlkklo he que og exlste uo ecebeotg sgklmc, oslklo momctlkm heshe cm kumc se puehm heterblomr cm vermklhmh he uo textg g he uo hlskursg. oveoklhg he que cm lovestlamklo hetmccmhm he uo gfdetg espekilkg es lohlspeosmfce pmrm cm te

rg tmbflo kreg que, kumohg mcauoms slblcltuhes estrukturmces heclbltmo ouestrg kmbpservmklo, ec rekgrrlhg pgr hlversms kucturms y etmpms nlstrlkms puehe ser he klertm utlclhmh.Ms pues, cm preblsm he cm que pmrte cm estrmtealm momctlkm he este clfrg es que cms igrb

blomklo kgo slblcltuhes estrukturmces tleoeo uo mlre he imblclm. Eo cgs kmsgs he cm eskcmvltuvlhubfre y cm sufgrhlomklo he kmstms, estms slblcltuhes sgo fmstmote kcmrms. Kmhm uog heoslste eo cm lostltuklgomclzmklo he uo slstebm pmrm mprgplmrse hec trmfmdg, cgs fleoes vlklgs he uom pgfcmklo sufgrhlomhm. Eo uo olvec igrbmc, cgs arupgs sufgrhlomhgs eo esgshgblomklo kmrekeo he herekngs pgctlkgs y klvlces, y su pgslklo sgklmc quehm heilolhm mc oog eo cm prktlkm, s eo prloklplg, est exkculhm cm bgvlclhmh sgklmc. Cms lhegcgams que dust

ms igrbms he hgblomklo rekgogkeo cms pgslklgoes he loierlgrlhmh y superlgrlhmh, cms kumcesz, se trmhukeo eo rltgs g prgkehlbleotgs que reaucmo cgs kgotmktgs pfclkgs eotre cgs hlsoags. M pesmr he klertg armhg he lostltuklgomclzmklo, cms recmklgoes eotre ec mbg y ec eskcmvg,segr y ec slervg, eotre cm kmstm superlgr nloh y cgs lotgkmfces sgo igrbms he agflerog pere prgplklmo cm kgohuktm mrfltrmrlm y kmprlkngsm he cgs superlgres. Xghms estms recmklgoes otmblomhms pgr uo ecebeotg he terrgr persgomc0 uo terrgr que puehe tgbmr cm igrbm he agcfltrmrlms, frutmclhmh sexumc, losuctgs y nublccmklgoes pfclkms. Zgr edebpcg, uom eskcmvrtlkucmr puehe teoer cm suerte he eskmpmr m ese tlpg he trmtg, perg ec nekng he que eccm sepm qupghrm sukeher heiloe ec kgoduotg he cms recmklgoes kgo su mbg. Ilomcbeote, cgs sufgrhlomhg

rteoekeo m esms estrukturms he hgblomklo eo armo eskmcm tleoeo, og gfstmote, uom vlhm sstmote vmrlmhm iuerm he cgs cbltes lobehlmtgs estmfceklhgs pgr ec mbg. Eo prloklplg, es mqe tlpg he mlscmbleotg, hgohe se puehe hesmrrgccmr uom krtlkm kgbo he cm hgblomklo.

Este pmreoteskg estrukturmc que mkmfg he heskrlflr es iuohmbeotmc, heshe ec puotg he vlsclsls, pmrm ec tlpg he pcmotembleotg que pleosg nmker eo este clfrg. Zgr supuestg, he olooerm qulerg heklr que cgs eskcmvgs, cgs slervgs, cgs lotgkmfces, cgs kgcgolzmhgs y cms

betlhms kgbpmrtmo kmrmkterstlkms lobutmfces. Milrbmklgoes eseoklmclstms he ese tlpggsteolfces. Zerg s qulerg heklr que, mc hebgstrmrse que cms estrukturms he hgblomklo gperoerm slblcmr, tmbflo pghr perklflrse kbg estms blsbms nmkeo suralr, sl ec restg h

ohlklgoes og kmbflm, remkklgoes y estrmtealms he reslsteoklm mslblsbg kgbpmrmfces m arags. He esm bmoerm, cgs eskcmvgs y cgs slervgs que ogrbmcbeote og se mtreveo m reknmzoerm mflertm cms kgohlklgoes he su sufgrhlomklo buy prgfmfcebeote kremro y heieoher

kgohlhms, uo espmklg sgklmc eo ec kumc se pghr expresmr uom hlslheoklm bmralomc mc hlsklmc he cms recmklgoes he pgher. Cms igrbms espekilkms he cm reclalo he cgs eskcmvgs que mhe espmklg sgklmc (pgr edebpcg, cgs hlsirmkes cloastlkgs, cgs khlags rltumces, cms tmferomlms, cgs "nusn-mrfgrs")P;Rg ec kgoteolhg espekilkg he cm hlslheoklm (pgr edebpcg, cm espermorearesg he uo prgietm, cm mareslo rltumc m trmvs he cm fruderm, cm kecefrmklo he nrges refecbrtlres he cm reslsteoklm) sgo olkgs he mkuerhg kgo cms oekeslhmhes prgplms he cm kucturmtgrlm he cgs mktgres que cgs mhgptmo. Kgo ec ilo he esfgzmr igrbms buy aeoermces,


10/214

lfermhmbeote pgr mctg cm espeklilklhmh he cms igrbms he sufgrhlomklo cms hliereoklmsbpcg, eotre cm eskcmvltuh eo ec Kmrlfe y eo cgs Estmhgs Uolhgs, eotre cm servlhubfre eo Irmoslacg ^YLL y m behlmhgs hec slacg ^YLLL, eotre cm servlhubfre eo Vuslm y eo Irmoklm

versms realgoes, etkterm. Ec vmcgr que teoamo estms igrbms buy aeoermces que vgy m esfgzmrg se pghr ver kumohg se kgcgqueo kcmrmbeote eo sltumklgoes nlstrlkm y kucturmcbeoteilolhms.

Es gfvlg, pgr cms estrukturms que eskga expcgrmr, que prlvlcealg cms kuestlgoes recmklgomhmhlaolhmh y cm mutgogbm, cms kumces eo aeoermc nmo slhg kgoslhermhms kgbg sekuohmrlms

pcgtmklo bmterlmc. Exlsteo prktlkms y rltumces pmrm heolarmr, gieoher y mtmkmr cgs kuerpgsoermhgs eo igrbm rutlomrlm pgr cm eskcmvltuh, cm servlhubfre, ec slstebm he kmstms, ec kgcgolmc rmklsbg, kgostltuyeo uom armo pmrte, seao pmreke, he cgs hlskursgs gkuctgs he cms vktlbms. bms he gpreslo, kgbg verebgs, ces oleamo m cgs hgblomhgs ese cudg omhm extrmgrhlomrlg lprgklhmh oeamtlvm4 fgietmhm pgr fgietmhm, losuctg pgr losuctg. Lokcusg eo ec kmsg he cm rerm kgotebpgroem, cgs mtmques m cm hlaolhmh persgomc y ec rlaurgsg kgotrgc he cms ngrmfmdg sgo tebms tmo hestmkmhgs eo cgs testlbgolgs he cm expcgtmklo kgbg cms pregkupmklgoespekilkms hec hesebpceg y hec smcmrlg.

Bl gfdetlvg, buy aeoermc, kgoslste eo bgstrmr kbg pghrmbgs bedgrmr ouestrm ce

erpretmklo y kgbpreoslo he cm kgohuktm pgctlkm, buknms vekes kmsl lompreoslfce, he cgs arfgrhlomhgs. Kbg pghebgs estuhlmr cms recmklgoes he pgher kumohg cgs que kmrekeo he c sclamhgs kgo irekueoklm m mhgptmr uom mktltuh estrmtalkm eo preseoklm he cgs pghergsgs y kugs, m su vez, eotleoheo que ces kgovleoe sgfremktumr su reputmklo y su pgher7 [l mkeptr

hg estg cltermcbeote, kgrrermbgs ec rlesag he kgoiuohlr cg que tmc vez sem scg uom tktlkm kgoestrukturm he cms recmklgoes he pgher. Bl prgpsltg es gtrg4 trmtg he hmrce seotlhg m uo esereote hec pgher que heskufre kgotrmhlkklgoes, teoslgoes y pgslflclhmhes lobmoeotes. Kmhm afgrhlomhg prghuke, m pmrtlr he su suirlbleotg, uo hlskursg gkuctg que represeotm uom krtlkher m espmchms hec hgblomhgr. Ec pghergsg, pgr su cmhg, tmbflo ecmfgrm uo hlskursg gkuctg h

mrtlkucmo cms prktlkms y cms exlaeoklms he su pgher que og se pueheo expresmr mflertmbbpmrmohg ec hlskursg gkuctg he cgs hflces kgo ec he cgs pghergsgs, y mbfgs kgo ec hlsfclkg he cms recmklgoes he pgher, mkkehebgs m uom bmoerm iuohmbeotmcbeote hlstlotm he eotreslsteoklm mote ec pgher.

Hespus he uo prloklplg bs fleo cltermrlg, hgohe se rekurre m Aegrae Eclgt y m Aegrae Geotg bgstrmr kbg ec prgkesg he hgblomklo prghuke uom kgohuktm pfclkm neaebolkm kursg trms fmbfmcloms, que kgoslste eo cg que og se ce puehe heklr hlrektmbeote mc pghesbg tlebpg, expcgrg ec prgpsltg neaebolkg que gperm hetrs he estgs ederklklgs he pgblslo, trmtmohg he mverlaumr m qulo esto hlrlalhgs. Estm lovestlamklo kgohuke, m su vez,

mcumklo he pgr qu, lokcusg eo ec kmsg he cms cekturms rlaurgsms he hgkubeotmklo nlstrlnlvg, se tleohe m reskmtmr uom recmklo neaebolkm he cms recmklgoes he pgher. \g pgstucg qarupgs que kmrekeo he pgher ces loteresm, bleotrms og rekurreo m uom verhmherm ref

osplrmr pmrm reigrzmr cms mpmrleoklms neaebolkms.Ec seotlhg he estms mpmrleoklms scg se pghr kgogker sl cms kgbpmrmbgs kgo ec hls

fgrhlomhg eo sltumklgoes mdeoms m cm recmklo he pgher. Zuestg que gkuctm m cm vlalcmoklm hlrekbg bedgr se hesmrrgccm cm reslsteoklm lhegcalkm, ser oekesmrlg que exmbloebgs cgs pklmces hgohe puehe suralr esm reslsteoklm.

[l pmrm heskghlilkmr cms recmklgoes he pgher iuerm oekesmrlg uo mkkesg tgtmc mc hlskursg bogs kcmohestlog he cgs arupgs sufgrhlomhgs, cgs estuhlgsgs hec pgher nlstrl


11/214

otebpgroeg se eokgotrmrmo mote uo kmccedo slo smclhm. Zerg og teoebgs que hesespermes eo aeoermc ec hlskursg gkuctg terblom bmoliestohgse mflertmbeote, muoque hlsirmzmhg. Ms uleohg estm coem he rmzgombleotg, sualerg que loterpretebgs cgs rubgres, ec knlsbe, cgs kupucmres, cms kmoklgoes, cgs aestgs, cgs knlstes y ec temtrg kgbg venkucgs que slrveo, eotre sms, pmrm que cgs hesvmclhgs losloeo sus krtlkms mc pgher mc tlebpg que se prgteaeo golbmtg g trms expclkmklgoes logkeotes he su kgohuktm. Estgs bekmolsbgs pmrm hlsirmzufgrhlomklo lhegcalkm sgo eo klertm bmoerm sebedmotes, seao ne pghlhg gfservmr eo

vestlamklgoes, m cgs que cgs kmbpeslogs y cgs eskcmvgs nmo usmhg pmrm gkuctmr sus esiuerzg

pehlr cm mprgplmklo bmterlmc he su trmfmdg, he su prghukklo y he su prgplehmh4 pgr edebpzm iurtlvm, cms tktlkms hlcmtgrlms eo ec trmfmdg, ec nurtg, cgs eoamgs, cms iuams. Eo kgoduotg,bms he losufgrhlomklo se pueheo mhekumhmbeote ccmbmr cm loirmpgctlkm he cgs hesvmclhgs.

Ilomcbeote, kreg que cm lhem he uo hlskursg gkuctg ogs myuhm m eoteoher esgs rmrgs bgbeoteoslhmh pgctlkm eo que, kgo buknm irekueoklm pgr prlberm vez eo cm nlstgrlm, ec hlskursg gkupresm pfclkm y expckltmbeote eo cm kmrm hec pgher.


12/214

HEXV[ HE CM NL[XGVLM GILKLMC

Xlebfcm mc prgouoklmr cms pmcmfrms heclfertmh mote ec tlrmog.Kgrlieg, eoCms fmkmoteshe Eurplhes

Ec cmfrmhgr y ec mrtesmog, m pesmr he ser slrvleoteshe su mbg, kubpceo kgo su gfclamklokumohg nmkeo cg que se ces plhe. Zerg ec Xlrmogve m mqueccgs que cg rghemo kgbg sl estuvlermorgamohg y plhleohg sus imvgres0 y stgs hefeonmker og scg cg que c ces grheom, slog que hefeo

peosmr cg que c qulere que pleoseo, y cm bmygrmhe cms vekes tmbflo hmrce smtlsimkklo y nmstmmhecmotmrse m sus peosmbleotgs. Og fmstm kgo gfehekerce,

eccgs tmbflo hefeo marmhmrce0 hefeo ngstlamr, tgrturmr,qu hlag, bmtmr eo [ervlklg suyg0 y P...R hefeo reouoklmrm sus austgs pgr cgs austgs he c, vlgceotmr suslokclomklgoes y hesnmkerse he su prgplgtebpermbeotg omturmc. Hefeo gfservmr mteotmbeote

sus pmcmfrms, su vgz, sus gdgs y nmstm sus kmfezmhmshe sueg. Og hefeo teoer gdgs, ples, ol bmogs,

slog que hefeo estmr KGBZCEXMBEOXE mcertms,esplmohg su vgcuotmh y heskufrleohg sus peosmbleotgs.

Estm es uom vlhm ieclz7Bs mo, bereke estg ccmbmrse vlhm7Estleooe he cm Fgetle,Uo hlskursg sgfre cm servlhubfre vgcuotmrlm

\ ec ghlg bs loteosg est tmo mrrmlamhg, quelbpgoe ec slceoklg y kgovlerte cm venebeoklm eouo reokgr kgostruktlvg, eo uom molqulcmklolbmalomrlm hec gfdetg hetestmhg, mcag ms kgbg cgs

rltgs gkuctgs he veoamozm kgo cgs kumces cgsperseaulhgs hesmngamo terrlfcebeote su kcerm.Aegrae Eclgt,

Hmolec Hergohm

[l cm expreslo "nmfcmrce kgo cm verhmh mc pgher" tleoe tghmvm uo nmcg utplkg, lokcusg ebgkrmklms bgheroms, se hefe slo huhm m que rmrm vez se prmktlkm. Ec hlslbucg he cgs hflcespgher hliklcbeote es bgtlvg he sgrpresm, pues es tmo uflkug, he nekng, que mpmreke eo buumklgoes he pgher eo cms kumces ste se ederke he tmc igrbm que ec seotlhg grhlomrlg he pgh

ecve lrrekgogklfce. Bukng he cg que se kgoslherm uom recmklo sgklmc ogrbmc requlere


13/214

erkmbflebgs frgbms y que sgorlmbgs m persgoms m quleoes og ces aumrhmbgs uo mprrespgohleote kgo ouestrm kgohuktm pfclkm. Eo este kmsg pghebgs heklr, tmc vez, que ecpghigrbms sgklmces que se bmolilestm eo cms reacms he etlquetm y he kgrtesm exlae buknms veke

krlilquebgs cm slokerlhmh pmrm teoer recmklgoes trmoqulcms kgo tghgs mquccgs kgo que eotrmbotmktg. Ouestrm pruheote kgohuktm puehe teoer, m su vez, uom hlbeoslo estrmtalkm4 estm pee cm kumc ogs kgbpgrtmbgs kgbg og sgbgs qulz pgsem cm kmpmklhmh he nmkerogs hmg

uhmrogs eo mcauom igrbm. Aegrae Eclgt og estmfm buy equlvgkmhm kumohg hekm que "og nmy mslfce slo uo pgkg he mktumklo".

Cm mktumklo que prgkehe he uo seotlhg he klvlsbg og ogs loteresmr tmotg mqu kgbumklo que, m cg cmrag he cm nlstgrlm, se ce nm lbpuestg m cm armo bmygrm he cm aeote. Be reilbpgrtmbleotg pfclkg que se ces exlae m mqueccgs que esto sudetgs m igrbms reilomhtebtlkms he sufgrhlomklo sgklmc4 ec gfrerg mote ec pmtro, ec peo g mpmrkerg mormteoleote, ec slervg mote ec segr, ec eskcmvg mote ec mbg, ec lotgkmfce mote ec frmnbebfrg he uom rmzm gprlblhm mote uog he uom rmzm hgblomote. Kgo rmrms perg slaolilkmkepklgoes, ec sufgrhlomhg, ym sem pgr pruheoklm, pgr blehg g pgr ec heseg he fuskmr imvgrr m su kgbpgrtmbleotg pfclkg uom igrbm mhekumhm m cms expektmtlvms hec pghergsg. Usmblog hlskursg pfclkg kgbg uom heskrlpklo mfrevlmhm he cms recmklgoes expckltms eotr

fgrhlomhgs y cgs heteotmhgres hec pgher.P8REc hlskursg pfclkg, kumohg og es kcmrmbeote eoamklcbeote hm kueotm he tghg cg que sukehe eo cms recmklgoes he pgher. M beouhg, mbfms poslhermo kgoveoleote irmaumr eo igrbm tkltm uom lbmaeo imcsm. Cm nlstgrlm grmc he uo peo armoks, ec Yledg Xleoogo, que mfmrkm kmsl tghg ec slacg ^L^, est cceom he testlbgolgs he pruheamgsg respetg4 "Kumohg c Pec terrmteoleote que nmfm hespehlhg m su pmhreR veom he Cm Kblog m Belccers, sgcm heteoerse pmrm nmfcmr kgoblag y yg teom que gfclamrbe m ser mbmsmr hec hespreklg que seotm pgr c".P5R

Ec Yledg Xleoogo se eograucceke he nmfer mpreohlhg, m hliereoklm he su pmhre que kmrektg y he suerte, "ec mrte he hlslbucmr, tmo oekesmrlg eo cm vlhm". P9REo cms omrrmklgoes he eskcmvg

he Estmhgs Uolhgs que nmo cceamhg nmstm ogsgtrgs mpmreke uom y gtrm vez cm oekeslhammr4

\g nmfm prgkurmhg eotgokes kgbpgrtmrbe he tmc bmoerm que og resuctmrm bgcestg fltmotes fcmokgs, pues smfm he su pgher y he su ngstlclhmh kgotrm cm aeote he kgcgrlberg, og exnlfm bls eskmsms pgseslgoes, ol bl hloerg y trmtmfm pgr tghgs cgs behlgs he mcm behlhm he cg pgslfce, vestlhg kgbg eskcmvg. [eauohg, ouokm hl cm lbpreslo ol he cedg

r tmo loteclaeote kgbg cg erm eo verhmh. M tghm estm aeote he kgcgr eo ec sur, eskcmvgs y clferesuctm pmrtlkucmrbeote lbpgrtmote, pmrm su prgplm trmoqulclhmh y seaurlhmh, seaulr este pmkgohuktm.P1R

Hmhg que uom he cms hestrezms krtlkms he supervlveoklm eotre cgs arupgs sufgrhlomhgs nmbmoedg he cms mpmrleoklms eo cms recmklgoes he pgher, esm pmrte purmbeote mktumhm he su kgohse ces nm eskmpmhg m cgs blebfrgs bs gfservmhgres he cgs arupgs hgblomotes. Mc ogtmr qu

kcmvgs aumrhmfmo uo slceoklg buy pgkg kmrmkterstlkg slebpre que, hurmote cm Auerrm Klvlbms ogtlklms hec ireote se vgcvmo ec tebm keotrmc eo cms kgoversmklgoes he cgs fcmokgs, estout kgoslher que ese slceoklg gkuctmfm mcag4 "[lebpre mohmo kgo sus bskmrms oearm

gstrmr uom plzkm he ebgklo0 og gfstmote, sgo cm rmzm bs exkltmfce hec buohg kumohg semcquler tebm, exkeptg ec he cm auerrm. Mngrm Hlk` pghrm pmsmr buy fleo pgr uom Esiloae eatmo lbpeoetrmfcebeote slceoklgsg que est".P>R

Eo este puotg vgy m mrrlesamrbe m expresmr uom aeoermclzmklo, furhm y tgtmclzmhgrm, que q


14/214

spus bmtlzmr kgo bukng rlagr4 kumotg bs armohe sem cm heslaumchmh he pgher eotrblomotes y cgs hgblomhgs y kumotg bs mrfltrmrlmbeote se ederzm ec pgher, ec hlskursg pfclk

hgblomhgs mhqulrlr uom igrbm bs esteregtlpmhm y rltumclstm. Eo gtrms pmcmfrms, kumotgeomzmote sem ec pgher, bs aruesm ser cm bskmrm. Zghrmbgs lbmalomr, eo este kgo

umklgoes que vmo heshe ec hlcgag eotre mblags he rmoag sgklmc y pgher slblcmres, pgr uo stm ec kmbpg he kgokeotrmklo, pgr ec gtrg, eo ec kumc ec hlskursg pfclkg he cm vktlbmrkmhg pgr ec blehg m cm buerte. Eotre estgs extrebgs se eokueotrm cm armo bmygrm he cgs kms

fgrhlomklo slstebtlkm he cgs que ogs vmbgs m gkupmr.

Estm hlskuslo lolklmc hec hlskursg pfclkg, pgr superilklmc que nmym slhg, slrve pmrm hesrlgs prgfcebms eo cms recmklgoes he pgher, eo kmhm uog he cgs kumces ec ede keotrmc kgoslste kng he que ec hlskursg pfclkg og cg expclkm tghg. Zmrm kgbeozmr, ec hlskursg pfclkg es uomhliereote he cm gplolo he cgs hgblomhgs. Cms sgorlsms y cgs smcuhgs hec Yledg Xleoogo eskgm mktltuh he reseotlbleotg y veoamozm. Uom evmcumklo he cms recmklgoes he pgher neknm m pmrtkursg pfclkg eotre cgs pghergsgs y cgs hflces puehe bmoliestmr, pgr cg beogs, uo respetg y

blslo que sgo prgfmfcebeote uom berm tktlkm. Eo seauohg cuamr, cm sgspeknm he que ec hlsfclkg puehe ser "scg" uom mktumklo prgvgkmr que cgs hgblomhgres hedeo he kreer eo c. Heptlklsbg m cm lhem, kgbo eotre bukngs arupgs hgblomotes, he que eo ec igohg cgs hgblo

o eoamgsgs, imcsgs y beotlrgsgs pgr omturmcezm, og nmy bs que uo pmsg. Zgr ctlbgkutlfce seotlhg hec hlskursg pfclkg buestrm cm iuoklo krtlkm que tleoeo eo cms recmklgoher ec gkuctmbleotg y cm vlalcmoklm. Cgs hgblomhgs mktmo su respetg y su sublslo mc bbpg que trmtmo he hlskerolr, he ceer, cms verhmherms loteoklgoes y estmhgs he olbg hhergsgs, hmhm su kmpmklhmh mbeomzmhgrm. Ec hlkng imvgrltg he cgs eskcmvgs he Dmbmlkm, cguy fleo4 "Nmzte ec tgotg pmrm amomr kgbg loteclaeote".P


15/214

recmklo he pgher, g sl ec mktgr og hekcmrm he prgotg, expckltmbeote y eo eskeom, quumklgoes que nebgs gfservmhg ermo scg uom pgse. P=:R [cg sl ogs kgokeheo ec prlvlcea

gbmrogs trms fmbfmcloms g sl cceam m gkurrlr uom rupturm pfclkm, teohrebgs cm pgslflclhmestlgomr cm omturmcezm he cg que puehe ser uom mktumklo kgovlokeote perg iloalhm.

[l ne ccmbmhg m cm kgohuktm hec sufgrhlomhg eo preseoklm hec hgblomhgr uo hlskursg pmr ec trblog hlskursg gkuctg pmrm heilolr cm kgohuktm "iuerm he eskeom", bs mcc servmklo hlrektm he cgs heteotmhgres he pgher. Ec hlskursg gkuctg es, pues, sekuohmrlg otlhg he que est kgostltulhg pgr cms bmoliestmklgoes cloastlkms, aestumces y prktlkms

oilrbmo, kgotrmhlkeo g teralversmo cg que mpmreke eo ec hlskursg pfclkg.P==R

Zgr prloklplerebgs mhecmotmrogs m eodulklmr qu kgoexlo exlste eotre cg que se hlke ireote mc pgher y cg qe m sus espmchms. ]uermbgs g og, cms recmklgoes he pgher og sgo tmo kcmrms kgbg pmrm perbltbmr imcsg cg que se hlke eo cgs kgotextgs he pgher y verhmherg cg que se hlke iuerm he ecc

bpgkg pghebgs, slbpclstmbeote, heskrlflr cg prlberg kgbg ec bfltg he cm oekeslhmh y cg bg ec bfltg he cm clfertmh. Cg que s es klertg es que cgs hlskursgs gkuctgs se prghukeo eo iuuo pfclkg hliereote y eo klrkuostmoklms he pgher buy hliereotes m cms hec hlskursg pfclk

mcumr cms hlskrepmoklms eotreec hlskursg gkuctg y ec pfclkg estmrebgs qulz kgbeozmohg m dubpmktg he cm hgblomklo eo ec kgbpgrtmbleotg pfclkg.

Cm bedgr bmoerm he bltlamr ec tgog aeoermc y mfstrmktg que nebgs ebpcemhg nmstm mngrmuhlr m edebpcgs kgokretgs he cm tmc vez hrmbtlkm heslaumchmh eotre ec hlskursg pfclkg y ec gprlberg prgvleoe he uo eskcmvg hec sur he cgs EsCmhgs Uolhgs eo ec perghg he cm pre-A

vlc. Bmry Clverbgre, uom lostltutrlz fcmokm he Ouevm Loacmterrm, rebebgr cm remkklo he m kgkloerm oearm ogrbmcbeote tmklturom y respetugsm, mote cm agcplzm que ec mbg ce nmfm hmhgm. M stm cm nmfmo mkusmhg, lodustmbeote seao pmreke, he uo rgfg slo lbpgrtmoklm y cuefmo agcpemhg bleotrms Maay blrmfm, slo pgslflclhmh he loterveolr. Kumohg ec mbg ilomcbeoe he cm kgklom, Maay se vgcvl nmklm Bmry, m quleo kgoslhermfm su mblam, y hldg4

Ym m cceamr ec hm! Ym m cceamr ec hm!... \m glag ec rulhg he cgs kmrrumdes! \m ve

pcmohgr he cgs kmgoes! [e vm m herrmbmr cm smoare he cgs fcmokgs y ser kgbg uo rg ertgs se mbgotgomro ms he mctg!... Gn, [egr! Mpurm ec hm eo que cgs fcmokgs reklfmcpes y cms nerlhms y cgs hgcgres y cgs suirlbleotgs, y eo que cgs fultres se cgs kgbmo blegs ymkeo buertgs eo cms kmcces. Gn, [egr! Hmbe ec pcmker he cceamr vlvm m ese hm, kuehm ver kmer m cgs fcmokgs, kmzmhgs kgbg cgfgs kumohg smceo nmbfrleotgs hec fgsque."P=6R

Es pgslfce lbmalomrse qu ce nuflerm pmsmhg m Maay sl ce nuflerm nmfcmhg ms hlrektmbeg. Mpmreotebeote, cm eskcmvm kgoilmfm tmotg eo cm mblstmh y cm slbpmtm he Bmry Clverbgrhg expresmr su iurlm kgo recmtlvm seaurlhmh. Zgr gtrg cmhg, tmc vez ce iue ym lbpgslfce reprlblm. Ec hlskursg gkuctg he Maay es kgbpcetmbeote gpuestg mc hlskursg pfclkg he su b

ehleoklm. Cg bs ogtmfce es que og se trmtmfm he uo arltg he iurlm prlbltlvg4 erm cm lbriektmbeote heilolhm y eogrbebeote vlsumc, he uo mpgkmclpsls, he uo hm he veoamozm y he tr

buohg mc revs nekng kgo cm bmterlm prlbm kucturmc he cm reclalo hec ngbfre fcmokg.mccmhm vlslo, suralhm espgotoembeote he su fgkm, og puhg nmferse expresmhg slog kgofgrmhm prepmrmklo m kmrag he cms kreeoklms y cm prktlkm hec Krlstlmolsbg he cgs eskcmvgs. E

otlhg, sl prgcgoarmbgs estm rplhm blrmhm mc hlskursg gkuctg he Maay cceamrmbgs hlrektmbekucturm bmralomc he cms fmrrmkms he cgs eskcmvgs y he su reclalo. Zgr eoklbm he cgs resuctmhm lovestlamklo he ese tlpg, ese slbpce mtlsfg fmstm pmrm kmokecmr kumcquler pgslflclhmh he qsgtrgs ol ec mbg he Maay (sl ste nuflerm estmhg eskuknmohg hetrs he cm puertm he cm kgerpretebgs loaeoumbeote cgs mktgs pfclkgs he respetg he cm eskcmvm, moterlgres y pgsterlgr


16/214

kng.Gkmslgomcbeote, ec hlskursg gkuctg que Maay bmoliest eo cm recmtlvm seaurlhmh he cm mblst

presm he bmoerm expckltm mote ec pgher. He prgotg, kumohg hesmpmreke cm sublslo y surae eertg, ogs eokgotrmbgs mote uo bgbeotg rmrg y peclargsg eo cms recmklgoes he pgher. Cm syser, persgomde heMhmb Fehehe Aegrae Eclgt, que ilomcbeote cceam m heklr cg que pleosm, rg edebpcg he uo hlskursg gkuctg que eotrm sfltmbeote eo eskeom. M cm segrm Zgyser y su eseohmtmrlgs he tlerrms hec ogfce y segr he cm realo, ec vledg Hgooltngroe, slebpre ce

gcestmhg cms rmrms vlsltms he ste, eo cms que vleoe m lbpgoerces ouevms y goergsms gfclamklgoe

tmrcgs kgo hespreklg. c teom "uom bmoerm he blrmrcm que, seao cm segrm Zgyser kgbeoebpre cm smkmfm he qulklg0 y se pgrtmfm kgbg sl uog iuerm uo losektg y kgbg sl iuerm m kcmvmrms he sus hehgs'. [lo ebfmrag, eccm hekm '[u servlhgrm, segr' y nmkm uom revereoklm kgo mriektg respetg kumohg se mkerkmfm m c. Zues og erm ese tlpg he buder que se pgrtm bmc moperlgres y que vm eo kgotrm hec kmteklsbg slo prgvgkmklo armve".P=;R

Eo estm gkmslo ec ogfce vlog m prgpgoerce mc segr Zgyser uo loterkmbflg he tlerrm he pmsmog kgo uo ouevg mrreohmtmrlg que lfm slo huhm m resuctmr hesimvgrmfce pmrm cgs Zgyser. Ec oohg que sus loqulclogs tmrhmfmo eo hmr su mkeptmklo, ces qult cm pgslflclhmh he mbpc

rghg he mcqulcer he cm armodm y terblo kgo cm gfservmklo uom mbeomzm mpeoms vecmh

pucslo he que mc gtrg loqulclog og ce imctmfmo rekursgs y he que mcqulcmrm kgo austg cm armoZgyser mhebs he cm suym. Cm segrm Zgyser, "iurlgsm" mote cm heklslo hec ogfce he laogrm

erlgres gfdeklgoes, "kgbg sl eccm ym og estuvlerm mcc", terblo expcgtmohg mote cm ctlbm mbem "estmccm, kgo cm hesespermhm heklslo he heklr cg que tleoe que heklr he uom vez pgr toque hespus ces iuermo m ccgver mvlsgs he hesmcgdg y og tuvlermo gtrg reiualg que ec mslcg pmrsmbpmrmhgs".P=8R Kgbeozmohg pgr cm kgbpmrmklo eotre ec estmhg he cm kmsm smpgs ekmcgoes hec stmog louohmhg, rmtms y rmtgoes que se lotrghukeo eotre cms huecms pghrlhms hecrm kgberse cgs quesgs y mbeomzmr m cgs olgs y cms hlilkuctmhes pmrm pmamr ec mctg preklg otm, cm segrm Zgyser hm rleohm suectm m sus mkusmklgoes uom vez que se hm kueotm he que ec o

ye pgr cm puertm nmklm su bgoturm y nmklm su seaurlhmh4Zuehe buy fleo, segr, nulrce m bls pmcmfrms y puehe buy fleo hehlkmrse m irmaumr bm

nmkerogs hmg, pgrque usteh tleoe mc vledg Nmrry pgr mblag, y m omhle bs, perg esg s ceuom vez que og sgbgs tgotgs que estmbgs mqu pmrm ser nublccmhgs y pmrm que nmamo hloestrm kgstm, ustehes tleoeo ec ctlag m cm bmog scg pgrque ogsgtrgs og pghebgs clfrmroge ireog que es cm servlhubfre. \ sl yg sgy cm olkm eo heklrce cg que pleosg, og pgr esg hedfer bukngs que pleosmo laumc que yg eo estm pmrrgqulm y cm que est duotg, pgrque m omhstm bs gr ec ogbfre suyg que estmr gcleohg uo isigrg peamhg m cm omrlz.P=5R

Eclgt teom uom kmpmklhmh tmc he gfservmklo y he peoetrmklo he cm sgklehmh rurmc he su

e bukngs he cgs tebms krtlkgs he cm hgblomklo y cm reslsteoklm se pueheo kgbg hesnefrmr m su omrrmklo hec eokueotrg he cm segrm Zgyser kgo ec segr he cm realo. Eo ec bgbeotgeosg he su pergrmtm, pgr edebpcg, cm segrm Zgyser loslste eo que og vmo m hedmrse trmtmr bmces m pesmr hec pgher que c tleoe. Estg, duotg kgo su milrbmklo he que ec ogfce cm ve kgb

erm uo losektg y he que c og tleoe mblags y es ghlmhg pgr tghm cm pmrrgqulm, lcublom ec tebm gestlbm. Muoque ec eoireotmbleotg se grlaloe eo ec mfusg he uo goergsg mcqulcer, ec hlskursgcm hlaolhmh y he cm reputmklo. Cm prktlkm he cm hgblomklo y he cm expcgtmklo prg

rbmcbeote cgs losuctgs y cms gieosms m cm hlaolhmh nubmom que m su vez mclbeotmo uo hlsuctg he lohlaomklo. Uom hlstloklo iuohmbeotmc que se heferm estmfceker eotre cms igrbblomklo reslhe tmc vez eo cgs tlpgs he nublccmklgoes que prghuke, pgr rutlom, ec ederklkl


17/214

her.Nmy que ildmrse tmbflo eo ec nekng he que cm segrm Zgyser preteohe nmfcmr og scg p

sbm slog eo ogbfre he tghm cm pmrrgqulm. Eccm preseotm cg que hlke kgbg cm prlberm hekcmrfclkm he cg que tghg ec buohg est hlkleohg m espmchms hec segr he cm realo. M duzamr pplhez kgo cm que se hliuohl cm nlstgrlm y pgr cm mutotlkm mcearm kgo cm que iue reklfosbltlhm, ec restg he cm kgbuolhmh tmbflo slotl que cm segrm Zgyser nmfm nmfcmhg eo ogeccgs. "[e supg eo mbfms pmrrgqulms hlke Eclgt que ec pcmo hec segr se nmfm irus

rque cgs Zgyser se nmfmo oeamhg m que 'cgs losuctmrmo', y eo tghms cms kmsms se hlsku

mfruptg he cm segrm Zgyser kgo uom ebgklo que krekm eotre bs cg repetmo."P=9R

Ec pcmker vcgs veklogs og nuflerm teolhg omhm que ver kgo cgs seotlbleotgs espekilkgs que stm npresmhg sl og nuflerm slhg pgrque tghgs nmfmo estmhg kgbeotmohg eotre s cms blsbms rmote mgs. Muoque cm segrm Zgyser cg nmfm puestg eo trblogs pgpucmres fmstmote eceamototeolhg erm vledg. Ec hekrsecg mc segr he cm realo eo su kmrm (y kgo testlags) ermgrhlomrlg y cg que nmfm nekng he cm segrm Zgyser uom espekle he nergom cgkmc. Cm prl

kcmrmklo mflertm he uo hlskursg gkuctg, uom hekcmrmklo que rgbpm kgo cm etlquetm hmklgoes he pgher, que perturfmfm uom superilkle he slceoklg y mkeptmklo mpmreotebeote trmooe cm iuerzm he uom slbfclkm hekcmrmklo he auerrm. Cm segrm Zgyser ce nmfm hlkng uom v

klmc) mc pgher.Expresmhm eo uo bgbeotg he iurlm, cm hekcmrmklo he cm segrm Zgyser iue, se puehe mraub

pgotoem. Zerg cm espgotmoelhmh estmfm eo cm gkmslo y eo cm venebeoklm he cm hekcmrmklo, kgoteolhg. He nekng, ec kgoteolhg nmfm slhg eosmymhg uom y gtrm vez, kgbg se h

otloumklo4 "y muoque cm segrm Zgyser nuflerm rekltmhg, hurmote cgs ctlbgs hgke beses, bkursgs lbmalomrlgs, que hekmo bs he cg que omhle nmfm eskuknmhg y que estmfm heklhlhm cgs eskuknmrm cm prxlbm vez que mpmreklerm eo cms puertms hec Nmcc Imrb, cgs hlskursgs, m tghg, ouokm nmfmo hedmhg he ser lbmalomrlgs". P=1R]ulo og nm teolhg uom experleoklm pmreulo, hespus he reklflr uo losuctg g he suirlr uom nublccmklo espeklmcbeote eo pfclk

ogs he mcauleo kgo pgher g kgo mutgrlhmh, qulo og nm eosmymhg uom hekcmrmklo lbmalomrlm qflerm austmhg heklr g que preteohe heklr eo cm slauleote gpgrtuolhmh7 P=>RBuknms vekes, este tlkcmrmklgoes og hedmo he ser hlskursgs persgomces gkuctgs que tmc vez ouokm sgo exterlgrlzmhulerm mote mblags kerkmogs g persgoms hec blsbg rmoag. Eo este kmsg, slo ebfmrag, estmbgm sltumklo kgbpmrtlhm he sufgrhlomklo. Cgs loqulclogs hec ogfce segr Hgooltngroe y, he nmo pmrte he cgs que og perteoekmo m cm pequem mrlstrgkrmklm rurmc eo cms hgs pmrrgqulms tstmotes rmzgoes persgomces pmrm reagkldmrse mote cm nublccmklo pfclkm hec ogfce y pmrm kgbpbg sl iuerm suym, cm vmceotm he cm segrm Zgyser. Ec hlskursg gkuctg kgcektlvg se vuecve recemklms m su pgslklo he kcmse, kgbo m tghgs eccgs, y m sus cmzgs sgklmces. Og exmaermrmbgs b

hldrmbgs que tghgs eccgs, m pmrtlr he sus recmklgoes sgklmces butums, ce nmfmo rehmktmhggrm Zgyser su hekcmrmklo. Og cltermcbeote, pgr supuestg, perg sl eo ec seotlhg eo que cg hlknm serm kgbg su prgplm ecmfgrmklo he cms nlstgrlms, cms furcms y cms quedms que kgbpmrtmo ueccgs que estmfmo pgr hefmdg hec ogfce. \ pmrm "rehmktmrce" su hekcmrmklo m cm segrm Zg

sfhltgs hec ogfce oekesltmfmo uo tlpg he espmklg sgklmc seaurg, muoque mlscmhg, hgohe puherkmbflmr y ecmfgrmr su krtlkm. Cm hlmtrlfm he eccm erm su verslo persgomc hec hlskursg gkuarupg sufgrhlomhg y, kgbg eo ec kmsg he Maay, esm hlmtrlfm hlrlae ouestrm mteoklo he ouevg nkucturm bmralomc he cm kcmse eo que se grlalo.

Uo lohlvlhug que es gieohlhg puehe ecmfgrmr uom imotmsm persgomc he veoamoireotmbleotg, perg kumohg ec losuctg og es slog uom vmrlmote he cms gieosms que


18/214

tebtlkmbeote tghm uom rmzm, uom kcmse g uom kmpm sgklmc, eotgokes cm imotmsm se puehe kgouo prghuktg kucturmc kgcektlvg. Og lbpgrtm qu igrbm tgbm (uom pmrghlm iuerm hec eske

egs he veoamozm vlgceotm, vlslgoes blceomrlstms he uo buohg lovertlhg)4 este hlskursg gektlvg es eseoklmc eo kumcquler lbmaeo hloblkm he cms recmklgoes he pgher.

Cm expcgslo he cm segrm Zgyser erm, eo pgteoklm, buy kgstgsm y armklms m su mtrevlbleouogs hlrmo que m su tgoterm se amo su imbm. Usmbgs heclfermhmbeote cm pmcmfrm expcestg que es ms kgbg cm segrm Zgyser vlvl su experleoklm4

"Cg que nlklste ym cg nlklste", hldg ec segr Zgyser, uo pgkg mcmrbmhg e loquletg, perg o

klertg reagkldg trluoimc mote ec estmcclhg he su espgsm. "[, ym s que cg nlke", hldg cm seyser, "perg ym be cg smqu y mngrm estmr bs trmoqulcm pgr ec restg he bls hms. Og otlhg vlvlr sl uog tleoe que estmr fleo tmpmhg pmrm slebpre, scg smkmohg hlslbucmhmbetms cg que uog pleosm, kgbg uo fmrrlc maudermhg. Ouokm be mrrepeotlr he nmfer hlkng cgosg, muoque cceaue m vlvlr tmotg kgbg ec segr."P=


19/214

goilrbmo cg que mpmreke eo ec hlskursg pfclkg.Ec bedgr moclsls hec "mktg he pgher" se eokueotrm eo ec eosmyg "[nggtloa mo Ecepnmot" P

eceimoteR he Aegrae Grwecc, que hmtm he kumohg erm suflospektgr he pgclkm hec ralbeo kgFlrbmolm, hurmote cgs mgs velote. M Grwecc cg ccmbmo pmrm que resuecvm ec prgfcebm imote eo kecg que se nm sgctmhg y que est nmkleohg hestrgzgs eo ec fmzmr. Kumohg Grwecc, klc pmrm bmtmr eceimotes eo bmog, ilomcbeote eokueotrm mc molbmc, ste, que nm bmtmhg m uo ngb trmoqulcmbeote pmstmohg eo uo mrrgzmc y ym og represeotm oloao peclarg pmrm omhle. E

gbeotg, cg calkg serm gfservmr mc eceimote pgr uo tlebpg pmrm mseaurmrse he que se ce nm p

kecg. Zerg cm preseoklm he hgs blc sufhltgs kgcgolmces, que cg nmo seaulhg y que cg servmohg, nmke lbpgslfce mpclkmr cm calkm4\ he prgotg be hl kueotm he que, m pesmr he tghg, yg teom que bmtmr mc eceimote. Esg e

e cm aeote espermfm he b y cg que yg teom que nmker. \g pghm seotlr sus hgs blc vgcuoteslgoohgbe, slo que yg puhlerm nmker omhm. Dustg eo ese bgbeotg, kumohg estmfm mcc pmo ec rlice eo bls bmogs, be hl kueotm pgr prlberm vez he kuotm imcsehmh e loutlclhmh nmfmblolg hec ngbfre fcmokg eo Grleote. Mqu estmfm yg, ec ngbfre fcmokg kgo su rlice, eoireom buctltuh loerbe he omtlvgs4 yg erm supuestmbeote ec prgtmagolstm he cm gfrm, perg eo remcog erm slog uo ttere mfsurhg que lfm he uo cmhg pmrm gtrg seao cm vgcuotmh he esgs rgs

mrlccgs que estmfmo hetrs he b. Be hl kueotm he que kumohg ec ngbfre fcmokg se vuecmog est hestruyeohg su prgplm clfertmh. [e kgovlerte eo uom espekle he buekg imcsg, urm kgoveoklgomclzmhm hec smnlf. Zgrque uo prloklplg he su hgblolg es que hefe pmsmr

hm trmtmohg he lbpreslgomr m cgs "omtlvgs", he tmc bmoerm que eo kmhm krlsls c tleoe que nque cgs "omtlvgs" espermo que c nmam. Usm uom bskmrm y su rgstrg tleoe que lheotlilkmrsm P...R Uo smnlf tleoe que kgbpgrtmrse kgbg smnlf0 tleoe que bgstrmrse heklhlhg, smfero cg que qulere y mktumr slo mbflaehmh. Cceamr, rlice eo bmog, kgo hgs blc persgoms trm y cueag mcedmrse slo nmfer tgbmhg oloauom heklslo, slo nmfer nekng omhm... og, erm lbpgbuctltuh se nuflerm rehg he b. \ tghm bl vlhm, cm vlhm he tghgs cgs fcmokgs eo Grleot

m cmram cuknm que og teom omhm he rlslfce.P6:RCms betigrms temtrmces esto pgr tghms pmrtes eo su textg4 se reilere m s blsbg kgb

gtmagolstm he cm gfrm", nmfcm he buekgs nuekgs, he tteres, bskmrms, mpmrleoklms y he uo ptg pmrm furcmrse he c sl og slaue ec aulo ym estmfceklhg. Heshe su perspektlvm, Grwecc og ere he ser cg que qulere ser, he rgbper cms kgoveoklgoes, que uo eskcmvg eo preseoklm he uoolkg. [l cm sufgrhlomklo exlae represeotmr kgovlokeotebeote cm nublchmh y ec respetblomklo tmbflo pmreke exlalr uom mktumklo sebedmote, he mctmoerm y hgblolg. Zerg nmyereoklms. [l ec eskcmvg og slaue ec aulo, kgrre ec rlesag he reklflr uom pmclzm, bleotrmwecc scg kgrre ec rlesag he quehmr eo rlhkucg. \ gtrm hliereoklm lbpgrtmote es que cm oeke

se he cgs hgblomhgres prgvleoe og he sus heflclhmhes slog he cms lhems que iuohmbeotmo su ptlpg he mraubeotgs kgo cgs que dustlilkmo su cealtlblhmh. Uo rey he ttucg hlvlog hefe mktumr hlgs0 uo rey auerrerg, kgbg uo vmcleote aeoermc0 ec deie ecektg he uom repfclkm hefe h

mrleoklm he que respetm m cm kluhmhmom y sus gplolgoes0 uo duez hefe pmreker que veoerm cm ceuy peclargsg kumohg cms cltes mktmopfclkmbeotekgotrmhlkleohg cms fmses he mcao prloklppgher. Ec klolsbg he cms kgoversmklgoes armfmhms eo cm Kmsm Fcmokm hurmote cm preslheok

knmrh Olxgo iue uo agcpe hevmstmhgr pmrm cm preteoslo hec hlskursg pfclkg he represeomclhmh y cm ogfcezm he seotlbleotgs. Mslblsbg, eo ec fcgque sgklmclstm, cm exlsteoklm mpirmzmhm he tleohms y ngspltmces espeklmces pmrm cms cltes hec pmrtlhg blo cms milrbmkfclkms hec pmrtlhg hgblomote he estmr agferomohg eo ogbfre he cm kcmse gfrerm.P6=R


20/214

[e pghrmo kgbpmrmr hliereotes tlpgs he hgblomklo rekurrleohg m sus igrbms he bmoliestmtemtrg pfclkg que pmrekeo oekesltmr. Gtrm bmoerm, qulz bs revecmhgrm mo, he trmtmr ec bgfcebm serm preauotohgse kuces sgo cms mktlvlhmhes que kgo bs irekueoklm esgs hliergs he hgblomklo gkuctmo m cm vlstm hec pfclkg. Kmhm igrbm he pgher tleoe og scg su eskepekilkg slog tmbflo su buy pmrtlkucmr rgpm suklm. P66R

Cms igrbms he hgblomklo fmsmhms eo cm preblsm g eo cm preteoslo he uom loneperlgrlhmh pmrekeo hepeoher eogrbebeote he cm pgbpm, cms ceyes suotumrlms, cm pmrmieromcllaolms y cms kerebgolms pfclkms he ngbeomde g trlfutg. Ec heseg he lokuckmr ec nfltg

ehleoklm y ec respetg m cm dermrqum, kgbg eo cms gramolzmklgoes blcltmres, puehe prgkmolsbgs pmreklhgs. Eo kmsgs extrebgs, cm pgbpm y klrkuostmoklm pueheo cceamr m hgblomr, kehl kgo ec ebpermhgr knlog Cgoa ]loa, kuyms mpmrlklgoes pfclkms ermo prepmrmhms kgo mcce que terblo kgovlrtlohgse eo uo lkgog vlvleote pmrm ser exnlflhg eo rltgs que og he

hm m cm lbprgvlsmklo. Iuerm he eskeom, eo cm Kluhmh Zrgnlflhm, pghm hlvertlrse tghg cerm kgo cgs proklpes y kgo cgs mrlstkrmtms. P6;REste puehe ser eo eiektg uo kmsg extrebg0 peursg he cms cltes hgblomotes he kremr uo cuamr tgtmcbeote mlscmhg he cm eskeom pfclkm hgoesto eo exnlflklo y puehmo recmdmrse mpmreke pgr tghms pmrtes0 kgbg tmbflo mpmreke pgr

rtes ec rekursg he rltumclzmr ec kgotmktg kgo cgs sufgrhlomhgs pmrm que og hedeo he kubp

oklo y se rehuzkm mc bolbg ec peclarg he uo mkgoteklbleotg iuoestg. Blcgvmo Hdlcms krltlk prloklplg ec suralbleotg he uom ouevm clte eo ec pmrtlhg yuagscmvg semcmohg ec kgotrmste eotkueotrgs, heklslvgs perg sekretgs, trms fmbfmcloms, y cgs rltgs vmkugs he cms gramolzmkfclkms4 "Eo keoms otlbms, eo hms he kmkerm, eo kgoversmklgoes he hgs g tres ngbfres, se tklslgoes he vltmc lbpgrtmoklm sgfre kuestlgoes he estmhg. Cms reuolgoes he hlskuslo hec pm

kgoaresgs hec agflerog y cms msmbfcems og slrveo he omhm, scg pmrm nmker hekcmrmklgoes ygotmr uo espektkucg".P68R Zgr supuestg, eo trblogs estrlktgs, estgs rltgs pfclkgs que Hogspreklm s tleoeo uo prgpsltg4 sgo preklsmbeote ec espektkucg he cm uomolblhmh, he cm cemcm heklslo, bgotmhg pmrm lbpreslgomr mc pfclkg. Estgs rltgs sgo remces y slbfclkgs. H

tlkm, bs fleo, ec nekng he que estgs espektkucgs teoamo ec gfdetg he gkuctmr cm exlsteoklm hpmklg pgctlkg que, trms fmbfmcloms, pmreke kgotrmheklrcgs.

[lo huhm, cgs arupgs hgblomotes tleoeo bukng que eskgoher y eo aeoermc kueotmo kgo cgs brm nmkercg. Cgs iuoklgomrlgs hec agflerog kgcgolmc loacs kgo cgs que trmfmdmfm Grwegucbelo teomo ec kgosmflhg kcuf he reuolo ogkturom eo ec kumc, kgo exkepklo hec lovrsgomc flrbmog, pghmo estmr m sgcms eotre cgs suygs, kgbg eccgs nuflermo hlkng, slo teoehmrse pmvgoemohg ireote m uo pfclkg he sfhltgs kgcgolmces. Cms mktlvlhmhes, cgs aestgpreslgoes y ec vestumrlg lomhekumhgs pmrm ec pmpec pfclkg he smnlf eokgotrmfmo mqu uo reaurg.P65REste eoklerrg he cms cltes og scg ces gireke uo cuamr pmrm heskmosmr he cms tmrems igrb

e exlae su pmpec, tmbflo blolblzm cm pgslflclhmh he que klertm imblclmrlhmh prgplkle ec hesppgr cg beogs, heterlgre cm lbmaeo kremhm pgr sus mpmrlklgoes rltumces. Fmczmk kmptm buy fehg m cm sgfre-expgslklo, kgbg se hlrm mngrm, que teomo cgs bmalstrmhgs pmrlslogs he behslacg ^L 4Mn, qu ngbfre bs hesarmklmhg es tu verhmherg bmalstrmhg! Kgbg smfes, tleoeo que

erm he cm kgbuolhmh, kgbg eo uom pgkm cgs pgotilkes. Ec buohg scg hefm vercgs kuramo he sus kechms eo ngrms preklsms, sgceboes, motlaugs, veoermfces, prgouoklmohg seotebg cgs subgs smkerhgtes he cm motlaehmh, que kgbflomfmo ec pgher duhlklmc y ec smkerhsgtrgs scg hefmbgs ser vlslfces eo ec estrmhg P...R Zerg mngrm kumcqulerm ogs pueh

mohg ogs hlvertlbgs g kumohg estmbgs eo hlilkuctmhes kgbg kumcquler gtrg P...R Ogs veo e


21/214

goes, eo kmsm, kgbg krlmturms he cm pmslo y eo vez he terrlfces sgbgs argteskgs.P69R

]ulz ec peclarg he que ec kgotmktg hesgrheomhg kgo cm aeote puehm prgimomr ec murm smarmduekes myuhm m expclkmr pgr qu, lokcusg eo cms repfclkms sekucmres, stgs kgoservmo, b

mcquler gtrm rmbm he agflerog, cgs mrregs he cm mutgrlhmh trmhlklgomc.Neknm cm preseotmklo he cm lhem fslkm hec hlskursg pfclkg y hec gkuctg, be perbltlr ecm

uoms gfservmklgoes kgo ec ilo he preklsmr ec restg he bl moclsls. Eo ec estuhlg ece cms recmkpgher, estm perspektlvm hlrlae ouestrm mteoklo nmklm ec nekng he que kmsl tghms cms recmklgoerbmcbeote se rekgogkeo eotre cgs arupgs he pgher y cgs sufgrhlomhgs kgostltuyeo ec eokueotr

kursgpfclkg he cgs prlbergs kgo ec hlskursgpfclkg he cgs seauohgs. Es preklsmbeotumklo eo que ec ogfce segr Hgooltngroe lbpgoe su vgcuotmh mc segr y cm segrm Zgyser eo ms gkmslgoes eo cms kumces, motes he cm expcgslo, eccm se cms mrreacmfm pmrm seaulr mpmreotmoh

respetugsm y kgrts. Ms pues, eo aeoermc, cm sgklgcgam se kgokeotrm heklhlhmbeote emklgoes gilklmces g igrbmces eotre cgs pghergsgs y cgs hflces. Kgbg verebgs, estg sukehe lobukngs he cgs estuhlgs sgfre kgoiclktgs, kumohg stgs se nmo lostltuklgomclzmhg eogrbebeot

oauom bmoerm qulerg heklr que ec estuhlg hec espmklg he cms recmklgoes he pgher sem igrzgsmbsg g trlvlmc, scg que hliklcbeote magtm cg que ogs austmrm smfer hec pgher.

Xmrhe g tebprmog trmtmrebgs he kgogker kbg se igrbmo cgs hlskursgs gkuctgs he hlier

gres, eo qu kgohlklgoes se nmkeo g og pfclkgs y qu recmklo bmotleoeo kgo ec hlsfclkg.P61RMotes, slo ebfmrag, hefebgs mkcmrmr tres kmrmkterstlkms hec hlskursg gkuctg. Cm prlbhlskursg gkuctg es espekilkg he uo espmklg sgklmc heterblomhg y he uo kgoduotg pmrtlkucgres. Es kmsl seaurg que, eo sus fmrrmkms g eo sus kerebgolms reclalgsms kcmohestloms (pgr c

febgs, buy kgbuoes), cgs eskcmvgs eosmymfmo hliereotes verslgoes he cm bmchlklo he Maaybpmergs he Grwecc, kgbg cm bmygrm he cgs arupgs hgblomotes, og kgrrmo tmotg rlesag pghlskreklo pfclkm, perg teomo cm seaurlhmh hec kcuf he Bgucbelo eo ec kumc pghmo heskmrls. Ms pues, uo "pfclkg" restrloalhg que exkcuye que se gkuctm he gtrgs "pfcpekilkgs es ec que he nekng ecmfgrm kmhm uog he cgs hlskursgs gkuctgs. Gtrm kmrmkterstlkm ese

hlskursg gkuctg, m cm que og se ce nm prestmhg cm suilkleote mteoklo, es ec nekng he quotleoe scg mktgs he ceoaumde slog tmbflo uom exteosm ambm he prktlkms. He este bghg,ukngs kmbpeslogs, cm kmzm iurtlvm, ec nurtg eo pequem eskmcm, cm evmslo he lbpuestgs, ec trlfermhmbeote bmc nekng sgo pmrte lotearmc hec hlskursg gkuctg. Zmrm cms cltes hgblomote

ktlkms hec hlskursg gkuctg pueheo lokculr cgs cudgs y prlvlcealgs sekretgs, ec usg kcmohestleslogs m suechg, ec sgfgrog, cm imcslilkmklo he ttucgs he prgplehmh. Eo kmhm kmsg, estms prkotrmhlkeo ec hlskursg pfclkg he cgs respektlvgs arupgs y, eo cm behlhm he cg pgslfce, sotleoe iuerm he cm vlstm y eo sekretg.

Zgr ctlbg, og nmy huhm he que cm irgoterm eotre ec hlskursg pfclkg y ec sekretg es uom zg

esmote kgoiclktg eotre cgs pghergsgs y cgs hgblomhgs, y he oloauom bmoerm uo burg sclhg. pmklhmh he cgs arupgs hgblomotes he lbpgoer muoque ouokm kgbpcetmbeote cm heilolklooilaurmklo he cg que es recevmo te heotrg y iuerm hec hlskursg pfclkg reslhe, kgbg verebgsrce he su pgher. Cm lokesmote cuknm pgr cm heilolklo he esm irgoterm es qulz ec hlspeosmfce he cgs kgoiclktgs grhlomrlgs, he cms igrbms kgtlhlmoms he cm cuknm he kcmses. Grwg kueotm he kbg cgs flrbmogs se cms mrreacmfmo pmrm hedmr eotrever, kmsl kgostmotebeotspreklg pgr cgs loaceses, muoque se kulhmfmo he og mrrlesamr ouokm uo hesmig hlrektg buknglargsg4

Ec seotlbleotg motleurgpeg erm buy loteosg. Omhle se mtrevm m prgvgkmr uo bgto0 pem buder eurgpem mohmfm sgcm pgr uo fmzmr erm buy prgfmfce que mcauleo ce eskuplerm dua


22/214

tec eo ec vestlhg P...R Kumohg uo alc flrbmog be pusg uom zmokmhlccm eo ec kmbpg he itfgfltrg (gtrg flrbmog) se nlzg ec heseoteohlhg, cm buctltuh estmcc eo uom ngrreohm kmrkmdmhms rgstrgs mbmrlccgs cceogs he hespreklg he cgs dveoes kgo cgs que be eokgotrmfm pgr

hgs y cgs losuctgs que be arltmfmo kumohg yg estmfm ym m uom hlstmoklm seaurm pmrm blomrgo miektohgbe fmstmote. Cgs dveoes smkerhgtes fuhlstms ermo cgs pegres he tghgs .P6

Armklms m uom klertm pruheoklm tktlkm, cgs arupgs sufgrhlomhgs rmrm vez tleoeo que smkkursg gkuctg. Zerg, mprgveknohgse hec mogolbmtg he uom buctltuh g he uo mbflaug mkklhkueotrmo looubermfces bmoerms loaeolgsms he hmr m eoteoher que scg m reammhleotes pmrtlklp

represeotmklo.Ec moclsls he cgs hlskursgs gkuctgs he cgs pghergsgs y he cgs sufgrhlomhgs nmke pgslfce uom kleoklm sgklmc que revecm kgotrmhlkklgoes y vlrtumclhmhes0 que mckmozm m peo

giuohmbeote, pgr hefmdg he cm trmoqulcm superilkle que m beouklg preseotm cm mhmptmklo kgcem hlstrlfuklo hec pgher, he cm rlquezm y hec rmoag sgklmc. Hetrs he cgs mktgs "motleurgpegsserv Grwecc, nmfm slo huhm uo hlskursg gkuctg bukng bs kgbpcedg, uo ceoaumde kgboektmhg kgo cm kucbrm, cm reclalo y cm experleoklm kgcgolmc he cgs flrbmogs. Cgs loacesesmo mkkesg m ese ceoaumde m trmvs he espms. Zmrm rekupermrcg, nmfm que lr trms fmbfmclo

rrlg omtlvg he Bgucbelo, y nmfm que estmr otlbmbeote imblclmrlzmhg kgo cm kucturm flrbmom.

Zgr supuestg, cgs flrbmogs tmbpgkg teomo mkkesg mpmrte he cgs kueotgs que cgs slrvlhmo kgotmr m cg que estmfm hetrs hec kgbpgrtmbleotg bs g beogs gilklmc he cgs loaceseskursg gkuctg scg se pghm rekupermr eo cgs kcufes, eo cgs ngamres y eo cms reuolgoes otlbkgcgolzmhgres.

Ec lovestlamhgr, eo kumcquler sltumklo ms, tleoe uom veotmdm estrmtalkm lokcusg ireote rtlklpmotes bs seoslfces pgrque aeoermcbeote cgs hlskursgs gkuctgs he cgs pghergsgs y hfgrhlomhgs ouokm se tgkmo. Kmhm pmrtlklpmote se imblclmrlzmr kgo ec hlskursg pfclkg y kuctg he su respektlvg krkucg, perg og kgo ec hlskursg gkuctg hec gtrg. Es pgr estg quevestlamklo kmpmz he kgbpmrmr ec hlskursg gkuctg he cgs arupgs sufgrhlomhgs kgo ec h

hergsgs, y cueag mbfgs hlskursgs gkuctgs kgo ec hlskursg pfclkg que cgs hgs arupgs kgbphrm nmker uom lbpgrtmote kgotrlfuklo mc moclsls pgctlkg. Estm ctlbm kgbpmrmklo reveebs, ec eiektg he cm hgblomklo eo cm kgbuolkmklo pgctlkm.

Mpeoms uogs mgs hespus he cm estmoklm he Grwecc eo Bgucbelo, sgrpreohl m cgs loacesegrbe refeclo motlkgcgolmc eokmfezmhm pgr uo bgode fuhlstm que preteohm vgcverse rey y prgm utgpm clbltmhm fslkmbeote m cm eclblomklo he cgs loaceses y he cgs lbpuestgs. Cgs frltmstmrgo cm refeclo kgo uom fueom kmotlhmh he vlgceoklm armtultm y eovlmrgo m cm ngrkm

gosplrmhgres" que nmfmo sgfrevlvlhg. He esm bmoerm, uom pmrte mc beogs hec hlskursg gkucflrbmogs nmfm smctmhg m cm eskeom he sfltg, pgr heklrcg ms, pmrm bmoliestmrse mflertmbeote

[e represeotmrgo suegs blceomrlgs he veoamozm y he uo relog dustg, he smcvmhgres fuhlsstes he kueotms rmklmces he cgs kumces cgs loaceses mpeoms sl teomo lhem. Eo cm frutmclhmh

preslo se pghm rekgogker cm mktumclzmklo he esm kgoieslo, kgotrm cm que Grwecc nmfm cukne slo huhm se expres mflertmbeote eo ec olkg kcuf he cgs fcmokgs, he que "cm bmygr mcearmuohg serm mtrmvesmr cms eotrmms he uo bgode fuhlstm kgo uom fmygoetm". Bukngs hlskursgs gklz cm bmygrm he eccgs, se quehmo eo esg4 eo hlskursgs gkuctgs he cm blrmhm pfclkm y oktumhgs". \ og es iklc heklr eo qu klrkuostmoklms ec hlskursg gkuctg tgbmr pgr msmctg cm eske

Zerg sl querebgs lr bs mcc hec kgoseotlbleotg exterlgr y kmptmr cgs mktgs pgteoklmceeoklgoes tghmvm fcgquemhms, y cgs pgslfces iuturgs que uo kmbflg eo ec equlclfrlg he pgher sls ogs hedm vlscubfrmr, og ogs quehm gtrm gpklo que expcgrmr ec bfltg hec hlskursg gkuctg.


23/214


24/214

L. HGBLOMKLO, MKXUMKLO \ IMOXM[M

\gkmstm4 ]u omturmcezm tleoe7 Zgr qu tmo hurm kgo cgs exlclmhgs7Zgclolke4 Uom kgsm es pegr, uo ngbfre que og puehe expresmrse.\gkmstm4 Zerg esg es eskcmvltuh, og pgher heklr cg que se pleosm .

Zgclolke4 [e hefe sgpgrtmr cm imccm he smflhurm he cgs mbgs.Eurplhes,Cms ieolklms

FDEXLYG[

Ec prgpsltg bs aeoermc he este clfrg es prgpgoer kbg pghebgs ceer, loterpretmr y eoteo bmygr preklslo cm kgohuktm pgctlkm he cgs arupgs sufgrhlomhgs, que mpmreke kgo fms

kueoklm kgbg mcag lomslfce. Hmhg su kmrkter mbflklgsg, resuctm kmsl loevltmfce que ese prgpse puehm remclzmr slog eo igrbm irmabeotmrlm y esquebtlkm. Estm mbflklo sural he uo

iuerzg pgr eoteoher cms estrmtealms he reslsteoklm utlclzmhms pgr kmbpeslogs pgfres bmcmygskmbflgs eo cm prghukklo he mrrgz que slstebtlkmbeote resuctmfmo eo su kgotrm.P6


25/214

lbpresklohlfce nmker kgokeslgoes m cgs supuestgs lotereses he stgs. Es heklr, cgs agferomoteskmo mckmozmr cm neaebgom, eo ec seotlhg armbsklmog hec trblog, hefeo kgovgcalkmbeote m sus sufgrhlomhgs he que, nmstm klertg puotg, esto agferomohg eo su ogb

uoque slebpre fmstmote teoheoklgsm, buy rmrms vekes estm mtrlfuklo hedm he teoer eiektg eotfgrhlomhgs.

Cm hliereoklm eotre ec hlskursg pfclkg y ec gkuctg, duotg kgo cms msplrmklgoes neaebolkmberg, ogs perblte hlstloaulr pgr cg beogs kumtrg vmrlehmhes he hlskursg pgctlkg eotre cgs afgrhlomhgs, seao su armhg he kgoigrblhmh kgo ec ceoaumde gilklmc y seao cm omturmcezm

fclkg.Cm igrbm he hlskursg pgctlkg bs seaurm y bs pfclkm es cm que mhgptm kgbg puotg he pnmcmamhgr mutgrretrmtg he cms cltes. Heflhg m cms kgokeslgoes retrlkms lonereotes mc mutgrree hlskursg gireke uo terreog sgrpreoheotebeote mbpclg pmrm cgs kgoiclktgs pgctlkgs que rekurms kgokeslgoes y que mprgveknmo ec espmklg que tghm lhegcgam hedm m cm loterpretmklobpcg, lokcusg cm lhegcgam he cgs eskcmvlstms fcmokgs eo ec sur he Estmhgs Uolhgs motes errm lokgrpgrmfm klertgs rmsags pmteromclstms que se reiermo m cm prgtekklo, cm mclbeotmkldmbleotg, ec vestlhg y cm lostrukklo reclalgsm he cgs eskcmvgs. Eo cm prktlkm, pgr supuest

sms ermo hliereotes. [lo ebfmrag, cgs eskcmvgs mprgveknmfmo este rehuklhg espmklg retrlkg

lkltmr bedgr kgblhm, trmtmbleotg nubmog, clfertmh pmrm hespcmzmrse m cms kerebgolms reclaes pmrm sebfrmr, etkterm. He esm bmoerm, cgs eskcmvgs pghmo cgarmr que mcauogs he sus lotelokgrpgrmrmo m cm lhegcgam hgblomote slo hmr cm mpmrleoklm he ser sufverslvgs.

Uom seauohm igrbm he ceoaumde pgctlkg, kgbpcetmbeote hliereote mc moterlgr, es ec hec hlsuctg. Eo ste, iuerm hec eskeomrlg, hgohe cgs sufgrhlomhgs se reoeo cedgs he cm blrmhm lotlbl

pgher, es pgslfce ec suralbleotg he uom kucturm pgctlkm kcmrmbeote hlslheote. Cgs eskcmvgsmtlvm seaurlhmh he sus fmrrmkms pueheo expresmr su kcerm, sus hesegs he veoamozgmilrbmklo, tghg cg kumc ogrbmcbeote hefeo trmamrse kumohg esto eo preseoklm he sus mbms.

Uom prgpuestm eseoklmc he este clfrg es que exlste uo terker bfltg eo cm pgctlkm he cgs afgrhlomhgs, que se eokueotrm estrmtalkmbeote eotre cgs hgs prlbergs. [e trmtm he uom pgctlkirmz y hec mogolbmtg que se ederke pfclkmbeote, perg que est neknm pmrm kgoteoer uo olilkmhg g pmrm prgteaer cm lheotlhmh he cgs mktgres. Eo estm heilolklo kmfeo periektmbeo

bgres, cgs knlsbes, cgs kueotgs pgpucmres, cgs knlstes, cms kmoklgoes, cgs rltgs, cgs khlags ieblsbgs4 eo ilo, fueom pmrte he cm kucturm pgpucmr he cgs arupgs sufgrhlomhgs. Zmrm tgbbpcg, plosese eo cgs kueotgs he eskcmvgs he Frer Vmfflt g, he bmoerm bs aeoermc, eeotgs pgpucmres kgo uo prgtmagolstm pkmrg. Eo uo olvec, se trmtm he kueotgs tgtmcbeote logkfre molbmces0 eo gtrg, esgs kueotgs kecefrmo cgs mstutgs mrhlhes y ec esprltu veoamtlvg h

flces eo su trluoig kgotrm cgs pghergsgs. [eao yg, uom verslo pmrklmcbeote esterlclzmhm, mbkghlilkmhm hec hlskursg gkuctg est slebpre preseote eo ec hlskursg pfclkg he cgs arfgrhlomhgs. Og se puehe evltmr cm mbflaehmh eo cm loterpretmklo he estgs textgs, que hespuhg esto nekngs pmrm ser evmslvgs. Zerg laogrmrcgs ogs clbltmrm m uom kgbpreoslo he cm nl

cm sufgrhlomklo fmsmhm eo esgs rmrgs bgbeotgs he cm refeclo hlrektm g exkcuslvmbeote kursg gkuctg, ec kumc og scg es evmslvg, slog buknms vekes slbpcebeote lomkkeslfce. Heflhg

uy hliklces klrkuostmoklms eo que se prghukeo, ec reskmte he cms vgkes y prktlkms og neaebcgs puefcgs gprlblhgs exlae, kreg yg, uom igrbm he moclsls kgbpcetmbeote hliereote mc moclcltes.

Zgr ctlbg, ec mkgoteklbleotg pgctlkg bs expcgslvg es cm rupturm hec kgrhgo smoltmlreeo


26/214

kursg gkuctg y ec pfclkg. Kumohg hldg cg que teom que heklr, cm segrm Zgyser fgrrtloklo mc nmker pfclkg ec hlskursg nmstm eotgokes gkuctg (vmse kmptucg =). Eo su kmsg, ec y, perg ese tlpg he bgbeotgs eo que se expresm uo hesmig y uom gpgslklo mflertm aeoermcbgvgkmo uom prgotm respuestm represlvm g, sl og nmy respuestm, uom eskmcmhm he pmcmfrms y hm vez bs mtrevlhgs. Momclzmrebgs esgs bgbeotgs que ogs perblteo kgbpreoher mcauoms igkmrlsbm y cm hloblkm he cms kgoqulstms pgctlkms.

Cg que ne heklhlhg ccmbmr cm loirmpgctlkm he cgs arupgs sufgrhlomhgs gkupmr armo pmrestrm mteoklo. Kgo ese trblog, qulerg heslaomr uom armo vmrlehmh he igrbms he reslsteoklm

kretms que rekurreo m igrbms lohlrektms he expreslo. Kgbpreoher cm sustmoklm hermpgctlkm, sus hlsirmkes, su hesmrrgccg y sus recmklgoes kgo ec hlskursg pfclkg ser he armo mec eskcmreklbleotg he mcauogs eogdgsgs prgfcebms hec moclsls pgctlkg, eo espeklmc cm kuestllokgrpgrmklo neaebolkm. Og nmy qulz uo tebm bs hlskutlhg eo estgs mgs, ym sem eclsls sgfre ec pgher he cm kgbuolhmh g eo cms bs sutlces igrbucmklgoes oegbmrxlstms he Armsus sukesgres. ]u qulere heklr exmktmbeote lokgrpgrmklo neaebolkm es uom kuestlerpretmklo0 slo ebfmrag, kumcqulerm que sem cm heilolklo que se ce h, es lomkeptmfce pcmotempuestm slbpce, uolhlbeoslgomc, m cm loterrgamote he sl cgs eskcmvgs kreeo eo cm dustlkcuktlflclhmh he cm eskcmvltuh. [l, eo kmbflg, trmtmbgs he evmcumr he qu bmoerm se puehe gra

klmcbeote m cgs arupgs sufgrhlomhgs kgo ec ilo he que mkepteo uom lbmaeo he sus prgplgs lotemomhm heshe mrrlfm, qulz teohrebgs cm pgslflclhmh he ecmfgrmr uom respuestm bs kgblsteo ecebeotgs prgkeheotes hec hlskursg gkuctg y he cm loirmpgctlkm eo aeoermc que ogs perbr cg beogs eo prloklplg, mkerkmrogs m este prgfcebm ebprlkmbeote. Eo tghg kmsg, og esclamhgs m espermr uom prgtestm sgklmc mflertm pmrm cevmotmr ec vecg he cm moueoklm y he cm sub

om kgokepklo he cm pgctlkm eoigkmhm exkcuslvmbeote eo cms que pueheo ser bmoliestmkpuestms he moueoklm g eo cm refeclo mflertm rehuke eogrbebeote cm lbmaeo he cm vlhm pgcfre tghg eo cms kgohlklgoes he tlrmom g he kmsl tlrmom eo cms que se eokueotrm armo pmrtuohg.

Mslblsbg, sl prestmbgs mteoklo m mktgs pgctlkgs que se remclzmo iuerm he eskeom g hlsirmhrebgs kgoilaurmr uo bfltg he pgslfce hlslheoklm. Eo este puotg, yg kreg, cg bs ogrbmc ekgotrebgs cms fmses sgklmces y ogrbmtlvms he mcauoms igrbms prktlkms he reslsteoklm (pgr edebque cgs mbgs ccmbmfmo museotlsbg, rgfg, iuam he eskcmvgs), ms kgbg cgs vmcgres que pghrperblteo cms kgohlklgoes, sgsteoer igrbms bs hrmbtlkms he refeclo. ]uerebgs bgstrmr qigrbms kgtlhlmoms he reslsteoklm, ol cm losurrekklo gkmslgomc se pueheo eoteoher slo teo

eotm cgs espmklgs sgklmces kerrmhgs eo cgs kumces esm reslsteoklm se mclbeotm y mhqulere seotlhnlklerm kgo cm blouklm que og pghebgs utlclzmr mqu, hlkng moclsls esfgzmrm uom tekogcgam y

ktlkm he cm reslsteoklm, slblcmres mc moclsls que nlzg Igukmuct he cm tekogcgam he cm hgblomk

Ec hlskursg gkuctg y cms igrbms hlsirmzmhms he hlslheoklm pfclkm tmbflo pueheo myuhmrbpreoher bedgr cgs mktgs kmrlsbtlkgs. Ec kmrlsbm og es uom kumclhmh kgbg, hlambgs, cgsis que mcauleo pgsee he bmoerm omturmc0 ec kmrlsbm es, kgbg se smfe, uom recmklo eo cmgs gfservmhgres loteresmhgs rekgogkeo (y pueheo lokcusg myuhmr m prghuklr) uom kumclhmhgs mhblrmo. Cm segrm Zgyser og erm uo persgomde kmrlsbtlkg eo ec seotlhg kgcgqulmc mfrm, perg s remclz uo mktg kmrlsbtlkg. Zrgpgoag que cm kgbpreoslo he ese mktg kmrlsbtgtrgs pmreklhgs, hepeohe he que se rekgogzkm kbg su aestg represeotmfm uo hlskursg g

bo que nmstm eotgokes omhle nmfm teolhg ec vmcgr he expresmrce mc pgher eo su kmrm.Bl moclsls pgoe he recleve preklsmbeote esms igrbms he sufgrhlomklo eo cms kumces prev

frm cm bmygr hlveraeoklm eotre ec hlskursg pfclkg y ec gkuctg. Zgr cg tmotg, buknms he cms pr


27/214

uklhms prgkeheo he vmrlms igrbms he tlrmom que eskga teoleohg eo kueotm he qu boilrbmrmo estm perspektlvm. Vekurr, slebpre que erm pgslfce, m estuhlgs sgfre cm eskcmvltuvlhubfre, cm kmstm he cgs lotgkmfces y cm hgblomklo rmklmc, lokcuyeohg ec kgcgolmcls

klehmhes kmbpesloms mctmbeote estrmtlilkmhms, que sgo bl rem espekilkm he loters. Zmservmhgr kgotebpgroeg, estms igrbms he hgblomklo kmsl pueheo pmreker kmsgs extrebgs, y pghrm kgoslhermr que cm eskcmvltuh y cm servlhubfre sgo tebms pmrm motlkumrlgs. Zerg pgoleve estgs kmsgs tleoe sus veotmdms. Heshe ec puotg he vlstm nlstrlkg, represeotmo slo huheom pmrte he cm trlste experleoklm vltmc he cm nubmolhmh. Mhebs, armklms mc krekleote loters

tgrlm sgklmc vlstm heshe cms kmpms loierlgres y m cm rekupermklo he vgkes que, slo este lorbmoekermo buhms espeklmcbeote eo ec kmsg he cm eskcmvltuh he Estmhgs Uolhgs, ne tbflo cm pgslflclhmh he mprgveknmr trmfmdgs pufclkmhgs buy rekleotebeote.

Bl estrmtealm kgoslste eo eskgaer igrbms he hgblomklo cg fmstmote pmreklhms pmrm hmrces neslo m cms kgbpmrmklgoes, eo uom ambm he kmsgs ym he pgr s peclargsmbeote exteosm. bms he hgblomklo, que sgo behlgs lostltuklgomclzmhgs he extrmer trmfmdg, fleoes y servlklm pgfcmklo sufyuamhm, eokmromo prloklplgs igrbmces sgfre cm superlgrlhmh y cm loierlgruknms vekes kgo estrukturms lhegcalkms kgbpcedms. Eo eccms, mhebs, klertg armhg he rltlquetm" reaucm cm kgohuktm pfclkm. Mc beogs eo prloklplg, eo estgs slstebms he hgblomkl

oag se heterblom pgr omklbleotg, cm bgvlclhmh sgklmc es oucm y m cgs arupgs sufgrhlomhgs okeheo pgkgs herekngs pgctlkgs g klvlces, sl se ces kgokeheo herekngs. Muoque mctmbtltuklgomclzmhgs, estgs slstebms ogrbmcbeote kgotleoeo uo iuerte ecebeotg he bmohg persge reilerg m cm eogrbe clfertmh que pgseeo cgs mbgs, cgs segres, cgs frmnbmoes, pmrm fltrmrlm y kmprlkngsmbeote m sus eskcmvgs, slervgs e lotgkmfces, respektlvmbeote. Ms pues, nbeotg he terrgr persgomc eo estgs slstebms que puehe tgbmr cm igrbm he agcplzms mrfltrcmklgoes sexumces, y gtrgs losuctgs y nublccmklgoes. Ce gkurrm g og m uo sufgrhlomhg eo pmrtlteoer slebpre preseote cm pgslflclhmh he que sukehm pmreke heilolr tghm cm recmklo. Zgr cbg sukehe eo cm bmygrm he cms armohes estrukturms he hgblomklo, ec arupg sufgrhlomhg tleo

steoklm sgklmc buy kgoslhermfce iuerm he eskeom, y stm, eo prloklplg, ce gireke cm gpgrtuolhsmrrgccmr uom krtlkm kgbo hec pgher.

Ec mlre he imblclm estrukturmc es uo plcmr momctlkg iuohmbeotmc he bl prgpuestm. Eo mfrms, og loteotmr nmker hekcmrmklgoes "eseoklmclstms" mkerkm he cms kmrmkterstlkms lobutmfceskcmvgs, he cgs slervgs, he cgs lotgkmfces, he cms rmzms kgcgolzmhms g sufyuamhms. Zerg s q

rbmr que, sl tghgs cgs hebs ecebeotgs sgo laumces, exlsteo estrukturms slblcmres he hgbloe tleoheo m prgvgkmr respuestms y igrbms he reslsteoklm buy pmreklhms eotre s. P;6RBl moclsltmotg, og kgoslherm hliereoklms y kgohlklgoes espekilkms que m gtrgs ces pmrekermo eseokrm teoer uom vlslo mbpclm. Og scg laogrg cms eogrbes hliereoklms eotre kmhm igrb

fgrhlomklo, slog tmbflo cm armo sloaucmrlhmh he kmhm kmsg eo uom igrbm hmhm pgr edebre cm eskcmvltuh he Estmhgs Uolhgs y cm hec Kmrlfe, eotre cm servlhubfre irmokesm y cm ruo brltg pgsee este pmogrmbm, se teohr que hebgstrmr eo estuhlgs he kmsg que iuohmbms vmstms milrbmklgoes eo kgotextgs kucturmcbeote espekilkgs e nlstrlkmbeote prgiuohgs.

Nmr reiereoklm, bs he uom vez, m gtrms igrbms he sufgrhlomklo uo tmotg mcedmhms he cm escms estrukturms motes beoklgomhms, perg que preseotmo klertms slblcltuhes que, yg kreg, myuhm

smrrgccmr e lcustrmr bl prgpuestm. Be nmo pmreklhg tlces, pmrm iloes kgbpmrmtlvgs, bukngs erkm he cms "lostltuklgoes tgtmces" kgbg cms krkeces, cgs kmbpgs he kgokeotrmklo, cgs kmbpslgoergs he auerrm sgfre tghg he mquccms hgohe se remclzm he mcauom bmoerm uo trmfmoveoklbleotg g lokcusg he cmvmhg he kerefrg. Mslblsbg, cm vlhm pfclkm eo cgs es


28/214

buolstms, eo cgs kumces cm sepmrmklo eotre cgs rltgs gilklmces y cm kucturm pgctlkm bmralomc ekueoklm tmo armohe, ogs puehe lcustrmr sgfre cm ecmfgrmklo hec hlskursg gkuctg.

Cm cltermturm sgfre cm hgblomklo he uo sexg pgr gtrg y cm que se reilere m cm kucturm he cmrerm nmo mpgrtmhg preklslgoes vmclgsms eo bukngs mspektgs. Kgo respektg m cgs kmsgsklslvgs he bl moclsls, mpmrekeo eotre eccms slblcltuhes que be resuctmo buy tlces. Mc bbpg, nmy hliereoklms que clbltmo bl pgslflclhmh he nmker momcgams. Eo ec kmsg he cms buderemklgoes he sufgrhlomklo nmo slhg aeoermcbeote bs persgomces y bs otlbms. Heflhggkremklo y cm vlhm imblclmr, lbmalomr uom exlsteoklm kgbpcetmbeote sepmrmhm pmrm ec

fgrhlomhg requlere uo pmsg bukng bs rmhlkmc que ec he cgs slervgs y cgs eskcmvgs. Cms momcvuecveo bs hliklces eo sltumklgoes kgotebpgroems hgohe se puehe ecealr mc koyuae y hgohuderes tleoeo herekngs klvlces y pgctlkgs. Eo ec kmsg he cms kcmses trmfmdmhgrms kgotebpgroeklheote, que pueheo mkeptmr g hedmr uo trmfmdg (muoque ogrbmcbeote teoamo que trmfmdmr)

bflo nmo mhqulrlhg klertm bgvlclhmh y herekngs he kluhmhmom, se preseotmo buknms hlilkucblcmres. Mbfgs kmsgs lcustrmo qu tmo eseoklmc es cm exlsteoklm he mcauom pgslflclhmh he ecealr

rebeotmr cms gpgrtuolhmhes he cm lokgrpgrmklo neaebolkm0 y ec kmsg hec aoerg, eo pmrtlkfrmym cm lbpgrtmoklm he espeklilkmr exmktmbeote qu tmo sepmrmhms esto cms esierms sepmrmhms

Est kcmrg, hmhm estm ambm ece estrukturms que be prgpgoag expcgrmr mqu, que prlvlcea

bms he cm hlaolhmh y he cm mutgogbm, ogrbmcbeote kgoslhermhgs sekuohmrlgs eo recmklo kpcgtmklo bmterlmc. Cm eskcmvltuh, cm servlhubfre y ec slstebm he kmstms aeoermo ogrbmcbktlkms y rltgs he heolarmklo, losuctg y mtmques mc kuerpg que pmrekeo gkupmr uo espmklgmohe eo cgs hlskursgs gkuctgs he sus vktlbms. Estms igrbms he gpreslo, kgbg verebgs, ces vgs sufgrhlomhgs ec cudg grhlomrlg he cm reklprgklhmh oeamtlvm4 respgoher m uom fgietmhm kgoietmhm, m uo losuctg kgo uo losuctg. Lokcusg eo ec kmsg he cm kcmse trmfmdmhgrm kgotebpgrreke que ec beogspreklg he cm hlaolhmh, cm vlalcmoklm estreknm y ec kgotrgc hec trmfmdg tleoeo pogs tmotm lbpgrtmoklm eo cgs testlbgolgs sgfre cm gpreslo kgbg cms pregkupmklgoes

pekilkms sgfre ebpceg y rebuoermklo.

VECLBLOMVE[

Cgs slauleotes hgs kmptucgs estmro hehlkmhgs mc moclsls hec hlskursg pfclkg, su bfclkg, su ederklklg, su bmolpucmklo y sus kgosekueoklms. [lo ebfmrag, motes he ebpreohe

em, oekesltmbgs mkcmrmr mcauogs presupuestgs momctlkgs. Ec prlberg se reilere m cm sltustebgcalkm hec hlskursg gkuctg y m cm omturmcezm he cm recmtlvm clfertmh he sus eouoklmhgauohg cuamr, heseg lohlkmr kbg cms hliereoklms eotre ec hlskursg pfclkg y ec gkuctg kgokuriektmbeote kgo cg que smfebgs pgr cm prktlkm cloastlkm y pgr cm ieogbeogcgam hereoklms eotre cg que se hlke ireote mc pgher y cg que se hlke m sus espmchms. Ilomcbeote, tmblerg semcmr kbg cgs eiektgs ogrbmtlvgs y ebgklgomces hec hlskursg gkuctg prgkeheo hpucsgs y cms hekcmrmklgoes que se keosurmo eo preseoklm hec pgher.

EIEVEOKLM \ CEOAUMDE IUEVM HE E[KEOM


29/214

Cgs dveoes slebpre nmo teolhg uo yuag, pergnmy mkmsg uom krlmturm sufyuamhmque og teoam uom gplolo prlvmhm7Aegrae Eclgt,Blhhcebmrkn

Eo kumcquler bghecg he estrmtlilkmklo exlsteo lohlklgs fmstmote seaurgs sgfre qulo hm rqulo cms reklfe. Nmstm mrrlfm esto cgs que hmo rheoes m kmsl tghgs y og reklfeo oloauom0 mdg esto cgs que reklfeo rheoes he prktlkmbeote kumcqulerm y que og hmo rheoes m omhleupmotes he kmhm pgslklo trmtmo kgo heiereoklm m cgs que esto mrrlfm he eccgs. Ylstm heoerm, cm heiereoklm es uom he cms kgosekueoklms he uo slstebm he estrmtlilkmklo, bs que su kr cg tmotg, kgrrebgs ec peclarg he kgbeter uo armve errgr slebpre que smquebgs kgokcusfre cms kreeoklms g cms mktltuhes he mcauleo eo pmrtlkucmr scg pgrque c g eccm nmym remclzmhg he mpmreote kgoheskeoheoklm. Eo seotlhg estrlktg, og teoebgs oloauom rmzo pmrm smkmr okcuslo, y cg bedgr ser kgokeflr ec trblog heiereoklm kgbg "cm igrbm he lotermkklo q

eseotm eo sltumklgoes eo que se ederke uom mutgrlhmh trmhlklgomc"P;8R

. Es kmsl gfvlg que cgs mktiereoklm pgr edebpcg, uom lokclomklo he smcuhg g ec usg he uo ttucg ngogrilkg pmrm hlrlasuperlgr se usmo pmrm hmr cm lbpreslo he kgoigrblhmh kgo cms ogrbms he cgs superlgres.

stm mqu pghebgs cceamr kgo klertm seaurlhmh. Hlkngs mktgs se pueheo remclzmr gbtlkmbeote, kgbg sl iuermo uo rltg g uo nfltg0 pueheo tmbflo ser ec resuctmhg hec kceheo ser uom periektm slbucmklo g pueheo suralr hec heseg kgoskleote he ngormr m uo respperlgr. Mhebs, hmhg que cm bmygrm he cgs mktgs he heiereoklm sgo bmoliestmklgoes rutlomrlmspgseehgr he uo heterblomhg estmtus, m beouhg es hliklc hlstloaulr cm mktltuh mote uo lohlvlhmktltuh mote ec estmtus eo aeoermc. [e puehe trmtmr heiereotebeote m uo smkerhgte, pgr edebpcg

petg eo aeoermc nmklm cgs smkerhgtes y nmklm cm reclalo que eccgs represeotmo, muoque otlbmbhesprekle m ese smkerhgte eo pmrtlkucmr.Zgr cg tmotg, tghms y kmhm uom he cms kgokcuslgoes sgfre cm mktltuh que est hetrs he cgs mkt

iereoklm hefeo iuohmrse eo ecebeotgs exterogs mc mktg blsbg. P;5R\ kumohg se trmtm he cgs mktiereoklm he uo arupg slstebtlkmbeote sgbetlhg m cm hgblomklo, esgs ecebeotgs sgo momces pgrque cgs rltgs pfclkgs he heiereoklm pueheo ser ym buy rutlomrlgs y nuekgs. Eo su esbpmrmtlvg he cm eskcmvltuh, Gskmr Zmttersgo loslste eo que cgs mktgs servlces he cgs eskcmveseoklm he sus mbgs sgo "ec prghuktg exterlgrlzmhg he su lotermkklo" y omhm bs. Fmsmhgs, kmsl omhm pghebgs heklr he cm pslkgcgam g he cms kreeoklms hec arupg. P;9R Eo kum

rukturm fleo estmfceklhm he hgblomklo, es pgslfce lbmalomr que cgs arupgs sufgrhlomhgs trulhgs pgr sus blsbgs pmhres eo cgs rltgs he ngbeomde que ces evltmro prgfcebms. Uom rmhgdm he cm eskcmvltuh, pgr edebpcg, es que m cms bmhres eskcmvms, kuyg prloklpmc hesgteaer m sus nldgs y bmoteoercgs m su cmhg, ces kgovleoe lostrulrcgs eo cms rutloms hec kgoigrbr mbgr, cms bmhres ehukmo m sus nldgs pmrm kgbpcmker, g mc beogs og nmker eogdmr, m sus mbms. Es lbpgslfce heklr, fmsohgogs exkcuslvmbeote eo cms pruefms vlslfces, qu tmo prgiuohgoigrblsbg y qu tmotg loicuyeo eo uom mktumklo ec reseotlbleotg y ec klolsbg que se hmobfmcloms. Mcag buy slblcmr pmreke gkurrlr eo cms imblclms gfrerms loacesms. Bleotrms cms imbkcmse behlm vmcgrmo cgs seotlbleotgs, cm kucpm y cm mktltuh, cgs deies he imblclms gfrerms, se

hmo bs lbpgrtmoklm mc kgoigrblsbg exterlgr y m cm sublslo slo pregkupmrse tmotg pg


30/214

gtlvgs loterogs.P;1REste bghecg he kgohuktm reicedm eo armo behlhm ec tlpg he sublslo mote cmgrmc y ec slstebm he kcmses que se esperm y se kgoslaue he cgs pmhres. Es kgbg sl se estureomohg m cgs dveoes he cm kcmse gfrerm m ccevmr uom vlhm eo que og exlstm oekesmrlmbeot

oexlo y tmc vez ol slqulerm uom kgotrmhlkklo eotre su pfclkg kgoigrblsbg mote cm rempgher y sus mktltuhes otlbms.

Eo ec exmbeo he uo hlskursg pfclkg he heiereoklm, ec prgfcebm mc que ogs eoireotmbgs kgcg slauleote4 kbg pghebgs evmcumr ec lbpmktg he cms recmklgoes he pgher eo cgs mktgs kumorklklg he pgher es kmsl kgostmote7 Ec eiektg he cm preseoklm he uo bmestrg g bmestrm mote uo

estuhlmotes mpeoms se puehe kgbeozmr m behlr kumohg mquc g mquccm smce hec smco he kcmsmohg cgs estuhlmotes smceo m rekreg. Mpmrte he cg que hlkeo, cm tplkm expcgslo he kgoversmkhe exufermoklm islkm que se prghuke kumohg cm eskuecm og est ederkleohg su mutgrlhmh, kgbpo su prevlm kgohuktm eo ec smco he kcmse, ogs hedm ver retrgspektlvmbeote ec eiektg que tleokuecm y ec bmestrg. Cgs bgtlvgs he cgs mktgs he heiereoklm seaulro resuctohgogs gpmkgs e, y m beogs que, ec pgher que cgs hlktm se heflclte0 g fleo nmfrebgs he nmfcmr kgoilheoklmcbs fmbfmcloms, kgo mquccgs kuygs bgtlvgs hesembgs eoteoher.

Es preklsmbeote eo este ctlbg espmklg he recmtlvm clfertmh he expreslo, cedgs hec mckmopghergsgs, hgohe se hefe fuskmr ec hlskursg gkuctg. Cm hlspmrlhmh eotre cg que eokgotrmbgs

g que se hlke eo preseoklm hec pgher hm cm behlhm mprgxlbmhm he cg que se nm suprlblhg buolkmklo pgctlkm kmramhm he slaolilkmhgs he pgher. Zgr estm rmzo, ec hlskursg gkuctg es ec vlcealmhg pmrm cm bmoliestmklo he uo ceoaumde og neaebolkg, hlslheote, sufverslvg gslklo.

Nmstm mngrm ne usmhg cgs trblogs hlskursg gkuctg y hlskursg pfclkgeo sloaucmr, kumoclhmh ec pcurmc nuflerm slhg bs exmktg y nuflerm hmhg uom lhem he cm armo vmrlehmh he cuohe se aeoermo esgs hlskursgs. Ec slauleote kumhrg kuym tgsquehmh y esquebmghlilkmrebgs pgsterlgrbeote gireke uom prlberm lhem he estm pcurmclhmh he hlskursgs eo eccm eskcmvltuh.P;>R

pmklgs hlskurslvgs nlpgttlkgs, grheomhgs seao ec rekeptgr, hurmote cm eskcmvltuh

Hlskursgs gkuctgsMbg g bmygrhgbg kruec

Mbg g bmygrhgbg lohucaeoteFcmokgs slo mutgrlhmh hlrektm

Hlskursgs pfclkgsEskcmvgs y oeargs clfermhgsEskcmvgs hec blsbg mbgMblags bs kerkmogs hec eskcmvgImblclm lobehlmtm

M behlhm que uo nlpgttlkg eskcmvg pmsm nmklm ec tlpg he pfclkg que se eokueotrm eo ec


31/214

s rekculhg hec espektrg (ec herekng), su hlskursg se clferm bs y bs he cm lotlblhmklo hperlgres. Zmrm heklrcg eo trblogs uo pgkg hliereotes4 ec pgher sgfre cm kmpmklhmh he exprmr ogrbmcbeote, perg og slebpre, beogs hesequlclfrmhg kumotg bs se rekcuym ec eskcmvg grog otlbg. [lo ebfmrag, estg he oloauom bmoerm qulere heklr que tghgs cgs mktgs hec ese uo mbg kruec sero oekesmrlmbeote iloalhgs y imcsgs y que su kgohuktm mote su imblclm lags kerkmogs ser igrzgsmbeote mutotlkm y slokerm. Og pghebgs mpresurmrogs m mhgptmr

bpclstm kgokcuslo, pgrque cms recmklgoes he pgher sgo uflkums. [lo huhm sgo hliereotes erebgs gpuestgs hec espektrg, perg ouokm esto museotes.P;


32/214

Kgbg cg buestrm ec kumhrg, cm recmklo hlmcktlkm eotre ec hlskursg pfclkg y ec gkuctg es ghlskursg gkuctg, pgr heilolklo, represeotm uo ceoaumde aestgs, nmfcm, mktgs que ogrbmcbederklklg hec pgher exkcuye hec hlskursg pfclkg he cgs sufgrhlomhgs. Cm prktlkm

blomklo, eotgokes, kremec hlskursg gkuctg. [l cm hgblomklo es pmrtlkucmrbeote severm, cggfmfce es que prghuzkm uo hlskursg gkuctg he uom rlquezm equlvmceote. Ec hlskursg gkuctg hupgs sufgrhlomhgs, m su vez, remkklgom ireote mc hlskursg pfclkg kremohg uom sufkuctgoleohg su prgplm verslo he cm hgblomklo sgklmc m cm he cm clte hgblomote. Mbfgs sgo esppgher y he lotereses.

Ec hlskursg gkuctg he cgs hgblomhgres es laumcbeote uo lostrubeotg pmrm ec ederklklg he pte kgotleoe ese ceoaumde aestgs, nmfcm, mktgs que cgs cbltes lhegcalkgs heotrg he cgs koklgom cm hgblomklo exkcuyeo hec hlskursg pfclkg. [l lbmalormbgs uo kumhrg pmreklhg mcalom 8=, eo ec kumc tgbrmbgs cm perspektlvm hec mbg y kgcgkrmbgs m cgs rekeptgres eo uo e iuerm heshe su imblclm y sus mblags bs kerkmogs nmstm sus kgotmktgs kgo cgs eskcmvgs eo g he kerebgolm, ogs eokgotrmrmbgs kgo uo espektrg he cgs bfltgs hlskurslvgs hec hgblo

qu tmbflo, kgbg eo ec kmsg he uo hlpcgbtlkg kuyg ceoaumde vmrm eogrbebeote seaofcmohg loigrbmcbeote kgo su prgplg arupg he oeagklmhgres g igrbmcbeote kgo ec deie oeagkuom pgteoklm eoeblam, estmbgs eo uo bfltg he bskmrms. Cms bskmrms pueheo ser bs g b

uesms, pueheo ser furhms g sutlces, seao ec tlpg he pfclkg y cgs lotereses eo dueag, perg og ser mktumklgoes, kgbg cg sgo tghgs cgs mktgs sgklmces.

GHEV \ MKXUMKLO

Xu preseoklm lotlblhm mc ngbfre kgbo\ ce lbplhe heklr cg que og te loteresm grZerg eo cgs rlokgoes gskurgs ne ghg heklrKbg ec puefcg eoterg ccgrm pgr estm dgveo

Lodustmbeote kgoheomhm, kgbg omhle cg nm slhg,M bgrlr eo hesarmklm pgr uom ogfce mkklo...Estg es cg que se hlke eo sekretg eo ec puefcg.Nebo m Kreo,Motlagum

Eo trblogs he cm vlhm kgtlhlmom, es eo cgs mktgs he heiereoklm, sufgrhlomklo y zmcmohe bs kcmrmbeote se perklfe ec lbpmktg hec pgher. Ec clfretg y cms lohlkmklgoes pmrgvlbleotgs eo eskeom ces pgoeo aeoermcbeote bs clbltmklgoes m cgs arupgs sufgrhlomhgs queblomotes. Zcmoteohgcg eo trblogs he "reohlrce ngbeomde" mc rmoag sgklmc, Ngknsknlch semcm

Xeoer uo rmoag bs ecevmhg slaolilkm teoer bs pgslflclhmhes he gfteoer rekgbpecuyeohg cms he grheo ebgklgomc, y tmbflo teoer uo bmygr mkkesg m cgs behlgs he nmker r

ms pgslflclhmhes. Ec kgbpgrtmbleotg respetugsg he cgs slrvleotes y cms buderes, cms sgootmhgrms, cm mteotm hlspgslklo m eskuknmr, cm rlsm he mprgfmklo, cgs kgbeotmrlgs milrbmtblrmtlvgs g he pregkupmklo se vuecveo mpmreotebeote ogrbmces, kgbg sl iuermo pmrte lot

cm persgomclhmh eo vez he mktltuhes lonereotes mc tlpg he loterkmbflg eo ec kumc se eoku


33/214

sl slebpre losertmhm cm aeote he fmdm pgslklo.P86R

Uom mktumklo kgovlokeote puehe requerlr cm supreslo g ec kgotrgc he seotlbleotgs que eknperher cm represeotmklo y cm slbucmklo he ebgklgoes oekesmrlms pmrm hlknm represeotmklvs he cm repetlklo se puehe cceamr m hgblomr he tmc bmoerm cm mktumklo que stm terblom slktlkmbeote mutgbtlkm y mpmreotebeote espgotoem. Eo gtrgs kmsgs, se hm uo esiuerzg kgoskbg kumohg ec Yledg Xleoogo hldg, mc eokgotrmrse kgo ec pmhre he su motlaug mbg4 "Be gfclaumfce". Ms nmfcmbgs tghgs, he estm bmoerm esqulzgirolkm, kgbg sl ouestrg yg kmckucmhgr ederotrgc sgfre ouestrg yg ebgklgomc, que mbeomzm kgo eknmr m perher cm mktumklo.P8;R Og hedm

lstlr que estm mktumklo lokcuye og scg mktgs he ceoaumde slog tmbflo uom mktltuh he kgoigrbcms expreslgoes y aestgs imklmces ms kgbg uom gfehleoklm kgokretm m rheoes que puehesmarmhmfces g nublccmotes.

Estms mktumklgoes he "gfehleoklm he rheoes" gkupmo uom pmrte eo cm vlhm he cgs afgrhlomhgs bmygr que eo cm he cgs hgblomotes. Ec kmbflg eo cms pgsturms, eo cms mktltuhes ymreote mktlvlhmh he uom gilklom kumohg he prgotg mpmreke ec supervlsgr es uo kmsg gfvlg. Mubflo est fmdg preslo, ec supervlsgr puehe ogrbmcbeote bgstrmrse bs recmdmhg, breoslvg, ym que hespus he tghg, es c quleo lbpgoe ec tgog hec eokueotrg. P88REc pgher slaoliler que mktumr g, bs preklsmbeote, teoer cm pgslflclhmh he ser bs oeaclaeote e loigrb

mcquler represeotmklo. Estm recmklo eotre ec pgher y cm mktumklo erm tmo estreknm eo cm okesm que ec beogr lohlklg he uo lokrebeotg eo ec servlclsbg pghm tgbmrse kgbg pruefm hrhlhm he rmoag sgklmc y he pgher4 "]ue se kulhe fleo uo imvgrltg pgrque sl og be hedm espermobpg oekesmrlg eo cm motekbmrm, sl su expreslo es beogs eolabtlkm, sl ym og iruoke tmotg ec kumohg be est hesplhleohg se quehm eskuknohgbe uo pgkg bs, peosmr que est kgbeozmer, y teohr rmzo". P85REo cm mrrgamoklm msgklmhm kgo cm pgseslo he pgher, ec yg lompreoslehe expcmymr bs islkmbeote. Eo kmbflg, ec servlclsbg, pgr heilolklo, oekesltm prktlkmbeooklo kulhmhgsm y uom remkklo m tgog kgo cgs nubgres y cms exlaeoklms he cgs pghergsgs. Eo

sgs, ec yg hesmpreoslvg se hedm ver bukng beogs m kmusm he cm severlhmh kgo cm que se p

tlamr uom mktumklo bmcm g uom mktumklo heilkleote. Nmy que "pgrtmrse" slebpre cg bedgr pgsCm loicueoklm he cgs pghergsgs eo ec hlskursg pfclkg mpmreke kcmrmbeote eo mcauogs resuc

cms lovestlamklgoes sgklgcloastlkms sgfre ec usg hec ceoaumde y ec pgher. Estgs resucuestrmo kbg cms dermrqums sexumces, rmklmces, he kmstm y he kcmse igrbmo pmrte hec khlag olpucmklo hec nmfcm.

Eo su estuhlg sgfre cms hliereoklms eo ec usg cloastlkg kgotebpgroeg eotre budebfres, Vgflo Cm`gii sufrmym que cm nlstgrlm he hgblomklo bmskuclom nm heterblomhg quuderes mhgpteo kmhm vez bs ec ceoaumde he cgs ngbfres lbltmohg cm ogrbm cloastlkm oag superlgr, bleotrms que cg kgotrmrlg rmrm vez gkurre. P89REo uo eokueotrg kmrm m kmrm, tleo

pgoerse ec tgog, cm armbtlkm y cms expreslgoes hec hgblomhgr bmskuclog, pmrm og nmfcmr he m sebedmozm he gtrms recmklgoes mslbtrlkms he pgher ec hgblomhgr es quleo ogrbmcbeote kgoversmklo, cm kgotrgcm y heklhe kuohg terblom. Cm preseoklm he cm sufgrhlomklo se pektmr eo ec usg he expreslgoes cloastlkms kremhms espekilkmbeote pmrm reicedmr y motlklppuestm hec hgblomhgr. Eo ese seotlhg, Cm`gii resmctm kbg cms buderes usmo kgo bs irekueoe cgs cloalstms ccmbmo cm preauotm-etlquetm4 uo "og es ms7" g uom ecevmklo he tgog he vgz mccg que heferm ser uom grm

Los Dominados y El Arte de La Resistencia - JAMES C. SCOTT

Documents

Transcript of Los Dominados y El Arte de La Resistencia - JAMES C. SCOTT