Los Negros Brujos

7/21/2019 Los Negros Brujos

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ais ncfrislruois



Xrðaifi

Am cjb`bðn jc cstm ilrm cn =285, am prbgcrm jcjb`mjm pir jin EcrnmnjiIrabz ma cstujbi jca bgpirtmntc ìgpincntc merb`mni cn am si`bcjmj ùlm-nm, scýmam ca bnb`bi jc su prieunji y cxtcnsi sinjci jc ai quc jcnigbnðmeriùlmnçm, am ùma meairm cn ca cnirgc `mujma jc vmabisms bneirgm`bincsy jc mtbnmjis oub`bis quc nis acfmrm m`cr`m jc am prcscn`bm, bntcfrm`bðn y

vmairm`bðn jc ais mpirtcs gmtcrbmacs y cspbrbtumacs jca ncfri cn am ìneir-gm`bðn jc nucstrm nm`binmabjmj y nucstrm ùaturm.

]ubzís, cstc ablri dm sbji ca gís ìntrivcrtbji cn su mgpabi `mtíaifi jctcxtis, m`mtmjis jc gmncrm `msb unínbgc pir sus brrceutmlacs m`bcrtis cnca mníabsbs dbstirbifríebì, si`biaðfbì y ctnifríebì - cn tr c itris cneiqucsjbs`bpabnmrbis jc ams `bcn`bms si`bmacsjc unm si`bcjmj m am ùma vbcrmms`cnjcr pmrmacamgcntc ma trmnsùrrbr jc su amrfm cxbstcn`bm, jcsjc am`dmturm ìainbma cn quc ac ti`ð nm`cr, fmnmr maturm pir ais tir`bjis scnjc-ris jc unm rcpÿlab`m gcjbmtbzmjm pir am quc trmnsbtð ounti ìn su mjuatcz,dmstm ma`mnzmr ais mbrcmjis cspm`bis jc unm nm`bðn jcebnbtbvmgcntc ablcrm-jm, jcspuâs jca trbunei rcviau`binmrbi jca Bi- jc cncri jc =232, cn am ùmaqubsi pcrgmnc`cr, ma cxprcsmr pÿlab`mgcntc su pripðsbti jc ni mlmnjinmr

su sucai pmtrbi.Ca ìntcnbji jc cstc tcxti quc priaifmgis jcsmtð cnoub`bmgbcntis guycnìntrmjis. Xujbcrm rcìpbamrsc unm amrfm abstm jc oub`bis cnìgbístbìs-silrc tiji, cn ams prbgcrms jâ`mjms jc su mpmrb`bðn- quc ìgprcnjcrçmais gís gcntmjis niglrcs jc ams `bcn`bms ourçjb`ms -cn cspc`bma, jc ais

pcrsincris jc am cntin`cs vbfirism csùcam `rbgbniaðfb`m pisbt bvbstm-, uncxtcnsi `mtíaifi jc caifbisis ìgcntmrbstms, quc cn`mlczmrçm @csmrcAiglrisi -qubcn ac ìn`cjbð am frm`bm jc quc unm `mrtm suym mpmrc`bcrmìgi prðaifi jc am prbgcrm cjb`bðn-, sc ìntbnumrçm ìn sus gís `cr`mnis

U



scfubjircs, ìgi Cnrbì Ecrrb y \meemcac Fmrðemai, y sc cxtcnjcrçm ìntijm unm nitmlac ìdirtc jc rcìni`bjms pcrsinmabjmjcs jc muam yfmlbnctc.

R ìgprilmrçmgis quc, cntrc nisitris, mafunis jc ais mspc`tis gísjcstm`mjis jc am ilrm -y, qubzí, ni jc ais gís jcstm`mlacs- sc msugbrçmnìgi pripbis cn ca trmspmsi jca rcacvi jc vmrbms fcncrm`bincs jc pri ec si rc s jc mntripiaifçm ourçjb`m , bnscrtmjms sus mscvcrm`bincs cn tcxtisquc sc rcpctçmn lmoi jbecrcntcs ebrgms.

Ais tcstbginbis mjvcrsis pulab`mjis ni scrçmn tmn mlunjmntcs, pcrijclcgis supincr quc nugcrisis ìntrmjb`tircs, quc ni piscçmn un eí`bam``csi pmrm cxprcsmr sus ipbnbincs cn ams pífbnms bgprcsms, fumrjmrçmn

cscn`bmacs rcpmris -dmstm aacfmr m un titma rc`dmzi- ma ìntcnbji jc cstcablri.

Irtbz ni bfnirð quc unm prcoub`bmjm ac`turm jc cstc tcxti ai ìnjcnmrçm,ma mjoujb`mrac m su mutir unm bntcn`bðn quc cstmlm guy macomjm jc su

prip ðsb ti `bcntçebì. Msç ai rcìni`crçm gu`dis mýis jcspuâs cn cadigcnmoc quc sc ac ierc`bcrm ca =< jc jb`bcglrc jc =2:< cn unm si`bcjmjjc am pcqucým lurfucsçm ncfrm dmlmncrm, ca @aul Mtcnms? "Gb prbgcr ablri,mun ùmnji cs`rbti ìn scrcnm iloctbvbjmj y ìn `rbtcrbi pisbtbvbstm (...) e ucrc`blbji pir ai fcncrma cntrc am fcntc lamn`m ìn lcncviacn`bm, pcrisbcgprc ìn unm sinrbsm ìgpam`bcntc y m vc`cs jcsjcýism (...) y cntrc amfcntc jc ìair ca ablri ni iltuvi sbni sbacn`bi jc jbsfusti, riti pir mafuniscs`rbtis jc gmnbebcstm mun ùmnji rcercnmjm distbabjmj (...) M ais ncfris

acs pmrc`bð un t rmlm oi cx priecsi ìntrm caais, pucs jcsùlrçm sc`rctis guytmpmjis, ìsms sm`rms jc caais rcvcrcn`bmjms, y ìstuglrcs quc, tcnbjmseuc rm jc su mglbcntc pir li`dirnisms, pijrçmn scrvbr pmrm su gcnisprc`biìac`tbvi".=

Ni ilst mn tc cstms cnìntrmjms ìrrbcntcs jc ipbnbðn silrc su m`tbvbjmj`bcntçeb`m, Irtbz supi mrristmr su jc`bsbðn jc priscfubr am bnjmfm`bðn m`cr`mjc ams gís istcnsblacs eirgms jc pmrtb`bpm`bðn jca ncfri cn am vbjm si`bmajc @ulm; ams ùmacs, cn su `rbtcrbi, ni crmn pisblacs sisamymr pmrm qubcn sc pripinç m rcvcamr ais mspc`tis gís sbfnbeb`mtbvis jc am rcmabjmj ùlmnm .

Am ìnvb``bðn jc am nc`csbjmj jc prieunjbzmr cn ca ìni`bgbcnti jc aisguy jbvcrsis cacgcntis mpirtmjis pir am ùmntbism pilam`bðn jc irbfcnmerb `mni y sus jcs`cnjbcntcs bngcjbmtis -c n sbfais mntcrbircs dmlçm aacfmji

m scr gmyirbtmrbm cn @ulm-, ai ìnju`brçm m cstbgmr quc ca trmtmgbcnti jcunm em`ctm mbsamjm, mun ùmnji rcsuatmsc tmn mjmptmji m sus bnb`bmacsbntcrcscs `rbgbniaðfbìs, ni pijçm rceacomr sbqubcrm unm pcqucým pir`bðnjc csis mpirtcs? "@igcn`â m bnvcstbfmr, pcri m piì ìgprcnjç quc, ìgitijis ais ùlmnis, yi cstmlm ìneunjbji. Ni crm tmn sðai ca ùrbisçsbgiecnðgcni jc unm gmsincrçm ncfrm ai quc yi cnìntrmlm, sbni unmìgpacoçsbgm gmrmým jc supcrvbvcn`bms rcabfbisms pri`cjcntcs jc jbecrcntcs

= Ecr nmn ji Irtbz? "Xir am bntcfrm`bðn ùlmnm jc lamnìs y ncfris", cn Cstujbis

Meriùlmnis, Am Dmlmnm, via. U, =2:3-=2:5, pp. <=2-<<8.

UB



ùaturms acomnms y ìn caams vmrbmjçsbgis abnmocs, acnfums, gÿsb`ms, bnstru-gcntis, lmbacs, `mntis, trmjb`bincs, acycnjms, mrtcs, oucfis y ebaisieçmseiakaðrb`ms; cs jc`br, tijm am bngcnsbjmj jc ams jbstbntms ùaturms merb`mnmsquc eucrin trmçjms m @ulm".<

\csuatm frmti rcìni`cr ìgi ni tmn sðai ais dbais jc csm "ìgpacoçsbgmgmrmým jc supcrvbvcn`bms rcabfbisms", sbni tmglbân am bntrbn`mjm urjbglrcjc tijm "am bngcnsbjmj jc ams jbstbntms ùaturms merb`mnms", pujbcrin qucjmrdbavmjms cn jcebnbtbvm cn am ilrm jc Irtbz, ìglbnmnji sus jcab`mjisgmtb`cs y rcsmatmnji sus eucrtcs ìntrmstcs.

Cn tmnti su ilrm sc mlrçm `mjm vcz gís m jbamtmjis `mgpis jc bnvcstbfm-`bðn, cstc tcxti bnb`bma jclçm cspcrmr pir unm rcvbsbðn ìn`cptuma y un

mugcnti sustmn`bma jc su ìntcnbji em`tuma, ai quc nun`m aacfð m priju-`brsc. Cn gís jc unm i`msbðn, su mutir -ìgi pijrí ìrrilirmr ca ac`tirgís mjcamntc - sc rcebrbð m ams rmzincs jc tbcgpi quc ac bgpcjçmn dm`cr su"rceunjb`bðn ìgpactm" y tmglbân mnun`bmlm quc sc pripinçm unm rccjb-`bðn, ìn bfuma tçtuai, jc am pmrtc jcjb`mjm jc gmncrm cxàusbvm ma mspc`tircabfbisi, am ùma rcsuatmrçm un nucvi viaugcn "ìgpactmgcntc rcgizmjiy gís quc jupab`mji cn su ìntcnbji".

Ams itrms sc``bincs quc eirgmlmn pmrtc jc am prbgcrm cjb`bðn sc prifrm-gmrin pmrm quc bntcfrmscn itris ablris; tijis caais ìneirgmrçmn unm scrbccjbtirbma lmoi ca cquçviì tçtuai jc Dmgpm meriùlmnm -pcnsmgis quc tmnsðai sc gmntcnçm pmrm itirfmrac `bcrtm ìntbnubjmj lblabifríeb`m-, cn un pamn jc cjb`bincs quc sðai sc ùgpabgcntð cn pmrtc.

Mdirm sc rccjbtm ìgpactm am prbgcrm cjb`bðn, pucs am Cjbtirbma jc@bcn`bms Pi`bmacs -jcsjc =26: vbcnc jcsmrriaamnji un mglb`bisi priyc`ti

pmrm jbvuafmr ais tcxtis gís rcacvmntcs jc Ir tb z- 0 ìnsbjcrm quc ni bnìr- pirmr m jb`di pripðsbti cjbtirbma cstm ilrm -ìnvcr tbjm cn am m`tumabjmj cnunm rmrczm lblabifríeb`m-, quc jcvbni cn rcmabjmj ca prbgcr bntcnti jc unmbnjmfm`bðn m`cr`m jc ams rcabfbincs y itrms gmnbecstm`bincs ùaturmacs jcancfri cn @ulm, ni sðai sbfnbeb`mrçm unm igbsbðn quc jbebùatmrçm ìnstmtmrams bjcms sustcntmjms cn ais prbgcris mýis jc vbjm rcpulab`mnm cn tirni m

< Blçjcg, p. <=4.0 Jc cstm scac``bðn jc ais tcxtis gís bgpirtmntcs jc Ecr nmn ji Irtbz, am Cjbtirbma jc@bcn`bms Pi`bmacs (Am Dmlmnm) dm cjbtmji, dmstm am ec`dm, ais sbfubcntcs?

Nucvi `mtmuri jc ùlmnbsgis. Cjb`bðn pistugm, =26:, 3<5 pp.; Ais ncfris csàmvis. Xrðaifim am scfunjm cjb`bðn jc Oisâ Au`bmni Ermnì, =263,3<3 pp. (rcbgprcsi cn =244); Ca cnfmýi

jc ams rmzms. Xrðaifi m am scfunjm cjb`bðn jc Gmrbmni \ijrçfucz Piavcbrm, =263, ::= pp.; Dbstirbm jc unm pcacm ùlmnm ìntrm ais jcginbis. Xrðaifi jc Gmrbmni \ijrçfucz Piavcbrm,=263, 5<3 pp. (rcbgpr csi cn =22=); @intrmpuntci ùlmni jca tmlmì y ca mzÿ`mr. Xrðaifi"Irtbz y sus ìntrmpu ntcis", jc Ouabi Ac \bvcrcnj , =240, :4: pp.; Cnsmyis ctnifríebìs.

Pcac`` bðn jc Gbfuca Lmrnct y Ínfca Aubs Ecrnínjcz, =24 :, :<: pp.; Ais ncfris ùnis. Zcxticstmlac`bji, prðaifi y nitms màmrmtirbms pir Jbmnm Bznmfm, =245, 0<8 pp.; Cntrc ùlmnis.

Xrða ifi m am scfunjm cjb`bðn jc Ouabi Ac \bvcrcnj, =24 6,= <5 pp.; Faismrbi jc merincfrbsgis.

Xrðai fi m am scfunj m cjb`bðn jc Pcrfbi Umajâs Lcrnma, =22=, 38 < pp.; Cstujbis ctnisi`biað-

fbìs. Pcac``bðn , prðaifi y nitms pir Bsmm` Lmrrcma, = 22= ,<4 : pp.;Ctnbmysi`bcjmj. Pcac``bðn,prðaifi y nitms pir Bsmm` Lmrrcma, =220, <28 pp.

UBB



aí prcscn`bm si`bma jca ncfri, sbni quc bgpisblbabtmrçm, mjcgís, cstmlac`crunm ìrrc`tm mprc`bm`bðn jc am prifrcsbvm cviau`bðn jc ams ìn`cp`bincsbntcac`tumacs jc su mutir.

Jcscmnji ìntrblubr ma csàmrc`bgbcnti jc cstm prifrcsbðn jca pcn-smgbcnti jc Irtbz, ca ùma pijcgis vbsauglrmr m pmrtbr jc unm abgbtmjirmìn`cp`bðn jc am cntin`cs guy cn lifm csùcam pisbtbvbstm `rbgbniaðfb`mcn`mlczmjm pir Aiglrisi -y ni jclcgis iavbjmr quc caam rcprcscntmlmca `rbtcrbi `rbgbnmabstm gís mvmnzmji jc mqucaais mýis-, dmstm jcspamzmrscdm`bm bntcrpr ctm` bincs dbstirbifríeb`ms, si`biaðfb`ms y ctniaðfb`ms `mjm vczgís csàmrc`cjirms jc am rcmabjmj si`bma jca puclai ùlmni, dcgis cs-tbgmji ìnvcnbcntc bntcr`mamr cn cstc tcxti nugcrisms nitms* cxtrmçjms jc

su pripbm ilrm pistcrbi'r, cn tmnti su mutir blm mjqubrbcnji un jigbnbigís `crtcri m`cr`m jc am bntcfrm`bðn rm`bma, am dbstirbm si`bma y am ùaturmquc `mrm`tcrbzmn nucstrm cntbjmj nm`binma.

Jcsjc guy tcgprmnm cjmj, Irtbz dmlçm gistrmji unm eucrtc bnàbnm`bðndm`bm ais cstujbis pcnmacs. @umnji rcfrcsm m su pmtrbm jcsjc am pcqucým bsamjc Gcnir`m, jinjc dmlçm rcsbjbji cn am vbaam jc @bujmjcam dmstm ais =: mýiscn ca scni jc su emgbabm gmtcrnm, ym dmlçm tcrgbnmji sus cstujbis jc

lm`dba acrm ti cn Gm din, `mpbtm a jc mqucaam bsam lmacmr, y iltcn bji su tç tuaijc lm`dbaacr, cxpcjbji ca 08 jc ounbi jc =423 pir ca rc`tir jc am Snbvcrsbjmjjc Lmr`cainm. Pc gmtrbùam cntin`cs pir ca sbstcgm jc cnscýmnzm ablrc cnam Snbvcrsbjmj jc Am Dmlmnm pmrm cstujbmr am `mrrcrm jc Jcrc`di, cntrcams msbfnmturms quc ùrsm ma`mnzm silrcsmabcntc y prcgbi cn Jcrc` di Xcnma.

Am sbtum`bðn bgpcrmntc cn @ulm, ùyis bnfcntcs sm`rbeb`bis cn am "fucrrmnc`csmrbm" ìnvi`mjm pir Oisâ Gmrtç jcscgli`mrín cn un erustrmntcjcscnam`c pir am bntrigbsbðn bgpcrbmabstm, eirzð cn =424 am jc`bsbðn pmtcrnmjc quc ìntbnumrm sus cstujbis cn am Snbvcrsbjmj jc Lmr`cainm, jinjc ca<2 jc ounbi jc =288 mjqubcrc su Ab`cn`bmturm cn Jcrc`di.

Csc gbsgi mýi sc gmtrbùamrçm cn am Snbvcrsbjmj @cntrma jc Gmjrbj pmrmiltcncr ca tçtuai jc Ji`tir cn Jcrc`di; pir tmnti, aucfi jc vcn`crjctcrgbnmjms msbfnmturms, jclbð prcscntmrsc m cxmgcn jc frmji, pmrm aiùma scac``binð un tcgm jc ìntcnbji pcnma ìn ca tçtuai? "Lmsc pmrm uncstujbi silrc am aamgmjm rcpmrm`bðn `bvba",: ca ùma bgprbgbð cn un eiaacti.Âstc vcnçm m scr su prbgcrm ilrm cjbtmjm cn cspmýia, pucs jclcgisrcìrjmr quc mntcs dmlçm pulab`mji un eiaacti cn jbmac`ti gcnirquçnm`cr`m jc ìstuglrcs pipuamrcs.3

Jcsjc su prbgcrm açncm, ca trmlmoi jc jbpaigm cnemtbzmlm ca tðpbì

* Cstms nitms jca priaifubstm mpmrc`crín scýmamjms ìn mstcrbsì, m pbc jc pífbnm, m ai amrfijc am ilrm. (N. jcaC.)

: Gcgirbm pmrm iptmr ma frmji cn Jcrc`di, acçjm y sistcnbjm pir Ecrnmnji Irtbz Ecrnínjcz,

Mlifmji. Zcgm? Lmsc pmrm un cstujbi silrc am aamgmjm rcpmrm`bðn `bvba, Ablrcrçm jc Ub`-tirbmni Puírcz, Gmjrbj, scptbcglrc jc =28=, =85 pp.

3 Ecrn mnji Irtbz? Xrbn`bpbypristcs, Bgprcntm Eílrcfms, @bujmjcam (Gcnir`m), =423,35 pp.

UBBB



eunjmgcntma quc prctcnjçm gmntcncr? "Sn iavbji, vcrjmjcrmgcntc am-gcntmlac, sc dm tcnbji ìn ams vç`tbgms jca jcabti" (p. =). R cn sus"@inàusbincs" bnsbstçm cn tma scntbji? "Ca rcsmr`bgbcnti jca jmýi pcrsinmajca jcabti dm sbji amstbgismgcntc jcsùbjmji" (p. =85), mebrgmnji ca`mrí`tcr jbs`bpabnmrbi cn quc sc sustcntmlm, ìrrcspinjbcntc m am si`biaifçm`rbgbnma, pmrm jcgmnjmr am rcspinsmlbabjmj si`bma quc ac crm mtbncntc? "Amsi`bcjmj tbcnc nc`csbjmj jc quc ca rcsmr`bgbcnti jca jmýi jca jcabti scmcec`tbvi; lmsmji cn am oustb`bm, cn ca pijcr prcvcntbvi jc mquâa, y cn am pritc``bðn jclbjm m ais gís jâlbacs" (p. =86).

Am tcsbs pamntcmjm jclbð pmrc`cr guy mujmz m mafunis jc ais bntcfrmntcsjca trblunma. Jc maaç quc sc jbcrm ca "bnsðabti emaai" -ìgi ai `mabeb`mrmIrtbz-, ma priju`brsc unm vitm`bðn jbvbjbjm? jis jc sus gbcglris vitmrin

suspcnsi, gbcntrms ais trcs rcstmntcs ac itirfmlmn am `mabeb`m`bðn jc silrcsmabcntc. Csti dm sbji cxpucsti cn jctmaac pir Gmrbmni \ijrçfucz Piavcbrm,qubcn ai csù`dmrçm jc amlbis jca pripbi jin Ecrnmnji, ìn qubcn gmntuviunm cstrc`dm mgbstmj.5

Am bngcjbmtm gitbvm`bðn quc ac bgpuasmrm m rcjm`tmr cstc ablri qucìgcntmgis, dm sbji cxprcsmjm pir ca pripbi Irtbz y cxpucstm jc gmncrmrcbtcrmjm pir ais ìgcntmrbstms jc su ilrm. Jurmnt c su cstmn`bm cn Gmjrbj(=288-=28=), ìn ca ebn jc ma`mnzmr ca ji`tirmji cn am `m rrcrm ourçjb`m, tuviunm m`tbvm pmrtb`bpm`bðn cn ca aamgmji Bnstbtuti Pi`biaðfbì, bntcfrmji pirais maugnis jca priecsir jin Gmnuca Pmacs y Ecrrâ, m qubcn Irtbz aamgmrm"ca prbgcr si`bðaifi jc Cspmým" y qubcn, sbn jujms, cocr`bð unm frmnbneaucn`bm cn am eirgm`bðn `bcntçeb`m jca euturi bnvcstbfmjir.

Pmacs y Ecrrâ, bgpuasmji pir ca scntbji pisbtbvbstm quc irbcntmrm susìn`cp`bincs si`biaðfb`ms, mìstuglrmlm m ìnju`br m sus jbs`çpuais mjbvcrsms ai`mabjmjcs, jinjc acs cxpab`mlm bn sbtu ams bn`bjcn`bms jc am dbstirbmsi`bma jc am nm`bðn cspmýiam. Irtbz rcìrjmrçm cstm eirgm jc pcjmfifçmm`tbvm cn un mrtçùai, pulab`mji ùmnji sc prijuoi ca emaac`bgbcnti jc sumprc`bmji gmcstri y mgbfi. Jb`c Irtbz? "\cùcrji jc giji bglirrmlacca cec`ti cxtrmirjbnmrbi quc cn gb gcntc prijuocrin mqucaams cxùrsbi-ncs... Ni aacfuâ m ìgprcnjcr (...) ais prilacgms jc am `bcn`bm pcnbtcn`bmrbmgijcrnm sbni cn ams bnec`tms fmacrms jca ìrrc``binma jc Ma`maí jc Dcnmrcs,jinjc gc jcoð jin Gmnuca pmrm quc pujbcrm pir jçms y jçms vbvbr mqucaamvbjm y ilscrvmram jc `cr`m".6

@igi rcsuatmji jc ams cnscýmnzms quc rc`blçm, cec`tumrçm, bfumagcntc,

prí`tb`ms mntripiaðfb`ms y mntripigâtrb`ms cn am @ír`ca Gijc ai jc Gm-jrbj. Dmy unm pmrtbùamr rcecrcn`bm m su cstmn`bm cn mqucaais vcrjmjcrismagm`cncs jc rcàusis, quc mpmrc`c cn un mrtçùai quc ac jcjb`mrm cagâjbì y nitmlac nmrrmjir ùlmni Gbfuca jc @mrrbðn, qubcn eucsc un

5 Gmrbmni \ijrçfucz Piavcbrm? "Xrðaifi" m Dbstirbm jc unm pcacm ùlmnm ìntrm ais

jcginbis, cj. `bt.6 Ecr nm nj i Irtbz? "Pmacs y Ecrrâ", cn Ca Eçfmri, Am Dmlmnm, mýi TTUBBB, ni. :, << jccncri jc =28=, p. :6.

BT



`cr`mni bntcraiùtir suyi pir mqucaais mýis? "Ams cxùrsbincs `bcntçeb`msjc Irtbz ma trmvâs jca gunji `rbgbnma, m ùyi cstujbi dm jcjb`mji sucseucrzi cn cstis ÿatbgis mýis, cstín aacnms jc ùrbisis cpbsijbis y jcmnâ`jitms smlrisçsbgms, quc âa rcebcrc m sus çntbgis ìn scn`baacz cn`mn-tmjirm. Pus erm`msis, sus pmsis cn emasi cn ca amlcrbnti jc am bnvcstbfm`bðnac dm`cn rcçr jc am gcoir fmnm. @ucntm `ðgi ais duâspcjcs jc ais cs-tmlac`bgbcntis pcnmacs cspmýiacs dmn siabji tigmrac ca pcai [y ìgiW jcais cnfmýis y ams lurams jc ais pcnmjis dm sm`mji am auz quc lrbaam cn sustrmlmois; y ca rcsti ac dm scrvbji pmrm dm`cr unis ùmntis `dbstcs, sbnìn`cjcrac am gcnir bgpirtmn`bm m am gmfnbtuj jc su amlir".4

]uc ca oivcn maugni eucsc scac``binmji pmrm cxtrmcr jca pripbi gcjbi

`mr`cam rbi ams cnscýmnzms quc am vbjm dm`çm prcvmac`cr silrc ca mprcnj bzmoceirgma, nis bnjb`m quc ym sc rcìni`çmn sus bnàbnm`bincs dm`bm ams bnvcs-tbfm`bincs pcnmacs, ai ùma ìntrbluyð m quc sus ìnjbs`çpuais ac siab`btmscnquc ìgcntmrm ca ablri Am gmam vbjm cn Gmjrbj ,2 cn ca BnstbtutiPi`biaðfbì.

Ca mu tir prbn`bpma jc csm ilrm crm un jcstm`mji priecsir jc `rbgbniaifçmjc am unbvcrsbjmj gmjrbacým, jinjc bnb`bmrçm unm priainfmjm mgbstmj ìnjin Ecrnmnji. Jc cstc tcxti, ùyi bntcrâs `bcntçebì givçm m jbsùsbðn mais cstujbmntcs, sc dm jb`di quc ìnstbtuçm un scrbi bntcnti psbì-si`biaðfbì, pucs sus rcjm`tircs "mjcgís jc jcebnbr m ams fcntcs jc gmavbvbr, sc iùpmn jc am cglrbiaifçm jc am gmam vbjm, jc am vbjm pcnbtcn`bmrbm,jbecrcn`bmn ams cspc`bcs gma vbvbcntcs, mnmabzmn sus `mrm`tcrcs ìguncs y

lr bnjmn mtbnmjms sufcrcn`bms pmrm am cacvm`bðn jc am vbjm. Pus mu ti rcs scmjdbcrcn m am tcsbs jca pmrmsbtbsgi si`bma".=8

Irtbz supinçm quc cn am cac``bðn pmrm quc bntcrprctmsc jb`dm ilrmtmglbân gcjbmlm am ìgcntmjm jc`bsbðn quc sc mpab`ð m am jbsùsbðn jc sutcsbs jc frmji? "Crm yi ìni`bji cntin`cs cn mquca frupi jc oðvcncsunbvcrsbtmrbis pir gbs jcjb`m`bincs `rbgbniaðfb`ms. Dmlçm sbji mafi ìg-cntmjm gb frmjum`bðn jc ji`tirmji silrc unm tcsbs pisbtbvbstm, quc gcrc`bðjca Zrblunma am sbnfuamrçsbgm vitm`bðn jc trcs silrcsmabcntcs ìntrm jissuspcnsis, y pir cstis mntc`cjcntcs gc ilabfmrin m ìgcntmr maaç ca ablrijc Lcrnmaji jc ]ubrðs, scýmamnji jc su ìntcnbji ams jbecrcn`bms ìn Amgmam vbjm cn Am Dm lmým".n

4 Gbf uc a jc @mrrbðn? "Ca ji` tir Irtbz Ecrnínjcz"', cn Mzua y \ioi, Am Dmlmnm, mýi BB,ni. <:, =: jc ounbi jc =280, pp. [<-0W,

2 @in stmn `bi Lcr nmaj i jc ]ubrð s y Oisâ G. Aamnms Mfubamn bcji? Am gmam vbjm cn Gmjrbj,

L. \ijrçfucz Pcrrm, cj., Gmjrbj, =28=.

=8 Bsrmca @mstcaamnis? "E crnmn ji Irtbz cn ams `bcn`bms `rbgbniaðfb`ms", cn Gbs`caíncm jc

cstujbis jcjb`mjis m Ecrnmnji Irtbz pir sus jbs`çpuais, ìacfms y mgbfis, cn i`msbðn jc

ùgpabrsc scscntm mýis jc am pulab`m`bðn jc su prbgcr bgprcsi cn Gcnir`m cn =423, AmDmlmnm, =230, via. B, p. 086.

== Ecrnmnji Irtbz? "Lruois i smntcris", cn Cstujbis Meriùlmnis, Am Dmlmnm, via. B,nis. 0-:, =202, pp. 43-45.

T



Munquc jcsìni`cgis am ec`dm cxm`tm cn quc sc ac eirguamrm cstm pctb` bðn, pijcgis prcsugbr quc caam tmglbân pujbcrm cstmr bneaubjm pir c adc`di jc quc, cn ec`dms guy `cr`mnms, Irtbz prcpmrmlm am ac`turm jc jisìnecrcn`bms cn ca Bnstbtuti Pi`biaðfbì m`cr`m jc ams ecstbvbjmjcsjcjb`mjms m Pmn Oumn cn Gcnir`m, ams ùmacs prcscntð ca <0 jc nivbcglrcy 6 jc jb`bcglrc jc =28=; cn âstms ni sðai gistrð un m`crtmji mìpbi jcbneirgm`bincs dbstirbifríeb`ms, sbni, silrc tiji, un nitmlac mpirtc jcilscrvm`bincs ctnifríeb`ms, cec`tumjms pcrsinmagcntc cn am vbaam jc@bujmjcam, jinjc dmlçmn trmnsùrrbji su nbýcz y tcgprmnm mjiacs`cn`bm.

Cn mglms jbscrtm`bincs -rcìfbjms mýis gís tmrjc cn un eiaacti pulab`mji cn Am Dm lmn m- ,= < Irtbz jmlm gucstrm jc su prcìz `mpm`bjmj pmrm am ilscrvm`bðn jbrc`tm jca gcjbi si`bma, ma cxpincr unm vbvbjmjcs`rbp`bðn jc unm ebcstm pipuamr -am `caclrm`bðn jc Pmn Oumn Lmutbstm-,jc am ùma jclbð scntbrsc pmrtb`bpmntc. Cn su cxpisb`bðn pujbcrm rcpmrmrscam muscn`bm jc mafÿn tbpi jc rcecrcn`bms ìgpmrmtbvms -tmn dmlbtumacs cnsus pistcrbircs trmlmois ctnifríebìs- ìn am jcs`rbp`bðn jc sbgbamrcs`caclrm`bincs jc am gbsgm ecstbvbjmj cn am si`bcjmj ìainbma jc @ulm. Xcri,m piì quc nis jctcnfmgis cn caai, cstm igbsbðn pmrc`crí oustbeb`mjm pirca cs`msi ìni`bgbcnti quc pujbcrm pisccr qubcn sðai rcsbjbcrm cn am Bsamjurmntc un ìrti pcrçiji (=423-=424), cn ca ùma ni jclbcrin scr guysbfnbeb`mtbvis jb`dis ecstcois, m `musm jc ams `rucntms ìnjb`bincs jcnucstrm fucrrm jc ablcrm`bðn.

Xmrm am rcscým quc sc ac pcjçm, tcnçm quc scr bfumagcntc abgbtmji suìni`bgbcnti jc unms eirgms jc "gmam vbjm" titmagcntc mocnms, guy

jbstmntcs jc ams prm`tb`mjms pir su `mpm si`bma, sb tigmgis cn ùcntmmjcgís am cs`mscz, `msb mlsiautm, jc tijm jiùgcntm`bðn lblabifríeb`m.

Gu`dis mýis jcspuâs, jin Ecrnmnji rcìni`crçm am bgpisblbabjmj cnquc sc cnìntrmlm jc cn`mrmr ca siab`btmji cstujbi ìgpmrmtbvi? "Ri gcvb guy mpurmji pirquc dmrti piì smlçm jca cs`mlrisi msunti; pcri smaçmbrisi dmlamnji jc mafi maaí tmn cxðtbì ìgi ais ýmýbfis, jc ais ùmacs yicntin`cs ni smlçm gís quc ai pulab`mji pir Zruobaai Ginmfms cn su ilrm

Ais `rbgbnmacs cn @ulm y ai quc yi dmlçm vbsti cn ca gmjrbacýi Gusci jcSatrmgmr, jinjc sc fumrjmlmn mafunis vcstbjis jc jbmlabtis, bnstrugcntisy jcgís mjgbnçùais jc csm msi`bm`bðn quc tmn tâtrb`m emgm tuvi jurmntcam @iainbm".=0

Cn rcmabjmj jclc dmlcr rcsuatmji jca gmyir bntcrâs ai cxpucsti m su

mujbtirbi cn ca íglbti unbvcrsbtmrbi, ca ùma ym dmlçm sbji gitbvmji, qubzí, pir am nivcjmj y ca pbntircqubsgi jc mqucaam tcgítb`m, munquc m`cr`m jccaam dmlçm guy pi`ms rcecrcn`bms cn am lblabifrmeçm cspmýiam. Pcfÿn sus

pripbms pmamlrms -` bt mjms mn tcs- , jcsìni`çm , cn mquca gigcnti, unmìnecrcn`bm ierc`bjm cn Gmjrbj pir ca gâjbì y `rbgbnðaifi \memca Pmab-

=< Ecrnmnji Irtbz? Xmrm am mfinifrmeçm cspmýiam; cstujbi ginifríebì jc ams ebcstms gcnir-

qubnms, Bgprcntm Am Snbvcrsma, Am Dmlmnm, =284, := pp.=0 Ecrn mnj i Irtbz? "Lruois i smntcris", cn Cstujbis Meriùlmnis, p. 45.

TB



Dms, am ùma sc bgprbgbð ìn pistcrbirbjmj cn un eiaacti. Pmabaams sc dmlçmbntc rcsmji cn cstc tcgm jcspuâs jc am vbsbðn bgprcsbinbstm quc tuvi jc susgmnb ecstm`binc s gís cxtcrnms, ùmnji cn i`msbðn jc unm vbsbtm priecsbinmam am prbsbðn cxbstcntc cn am Eirtmaczm jc M`dbð, cn am bsam jc @cu tm -u ni jcais aufmrcs jc cxpmtrbm`bðn jc ais ùlmnis ìnjcnmjis m am pcnm jcjcstbcrri pir ais ìainbmabstms cspmýiacs-, puji msbstbr cn unm cxpamnmjmjc csm eirtmaczm "m am mpmrb`bðn jc un ìrtcoi cxtrmýi, ìn ebfurms cxtrmýms,vcstbjis mafunis jc caais cn trmocs emntístbìs, ti`mnji unm cspc`bc jctmglircs jc cstru`turms prbgbtbvms, `mntmnji, m``binmnji y lmbamnji.Mqucaam crm unm vcrjmjcrm cxdblb`bðn ýmýbfm, tmn mutântb`m ìgi ams prcscn`bmjms cn ams `maacs jc Am Dmlmnm, ìn m`tircs privcnbcntcs jc mquca

pmçs, quc dmlçmn trmçji ìn sus pcrsinms, sus ìstuglrcs y su `crcginbm".

=:

Munquc bfnirmsc jc am jbscrtm`bðn jc Pmabaams, ca ablri jc ZruobaaiGinmfms,=3 ìn ais crrircs jc mprc`bm`bðn c bneirgm`bðn -ais ùmacs crmnjc cspcrmrsc-, jmjis am ec`dm y ais pripðsbtis jc su tcxti, ìntcnçm unmfrmn `mntbjmj jc jmtis. Zruobaai Ginmfms dmlçm sbji un bnspc`tir jc Xiab`çmcn Am Dmlmnm y dmlçm camlirmji cxtcnsis bneirgcs ieb`bmacs jbrbfbjis m sussupcrbircs m`cr`m jc ais cntin`cs ìgÿngcntc jcnigbnmjis ýíýbfis. Caablri, cjbtmj i cn =44< cn Lmr`cainm, ìnstbtuçm unm mluatmjm rcscým jc aisscrvb`bis piab`çmìs prcstmjis pir su mutir cn nucstrm Bsam y jcstm`mlm, cncspc`bma, su pmrtb`bpm`bðn cn unm `mgpmým cn`mgbnmjm ìntrm am si`bcjmj

sc`rctm mlmkuí -ìgi mìstuglrm mdirm jc`brsc-, cgprcnjbjm pir cacnt in`cs filcrnmjir bvba jc am privbn`bm jc Am Dmlmnm, @mrais \ijrçfucz

Lmtbstm.Cstm ebfurm jc am piaçtb`m cspmýiam dm rcsuatmji guy gcn`binmjm cnrcam`bðn ìn su cgpcýi pir suprbgbr ca ýmýbfubsgi. Nm`bji cn ca pilamjijc \cfam -jinjc prc`bsmgcntc tuvi su irbfcn cn =405 am prbgcrm "pitcn-`bm" mlmkÿm-, maaç trmnsùrrbð pmrtc jc su ouvcntuj dmstm pmrtbr m CstmjisSnbjis m ìgpactmr su cju`m`bðn. Aucfi jc jcscgpcýmr rcacvmntcs `mrfiscn am Xcnçnsuam, euc jcsbfnmji pmrm am filcrnm`bðn jc am `mpbtma jc "caÿatbgi litðn jc am ìrinm cspmýiam", ùmnji âstm ym sc jcsfmomlm jcatrinì blârbì.

Xrc`bsmgcntc su lrcfmr pir cxtbrpmr ams mfrupm`bincs ýíýbfms dm dc`dircsmatmr su gmnjmti piaçtbì cn @ulm. Xiscçm tmacs ìni`bgbcntis jc cstmsmsi`bm`bincs, quc sc dm prctcnjbji quc dmlçm sbji "ourmgcntmji" cn

mafunm jc caams; csti euc m`cptmji pir Irtbz, qubcn nis jb`c? "Xmrc`c `bcrtmam bnb`bm`bðn jca filcrnmjir \ijrçfucz Lmtbstm cn ca ýmýbfubsgi, qubcnìgi tma ìni`crçm sus irfmnbzm`bincs, rbtis, mtrblutis y ìstuglrcs, y ca

=: \memca Pmabaams (`btm jc Ayjbm @mlrcrm? Am Pi`bcjmj Pc`rctm Mlmkbbí, nmrrmjm pir vbcois

mjcptis, Cjb`bincs @. \., Am Dmlmnm, =232, pp. 34-32).=3 Oisâ Zruobaai y Ginmfms? Ais `rbgbnmacs jc @ulm y jin Oisâ Zruobaai, gbrm`bðn jc ais

scrvb`bis prcstmjis cn ca @ucrpi jc Xiab`çm jc am Dmlmnm; y am dbstirbm jc ais `rbgbnmacs prcsis

pir âa cn jbecrcntcs âpi`ms; jc ais jbstbntis cgpacis quc dm jcscgpcýmji dmstm ca 0= jc

jb`bcglrc jc =44=, Cstmlac`bgbcnti Zbpifríebì jc Ebjca Fbrð, Lmr`cainm, =44<.

TBB



niglrc jc sus mgbfis y ìrrcabfbinmrbis. Csti gís quc tiji itri em`tircxpab`m su âxbti, mpmrmtisi y pir vçm tmn pm`çeb`m ìgi bnsbn`crm y sbntrms`cnjcn`bm cec`tbvm".=5

Ca supucsti âxbti jc su pripðsbti, m tijms au`cs pmsmocri, ìnsbstbð cnaifrmr ca pÿlabì mnun`bi -p ir ais pripbis bn tcfrmntc s- jc am jbsiau`bðn jcmafunms "pitcn`bms" y am cntrcfm jc sus "mtrblutis" -ìgi vuafmrgcntc scjcsbfnm m cstms mfrupm`bincs y m sus cnscrcs rbtumacs-, aacvmjis cstisÿatbgis pir \ijrçfucz Lmtbstm m Cspmým ma `csmr cn su `mrfi cn =428 yjinmjis ma Gusci jc Satrmgmr, jinjc ais vbcrm Irtbz.

Ni ilstmntc ams jbe bùatmjcs quc ac prcscntmlm am tcgítb`m siab`btmjm -iqubzí gís lbcn bn`cntbvmji pir caams-, Irtbz sc pripusi scfubr cstujbmnjiai quc crm, cn vcrjmj, un bntcrcsmntçsbgi ecnðgcni ctni-si`biaðfbì jca

trmspamntc jc unm si`bcjmj sc`rctm merb`mnm m Mgârb`m, pcri eirzmji pirsus tcgprmnms bnàbnm`bincs m ams `bcn`bms pcnmacs, m`rc`cntmjms pir suscstujbis unbvcrsbtmrbis, sðai qubsi mnmabzmrai jcsjc ca mspc`ti jbs`bpabnmrbijc am `rbgbniaifçm. Xir caai, ca ablri cn priyc`ti bntcntmlm cstujbmr am "gmamvbjm dmlmncrm", cnemtbzmnji ams m`tbvbjmjcs jca ýmýbfubsgi tcnbjms pirmntbsi`bmacs y jcab`tbvms, tma ìgi ai dm cxpucsti jc gmncrm tí`btm Irtbz?"cn rcmabjmj, yi nmjm smlçm jc ais ýíýbfis, y jcsjc cntin`cs gc pripusccstujbmrais y cs`rblbr un ablri quc tbtuamrçm Am gmam vbjm cn Am Dmlmnm,bnàuycnji ca ýmýbfubsgi ìgi uni jc sus `mpçtuais gís aamgmtbvis".=6

Cn ìntm`ti ìn am rcmabjmj si`bma jc am pilam`bðn dmlmncrm, cnscfubjmìgprcnjbð quc ca tcgm jcslirjmlm ams pisblbabjmjcs jc unm rípbjmrcjm``bðn, y urfbji, ma pmrc`cr, jc su bngcjbmtm cjb`bðn, jc`bjbð rc`mlmr campirtc jc jis ìamlirmjircs pmrm tcrgbnmr ca priyc`ti? "Jc rcfrcsi m@ulm pcnsâ quc gb tmrcm `rbgbniaðfb`m scrçm ìsm jc piìs gcscs; pcri

print i gc jb ùcntm jc gb crrir. Am Dmlmnm tcnçm prilacgms pcùabmrcscn su gmam vbjm, jcrbvmjis jc su sbnfuamr dbstirbm y jc am ìnfaigcrm`bðnùaturma jc lamnìs, ncfris, mgmrbaais cn su sulsucai. Mntc ams jbebùatmjcsquc gc cxbfbrçmn guy amrfi tbcgpi, gc msi`bâ m jis lucnis mgbfis ygcrbtçsbgis abtcrmtis jc mqucaais mýis, pmrm cs`rblbr cntrc ais trcs ca

priyc`ti. Gbfuca jc @mr rbðn, ca ebni nivcabstm, sc cn`mrfð jc cstujbmr aismspc`tis dmlmncris jc am pristbtu`bðn, y ca m`crli pcrbijbstm Gmrbi GuýizLustmgmntc tigð m su `mrfi ca cxmgcn jc am gcnjb`bjmj".=4

Cstc prigbsir priyc`ti jc rcjm``bðn ìac`tbvm nun`m aacfð m ùagbnmr,jcscstbguamji jc scfuri pir am nucvm pmrtbjm jc Irtbz dm`bm Curipm cn untbcgpi rcamtbvmgcntc lrcvc.

Gbcntrms rcìpbamlm bneirgm`bincs y gmtcrbmacs pmrm am rcjm``bðn jcaablri, Irtbz jclbð rcbnb`bmr cn am Snbvcrsbjmj jc Am Dmlmnm ais cstujbis jcam `mrrcrm jc Jcrc`di, bntcrrugpbjis ùmnji su pmrtbjm m Cspmým; pucs,

=5 Ecrnmnji Irtbz? Ais ¡ntrbbgcntis jc am gÿsb`m meriùlmnm, @írjcnms y @çm., Am Dmlmnm,=23:, t. BU, p. 4<.=6 Ecr nmn ji Irtbz? "Lruois i smntcris", cn Cstujbis Meriùlmnis, p. 45.

=4 Blçjcg,p. 45.

TBBB



munquc maaç dmlçm ma`mnzmji su ab`cn`bmturm y ji`tirmji cn ams unbvcr-sbjmjcs jc Lmr`cainm y Gmjrbj -ìgi jbobgis mntcs-, ni dmlçm pijbjiaifrmr am cntrcfm jca ìrrcspinjbcntc jbpaigm m`rcjbtmtbvi jca ji`tirmji, pi r `mrc`cr cn mquca cn tin` cs jc ams = 388 pcsctms cspmýiams quc ac cxbfçmnams jbspisb`bincs acfmacs vbfcntcs.

Xir tmnti , ma vcrsc bgpcjbji jc siab`btmr am rcvíabjm jca tçtuai fmnmji cnam prcstbfbism Emùatmj jc Jcrc`di gmjrbacým, jc`bjbð ìgpactmr ams msbf-nmturms ni ùrsmjms mntcs cn @ulm. Cn guy lrcvc târgbni rcmabzð aiscxígcncs ìrrcspinjbcntcs, y cn ais prbgcris gcscs jc =280, in unm tcsbsjc Jcrc`di Xcnma, iltcnçm su tçtuai cn Jcrc`di @bvba mntc un trblunmabntcfrmji pir ais ji`tircs \b`mrji Jiaz, Xmlai Jcsvcrnbnc y I`tmvbiMvcriee, y piì tbcgpi jcspuâs, ca jc Jcrc`di Xÿlabì mntc ais ji`tircsAcipiaji @mn`bi, Ermn`bsì @mrrcrm Oustbz y Ircstcs Ecrrmrm.

Cn tmnti rcmnujmlm sus cstujbis unbvcrsbtmrbis, Irtbz bnb`bmlm su vmstmabstm jc ìamlirm`bincs cn pulab`m`bincs pcrbðjb`ms ùlmnms. Jclcscýmamrsc quc su prbgcr mrtçùai pulab`mji cn @ulm, ìn ca tçtuai "Uua-fmrbzm`bincs `rbgbniaðfb`ms" -<= jc scptbcglrc jc =28<, rcvbstm dmlmncrm@ulm Ablrc-, gistrmlm unm vcz gís su jcjb`m`bðn m ams gmtcrbms jcaJcrc`di Xcnma.

Cstc mrtçùai, ìn ca ùma Irtbz mnun`bmlm su bntcrâs jc pulab`mr unmscrbc jc trmlmois jc jbvuafm`bðn jc ams nucvms ìrrbcntcs cn csm jbs-`bpabnm, pmrm trmtmr msç jc bneaubr cn ais pijcrcs pÿlabìs jc @ulm, mqubcncs ìnsbjcrmlm "bneb`binmjis jc un àmsb`bsgi [cn gmtcrbm pcnmaWquc sc lmtc cn ermn`m rctbrmjm trms ams acfbsam`bincs pisbtbvbstms",ìntcnçm unm jcs`mrnmjm jcs`rbp`bðn jc am si`bcjmj ùlmnm cn mqucaais prb gc ri s mýis jc su vbjm rcpula b`mnm, y cn ca ùma me brgmlm quc "amsi`bcjmj ni siamgcntc jcsùbjm am rcprcsbðn jca `rbgcn, sbni quc ni ai prcvbc nc. R msç, ca ì ns ugi jca maìdia ni sc rcercnm, nb am prist btu` bðnsc `mnmabzm, nb ams au`dms cìnðgb`ms gcrc`cn mtcn`bðn, nb am cju`m`bðn pÿla b`m cs jbfnm jc ìnsbjcrm`bðn, nb ams bngbfrm`bincs, nb ammabgcntm`bðn, nb ca oucfi, nb ams bnstbtu`bincs prcvcntbvms ìgi amXiab`çm, nb ams rcam`bincs scxumacs, nb am `rbmnzm jc ais nbýis, nb ca

pmu pcrbs gi, nb am pr cnsm, cn ebn" .R jcspuâs jc prcscntmr tmn siglrçi pmnirmgm si`bma jc unm

nm`bðn quc surfçm pcnismgcntc jca cglriaai ìainbma, ipbnmlm quctma jcsmtcn`bðn ieb`bma crm ìnscùcn`bm jca cneiquc mr`mbì jc aisfilcrnmntcs, qubcncs cn su cx`csbvi mpcfi m ams `mju`ms ìn`cp-`bincs jca jcrc`di `rbgbnma, tmgpiì crmn ìgpuasmjis pir unmipbnbðn pÿlab`m macrtmjm pir ca ìni`bgbcnti jc ams nucvms ìrrbcn-tcs `rbgbniaðfb`ms; mglms sbtum`bincs ìmjyuvmlmn m dm`cr bn-ipcrmntc am au`dm ìntrm ca jcabti? "Ais acfbsamjircs smturmjis jcàmsb`bsgi, supincn quc ca quc jcabnquc cs^pirquc qubcrc, quc cajcabti cs ca rcsuatmji jca /'tmb jc unm viauntmj ignbpitcntc quc ni pucjc ìgprcnjcr ais gba em`tircs quc, ìn jcgistrmjm bneaucn`bm,

TBU



jclcn jc`rc`cr i mugcntmr am `rbgbnmabjmj i mjiptmr eirgms jbvcrsms". =2

Xmrm ùgpabgcntmr su mnun`bmji pripðsbti, Irtbz ìntbnÿm jc bn-gcjbmti am pulab`m`bðn jc unm scrbc jc mrtçùais, sbcgprc ìn sbgbamrcstcgítb`ms.<8 Mpcnms unis jçms gís tmrjc jc dm`crsc pÿlabì ca prbgcrmrtçùai, mpmrc`crçm itri -tbtuamji "\c`tbeb`m`bincs `rbgbniaðfb`ms"- ìnbfumacs bntcn`bincs jbvuafmtbvms. Ac sbfuc uni m`cr`m jc ams m`tbvbjmjcs

punblacs y unm nivçsbgm "priebamxbs jca jcab ti" cn rcam`bðn ìn ams tmroctms pistmacs. Cn âstc, mjcgís jc rcecrcn`bms m ìni`bjms ebfurms jcab`tbvms-ìgi ca cnvçi jc pistmacs bnourbisms i pirnifríeb`ms-, jmlm m ìni`cr ambntcrcsmntc cxpcrbcn`bm jc unm bnstbtu`bðn nirtcmgcrb`mnm pritc`tirm jcam bnemn`bm, am ùma cnvbmlm tmroctms pistmacs -` in jcviau`bðn pmfmjm - m aisvc`bnis jc pcrsinms ìnjcnmjms pir gmatrmti m gcnircs; sb rcpbtbcscn ca

mlusi jclçmn rcgbtbr ams tmroctms jc vucatm, ìn ai ùma sc jmrçm ùcntm m amsmutirbjmjcs ìgpctcntcs. Jc cstm gmncrm sc `rcmrçm unm cxpc`tmtbvm qucm`tumrçm silrc ais vb`tbgmrbis, cvbtmnji su rcbn`bjcn`bm.

Cn un mrtçùai ìn gitbvi jca emaac`bgbcnti jca nivcabstm ermn`âs Cgbac_iam, gmnbebcstm quc âstc "cn sus nivcams dm vuafmrbzmji jbvcrsms ebfurms`rbgbnmacs, quc ac dmn prcstmji ais nutrbjis y gijcrnis mr`dbvis`rbgbnmacs", y, aucfi jc faismr unis `rbtcrbis cnìgbístbìs quc Aiglrisiac jcjb`mrm ma cs`rbtir cn un ablri, tcrgbnm cxprcsmnji? "Ni iavbjmrí ca

pirvcnbr ma ìni`cjir prieun ji jc ams gbscrbms jc am lcstbm dugmnm, qucjbsc`mjm y cglmasmgmjm pir âa, ebfurm cn sus ilrms, ìgi cn ams vbtrbnms jcun gusci mntripiaðfbì, pmrm cstujbi y privc`di jc ais diglrcs ablrcs".

Itri mrtçùai sc ìnsmfrmrçm m unm ilrm rc`bân pulab`mjm pir Aiglrisi,cn ca ùma rc`tbeb`mlm ai bneirgmji cn unm rcvbstm dmlmncrm, ma cxpincr quccstm ilrm ìnsbstçm cn unm rcìpbam`bðn jc trmlmois cjbtmjis mntcs, y qucni sðai trmtmlmn m`cr`m jc mafunms eirgms jcab`tbvms ìni`bjms jcsjcmntmýi, sbni tmglbân jc itrms quc sc dmlçmn ìneirgmji dm`c piì jcmùcrji ìn ams nucvms ìnjb`bincs si`bmacs, cn ams ùmacs sc cstujbmlmn am

pcrsinmabjmj y ams git bvm`bincs jc sus ìgbsircs.

=2 Ec gm nj i Irtbz? "Uuafm rbzm`bin cs `rbgbniaðfb`ms", cn @ulm Ablrc, Am Dmlmnm, mýi BU,ni. 0=, = jc scptbcglrc jc =28<, pp. 5-6.<8 Ecrn mnj i Irtbz? "\c`tbeb` m`bincs `rbgbniaðfb`ms", cn Jbmrbi jc am Gmrbnm, Am Dmlmnm, <2jc scptbcglrc jc =28<; "Ams tmroctms pmstmacs y am `rbgbniaifçm", cn Mzua y \ioi, Am Dmlmnm,mýi B, ni. =8, 3 jc i`tulrc jc =28<, s/p; "_iam, `rbgbnmabstm", cn Mzua y \ioi, AmDmlmnm, mýi B , ni. ==, =< jc i`tulrc jc =28<, s /p; "Am ÿat bgm ilrm jc

Aiglrisi", Am Dmlmnm, mýi B , ni. =0, <5 jc i`tulrc jc =28<, s /p; "Ca Xrcsbjbijc am Dmlmnm", cn Mzua y \ioi, Am Dm lm nm , mý i B, ni. =3, 2 jc ni vb cgl rc jc =28 <,s/p; Am @uaturm Amtbnm, cn Mzua y \ioi, Am Dmlmnm, mýi B, ni. =2, 2 jc jb`bcglrc jc=28<, s/p; "Dmgact (vuafmrbzm`bincs `rbgbniaðfb`ms)", cn Mzua y \ioi, Am Dmlmnm, mýiB, ni. <8, =: jc jb`bcglrc jc =28<, s/p; "Nbýi-smavmoc-`rbgbnma", cn Mzua y \ioi, AmDm lmn m, mýi BB, ni. =, : jc cncri jc =280, s/p; "Ca maìd iabsgi " (rcscým ma eiaacti jc@instmn`bi Lcrnmaji jc ]ubrðs) , cn Mzua y \ioi, Am Dmlmnm, << jc eclrcri jc =280,s/p; "Am tcirçm `rbgbniaðfb`m jc Gmx Nirjcmu", cn Jbmrbi jc am Gmrbnm, Am Dmlmnm, =5jc mlrba jc =280.

TU



Sn jiùgcntmji trmlmoi, pacni jc ilscrvm`bincs jbrc`tms c baustrmji pi r gís jc unm jc`cnm jc eitifrmeçms, vcrsð jca gís ni ti rbi `c nt rinm`binma jc rcàusbðn, ma ùma "ca dmgpm ai aamgm Ditca jc am Xuntm", pir caaufmr jinjc cstmlm sbtumji cn ca abtirma dmlmncri. Aucfi jc priàmgmrritunjmgcntc jc bnb`bi quc ca gbsgi "jcsilcjc`c ais gís cacgcntmacs

pr bn`bpbis pcnm acs y qu c jclc jcsmpmrc`cr ìgi cstmlac`bgbcnti bn-mjc ùmji y pcroujb`bma" (p. [3W), nis ierc` c unm priabom bneirgm`bðn m`cr`mjc am nm`binmabjmj y am rmzm jc ais rcàusis, ca gitbvi jc su ìnjcnm, aibgpripbi jca sbstcgm jc trmlmoi rctrblubji, ca ìsti prigcjbi pir bntcr-nmji, am pua`rm dbfbcnc jca cjbeb`bi y jc ais maaç rcàubjis, ca ùbjmji jc susmauj, am mabgcntm`bðn mlunjmntc, ct`. Ziji csti ai ìnju`c m cstmlac`crun oub`bi ìgpmrmtbvi ìn ca râfbgcn `mr`camrbi quc dmlçm prcvmac`bji

jurmntc am ìainbm, y, tigmnji cn ùcntm ams cxpcrbcn`bms ìni`bjms jcsjcmjcntri cn ams prbsbincs cspmýiams, ìgcntm? "Rm ca Xrcsbjbi ni cs mqucabngunji c bnec`ti cstmlac`bgbcnti pcnma quc, ìgi tijis ais cspmýiacs,cs un sbstcgm jc mpab`m`bðn acntm jc am pcnm jc gucrtc. Diy gucrc n cn unmýi tmntis prcsbjbmrbis ìgi mntcs cn un gcs" (p. [6W). R viavçm jc nucvisilrc un gitbvi quc pmrc`çm mscjbmrai jcsjc su trmlmoi jc jbpaigmgmjrba cýi? "R ams vç`tbgms jc cstis meir tunmjis `mlmaacris, aairmrín ca lbcn

pcrj bji sbn quc pucjmn cspcrm r m``bðn rcpmrmjirm mafunm", cn em tb zm njiai piì cqubtmtbvm, jc gmncrm ìgpmrmtbvm, quc rcsuatmlm am vbjm jc "aisilrcris dinrmjis [qucW silrcaacvmn su jcsvcntmoism pisb`bðn y ni pucjcn prilmr `m rnc y sc rcsbfnmn m vbvbr cn ais ùmrtis jc csms pcst bacntcsùbjmjcams" (p. [=8W), pmrm tcrgbnmr pamntcmnji quc "sc cstujbc ca gijijc dm`cr pisblac ca trmlmoi rcfcncrmjir ma prcsi, pmrm quc sc mtcnÿc cnmafi ais mspc`tis ni`bvis jc am i`bisbjmj eirzism" (blçjcg).

Cn unm rcscým sbn ebrgm, pcri ùyis in`cptis y cstbai pcrgbtcn mtrblubrm Irtbz, jm ùcntm jc am mpmrb`bðn jc unm "rcvbstm `bcntçeb`m bntcrnm`binma"jcnigbnmjm Am @uaturm Amtbnm-, Irtbz duli jc jcjb`mracs gÿatbpacs cseucr-zis m su rcjm``bðn, trmju``bincs, ìrrc`bðn y cjb`bðn. Am rcvbstm cstmlmjbrbfbjm pir ca ji`tir Ermn`bsì Ecjcrbì Emaì, un gâjbì nm`bji cnXcnnm, cn ais Mlruzzis, Btmabm, jinjc dmlçm sbji `mnjbjmti ma ìnfrcsiacfbsamtbvi pir ca pmrtbji rcpulab`mni; nmturmabzmji ùlmni jcspuâs jcdmlcr jcsmrriaamji unm bntcnsm amlir ìgi sc`rctmrbi jca ìgbtâ `cntrmabtmabmni "Xir am Ablcrtmj jc @ulm" y dmlcrsc bnìrpirmji m ams eucrzmsgmglbsms, cn ams ùmacs ma`mnzð ca frmji jc ìgmnjmntc jc am PmnbjmjGbabtmr, jcscgpcýð jbstbntis `mrfis cn @ulm, ìgi ca jc `ðnsua jca

filbcrni ùlmni cn su pripbi pmçs jc nm`bgbcnti, jinjc pulab`ð vmrbistrmlmois m`cr`m jc am oivcn rcpÿlab`m quc dmlçm ìntrblubji m eirgmr y "ac pusi m un dboi suyi ca niglrc jc Gm`ci".<=

@igi Irtbz tcnçm unm jc`bjbjm irbcntm`bðn dm`bm am ìrrbcntc pisbtbvbstm `r bgbniaðfb`m, dmlçm ist cntm ji am rcp rcs cn tm `bðn ie b`bma jc

<= Ecrn mnji Irtbz? Btmabm y @ulm. =446-=2=6, Bgprcntm y Xmpcacrçm Am Snbvcrsma, AmDmlmnm, =2=6, pp. <0 y :8.

TUB



@ulm cn ca ]ubnti @infrcsi jc Mntripiaifçm @rbgbnma `caclrmji cnMgstcrjmg. Am rcvbstm mpmrc`çm ìgi ðrfmni ieb`bma jc am Snbðn Bntcr-nm`binma jc Jcrc`di Xcnma y sc pulab`mlm cn cspmýia jbrbfbjm m Mgârb`mAmtbnm, pucs, ìgi sc jc`çm cn am rcscým, bntcntmlm scr "am mrtcrbm pir jinjcdmn jc aacfmr dmstm ais amtbnimgcrb`mnis ais amtbjis jc am `bcn`bm`rbgbniaðfb`m curipcm". Pu prbgcr nÿgcri ìgunb`mlm quc "sc iùpmrí

prbn`bpmagcntc jc lb iai fç m, mntripiaifçm, ps b` ia if çm , si`biaifç m, psbqubmtrçm, `bcn`bms pcnmacs y jc ams itrms gmtcrbms quc sc rcam`binmn ìncstm jbs`bpabnm".<<

Cn su prbgcr nÿgcri, am pulab`m`bðn prcscntmlm un ermfgcnti jc am pincn`bm jca ji`tir Emaì cn ca gcn`binmji ìnfrcsi, cn am ùma sccxpinçmn sus `rbtcrbis m`cr`m jc am mpab`m`bðn quc tcnçmn cn @ulm ais

prbn`bpbis jc am csùcam pisbtbvbstm cn `rbgbniaifçm.@umnji sc bnb`bmlm su cjb`bðn ym cstmlm scýmamjm am pmrt bjm jc Emaì pmrm

dm`crsc `mrfi jca ìnsuamji ùlmni cn Fânivm, pir ai ùma sc nitbeb`mlmquc am rcjm``bðn y mjgbnbstrm`bðn sc trmsamjmlmn pmrm csm `bujmj. Xir cagigcnti, csti scpmrmrçm eçsb`mgcntc m sus jis prbn`bpmacs pripuasircs-munquc viavcrçmn m ìbn`bjbr jcspuâs cn ca pripbi ìnsuamji, jinjc eucjcstm`mji Irtbz pir mafÿn tbcgpi- , cn ai ùma jclc rmjb`mr am `musm jc qucsðai pujbcrm cjbtmrsc un nÿgcri gís.

Sn nucvi mrtçùai nis ie rc` c unm cvbjcntc jcgistrm` bðn jc am jbstirsbðnìn`cptuma quc irbfbnmlm am mpab`m`bðn jc ams tcirçms pcnmacs pisbtbvbstms,ùmnji sc mbsamlmn jc ais jcgís em`tircs si`bmacs. Ma faismr bjcms jcMaercji Nb`ceiri, cn un mníabsbs piì ecabz, Irtbz tigmlm ìgi pmrmjbfgms

ìgpmrmtbvis ma diglrc gijcrni cn su cjmj pucrba, ma diglrcdbstðrb`mgcntc ìnsbjcrmji cn ams ctmpms eirgmtbvms jc am dugmnbjmj y mamjuati quc jcabnquçm pir mtmvbsgi, pmrm bntcfrmr unm trçmjm jc nbýi-sma-vmoc-jcabnùcntc; y ni sðai rcscýmlm unm scrbc jc ùmabjmjcs ncfmtbvms jcagcnir quc mÿn ni dmlçm msugbji ais prbn`bpbis gís cacgcntmacs jcrcspinsmlbabjmj si`bma -tcnbcnji cn ùcntm sus bgpuasis nmturmacs jccfiçsgi, bncstmlbabjmj mec`tbvm, cs`msi rm`bi`bnbi, cntrc itris-, pmrm cqub-

pmrmrais m ais quc sc priju`çmn cn ca diglrc prbgbtbvi y cn ca jcabnùcntcnmti, sbni quc bnàusi aacfmlm gís acois, ma dmaamr scgcomnzms ni sðai cnsus `mrm`tcrcs girmacs, sbni dmstm cn sus `mrm`tcrçstb`ms sigítb`ms.

Cn itri trmlmoi csìfcrçm jc nucvi am abtcrmturm ìgi unm gmncrmcec`tbvm jc priscfubr sus "vuafmrbzm`bincs `rbgbniaðfb`ms". Gcjbmntc ca

pcrsi nmoc sdmkcs pc rcm ni jc Dmgact nis gmnbecstmr çm quc ca fcnbmajrmgmturfi bnfaâs nis dmlçm acfmji trcs tbpis eunjmgcntmacs jc `rbgbnmacs?Gm`lctd (jcabnùcntc nmti), Itcai (jcabnùcntc pmsbinma) y Dmgact(jcabnùcntc aiì). Xmrm âa, âstc crm ca gís bntcrcsmntc, pir ìnstbtubr cagcnis trmtmji pir ais cs`rbtircs, qubcncs fcncrmagcntc nis prcscntmnìgi pcrsinmocs m qubcncs jcabnqucn jc gmncrm i`msbinma i pmsbinma.

<< Am @uaturm Amtbnm, Am Dmlmnm, mýi B, nÿgcri cspc`bma, nivbcglrc-jb`bcglrc jc =28<,p.< .

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Cn unm lrcvc rcscým -mpmrc`bjm tmglbân, ìgi ais trmlmois mntcrbircs,cn am rcvbstm dmlmncrm Mzua y \ioi- m`cr`m jca eiaacti Ca maìdiabsgi jc@instmn`bi Lcrnmaji jc ]ubrðs, Irtbz `rbtb`mlm am ìnju`tm jc qubcncscntrc nisitris cs`rblçmn silrc am nm`bðn cspmýiam, tigmnji ìgi cocgpaiun mrtçùai jc "un pcrbijbstm cspmýia", qubcn ma dm`cr unis ìgcntmrbiscn tirni m ais trmlmois jca `rbgbnðaifi ermn`âs Fmlrbca Zmrjc, rcpri`dmlmai quc sc pcnsmlm cn @ulm silrc am mntbfum gctrðpiab, ùmnji cnrcmabjmj ai quc sc cxprcsmlm crm -scfÿn Irtbz- am bfnirmn`bm m`cr`m jc su pripbm pmtr bm jc irbfcn, jc am ùma jclcrçmn bneirgmr ma puclai ùlmni, cnaufmr jc rcbtcrmr `rbtcrbis piì mìrjcs ìn ca prifrcsi ma`mnzmji cn amnm`bðn cspmýiam.

Zijm cstm vcdcgcntc amlir cgprcnjbjm ìn tma cntusbmsgi pmrm jbvua-fmr ams gmtcrbms pcnmacs, ìnsbjcrmjm pir âa ìgi unm ìntrblu`bðn magcoirmgbcnti jc ams ìnjb`bincs jc vbjm jca puclai ùlmni y m am ùmajclbð jcstbnmr unm bgpirtmntc pmrtc jc su tbcgpi, ni bgpbjbð quc Irtbztrmlmomsc jc gmncrm memnism cn am ìac``bðn jc gmtcrbmacs pmrm su ablrim`cr`m jc ais ýíýbfis.

Xcri ca mlifmji jc rc`bcntc frmjum`bðn, munquc su niglrc cgpczmlmm ìni`crsc pir sus cs`rbtis, ni aifrmlm sbtumrsc cn unm pisb`bðncìnðgb`m smtbsem`tirbm cn su jcscgpcýi priecsbinma. Csti ai aacvð msiab`btmr cgpaci ma ìrinca gmglç Murcabi Dcvbm, m am smzðn sc`rctmrbi jcCstmji, qubcn ac ierc`bð, tcnbcnji cn ùcntm sus cstujbis cn Jcrc`diXÿlabì, un `mrfi ìnsuamr btbncrmntc, quc ai sbtumrçm tcgpirmagcntc cnmqucaams `bujmjcs jinjc am `mn`baacrçm ùlmnm ìnerintmlm mafunm `br-

ùnstmn`bm pmrtbùamr. R, ìgi nis bneirgm âa gbsgi, jclbð gmr`dmr sbndmlcr bnb`bmji sbqubcrm am rcjm``bðn jc su ablri? "y yi, pir itrm rcvucatm jcam eir tunm, eub m pmrmr m am tbcrrm jc @âsmr Aiglrisi y Cnrbì Ecrrb, ìn unnÿgcri jc jmtis, pcri sbn dmlcr cs`rbti unm siam açncm". <0

Ca mrtçù ai quc ac jcjb`mrm Gbfuca jc @mrrbðn -y pulab`mji prc`bsm gcntcca jçm mntcrbi r m su nucvm pmrtbjm jc @ulm - jctmaam ams cnirgcs jbebùatmjcsquc jclbð vcn`cr ca mutir pmrm su camlirm`bðn; cntrc itrms, ambnìgprcnsbðn y ca jcsbntcrâs quc sus`btmlm cstc trmlmoi jc bnvcstbfm`bðn`bcntçeb`m cn ams `mpms baustrmjms y cn ams `mrnmjms filcrnmntcs? "ca ji`tirIrtbz jmrí m am prcnsm ca vmabisi cstujbi silrc ca Nmýbfubsgi cn @ulm, cnca quc sc iùpm sbn jcs`mnsi. Nbnfÿn trmlmoi gís mrjui quc ca ìac``binmrais jmtis nc`csmrbis pmrm cstc ablri, jurmntc ca ùma ac dcgis scfubji pmsi

m pmsi. Ca bnvcstbfmjir tripczmlm jçm m jçm ìn am jbebùatmj quc dm`c cnnuc stri pmçs bn eru`tuisi ca cseucrzi jc ais diglrcs jc `bcn`bm? nmjm cxbstçmdc`di ìn mntcrbirbjmj; crm prc`bsi `rcmrai tiji, irjcnmnji ais piìsjmtis bnìgpactis y mbsamjis quc aacfmlmn m su nitb`bm, y pmrm ìagi jcgmacs am ec jca mutir cstrcaaílmsc ìn am mpmtçm jca gunji `bcntçebì ai`may cn ams csecrms jca filbcrni, quc sc prciùpmlmn piì ìnquc un'jcs iùpmji ' cs`rblbcsc ginifrmeçms jc ýíýbfis, ìsm lbcn trbvbma pir `bcrti

<0 Ec rnm nji Irtbz? "Lruois i smntcris", cn Cstujbis Meriùlmnis, p. 45.

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ma amji jc ais frmnjcs bntcrcscs jc am piaçtb`m. Ais gmtcrbmacs, ni ilstmntc,sc rcunbcrin; ams nitms, ais jmtis cstmjçstbìs, ams eitifrmeçms, ais jiùgcn-tis jc tijm cspc`bc mgintinmjis unis jcspuâs jc itris, eirgmnji cacsqucacti bnjbspcnsmlac jc unm ilrm jc cstc cgpcýi".<:

Jc Ais ncfris lruois sc db`bcrin ÿnb`mgcntc jis cjb`bincsjurmntc am vbjm jc su mutir.<3 Am sbgpac ac`turm jc ais cacgcntisbgprcsis cn mglms pirtmjms nis bnju`cn m cstmlac`cr mafunmsjcabg btm`b incs màmr mtirb ms. Cn ùm nti m am prbg crm jcl cgi sjcstm`mr quc jc ams ":4 ebfurms" quc sc gcn`binmn, ni tijms scìrrcspinjcn cec`tbvmgcntc ìn ais cx`cacntcs jbluois m paugmrcmabzmjis silrc eitis, mntbfuis frmlmjis i tigmjis jca nmturma, pir

ca mlifmji btmabmni ji`tir Fustmvi \issi, lmoi am ebrgm mrtçstb`m jcFustmvbni-, pucs cstín ìnstbtubjis cn pmrtc pir un frmlmji jcGbmadc, unm rcpriju``bðn jc un mutðfrmei y `bnì eitifrmeçms jc

pri`csmjis pi r bg putírscac s jca bt is cst rc`dmgcntc rcam`binmjisìn ca ìntcnbji jc am ilrm. M`cr`m jc am scfunjm, jclcgis aamgmram mtcn`bðn jc quc sc pulab`mlm ìgi pmrtc jc am Lblabitc`m jc@bcn`bms Xiaçtb`ms y Pi`bmacs, quc jbrbfçm cn Gmjrbj ca ìnnitmjidbstirbmjir, nivcabstm y pictm vcncziamni \uebni Lamnì Eiglinm.

Cn ai rcamtbvi m su tcxti, cntrc mglms cjb`bincs cnìntrmgis `bcrtmsjbecrcn`bms jc eirgm y ìntcnbji. Cn su mspc`ti eirgma, mpcnms sc bnìr-

pirmn mafunms prc`bs bincs gçnbgms cn ca tcxti jc am scfunjm, msç ìgi guy pi`ms gijbeb`m`bincs jc cstb ai. Xcri sç jclc scr il oc ti jc unm gmyir

ìnsbjcrm`bðn quc unm pmrtc jc am cjb`bðn irbfbnma ni sc bnàuycsc cn am pistcrbir. Irtbz ierc` bð am cxpab`m`bðn jc cstm igbsbðn cn unms "Mjvcrtcn-`bms prcabgbnmrcs" quc bntriju`cn ma ac`tir m am scfunjm cjb`bðn? "Dmstmmquç ca prðaifi jc am prbgcrm cjb`bðn jc cstc ablri. Diy vc jc nucvi am auzcn am `msm Cjbtirbma Mgârb`m jc Gmjrbj, jcspuâs jc vmrbis mýis jc cstmrmfitmjm.

"Am jcjb`m`bðn jca quc sus`rblc m ais cstujbis jca dmgpm meriùlmnm nidm `csmji. M`mlm jc priju`br un ablri? Ais ncfris csàmvis, y cn lrcvcìnàubrí itri? Ais ncfris dirris, y jcspuâs dmlrí jc tcrgbnmr trcs gís?

Ais ncfris ùbris, Ais ncfris lgois y Ais ncfris ýmýbfis-, tijis caaisbntcfrmrín am scrbc tbtuamjm Dmgpm meriùlmnm, quc bnb`bâ cn =285 ìn am pulab`m`bðn jc cs tc ablri quc diy jc nucvi sc cjbtm , sbn pcnsmr cn surceunjb`bðn ìgpactm. Ais ncfris csàmvis y Ais ncfris dirris sin

mgpabm`bðn jc ai quc euc am prbgcrm pmrtc jc am prcscntc ilrm. Cstm qucjm

<: Gbfuc a jc @mrrbðn? "Ca ji`ti r Irtbz Ecrnínj cz", cn Mzua y \ioi, pp. [<-0W.

<3 Ecrnmnji Irtbz? Dmgpm meriùlmnm. Ais ncfris lruois (mpuntcs pmrm un cstujbi jc

ctniaifçm `rbgbnma). @in unm `mrtm-prðaifi jca Jr. @âsmr Aiglrisi, ìn :4 ebfurms, jbluoisjc Fustmvbni, Ablrcrçm jc Ecrnmnji Ec, Gmjrbj, =285,:02 pp.Ecrnmnji Irtbz. Xriecsir jc Jcrc`di Xÿlabì jc am Snbvcrsbjmj jc am Dmlmnm? Dmgpm

meriùlmnm. Ais ncfris lruois (mpuntcs pmrm un cstujbi jc ctniaifçm `rbgbnma). @in unm`mrtm-prðaifi jc Aiglrisi; ebfurms bntcr`mamjms cn ca tcxti jc am ilrm, Lblabitc`m jc @bcn`bmsXiaçtb`ms y Pi`bmacs, Cjbtirbma Mgârb`m, Gmjrbj [=2=6W, :85 pp.

TBT



rcju`bjm cn am prcscntc cjb`bðn m am pmrtc pripbmgcntc jcjb`mjm ma cstujbijca ectb`dbsgi meriùlmni.

"]ucjm bntm`tm. Xmrm ti`mram y ìgpactmram ìn ais jmtis mùguamjiscn jbcz mýis scrçm nc`csmrbi am rceunjb` bðn ìgpactm. Cstm cjb`bðn, pucs,ilcjc`c m unm bnsbstcntc jcgmnjm jc ablrcrçm, quc ni pcrgbtc cspcrmrunm amlir cxtcnsm y jbeç`ba, ìgi am rceunjb`bðn, eirzismgcntcacntm".< 5

Cn am ilrm maaç gcn`binmjm, Ais ncfris csàmvis -pulab`mjm cn ec`dm guy`cr`mnm m am bgprcsbðn jc ais pírrmeis mntcs `btmjis-, jcspuâs jc rcpctbrunm pmrt c jc am "Bntriju``bðn" m am prbgcrm cjb`bðn jc am ilrm quc vcnbgisìgcntmnji, Irtbz ac mfrcfmlm? "Cstm jcàmrm`bðn eirgð pmrtc jc ams

'Mjvcrtcn`bms' cn am cjb`bðn jc gb ilrm pulab`mjm cn =285, ìn ca tçtuai jc Dmgpm meriùlmnm. Ais ncfris lruois. Ai quc euc prbgcrm pmrtc jc cscablri eirgm diy, frmnjcgcntc mgpabmji y rceunjbji, ca prcscntc viaugcn.Am scfunjm pmrt c jc mquâa, ai quc pripbmgcntc ìnstbtuçm ca cstujbi m`cr`mjca ectb`dbsgi meriùlmni, scrí ilocti jc un nucvi viaugcn, tmglbânìgpactmgcntc rcgizmji y gís quc jupab`mji cn su ìntcnbji, ìn cagbsgi tçtuai jca mntcrbir".<

Cn vcrjmj, unm bgpirtmntc pir`bðn jca ìntcnbji jc ai quc Irtbzaamgmrm cn ams jis i`msbincs "prbgcrm pmrtc" jc am cjb`bðn irbfbnma, ni scbnàubrçm cn am scfunjm nb tmgpiì pmsmrçm m bntcfrmr ca tcxti m`cr`m jc aisncfris csàmvis -cn cspc`bma, tiji ca ìntcnbji jca cpçfrmec BU, qucìgprcnjçm jcsjc am pífbnm [5<W dmstm am ==8 c bnscrtmlm ams prbgcrms =0

ebfurms jc am prbgcrm bgprcsbðn-, y ùyms pífbnms cstmlmn rcecrbjms m aisncfris urlmnis i ablcrtis. Cstm gmtcrbm igbtbjm qucjmlm jcstbnmjm, prilmlacgcntc, m ì neirg mr c a nucvi ablri quc prigct çm cn tirni m aisncfris dirris; su tcxti nun`m aacfð m ìgpactmrsc, munquc jclcn dmlcrscrcjm`tmji mafunms jc sus sc``bincs, ìgi sc ìrrilirm pir am camlirm`bðnjc unm nitm bntriju`tirbm, jmjm m ìni`cr pir am bnvcstbfmjirm JbmnmBznmfm. Csti pcrgbtc jcju`br quc su rcjm``bðn ym sc dmlçm bnb`bmji y qubzísc dmaamlm ìn unm emsc mvmnzmjm, ìgi ca pripbi Irtbz bneirgmlm cn =2=6,ùmnji mebrgmlm quc "cn lrcvc ìnàubrçm" jb`di tcxti.

Cn csm nitm bntriju`tirbm, Irtbz rcvcamlm m quâ cacgcntis sc rcecrbrçmcstc nucvi gmtcrbma? "Ca prcscntc viaugcn jcjb`mji m ais ncfris dirris,cstí ìnsmfrmji prbn`bpmagcntc ma cstujbi jc ais ncfris ablcrtis y jc suvbjm, cspc`bmagcntc cn ca pripbi mglbcntc si`bma jc am csàmvbtuj, y mìnscrvmr am jcs`rbp`bðn y dm`cr ca mníabsbs si`biaðfbì jc ams gísùagbnmntcs supcrvbvcn`bms merb`mnms (...) Cn cstc cstujbi silrc Aisncfris dirris trmtmrâ jc trmzmr ìn unis ùmntis lri`dmzis ais mspc`tisgís tçpbìs jca ncfri ablrc cn am rcgitm si`bcjmj ìainbma, ùíacs eucrinsu prcpmrm`bðn pcrsinma pmrm am vbjm `bvbabzmjm, ams gmnbecstm`bincs gís

<5 Ecrn mnj i Irtbz? Ais ncfris lruois, <m. cj. , p. =6.

<6 Ecrnmnji Irtbz? Dmgpm meriùlmnm. Ais ncfris csàmvis (cstujbi si`biaðfbì y jc

Jcrc`di Xÿlabì.) @in 0: ebfurms, \cvbstm Lbgcstrc @ulmnm, Am Dmlmnm, =2=5, p. UBBB.

TT



ùagbnmntcs jc su vbjm, sus mjmptm`bincs gís i gcnis rujms y ìgpactmsma mglbcntc ùlmni; ùía euc âstc, cn ebn, cn rcam`bðn ìn ais ncfrisablcrtis".<4

Am igbsbðn jc cstms pífbnms cn am scfunjm cjb`bðn -quc ni pmsmrinm bntcfrmr nbnfuni jc ais tcxtis uatcrbircs jc Irtbz dmstm mdirm ìn-i`bjis- vmairm am m`crtmjm jc`bsbðn jc am Cjbtirbma jc @bcn`bms Pi`bmacsjc rccjbtmram ìgpactm cn su eirgm irbfbnma, am ùma, m pcsmr jc amsjceb`bcn`bms y `mrcn`bms quc pucjmn scýmaírscac, bnb`bmlm ca cstujbi`bcntçebì jca mpirtc jca ncfri m am si`bcjmj ùlmnm cn am ilrm jc su gísìntbnumji cxpisbtir y gís lrbaamntc cxpincntc, jin Ecrnmnji Irtbz.

J\. BPMM@ LM\\CMA

@bujmj jc Am Dmlmnm, cncri jc =22:.

<4 Jbm nm Bznmfm? "Ecrn mnji Irtbz y su dmgpm meriùlmn m", cn Snbvcrsbjmj jc Am Dmlmnm,

Am Dmlmnm, ni. <<8, gmyi-ounbi jc =240, pp. =5<-=50.

TTB



@mrtm-prðaifi

Pr. Jin Ecrnmnji Irtbz?

Jbstbnfubji mlifmji?

Dc rc`blbji su gmnus`rbti, ai dc acçji y ai ouzfi jc un bntcrâs cxtrmirjbnmrbi,tmnti, quc jcli rifmrac sc jbfnc `cjcrgc pmrm gb rcvbstm, ca Mr`dbvbi jb

Xsb`dbmtrbm..., su cstujbi m`cr`m jca sub`bjbi cn ais ncfris, ca jc am `rbgbnm-abjmj meriùlmnm y tmglbân ca jca jcabti jc vbiam`bðn jc scpuaturms.

Gc scrí frmti, msbgbsgi, rc`blbr pmrm ca Mr`dbvbi am trmju``bðn jc aistrizis gís bntcrcsmntcs jc su ablri y am `csbðn jc `bcrtms ebfurms.

@rci m`crtmjçsbgi su ìn`cpti silrc ca mtmvbsgi jc am lruocrçm jc ais

ncfris, mun cn ais `msis cn quc sc ilscrvmn ecnðgcnis gcjbmnçgbìs,cspbrbtbstms c dbpnðtbìs, pucs cstis ÿatbgis crmn tmglbân guy ercùcntccn am âpi`m prbgbtbvm.

Pcrbm bntcrcsmntc unm bnvcstbfm`bðn m`cr`m jc sb ais lruois prcscntmnecnðgcnis gcjbmnçgbìs, cspbrbtbstms i dbpnðtbìs, pir cocgpai, dm`crgivcr unm gcsm, vcr m trmvâs jc ais ùcrpis, ct`âtcrm. Pcrçm tmglbânÿtbaçsbgi un mníabsbs jc ams lclbjms cspc`bmacs usmjms pir ais lruois.

Nmjm tcnfi quc sufcrbrac rcspc`ti m sus eu turis cstujbis jc ctnifrme çm`rbgbnma, ìgi ni scm am mjqubsb`bðn jc jmtis m`cr`m jc ams mnigmaçms`rmncmacs, ebsinðgb`msy jc am scnsblbabjmj tí`tba cn un jctcrgbnmji nÿgcrijc jcabnùcntcs y lruois, y cn un nÿgcri bfuma jc ncfris nirgmacs.. Xucjc ustcj scrvbrsc jc gbs pi`ms açncms ìgi qubcrm.

Mfrmjc`bânjiac am ìnsbjcrm`bðn quc ac dc gcrc`bji y mufurínjiac unecabz rcfrcsi m su pmtrbm, gc sus`rbli su mjgbrmjir,

@ Â P M \ A I G L \ I P I

Zurçn, <0 jc scptbcglrc jc =283.

=



Mjvcrtcn`bms prcabgbnmrcs m am prbgcrm y scfunjm cjb`bincs

Pcmn gbs prbgcrms pmamlrms pmrm tcstbginbmr ma scýir priecsir @âsmrAiglrisi gb ìrjbmaçsbgi mfrmjc`bgbcnti pir su lcnâviai oub`bi m`cr`mjca prcscntc ablri, dinir cstc bngcrc`bji, quc ni pucji rcìrjmr sbncgi`bðn guy çntbgm. Piamgcntc ais quc priecsmn ìn ca ecrvir jc aisncðebtis ca `rcji jc unm csùcam `bcntçeb`m, oivcn, vbrba y nila cgcntc mujmz,

pucjcn mprc`bmr am bntcnsbjmj jca scntbgbcnti jc gb frm'tbtuj dm`bm ca fcnbi`rcmjir jc am mntripiaifçm `rbgbnma, pir ca cspmajmrmzi jc bnb`bm`bðn ìnquc dm qucrbji jbstbnfubrgc mrgínjigc `mlmaacri jc csm trbunemjirmìdirtc jc bnvcstbfmjircs quc ai màmgmn silrc ca pmvâs ìgi `mujbaai yai vcncrmn ìgi frmn gmcstri.

Dc tbtuamji mpuntcs ma prcscntc cstujbi, ni pir emasm gijcstbm, sbni pirquc, cec`tbvmgcntc, ni cs sbni unm rcìpbam`bðn jc caais. Am jbebùatmjjc ams bnvcstbfm`bincs pisbtbvms cn ca mglbcntc jca dmgpm, ams rcam tbvmgcntccs`msms eucntcs jc cstujbi, am vmstçsbgm ìgpacobjmj jca tcgm, y gb muscn`bmjc @ulm jurmntc cstis ÿatbgis tbcgpis, dmn bgpcjbji quc gb cstujbi eucscgís ìgpacti y m`mlmji. Cn âa dmaamrí ca ac`tir, sbn jujm,' nugcrisisducìs, gu`dis prilacgms ni rcsucatis, itris ilscrvmjis sbn am jctcn` bðnjcscmlac y mafunis cslizmjis mpcnms. Xcri gb trmlmoi cs jc guy abgbtmjms prctcnsbincs, y sb lbcn bnb`bm ca cstujbi gctðjbì y pisbtbvbstm jc am piabâ t-nb`m jcabnùcn`bm ùlmnm, ca gijcsti niglrc quc pir csti pujbcrm fmnmr-gc ÿnb`mgcntc sc jclcrçm m am ìnìgbtmn`bm jc em`tircs `brùnstmn`bmacs,quc ni ma gârbti jc gbs cseucrzis. Ni ilstmntc jiy m am prcnsm gbs mpuntcs ,ìnvcn`bji jc dm`cr ilrm ÿtba, sbqubcrm pmrm macntmr ca trmlmoi jc paugmsgcoir ìrtmjms quc am gçm, quc prieunjb`cn ca cstujbi jc csc `mgpibncxpairmji y ecùnjçsbgi cn prc`bisms ilscrvm`bincs, ùma cs ca jc am gmamvbjm ùlmnm. Am ctnifrmeçm `rbgbnma cstí cn sus bnb`bis -cspc`bmagcntc ìn

0



rcecrcn`bm ma jcabnùcntc ncfri sc dm dc`di guy piì- y @ulm, cn jinjc,cn gís i gcnis `cr`mnms ìnjb`bincs jc mglbcntc, dmn pijbji jctcrgbnmrsu jcabnùcn`bm rmzms tmn jbvcrsms ìgi am lamn`m, am ncfrm y am mgmrbaam,ierc`c unm vmstçsbgm lmsc jc cstujbi supcramtbvmgcntc tcntmjirm. M aisùlmnis pcnsmjircs ti`m riturmram y dm`cra c rcnjbr ais erutis quc am `bcn`bmtbcnc jcrc`di m cxbfbr jc caam y jc caais.

Msç igi mafunis critðgmnis dmaamn cn am ìntcgpam`bðn jc ams ebfurmsbaustrmtbvms jc ais `bcntçebìs trmtmjis jc mnmtigçm jcs`rbptbvm, un bn`cntbvi pmrm sus mlcrrm`bincs scxumacs, y mafunms pcrsinms jc bgprcsbinmlbabjmjmfujm ni pucjcn sipirtmr am jcs`rbp`bðn jc `bcrtms cnecrgcjmjcs, msç dmy

bnjbvbjuis quc lus`mn cn ais ablris m`cr`m jc am gmam vbjm, unm eucntc jcnucvis cx`btmntcs pmrm sus vb`bis, y itris quc ni rcsbstcn su ac`turm sbnscntbrsc msqucmjis mntc am fmnfrcnm pucstm cn caais ma jcsùlbcrti.

Munquc jc`br supcrstb`bisis cs jc`br bfnirmntcs, y âstis `bcrtmgcntc nisc ìgpam`cn cn diocmr ablris scrbis, ni ilstmntc, ìnvcn`bji cstiy jc quccntrc ca lbcn aamgmji vuafi ùati dm jc dmlcr mafubcn quc ma smlcr jc unmilrm m`cr`m jc am lruocrçm dm jc priùrmrsc su ac`turm pir unm ùrbisbjmjnm`bjm jc sus pripbms supcrstb`bincs. Xir itrm pmrtc, mafunis ac`tircs, marcì rrcr ams pífbnms jc cstc cstujbi jc pmtiaifçm si`bma, ni pijrín rcprbgbrunm guc`m jc jbsfusti y dmstm jujmrín jc am ìnvcnbcn`bm jc sm`mr m am auzscgcomntcs ÿa`crms jc nucstri puclai.

M unis y itris, m ais quc mÿn sin supcrstb`bisis y m ais quc ni fustmn jc

cs`cnms rcpufnmntcs pir am gbscrbm girma quc ams bneirgm, acs rcìgbcnjisbn`crmgcntc quc ni pmscn mjcamntc cn am ac`turm jc gb trmlmoi. Ais pr bgcris ni dmn jc cnìnt rmr cn â a csms jcs`rbp`bincs a btcrmrbms jc cs`cnmsgbstcrbisms y cnvucatms cn ca vcai jc ai tcnclrisi, quc tmn prieunjmgcntcsufcstbinmn sus bnemntbacs gcntcs, nb dmn jc mprcnjcr sc`rctis jc am gmfbmjil acgcnt c ncfrm jc ais meriùlmnis, ym quc gc dc `cýbji m ni `btmr itrisdc`dis y jmtis quc ais cxbfbjis pmrm am mprc`bm`bðn si`biaðfb`m jca ecnð-gcni cstujbmji y cn eirgm quc ni sc mpmrtm jc am prc`bsm pmrm scrvbr jc

lmsc m ìnsbjcrm`bincs pisbtbvms. Xmrm ais scfunjis, dc priùrmji jb sermzmrcn ai pisblac am `rujczm jc `bcrtms nc`csmrbms ilscrvm`bincs; pcri, niilstmntc , sb ni sbcntcn meb`bðn m cstm àmsc jc ac`turms, cs bnÿtba quc bntc ntc nam jc ams pífbnms quc vbcncn m ìntbnum`bðn. Mntcs jc quc unis y itris

ac`tircs pucjmn rcpri`dmr ma mutir ca dmlcracs cnfmýmji m`cr`m jca `mrí`-tcr jc su ilrm, sc `rcc âstc cn ca jclcr jc dm`cr mquç ams mntcrbircsmjvcrtcn`bms. Jcspuâs jc csti, ais supcrstb`bisis ni dmlrín jc cacvmr sugcntc ìn am ac`turm jc cstc ablri, ym quc am jcrritm jca gbcji m aijcsìni`bji y m ai silrcdugmni pucjc priju`bram tmn sðai unm sðabjmùaturm bntcfrma; nb ais bgprcsbinmlacs dmlçmn jc pcrjinmrgc ca dmlcracsdc`di jcs`cnjcr ìngbfi m am ilscrvm`bðn jca acfmgisi einji smavmoc jcnucstri sulsucai si`bma, iavbjmnji qubzís quc pmrm ìni`cr y mprc`bmr cafrmji jc `bvbabzm`bðn âtb`m ma`mnzmji, nmjm gcoir quc viavcr am vbstm dm`bm

:



ais rczmfmjis, dm`bm ais bnecab`cs quc, bgpitcntcs pmrm trcpmr m un supcrbirnbvca girma, `dmpmtmacmn cn ais aijmzmacs jca vb`bi.

Ca mutir sc `rcc tmglbân cn am nc`csbjmj jc dm`cr itrm màmrm`bðn prcvbm.Munquc ni pucjc jcju`brsc jc sus mebrgm`bincs, nb sbqubcrm jc ais jmtis pir âa irjcnmjis, unm ipbnbðn rm`bstm quc rcpufnmrçm m sus ìnvb``bincssi`biaðfb`ms, ni ilstmntc, qubzís jca frupi jc ais quc cntrc nisitriscs`rblcn i dmlamn pmrm ca pÿlabì -cspc`b magcntc jcsjc ams `mpms bnecrbircsjc csc rcju`bji gunji, pirquc tmglbân ca bntcac`tumabsgi tbcnc su dmg-

pm- pucjc surfbr unm gmabntcn`binmjm viz quc m`dmquc m cstc ablriìnàusbincs mpmsbinmjms y pufnmntcs ìn ca smni oub`bi quc gcrc`c amilscrvm`bðn `bcntçeb`m jc tijis ais `mrm`tcrcs psbìsi`biaðfbìs jc am pi-

lam`bðn ùlmnm jc ìair. Pbn cglmrfi, ca cstujbi c bntcrprctm`bðn jca vmairrcma, pisbtbvi i ncfmtbvi, quc pmrm am cviau`bðn jc am si`bcjmj ùlmnmtbcncn ais gÿatbpacs y m gcnuji iavbjmjis ìceb`bcntcs quc dmn jctcrgb-nmji ca cstmji m`tuma jc am rmzm ncfrm cn @ulm, jc `mjm jçm gís prðspcrmy msbgbamlac, ni sbfnbeb`m quc ais quc cn tma jbrc``bðn m`cntÿcn sus cseucrzisbntcac`tumacs scmn bnspbrmjis cn bgpuasis lmstmrjis, quc scrín `bcrtmgcntcy cn mlsiauti bngitbvmjis.

Am ilscrvm`bðn pisbtbvbstm jc ams àmscs jcsdcrcjmjms cn tma i ùmamspc`ti jc am vbjm, y jc ais em`tircs quc acs bgpbjcn un gís rípbjics`mamgbcnti jc ais cstrmtis supcrbircs, eirzismgcntc dm jc priju`br cacec`ti lcnâebì jc mprcsurmr su rcjcn`bðn si`bma. Msç su`cjbð ìn aistrmlmois jc ais Xbnca, ais Csqubria, ais Girca, y itris, silrc ais jcsfrm`bmjis

aiìs -quc sb lbcn ym ni girçmn ìgi mntcs ìn am mercntism ìrizm cn amsdifucrms jc ais mutis jc ec, crmn trmtmjis mÿn ìgi gmadc`dircs, ìgisus`cptblacs jc viavcrsc ùcrjis pir am pcnm, scfÿn tijmvçm rcùcrjm carcerín pipuamr-, ùyis trmlmois cxprcsmn ca jcsmrriaai jc am psbqubmtrçm qucdiy cxbfc quc ais mabcnmjis scmn mtcnjbjis ìn am mec`tuism tutcam qucgcrc`cn ais cnecrgis y ais nbýis. Msç ìgi ais fbfmntcsìs cseucrzis jcais Aiglrisi, ais Ecrrb, ais Am`mssmfnc, ais Zmrjc, bis Jirmji y jc tijmam emamnfc jc `rbgbnmabstms gijcrnis dmrín vbmlacs ais bjcmabsgis jc amtcirçm ìrrc``binmabstm, si`mvmrín ams bnÿtbacs prbsbincs y mlrbrín unm crmjc tutcamr trmtmgbcnti pmrm ais `rbgbnmacs -bnecab`cs quc nmuermfmn pir ambncstmlbabjmj jca csqubec jc su irfmnbsgi, oufuctcs jca cneurc`bji iacmocjca mglbcntc; bni`cntcs, sbn cglmrfi, jc am jcec`tuisbjmj jca prbgcri, quccaais ni csìfcn ma cglmr`mrsc pmrm ca vbmoc jc am vbjm, y jc am pri`caisbjmjjca scfunji, quc caais ni gitbvmn ma trmtmr jc ebomrsc un rugli sbn lrÿouamy sbn tbginca.

Zðgcnsc, pucs, ams ilscrvm`bincs jc cstc ablri cn ca scntbji rcma yjcsmpmsbinmji quc ams bnspbrm, y rc`tbebqÿcnsc sb sin cqubvi`mjms, y ìg-

paâtcnsc sb jceb`bcntcs, quc tiji cseucrzi bntcac`tuma cn pri jca ìni`b-gbcnti `bcntçebì jca dmgpm meriùlmnm ni scrí sbni unm ìamlirm`bðn,ìns`bcntc i ni, m am dbfbcnbzm`bðn jc sus mntris, m am rcfcncrm`bðn jc sus pmrísbtis, ma prifrcsi girma jc nucstrm si`bcjmj y ma mjvcnbgbcnti jc csis

3



ni sbcgprc lbcn jcebnbjis, pcri ni pir csti gcnis nilacs bjcmacs, qucbnùlm tijm gcntc dinrmjm y iloctbvm, piamrbzmjis dm`bm unm ìrrc``bðnjc am jiabcn tc dugmnbjmj, pmrm quc ais cfiçsgis sc rcer cnc n y mnmab`cn yais matrubsgis sc mvbvcn, y pmrm quc ablrcs jc prcoub`bis âtnbìs y jcmlcrrmntcs em`tircs mrtbeb`bmacs jc scac``bðn, am cviau`bðn supcrirfínb`msbfm su ùrsi jctcrgbnmji pir ams eucrzms jc am nmturmaczm, cn`muzmjms pirscntbgbcntis jc mgir y ìipcrm`bðn unbvcrsma, quc ni sin tijmvçm tmndugmnis ìgi nis ai dm`c `rccr ca irfuaai jc nucstrm cspc`bc, jcgmsbmjimjirgc`bjm pir ams bjcms mntripi`ântrb`ms quc am dmn gc`bji jurmntctmntis sbfais.

Ilscrvcgis ìn cs`rupuaisbjmj gb`ris`ðpb`m y rcbtcrmjm -ùg stujbi

ct sbnc ijbi- nucs tris gmacs prcscntcs , quc am ìnsbjcrm`bðn jc su gmfnbtujnis priju`brí am pcsmjbaam quc dm jc jcspcrtmrnis gís printmgcntc jcnucstrm gijirrm y nis dm jc jmr vmair y eucrzms pmrm ma`mnzmr am lbcnmn-jmnzm euturm.

Am Dmlmnm, jb`bcglrc jc =283.

[Pcfunjm mjvcrtcn`bmW

Dmstm mquç ca prðaifi jc am prbgcrm cjb`bðn jc cstc ablri.Diy vc jc nucvi am auz cn am @msm Cjbtirbma Mgârb`m jc Gmjrbj, jcspuâs

jc vmrbis mýis jc cstmr mfitmjm.Am jcjb`m`bðn jca quc sus`rblc m ais cstujbis jca dmgpm meriùlmnm ni

dm `csmji. M`mlm jc priju`br un ablri? Ais ncfris csàmvis, y cn lrcvcìnàubrí itris? Ais ncfris dirris, y jcspuâs dmlrí jc tcrgbnmr trcs gís?

Ais ncfris ùrris, Ais ncfris lruois y Ais ncfris ýíýbfis; tijis caaisbntcfrmrín am scrbc tbtuamjm Dmgpm Meriùlmnm, quc bnb`bâ cn =283 ìn am pulab`m`bðn jc cs tc ablri quc diy jc nucvi sc cjbtm , sbn pcnsmr cn surceunjb`bðn ìgpactm. Ais ncfris csàmvis y Ais ncfris dirris sinmgpabm`bðn jc ai quc euc am prbgcrm pmrtc jc am prcscntc ilrm. Âstm qucjmrcju`bjm cn am prcscntc cjb`bðn m am pmrtc pripbmgcntc jcjb`mjm ma cstujbijca ectb`dbsgi meriùlmni.

]ucjm bntm`tm. Xmrm ti`mram y ìgpactmram ìn ais jmtis mùguamjis cnjbcz mýis scrçm nc`csmrbi am rceunjb`bðn ìgpactm. Cstm cjb`bðn, pucs,

ilcjc`c m unm bnsbstcntc jcgmnjm jc ablrcrçm, quc ni pcrgbtc cspcrmr unmamlir cxtcnsm y jbeç ba, ìgi am rceunjb`bðn, e irzismgcntc acntm.

R ca mutir cstbgm tmglbân ipirtuni jbeunjbr gís y gís ca ìni`bgbcntijca mtmvbsgi rcabfbisi quc rctrmsm ca prifrcsi jc am pilam`bðn ncfrm jc @ulm,jbfnm jc tiji cseucrzi quc sc dmfm pir su vcrjmjcrm ablcrtmj? am gcntma.

EC\NMNJI I\ZB_

Dmlmnm, =2=6.

5



BBB

Am gmam vbjm ùlmnm

P S G M \ B I ? Bntcrâs cspc`bma jc su cstujbi. @igpincntcs âtnbìs jc am si`bcjmjjc @ulm. @injb`bincs si`bmacs jc ams jbstbntms rmzms. Pu eusbðn pmr`bma. Ecnð-gcni `mrm`tcrçstbì jc am gmam vbjm ùlmnm.

Ca cstujbi jc am gmam vbjm dmlmncrm, y, cn fcncrma, ca jc am ùlmnm,ierc`c un bntcrâs cspc`bma c bnjujmlacgcntc dm jc scr eru`tçecri cn bfumafrmji quc ca ìni`bgbcnti jca dmgpm jc ams `mpbtmacs mgcrb`mnms y

curipcms. Ams frmnjcs `bujmjcs `bvbabzmjms sc pmrc`cn tijms, tmnti cnam gmam vbjm, ìgi cn am vbjm dinrmjm jc sus dmlbtmntcs. Cn tijms scjcsùlrcn ams gbsgms aamfms jc am gcnjb`bjmj, cn tijms am rcpufnmntcfmgm jc vb`bis scxumacs sc gucstrm ìgpactm, cn tijms am jcabnùcn`bmdmlbtuma mjiptm eirgms pmrc`bjms... Jmjm am scgcomnzm jc ais ìgpi-ncntcs si`bmacs jc ams frmnjcs pilam`bincs, ni pijçm su`cjcr jbvcrsm-gcntc. Ais tbpis jc su gmam vbjm dmn jc pmrc`crsc, ìgi ais jc su vbjmlucnm, pucs msç ìgi am cnecrgcjmj sc jcsmrriaam scfÿn ams ìnjb`bincsebsbiaðfb`ms jca bnjbvbjui cn qubcn dm`c prcsm, msç ca dmgpm cs un rceacoijc am si`bcjmj cn quc vcfctm.

Cn `mglbi, cntrc ais em`tircs quc dmn ìntrblubji m ebomr ais `mrm`tc-rcs jc am gmam vbjm cn @ulm, dmy mafunis quc ni sc cnùcntrmn cn amssi`bcjmjcs ìgÿngcntc cstujbmjms, em`tircs quc dmn ìntrblu bji jc ungiji cspc`bma m eirgmr am psbìaifçm ùlmnm, dmstm cn ams gís bnecrbircs`mpms jc nucstrm si`bcjmj. Xir cstm rmzðn, ca cstujbi jca dmgpm ùlmnmcn fcncrma dm jc jmr aufmr m ilscrvm`bincs irbfbnmacs y dm jc sm`mr m amauz tbpis ni ìni`bjis eucrm jc @ulm, quc sc jbecrcn`bmn frmnjcgcntcjc ais dmgpincs jc itris pmçscs.

6



Cstis em`ti rcs qu c sc gmnbebcstmn jc gmncrm pmrtbùamr cn am gmam vbjmjc @ulm y quc jctcrgbnmn ais `mrm`tcrcs jbstbntbvis jc âstm, sin cspc-`bmagcntc mntripiaðfbìs.

Am ilscrvm`bðn jc am ìgpisb`bðn âtnb`m jc am si`bcjmj ùlmnm, tmn jbvcrsmjc ams curipcms, lmstm pmrm pincr jc gmnbebcsti ams jbecrcn`bms quc dmn jcm`cntumrsc cn am gmam vbjm jc @ulm, ìn rcam`bðn m am jc ais jcgís pmçscs.

* Sn ùbj mji si mníabsbs jc am ilrm jc Ecrnmn ji Irtbz, quc ni sðai mprc`bmsc ca ùmntbi siviaugcn jc sus tçtuais bgprcsis -priju`bjis cn gís jc scbs jâ`mjms jc un bntcnsi trmlmoibntcac`tuma-, sbni quc sc jctuvbcsc cn am eirguam`bðn jc `mjm uni jc caais y cn ca gâtijibnvcstbfmtbvi cgpacmji cn `mjm `msi, dmaamrçm quc sc `mrm`tcrbzmn pir am utbabzm`bðn jc jbvcrsmsjbs`bpabnms jc ams `bcn`bms si`bmacs.

Xir caai, pujbcrm cstbgmrsc cxtrmýi m su qucdm`cr `bcntçebì quc cstc ablri -ca prbgcri `mpbtmajcntri jc su cxtcnsm priju``bðn- mpmrcz`m ìn`clbji ìgi ìrrcspinjbcnji jc gmncrmcxàusbvm m am ctnifrmeçm `rbgbnma -"`bcn`bm quc mÿn cstí cn cstmji jc eirgm`bðn", ìgi mscvcrmcntin`cs ca pripbi mutir-, mun mjgbtbcnji am mgpabtuj quc ac ìn`cjçm ca pisbtbvbsgi, jca ùmacrm pir csis mýis ecrvirisi pmrtbjmrbi, m ams `bcn`bms mntripiaðfb`ms.

Cn sus pripbms pmamlrms pijcgis cnìntrmr ìn pistcrbirbjmj unm rcspucstm quc nis bnjb`m`ðgi am scac``bðn jbs`bpabnmjm y am mpab`m`bðn ìnscùcntc jca gâtiji jc bnvcstbfm`bðn utbabzmji,ni sðai scýmamn unm jc`bjbjm vi`m`bðn pir tmacs cstujbis cn csis mýis jc su eirgm`bðn pri ecsbinma,sbni quc tmglbân euc rcsuatmji jc su prcpmrm`bðn ji`cntc cn unbvcrsbjmjcs cspmýiams cngigcntis jc un frmn mufc cn Curipm jc am csùcam pisbtbvbstm `rbgbniaðfb`m cn`mlczmjm pirAigl risi , y `ðg i ca ìntm`ti rcma ìn am ìgpacobjmj jca pripbi ilocti jc cstujbi ai ìnju`brçmm unm nucvm y gís mgpabm pcrspc`tbvm jc âstc, supcrmrçm cn gu`di su bnb`bma iloctbvi jc mbsamrmspc`tis si`bmacs `rbgbnisis y ac gistrmrçm am ìnvcnbcn`bm jc cgpacmr un cneiquc bntcrjbs-`bpabnmrbi, `mrm`tcrçstbì jc su ilrm pistcrbir? "Gb ablri Ais ncfris lnbois euc pulab`mji cn =285,dmlbcnji sbji rcjm`tmji pir gç jcsjc =28< m =283, jc ùyis mýis trcs ais pmsâ cn Btmabm y sðai

uni cn am Dmlmnm, jinjc bnb`bâ gbs bnvcstbfm`bincs jbrc`tms. Cs `bcrti quc yi, ìgi piì mntcsdmlçm dc`di ca Jr. Nbnm \ijrbfucs cn ca Lrmsba, eub ma cstujbi ctnifríebì jcsjc ca `mgpi jc ammntripiaifçm `rbgbnma, cn ca ùma tcnçm yi gbs gís ecrvbcntcs meb`bincs". ("Lruois i smntcris", cn

Cstujbis Meriùlmnis, Am Dmlmnm, via. BBB, nis. =-:,=202, p. 43.)

"bgpuasmji pir gbs meb`bincs, gc rcmebrgâ cn gb pripðsbti y gc pusc m cstujbmr cnscfubjm aiquc cntin`cs, cn gbs prbgcris pmsis pir am scavm ncfrm, gc pmrc`bð gís `mrm`tcrçstbì jcacac gcn ti jc ìair cn @ulm, i scm ca gbstcrbi jc ams si`bcjmjcs sc`rctms jc irbunjcz merb`mnm q ucsin supcrvbvbcntcs cn nucstrm tbcrrm.

"Zijis dmlamlmn mquç jc tma tcgm, pcri cn rbfir nmjbc smlçm am vcrjmj. Ca msunti sc prcscntmlmtcnclrisi, cnvucati cn eíluams gm`mlrms y cn tcrrblacs rcamtis jc smnfrc; ais ùmacs cspinocmlmngís gb bntcrâs. Dmstm ac cs`rblçm un mutir mgbfi, ierc`bânjiac ca irbfbnma jc un ablri quc blm mcs`rblbr cn un mýi; pcri dmn pmsmji ùmrcntm mýis y csc ablri ni cstí cs`rbti, pcsc ma tcsiri jcilscrvm`bincs mùguamjms pir gç.

"@i gcn `â m bnvcstbfmr, pcri m pi ì ìgprcnj ç quc, ì gi tijis ais ùlmnis, yi cstmlm ìneunjbji.Ni crm tmn sðai ca ùrbisçsbgi ecnðgcni jc unm gmsincrçm ncfrm ai quc yi cnìntrmlm, sbni unmìgpacoçsbgm gmrmým jc supcrvbvcn`bms rcabfbisms pri`cjcntcs jc jbecrcntcs ùaturms acomnms, y ìncaams vmrbmjçsbgis abnmocs, acnfums, gÿsb`ms, bmstrugcntis, lmbacs, `mntis, trmjb`bincs, acycnjms, mrtcs,

ou cf is y ebais ieçms eiakaðrb`ms; cs jc`br, tijm am bngcnsbjmj jc ams ùaturms merb`mnms quc er bcrin trmçjmsm @ulm, dmrti jcsìni`bjms pmrm ais gbsgis diglrcs jc `bcn`bm. R tijms caams sc prcscntmlmn mquçbntrbn`mjçsbgms pir dmlcr sbji trmsamjmjms jc uni m itri amji jca Matíntbì, ni cn rcsbcglrmssbstcgítb`ms sbni cn unm `mðtb`m trmmspamntmjðn, ìgi sb jurmntc ùmtri sbfais am pbrmtcrçm ncfrcrmdulbcsc bji eifu cmnji y tmamnji m dm`dmzis ais gin tcs jc am dugmnbjmj ncfrm y dulbcsc mrriomji,rcvucatms y ìneusms, m ams tbcrrms jc @ulm, lmr`mzms bnìntmlacs jc rmgms, rmç`cs, eaircs y scgbaamsmrrmn`mjms jc tijms ams scavms jc Íerb`m". ("Xir am bntcfrm`bðn ùlmnm jc lamnìs y ncfris", cn

Cstujbis Meriùlmnis, Am Dmlmnm, via. U, =2:3-=2:5, pp. <=4-<=2.)

4



Cn rcsugcn, pucjc jc`brsc quc trcs rmzms, tigmnji cstm pmamlrm cnsu m`cp`bðn àísb`m y gís mgpabm, jcpisbtmrin sus `mrm`tcrcs psbìaðfb-ìs cn @ulm? am lamn`m, am ncfrm y am mgmrbaam, y sb sc qubcrc unm ùmrtm,am ìlrbzm i mgcrb`mnm, pir gís quc âstm cocr`bcrm cs`msm y `msb nuambneaucn`bm.*

Am rmzm lamn`m cntrð cn @ulm rcprcscntmjm pir ais cspmýiacs jc amìnqubstm y pir ams su`csbvms bngbfrm`bincs quc bgpirtmrin ca tcgpcrm-gcnti, ca frmji jc ùaturm, ams ìstuglrcs y ais vb bis jc ais dmlb tmntcs jcams jbvcrsms rcfbincs jc Cspmým.

Ais prbgcris ìainbzmjircs vbnbcrin m ams Bnjbms ìgi mvcnturcris.Caais trmocrin ìn ais priacfðgcnis jc am `bvbabzm`bðn am bgpuasbvbjmj

pripbm jc su puclai y priecsbðn fucrrcrm, bgpuasbvbjmj ebatrmjm m trmvâs jc

i`di sbfais jc fucrrms bn`csmntcs. Cxpuasmjis ais írmlcs y jcspuâs ais oujçis, cn Blcrbm silrmrin unm turlm jc nilacs y siajmjis dmglrbcntis,bgpisblbabtmjis jc ìntbnumr su vbjm mzmrism y jc mjqubrbr tbcrrms cncgbfmsm litcs jc amnzm, y un àcri lcabìsi y jc bntrmnsbfcn`bm cxm`crlmjm pir amìntbnum au`dm ìn ais bnebcacs. Ca àcri dbzi prcsm cn ca puclai dmrmpbcnti,quc sc jbvcrtçm in ais mutis jc ec, y ais mvcnturcris jc am fucrrm sc mabstmrincn ais tcr`bis quc ìrrbcrin pir Curipm i `mycrin silrc ams Bnjbms, quc aissustcntmrin pmrmsbtmrbmgcntc. @insÿatcsc ca ablri jc Pmabaams Ca jcabnùcntccspmýia. Dmgpm= pmrm ìgprcnjcr cn tijm su cxtcnsbðn am psbìaifçm jcais ìnqubstmjircs cspmýiacs.

M @ulm aacfð un puýmji jc csis mujm`cs, `mstcaamnis y mnjmau`cs prbn`bpmagcntc , cn ais quc amtçm ca dc rcjmji ecrvir lâabì jc ams mÿn

rc`bcntcs fucrrms ìntrm am girbsgm, m ams quc dmlçmn msbstbji gu`dis jccaais. Ca dc`di jc pridblbr am \cbnm @mtðab`m, mpcnms vcrbeb`mji ca jcsù- lrbgbcnti, ca pmsc m ams Bnjbms jc ais quc ni eucscn `mstcaamnis,< pcri

* Am cstrc`dm ìn`c p`bðn rm`bma quc sc gmnbebcstm ìn rcbtcrm`bðn cn tijm am mgpabtuj yprieunjbjmj jc cstc ablri, euc supcrmjm gís tmrjc jc gmncrm rmjb`ma pir Irtbz, qubcn aacfðm prinun`bmrsc -jcsjc un punti jc vbstm cstrb`tmgcntc `bcntçebì- pir am ni cxbstcn`bm jcrmzms, y ìnsmfrmr m tmn prifrcsbstm pisturm tijm unm vmstm y jiùgcntmjm ilrm, qucrcjm`tmrçm cn ais mýis jc su pacnbtuj bntcac`tuma? "Am rmzm cs un ìn`cpti dugmni dbstðrb`my `bcntçeb`mgcntc ìnvcn`binma y `mglbmjbzi, ìgi si`bma y vuafmrgcntc matmncri y jcspbm-jmji. Xiìs ìn`cptis dmy gís ìneusis y cnvbac`bjis quc ca jc 'rmzm'. @ineusi pir aibgprc`bsi, cnvbac`bji pir ais jcsprc`bmlacs gcncstcrcs piaçtbìs y si`bmacs cn quc dm sbjicgpacmji.

"Ca gbsgi vi`mlai jc 'rmzm' ni tbcnc unm purm fcncrm`bðn y aacfm m nisitris gmn`dmji jcbnemgbm. '\mzm' cs viz jc gmam ùnm y jc gmam vbjm". (Ca cnfmýi jc ams rmzms, Cjbtirbma

Xífbnms, Am Dmlmnm, =2:3, p. =6.)"Nmjbc pijrí ym abgpbmr ca vi`mlai 'rmzm' jca cstbfgm quc ai cnvbac`c, pir su 'gmam ùnm' ysu 'gmam vbjm'. M `musm jc su irbunjcz y jc sus bnvctcrmjms mpab`m`bincs, dmstm ca gbsgivi`mlai 'rmzm' cs jc suyi rm`bstm. Am viz 'rmzm' ìgcnzð m scr mpab`mjm m ais scrcs dugmnispmrm su uatrmoc y sbfuc sbcnji ìntrm caais lamsecgm. '\mzm' cs unm 'gmam pmamlrm' quc nijclbcrm jc`brsc. @ucntmn quc ùmnji sc gcntmlm ca niglrc jca jcginbi, âstc cnscfubjmsc mpmrc`çm ìn su pcrvcrsbjmj. Msç cstí iùrrbcnji ìn mqucaam itrm jbmlðab`m pmamlritm.Mpcnms sc am gcn`binm, ym cstí su cspc`tri prcscntc y `mrfmji jc gmab`bm. \cncfucgis jctijm bnvi`m`bðn m am 'rmzm'. ¡Umjc rctri!" (alçjcg, p. :=0.)

2



cspc`bmagcntc am `brùnstmn`bm jc ginipiabzmr am nmvcfm`bðn cntrc Cspmým yMgârb`m, ca pucrti jc Pcvbaam dmstm =6<8 y jcspuâs ca jc @íjbz dmstm =65:,dbzi quc sbfubcrmn aacfmnji m @ulm siamgcntc cspmýiacs jca sur jc amXcnçnsuam, cn ais ùmacs ca `mrí`tcr bgpuasbvi y ca meín jc au`ri bngcjbmticrmn gís mfujis quc cn ais dmlbtmntcs jca nirtc, mvczmjis ma trmlmoiscjcntmrbi, jcspuâs jc vmrbis sbfais jc vbjm rcamtbvmgcntc pm`çeb`m. Zmacsmvcnturcris vbnbcrin m dm`cr eirtunm sbn trmlmoi; pmrm ablrmrsc jc âstc sigc-tbcrin m ais bnjçfcnms, y am sugbsbðn euc tmn `ruca quc m ebncs jca sbfai TUBB B

ais mlirçfcncs ym ni cxbstçmn0 y sðai dmn jcomji mafunms ducaamsebaiaðfb`ms, prbn`bpmagcntc cn ais vi`mluamrbis fcifríebì, ziiaðfbì y

litínbì rcfbinmacs, y cs`msis rcstis mrquciaðfbìs. Xmrm sustb tubr ca trmlmoijca mlirbfcn bnt rijuocrin ym, jcsjc ais prbgcris tbcgpis, am csàmvbtuj ncfrm,quc acs trmnsgbtbcrin ais írmlcs. Ams rclcabincs jc bnjbis y ncfris eucrinìntbnums, msç quc ni ematð cn @ulm i`msbðn pmrm jmr rbcnjm sucatm m aisbgpuasis lcabìsis. Xcri, ni ilstmntc, m ais nilacs y m ais mnjmau`cs, cn fcncrma,quc aacfmrin cn ais prbgcris sbfais, sc jclcn ams ìstuglrcs fcntbacs y amcspacnjbjcz jc am dbjmafuçm `mstcaamnm, quc trmnsgbtbcrin m sus jcs`cnjbcntcsy quc eirgmrin am cstrmtbeb`m`bðn lísb`m jca `mrí`tcr jc ams mntbfumsemgbabms ùlmnms, msç ìgi itris gu`dis `mrm`tcrcs jc nucstrm psbìaifçm.

Ma ebnmabzmr ca sbfai xvbaa, jcspuâs jc `rcmjis cn =65: pir @mrais BBB jisìrrcis gcnsumacs cntrc ais pucrtis jc am @iruým y jc Am Dmlmnm, yjcspuâs jc jcàmrmjm ablrc cn =66: am nmvcfm`bðn cnt rc sbctc jctc rgbnmjis

pucr ti s jc Cspm ým y am Bsam jc @ulm, pc ri silrc tiji jcspuâs jc amsfcstbincs jca ùlmni Ermn`bsì jc Mrmnfi y Xmrrcýi pmrm am bntriju``bðn

jc trmlmomjircs lamnìs cn =62:, bnb`bðsc am vcrjmjcrm ìainbzm`bðn jc@ulm, y m am ìainbzm`bðn prbn`bpmagcntc gbabtmr y luri`rítb`m jc amsrcfbincs gcrbjbinmacs jc am Xcnçnsuam, su`cjbð am mfrçìam jc ais dbois jc@mnmrbms,: y am ìgcr`bma c bnjustrbma jc ais nmturmacs jc ams privbn`bmsfmaacfms, `mntílrb`ms 3 y `mtmamnms.5

@msb ìntc gpirí ncm gcn tc ìn am rmzm lamn`m, aacfð m @ulm am rmzm ncfrm, pcr i su bgpirtm`bðn ni euc ìnsbjcrmlac dmstm quc, pir ca bgpuasi jmji pi r ais bngbfrmntcs lamnìs m am vbjm cìnðgb`m jca pmçs, sc jc oð scntbrcxtrmirjbnmrbmgcntc am nc`csbjmj jc lrmzis pmrm ams pamntm`bincs, jc tmagmncrm quc ma gcjbmr ca sbfai TBT duli cn @ulm gís ncfris quc lamnìs.R msç ìgi ais lamnìs trmocrin ìnsbfi jbvcrsis `mrm`tcrcs psçqubìs,scfÿn am rcfbðn jc su pri`cjcn`bm, msç su`cjbð ìn ais ncfris, scfÿn am

ìgmr`m merb`mnm jc jinjc eucrin mrrclmtmjis? mfrçìams, pm`çebìs y mafi`bvbabzmjis unis; fucrrcris, bnjðgbtis y smavmocs itris, ct`âtcrm.

* S nm lucnm pmrtc jc am ilrm irtbcbmnm - n i tmntm ì gi sc ac mtrbluyc ìrrb cntc gcntc , pirjcsìni`bgbcnti jc am mgpabtuj jc sus bnqubctujcs bntcac`tumacs- sc jcjb`ð m cxpincr amjbvcrsbjmj jc ctnbms merb`mnms quc dmn ìntrblubji m am eirgm`bðn y am ùaturm jc am nm`bðnùlmnm, ` ig i sc gucstrm ìn am cjb`bðn jc ais sbctc viaÿgcn cs pulab`mjis cntrc =238- =233y ìnsmfrmjis m ams gÿsb`ms, ams jmnzms y ca tcmtri, y m ais bnstrugcntis gusb`macs jc cscirbfcn quc eirgmn pmrtc jca eiakairc jca puclai ùlmni? "Ca mpirtc jca ncfri m am ùlmnbjmj

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Zmglbân m gcjbmjis jc am ÿatbgm `cnturbm cnt rð cn @ulm am rmzm mgmrbaam,aacfmnji m ìntmrsc cn =45< gís jc 58 888 `dbnis, pri`cjcntcs jc Pdmnfmby jc @mntðn pir ai ìgÿn; msbgbsgi pmrm ams emcnms mfrçìams -ìgi aisncfris- y sigctbjis jc dc`di m un râfbgcn guy piì jbstmntc jc amcsàmvbtuj m quc âstis cstmlmn suoctis.

Ubnbcrin tijmvçm m ìgpactmr ca gismbì âtnbì jc @ulm ais bnjçfcnmsjc Ru`mtín, gms cn `mntbjmj tmn rcju`bjm quc mpcnms dmn jcomji rcùcrjijc su pmsi.

Xcri tijms cstms^rmzms cnìntrmrin cn @ulm un mglbcntc tmn nucvi ytmn rmjb`magcntc jbstbnti jc mquca jca ùma crmn irbfbnmrbms, quc acs crm jctiji punti bgpisblac jcscnviavcr su m`tbvbjmj y cncrfçms lmoi ams gbsgms

nirgms quc cn sus pmçscs jc pri`cjcn`bm, pir ai quc, ma em`tir mntripiaðfbì,sc unbcrin itris si`bmacs pmrm jctcrgbnmr ams `mrm`tcrçstb`ms jc am vbjmùlmnm.

Dm sbji jc frmn trms`cnjcn`bm am pisb`bðn quc cntrc sç gmntuvbcrinams rmzms, y mun ais vmrbis nÿàcis jc bnjbvbjuis jc irbfcn y ìnjb`bðnjbecrcntcs.

* Sn m sbfnbeb`m`bðn gís ìrrc`tm jc am bgpirtmn`bm quc jc lcn itirfm rsc m ais em`ti rcssi`bifânbìs cn am si`bcjmj ùlmnm silrc ais supucstis rm`bmacs, dm sbji ilocti jc unmcamlirmjm rceacxbðn cn su ilrm uatcrbir? "Xirquc ais em`tircs dugmnis jc am ùlmnbjmj nisin sbgpacgcntc ncfris jc Íerb`m y lamnìs jc Cspmým, rcvucatis y rceunjbjis cn un `rbsiadbrvbcntc ìn am difucrm jca trðpbì, sbni ncfris mrrmn`mjis jc sus trblus y sipcmjis cncsàmvbtuj, y lamnìs jcsmrrmbfmjis jc sus vbaairrbis y majcms, y mdupmjis jc rcpcntc m unrmnfi jc mgis y cn meín jc bnìnjb`binmji gcjri. Pb ca quc aacfmlm m Mgârb`m ìgi`dmpctðn ym pir sðai `ruzmr ca Mtaíntbì jcomlm jc scr ca `mgpcsbni gçscri, ca vbaamnipilrctc, ca `rbgbnma eufbtbvi, ca pb`mri mvcnturcri, ca àârbfi vmfmntc i ca dbjmafi sbn mafipmrm ìnvcrtbrsc bpsi om`ti cn un 'lamnì', ìn prbvbacfbis acuì`rítbìs silrc frmnjcsgmsms jc fcntcs 'jc ìair'; ca ncfri trmçji m am eucrzm ìgi csàmvi, pir sðai cntrmr cn calmrì ncfrcri y aucfi cn ca lmrrm`ðn, ym ni crm un tçpbì ncfri gmnjbnfm, fubnci i ìnfi,tma ìgi sus ìnnm`binmacs, sbni un 'ncfri' gutbamji pir ca prieunji trmugm psçqubì jcavbiacnti mrrmnquc y un iprbgbji pir am scrvbjuglrc quc ai jceirgmlm sb ni ai jcstruçmpir mpamstmgbcnti (...) R unis y itris, lamnìs y ncfris, sugcrfbjis cn un mglbcntccxtrmýi pmrm tijis y jbsi`bmjir, ìn acycs rcfbms quc sc m`mtmlmn pcri ni sc ùgpaçmn,ìn irjcnmnzms pmrm ca privc`di cxàusbvi jc qubcncs ams mìrjmlmn, ìn girmacscsùrrbjbzms pripbms jc si`bcjmjcs bgprivbsmjms ìn cacgcntis dctcrifâncis; y tijiscxðtbìs, ìn pisb`bincs bntcrbnms, ìnvbvcn`bms privbsbinmacs, tcnsbincs ìnstmntcs,ìjb`bms sbn ercnis, erustrm`bincs jcscspcrmjms; tijis 'jc pmsi', cn erb``bðn, cn ijbi,cn gbcji y cn rcamoi. Xisturms si`bmacs ìntrivcrtbjms, bnvcrtbjms, sulvcrtbjms y pcr-vcrtbjms". (Am merb`mnçm jc am gÿsb`m eiakaðrb`m jc @ulm, Jbrc``bðn jc @uaturm jca

Gbnbstcrbi jc Cju`m`bðn, Am Dmlmnm, =238, p. ==:.)

ni dm sbji cs`msi. Mpmrtc jc su bngcnsm eucrzm jc trmlmoi, quc dbzi pisblac am bnìrpirm`bðncìnðgb`m jc @ulm m am `bvbabzm`bðn gunjbma, y mjcgís jc su pufnm`bjmj ablcrtmjirm, qucermnqucð ca mjvcnbgbcnti jc am bnjcpcnjcn`bm pmtrbm, su bneaucn`bm ùaturma pucjc scrmjvcrtbjm cn ais mabgcntis, cn am ì`bnm, cn ca vi`mluamrbi, cn am vcrlisbjmj jc am irmtirbm,cn am cxprcsbvbjmj, cn ca gmtcrbmabsgi, cn am jcs`rbmnzm bnemntba, cn csm rcm``bðn si`bma quc csca `ditci, ct`.; pcri silrc tiji, cn trcs gmnbecstm`bincs jc am ùlmnbjmj? cn ca mrtc, cn amrcabfbðn y cn ca tini jc am cgitbvbjmj ìac`tbvm". ("Ais em`tircs dugmnis jc am ùlmnbjmj",cn \cvbstm Lbgcstrc @ulmnm, Am Dmlmnm, via. TAU, ni. <, gmrzi-mlrba jc =2:8.)

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Am rmzm lamn`m sc jbvbjc cn jis pmrtcs? ùlmnis y cspmýiacs, mpmrtcjc cs`msis bnjbvbjuis jc itrms nm`binmabjmjcs, y mglms sc ijbmlmngutumgcntc y sc trmtmlmn ìgi cncgbfms. Ca lamnì nmtbvi cn fcncrma,y cspc`bmagcntc ca bntcac`tuma, eucrm jca cocr`b`bi cstrb`ti jc su priec-sbðn, vcçm sus cncrfçms ilstmùabzmjms pir ams mutirbjmjcs cspmýiams, sbnitrm víavuam quc am ìnst mntc ìnspbrm`bðn piaçtb`m; ca ùlmni mjb ncrmjini dmaað cn ca mglbcntc quc ac rijcmlm, gmncrm jc `rcmrsc ìnstmntcsy ùatis pmsmtbcgpis nb trmlms pmrm cntrcfmrsc m ais vb`bis, quc m vc`csai dm`çmn `mcr cn ca aiji jc am gmam vbjm; ca ùlmni priactmrbi cstmlm majcsùlbcrti ìntrm tiji em`tir jcfcncrmtbvi quc pujbcrm ìntmfbmrai, ycn ìn tm`t i eirzisi y inst mntc ìn ams itrms rmzms, quc bnscnsb lacgc ntc

blmn bneauycnji cn su psbìaifçm.Ca cspmýia, i aacfmlm pir am bngbfrm`bðn cn lus`m jc unm eirtunm, y

jbspucsti m cgpacmr pmrm su ìnqubstm tijm am rujczm jc su psbìaifçmmajcmnm, mzuzmjm pir ca mglbcntc distba cn su gmyir pmrtc, i lbcn mrrblmjmm @ulm pir ca coâr`bti i am luri`rm`bm; cn uni y itri jc cstis `msis, ìn cacocr`b`bi jc unm suprcgm`çm jcspðtb`m y ca ìnvcn`bgbcnti jc quc ni tcnçmquc dmaamr `cnsircs quc `mstbfmrmn su ìrrup`bðn mjgbnbstrmtbvm.

Am rmzm ncfrm, jc rcpcntc y cn un pmçs cxtrmýi, sc dmaað cn unmìnjb`bðn si`bma cxtrmým tmglbân pmrm ais gís jc sus bnjbvbjuis? amcsàmvbtuj, sbn pmtrbm, sbn emgbabm, sbn su si`bcjmj, ìn su bgpuasbvbjmj

lrutma ìgprbgbjm ercntc m unm rmzm jc supcrbir `bvbabzm`bðn y cncgbfmquc am sigctbð m un trmlmoi ruji y ìnstmntc ma quc ni cstmlm mìstug-

lr mj m. @u mnji ca ncfri euc ablrc, su ablcrtmj ac sbrvbð pmrm sulbr mafi cnam cs`mam jc am ùaturm, dmlbcnji pcrjbji vmrbis fbrincs jc su psbìaifçmmerb`mnm cn ais zmrzmacs jc am csàmvbtuj; pcri ni puji smabr jc sumglbcntc rcstrbnfbji y scpmrmji jca lamnì.

Am rmzm mgmrbaam supi ìn`cntrmrsc, mbsamrsc cn tma eirgm quc sbfnbeb`ð psbìaðfb`mgcntc piì cn am si`bcjmj ùlmnm, munquc bne auyð gís silrcams itrms rmzms quc âstms silrc caam.

Am ipisb`bðn cnt rc ùlmnis y cspmýiacs prijuoi ams su`csbvms rcviau`bi-ncs scpmrmtbstms quc cnsmnfrcntmrin ca pmçs y quc tmn dinjmgcntc smù-jbcrin am si`bcjmj ùlmnm. Ams rclcabincs mrgmjms y am ìnspbrm`bðnbn`csmntc eucrin itri em`tir si`bma quc, pcnctrmnji bntcnsmgcntc cn tijmam vbjm jca puclai ùlmni, ìntrbluyð m jbecrcn`bmram jc am jc ais jcgís puclais, bnàusi cn am csecrm jc am jcabnùcn`bm.

Msbgbsgi, ca jceb`bcntc râfbgcn jc filbcrni ìainbma bgpcrmntc i`msbi-nmlm cn tijis ais `mgpis jc am m`tbvbjmj si`bma jbecrcn`bms ìn ams si`bc-jmjcs cxtrmnocrms rcfbjms pir filbcrnis, lucnis i gmais, pcri pripbis.

Am gbsgm csàmvbtuj cn quc tcnçmn quc vbvbr ais ncfris y dmstm ais `dbnis-m a gcnis jurmntc amrfi tbcgpi-bneauyð jcsemvirmlacgcntc, ìntrbluycn-ji ma mtrmsi girma jc ais lamnìs quc cstmlmn gís cn su ìntm`ti, dm`bân-jiais gís rujis y `rucacs. "Am ìnjb`bðn girma y si`bma jc am Bsam jc @ulm-j b` c Gcrbvm ac- pmrc`c quc dm jcàbnmji lmoi am bneaucn`bm jc am csàmvbtuj(...) Ca pamntmjir cspmýia sc dm dc`di gís `ruca c bngirma." 6 "Cn tijms

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pmrtcs jinjc am csàmvbtuj cxbstc jcsjc mnt bfui -cs`r blc Dugli aj t- , casbgpac jcsmrriaai jc am `bvbabzm`bðn ilrm silrc ca trmt mgbcnti jc ais csàmvisìn gcnis ceb`m`bm quc am jcscmlac. Am `bvbabzm`bðn sc cxtbcnjc rmrmgcntccntrc un frmn nÿgcri jc bnjbvbjuis, pucs ni ma`mnzm m ais quc cstín cnìntm`ti bngcjbmti ìn ais ncfris cn ais aufmrcs jinjc âstis trmlmomn."4

"Am bngbfrm`bðn `dbnm cn @ulm, quc sc dm dc`di cn frmn cs`mam, dm trmçjiun nucvi cacgcnti jc bngirmabjmj."2

Am bngbfrm`bðn quc tbcnc tma prcpinjcrmn`bm cn am eirgm`bðn jc amsi`bcjmj jc @ulm, dm bneaubji tmglbân jcsemvirmlacgcntc jcsjc ca puntijc vbstm girma, cn âstm ìgi cn ais jcgís pmçscs jinjc ams ìrrbcntcsbngbfrmtirbms sin bfumagcntc vbiacntms, y msbgbsgi bntriju`cn ounti ìncacgcntis smnis itris jc bnecrbirbjmj ni`bvm.=8 Am gmyirçm jc ais bngb-

frmntcs -tijmvçm diy su`cjc ìn erc` ucn`bm- smaçmn pir prbgcrm vcz jc sumajcm pmrm pmsmr ca Mtaíntbì; cn su pmçs nmtbvi, cspc`bmagcntc cn mafunmsrcfbincs quc jmn ca gmyir ìntbnfcntc jc cgbfrmntcs, tiji lmrnbz bntcac`-tuma, mun ca gís sbgpac, ca maemlcti, acs crm mocni, y mun ais quc pijçmnma`mnzmr cstc prbgcr frmji jc ùaturm ni sc ablrmlmn jc scr prcsms jc tijmsucrtc jc supcrstb`bincs y prcoub`bis jcsprivbstis jc matrubsgis, bglubjis pir un àcri bfumagcntc bfnirmntc y pilrc jc cspçrb tu, y prcsms tmglbân jcunm bgpuasbvbjmj cfiçstm jbeç`ba jc rcercnmr. Cstis `mrm`tcrcs diy guymtcnumjis, pirquc am `bvbabzm`bðn vm fcrgbnmnji cn tijis ais aufmrcs, scgmnbecstmlmn cn ais bngbfrmntcs jc am prbgcrm gbtmj jca sbfai ÿatbgi ìnam `rujczm gís ecriz. Aacfmjis m @ulm, am au`dm pir ca `mpbtma cn ca `mgpi,cn mquca mglbcntc prbgbtbvi jc scrvbjuglrc y tbrmnçm, i cn am `bujmj, cn ca

tcrrcni jc am cxpaitm`bðn ìgcr`bma, mlsirlçm tijms sus eucrzms, tijm suvbjm, sbn quc nb sbqubcrm am eirgm cacgcntma jca matrubsgi, am mgirism, pujbcrm ìnju`bracs sbni rmrmgcntc m un frmji gcnir jc rujczm. Pb cabnjbvbjui cn tmacs ìnjb`bincs ni pijçm prifrcsmr pir am vbrtumabjmj jc susbnnmtms jitcs, mpcnms sb ms`cnjçm silrc ca çnebgi nbvca psbìaðfbì ìn qucsmabð jc su pmçs, mfrmvmji m vc`cs cn ams ìnscùcn`bms jc su jcec`tuismcstrmtbeb`m`bðn pir am ìn`bcn`bm jc am eucrzm quc unm eirtunm ac pripir-`binmlm.

Jc unm au`dm cìnðgb`m tmn jcspbmjmjm, jinjc ais cfiçsgis crmnjcscnercnmjis, eirzismgcntc gu`dis tcnçmn quc rcsuatmr vcn`bjis, rijm-

lmn dmstm ais ÿatbgis pcajmýis jc am cs`mam si`bma, i ni aifrmlmn ms`cnjcr pir caam.

Mjcgís, pir am mrtcrbm jca coâr`bti -eirgm cspc`bma jc bngbfrm`bðn-aacfmlmn m @ulm cacgcntis ni`bvis, jctrbtus jc am gctrðpiab, ìn ercùcn-`bm `rbgbnmacs jcàmrmjis oujb`bmagcntc; pir itrm pmrtc, ais cacgcntissmnis quc ca scrvb`bi jc ams mrgms trmçm m @ulm, crmn m gcnuji mlsirlbjis pir ca mglbcntc y sc dm`çmn ni`bvis, jcsmrriaaínjisc pir ca cocr` b`bi susgðvbacs mntbsi`bmacs, quc crmn emvirc`bjis pir am vbjm gbabtmr ìainbma jccntin`cs, jc eirzism y `msb ìntbnum diafmnzm y jc suprcgm`çm cn tijis aisðrjcncs.

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Am cs`msm jcnsbjmj jc pilam`bðn cn ca bntcrbir jc am Bsam crm un em`tirgís jc am jcabnùcn`bm, y unbjm, m ams cspc`bcs jc ùatbvi gís ìguncs,em`babtmlm am pcrgmncn`bm jca mlbfcmti, jca lmnjiacrbsgi= = y jc aisbn`cnjbis jcab`tuisis tmn ercùcntcs tijmvçm diy cn nucstris `mgpis,^^ct`âtcrm .

Zijis cstis em`tircs pcùabmrcs jc am si`bcjmj ùlmnm sin ais quc cnca piabcjri jc am gmam vbjm scýmamn ams mrbstms gís smabcntcs. Xcri cntrctijis caais, ca em`tir âtnbì cs ca eunjmgcntma; y ni siamgcntc prijuoidmgpincs cspc`bmacs jc `mjm rmzm, sbni quc ma mpirtmr `mjm unm jc âstmsm am gmam vbjm sus pripbis vb`bis, sc euc eirgmnji un cstrmti ìgÿn mtijms pir am eusbðn jc sus jbvcrsms psbìaifçms, cstrmti quc ìnstbtuçm yìnstbtuyc ca nÿàci jc am gmam vbjm. Xmrm aacfmr m csti euc prc`bsi quc

mafunis cstrmtis si`bmacs rcsuatmrmn m``csblacs m am vcz m lamnìs y ncfriscspc`bmagcntc,= 0 cn quc mglms rmzms, jcsjc vmrbis puntis jc vbstm,vbvbcrmn cn un mglbcntc ìgÿn emvirmlac m am eusbðn, i ai quc cs aigbsgi, quc ams psbqubs jca lamnì y jca ncfri cn `bcrtms `mpms si`bmacstuvbcrmn unms gbsgms cxbfcn`bms bntcac`tumacs, cgitbvms, ct`., quc euc-rmn, cn ebn, digifâncms. R ni `mlc jujmr jc quc msç euc cn ams `mpmsçnebgms jc nucst rm si`bcjmj, jinjc am trmnseusbðn eçsb`m y psçqub`m cntr ctijms ams rmzms dm sbji y cs bntcnsm. Zânfmsc cn ùcntm, sbn cglmrfi, qucca jbvcrsi tcgpac psbìaðfbì jc ais cacgcntis quc bntcfrmn am si`bcjmjùlmnm, ni gc pcrgbtc jmr m am cxprcsbðn jc `mpms çnebgms un sbfnbeb`mji`msb cxàusbvmgcntc cìnðgbì, ìgi sucac cntcnjcrsc cn itrms si`bc-jmjcs, sbni quc, ma rcecrbrgc m ais cstrmtis gís lmois jc nucstrm si`bc-jmj, gc eboi cn mqucaais jinjc am psbìaifçm prbgbtbvm jc ais vmrbis

ìgpincntcs âtnbìs vblrm ìn un gbsgi jbmpmsðn, pir gís quc amtinmabjmj cìnðgb`m scm jbvcrsm.

Pb sc ilscrvmn ams àmscs psbìaðfb`mgcntc bnecrbircs jc am rmzm lamn`m,silrc tiji jc tbcgpis quc eucrin, ùmnji am rmzm ncfrm ma`mnzð sumpifci nugârbì y crm lmsc prbn`bpmaçsbgm jc nucstrm cìnigçm si`bma,sc pijrí ìgprcnjcr quc am scpmrm`bðn psbìaðfb`m cntrc mglms rmzms,jcsjc `bcrtis puntis jc vbstm, ni crm tmn rmjb`ma ìgi pucjc `rccrsc mailscrvmr supcreb`bmagcntc. Cn cec`ti, jmnji pir rcpctbjms ams lrcvcsìnsbjcrm`bincs jc am ìnqubstm, m eirgmr ca scjbgcnti jc am rmzm lamn`mìntrbluçmn cn prbgcr aufmr ais cacgcntis çnebgis jc am bngbfrm`bðn, mùyms ìnjb`bincs girmacs c bntcac`tumacs ym gc dc rcecrbji. Ais lamn-ìs nmtbvis jc @ulm, quc jcjb`mjis m ams tmrcms jc am mfrbùaturm ni

dmlçmn rc`blbji bnstru``bðn, ni sc scpmrmlmn mpcnms jc scgcomntc nbvca psbìaðfbì, ìgi tmgpiì, munqu c cn frmji gís cacvmji, ais il rcrissigctbjis ma tr mlmo i msmamrbmji; pc ri unis y itris, pir am mtcnum `bðn jcmquca frmji suprcgi jc mglb`bðn, quc cs pripbm jc am psbìaifçm jcabngbfrmntc, cspc`bmagcntc jc mquca cntin`cs, pir am ni bntcrrugpbjmbneaucn`bm ecgcnbnm jc am gmjrc y jc am cspism, pir ca bneauoi jc unmnilac mspbrm`bðn jc am ablcrtmj nm`binma y pir itrms `brùnstmn`bms jcjbvcrsm çnjiac, ni bnspbrmlmn su m`tbvbjmj cn tmn `ruji cfiçsgi, nb su

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`mçjm girma crm tmn eí`ba. Zmacs cacgcntis ncfmtbvis sc prc`bpbtmlmn -jcrcsuatms jc cnârfb`m y ìnstmntc rcm``bðn si`bma- eirgmnji ca cstrmtibnecrbir jc su rmzm, scjbgcnti jbecrcn`bmji pir am bfnirmn`bm y pir cacfiçsgi bgpuasbvi; cs jc`br, pir am prbgbtbvbjmj psçqub`m. ¹Pcrí nc`csmrbimdirm rcìrjmr am gbsgm prbgbtbvbjmj psçqub`m jc am rmzm ncfrm9

Mglms rmzms sc siajmrin cn cstms `mpms psbìaðfb`mgcntc ìguncs iguy mebncs pir ai gcnis, y diy am si`bcjmj ùlmnm sc jcsmrriaam

psçqub`mgcntc pir unm frmjm`bðn bnscnsblac jcsjc ca lamnì `bvbabzmji,dmstm ca ncfri merb`mni quc rcstbtubji m su pmçs nmtma rcmnujmrçm susablm`bincs cn ca rínci ginji jc un cncgbfi. Am siajmjurm euc ìgpactm,ni sðai psb iaðfb`m, sbni tmglbân ebsbiaðfb`m, pucs pmrm quc âstm sc rcmabzmrmeucrin ams gbsgms ìn`musms, bfumagcntc cxtcnsi ca ìntm`ti c çntbgi y

pc rg mncn tc m am vcz. Zijis smlcgis ùín ercùcnt cs crmn dm`c `bnùcntmmýis ams unbincs jurmjcrms jc lamnìs y ncfrms.=: Mun diy jçm, am viaup-tuism guamtm cs am sm`crjitbsm gís ecrvirism jc am jcbjmj quc am trmoi magunji, jca mgir ablrc. Xir ca bneauoi rc`çpriì jc mglms rmzms, am ncfrmeu c mjqubrbcnji un bgpuasi jc prifrcsi, `mjm vcz gís jcsmrriaamji, qucam dbzi jcspcrtmr jc su sâùamr signiacn`bm y smabr cn pmrtc jca sulsucaisi`bma cn quc am rctcnçm su ematm jc ùaturm, y am rmzm lamn`m merb`mnbzð suàmsc çnebgm m`cptmnji mqucaams eirgms quc trmju`çmn, jc un gijiirfínbì ìgpacti y cxm`ti, sus bgpuasis prbgbtbvis, mÿn ni mpamstmjis pir ca pcsi jc supc rb ir cs cs trmtis jc ùaturm.

Cn cstc `mgpi frbs, pmrm cxprcsmrai fríeb`mgcntc, vcfctmn ìn prcec rcn-

`bm ais pmrísbtis jc am vbjm ùlmnm. Am pristbtu`bðn vcrfinzism, am gcn-jb`bjmj mlyc`tm, am `rbgbnmabjmj dmlbtuma y am irfmnbzmjm, am supcrstb`bðnmlsurjm, am bfnirmn`bm `rmsm, am bgpuasbvbjmj smavmoc, sc lmrmomn ìgi amsrmzms cn cstc sulsucai jc @ulm. M cstc einji acfmgisi eucrin y vbcncn m

pmrm r tijis ais cacgcntis ni`bvis jc am si`bcjmj sbn jbstbn`bðn jc ìaircs.Jc mdç quc ais `mrm`tcrcs jc am gmam vbjm cn @ulm scmn pmrtbùamrgcntcìgpacois cn pripir`bðn m ams vmrbms àim`ms quc cn caam vbcrtcn sus pmtðfcnis jctrbtus.

Am rmzm lamn`m bneauyð cn ca dmgpm ùlmnm -gcjbmntc ais vb bis curipcisgijbeb`mjis y mfrmvmjis lmoi bcrtis mspc`tis- pir em`tircs si`bmacs dbois jca

* Cn su ilrm pistcrbir -y , silrc tiji , cn su cnem tbzmj i rc`d mzi m ùmaqu bcr eir gm jcjbs`rbgbnm`bðn eunjmgcntmjm cn am quc ym cntin`cs cstbgmlm crrðncm ìn`cp`bðn rm`bma-Irtbz mebrgð quc ais mtrblutis psçqubìs quc sc m`dm`mlmn dmlbtumagcntc m ais frupisrm`bmacs ni crmn sbni unm gmncrm jc jcnbfrmrais pmrm oustbeb`mr ams bntcrcsmjms cxtirsbincsquc sc prctcnjçmn cocr`cr silrc caais? "Cn jctcrgbnmjms âpi`ms, m `mjm tbpi rm`bma sc acmtrbluçmn cspc`çeb`ms ìnjb`bincs psbìaðfb`ms, fcncrmagcntc mjvcrsms, silrc tiji sb crmnfcntcs sulyufmjms y sc trmtmlm jc oustbeb`mr su cstmji jc bnecrbirbjmj si`bma. @umnji amìnqubstm jc Mgârb`m, ma bnjbi sc ac `mabeb`ð jc dmrmfín, gcntbrisi, sub`bjm, jcsdincsti,jcsacma y lruti; aucfi sc jboi bfuma jc ais ncfris, ùmnji sc acs csàmvbzð; y, `msi ùrbisi ysbfnbeb`mtbvi, tmglbân sc cs`rblbð `msb ai gbsgi jc ais cspmýiacs ùmnji ais jcgís curipcisais tuvbcrin pir cncgbfis". (Ca cnfmýi jc ams rmzms, cj. `bt., p. <35.)

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mglbcntc. Am rmzm ncfrm mpirtð sus supcrstb`bincs, su scnsumabsgi, subgpuasbvbjmj, cn ebn, su psbqubs merb`mnm. Am rmzm mgmrbaam trmoi am cglrbm-fucz pir ca ipbi, sus vb`bis digiscxumacs y itrms rcebnmjms ìrrup`bincsjc su scùamr `bvbabzm`bðn.

Xcri ais cacgcntis lamnìs jc am gmam vbjm ùlmnm ni lmstmn pmrmjbecrcn`bmram frmnjcgcntc jc ais quc sc ilscrvmn cn ais jcgís pmçscs pilamjis pir am gbsgm rmzm, y su eruti gís jcsmrriaamji, ca lmnjiacrbsgi,quc sbn siau`bðn jc ìntbnubjmj sc rcgintm m ais mvcnturcris jc am ìn-qubstm, pucjc dmaamrsc maacnjc ca Mtaíntbì ìn pmrc`bjis `mrm`tcrcs. Ais`dbnis, pir su vbjm si`bma ìn`cntrmjm, ni trmnsgbtbcrin m ams jcgís rmzmsais gís euncstis jc sus vb`bis, y ÿnb`mgcntc dmn jbeunjbji, munquc ìn

silrmji mrrmbfi, csm eirgm jc jcabnùcn`bm ermujuacntm, tmn pripbm jc su`mrí`tcr? ca oucfi i rbem `dbeeí, aamgmji vuafmrgcntc `dmrmjm. Am rmzm ncfrmcs am quc lmoi gu`dis mspc`tis dm ìnscfubji gmr`mr `mrm`tcrçstb`mgcntcam gmam vbjm ùlmnm ìgunb`ínjiac sus supcrstb`bincs, sus irfmnbzm`bincs,sus acnfumocs, sus jmnzms, ct`., y sin dbois acfçtbgis suyis am lruocrçm y caýmýbfubsgi, quc tmnti sbfnbeb`mn cn ca dmgpm jc @ulm.

Jcspuâs jc ams mntc`cjcntcs ilscrvm`bincs qucjm pmtcntc un ecnðgc-ni si`bma quc lmstm pmrm `mrm`tcrbzmr, pir sç siai, am gmam vbjm ùlmnm y quccs ca coc eunjmgcntma ma rcjcjir jca quc fbrmn ams prbn`bpmacs gmnbecstm`bi-ncs jc mquâaam.

Cn am gmam vbjm jc ùmaqubcrm jc ams si`bcjmjcs eirgmjms siamgcntc

pi r lamnìs, cn trmn mqucaais bnjbvbjuis jc am gbsgm si`bcjmj quc pirjcec`tuism cstrmtbeb`m`bðn âtb`m, jclbjm m em`tircs mntripiaðfbìs isi`bmacs, ni pucjcn cacvmrsc m am csecrm girma cn quc sc gucvc amfcncrmabjmj jc sus ìnvbvbcntcs, y ais quc bn`mpm`cs jc gmntcncrsc cncaam `mcn rijmnji dmstm ca einji jca crbma, i scm, ais rczmfmjis jca prifrc si girma. Cn @ulm, tijm unm rmzm c ntrð cn am gmam vbjm.=3 Ma aacfmrais ncfris cntrmlmn tijis cn am gmam vbjm ùlmnm, ni ìgi `mçjis jc un

pam ni su pc rb ir jc girmabjmj, sbni ìgi bncptis pi r ca gigcnti, magcnis, pmrm trcpmr dmstm âa. Pus rcam`bincs scxumacs y emgbabmrcs, surcabfbðn, su piaçtb`m, sus nirgms girmacs, cn ebn, crmn tmn jceb`bcntcs qucqucjmrin cn ca ìn`cpti jc ais lamnìs pir jclmoi jc ais gbsgis

bnjbvbjuis jc am gmam vbjm jc âstis, pucs pmrm ca dmgpm lamn`m niematmlmn mafunis amzis jc unbðn ìn am gmsm dinrmjm; su jcsmjmptm`bðnni crm ìgpactm, gbcntrms quc sç ai crm cn un prbn`bpbi am jc ais bnecab`csncfris. Cn sus mgircs crmn ais ncfris sugmgcntc ams`bvis, sus gmtrb-ginbis aacfmlmn dmstm am piabfmgbm, am pristbtu`bðn ni gcrc`çm su rcpufnmn`bm, sus emgbabms `mrc`çmn jc ìdcsbðn , su rcabfbðn ais aacvmlm mais sm`rbeb`bis dugmnis, m am vbiam`bðn jc scpuaturms, m am mntripiemfbm ym ams gís lrutmacs supcrstb`bincs; am vbjm jca scr dugmni acs bnspbrmlm

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cs`msi rcspcti y cs`msi crm tmglbân ca quc jc caais iltcnçm am pripbcjmjmocnm, ct`âtcrm... Xmrm mugcntmr am scpmrm`bðn cstmlmn ca acnfumoc, cavcstbji, am csàmvbtuj, am gÿsb`m, ct`âtcrm. Ca jcsnbvca girma crm mfrmvmji pir ca bntcac`tuma. Euc nc`csmrbi ca trmnsùrsi jc gu`di tbcgpi y amsu`csbðn jc ìgpacois mìntc`bgbcntis, pmrm quc jc am cxìgunbðn cnquc crm tcnbjm am rmzm ncfrm sc eucrm cxàuycnji unm pmrtc jc âstm, ymcn`mrrbamjm dm`bm am `bvbabzm`bðn; pmrtc quc `mjm jçm vm meirtunmjmgcntcsbcnji gmyir, rcstrbnfbcnji msç gís y gís ca `mgpi jc am gmam vbjm cn sugís mgpabi ìn`cpti.

M pcsmr jc csti ni puc jc jc`brsc ìn rbfurism cxprcsbðn, quc ais ncfrisma aacfmr m @ulm ni eucscn dinrmjis y sç bngirmacs, jmji ca `mrí`tcr jc

rcamtbvbjmj quc si`biaðfb`mgcntc tbcnc ca ìn`cpti jc am dinrmjcz y jc amgirma. Ais ncfris crmn dinrmjis ìn rcam`bðn m su `rbtcrbi girma; ni aieucrin ùmnji tuvbcrin cn ca nucvi gcjbi quc rcfuamr sus m`tis ìnmrrcfai m ais `rbtcrbis gís cacvmjis quc ais lamnìs tcnçmn pmrm sç y qucbgpusbcrin m sus jigbnmjis.

Xcri am bnecrbirbjmj jca ncfri, am quc ac suoctmlm ma gma vbvbr, crm jclbjmm ematm jc `bvbabzm`bðn bntcfrma, pucs tmn prbgbtbvm crm su girmabjmj, ìgisu bntcac`tumabjmj, ìgi sus viab`bincs, ct`âtcrm. Cstc `mrí`tcr cs ai qucgís ai jbecrcn`bm jc ais bnjbvbjuis jc am gmam vbjm jc ams si`bcjmjcseirgmjms cxàusbvmgcntc pir lamnìs. Cn âstis ni sc trmtm pir ai fcncrmajc unm psbqubs prbgbtbvm, ìgpac tmgcn tc jcsnujm pir ematm jc cstrmtis qucam rcùlrcn cn tijms sus pmrtcs, ìgi su`cjçm cn ca ncfri, sbni jc un

jcsfmrri pmr`bma jc cstis cstrmtis psçqubìs quc pinc ca jcsùlbcrti siam-gcntc am prbgbtbvbjmj girma jc unm psbqubs,=5 quc ni ilstmntc sbfuc rcvcs-tbjm pir ams `mpms jc ùaturm quc sc gmntbcncn silrcpucstms c bntm`tms marcsti jc am gbsgm.

Pbn cglmrfi, cn am m`tumabjmj, ùmnji ym mafunms fcncrm`bincs jcbnjbvbjuis jc ìair dmn vbvbji cn ca gcjbi `bvbabzmji, ùântmnsc tmglbândmgpincs ncfris quc gucstrmn csc jcscqubablrbi cn su cviau`bðn

psbìaðfb`m, y rc am tb vm gcn tc `bvbabzmjis bn tc ac `tumagcn tc , ìnscrvmntijmvçm rmsfis jc su girma merb`mnm quc ais prc`bpbtmn cn am `rbgbnmabjmj.

Cn ìnàusbðn, ca cstujbi jc am gmam vbjm ùlmnm cs jc cspc`bma bntcrâs, pi rquc m gcjbjm quc sc prieunjb`cn y cxt bcnjmn ams bnvcstbfm`bincs cn csc

* @i gi pu cjc ìgpril mrsc gcjbmnt c unm bnjmfm`bðn dbstirbifríeb`m, cn tijm s amssi`bcjmjcs y cn tijis ais gigcntis dbstðrbìs dm dmlbji unm ìn`cptumabzm`bðn âtb`mmjiptmjm pir am àmsc dcfcgðnb`m quc sbtÿm cn ca `mgpi ipucsti ams `rccn`bms, ams eirgmsjc vbjm y ams ìstuglrcs jc ams `mpms jcspiscçjms. Munquc Irtbz ai rcìni`c tí`btmgcntccn ais pírrmeis sbfubcntcs cn cstc tcxti, mjcgís ai rcmebrgð jc gmncrm cxprcsm cn itristrmlmois pistcrbircs? "tijm am gmsm jc pilam`bðn jc ncfris merb`mnis, m `musm jca cxitbsgijc tijms sus ìstuglrcs y acnfumocs, euc ìnsbjcrmjm pir ais lamnìs jigbnmjircs ìgibnàubjm bpsi em`ti cn am `mtcfirçm si`bma jc am gmam vbjm. Cs jc`br, jc am vbjm ni m`cptmjm` i g i lucnm, quc crm ¡nmturmagcntc! am jca frupi si`bma prcjigbnmntc, piaçtb`m y

ou rç jb `m gc nt c ì m`tbv i" . (" Lr uo is i smnt cris ", cn Cstujbis Meriùlmnis, p. 42.)

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scntbji, prcecrcntcgcntc ìn rcam`bðn m am rmzm ncfrm, dmn jc mpirtmrscirbfbnmacs y prc`bisis jmtis m am ctnifrmeçm `rbgbnma, `bcn`bm quc mÿn cstícn cstmji jc eirgm`bðn y quc dm jc vcnbr m ìgpactmr am mntripiaifçm ysi`biaifçm `rbgbnmacs ìntcgpiríncms, lmsmjms `msb cxàusbvmgcntctijmvçm silrc am ilscrvm`bðn jca diglrc jcabnùcntc lamnì.

Ca prcscntc ablri cs unm gijcstm ìntrblu`bðn m cgprcsm `bcntçeb`m jctmntm gintm. Mpmrtc jc unm nc`csmrbm bntriju``bðn fcncrma ma cstujbi jcais ncfris jc am gmam vbjm ùlmnm, cs`rbtm cspc`bmagcntc pmrm ca ac`tircxtrmnocri, su ilocti cs ca cstujbi jc am lruocrçm, unm jc ams prbn`bpmacs`mrm`tcrçstb`ms jca dmgpm jc @ulm.

* Cstc ìn`cp ti jc lruocrçm mpab`mji jc gmncrm bnjbs`rbgbnmjm m ams `rccn`bms y prí`tb`msgífbì-rcabfbisms jc irbfcn merb`mni cn @ulm, euc rc`dmzmji gís tmrjc pir Irtbz,

mtrbluyânjiac cn pmrtc su cgpaci cn cstm ilrm m am bneaucn`bm jca usi ìrrbcntc, pcribnjclbji, jc cstc vi`mlai? "Jmjm am bfnirmn`bm fcncrma jca msunti, am pmamlrm lruocrçm

prcvmac`bð pmrm sbfnbeb`mr am gmfbm jc ais ncfris, y ca vi`mlai dc`db`crçm, pmrm am gmfbm jcais lamnìs.

"Jurmntc ais sbfais xvb y xvn euc prc`bsmgcntc ùmnji tijm Cspmým cstmlm gís ùnjbjm jclruois y jcginbis. Dmstm un rcy gurbð cglruomji. Aðfb`mgcntc, pucs, ùmnji cn amsMntbaams, mntcs jc m`mlmrsc jb`di sbfai xvb, sc ìgcnzmrin m jcsùlrbr `bcrtis rbtisgbstcrbisis jc ais ncfris csàmvis, ìn abturfbms cxtrmýms, ìn gÿsb`ms cxðtb`ms, y ìn`mnturrcis bnbntcabfblacs, sc acs mpab`ð ca gbsgi vi`mlai jc lruocrçm quc sc acs mpab`mlm cnCspmým m ais rbtis mníaifis, pcrscfubjis pir am Pmntm Bnqubsb`bðn". ("Lruois i smntcris", cn

Cstujbis Meriùlmnis, pp. 46-44.)

"Cn =285 pulabquâ gb prbgcr ablri, un lrcvc cnsmyi jc bnvcstbfm`bðn cacgcntma m`cr`m jcams supcrvbvcn`bms rcabfbisms y gífb`ms jc ams ùaturms merb`mnms cn @ulm, tmacs ìgi crmn cnrcmabjmj y ni ìgi mquç crmn tcnbjms. Cs jc`br, ìgi unm vmrbm`bðn cxtrmvmfmntc jc amlruocrçm jc ais lamnìs, i scm jc csc gbacnmrbi trmti ìn ais jcginbis i gmais cspçrbtus,

jinjc sc jmlmn ams dirrblacs prí`tb`ms jc ams lruoms jc Curipm, ams ùmacs `dupmlmn am smnfrcjc ais nbýis y viamlmn gintmýms cn csìlms cn ais mqucamrrcs jc _mfmrrmgurjb pmrmcntrcfmrsc m ams irfçms gís rcpufnmntcs ìn ca frmn `mlri smtínbì, qubcn cn sus cntrmýmscnfcnjrmlm scrcs ginstruisis, scgbdugmnis y scgbjcginbis."Euc sucrtc quc ym cn am prbgcrm bnvcstbfm`bðn jc am lruocrçm cn @ulm y sus gbstcrbis,pujbârmgis mscfurmr quc mquç ni dmlçm tmacs vucais jc am mcrciníutb`m jbmlðab`m y quc amaamgmjm lruocrçm cn @ulm crm silrc tiji un ìgpacoi ìnounti jc rcabfbincs y gmfbmsmerb`mnms gczàmjms cntrc sç y ìn ais rbtis, acycnjms dmfbifríeb`ms y supcrstb`bincs jc ais`mtðabìs y ìn ams supcrvbvcn`bms jca pmfmnbsgi prc`rbstbmni quc cntrc nisitris sc ìnscr-vmn". ("Xir am bntcfrm`bðn ùlmnm jc lamnìs y ncfris", cn Cstujbis Meriùlmnis, pp. <:-<3.)

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BBB

Ais ncfris cn @ulm

P S G M \ B I ? Ubjm jc ais ncfris cn @ulm. Pu nÿgcri. Pu pri`cjcn`bm. Am csàmvb-tuj y su mliab`bðn. Ca csàmvi mfrçìam. Ca csàmvi urlmni. Xilam`bðn jc ìairablrc y csàmvm. Ca cgmn`bpmji. Pub`bjbi jc csàmvis. @bgmrrincs y mpmacn`mjis.\clcabincs.

Xirquc am gmam vbjm cs un giji jc vbvbr quc ìntrmstm ìn itri quctcncgis pir nirgma y ìn rcam`bðn ma ùma am jcebnbgis, sc bgpinc mntcsjc cstujbmr ìn jctcn`bðn ams vmrbms eirgms quc mjiptm mquâaam, ca ìni`b-gbcnti jca mglbcntc si`bma cn quc jctcrgbnm sus m`tbvbjmjcs am gmsmfcncrma jc ais bnjbvbjuis; mglbcntc quc jm `mrí`tcr cspc`çebì m am si`bcjmjy quc sc rceacom dmstm cn ais lmois einjis jc am gbsgm.

Pb ma cstujbmr am gmam vbjm jc ais lamnìs, cstc ìni`bgbcnti pucjc jmrsc pir supucsti , ma gcnis cn sus açncms fcncrmacs y `mrm`tcrçstb`ms, ùmnji amilscrvm`bðn jclc rc`mcr silrc am vbjm jc am rmzm ncfrm trmsamjmjm m ungcjbi si`bma irbfbnmrbmgcntc cxtrmýi y sigctbjm m unm rmzm jc supcrbir`bvbabzm`bðn, ni cs i`bisi jcjb`mr, prcvbmgcntc, am mtcn`bðn m ams nirgmsìguncs jc su vbjm, jc irjbnmrbi bnilscrvmjms, pmrm pijcr ìntrmstmr ìncaams ais ecnðgcnis jc su vbjm mnirgma, jc su gmam vbjm.

Cstc cstujbi jc am ìnjb`bðn si`bma jc ais ncfris, sbqubcrm abgbtmji m ais prbn`bpmacs puntis jc vbstm, cs tmnti gís nc`csmrbi ùmnti quc am `mabeb`m-`bðn jc su gmam vbjm ni siamgcntc dm jc dm`crsc, pir ai quc m @ulmrcspc`tm, cn vbstm jca ìn`cpti gcjbi jc girmabjmj quc am si`bcjmj ùlmnmsc dm camlirmji m trmvâs jc ais smùjbgbcntis jc su dbstirbm, y ìn amìipcrm`bðn jc tijis sus ìgpincntcs âtnbìs, sbni tmglbân su rcecrcn`bmma giji cspc`bma jc scr y jc vbvbr jc am fcncrmabjmj jc ais meriùlmnis.Xirquc bnfrcsmjm am rmzm ncfrm cn am si`bcjmj jc @ulm, sbn quc eucrmn prcvbmgcntc jcsfmstmjms pir ca ri`c ìn itrms si`bcjmjcs `bvbabzmjms amsmspcrczms jc su psbqubs merb`mnm, duli jc gmntcncrsc âstm pir amrfi tbcgpicn un nbvca bnecrbir jc ùaturm, msç girma ìgi bntcac`tuma, quc lmstmrçm pmrm bnàubr tijm am rmzm cn ca sulsucai jc am gmam vbjm sb âstm, rcpbti, jc omscjc scr jcebnbjm ni sðai ìn rcam`bðn ma ìn`cpti girma jc am si`bcjmj

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ùlmnm, sbni tmglbân tcnbcnji cn ùcntm ca ìn`cpti girma quc ìgi

nirgm ìgÿn jc vbjm trmocrin ais ncfris jc su pmçs.Mjcgís, sb pmrm ais ùlmnis ni cs jbeç`ba ìni`cr ams `mrm`tcrçstb`ms

jc am vbjm jc am rmzm ncfrm cn @ulm, tma ìgi diy sc gmnbebcstm, ni csmsç pmrm ais cxtrmnocris, nb mun pmrm ais gbsgis ùlmnis ùmnji sc trmtmjc rcgintmr am bnvcstbfm`bðn m tbcgpis quc eucrin, cn ais quc dmy qucjcsùlrbr ams mntbfums gmnbecstm`bincs gís fcnubnmgcntc merb`mnms jcamagm ncfrm, jc ams ùmacs sðai vm qucjmnji unm jcrbvm`bðn quc scjcsvmnc`c gís y gís.

Bntcntmrâ cn ams pífbnms quc sbfucn, dmstm ca @mpçtuai BBB, dm`cr unrcsugcn jc ais `mrm`tcrcs fcncrmacs gís jcstm`mjis jc am vbjm jc am rmzm

ncfrm cn @ulm, m rcscrvm jc mgpabmr tmacs i ùmacs ilscrvm`bincs ùmnjitrmtc ìn`rctmgcntc jc jctcrgbnmjis ecnðgcnis jca dmgpm ncfrm cn@ulm y jc ams `musms quc emvirc`bcrin su rcspc`tbvi jcsmrriaai.

Bgpirtm mntc tiji ìnsbfnmr, y qucjc dc`dm am ilscrvm`bðn pmrm ca rcstijc gb trmlmoi, quc, munquc ma trmtmr jc am rmzm ncfrm cn @ulm, jc su

psbìaifçm, jc sus dílbtis, ct`. , pmrcz`m quc sc trmtm jc un mfrupmgbcntidugmni pcrec`tmgcntc digifânci sbn quc cntrc sus mfrcfmjis sc nitcjbecrcn`bm mafunm, ni cs msç cn rcmabjmj, ìgi ni pijçm gcnis jc su`cjcr

* Ca ìntrmstc qu c sc cstmlac`c cntrc ca gij i jc vbjm jc ais meriùlm nis ìn ca ìrrcsp in-jbcntc, jc gmncrm fcncrma, ma jc am gm`risi`bcjmj jc am ùma eirgmlmn pmrtc, ni sc moustm mun cstujbi iloctbvi, sb cn ai rcecrcntc m su psbqubsgi si`bma -ìgi m itris gu`dis mspc`tis

jc su vbjm ìac`tbvm- ni sc tigm cn ùcntm am mlbsgma jbecrcn`bm quc jcsjc ca ìgbcnzi jcsu rcam`bðn sc dmlçm jbspucsti ìgi ìnscùcn`bm jca râfbgcn csàmvbstm, tma ìgi scrcìni`bð tbcgpi jcspuâs pir ca mutir? "@in ermsc quc mafubcn jc bntcabfcn`bm jcsvbmjm`mabeb`ð jc bnoustm, jbobgis dm`c ym unis trcbntm mýis, `msb cn itrm vbjm, quc ca ncfri ma scrmrrmn`mji jca Íerb`m y prc`bpbtmji cn am si`bcjmj ìainbma jc csàmvbtuj y cxpaitm`bðn, y silrctiji jc psbìaðfb`m y cìnðgb`m jbecrcn`bm`bðn m am jc su irbfbnmrbm pri`cjcn`bm, dmlçmcntrmji cn gmsm cn am 'gmam vbjm', cs jc`br cn unm vbjm ìn`cptumjm ìgi ni lucnm ygmr`mjm pir ca mpmrtmgbcnti y am bnecrbirbjmj si`bma, bgpucstm pir ais cacgcntisjigbnmjircs; i scm, cn csm 'gmam vbjm' quc am bjciaifçm bgpcrmntc cn `mjm âpi`m y puclaijcebnc, jcsjc ai mati jc su pisb`bðn irjcnmjirm, ìgi 'gmam' pirquc ni cs am gbsgm jc aisjigbnmntcs, qubcncs pir sç jcebncn am suym ìgi am lucnm y nirgmtbvm. Ca lamnì y ca ncfri`di`mrin? sus acnfumocs, sus mrtcs, sus girmacs, sus rcabfbincs, sus emgbabms, sus ìstuglrcs,sus bjcms, sus trmlmois y sus cìnigçms crmn jcntri jc am cscn`bma dugmnbjmj ìgÿn,rmjb`magcntc jbstbntis. Sni jigbnð ma itri pir ca dbstðrbì mvmn`c cviautbvi jc suspisb`bincs y tâ`nb`ms, y àmvð ma itri cn unm ìn`cp`bðn jc 'gmam vbjm'. Am rcabfbðn jcajigbnmji sc tuvi pir rbjbùam y jbmlðab`m; su acnfumoc crm 'un rubji, ni unm viz'; su mrtc,rbsblac; su girma, mligbnmlac; su emgbabm, jcsvbnùamjm; su ìstuglrc, sbn jcrc`di; subjcm`bðn, mlsurjm; su trmlmoi, lrutma; su cìnigçm, bnceb`mz.... ¡Ziji euc ncfm`bðn y gmajmj!Pc qubsi ma ncfri ìgi scr jcsdugmnbzmji. Ma ncfri, ìgi ma bnjbi quc ac mntc`cjbð cn amsulyufm`bðn si`bma, duli tcðaifi quc ai jcàmrð 'sbn magm dugmnm'. Pðai ac eucrinrcìni` bjis su pi tcntc mpmrmti gusùamr jc trmlmoi y su oiùnjbjmj mncstcsbmntc. A uc fi cancfri smabð jc am csàmvbtuj y cntrð cn ca priactmrbmji. Pu pisb`bðn ourçjb`m `mglbð, pcri niam supcjbtm`bðn jc su 'gmam vbjm'." ("Gís m`cr`m jc am picsçm guamtm, csìrzis pmrm uncstujbi", cn \cvbstm Lbgcstrc @ulmnm, Am Aamlmnm, via. TTTUBB, ni. 0, gmyi-ounbi jc=205, pp. :02-::8.)

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jmjm am `berm cnirgc jc ncfris bgpirtmjis y am frmn cxtcnsbðn jc ìstm

merb`mnm quc mlmr`ð am trmtm ncfrcrm.Cn cec`ti, am `berm titma jc ais ncfris cn @ulm dm sbji cacvmjçsbgm. Jcsjc

ca mýi =3=6, cn quc ca rcy @mrais B jc Cspmým cxpbjbð am prbgcrm ab`cn`bm pmrm am bntriju``bðn jc csàmvis ncfris cn ams Mnt baams,= dmstm ca mýi =448,âpi`m cn quc am csàmvbtuj euc jcebnbtbvmgcntc pridblbjm, gbacs y gbacs jcncfris eucrin mrrclmtmjis m su pmçs nmtma pmrm rcfmr ìn su sujir ca sucaiùlmni y acvmntmr ìn sus eucrzms dcr`ÿacm y nugârb`m ams eirtunms quc untbcgpi eucrin cnvbjbm jc itris pmçscs y `cli jc tmntis bngbfrmntcs lamnìs.<

Mntcs jc quc am ablcrtmj eucsc ìn`cjbjm m tijis ais ncfris, âstis ìnstbtuçmn

ym un scjbgcnti nitmlac cn nucstrm `bvbabzm`bðn; y mdirm cs, y scfubrí sbcnji,ca em`tir ncfri jc trms`cnjcn`bm si`bma ni cs`msm. Lmstm pmrm dm`crsc `mrfijc am bgpirtmn bm jc tma ìgpincntc âtnbì, ilscrvmr am sbfubcntc cxpisb`bðn

* Ca rcìni` bgbcn ti jc am jbvcrsbjmj jc ams ùaturms merb`mnms trmspamntmjms cn @ulmgcjbmntc am trmtm csàmvbstm, y, silrc tiji, jc mqucaams quc pir am ùmntçm jc sus pirtmjircs-ìgi ais ìnfi-Mnfiam- i ca gmyir cec`ti jc sus ùaturms -ìgi mafunms jc am ìstmi``bjcntma merb`mnm; pir cocgpai, ais yirulí i ais cwc-ein- jclbð trmtmrsc ìn gís jctmaacspir Irtbz cn sus trmlmois uatcrbircs m`cr`m jc ams `rccn`bms gífbì-rcabfbisms, ams gÿsb`ms yais lmbacs, cntrc itrms gmnbecstm`bincs si`bmacs? "Ubnbcrin ncfris ìn guatbtuj jc pri`cjcn-`bms, rmzms, acnfumocs, ùaturms, àmscs, scxis, cjmjcs, ìneunjbjis cn ais lmrìs y lmrrmìncsjc am trmtm y si`bmagcntc bfumamjis cn un gbsgi râfbgcn jc csàmvbtuj. Aacfmrin mrrmn`mjis,dcrbjis y trizmjis ìgi ams `mýms cn ca bnfcnbi y ìgi âstms eucrin giabjis y cstruomjispmrm sm`mracs su oufi jc trmlmoi. Ni duli itri cacgcnti dugmni cn gís prieunjm yìntbnum trmnsgbfrm`bðn jc mglbcntcs, jc ùaturms, jc àmscs y jc ìn`bcn`bms. Xmsmrin jcunm ùaturm m itrm gís pitcntc, ìgi ais bnjbis; pcri âstis suerbcrin cn su tbcrrm nmtbvm,`rcycnji quc ma girbr pmsmlmn ma amji bnvbsblac jc su pripbi gunji ùlmni, y ais ncfris,ìn sucrtc gís `ruca, `ruzmrin ca gmr cn mfinçm y `rcycnji quc mÿn jcspuâs jc gucrtistcnçmn quc rcpmsmrai pmrm rcvbvbr maaç cn Íerb`m ìn sus pmjrcs pcrjbjis. Eucrin ais ncfrismrrmn`mjis jc itri ìntbncntc ìgi ais lamnìs; pcri mquâaais eucrin trmçjis sbn viauntmjy sbn mglb`bðn, eirzmjis m jcomr sus ablrcs pam`bjc`cs trblmacs pmrm mquç jcscspcrmrsc cn amcsàmvbtuj, gbcntrms ca lamnì, quc jc su tbcrrm smaçm jcscspcrmji, aacfmlm m ams Bnjbms cnirfmsgi jc cspcrmnzms, tri`mji cn mgi irjcnmjir. R sb bnjbis y `mstcaamnis cn sus mfilbistuvbcrin mgpmri y ìnsucai jc sus emgbabms, sus prðobgis, sus `mujbaais y sus tcgpais, aisncfris nmjm jc csi pujbcrin dmaamr. Gís jcsfmrrmjis quc tijis, eucrin mfai gcrmjis ` ig ilcstbms cnomuam sbcgprc cn rmlbm bgpitcntc, sbcgprc cn mnsbm jc eufm, jc cgmn`bpm`bðn, jcgujmnzm, y sbcgprc cn trmn`c jcecnsbvi jc bndblb`bðn, jc jbsbguai y jc mùaturm`bðn m ungunji nucvi. Cn tmacs ìnjb`bincs jc jcsmfmrrc y mgputm`bðn si`bma, jcsjc ìntbncntcsuatrmi`cínbìs, mýi trms mýi y sbfai trms sbfai, gbacs y gbacs jc scrcs dugmnis eucrin trmçjism @ulm". (@intrmpuntci ùlmni jca tmlmì y ca mzbç`mr, Ocsÿs Gintcri, cjbtir, Am Dmlmnm,

=2:8, pp. =:8-=:=.)

"@in ais lamnìs aacfmrin ais ncfris, prbgcri jc Cspmým, cntin`cs ùnjbjm jc csàmvisfubncis y ìnfis, y aucfi jbrc`tmgcntc jc tijm am Nbfrb`bm. @in caais trmocrin sus jbvcrsmsùaturms, unms scavítb`ms ìgi ams jc ais sblincycs, itrms jc mvmnzmjm lmrlmrbc ìgi ams jcais tmbnis, y mafunms jc gís ìgpacobjmj c` inð gb`m y si`bma, ìg i ams jc ais gmnjbnfms ,yiaiecs, dmusms, jmdigcymnis y yirulms, ym ìn mfrbùaturm, csàmvis, gincjm, gcr`mjis,ìgcr`bi eirmstcri y filbcrnis `cntrmabzmjis y cec`tbvis silrc tcrrbtirbis y pilam`bincs tmnfrmnjcs ìgi @ulm; ùaturms bntcrgcjbms cntrc am tmbnm y am mztc`m? ym ìn gctmacs pcri sbncs`rbturm". (Blçjcg, p. =:8.)

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sbntâtb`m jc am pripir`bðn cntrc ams pilam`bincs lamn`m y jc ìair cnjbecrcntcs âpi`ms.0

Mýis Lamnìs % Jc ìair %

=66:=62<=4=6=4<6=408=4:==4:5=4:2=433=434=458

=45=

=46<=466=446=422

25 ::8 35,<=30 332 35, :<36 04 8 :30== 83= ::,<00< 03< :::=4 <2= :=,3:<3 64: :6,::34 800 :4,3:24 63< :6,4342 666 3<, <5=3 <0: 3=,5

620 44: 35,465: 638 33,:

= 8<0 220 56, 4= =8< 442 56,5= 856 03: 56, 2

63 =48 :0, 4==4 6:= :0,5 m

0=: 240 33 m

020 :05 33,4 l

:<0 0:0 35342 000 34,3@

:6< 243 3<,5 `d

:44 422 3=,3 `d

3:3 :00 3<,< `d

302 3<6 :6,4j

366 =53 :4,: j

580 8:5 :0,< c

5=3 :5= ::,5 r

:43 426 0<,< f

3<4 624 0<,:383 :: 0 0<, a d

m \mgðn jc am Pmfrm jm jbecrcntcs `berms. Ams prcscntcs cstín tigmjms jca Bneirgc silrc ca

`cnsi jc =422, p . a 8 0 .

l Ca Bneirgc... gcn`binmji jb`c crrðncmgcntc? 020-:03, p. =80.

` Cn 0= jc jb`bcglrc jc =4:0, Airj Mlcrjccn cs`rblçm m gçstcr Ludvcr, cglmomjircn Gmjrbj? "Ais csàmvis mdirm ni sin gcnis jc 288 888." Cstm `berm cs, s bn jujm,

crrðncm.` d \memca Gmrçm jc Amlrm?Aea mliab`bðn jc am csàmvbtuj cn ca irjcn cìnðgbì, Gmjrbj, =460,p. <3=.

j Dbppiabtc Xbrðn? A'/ec jc @ulm, Xmrçs, =442, p. 0=<.

c Ams `berms jc cstc mýi ams trmcn Xbrðn y ca Bneirgc silrc ca `cnsi jc =422. Ni ilstmntc,ca frmn mugcnti jc pilam`bðn lamn`m quc cn caams sc nitm rcsuatm scfurmgcntc jc dmlcrbnàubji cn cstms `berms, cntrc ais lamnìs, m ais `dbnis, ms`cnjcntcs m 0: 40:. Amsvcrjmjcrms `berms sin?

Mýi Lamnìs % Ncfris % @dbnis %

=45= 6 34 538 3:,0 580 8: 5 :0, < 0: 40: <,3

e

Dbppiabtc Xbrðn ìai`m cstms `berms cn ca mýi =456; Amlrm cn =46<.4 Zm gl bân ams `berms jc ais lamnìs cn cst c mýi ìgpr cnj cn ams jc ais `dbnis, quc sugm n:0 4==. Ams `berms cxm`tms sin?

Mýi Lamnìs % Ncfris % @dbnis %

=466 248 =44 5:,2 :43 426 0<, < :0 4== <,2

d Pc jclc, mjcgís, tcncr cn ùcntm quc sbcgprc ais mgis tuvbcrin tcnjcn`bms m iùatmr cavcrjmjcri nÿgcri jc sus csàmvis, pmrm cQbtmrsc ams ìnsbfubcntcs fmlcams y pmrm jbsbguamr gís

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am trmtm àmnjcstbnm. Jc giji quc ams `berms jc ais ncfris dmn jclbji scr mafi gmyircs cnmqucaam âpi`m, quc ams rcfbstrmjms cn ais `cnsis.

Munquc am acy cstmtuyð cn ec`dm rcgitm quc ÿnb`mgcntc jc Mnfiam,Fubncm, ìstms jc @mli Ucrjc c bsams mjym`cntcs pujbcrmn scr aacvmjisncfris csàmvis m ams Bnjbms, am ìjb`bm ncfrcrm ni rcspctð am jbspisb`bðnsilcrmnm y ca ctnðaifi puji dmaamr cn @ulm cocgpamrcs jc tijms ams rmzmsquc puclamn ams rcfbincs bntcrtripb`macs jc am ìstm i``bjcntma jc Íerb`m ydmstm, munquc cn gcnir nÿgcri , csàmvis trmçjis jca Irbcn tc merb`mni. Nidc pijbji mjqubrbr unm nitm `bcntçeb`m jc ams jbvcrsms pri`cjcn`bms jc ais`mrfmgcntis jc âlmni-, gc abgbti m jmr unm bnjb`m`bðn jc ais niglrcs jcams rcfbincs merb`mnms quc m tma rcspc`ti dc vbsti `btmjms cn ams ilrms jcmutircs ùlmnis quc dc ìnsuatmji, ìn mafunms màmrm`bincs y ilscr-

vm`bincs rcspc`ti m su ai`mabzm`bðn, ni sbcgprc ìni`bjm.

M L M R M . @igmr`m jca @mamlmr, scfÿn Xb`dmrji.3 Ni ilstmntc, cstcniglrc cs ca jc un aufmr jca abtirma jc am @istm jc Iri, cntrc Cagbnm y@mp @imst.

M N F I A M . \cfbðn ma s u r jca @infi.

M \ M \ M . Xb`dmrji ni ai`mabzm cstm rcfbðn. Zcxbcr 5 ma dmlamr jc am pri`cjcn-`bm jc ais ncfris dmbtbmnis jb`c mrmjms, pc ri nb jc uni nb jc itri mpcamtbviìnizì am pri`cjcn`bm merb`mnm. Mrmrí cs unm pmamlrm yirulm quc sbf-nbeb`m cnmni.

LBLB . \cfbðn jca @mamlmr scfÿn Xb`dmrji. Ni dc vbsti ebfurmr cstc niglrcsbni cn ca rçi @infi, ìgi ca jc unm bgpirtmntc cstm`bðn jc su irbaamnirtc, dmstm jinjc cs pcrec`tmgcntc nmvcfmlac mqucaam vçm eauvbma. Glblbcs tmglbân aufmr jca @infi. Am mebrgm`bðn jc Xb`dmrji pucjc dm`cr

* Cst bgmg is ìnv cnbc ntc cxprcsmr quc cn su sbfubcntc ilrm, Irtbz mgpab ð jc gmncr mìnsbjcrmlac cstm bneirgm`bðn jcgifríeb`m, ma prcscntmr un "@umjri jc ais prbn`bpmacs`cnsis jc am pilam`bðn jc @ulm jcsjc =3<< dmstm =286", cn ca ùma mpmrc`cn ais jmtiscstmjçstbìs rcecrbjis m 0< mýis, jcsfaizmjis cn vmrincs y dcglrms? jc lamnìs, jc ìairablrcs y jc ìair csàmvis, ìn ais titmacs jc `mjm `mtcfirçm y ca titma fcncrma jc am pilam`bðnpmrm mýi. (Ucr Ai s ncfris csàmvis, \cvbstm Lbgcstrc @ulmnm, Am Dmlmnm, =2=5, pp. <<-<0.)

** Cstm rcam`bðn quc pripinc Irtbz, cn cstm i`msbðn ìn <5 jcnigbnm`bincs jc "rcfbincsmerb`mnms", euc nitmlacgcntc mgpabmjm cn su prðxbgi ablri, dmstm ma`mnzmr `msb un `cntcnmrjc "mpcamtbvis ctnifríebìs usmjis pir ais meriùlmnis", ìn am màmrm`bðn jc quc cstm ÿatbgm

tmgpiì ìgprcnjçm unm rcam`bðn cxdmustbvm, "ym quc nmjbc, mntcs quc yi, sc dm iùpmjipÿlab`mgcntc jc cstc tcgm bntcrcsmntc y lísbì pmrm am mntripiaifçm ùlmnm". (Ais ncfris

csàmvis, cj. `bt., pp. <: y ss.)"am nigcnàmturm jc ais ncfris csàmvis ni sc dbzi omgís jc mùcrji ìn un sbstcgmctnifríebì, cntin`cs jcsìni`bji, m`msi nb bntcntmji, sbni pir gcri cgpbrbsgi y silrc`brùnstmn`bms jbvcrsms? em`tirçms ncfrcrms, p ilam` bincs jca bntcrbir, ct`. Am fcifr meçm y ni amctniaifçm, prcjigbnmlm. Âstm siamgcntc puji jmr mafunis niglrcs jc frmnjcs gmsmsncfrms ìgi gmnjbnfms, ebjms, yiaiecs, ct`. Am fcifrmeçm ncluaism jc ais ncfrcris supabðpmrm ais jcgís". (Blçjcg, p. 38.)

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sispc`dmr quc sc trmtc jc Blb, em`tirçm bnfacsm cn ca rçi Lcnuâ, ma nirtc jcais @mamlmrcs.

L \ Ç @ M G I . Zmglbân jca @mamlmr, ma jc`br jc Xb`dmrji.

L \ B @ B B C . Zmglbân `mamlmrç, scfÿn ca gbsgi mutir.

@ M \ M L M A Ç . Nmturma jca @mamlmr. Pc acs aamgm msç cn vcz jc `mamlmrcs i`mamlmrbs, pir ìrrup`bðn jc am viz bnfacsm Kmalmry. Pmlbji cs quc am trmtmcstuvi mntbfumgcntc cn gmnis jca bnfaâs, y jc cstm acnfum sc jcrbvmringu`dms vi`cs jc am ocrfm jc ais ncfrcris.

C A S F I . @mamlmrç msbgbsgi, scfÿn ca `btmji mutir.

E M N Z B . Xuclai jc am ìstm jc Fubncm, i gcoir jb`di jc am @istm jc Iri, masur jc ais m`dmntbs.

E S A M P . Xb`dmrji ais aamgm gmnjbnfms, pcri sin jc rmzm jbstbntm, tmnti qucDivcam`quc am aamgm riom, privcnbcntc jca cstc. Ubvcn, ni ilstmntc, cntrcais gmnjbnfms pir jcrc`di jc ìnqubstm y dmn ìntrblubji m am eirgm`bðnjc puclais gcstbzis, ìgi ais tirijis, ais kmsinkâs, ct`âtcrm. Cs rmzmbnjujmlacgcntc supcrbir m am jc ais ncfris, jb`c ca mutir ÿatbgmgcntcgcn`binmji.

F M N F Í . Jb`c msç Xb`dmrji? "...frmn ìgmr`m merb`mnm quc ìgprcnjc caAinfilí, Gmnb, ]ubsb, ct`âtcrm." @in cstm viz ( Nfmnfí) ais ncfris jcAimnfi jcsbfnmn m ais ectb`dcris. ¹Ni scrí crrir jmr m csm pmamlrm ca

sbfnbeb`mji jc unm rcfbðn9 MB nirtc jc Gmyiglc, cn ca gbsgi @infi, sccnùcntrm ca rçi Nymnfí y cntrc mquâaam y Aimnfi, ca amfi Nmnfí. Xcri amrcfbðn Fmnfm ni gc cs ini`bjm. O. @amrkc sc rcebcrc ma jbmac`ti gmnjbnfmKmnffí. M su vcz, Jcameissc `btm trcs puclais aamgmjis Fmn (uni jc rmzmgisbfurunsç, itri mýb-m`dmntb y scnuei-nmemní ca rcstmntc, tijis jc am@istm jc Gmreba i abgçtriecs jc caam), msç ìgi ca puclai Nfmn (jc am rmzmgmnjbnfmeu). Itri puclai (quc qubzís scm uni jc ais mntcrbircs) aamgmjiFinjoí i Fuín sc dmaam ma nirjcstc jc ais m`dmntbs, jc irbfcn gmnjbnfm.Mdirm lbcn, am sçamlm nfm cs cn gu`dis acnfumocs jca Pujín un sueboi qucsbfnbeb`m ni`bðn, puclai, fcntc jc, y cs guy ercùcntc cntrc ais gmnjbnfms(gmnjc-nfm), yiaiecs, ct`., içr niglrcs jc puclais msç tcrgbnmjis. Ni cs

pucs bnvcrisçgba quc Fmnfm scm pmamlrm ìgpucstm jc csc gcn` binmjisueboi y jc uni jc ais niglrcs jc puclais ym `btmjis. Jc scr msç rcsuatmrçm

tmglbân vcrisçgba am privcnbcn`bm jc ais Fmnfís Gmnçs, quc pmrc`cn scrvc`bnis jc am `btmjm ìgmr`m Fuín. Jmnfí cs unm pmrtc jca mntbfui rcbni jcEutm-Ziri, ca gmyir jc am Pcncfmglbm. Fmnfmrín cs itrm rcfbðn jc jb`di pmçs,ma cstc jc Lmebnf, ìn am ùma pijrçmn rcam`binmrsc ais Fmnfís ]ubsç.

F S B N C I P . @in cstc niglrc jcgmsbmji fcnârbì cntrmrin cn @ulm nugc-risis ncfris jc jbecrcntcs ìgmr`ms, ìgi sin ais m`dmntbs, jmdigcymnis,emntbs, cflms y qubzís ais yirulms.

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RIAÍ. Zmglbân gmnjbnfm, scfÿn Xb`dmrji. Xuclai jbstbnti, sbn cglmrfi.Iùpm am rcfbðn jc am ìstm jca sur jc Pcncfmglbm, am @msmgmn`bm.

RIAIE. Cstc puclai tmgpiì cs gmnjbnfm ìgi qubcrc ca mutir ùlmnitmntms vc`cs `btmji. Pc cxtbcnjc pir am Pcncfmglbm.

A I M N F I . Ai`mabjmj y rcfbðn jca @infi ermn`âs.

A I N F I L M . @igmr`m fmnfm jb`c Xb`dmrji. Xrilmlac mlrcvbm`bðn jc Ain-filmnjm, pmçs bngcjbmti ma gcn`binmji amfi Nmnfm, cn ca @infi.

A S @ S G Ç i S @ S G Ç . Xrilmlacgcntc sbfnbeb`m unm ìgmr`m bgpirtmntc, pirquc ais auùgçs mlunjmrin cn @ulm, pcri Xb`dmrji jb`c siamgcntc quccs ca niglrc jc unm rcfbðn merb`mnm, y quc sus nmturmacs sin pripcnsis m

mdir`mrsc. @in ercùcn`bm cn @ulm sc aamgm auùgçcs m ams supcrstb`bincsquc jclcn scr ai`mabzmjms cn ais puclais yirulms y sus vc`bnis.

G M @ S M . Xuclai nugcrisi jc am pmrtc irbcntma jc Íerb`m, quc ìnebnm ìnGizmglbquc.

G M N J B N F M . \mzm ncfrm, am gís cxtcnjbjm cn ca Íerb`m sulcùmtirbma.Iùpm tijm am ìstm jcsjc ca Pcncfma dmstm Ablcrbm, y sc cxtb cnjc ma bntcrbir

pir ca nirtc jc âstm dmstm ca pmçs jc ais m`dmntbs y ca Jmdigcy.

G MNB . Zmglbân puclai fmnfí, scfÿn Xb`dmrji; pcri ni dc dmaamji caniglrc jc Gmndb, sbni ma nirtc jc Jmdigcy. Pb m cstc puclai sc rcebrbcrm, pijrçm scr fmnfí sb eucrm bnjbsùtblac am ai`mabzm`bðn jc ais ncfris msç

aamgmjis cn ca bntcrbir jc Pcncfmglbm y ma nirtc jc am @istm jc Gmreba, pc ri ni sb cs quc cstis puclais fmnfms jclcn scr ìnsbjcrmjis ìgi jca@infi. Ais ncfris ablrcs y pijcrisis jc cstm ÿatbgm rcfbðn sc aamgmlmn msb gbsgis gmnç, quc qubcrc jc`br scýir}8 Cstm viz, cn vcz jc sbfnbeb`mr un puclai jc ncfris, cxprcsmrçm ca niglrc jc unm àmsc si`bma, mafi ìgi untçtuai dinirçebì, mafi ìgi am pmamlrm fmnfí sbfnbeb`mnji dc`db`cri.

G M R I G L C . Ai`mabjmj y rcfbðn jca @infi ermn`âs, ìgi tmglbân Gmyug- lm, cn ca abtirma.

G B NM. Xuclai jc am @istm jc ais Csàmvis, ma suricstc jca Jmdigcy.

G S P S N J B . \cfbðn jca @infi, scfÿn Xb`dmrji. Xrilmlacgcntc scrí unmjc ams scbs privbn`bms cn quc ais pirtufucscs jbvbjbcrin ca @infi, aamgmjm

Punjb. Am sçamlm Gu cn ca acnfumoc jc am pm rtc gcrbjbinma jca @infi cs unm prcpisb` bðn qu c cxprcsm ca pmsi pir mafÿn sbtbi, i cqubvmac m am `mstcaamnmjcntri.

]SBPB . Fmnfms msbgbsgi. Kbssç cs unm pilam`bðn jca mati Fubncm cn am ìstmjc Pbcrrm Acinm, ma cstc jc Ercctiwn, prðxbgm m am rcfbðn Fmnfmrín ym`btmjm. O. @amrkc,== trmtm jca jbmac`ti kbssç, pcrtcnc`bcntc ma frupi gmnjâ-eÿ, jc ams acnfums gmnjâs i gmnjbnfms.

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PB@SMZIP? Msç jb`c Xb`dmrji rcebrbânjisc m un puclai gmnjbnfm.Pbfumti cs un `rbiaabsgi quc cn unm m`cp`bðn gctmeðrb`m sbfnbeb`mmtintmji, bglâ`ba. ¹Pc dmlrí utbabzmji cstm viz mpab`ínjiam m aisncfris scrcrâs, quc dmlbtmn cntrc ais yiaís y ais yiaiecs, y quc scfÿntcstbginbi unínbgc sin ais gís mtrmsmjis jc mqucaam ìstm9

PSMGM. Zmglbân `mamlmrç scfÿn Xb`dmrji. Cntrc ca Nçfcr y ca Pcncfma,cn sus irçfcncs, sc cnùcntrmn ais smgm-nkâ, emgbabm gmnjbnfm(diglrcs jc Pmgm; am tcrgbnm`bðn nkâ cs ercùcntc ìgi gmabnkâ,sinbnkâ, ct`., pmrm cxprcsmr ca ìn`cpti íc. puclai, scfÿn ym sc dm jb`di ).Jc scr `bcrtm cstm ai`mabzm`bðn jc ais ncfris sumgms jcomrçmn jc scr`mamlmrçs, sbcnji sus ìstms gís prðxbgms ams jc Pcncfma y Fubncm.

Am prc`cjcntc nitm jcsprivbstm jc am jclbjm irjcnm`bðn y jcpurm`bðnctniaðfb`m jbstm gu`di jc cstmr ìgpactm. Xcri lmstm ilscrvmr amai`mabzm`bðn jc jb`dis pmçscs, mpuntmjis ma ìr rcr jc am ac`turm, pmrm pinc rjc gmnbebcsti am ìnsbjcrmlac cxtcnsbðn jc tcrrbtirbi quc mlmr`ð am trmtmncfrcrm cn sus rmpbýms. Gís tijmvçm sb sc tbcnc cn ùcntm quc lmoi aisniglrcs gcn`binmjis aacfmlmn m Mgârb`m ncfris jca bntcrbir jca ìn-tbncntc merb`mni. Gu`dms vc`cs, cn am bgpisblbabjmj cn quc sc cnìntrmlmnais ncfrcris jc aacvmr am cspc`beb`m`bðn ctnifríeb`m dmstm ca cxtrcgi jc amrcmabjmj, ais csàmvis crmn jcnigbnmjis scfÿn ca pmçs cn quc sc mjqubrçmn;msç, pir cocgpai , ais ncfris yirulms, ni `btmjis, jclbcrin scr trmçjis ìgifubncis, y gís prilmlacgcntc mÿn ìgi `mamlmrçs.

Ais puclais pijcrisis jc am ìstm dm`çmn ercùcntcs y dmstm pcrbðjb`msbnùrsbincs cn ams ìgmr`ms jca bntcrbir pmrm pripir`binmrsc , pir caìgcr`bi i pir am eucrzm, gmtcrbm jc `mglbi pmrm ncfi`bmr in ais diglrcs

lamnìs quc ìgprmlmn diglrcs ncfris. Msç sc cxpab`m quc pujbcrmn a acfmrm @ulm scrcs dugmnis mrrmn`mjis jca ìrmzðn jca ìntbncntc ncfri. Zmamgmafmgm jc puclais cn am csàmvbtuj ùlmnm, dm`c jbeç`ba ca cstujbi jc amrmzm ncfrm cn @ulm, pucs m piì quc sc prieunjb`c cn am bnvcstbfm`bðn scjcsùlrcn jbecrcn`bms jc ìstuglrcs, rcabfbðn, `mrí`tcr, ct`., scfÿn amsjbvcrsms pri`cjcn`bms jc ais ncfris. Xcri am psbìaifçm jca ncfri cn fcncrmacs tmn prbgbtbvm, silrc tiji cn ais puclais quc surtbcrin ca gcr`mji

ncfrcri, cs rcamtbvmgcntc tmn piì ìgpacom, quc ams jbecrcn`bms jc uni mitr i ni pucjcn scr jc frmn ùmntçm jcsjc ca punti jc vbstm jc cstc t rmlmoi.Mjcgís, ais ncfris cn @ulm dmn bji mpripbínjisc rc`çpri`mgcntc ais`mrm`tcrcs psçqubìs jc ais quc, munquc jc su pripbm rmzm, crmn gís `bvbabzmjisy ùyi ìntm`ti euc jcsjc su aacfmjm m nucstrm Mntbaam eirzisi y ìnstmntc.Msç vcgis quc, m pcsmr jc dmlcr bgpirtmji `mjm puclai sus supcrstb`bincs,ams jc Rirulm dmn prcjigbnmji, ni sðai pir am jbeusbðn ma`mnzmjm ym cn

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' r b *

Merb`m , sbni pir su supcrbirbjmj ìn rcecrcn`bm m ams jcgís. Msbgbsgi

vcgis quc, sb lbcn tijis ais ncfris tuvbcrin sus `mlbajis, mfrupm`bincs jc

`mrí`tcr nm`binma, ca ýmýbfubsgi silrcvbvbð munquc ìn `mrm`tcrcs jbstbn-

tis y cxtrmýis, pirquc rcspinjçm m un cstrmti supcrbir jc am `bvbabzm`bðn

ncfrm, cstrmti ma quc tijis ais ncfris ms`cnjbcrin cn lrcvc, mlmnjinmnji

ams itrms mfrupm`bincs quc mycrin cn ca iavbji m gcjbjm quc ca ýmýbfubsgi* *

bnvmjçm tijms ams ìn`bcn`bms dmgpinms y prbgbtbvms. Xir itrm pmr tc,

tijms ams irbfbnmrbms jbecrcn`bms cnt rc unis ncfris y itris vmn pmabjc`bcnji

gís y gís pir ca jbsiavcntc bneauoi jc am `bvbabzm`bðn supcrbir quc ais

cnvucavc, ais mlsirlc y vm abgmnji tijms ams mrbstms jc su piabâjrb`m psbqubs.

Zijms cstms `brùnstmn`bms pcrgbtcn ìn`cjcr m am rmzm ncfrm cn @ulm unm* Cst c jcsù lrbgbc nti jca prcj igbn bi cn @ulm jc ams `rccn`bm s jc ais yirulí, cntrc amsnugcrisms bgpirtmjms jcsjc Íerb`m, rcsuatð guy bgpirtmntc cn mquca gigcnti, sb sc tbcnccn ùcntm quc cstc ctnðnbgi crm titmagcntc jcsusmji cn tijis ais pmçscs jc ìainbzm`bðncspmýiam, jinjc ais gbcglris jc cstm ctnbm sc mutijcnigbnmlmn auùgç, gbcntrms quc cnLrmsba y ais pmçscs ermnìpmramntcs sc acs aamgmlm nmfð; mjcgís jc quc cstc pripbi mpcamtbvitmgpiì cstuvi fcncrmabzmji cn am gbsgm Nbfcrbm jurmntc tiji ca pcrçiji jc am trmtmcsàmvbstm? "@umnji am prbgcrm cjb`bðn jc gb ablri Ais ncfris lgois (=285) ym dmlçm pijbjijcsùlrbr quc am rcabfbðn jc ais yirulms (viz dmstm csm ec`dm mlsiautmgcntc jcsìni`bjm cn@ulm), crm am jc ais lruois meriùlmnis. Mýis jcspuâs dc pijbji mvcrbfumr quc yirulms yauùgçs crmn ais gbsgis". ( Ai s ncfris csàmvis, cj. `bt., p. :2.)"Nmjm gc dm sbji gís jbeç`ba cn cstis cstujbis silrc cstm rmgm jc am mntripiaifçm ùlmnm

quc cstmlac`cr ca vmair ctniaðfbì y fcifríebì jc ais auùgçs, cn rcam`bðn ìn ais puclaismerb`mnis ùym vbjm si`bma ìgbcnzmn m cstujbmr cn cstc sbfai ais gbsbincris y ais cx-pairmjircs". (Blçjcrn, pp. :2-38.)

** Irtbz ni aacfð m cs`rblbr ca ablri m`cr` m jc ais ýmýbfis, quc prctcnjçm rcjm`tmr jcsjc =28<;ni ilstmntc, nun`m jcoð jc cstujbmrais. R cn am gcjbjm quc mjqubrçm un gmyir ìni`bgbcntim`cr`m jc am si`bcjmj sc`rctm mlmkuí, sus ìn`cp`bincs bnb`bmacs eucrin gijbeb`ínjisc jcgmncrm sustmn`bma? "Sni jc ais ecnðgcnis mntripiaðfbìs gís bntcrcsmntcs jc tijmMgârb`m cs, sbn jujm, ca jc ais ýmýbfis. Cstis, aamgmjis tmglbân mlmkuí, ìnstbtuycn unmsi`bcjmj sc`rctm jc diglrcs siais eunjmjm cn @ulm, maaí pir =408, pir unis ncfris csàmvispri`cjcntcs jc ais @mamlmrcs y jca Pur jc Nbfcrbm. Ca ýmýbfbÿsgi cs am trmnspamntm`bðn cnMgârb`m jc unm si`bcjmj csitârb`m merb`mnm ìn ais gbsgis rbtumacs, `rccn`bms, acnfumocs,`mntis, bnstrugcntis, gÿsb`ms y pripðsbtis jc jcecnsm si`bma quc maacnjc ca Mtaíntbì.Jcspuâs jc unm `cnturbm mÿn pcrjurm vbfirism, ìn gbacs jc bnb`bmjis, csc rclritc jc ùaturmmerb`mnm cn ams `bujmjcs jc Am Dmlmnm, \cfam y Fumnmlmìm y cn ais pucrtis gmrçtbgis jcGmtmnzms y @írjcnms. Ni cxbstcn nÿàcis jc ýíýbfis cn nbnfunm itrm pilam`bðn jc Mgârb`m,

nb sbqubcrm cn am gbsgm @ulm. Ca ýmýbfubsgi jurmntc ca sbfai pmsmji euc cnvucati cn unmtcnclrism mtgðsecrm jc `rbgbnmabjmj, gís acfcnjmrbm quc vcrjmjcrm (...)"Diy jçm am ùlmnm si`bcjmj jc ais ýíýbfis ni cs sðai jc ncfris, ìgi ai euc cn sus prbgcrmsjâ`mjms; tmglbân 'sc ourmn' cn caam ais guamtis y ais lamnìs, ùlmnis y cxtrmnocris, tmntiquc m`tumagcntc ais gircnis sin gbnirçm y jç`csc quc ais lamnìs sin cn caam ais gísnugcrisis. Ni piìs pcrsinmocs jc ams piaçtb`ms ai`macs y mafunis filcrnmntcs dmn sbjibnb`bmjis cn sus 'oucfis' i 'pitcn`bms', ìgi ais ýíýbfis aamgmn m sus 'aifbms'; pcri amsmn`cstrmacs abturfbms merb`mnms sbfucn cn frmn pmrtc y cn ai cscn`bma bntm`tms". ("Am trmfcjbmjc ais ýíýbfis", cn @umjcrnis Mgcrb`mnis, Gâxbì, J.E., mýi BT, ni. :, ouabi-mfisti jc =238,pp. 62-48.)

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psbìaifçm digifâ ncm, sbn jc omr jc rcìni`cr cn mafunis `msis ìn`rctis,silrc tiji cn su cstujbi rctrispc`tbvi, jctcrgbnmjms supcrvbvcn`bms jcm`cntum`bðn ai`ma.

@rci bnÿtba rcpctbr mquç am cxpisb`bðn jc ams `mrm`tcrçstb`ms fcncrmacs qucam ctniaifçm jcebnc ìgi pripbms jc am rmzm ncfrm, lbcn ìnsbjcrmjm cnfailma i lbcn cn ais jbecrcntcs puclais quc pripir`binmrin csàmvis m ams pamntm`bincs ùlmnms. Ca ac`tir quc ni sc `rcm ìni`cjir jc caams pi r cacstujbi i pir am ilscrvm`bðn pcrsinma, pucjc mùjbr m ais trmtmjis jcctnifrmeçm.

Jmnji, pucs, pir ìni`bjm am psbqubs jca ncfri, quc m @ulm y m ais jcgís pmçscs mgcrb`mnis aacvð ca cstbfgm jc su prbgbtbvbjmj, pmsi m am ìnsbjcrm-

`bðn jc sus gmnbecstm`bincs prbn`bpmacs cn nucstri puclai m trmvâs jc amsâpi`ms jc su cviau`bðn.

Xmrm dm`cr ca cstujbi jc am bneaucn`bm quc ca em`tir ncfri cocr`bð y coc r`ccn ùmaqubcr mspc`ti jc am si`bcjmj ùlmnm, cs prc`bsi rcgintmr am ilscr-vm`bðn m tbcgpis pmsmjis y m mglbcntcs si`bmacs quc eucrin , prbn`bpmagcn-tc, m ais jis prbgcris tcr`bis jca sbfai ÿatbgi. M pmrtbr jc csm âpi`m, cabneauoi jca ncfri sc vm mtcnumnji gís y gís, pcrjbcnji su irbfbnmabjmjmerb`mnm.

Xir csti, am prbgcrm bjcm quc mùjc m am gcntc ma ìnsbjcrmr am vbjm jcam rmzm ncfrm cn @ulm cs am jc am csàmvbtuj, quc jbi m unm frmn pmrtc jc am

pilam`bðn un mglbcntc cspc`bma. Cn ais prbgcris tbcgpis, it rm sb tum`bðnjca merb`mni crm `msb jcsìni`bjm; gís tmrjc am ablcrtmj sc dbzi gís erc-

ùcntc, pcri jc tijis gijis, am scrvbjuglrc euc pmrm ais dbois jc Merb`mun eirzisi nivb`bmji jc `bvbabzm`bðn.=0

Am ìnjb`bðn si`bma jc ais ncfris crm jbstbntm scfÿn eucscn csàmvis,cgmn`bpmjis i ablrcs; y vmrbmlm, mun, scfÿn cstuvbcscn jcjb`mjis m amstmrcms mfrçìams i m ams iùpm`bincs urlmnms.

Am bgpirtm`bðn jc csàmvis cgpczð m rmçz jc am ìnqubstm. Ais prbgcrisncfris eucrin trmçjis jc Cspmým pir ais ìnqubstmjircs, pucs am csàmvbtujncfrm euc lmstmntc ìni`bjm cn am pcnçnsuam blârb`m, pir ais írmlcs cspc-`bmagcntc, mntcs jca jcsùlrbgbcnti jca Nucvi Gunji. Cn =3=6 sc ìn-`cjbð am prbgcrm rcma ab`cn`bm pmrm bntriju`br 4 888 csàmvis cn ams Mntbaams,jc ais ùmacs = 888 jclçmn scr aacvmjis m @ulm. Ni ilstmntc, ais prbgcriscsàmvis ncfris quc cntrmrin cn @ulm, scfÿn Amlrm,=: eucrin 088 trmçjis

jc Pmnti Jigbnfi cn =3<0. Dmstm gcjbmr ca sbfai TUBBB , su`csbvms ab`cn`bms pcrgbtbcrin am cntrmjm m rcpctbjis `mrfmgcntis jc csàmvis; pc ri am trmtmeuc rcamtbvmgcntc cs`msm cn pripir`bðn ìn ca cstmji `msb cglrbinmrbi jcam cxpaitm`bðn mfrçìam ùlmnm. Zmn cs msçquc jcsjc =3<= m =650 siamgcntc58 888 csàmvis eucrin bgpirtmjis, scfÿn `íaùais jc Dugliajt. M pmrtbrjc cstm âpi`m, am trmtm mugcntð ìnsbjcrmlacgcntc. Cn <6 mýis (=650-=628), gís jc 08 888 csàmvis cntrmrin cn @ulm, scfÿn ca gbsgi mutir. Maebnmabzmr ca sbfai xvg, am trmtm ma`mnzm ym frmn bn`rcgcnti. Pcfÿn jmtis jcam mjumnm jc Am Dmlmnm, <<3 363 csàmvis pmsmrin pir caam jc =628 m =4<8,

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m ùym `berm jclc mfrcfmrsc am jc ais quc cntr mrin cn @ulm jc ìntrmlmnji,`berm ms`cnjcntc m am ùmrtm pmr tc, ùym sugm dm`c un titma jc unis 043 888csàmvis. Jcsjc cntin`cs ais ncfrcris iltuvbcrin gís pbnfñcs lcnceb`bis,jcjb`ínjisc m am trmtm nugcrisis vcacris cn ais ùmacs cn gís jc unmi`msbðn jclbcrin mrrblmr m ams pamyms ùlmnms, suerbcnji am bnecab`bjmj jcam csàmvbtuj, am titmabjmj jc ais bnjbvbjuis jc unm trblu merb`mnm, vcn`bjisy cntrcfmjis m ais ncfrcris pir ùmaqubcr rcyczucai vc`bni, ùyis vmsmaais,cntin`cs eucrtcs, ni tmrjmrçmn qubzís cn pmsmr ca Mtaíntbì y suerbr cn suscspmajms ca bfumabtmrbi trmaamzi jc am `ms`mrm jc vm`m jca gmyirma jc unbnfcnbi. Pc `maùam cn <6= 532 ca nÿgcri jc csàmvis bntriju`bjis pÿlab`my àmnjcstbnmgcntc jcsjc ca mýi =4<8 ma =430. @cr`m jc <88 888 scbgpirtmrin m pmrtbr jc am ÿatbgm ec`dm dmstm =448 cn quc `csð jcebnbtbvm-

gcntc am trmtm.Am mliab`bðn jc am csàmvbtuj euc tmrcm amrfm y pcnism. Cspmým sc gistrð

rcm`bm cn ìn`cjcr rceirgms ablcrmacs m sus Mntbaams. Am ìjb`bm y cajcspitbsgi jcsnmturmabzmrin ca bntcrâs cìnðgbì, am rcabfbðn, am piaçtb`m,ct`âtcrm, pmrm aifrmr ìn mpmrbcn`bms jc rmzðn quc ìntbnumrm tmn bnbùmcxpaitm`bðn dugmnm. R ni euc quc diglrcs prifrcsbstms jcomrmn jc dm`criçr su viz cn am ìainbm ìgi cn am gctrðpiab cn pri jc am mliab`bðn titmay pmr`bma, bngcjbmtm i frmjuma; euc quc ca ncfrcri y ca dm`cnjmji, jucýijc `cntcnmrcs jc csàmvis, supbcrin acvmntmr unm lmrrcrm jc iri cntrc@ulm y am `bvbabzm`bðn, ìn ca lcncpaí`bti jc ais filcrnmjircs quc Cspmýmcnvbmlm m su ìainbm y jc am gmyirçm jc ais piaçtbìs gbabtmntcs cn mquâaam.

Ais jbputmjis jc ams @irtcs jc @íjbz -Furbjb, Maì`cr y Mrfñcaacs,

mpiymjis pir Xârcz jc @mstri y Fmr`çm Dcrrcris- pripusbcrin, ca <5 jcgmrzi jc =4==, am tcrgbnm`bðn jca tríebì ncfrcri y am mliab`bðn jc amcsàmvbtuj cn tijis ais tcrrbtirbis cspmýiacs. "Munquc jcsc`dmjm, pireirtunm, jcoð kQ bnscnsmtm gi`bðn jc Maì`cr un rmstri jcpairmlac, ca jcsu pulab`m`bðn `brùamjm pir am prcnsm jc @ulm", =3 tmnti quc Pigcrucais,ca `mpbtín fcncrma, cnvbð unm pritcs tm ma @infrcsi ca =6 jc gmyi jca gbsgimýi.

Jcsjc cstc mìntc`bgbcnti, dmstm quc ritm am bncr`bm jca scntbgbcntiìac`tbvi -ìgi jbrçm \blit-, sc aacfð ma trbunei titma jc am Pi`bcjmjMliab`binbstm Cspmýiam, trmnsùrrbcrin gu`dis mýis, jurmntc ais ùmacs ca prilacgm ncfri euc ca gís fcncrma c bntcnsmgcntc scntbji cn @ulm.

Jcsjc ca mýi =4=: ma =4:3, `bnì trmtmjis eucrin ìn`crtmjis cntrc

Bnfamtcrrm y Cspmým. Xir uni jc caais, ca jc =4=6, am prbgcrm nm`bðn pmfðm am scfunjm :88 888 ablrms cstcrabnms, lmoi ìnjb`bðn jc quc eucsc rmjb`mac bngcjbmtm am mliab`bðn jc am trmtm. @bnùcntm mýis jcspuâs jc csm ec`dm,mÿn jurmlm ca tríebì ncfrcri m jcspc`di jc ais trmtmjis. Ais filcrnmn tcsjc @ulm -scfÿn ìnecsbðn pripbm- cspcùamlmn ìn ca ìntrmlmnji jccsàmvis.=5

Sn mvmn`c bgpirtmntc euc ca trmtmji cntrc Cspmým c Bnfamtcrrm, pir caùma crmn jcàmrmjis cn ablcrmj ais csàmvis dmaamjis m lirji jc nmvcs

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mprcsmjms pir ais luqucs jc fucrrm jc unm jc mglms nm`bincs. Cn am prí`tb`m, ni ilstmntc , cstc prbn`bpbi euc cn frmn pm rt c bausirbi.

Am jcrritm jc ais csàmvbstms cn am fucrrm `bvba jc ais Cstmjis Snbjis pusi cn sbtum`bðn jbeç`ba m ais cxpaitmjircs jc am trmtm cn @ulm, y m pmrt brjc am acy Girct jc =468, am ìrrbcntc mntbcsàmvbstm euc m`cacrínjisc,gcr`cj m am bn`csmntc pripmfmnjm jc am Pi`bcjmj Mliab`binbstm Cspmýiam,jc ais piaçtbìs ùlmnis, jc am fucrrm jc bnjcpcnjcn`bm jc =454 m =464,ct`âtcrm, dmstm quc ca 0= jc cncri jc =448 sc priguafð am acy jc mliab`bðnjc am csàmvbtuj cn @ulm, sb lbcn pcrgmnc`bð mÿn ca pmtrinmti pir sbctcmýis, quc `csð sbcnji jcàmrmji ablrc ca ÿatbgi csàmvi, ca 6 jc i`tulrc jc=445.

Am csàmvbtuj ncfrm sc gmnbecstð cn @ulm ìn tijis ais dirrircs jc aisjcgís pmçscs mgcrb`mnis, mafi mtcnumjis, sbn cglmrfi, ìn rcam`bðn m amsitrms Mbbtbaams. Ca csàmvi jca mgpi crm ca jc injb`bðn gís meab`tbvm. Cn tr cca mgi bntcrcsmji cn am ìnscrvm`bðn jca csàmvi, m am pmr quc cn am

priju``bðn jc am gmyir `mntbjmj jc trmlmoi, sc bntcrpinçm cn ams pamntm-`bincs am rcpufnmntc ebfurm jca gmyirma, eamfcamnji ìn su aítbfi ais

lrin`cm jis jirsis jc ams jitm`bincs, ym pmrm cxbfbracs oirnmjms jc tr mlmo iquc jurmlmn jbc`bsâbs dirms, ym pmrm jbrbgbr jbsputms y mpmfmr rcn`baams ìnmrfugcntis ìntunjcntcs; y cn uni y itri `msi, pmrm smtbsem`cr ams cxbfcn-`bms jc sus lrutmacs bgpuasis. Ca trmlmoi jca csàmvi crm cn vcrjmj mlrugm-jir y `mpmz jc jcstrubr cn piì tbcgpi ca gís eârrci irfmnbsgi merb`mni.Ca \cfamgcnti jc Csàmvis, priguafmji pir Lmnji jca `mpbtín fcncrmaUmajâs, jbspinc quc nirgmagcntc trmlmocn ais csàmvis jurmntc jbcz dirms

jbmrbms, jbstrblubjms scfÿn ac pamz`m ma mgi; pcri jurmntc am zmerm pijçmnscr ilabfmjis mquâaais m trmlmomr jbc`bsâbs dirms ma jçm, ìn`cjbânjiacs scbsdirms pmrm jirgbr jurmntc am ni`dc y jis pmrm jcs`mnsi pir ca jçm. =6 Amsjcgís dirms y jçms ecstbvis qucjmlmn ablrcs pmrm ca csàmvi,=4 ìn ca ebn jcquc, ìgi jc`çm ca Lmnji ìn linjmjism cxprcsbðn, "pucjm mjqubrbr

pcùabi y pripir`binmrsc am ablcr tmj". @in tma mlrugmjir trmlmoi, ca ncfriblm pcrj bcnji ams eucrzms eçsb`ms quc jc su pmçs bgpirtmrm y m ais piìs mýisgirçm. Ca `mpbtín Zrcn`d Ziwnsdcnj=2 cs`rblbð quc am vbjm jca csàmviaacvmji m @ulm pmrm ca trmlmoi mfrçìam ni crm gmyir jc `bnì mýis. Camabgcnti jca ncfri csàmvi crm pir ai ìgÿn bnsueb`bcntc, ìnsbstbcnji pr bn`bpmagcntc cn tmsmoi, linbmti, yu`m, ýmgc, ct`âtcrm . Ams dmlb tm`bincsjcstbnmjms m ais csàmvis crmn bngunjms.<8 R pmrm ìagi jc gmacs ais

`mstbfis gcnujcmlmn. Gc dmn sbji jcs`rbtis bnstrugcntis jc tirturmjbfnis jc am Pmntm Bnqubsb`bðn, pcri ni dc pijbji ìgprilmr su cxbstcn`bm,quc cn tiji `msi jclbð scr guy abgbtmjm. Ca `mstbfi gís ìrrbcntc crm cajc pmais i amtbfmzis, quc sc dm`çm suerbr ma csàmvi mtínjiai cn ca tuglmjcriìn am cspmajm jcsnujm y dm`bm mrrblm, pir ai ùma sc ac aamgmlm li`m mlmoi.Ca supab`bi tcnçm mafunms vmrbmntcs? nivcnmrbi, ùmnji jurmlm nucvc jçms;aacvmnji ùcntm, ùmnji ca csàmvi ìntmlm ais amtbfmzis rc`blbjis y sb sccqubvi`mlm cn am ùcntm viavçm jc nucvi m cgpczmram; lmyinm, ùmnji amvç`tbgm crm mtmjm cn bjântb`m eirgm quc ca `cpi jc `mgpmým jc ais

08



gbabtmrcs, ct`âtcrm. Ssílmsc tmglbân am gmzm, frucsi trinì jc gmjcrm qucsc mtmlm ma csàmvi pir gcjbi jc unm `mjcnm quc ai abfmlm pir ca ùcaai i pir ca pbc; ùmnji ca csàmvi mnjmlm tcnçm quc aacvmr ca gmjcri silrc am`mlczm pmrm quc ni bgpisblbabtmrm sus givbgbcntis. Ca mrtçùai := jca\cfamgcnti jc Csàmvis m am actrm jb`c? "Ca scýir pucjc `mstbfmr ma csàmviìn prbsbðn, frbaactc, `mjcnm, gmzm i `cpi, i ìn mzitcs, quc ni pmsmrínjca nÿgcri jc vcbntb`bnì."

Ais `msis jc scvb`bm ìntrm ais bnecab`cs merb`mnis crmn nugcrisis; sbncglmrfi, `msis ìgi ca rcecrbji pir Xbrðn <= pcrtcnc`cn ma `mgpi jc am psbìpmtiaifçm, y ni pucjcn tigmrsc ìgi rceacoi jc am nirgmabjmj.

Ni ilstmntc, cs prc`bsi rcìrjmr quc ni dmn ematmji qubcncs dmn sistc-nbji quc am sbtum`bðn cìnðgb`m jca csàmvi cn @ulm crm gcoir quc am jc

gu`dis ilrcris curipcis. Gc abgbti m `btmr, pir scr cxtrmnocri mocni mampmsbinmgbcnti csàmvbstm i mntbcsàmvbstm, m un cs`rbtir btmabmni, M. Fm-aacnfm,<< qubcn gmnbebcstm su `rccn`bm jc quc gu`dis amlrbcfis jc amsaamnurms jc Aiglmrjçm y mun gu`dis majcmnis jc Bnfamtcrrm, pmjc`çmn unmsbtum`bðn gmtcrbma pcir quc am jc ais csàmvis meriùlmnis. Ni juji jcquc msç eucrm, y mun sc pijrçm mebrgmr sbn rcpmri, quc am pisb`bðn cìnðgb`mjc gu`dis ilrcris cn ais frmnjcs `cntris bnjustrbmacs curipcis, cn `bcrtmscxpaitm`bincs gbncrms y ìgmr`ms mfrçìams, ni sc macom gu`di jc am jcacsàmvi, silrc tiji ca urlmni, sbcnji ìgi cs bausirbm am ablcrtmj cn amìntrmtm`bðn jca trmlmoi. Xcri csi ni bgpbjc quc ams ncfrurms jc amcsàmvbtuj scmn rcìni`bjms cn tijm su cspmntism rcmabjmj, ni siamgcntccn ca mspc`ti cìnðgbì, sbni tmglbân cn ca girma, ourçjbì, scxuma, ct`.,

jbfnis jc ni gcnir ìnsbjcrm`bðn.Am vbjm girma jca csàmvi crm bfumagcntc dirrirism. Am acy<0 ni acìn`cjçm gís quc ùmtri jcrc`dis? =) am emùatmj jc `msmrsc ablrcgcntc; <)am emùatmj jc lus`mr mgi sb ca m`tuma crm scvcri cn jcgmsçm; 0) ca jcrc`dijc eirgmrsc un pcùabi; :) ca jc pmfmrsc su ablcrtmj. Xcri tmacs jcrc`disni crmn vbmlacs y ìn rmzðn jb`c Xbrðn quc sb lbcn rcvcamlmn un ìntrmstcìn ams acycs lírlmrms jc ams ìainbms ermn`csms, y silrc tiji jc ams bnfacsms,ni crm gcnis `bcrti quc tijis cstis jcrc`dis crmn trbstcgcntc bausirbis.

Cn cec`ti, mrrclmtmji ca ncfri m su pmtrbm y difmr sc vcçm pmrm sbcgprcbgpisblbabtmji jc eirgmr unm nucvm emgbabm, pucs dmstm cn ca râfbgcnscxuma, jc dc`di am ignçgijm viauntmj jca mgi bgpinçm m vc`cs amsunbincs. Diglrc y guocr crmn scpmrmjis pmrm sbcgprc, vcnjbjis cn

jbstbntis aufmrcs y pmrm jbvcrsis mgis, scpmrmjis tmglbân jc sus dbois.Mjcgís, ca bnfcnbi i ca `mectma crm jc dc`di ìgi un ecuji jinjc ni scrcìni`çm gís mutirbjmj quc am jca mgi, ùyms sbgpmtçms y emvircs bntcrc-smlmn gís m, ais pijcrcs pÿlabìs quc ams amgcntm`bincs jc ais csàmvis.¹Xijçmn cspcrmr ais ncfris cn tma ìnjb`bðn `mglbmr jc mgi9 ¹M`msi am`ms`mrm jc vm`m ni lmstmlm pmrm m`maamr sus vi`cs cn pri, ni jc am ablcrtmj,sbni sbgpacgcntc jc itri mgi9 Jcspuâs jc ai ym cxpucsti ìn rcam`bðn ma

0=



trmlmoi jca csàmvi, dmlamr jca jcrc`di ma pcùabi y m am cgmn`bpm`bðn piram ìgprm jc su ablcrtmj, cs titmagcntc i`bisi. Jcsjc cstis jis ÿatbgis punt is jc vbstm, am sbtum`bðn jca csàmvi urlmni crm jbstbntm ìgi sc vcrí.Xcri rcpbti, ca csàmvi cn ams pamntm`bincs crm trmtmji ìgi unm lcstbm,ìgi un scr ma quc sc ac jcsìni`çm tiji `mrí`tcr dugmni ìgi ni eucrm pmrm ilabfmrac cn ams dirms jc i`bi m mjirmr ca jbis jc sus mgis; un jbisquc crm tmglbân lamnì y quc ac ncfmlm tijm smtbsem``bðn cn cstm vbjm. Maìntcgpamr am ìnjb`bðn jca ncfri csàmvi cn ca `mgpi sc ìgprc njc tijmam mgmrfm cxm`tbtuj jc am cxprcsbðn jca gmcstri cxbgbi Oisâ jc am Auz y@mlmaacri? "Ai gís ncfri jc am csàmvbtuj ni cs ca ncfri."

Ca csàmvi quc, amjbni<: cntrc ais amjbnis, sc dm`çm sbgpítbì ma mgi icrm ai sueb `bcnt cgcntc `bvbabzmji y absti pmrm jcscgpcýmr trmlmois cspc`bm -acs, crm scpmrmji jc am jitm`bðn jca bnfcnbi y ìnvcrtbji cn `rbmji, cncsàmvi jigâstbì. Pu ìnjb`bðn gcoirmlm gu`di, cspc`bmagcntc sb crmaacvmji m am pilam`bðn. Ca lmrrm`ðn dcjbinji y tcnclrisi jcsmpmrc`çm. Amìgbjm bnsustmn`bma crm tri`mjm pir ams silrms jca mgi, sbcgprc mlunjmn-tcs pir mquca cntin`cs. Am tmrcm oirnmacrm, quc cn tbcgpis jc zmerm scmamrfmlm dmstm jbc`bsâbs dirms, lmoi ca sia jc @ulm y aacvmnji dmstm cagíxbgi ca cseucrzi gusùamr, sc rcju`çm `msb sbcgprc m ais trmlmois jigâs-tbìs, jc ais ùmacs crm ca gís jcscmji, pir am rcamtbvm mutinigçm quc

aacvmlm ìnsbfi, ca jc `macscri. Xir itrm pmrtc, ym ni sc tcgçm ma gmyirma, ycn `mglbi, m vc`cs, sc dmaamlmn ams tcrnurms jc unm "mgbtm" y ca `mrbýi jcais pcqucýucais lamnìs, quc `rc`çmn cn ca rcfmzi jc ams csàmvms, mgcnuji nijrbzms, y oufmlmn ìn ais ncfrbtis, bnìns`bcntcs jca mlbsgisi`bma quc dmlçm jc scpmrmrais, mlbsgi tmn bnsinjmlac cn mqucaam âpi`mìgi ca âtnbì. Ca csàmvi jigâstbì cnìntrmlm tmglbân unm eucntc jcrcùrsis cìnðgbìs y jc lcncviacn`bm, sbrvbcnji jc `ðgpab`c y cnùlrb-jir m ais dbois jc sus mgis cn sus mvcnturms ouvcnbacs, m pcsmr jc quc tmaiùpm`bðn tcnçm sus qubclrms. Xcri, silrc tiji, ais `mstbfis mpab`mjis cnca `mgpi ni crmn pisblacs, pir ai fcncrma, cn ams `bujmjcs; pir csti ùmnjica mgi sc dmrtmlm jc ams "pcrrcrçms" jca csàmvi ai cnvbmlm ma bnfcnbi i mb

`mectma, sb crm dm`cnjmji, i sb ni ai vcnjçm. Ca csàmvi urlmni pcrjçm amcsquçW,m`bðn<3 quc tiacrmlm am ablcrtmj jc givbgbcntis gusùamrcs quc âa ysu puclai fizmrin sbcgprc, m `mglbi jc am bn`ðgijm vcstbgcntm jc ais lamnìs. Sn ìnsucai jclbð tcncr, sbn cglmrfi, ca vmnbjisi ncfri? ca jc pijcr pmvincmrsc mn tc sus bfumacs ìn ams prcnjms jc vcstbr quc m su oub`biac jmlmn supcrbirbjmj y cx`btmlmn am cnvbjbm. Ca csàmvi urlmni tcnçmmjcgís sus jbvcrsbincs; ym crm am pisblbabjmj jc ìnvcrsmr y lclcr ablrc-

0<



gcntc cn am "lijcfm" i ca pucs ti jc erutms ìn sus mgbfis i sus `mrmlcams,<5

ym am jc ìrrcr mafunm mvcnturm mgirism i am jc lmbamr ìn ercùcn`bm suscrðtbìs tmnfis. Ams ncfrms fizmlmn mjcgís jc itrm vcntmom? jc am em`babjmjjc pripir`binmrsc mafÿn jbncri y mun jc aifrmr su cgmn`bpm`bðn, dm`bcnjivbjm scxuma ìgÿn ìn mafÿn lamnì, `msi lmstmntc ercùcntc. Caai crm undinir pmrm am emvirc`bjm, ai ùma ni cxtrmýmrí ma quc dmym acçji ams `rðnb`msjc mafunms jc ams cxpairm`bincs jca Íerb`m i``bjcntma.<6 Xmrm ca csàmviurlmni cstmlm, cn ebn, gís m su ma`mn`c ca ìdmrtmrsc,<4

Itrm sbtum`bðn cn quc pijçm dmaamrsc ca csàmvi crm am nm`bjm jca ìntrmtijc mrrcnjmgbcnti quc ca mgi dm`çm jc ais scrvb`bis jc mquâa m unm tcr`crm

pcrsinm. Ca csàmvi urlmni crm ca quc gcoir pijçm lcnceb`bmrsc jc cstmìnjb`bðn, jcsìni`bjm pir ai fcncrma jca csàmvi mfrçìam, pucs ca dm`cn-jmji ìgprmlm csàmvis ùmnji ais nc`csbtmlm, pmrm rcvcnjcrais jcspuâsùmnji ac crmn bnÿtbacs, pcri ni ais mrrcnjmlm pir ai fcncrma. Xcri cn ams`bujmjcs cstc intrm ti crm rcamtbvmgcntc ercùcntc. Am pcqucým lurfucsçmìgprmlm un csàmvi ìgi pijçm ìgprmr un mnbgma jc `mrfm y ai mrrcn-jmlm ìnvbrtbânjiai cn eucntc jc bnfrcsis. Ca csàmvi sc lcnceb`bmlmtmglbân, pucs ca amzi quc ai unçm ma mgi sc rcamomlm, y aifrmlm ìnercùcn`bm `mglbmr jc mrrcnjmtmrbi, quc jc dc`di crm ca mgi. Xir itrm pmrtc, cstis csàmvis sc jcjb`mlmn m ais ieb`bis gmnumacs, mjcgís jc m ais

jigâstbìs, ùym `brùnstmn`bm acs pinçm cn ìnstmntc ìntm`ti ìn aisncfris ablrcs y acs em`babtmlm ca pcùabi pir gcjbi jc trmlmois cxtrmirjbnm-rbis, pir sbsms m sus mgis, y m vc`cs pir am jcabnùcn`bm; gís eí`ba tiji caaiquc cstmnji ìnstmntcgcntc rcàubjis cn ca difmr jca mgi y lmoi subngcjbmtm vbfbamn`bm. Ams ncfrms siaçmn scr tmglbân mrrcnjmjms ym pmrm amsamlircs `mscrms, ym ìgi nijrbzms, ym pmrm am ìsturm, cn ùyi `msi crmnguy lus`mjms.

Ca csàmvi urlmni pijçm dmaamrsc cn itrm ìnjb`bðn gís `cr`mnm m amablcrtmj, sc mrrcnjmlm m sç gbsgi. Xrcvbi ca pmfi pcrbðjbì m su mgi jcjctcrgbnmjm `mntbjmj, ca csàmvi pijçm trmlmomr pir su ùcntm. Am ìdmr-tm`bðn y am cgmn`bpm`bðn su`csbvms crmn gu`di gís eí`bacs, y jc dc`di crm

`msb ablrc, pripbctmrbi jc sç gbsgi, smavi csm cspc`bc jc `cnsi quc silrcâa pcsmlm.

Xmrm tutcamr ais jcrc`dis jc ais csàmvis y mjgbnbstrmracs oustb`bm sc`rcmrin ais sçnjbìs cn ams `bujmjcs. Ca csàmvi mfrçìam ni pijçm dm`criçr sus qucoms sbni mntc ca `mpbtín jcpmrtbji. Xcri scrçm `mnjirisi `rccrquc am rmzm ni pcsmlm cn am lmamnzm jc oustb`bm jc tmacs eun`binmrbis

lamnìs.

00



Ca ac`tir pucjc ìnsbjcrmr ais jcsmstrisis rcsuatmjis girmacs quc cn amrmzm ncfrm dmlçm jc priju`br unm ìnjb`bðn si`bma tmn mlyc`tm, gu`di gíssb sc tbcnc cn ùcntm ca prcjigbnbi jc am pilam`bðn jc ìair csàmvm silrcam ablrc, ìgi jcgucstrm ca ùmjri sbfubcntc?

XILAM@B ÐN JC @IAI\

Mýis Csàmvis % Ablrcs %

=66: :: 000 3 2,8 08 4:6 :=,8=62< 5: 328 3:, : 3: =3= :3, 5=4=6 =28 <2< 50,0 ==3 52= 05, 6=4<6 <45 2: < 6<,2 =85 :2: <6,=

=408 0=8 264 60,3 ==< 053 <5, 3=4:= :05 :23 6:.= =3< 404 <3, 2=4:5 0<0 632 54,3 =:2 <<5 0=,3=4:2 0<: =46 55,0 =5: 6= < 00,6=433 055 :<= 56, < =62 8= < 0<. 4=434 05: <30 56.3 =63 <6: 0<,3=458 056 634 50,6 <82 :86 05,0=45= 066 <80 5<,2 <<3 4:0 06,:=46< 062 3<0 5=,6 <03 204 04,0=466 =22 82 : ::,0 <6< :64 33,6m

m Ams `berms ìrrcspinjbcntcs ma mýi =466 cstín tigmjms jca Bneirgc silrc ca `cnsi jc =422

(p. =8:), sugmjms mglms rcsuatm un titma jc :6= 36< bnjbvbjuis jc ìair. Ni ilstmntc, cn cagbsgi bneirgc (p. =80) sc jb`c quc am pilam`bðn jc ìair cn =466 ms`cnjçm m :43 426, `bermquc dc ìnsbfnmji cn ca ùmjri mntcrbir. Ni pujbcnji ìnsuatmr ca `cnsi irbfbnma jc =466,gc abgbti m ìnsbfnmr ca crrir.

Ubjm bfuma quc am jc ais csàmvis aacvmlmn ais cgmn`bpmjis. "Xmrm sucju`m`bðn sc bnvcntð unm cspc`bc jc pmtrinmti, quc dmlçm jc jurmr siaijc trcs m `bnì mýis. Ais pupbais i cgmn`bpmjis jclcrçmn fmnmr un oirnma,quc vmrbmlm jc trcs m i`di pcsis gcnsumacs, jcstbnínjisc ams jis tcr`crms

pmrtcs, pir rcfam fcncrma, m ìnstbtubracs un einji i gmsbtm. Ucrjmj , quccn ca çntcrbn mqucaais itris ìgpmýcris suyis quc dmlçmn tcnbji am sucrtcjc dmlcr sbji jcsùlbcrtis pir ais `ru`cris lrbtínbìs, crmn aacvmjis mPbcrrm Acinm y maaç bntcfrmjis bngcjbmtmgcntc cn am pacnbtuj jc ais jcrc-`dis jca `bujmjmni bnfaâs. Xcri tijmvçm ca cgmn`bpmji cspmýia tcnçm qucmrrist rmr nucvms jcsfrm`bms; jmji quc ais `bnì mýis jc tutcam - jc prðrrifmcn prðrrifm- ni tcrgbnmrin dmstm =468 (y jc gmncrm lbcn irbfbnma pir`bcrti) y cn tiji cstc ampsi eucrin trmtmjis jc un giji tma quc cs nitirbiquc cn @ulm ais csàmvis sc `rcçmn y jcàmrmlmn cn gcoir sbtum`bðn quc aiscgmn`bpmjis? pirquc am ìnjb`bðn jc âstis crm bjântb`m m am jc ais prbgc-ris, ìn am jilac jcsvcntmom jc `mrc`cr ais ÿatbgis jca jcrc`di jc rcjbgbrscy jc cntrmr cn ca fi`c jc am ablcrtmj [quc sbn cglmrfi, ìgi dc jb`di, aistrmtmjis y am acy acs dmlçmn rcìni`bji pacnmgcntcW, y jc ni scr trmtmjis pir sus mgis, ma pmrc`cr, tcgpirmacs -pir sus pmtrinis, ìgi am acy aisaamgmlm- ùma m csàmvis pripbmgcntc tmacs, cn ùyi vbfir y ùym smaujcstmlmn bntcrcsmjis, ìgi cn am smauj y vbfir jc un `mlmaai i jc ùmaqubcrm

0:



itrm lcstbm ìgprmji ìn su liasbaai y quc pir tmnti rcprcscntmlm su`mpbtma."<2

@invbcnc dm`cr nitmr rcspc`ti m ais cgmn`bpmjis quc ùmnji unm prcsmjc cglmr`m`bincs ncfrcrms sc cec`tumlm pir `ru`cris cspmýiacs, ais csàm-vis mprcsmjis crmn ìnju`bjis m Am Dmlmnm.08

@igi jb`c Xczucam? "Cn ams rmrms prcsms jc ncfrcris , ais ìfbjis pir aisbnfacscs cn ams mfums i ìstms jc am Bsam [@ulmW ùmnji jcàmrmlm ca trblunmaacfçtbgi su jcìgbsi, pinçmnsc ais lizmacs jc mqucaam pri`cjcn`bm mjbspisb`bðn jca Filbcrni, m qubcn cxàusbvmgcntc ìgpctçm ym su gmncoi.Jcpisbtílmnsc fcncrmagcntc cn mafÿn `mscrçi prðxbgi m Am Dmlmnm, y cnca quc sc fumrjmlmn ais `bgmrrincs rcìfbjis." Ca `mscrçi jc rcecrcn` bm euc\cfam, ma itri amji jc am lmdçm jc Am Dmlmnm, cn ùyis lmrrmìncs

jcstbnmjis m csc iloctbvi cspcrmlmn am jc`bsbðn jc su sucrtc ais cgmn`bpm-jis.Jmjm am scgcomnzm, pir ni jc`br bjcntbjmj, cntrc am sbtum`bðn jca csàmvi

y ca cgmn`bpmji, rcpbti, âstc ùmnji crm jcstbnmji m ams emcnms mfrçìamssuerçm tijms ams jcsfrm`bms jca csàmvi cn bfuma mglbcntc; msç ìgi pcrgm-nc`bcnji cn ams pilam`bincs "jbserutmlm" jc am vbjm pripbm jca csàmviurlmni.

Ni sbcgprc ais sbcrvis suerbcrin trmnqubais su yufi.M pcsmr jc quc gu`dis merb`mnis dmlçmn dcrcjmji un `mrí`tcr scrvba

eirgmji pir ca cglrutc`bgbcnti jc vmrbms fcncrm`bincs sigctbjms majcspitbsgi jc un tbrmnucai, duli cn @ulm tcntmtbvms rcviau`binmrbms,ìgi cn ais jcgís pmçscs mgcrb`mnis jinjc am gmsm csàmvm euc nugcrism.

Ca csàmvi prctcnjçm rigpcr sus mtmjurms y sb lbcn omgís aifrð vbiacntm-gcntc su ablcrtmj ìgi àmsc si`bma, ma`mnzð gu`dms vc`cs luramr m su mgisustrmyânjisc m am pripbcjmj jc âstc pir am eufm i pir ca rcùrsi suprcgijc tijis ais iprbgbjis bgpitcntcs, pir ca sub`bjbi.

Cstc ÿatbgi gcjbi jc cgmn`bpmrsc jca mgi euc cn @ulm usmji tmnerc` ucntcgc ntc quc aacfð m rcvcstbr mrí`tcr cpbjâgbì. Msç, jb`c Mrliacymrceb rbânjisc m jmtis cstmjçstbìs jc =433 m =436, quc ca nÿgcri jc sub`bjbiseuc `msb ca jupai quc ca jc digb bjbis, y quc pir ai gcnis unm tcr`crm pmr tcjc mquâaais crm jclbjm m ais ncfris csàmvis y itrm tcr`crm pmrtc m aisìainis `dbnis quc sc cnìntrmlmn cn bfuma ìnjb`bðn si`bma. Am `rccn`bmcn unis y itris jc quc ma girbr rcnm`çmn cn su pmçs nmtma, rcstmlm mpmrcn-tcgcntc trms`cnjcn`bm suloctbvm pmrm ca sub`bjbi sbn gcnfum jca quclrmn-tmgbcnti suerbji pir ca mgi. Bfuma cec`ti jclbð priju`br am sbnfuamr`rccn`bm jc mafunms trblus jc Fubncm, jc quc ca ncfri ma girbr vm ma pmçsjc ais lamnìs ìnvbrtbânjisc cn uni jc âstis.0=

Fcncrmagcntc, ais ncfris sub`bjms sc mdir`mlmn. @in ercùcn`bm scusmlm ca cnvcncnmgbcnti pir ca ùrmgmfñcy (@dbnmnùg frmnjbeairug) yca fumi (@iggiàmjbm jcnam tm)9<

Gcrc`c ilscrvmrsc quc am tcnjcn`bm ma sub`bjbi euc cn @ulm unm `mrm`-tcrçstb`m jc ais csàmvis pri`cjcntcs jc jctcrgbnmjms rcfbincs merb`mnms;

03



Xb`dmrji am nitm msç cspc`bmagcntc cntrc ais auùgçcs. Snm ilscrvm`bðnscgcomntc sc dm dc`di tmglbân cn ca cxtrmnocri.00 Caai vbcnc m ìgprilmrunm vcz gís am vcrjmj aiglrisbmnm jc am bneaucn`bm âtnb`m cn am `rbgbnmab-jmj.

Xir itrm pmr tc, ca sub`bjbi igi vcnfmnzm cs tmglbân ìni`bji cn mafunmrcfbðn jc Íerb`m0: ìgi cn itrms jc Msbm, y usmji ni siamgcntc ìnt rm camgi pir ca csàmvi, sbni pir un diglrc ablrc ìntrm itri jc bfuma ìnjb`bðnsi`bma. Cstm mlcrrm`bðn jc einji rcabfbisi ni puji gcnis jc bneaubr cn caínbgi jc mqucaais csàmvis quc jc su pmçs am trmocrin ìnsbfi.

Am ercùcn`bm jca sub`bjbi cn ca ncfri csàmvi cs tmnti gís jbfnm jctcncrsc cn ùcntm, ùmnti scfÿn ùcntm Lru`c? "@igi ìriamrbi jc surcamtbvm bngunbjmj m am aiùrm pir gitbvis girmacs, cstí jcgistrmji quc

ais ncfris rmrmgcntc sc sub`bjmn, dc`di jc eí`ba cxpab`m`bðn unm vczmjqubrbjm pacnm ìn`bcn`bm jca `mrí`tcr jc am rmzm. Cn prbgcr aufmr, nbnfu-nm `musm jc mnsbcjmj iprbgc lmstmntc am gcntc jca ncfri pmrm quc âstcnutrm ca jcsci jc pincr ebn m su pripbm vbjm (...), jcspuâs ac ematm am smnfrcerçm y am eirtmaczm nc`csmrbm pmrm gmtmrsc; silrc tiji tbcnc un gbcji cxtrmir-jbnmrbi m am gucrtc jclbji m su girlism bgmfbnm`bðn y prilmlacgcntc msu tcnjcn`bm m vbvbr ìgpactmgcntc cn ca prcscntc." 0 3 Ilscrvm`bðn quctbcnc unm ìgprilm`bðn cn ais sbfubcntcs jmtis jc sub`bjbis iùrrbjis cnAm Dmlmnm, jinjc ni sc scntçmn ais rbfircs jc am csàmvbtuj girma y cn unmâpi`m (=464 m =443) cn am quc ym am csàmvbtuj ti`mlm m su ebn y cn am qucais mgis crmn gís dugmnis, pir ca mvmn`c titma jc am `bvbabzm`bðn, pmrmjcsvbrtumr cn mafi ams prcjb`m`bincs mntbcsàmvbstms y pir am bneaucn`bm

lbcndc`dirm cocr`bjm pir am rcviau`bðn jc ais jbcz mýis, quc jc sc gpc ýðun pmpca bgpirtmntçsbgi cn am dbstirbm jc am csàmvbtuj cn @ulm.05

PSB @B JB IP CN AM @B \@SNP@\B X@B ÐN JC AM DMLMNM

Lamnìs Ncfris Gcztbzis @dbnis Jcsìni`bjis

Mýis Umr. Dcnb. Umr. Dcg. Umr. Dcg. Umr. Umr. Dcg, Zitmacs

=464 < = < 3m

=462 =6 0 < < = 0 : 3 06=448 <3 5 < : : :==44= 6 0 = = 0 = <==44< <3 < 3 = = 3 = 04=440 03 : 0 = 5 0 < 3:

=44: 08 0 = = 5 < = ::=44 3 <6 6 0 < 02

Zit , =54 << <= 6 < < < < <= =: <62

mAis jmtis jc cstc mýi pmrtcn jca gcs jc mfisti.

Am eufm crm ca bjcma jca csàmvi cn ca `mgpi, pirquc sbfnbeb`mlm amablcrtmj tcgpirma ùmnji gcnis. Cn ams gmnbfums y vçrfcncs lisqucs jc@ulm, ais ncfris, jcecnjbjis pir am auourbism eairm tripb`ma, ìnscfuçmn mgcnuji dm`crsc jc dc`di ablrcs; cntin`cs crmn aamgmjis `bggrincs. ]uc

05



ais csàmvis eufmjis crmn gu`dis ai jcgucstrm ca dc`di jc cxbstbr pmrtbjmsjc rmn`dcmjircs i lus`mjircs jc `bgmrrincs cn ais rmn`dis jinjc âstissiaçmn fumrc`crsc.

Ais prbgcris rmn`dcmjircs i mntbfuis rcìfcjircs tuvbcrin pir iloc-tbvi mprbsbinmr m ais bnjbis dubjis. Pc dmlam ym jc caais cn un jiùgcntijc =3:806 y cn itri, mntcrbir mÿn, jc =3<4? "@igi pucjc vcrsc cn amìrrcspinjcn`bm jc Finzmai jc Fuzgín ìn ca Cgpcrmjir, msç ìgi amjc sus ieb`bmacs, jc`çmn cn =6 jc gmrzi jc =3<4 quc dmlçm jis gcscs qucunm pmrtbjm jc 08 m :8 bnjbis sc dmlçm acvmntmji jc Lmymgi m XucrtiXrçn`bpc quc printi ais jigbnmrçmn, pucs sbcgprc04 dm dmlbji ùmjrbaamsjc cspmýiacs cn cstm Bsam quc ais mprbsbinmn pir siai ca quc sc acs pcrgbtmdm`cracs csàmvis; pcri ym pbjcn smamrbis."02

M vc`cs, lbcn pirquc crm bgpisblac rcju`br ais `bgmrrincs m am csàmvb-tuj, lbcn pirquc âstis, ìgi su`cjçm `msb sbcgprc, sc jcjb`mlmn m m`tis jc pba amoc cn ais `mgpis, ìgprigctbcnji am scfurbjmj jc ams pcrsinms y jcams pripbcjmjcs,:8 sc dm`çm prc`bsi quc ais rmn`dcmjircs jbcrmn gucrtc m aiscsàmvis eufmjis. Mquâaais ìlrmlmn unm `mntbjmj pir `mjm `bgmrrðngucrti y ìn ca iloctbvi jc prilmr ca nÿgcri jc vç`tbgms acs ìrtmlmn mâstms ams ircoms.

Cs ùrbisi ilscrvmr un `msi jc sbglbisbs jca jcabnùcntc cn ca dc`di jcmùjbr mafunis mvcnturcris rmn`dcmjircs m ams `ír`cacs jc jinjc sm`mlmnmafÿn `rbgbnma quc acs myujmrm cn am `mzm jca csàmvi y m`cr`m jc ùym eu turmìnju`tm dinrmjm sc ìnstbtuçmn ebmjircs.:=

Xmrm `mzmr m ais `bgmrrincs crmn mjbcstrmjis pcrris csìfbjis quc sctcnçmn cn frmn cstbgm, tmnti quc jurmntc am fucrrm `bvba cn ais Cstmjis

Snbjis eucrin cxpirtmjis frmn nÿgcri jc caais pmrm myujmr m ìglmtbr mais ncfris sujbstms rceufbmjis cn am trblu bnjbm jc ais scgbnðacs; ìgi ymm ebncs jca sbfai xvbaa, cn tbcgpis jca filcrnmjir jc Ams @msms, eucrin

pcjbjis pir ca filbcrni bnfaâs y aacvmjis m Omgmb`m pmrm am `mpturm jc`bgmrrincs,:< msç ìgi tmglbân sc gmnjmrin <88 m Dmbtç. :0

M vc`cs ais csàmvis eufbtbvis sc rcunçmn y sc ìn`cntrmlmn cn aufmrcsiùatis, gintmýisis y jc jbeç`ba m``csi ìn ca iloctbvi jc dm`crsc eucrtcsy vbvbr ablrcs c bnjcpcnjbcntcs, aifrmnji cn mafunis `msis ca cstmlac`bgbcn-ti jc ùatbvis, m cstbai merb`mni, y dmstm ìainbzmr ùmnji ìnscfuçmn -`msier cùc nt c- unbrsc ìn mafunms ncfrms dirrms i `bgmrrinms. Ais csàmvis cntma cstmji jc rclcajçm sc jc`çmn mpmacn`mjis y pmacnqucs sc aamgmlm m susrctbris.

Umrbms jbspisb`bincs sc jb`tmrin pmrm bgpcjbr cstc rili jc sç gbsgi.::

Msç ca mrtçùai =2 jca \cfamgcnti jc Csàmvis (== jc nivbcglrc jc =4:<) prc`cptumlm quc "ais csàmvis jc unm ebn`m ni pucjmn vbsbtmr m ais jc it rmsbn ca ìnscntbgbcnti cxprcsi jc ais jucýis i gmyirjigis jc mglis". Cn

privbjcn`bm jca filcrnmjir jc @ulm jc 0= jc gmyi jc =4:: (mrt çùai 3 ti )sc irjcnð quc eucscn lamnìs ais mrrbcris, mrrctcris, gmnjmjcris y qubcn pir rmzðn jc su ieb`bi tuvbcrm quc smabr jc am ebn`m. Xcri cn tr c cstms prcs`rbp`bincs acfmacs silrcsmac unm lmstmntc rcgitm pmrm cvbtmr am rcbn`b-

06



jcn`bm jc ais `bgmrrincs, pri` urmnji am ìgprilm`bðn jc am gbsgm pir ungcjbi ` bcrt mgcn tc gís cgpçrbì y tmn scfuri ìgi ais gijcrnis sbstcgm-jc bjcntbeb`m`bðn. Pcfÿn m`tm jca `mlbaji jc Am Dmlmnm , jc =3 jc cncri jc=5=8, ma `bgmrrðn jclçm ìrtírscac unm ircom i am nmrbz, "pmrm quc sb viavçmm dubr sc ac ìniz`m".:3 Pc pridblbð, mjcgís, quc sc `mstrmrm m ais `bgmrri-ncs, ai quc pruclm quc cstm prí`tb`m cstuvi cn usi cn Mgârb`m y qubzístmglbân cn @ulm.:5

Ni em atmrin cn @ulm rclcabincs ìac`tbvms jc csàmvis, mu nq uc sbn amtrms`cnjcn`bm quc ma`mnzmrin cn am vc`bnm Mntbaam. Rm cn =3<<, pir dmlcriùrrbji un acvmntmgbcnti jc ncfris cn Pmnti Jigbnfi y itri cn =3<5cn Xucrti \bì, sc jb`tð unm \cma @âjuam quc pridblçm am bgpirtm`bðn jcncfris cn ams Bnjbms I``bjcntmacs pri`cjcntcs jc `bcrtms trblus ecri`cs. Cn

scptbcglrc jc =30<, itrm acy pridblc am bntriju``bðn jc ncfris jc am bsamjc Fcaiec "pirquc cstm `mstm jc ncfris silcrlbis, bnilcjbcntcs, rcviavc-jircs c bnìrrcfblacs, crm am `musm jc ais acvmntmgbcntis y gucrtcs jc`rbstbmnis quc dmlçmn su`cjbji cn Xucrti \bì y cn ams itrms bsams" : 6

\cpctbjms vc`cs, csàmvis pri`cjcntcs jca fiaei jc Lcnbn i jc @mamlmrcs-scfÿn jb`c Ecrrcr jc @iuti-: 4 aifrmrin sulacvmrsc ìn âxbti jurmntc amnmvcfm`bðn m lirji jca luquc quc ais ìnju`çm m @ulm.

Mafunms vc`cs duli ncfris quc db`bcrin `musm ìgÿn ìn ais bnecab`csbnjbis siouzfmjis tmglbân m am tbrmnçm jc ais ìnqubstmjircs. Xmrc`c jcju-`brsc jc cstm `btm jc Lm`dbaacr y Girmacs? "Am `bujmj jc Pmntbmfi cn << jcmlrba jc =3:8 ma Cgpcrmjir jc`çm? ìnvcnjrí quc U. G. cn `mjm mýi c`dcjc sbsm 088 pcsis pmrm m`mlmr ìn ais `bgmrrincs. Jc ai ìntrmrbi pijrçmnmyuntmrsc ais bnjbis jc gmam bntcn`bðn ìgi dmn myuntmji scbs i sbctcncfris qu c cstín prcsis pir caai.":2 Ais ncfris ni tuvbcrin quc dm`cr sbniscfubr ca cocgpai jc ais bnjçfcnms quc sc bnsurrc``binmrin rcpct bjms vc`csìntrm ais jigbnmjircs lamnìs quc ais mnbqubamlmn bndugmnmgcntc ìnca râfbgcn jc ams cnìgbcnjms.

Bnjujmlacgcntc, dmstm prbn`bpbis jca sbfai TBT, jclbcrin iùrrbr cn ais`mgpis jc @ulm bnsurrc``bincs jc ncfris, quc ùagbnmrçmn ìn am gucrtcjc ais rclcajcs i ìn ca gmntcnbgbcnti jurmntc gís i gcnis tbcgpi jc pm acnqucs rc`ðnjbtis; pcri tmacs mìntc`bgbcntis ni nis dmn sbji trmns-gbtbjis. Am jbebùatmj jc ìgunb`m`bincs y am rcamtbvmgcntc cs`msm trms`cn-jcn`bm qu c pmrm mqucaais tbcgpis jc mvcnturms tcnçm ca dc`di jc sulacvmrscmafunis ncfris -mpmrtc jca bntcrâs cn iùatmrams pmrm bgpcjbr ca cocgpaiy am bgbtm`bðn- cstirlmrin su ìnsbfnm`bðn cn ams `rðnb`ms. Cn e clrcri jca

mýi =4=< cstmaamrin acvmntmgbcntis cn ais bnfcnbis jc Xucrti Xrçn`bpc,Diafuçn, Lmymgi, Zrbnbjmj y dmstm cn am gbsgm Dmlmnm, rcvcamnji ambnsurrc``bðn `mpbtmncmjm pir ca ncfri ablrc Oisâ Mntinbi Mpintc, quctcnjçm m ìnscfubr cn @ulm ai quc Ziussmbnt A'Iuvcrturc cn PmntiJigbnfi. "Ni crm un acvmntmgbcnti fcncrma nb ìglbnmji ìn m`bcrti,c`dílmsc jc vcr quc `mrc`çm jc gmni jbrc`tbvm; pcri duli mscsbnmtis jcgmyirmacs y jcpcnjbcntcs lamnìs, bn`cnjbis jc eílrb`ms y itris cx`csisjcpairmlacs. Pulacvðsc lucnm pmrtc jc ams jitm`bincs jc ais bnfcnbis jc am

04



Zrbnbjmj y Xcýms Matms, piì jbstmntcs jc Am Dmlmnm. Jc quc ca priyc`tijc bnsurrc``bðn sc cxtcnjbð m gu`dms ebn`ms cxpaitmnji ca nmturma jcscijc sus lrm`cris jc scr ablrcs, ni duli jujm".38 Mpintc y i`di jc sus`ðgpab`cs prbn`bpmacs eucrin ìnjcnmjis m am ÿatbgm pcnm, sbcnji cxpucs-tms sus `mlczms cn ca Xucntc jc @dívcz.

Cn =4<5 tuvi aufmr am bntcntinm jc am Fñbrm. Cn =403 duli ais acvmn-tmgbcntis jc Omruì y jc Gmtmnzms (=6 y <2 jc ounbi) y ca jc Am Dmlmnm(<3 jc ouabi), cn ùyi lmrrbi cxtrmguris jca Dir`ðn sc mgitbnmrinnugcrisis ncfris. Cn =4:0 (<4 jc gmrzi) sc sulacvmrin <3: ncfris jc amjitm`bðn jca bnfcnbi "Ma`mn`çm", qubcncs mrrmstrmrin ìn caais m aiscsàmvis jc ais bnfcnbis "Am Aubsm", "Am Zrbnbjmj", "Ams Nbcvcs", "AmMurirm", ais jca `mectma "Gisìw" y ais jca pitrcri "\mn`ducai", msç ìgi

ais jca ecrri`mrrba jc @írjcnms m Oÿ`mri; pcri ìntcnbjis m tbcgpi pir uncsùmjrðn jc amn`cris, eucrin jcstrizmjis. Gu`dis jc caais pcrc`bcrin cnca cnùcntri, gu`dis duycrin m ais gintcs, jinjc sc mdir`mrin unis :8.

Cn am ourbsjb``bðn jc @írjcnms, Gmtmnzms, ct`., y ìn rmgbeb`m`bincs cn`msb tijm am Bsam, jclbð cstmaamr cn gmrzi jc =4:: un acvmntmgbcntisbguatínci jc ams ncfrmjms jc ais bnfcnbis. Mlirtð ca pamn y unm ìgbsbðngbabtmr bnstruyð jc sus rcsuatms nugcrisis pri`csis cn ais quc eucrinìgprcnjbjis unis : 888 bnjbvbjuis lamnìs y jc ìair, jc ais ùmacs

pm rc`cn ìnjcnmjis m gucr tc 24, `cr`m jc 588 m prcsbjbi, gís jc :88cxpausmjis jc am Bsam. Ca fcncrma I'Jinnc aa sc vmabð jc am inspbrm`bðn pmrm

oustbeb`mr sulsbfubcntcs dirrircs; sc aacfð m mpab`mr am tir turm , pir ai ùma scaamgð csm ìnspbrm`bðn jc "Am Cs`macrm", pirquc mtmjis m caam suerçmn ca

tirgcnti ais quc tcnçmn quc jcàmrmr m eucrzm jc amtbfmzis. Nugcrisis lamnìs mntbcsàmvbstms eu crin cnvucatis cn am rcprcsbðn. Ca pictm jc ìairFmlrbca jc am @in`cp`bðn Umajâs ( Xaí`bji) euc eusbamji ìn itris.

Cn ams fucrrms rcviau`binmrbms jc @ulm, ais ncfris dmn jcscgpcýmjiaÿ`bji pmpca, gís bntcrcsmntc cn am Fucrrm jc ais Jbcz Mýis, cn am quc m amvcz quc au`dmrin pir am bnjcpcnjcn`bm jc su pmtrbm, pcacmrin pir am pripbm.

Cn tijms ams bnsurrc``bincs purmgcntc ncfrms jc @ulm ni sc ilscrvmsbni ca cstmaabji jc unm pitcntc bgpuasbvbjmj amrfi tbcgpi ìgprbgbjm,

pcri nmjm gís? sbn vc rjmjcri pamn, sbn `mujbaais quc ais jbrbfbcrmn, sbn cìsueb`bcntc cn ais jcgís csàmvis, sbn mrgms nb gcjbis jc mtmquc y jcecnsmceb`m`cs... @inscùcn`bm jc caai euc am bngcjbmtm rcprcsbðn jc ams bntcn-tinms quc tuvbcrin am jurm`bðn jc ais eucfis emtuis y cs`msm trms`cnjcn`bm.¹M quâ `musms sc jclbð am bgpitcn`bm jc am pritcstm jc ais csàmvis cn @ulm,ùmnji cn itris pmçscs euc tmn trms`cnjcntc y jc tmnti âxbti9 Am intcstm`bðnm cstm prcfuntm ni `mlc cn ca prcscntc trmlmoi pmrm ca uma bntcrcsm siamgcntcìnsbfnmr ca dc`di. Xcri sb ams bnsurrc``bincs ncfrms cn @ulm ni eucrinjc rcsuatmjis bgpirtmntcs, jclbðsc prbn`bpmagcntc m `brùnstmn`bms si-`bmacs y ni m am rcsbstcn`bm quc am rmzm jc ìair ipinfm m tijm rcviau`bðn,ìgi sc dm ipbnmji pir mafunis. Rm sc dm vbsti quc cn @ulm, jcsjc ais prbgcris tbcgpis, duli rcviau`bincs jc ncfris, y quc ams duli dmstm m lirji jc ais luqucs ncfrcris.

02



BBB

Ais ncfris cn @ulm(ìntbnum`bðn)

P S G M \ B I ? Ca ncfri ablrc. @injb`bincs girmacs jc am rmzm jc ìair. Lmbacs.Bnstrugcntis gusb`macs y `mntis. @mlbajis. Am ebcstm jca Jçm jc \cycs. Puirbfcn. Itrms supcrvbvcn`bms merb`mnms. Am `rbgbnmabjmj ncfrm.

Zrms un pcrçiji gís i gcnis amrfi cn quc ca ncfri suerçm ais dirrircs jcam csàmvbtuj, aacfmlm m vc`cs m am ablcrtmj, pir vçm ùyi cstujbi cs mocni mcstms pífbnms. Xmrm ca ncfri ablrc crmn ais ieb`bis gmnumacs, aacfínjiscdmstm ca punti jc scr ìnsbjcrmjm pir ais lamnìs ìgi jcsdinrism jb`dmcspc`bc jc trmlmoi. @in am ablcrtmj mjqubrbð ca diglrc jc ìair tijms amsvcntmoms jc caam jcrbvmjms y tijis ais bnìnvcnbcntcs jca râfbgcn cìnð-gbì jc ais lamnìs, sbn ca ìnsucai jc aacfmr nun`m m scr `mpbtmabstm pirquc

`brùnstmn`bms gÿatbpacs y jc jbvcrsm çnjiac sc ai bgpcjçmn gís maaí jc`bcrti açgbtc; cxpcrbgcntmlm tijis ais sbnsmlircs jca priactmrbmji lamnìmfrmvmjis pir ca jcsmec`ti y rcpuasbðn quc bnspbrmlmn eucrm jc `bcrti rmjbi,

pir sus mn tc`cjcntcs jc sbcrvis. Am prbgbtbvbjmj jc su psbìaifçm acs prbvmlm jc `bcrtms vbrtujcs qu c ais lamnìs ym dmlçmn ma`mnzmji y quc crm nnc`csmrbms pmrm au`dmr cìnðgb`mgcntc ìn vcntmom; tmacs ìgi am prcvb-sbðn, ca mdirri, am ìipcrm`bðn, ct`âtcrm. Ca ncfri ablrc, ùmnji pir pr bgcrm vcz fmnð cn @ulm un oirnma, ni cstuvi cn ca `msi jca oivcnbngbfrmntc lamnì, quc pir prbgcrm vcz ìntmlm cn sus gmnis ca prc`bi jcunm oirnmjm jc trmlmoi. Cstm dmlçm nm`bji lmoi ca gbsgi râfbgcn cìnð-gbì cn quc blm m jcsmrriaamr su m`tbvbjmj; sus mýis dmlçmn trmnsùrrbji cnca mprcnj bzm oc jca cocr`b`bi jc sus emùatmjcs eçsb`ms y psçqub`ms mfuzínjiams pmrm ca ìglmtc pir ca jbncri; dc rcjb tmrbmgcntc ac dmlçmn trmnsgbtbji sus

mntcpmsmjis mpt btujcs vcntmoisms, ct`âtcrm. Ca ncfri cn `mglbi crm, tma vcz-s il rc tiji sb ym euc csàmvi cn Íerb`m- , ca prbgcri jc su trblu quc ìni`çmca smamrbi; cntrmlm cn un gunji cìnðgbì jcsìni`bji pir âa y pir tijmsams fcncrm`bincs jc quc pri`cjçm.

Xir itrm pmrtc, ca ìgcr`bi ac cstmlm pir ais fcncrma vcjmji, cx`cptimafunis ncfi`bis sbn bgpirtmn`bm, ìgi am rcvcntm mgluamntc, ct `âtc rm. Caìgcr`bi jc @ulm, silrc tiji ma pir gcnir, crm cxàusbvmgcntc lamnì-cspmýia; ca lamnì jc itrm nm`binmabjmj sc jcjb`mlm, prcecrcntcgcntc, m

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jcju`br tmacs pripir`bincs, maaç cn ca prbgcr tcr`bi jca sbfai pmsmji, ¹ùín-tis gmtrbginbis jc ncfris sc rcfbstrmrçmn9 Jc mdç sc irbfbnmlm unm rcamom-`bðn jc ais amzis emgbabmrcs cntrc ais ncfris, rcamom`bðn quc crm bgpisblacjc cvbtmr y ni bgputmlac siamgcntc m am rmzm. Cn cec`ti, cs vcrjmj quc aisncfris quc vbnbcrin m @ulm ni ìni`bcrin cn sus pmçscs, cn gu`dis jccaais pir ai gcnis, amzis ìnyufmacs bnspbrmjis cn eucrtcs mec` tis rc`çpri-ìs, nb am emgbabm acs gcrc`crçm un ìn`cpti guy cacvmji quc sc jbfm, nbìn`cjçmn ma gmtrbginbi am bgpirtmntc sbfnbeb`m`bðn si`bma jc quc jbserutmcn itri s pmçscs bfumagcntc smavmocs, nb ma pmjrc sc ac rcìni`çm mutirbjmj... <

Xcri ni `mlc jujm jc quc sb ca mglbcntc jc am ìainbm dulbcsc sbjiemvirmlac pmrm am ùaturm girma jc ais csàmvis, ca nbvca jc girmabjmj

ma`mnzmji scrçm gu`di gís cacvmji quc ca prcscntc, y ùapm jc quc msç niscm pucjc scr mtrblubjm cn pmrtc m ais lamnìs. "Am csàmvbtuj dmlçmcnvbac`bji ma diglrc y am guocr ncfris, dm`bânjiacs bgpisblac ca gmtrbgi-nbi y emvirc`bcnji cntrc caais am prigbsùbjmj scxuma jc ais mnbgmacs. Snsbstcgm quc ni rcìni`çm nb am vbjm nb ais amzis jc emgbabm, quc dm`çmrcpriju`br am cspc`bc dugmnm ìgi sc dm`c ìn ams lcstbms, ni pijçmjcsmrriaamr lucnms ìstuglrcs. Ais ncfris, pir itrm pmrtc, ni pijçmntigmr itri cocgpai jc sus mgis y scýircs lamnìs pmrm cstbguamrsc dm`bmunm vbjm purm. Diy, cn cec`ti, silrc ca ristri jc jis gbaaincs qubnbcntisgba guamtis, sc vc cs`rbti ìn `mrm`tcrcs bnjcaclacs ca jmýi `musmji m amguocr ncfrm bnjcecnsm pir am rmzm jigbnmntc. Cs `msb un gbamfri quc âstmac rcstc mÿn un mafi jc vbrtuj." Ca pírrmei ìpbmji, munquc su mutir 0 scrcebcrm m ais ncfris jc ais Cstmjis Snbjis, pucjc cn pmrtc mpab`mrsc ìncxm`tbtuj m am cviau`bðn girma jc am rmzm ncfrm cn @ulm.

Zmglbân cs vcrjmj quc m piì gís jc un sbfai, ùmnji am trmtmìgcnzð m prifrcsmr rípbjmgcntc, ca bgpujir crm cn fcncrma cntijms ams àmscs. ¹Dmlrí quc rcìrjmr ais lmnjis jc mquca @mpbtínFcncrma jc @ulm, quc pulab`ð vmrbis ìn ca ebn jc ìrrcfbr am cx`csbvmablcrtmj cn ca vcstbr9 Cn =666 am jcsdincstbjmj crm sugm. "Piaçmnmnjmr sbn `mgbsms ams guocrcs jca puclai lamn`ms, bnjbms y jc ìairablrcs y csàmvms" m ùyi mlusi ìipcrmlmn "ca piì pujir jc aismgis y am nbnfunm vcrfñcnzm jc caams".: Xcri cs msbgbsgi vcr jmj q ucca trmoc ecgcnbni crm cxmfcrmjmgcntc bgpÿjbì cn am gctrðpiab,ìgi cn ais pmçscs quc sbfubcrin ams gijms ermn`csms jc prbn`bpbisjca sbfai ÿatbgi, jca bgpcrbi. Ca àbgm cxmfcrð mÿn gís sb `mlc, cntrcais trðpbìs, am ab`cn`bm cn ca vcstbr.

Cn ca râfbgcn jc ams rcam`bincs scxumacs, ais ncfris ni db`bcrin sbniìntbnumr sus ìstuglrcs merb`mnms cn frmn pmrtc; aacfínjisc m jcsùlrbrmÿn diy cn jçm mafunms supcrvbvcn`bms piabfígb`ms, quc ni `mcn lmoi ameb``bðn jc am acy pcnma pir scr jc `mrí`tcr ìnùlbnmrbi. @invbcnc dm`crnitmr mquç, ìgi ai dm dc`di Emaì cn su bneirgc ma ìnfrcsi jc mntripi-aifçm `rbgbnma cn Mgstcrjmg, rcprcscntmnji ma Filbcrni jc @ulm, quc amem`babjmj pmrm ams rcam`bincs scxumacs gigcntíncms i pcrgmncntcs dm

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scrvbji sbcgprc jc sustbtutbvi pcnma cn @ulm pmrm ais jcabtis crðtbìs, qucjclbcrmn scr gmyircs jmjis ca àbgm, ams rmzms, ct`âtcrm.

\ceacoi jca `mrí`tcr crðtbì jc am rmzm jc ìair cs ca lmbac, quc ìnstbtuçmca prbn`bpma ncrvbi, `msb ca ÿnbì, jc sus ebcstms cn @ulm, ìgi cn Íerb`m."Jcspuâs jc am pucstm jca sia lmbam Íerb`m cntcrm" dm jb`di Fialcry. "Cntijm ca Íerb`m sc lmbam ìn eurir."3 "Snm vcrjmjcrm eurbm ìrcifríeb`m,quc dm`c iavbjmr tijms ams gbscrbms pÿlab`ms y prbvmjms."5 "Mpcnms scsbcn tc ca sinbji jca tmg-tmg -jb `c Ju @dm baa u- jcomn jc scr jucýis jcsç gbsgis." "Ais ncfris jc nucstrms Mntbaams -jb`c Gb`dcact- 4 jcspuâs jcunm oirnmjm tcrrblac jc `mair y jc emtbfm, blmn pam`cntcris m lmbamr m scbsacfums jc jbstmn`bm";2 msç cn ais rbtis jcprc`mtbvis y euncrmrbis jc aisncfris, ìgi cn sus cntusbmsgis lâabìs, bntcrvbcnc ca lmbac.

Ziji ncfri nm`c lmbamjir. Pu mrtc cspintínci ni ai `mpm`btm pmrmìnju`br m su ìgpmýcrm cn ams vucatms jc un vmas nb pmrm scfubr cn ìgpísjc ais trmnqubais pmsis jc un rbfijðn; su mrtc cs prbgbtbvi ìgi cabnstrugcnti quc ai mìgpmým. Mÿn diy, ùmnji lmbamn ma sin jc irqucs-

* Ma mgpabmr cstc ìn`c pti, Irtbz cxpinjrí `ðg i cstm rcbtcrmjm prcscn`bm jca lmbac cn amsìgu nbjm jcs merb`mnms ni ilcj c`çm m- unm gcrm gmnbecs tm`bðn aÿjrb`m, sbni quc cstml mjctcrgbnmjm pir gitbvm`bincs si`bmacs jc guy jbvcrsms nc`csbjmjcs ìac`tbvms? "Ca lmbaccntrc ais ncfris ni cs gcrmgcntc un giji jc pam`cr, jc unm pmbctâ jc ìcur. M vc`cs caaislmbamn un jiair, unm fucrrm, unm sbcglrm, unm rifmtbvm i un euncrma (...) Cs quc sus lmbacstbcncn unm eun`bðn si`bma gís ìgpacom. Ni sðai sin mrtc, sbni tmglbân m`tis jc rcabfbðn, jcmgir, jc cìnigçm, jc filbcrni, jc ìdcsbðn trblma y pir csti, am bnvcstbfm`bðn y ca mprc`bijc am gÿsb`m ncfrm rcqubcrcn ca ìni`bgbcnti jc sus eun`bincs cn am bntcfrbjmj jc am ùaturm

m quc pcrtcnc`c. Csti ÿatbgi, àmri cs, su`cjc cn ca cstujbi jc tijms ams itrms gÿsb`ms, mrtcsy jcgís cxprcsbincs jc ùmaqubcr ùaturm, pcri qubzís cn nunfÿn `msi ìgi cn ca jc amgÿsb`m y ais lmbacs jc ais ncfris merb`mnis, pir am bntcnsm ìipcrm`bðn si`bma cn quc âstisvbvcn y am bgpirtmn`bm ei`ma quc cn caam tbcncn am gÿsb`m y am jmnzm". ("Ais lmbacs jc aisncfris jc Íerb`m", cn Lidcgbm, Am Dmlmnm, mýi :=, ni. :=, 2 jc i`tulrc jc =2:2, p. =:.)** Cstm mscvcrm`bðn jc qu c am mptbtuj jca ncfri pmrm ca lmbac crm bnnmtm y qu c ni cstm lm`mpm`btmji pmrm bntcrprctmr jmnzms gís camlirmjms quc ams priju`bjms ma sin jc un bn-strugcntis "prbgbtbvi" -cn unm àmrm rcecrcn`bm ma tmglir-, qucjm jcsgcntbjm pir amsgu`dms pífbnms quc Irtbz jcjb`ð m am jcs`rbp`bðn jc ams jmnzms y ais lmbacs jc pri`cjcn`bmmerb`mnm cn nucstri pmçs, y ma cxpaç`bti rcìni`bgbcnti m am `mpm`bjmj jc ais diglrcs jc cstcirbfcn cn am cocù`bðn jc ùmaqubcr tbpi jc bnstrugcnti gusb`ma y jc gÿsb`m, ai ùma pucjccxtcnjcrsc bfumagcntc m ùmaqubcr fâncri jmnzmrbi? "Diy ca gÿsbì ncfri y guamti ti`m cn@ulm tijm àmsc jc bnstrugcnti m su ma`mn`c, ais jc ais curipcis y ais jc ais merb`mnis, jcsjcais vbiabncs m ais lmtí. Cn ca vbiaçn ym ais ùlmnis jc ìair jbcrin pruclm jc su vbrtuisbsgiy fairbm (Lrbnjbs jc Pmams, Vdbtc). @urbism cs am ilscrvm`bðn jc Fiijgmn, cn =460, jc quc

'cntrc ais ncfris ùlmnis dmlrçm vmrbis pcrec`tis cocùtmntcs jc tiji tbpi jc bnstrugcntigusb`ma, cx`cpti jca pbmni; pucs, pir mafunm `musm, ais jcjis ncfris jc cstis `mlmaacris nisc mjmptmn m ams tcàms ncfrms y lamn`ms'. Xcri csi sðai euc jclbji m am tmrjmnzm cn camprcnjbzmoc, pirquc ais ncfris cntin`cs ni tcnçmn pbmnis m su jbspisb`bðn, ìgi tuvbcrinbnstrugcntis jc tijm itrm àmsc". ( A is bntrwncntis jc am gÿsb`m meriùlmnm, Jbrc``bðn jc@uaturm jca Gbnbstcrbi jc Cju`m`bðn, Am Dmlmnm, =23<, via. B, pp. =8-==.)"Ca ncfri jc nm`bðn i `rbiaai dm mjiptmji `bcrtmgcntc nugcrisis bnstrugcntis gusb`macsjc ams ùaturms curii``bjcntmacs. Ni sc dm rcsbstbji ma mprcnjbzmoc y ìn caais dm aifrmjigmcstrçm y gu`dms vc`cs mpamusis babgbtmjis cn tijis ais `cntris ei`macs jc am matm gÿsb`m,cn uni y itri ìntbncntc". (Blçjcg, p. =5.)

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tms,=8 ais givbgbcntis jc am jmnzm sin bjântbìs, i piì gcnis, m aisbgpirtmjis jc Íerb`m. @insârvmsc `msb purm am irtijixbm ìrcifríeb`m, sbmsç pucjc jc`brsc.

Ca lmbac ncfri nis gucstrm ais prbgcris pmsis cn am cviau`bðn jc amjmnzm; âstm cs scnsuma, mfbtmjçsbgm, sbguam am pcrscù`bðn y ìnqubstm jc amguocr , ebnma rcprcscn tmji m vc`cs m ai vbvi, ùmnji sujirisis ais ùcrpis ,cx`btmjis ais ncrvbis pir ca vbiacnti cocr`b`bi, am lclbjm, am scgbjcsnujczy ca ìntm`ti jca scxi ìntrmrbi, ìnàuyc ca lmbac cn lm`mnma jcscnercnm-jm.* Am dmlbabjmj jc am lmbamjirm ìnsbstc cn givcr viauptuism y `mjcn`bi-smgcntc sus `mjcrms, ìnscrvmnji ca rcsti jca ùcrpi cn unm `msbbngivbabjmj siamgcntc bntcrrugpbjm pmrm jmr ìrtis pmsis ma sin jc ais

tmglircs y pcrgbtbr unm abfcrm vblrm`bðn cn ais lrmzis mrqucmjis, ùymsgmnis sistbcncn ais cxtrcgis jc un pmýucai,== i acvmntmn am emajm cn pripir`bðn ìn am cx`btm`bðn crðtb`m jc am jmnzmntc. Csm givbabjmj pmr`bma,cs am prbn`bpma `mrm`tcrçstb`m jca tmnfi. Pu injuam`bðn pcùabmr-ìgi jbrçmPmabaams- cs jc ai`mabzm`bðn pistcri pcavbmnm. "Ca oucfi jc `mjcrms scfcncrmabzm m ìntrm``bincs mljigbnmacs quc ai mprixbgmn m am jmnzm jcavbcntrc, y am rcprcscntm`bðn titma cs un sbguam`ri crðtbì." =< "Ams jmnzmscn ams jbecrcntcs rmzms jc am ìstm i``bjcntma jc Íerb`m sc pmrc`cn gu`di.Cn fcncrma, cs un tcglair jc tiji ca ùcrpi gís quc un pmsi pri pbm gcn tcjb`di. Xmrc`c quc ams oðvcncs ncfrms sc cseucrzmn cn givcr ams pbcrnms aigcnis pisblac."=0 "Nmjm dc vbsti gís ijbismgcntc ams`bvi quc cstmsbntcn`binmjms ìntirsbincs jc ams `mjcrms, quc âstis sus givbgbcntis

acntis y rcfuamrcs. Am guocr, ìn mglms gmnis dm`bm mjcamntc, ams pmagms

* Ni dulbcrm sbji pisblac quc tmacs bjcms m`cr`m jca prbgbtbvbsgi jc ais lmbacs ncfr isprcvmac`bcscn cn Irtbz, jc qubcn pijcgis rcìrjmr quc tmnti ìmjyuvð m su gcoir mprc`bm-`bðn cntrc nisitris, ìgi ma prcscntmrais cn nugcrisms i`msbincs cn sus ìnecrcn`bmspÿlab`ms y àmscs unbvcrsbtmrbms, y m`cr`m jca mspc`ti jc su critbsgi jcoð lbcn cn àmri susuatcrbircs ìn`cp`bincs? "Cn rcam`bðn ìn ais lmbacs merb`mnis jclcgis rc`tbeb`mr unm bjcmguy ìgÿn, ùma cs am jc quc am gÿsb`m merb`mnm, mjcgís jc scr un rubji `mìeðnbì, 'ìsmjc ncfris', cs unm gÿsb`m pmrm líqub`ms irfçms y lmbacs ils`cnis, 'ìsm jc rcamoi'. Pcfÿngmnbebcstm un gusb`ðaifi ncfri jc Íerb`m, Ecaí Piwmnjc, am gÿsb`m merb`mnm cs jc `mrí`tcrâtbì. Pcfÿn cstc merb`mni, ca scscntm pir `bcnti jc ais `mntis trmjb`binmacs jc Íerb`m, sin jctma `mrí`tcr y ais rcstmntcs sc rcebcrcn m ais mspc`tis jc am vbjm ìtbjbmnm, 'sbn pârjbjm jcjbfnbjmj'. Cs smlbji quc ais gbsbincris dmn mligbnmji sbcgprc jc ais lmbacs jc ais puclaisprbgbtbvis, msç ais jca Íerb`m ìntcgpiríncm ìgi mquâaais jc ais puclais àísbìs jc ammntbfñcjmj. Am Bfacsbm euc cncgbfm jc ams gÿsb`ms y jc ams bnstrugcntis pipuamrcs, silrc

tiji jc ais pcrùsbvis, pripb`bis ma rbtgbsgi cx`btmntc. Crmn rcùcrjis jc pmfmnçm ytcntm`bincs jbmlðab`ms. Xcri cstm ùcstbðn cs piabâjrb`m. Dmy quc ìnvcnbr mntc tiji cn qucsucac cstmr pcrturlmjm pir un prcoub`bi. Dmy quc jcsc`dmr am bjcm ìrrbcntc quc prcouzfm ambntcnsbjmj jca critbsgi cn ais puclais pir ca frmji jc su cviau`bðn ùaturma y prcsupincquc mquâaais sin tmnti gís bnìntbncntcs y ams`bvis ùmnti rctrmsmjis cn su `bvbabzm`bðn. Caìn`cpti quc tcncgis jc quc am `mstbjmj, ca pujir y am ìntbncn`bm sin ams vbrtujcs gís ebnmsjca jcsmrriaai girma, nis dm`cn mjiptmr ca prcoub`bi, jb`c Dmvcai`k Caabs. jc quc cn ams `mpmsmtrmsmjms jc am dugmnbjmj dm jc su`cjcr prc`bsmgcntc ai ipucsti. R am rcmabjmj pmrc`c aacvmrnism unm ìnàusbðn guy ìntrmjb`tirbm". (Ais lmbacs y ca tcmtri jc ais ncfris cn ca eiakairc jc @ulm,

Jbrc``bðn jc @uaturm jca Gbnbstcrbi jc Cju`m`bðn, Am Dmlmnm, =23=, p. =35.)

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dm`bm meucrm, mvmnzm y vucavc acntmgcntc silrc sç gbsgm, gmr`dm ìn pmsisìrtis, gbcntrms quc am pmrtc bnecrbir jc su ùcrpi trcpbjm y sc mfbtm."=:

Sn cstujbi jc ais `mrm`tcrcs jc am jmnzm meriùlmnm pijrçm dm`crsc pmrt bcnji jca cxmgcn jc csm gbsgm injuam`bðn pistcri pcavbmnm cn Mn-jmau`çm (irbfcn cspmýia) y cn ca Íerb`m i``bjcntma (trblutm`bðn merb`mnm).Pb ais lmbacs jc mglms rcfbincs ìnvcrfcn cn @ulm pmrm bnspbrmr ma tmnfi,am ruglm, am fumrm`dm y dmstm ca m`tuma jmnzðn, eirgmnji mglms jcrbvm`bi-ncs un ínfuai ùyi vârtb`c cstí cn @ulm, m`msi ni scm jbeç`ba jcsùlrbr it riínfuai jc irbfcn mntcrbir ùyi vârtb`c sc ìaiquc cn Cfbpti? am gbsgminjuam`bðn `mrm`tcrçstb`m puji pmsmr jca Cfbpti; m am pmrtc ipucstm jcÍerb`m, pir gcjbi jc ams `mrmvmnms jc ais ncfris gmdigctmnis y pir amscgbfrm`bincs euams pri`cjcntcs jca Mati Cfbpti; y m Mnjmau`çm pir ìn-ju`ti jc ais írmlcs y jc ais fbtmnis, pir gís quc prilmlacgcntc euc yminjuam`bðn mnjmauzm gu`di mntcs jc am bnvmsbðn írmlc y jc am aacfmjm jcais fbtmnis, rcgintínjisc m am âpi`m ecnb`bm jc am mntbfum Fmjcs (diy @íjbz).Jcoi pmrm mafÿn bnvcstbfmjir cstms bjcms cglrbinmrbms ùyi jcsmrriaai ni`mlc cn cstc ablri, ni sbn bnscrtmr ca sbfubcntc pírrmei jc @ait-Lcy =5 quccn`mom mquç pcrec`tmgcntc. Jb`c tma cs`rbtir rcebrbânjisc m unm jmnzmcocùtmjm pir ams magâs i m`tumacs lmbamrbnms jc Cfbpti, quc "sin ìgi amsfbtmnms, cn Curipm, àmsc mpmrtc jca ìgÿn puclai. Cntin`cs ams pbcrnms

pcrgmnc`cn bngðvbacs, msç ìgi am pmrtc supcrbir jca ùcrpi, cx`cpti ais lrmzis quc mlrcn, mrqucmn, lmomn i cacvmn scfÿn ams jbvcrsms emscs jcascntbgbcnti ams`bvi quc pmrc`c mnbgmrams. Mfbtmjms pir unm trcpbjm`bðnbn`csmntc, quc m`cacrmn m `mjm vucatm ìn `bcrtm mujmz cncrfçm i mtcnÿmnìn amnfubjcz, sus `mjcrms, eí`bacs m tijms ams ìntirsbincs, ebnfcn ìn

bgpujir ams cgi`bincs eçsb`ms gís scxumacs; cs ca Ublrmlunt sbnc ebnc pburbcntcs, Ams`bvis ji`babtrcgirc auglis ìn quc Gmr`bma pbntmlm am jmnzmjc ams `âaclrcs lmbamrbnms jc Fmjcs."

Cn ca lmbac meriùlmni, ca ìgpmýcri jc am lmbamjirm sc mprixbgm m caam;sc amnzm ìgi pmrm cstrc`dmram cntrc sus lrmzis y sbguam unm `mçjm cn cagigcnti jc br m mlrmzmram, rctri`cjc y rcnucvm ca mtmquc unm, jis,guatbtuj jc vc`cs, gbcntrms caam ebnfc dubr frm`bismgcntc ni sbn scfubr

privi`ínjiai m am pcrscù`bðn y cx`btínjiai ìn sus ìntirsbincs. Amjmnzm sc mnbgm gís y gís y am ams`bvbm su`cjc m am viauptuisbjmj. Cntin`cs ,"...mjcgís jc gmr`mr ais pmsis rbfurismgcntc m tbcgpi, cs nc`csmrbibgprbgbr ma ùcrpi unm scrbc jc givbgbcntis acntçsbgis y tirtuisis, qucjclcn mfbtmr ìn injuam`bincs scrpcntbnms tiji ca ùcrpi , sulbcnji jcsjc

ca vbcntrc dmstm ais diglris. @mjm ìntrm``bðn jc âstms, sc igunb`m, ìgics nmturma, m am pmrcom pir am rbfurism vc`bnjmj cn quc sc gmntbcncn ais jisbnjbvbjuis, y cn ca ìnounti jc diglrc y guocr quc ìnstbtuycn un siaiùcrpi, fbrmnji silrc sç gbsgi, mnbgmji pir unm vblrm`bðn acntm y ìgÿn,cs jinjc cstí ai lcaai, ai p`dut jc am jmnzm." Ams pmamlrms ìpbmjms ni sinjc nbnfÿn mutir quc trmtc jca tmnfi jc ais ncfris, sin jc ais pcnmabstms Nb`âeiri y Pbfdcac ma jcs`rblbr, ìn am rbquczm jc ìair bji quc caaismìstuglrmn, am jmnzm jca dmgpm rigmnm. Am bjcntbjmj jc mglis lmbacs

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cn sus gigcntis ùagbnmntcs cs jbfnm jc nitm, munquc diy ni pucjcsirprcnjcr. Xcri, m vc`cs, ca lmbac meriùlmni cs msqucrismgcntc ams`bvijcsjc su ìgbcnzi. Cn un ìnmti jc nivcam, rb`m cn ilscrvm`bincs jc amsi`bcjmj ùlmnm jc mntmýi, pucjc ca ac`tir dmaamr unm jcs`rbp`bðn rcmabstmjca gbsgi.=6

Ais lmbacs merb`mnis dmn pmsmji mafi m lucnm pmrtc jc am rmzm lamn`m pircsm cspc`bc jc cnjðsgisbs âtnb`m ym cxpucstm. Diy ma quc qubcrm vcr lmbacsams`bvis ìn tijis ais rcebnmgbcntis jca scnsumabsgi merb`mni, ni ac scríjbeç`ba ìnscfubr su jcsci, pucs ams i`msbincs mlunjmn. Mjcgís, sb mùjc m`bcrti tcmtri dmlmncri, jinjc sc cxpaitm am pirnifrmeçm jbaubjm cn zmrzuc-abtms jc ìstuglrcs jca dmgpm ùlmnm, pir ai ìgÿn, pijrí rcìni`cr cnais lmbacs y dmstm cn gu`dms jc ams cs`cnms quc maaç sc rcprcscntmn am

acvmjurm merb`mnm.Cn @ulm dmn sbji ìni`bjis `bcrtis lmbacs merb`mnis jc `mrí` tcr fucrrc-ri, rcabfbisi, ct`., rcìrjmrâ ca jc am ùaclrm y ca vuafmrgcntc aamgmji jcìnfis. Dmlbmrâ cn itri aufmr jca prbgcri. Ca scfunji pmrc`c unm jcrbvm-`bðn jca quc \mtzca jcs`rblc jc am sbfubcntc gmncrm? "@insbstc sbgpacgcn-tc cn unm scrbc jc au`dms cntrc jis mfrupm`bincs? ni cnìnt rmgis cn caamsjmnzms nb `mntis, pcri pmrc`c tcncr `bcrtm sbfnbeb`m`bðn rcabfbism, pucs aisfamjbmjircs sc prcscntmn cn un trmoc aamgmji trmoc jc Nbcnfi quc acs prcscrvm jc tijm distbabjmj y quc sc ìgpinc jc un `bnturðn jc dioms jc pmagcrm sc`m quc sc scpmrmn gu`di jca ùcrpi y jc un pcbnmji quc rcÿnctijm am `mlcaacrm cn un siai gc`dðn guy tbcsi. Ams au`dms tbcncn aufmr ìnsuoc`bðn m rcfams eboms y sin vbfbamjms pir ouc`cs jc `mgpi quc, m am gcnirvbiam`bðn jc ams rcecrbjms rcfams, sc amnzmn m scpmrmr m ais famjbmjircs.

Jcs puâ s jc `mjm au`dm, un frupi jc oðvcncs, mjirnmjis ìn trmpis `dbaai-ncs y itris mjirnis, ìrrc pir ca `cntri jca rcjinjca pmrm ebomr lbcn qucmquâaam dm tcrgbnmji, y aucfi sc rctbrm jc nucvi cn ùmnti sc p rcscn tm itrm

pmrc om jc famjbmjircs."=4 Cstm cspc`bc jc jmnzm fucrrcrm dm jcsmpmrc`bjiym y sc cstbamlm cn @ulm ca Jçm jc \cycs y itrms ecstbvbjmjcs (Ebfurm =).

Ca lmbac fcnubnmgcntc merb`mni sc mìgpmým ìn ais bnstrugcntis pripbis jca pmçs jc su pri`cjcn`bm. Pin vmrbis, pcri tijis caais gísrubjisis quc gcaðjbìs. Ca tmglir cs ca prbn`bpma, ai dmy jc gu`dms àmscsy tmgmýis (Ebfurms <, 0,: y 3). M`tumagcntc, sc sustbtuycn ìn ercùcn`bm pir ais tbglmacs quc ebfurmn cn tijms ams irqucstms jc @ulm. Me rb `mni pucjc guy lbcn scr csc gmr`mji prcjigbnbi jca tmglir jc am gÿsb`m`rbiaam. Sn mìrjcðn i un ìrnctçn y un tbglma, dmstm âstc siamgcntc, y m

vc`cs am sbgpac bgbtm`bðn jc su sinbji fiapcmnji silrc ca ùcri jc untmlurctc, lmstmn pmrm mìgpmýmr ca lmbac ùmnji ca bntcnsi critbsgi jcnucstri puclai y, cspc`bmagcntc, ca jc am rmzm jc ìair, cxbfc am jmnzm, aiquc su`cjc ìn dmrtm ercùcn`bm.

Itris bnstrugcntis irbfbnmrbis jc Íerb`ms sin am gmrbglm igmrçgluam,jca quc jm bjcm am Ebfurm 5; ams gmrufms, bnst rugcnti ducì cn uyi bntcrbirsc gctcn pbcjrc`baams pmrm quc prijuz`mn rubji ma mfbtmrai, ìnstrubji jcgmjcrm, gbglrcs, gctma y ìgÿngcntc jc am ìrtczm jc unm fñbrm (Ebfurms

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6 y 4); eituti, `mrmìa frmnjc quc mfuoc rcmji pir ca `cntri jca cspbrma scutbabzm ìgi rÿstbì bnstrugcnti jc vbcnti; am sbglm,=2 rcprcscntmjm piram Ebfurm 2, y jc am ùma cxbstc un cocgpamr pmrc`bji cn ca gusci mntripi-aðfbì jc am Snbvcrsbjmj nm`binma jc Am Dmlmnm.

Zijis cstis bnstrugcntis y itris gcnis bntcrcsmntcs vmn `mycnji cnjcsusi; cn mglbi, ais ncfris dmn mjiptmji ca fñbri i `mamlmzi, quc csbnjçfcnm. Âstc ìnsbstc (Ebfurm =8) cn un fñbri scì ma quc sc ac dmnfrmlmji vmrbms rmnurms dirbzintmacs y pmrmacams cn su pmrtc mn`dm, jcgmncrm quc eirgm unm cspc`bc jc rmymjir (pir ai quc sucac aamgmrsc

fumyi) silrc ca ùma sc pmsm m ìgpís unm vmrbaam jc gmjcrm jurm, gbcntrmssc sistbcnc ìn am gmni bzqubcrjm ca pcjÿnùai.

Ca lmbac, am gÿsb m y ca mnti mnbgmrin tijms ams ebcstms merb`mnms cn @ulm.

Ais `mntis, ìgi ca lmbac, crmn bfumagcntc prbgbtbvis, rcju`bjis m rcpctb-`bincs rçtgb`ms jc bnsbstcn`bm jcscspcrmntc pmrm içjis gís ùatis, ìgiusmn sbcgprc ais ncfris, cn sus `íntbìs rbtumacs i lâabìs, i ma prbn`bpbijc sus bntcrcsmntcs y m vc`cs piâtbìs mais<8 Ais ncfris, eucrm jc am dirmjc am emcnm, sb csàmvis, ni tuvbcrin trmlms pmrm jmr rbcnjm sucatm m suscntusbmsgis pir ams rubjisms ebcstms, y dmstm -ma jc`br jc mafÿn cs`rbtir-eucrin cn csti emvirc`bjis pir ais lamnìs. Pcfÿn Z. Iglinb,<= ais ocsuçtmssc vmabcrin jc am gÿsb`m y `mntis jc ais ncfris pmrm mtcnumr cn âstis amstcnjcn`bms sub`bjms, rcùrsi quc utbabzmrin aucfi ais jucýis jc csàmvis,

pir gís quc sc vmabcrin tmglbân jc ais `mntis nm`binmacs jc mqucaaisbnecab`cs pmrm quc, cntinmjis m ìri, mpmfmrmn m lirji jc ais luqucsncfrcris y cn ams pamntm`bincs ais fcgbjis jc ais mzitmjis. <<

Zma prcjigbnbi cocr`çmn cn am psbqubs merb`mnm ca lmbac y ams ebcstmsrubjisms, quc lmstmrin pmrm mvbvmr ca cspçrbtu jc msi`bm`bðn jc ais ncfris,dmstm ca punti jc eirgmr cn @ulm -ìgi cn itrms Mntbaams-<0 jurmjcrmsmfrupm`bincs. Âstms eucrin cn @ulm ams aamgmjms `mlbajis.

Ais ncfris pri`cjcntcs jc unm gbsgm trblu ìnstbtuycrin cn `mjm`bujmj unm msi`bm`bðn msç aamgmjm, qubzís pir mnmaifçm m am ìrpirm`bðngunb`bpma, quc cntin`cs rc`blçm csc niglrc. Xb`dmrji, cn su jb``binmrbi,jb`c msç cxpab`mnji ai quc crm un `mlbaji? "\cunbðn jc ncfris y ncfrms

lizmacs cn `msms jcstbnmjms ma cec`ti ais jçms ecstbvis, cn quc ti`mn susmtmlmacs y tmglircs y jcgís bnstrugcntis nm`binmacs, `mntmn y lmbamn cnìneusbðn y jcsirjcn ìn un rubji bnecrnma y ctcrni sbn bntcrgbsbðn.\cÿncn einjis y eirgmn unm cspc`bc jc si`bcjmj jc purm jbvcrsbðn ysiìrri, ìn su `mom, `mpmtmz, gmyirjigi, rcy, rcbnm, ct`âtcrm." Eucrm jc

Am Dmlmnm sc aamgmlmn tmglbân cstms si`bcjmjcs rcbnmjis, scfÿn Xb`dmr-ji? "pmrm mqucaams ebcstms cn quc dm`c jc rcbnm unm ncfrm, quc scntmjm cnun mati trini mìgpmýmjm jc sus ieb`bmacs, prcscn`bm y prcsbjc ca lmbacìntbnui y ti`mtms jc sus suljbtis".

@mjm `mlbaji, rcpbti, ai eirgmlmn ìgpmtrbitms merb`mnis. Sn gmfnmtccsàmvbzmji, ùmnji nica gbsgiocecjcam trblu, pcri fcncrmagcntc ca gísmn`bmni crm ca rcy jca `mlbaji, quc maaí cn su pmçs rc`blçm itri niglrc y cn`mstcaamni sc ac jmlm ca jc `mpmtmz i `mpbtín, niglrc ca prbgcri tigmji

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jca ocec jca trmlmoi m quc cstmlmn sigctbjis ais ncfris, y ca scfunji prcs tmji pir am ocrmrquçm gbabtmr m quc tmn meb`binmjis crmn mquâaais. Carcy jbserutmlm jc ìnsbjcrmlac pijcr jcntri jca ìrti rmjbi jc m``bðn qucac jcomlm ablrc ca pijcr si`bma jc ais lamnìs. Jurmntc ca mýi, crm ca qucùstijbmlm ais einjis jc am si`bcjmj y ca quc bgpinçm guatms m sus suljb tis.Am rcbnm iùpmlm ca bngcjbmti rmnfi. Mafunis itris `mrfis cxbstçmn, nitijis lbcn jcebnbjis, jc `mrí`tcr `crcginbma, jc ais ùmacs crm guy ìjb-`bmji ca jc mlmnjcrmji, `mrfi `rcmji ùmnji euc mjgbtbjm am lmnjcrm ìgisbglðab`m jca `mlbaji. Ma scfunji ocec siaçm aamgírscac gmyir jc pamzm,tçtuai tigmji jca coâr`bti.

Am ebnmabjmj jca `mlbaji crm prbn`bpmagcntc, ma gcnis m su ìnscù`bðnsc ìnsmfrmlm ìn gís ecrvir, ca lmbac y ca siìrri gutui. Cstc ÿatbgi

`mrí`tcr ai rcìni`cn Xb`dmrji y Mrliacym, y \. Gczm sc rcebcrc m âaùmnji nis jb`c quc ca ocec jca `mlbaji siìrrçm m sus sulirjbnmjis sbcstmlmn cnecrgis, pmfmlm fmstis jc cntbcrri y pmrtc jc ais mdirris jca`mlbaji sc jcjb`mlm m ablcrtmr m ais mn`bmnis y vmactujbnmrbis. Cs prilmlacquc cstc `mrí`tcr lcnâebì ai mjqubrbcrm, i pir ai gcnis ai jcsmrriaamrm amsi`bcjmj ncfrm, tb cgpi jcspuâs m su mpmrb`bðn; cn prbgcr aufmr, pirquc tmaebnmabjmj rcvcam un matrubsgi quc ni ìgpmfbnm, pir ai fcncrma, ìn aisrmsfis psbìaðfbìs jc ais ncfris mpcnms mrrmn`mjis jca sucai merb`mni;scfunji, pirquc caai supinc un einji si`bma jc rcamtbvm bgpirtmn`bm qucni pujbcrin tcncr ais bnecab`cs csàmvis quc, prbgbtbvmgcntc, eunjmrin ais`mlbajis y quc dmstm ec`dm mvmnzmjm cstmlmn cn gmyirçm, mpm rtc jc quc ìnjbebùatmj pijrçm rc`mujmrsc y mjgbnbstrmrsc privc`dismgcntc jmjm am

cs`msm ùaturm jc tmacs rcycs merb`mnis y su cxtrmýczm cn ca nucvi mglbcntcsi`bma. Xb`dmrji jb`c quc m unm ìrpirm`bðn i rcunbðn jc diglrc s bncptisi jinjc ematm ca irjcn, sc am aamgmlm un `mlbaji jc ìnfis.

Mafunis, y qubzís tijis ais `mlbajis, tcnçmn tmglbân `mrí`tcr rcabfbisiìgi ai mebrgm Mrliacym,<: y ai pruclm ca dc`di jc aacvmr ectb`dcs cn susìgpmrsms . Cstms gmnbecstm`bincs rcabfbisms sc pridblbcrin guy print i -magcnis cn am vçm pÿlab`m- pir `rccrams pcroujb`bmacs m am rcabfbðn `mtðab`m.Cntin`cs, ais ncfris rcsiavbcrin ca prilacgm mjiptmnji sbgpacgcntc,ìgi p mtrini mafÿn çjiai jca smntirma `mtðabì, quc eucsc meçn ma merb`mni,trmnsgbt bânjiac tiji ca pijcr jc su ectb`dc, i gcoir jb`di, ìneunjbânjiaiìn mquâa. Zmn cs msç quc ca ectb`dc aacvmji pri`csbinmagcntc euc sustbtubji pir ca smnbi pbntmji cn unm lmnjcrm; sçgliai cstc ÿatbgi quc sbn jujm euctigmji jca coâr`bti cspmýia, qu c jcsaugdrmlm ca ínbgi bnemntba jc mqucaaisncfris.

Jb`c \. Gczm<3 quc "sm`crjitc jca ùati bjðamtrm quc priecsmlmn amstrblus crm ca rcy i `mpmtmz"; ni ilstmntc, `rci gís vcrisçgba am jbvbsbðn jcais pijcrcs sm`crjitma y rcma cn ams mutirbjmjcs jc ais `mlbajis, ìgi csìgÿn cn ais puclais jc jinjc pri`cjçmn ais msi`bmjis. @inebrgm, m gb

oub`bi, cstm dbpðtcsbs c a dc`di jc quc ais rcycs jc ais `mlbajis sc cnfmamnm-scn ìn prcnjms jc vcstbr y mtmvçis jc ais lamnìs? fmaincmjms `msm`ms,magbjinmjms `mgbsms, cnirgcs ìrlmtms, eamgmntcs siglrcris jc jis pbìs,

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mn`dms y `dbaainms lmnjms `ruzmjms silrc ca pc`di, ìnjcìrm`bincs,cspmjm ma `bnti y frmn lmstðn ìn puýi jc pamtm, sçgliai jc su mutirbjmjìgi pucjc vcrsc cn am Ebfurm aa. < 5 Zijis cstis mjirnis tigmjis

pr bn`bpm agcntc jca c oâ r` bti cspmýia, sbn quc ist cn tm sc n nb un siai mtmvçijc `mrí`tcr rcabfbisi (mgÿactc, ìaamr, ct`âtcrm). Ni qubcri jc`br, sbncglmrfi, quc ca ectb`dcri merb`mni ni tigmrm pmrtc cn csms smturnmacsncfrms, ma ìntrmrbi, su pmpca crm ca gís bgpirtmntc, ca quc gís bgprcsbi-nmlm ma cspc`tmjir pir sus vcstbjis fcnubnmgcntc merb`mnis, sus jmnzms,`mlrbiams, ct`âtcrm. Gc rc ebcri m ais aamgmjis pir ca vuafi jbmlabtis. Cn itriaufmr gís ipirtuni jc cstc ablri bnsbstbrâ ìn jctmaacs m`cr`m jc cstmdbpðtcsbs, cxùsi pir tmnti cxtcnjcrgc mquç cn unm jbfrcsbðn.

Jcsjc ca punti jc vbstm rcabfbisi, ais `mlbajis jclbcrin pmrtb`bpmr jca

`mrí`tcr jc ìermjçms, sb lbcn cn ca ìn`cpti gís mgpabi jc cstm pmamlrm, pucs âstms, ìgi sc vcrí cn it ri `mpçtuai, crmn am rcunbðn jc ais `rcycntcsy mjirmjircs jc un jctcrgbnmji çjiai, y jb`di sc cstí quc nbnfunm trblumerb`mnm euc ginitcçstm, nb tuvi un pmtrini jbvbni nm`binma. Ca `mlbaji, niilstmntc, puji rcvcrcn`bmr m ais jbvcrsis çjiais su`csbvmgcntc, scfÿn amsâpi`ms jc sus ebcstms.

Itri mspc`ti jca `mrí`tcr rcabfbisi jc ais mlbajis sc ilscrvm cn ca dc`dijc ìntrblubr ma pmfi jc ams pigpms euncrmrbms, ìgi nis jb`c \. Gczm;rcam`binínjisc msç pir mnmaifçm in csms si`bcjmjcs eunjmjms cxprcsmgcn-tc pmrm am `caclrm`bðn jc suntuisis cntbcrris cn mafunms Mntbaams y, cspc-`bmagcntc, cn ams Lmdmgms -scfÿn cs`rblc M. L. Caabs.<6

Xcri sb ni ca magm jc ais `mlbajis, su ìrmzðn crm ca lmbac. Ais jigbnfissc rcunçmn ais `mlbajis y tcnçmn cn ams meucrms jc am `bujmj sus dirms jcjbvcrsbincs, pcrgbtbjms pir ams mutirbjmjcs, mntc ams quc crm rcspinsmlacca rcy i `mpmtmz jca `mlbaji pir ais jcsðrjcncs quc iùrrbcrmn. Ca ym `btmjiLmnji jc Lucn Filbcrni y Xiab`çm jbspusi cn ca Mrtçù ai 46? "Ais `mlbajisjc ncfris siai sc caclrmrín ais jigbnfis y ebcstms jc fumrjmr , y ni pijrínsbtumrsc jcntri jc am `bujmj sbni cn ams `msms quc jmn ercntc m am gurmaam;y ais ìgbsmrbis rcspinsmlacs jc ùmaqubcr jcsirjcn quc cn caais sc ìgc-tm, ùbjmrín guy cspc`bmagcntc jc cvbtmrai y jmrín pmrtc bngcjbmtmgcntcma Filbcrni sb eucrc jc ìnsbjcrm`bðn." Mrtçùai 44? "Cn nbnfÿn `msismajrín ais ncfris m am `maac cn ucrpi jc nm`bðn ìn lmnjcrm u itrm bnsbfnbmsbn pcrgbsi jca filbcrni, pcnm jc jbcz pcsis jc guatm, quc pmfmrí ca`mpmtmz jca `mlbaji. Pbn cglmrfi, ac scrí pcrgbtbji `caclrmr ca jçm jc aisPmntis \cycs am jbvcrsbðn ìni`bjm ìn ca niglrc jc jbmlabtis cn am gbsgm

eirgm quc ai dmn dc`di dmstm ca jçm y ni jc itri giji".<4

Cstm ÿatbgm crm am ebcstm ncfrm pir cx`cacn`bm.Pu `mrnmvma, ùmnji caais fizmlmn jc ablcrtmj ìgpactm jurmntc <: dirms,

mun ais csàmvis, crm ca jçm 5 jc cncri, quc ais `mtðabìs jcjb`mn m ais \cycsGmfis. Mquca jçm ca Íerb`m smavmoc ìn sus dbois, sus vcstbjis, sus gÿsb`ms,sus acnfumocs y `mntis, sus lmbacs y `crcginbms, sc trmsamjmlm m @ulm, prbn`bpmagcntc m Am Dmlmnm. Am csàmvbtuj, quc e rç mgcntc scpmrmlm dboisy pmjrcs, gmrbjis y guocrcs, dcrgmnis y ìgpmtrbitms, mtcnumlm mquca jçm

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su tbrínbì pijcrçi y `mjm ncfri sc rcunçm ìn ais suyis, ìn ais jc su trblu,ìn sus `mrmlcams, cn am `maac, trmocmji uemni ìn ais mjirnis jc su pmçs,jmnji ma mbrc sus ginðtinis c brrbtmntcs `mnturrcis merb`mnis, mturjbcnjiìn ca rubji jc sus mtmlmacs y jcgís bnstrugcntis prbgbtbvis, y silrc tijifizmnji jc am bausbðn jc am ablcrtmj cn unm irfçm jc lmbac, gÿsb`m ymfumrjbcntc (Ebfurm =<).

Ais sbfubcntcs pírrmeis jca mrtçùai ym `btmji jc \. Gczm, jmn jcs`rbp-`bðn `mlma jc am ebcstm jca jçm jc \cycs?

"Jofsjc ais prbgcris malircs jca jçm, içmsc pir tijms pmrtcs ca ginðtinirbtgi jc mqucaais frmnjcs tmglircs, dc`dis jc un trinì mduc`mji yùlbc rtis pir un cxtrcgi ìn un pmr`dc jc ùcri jc lucy quc sc tcgpamlm

ma eucfi. Ais `rbmjis mlmnjinmlmn ams `msms guy jc gmýmnm; y jc ams ebn`ms`cr`mnms m am pilam`bðn mùjçmn ams jitm`bincs; unms, m tcstmnji ais vmfincstrmscris jca ecrri`mrrba; itrms, dm`bnmjms cn ams `mrrctms quc ìnju`çmn aiscni rgc s lmrrbacs jc mzÿ`mr; y ni piìs m pbc. Zijis ìrrçmn m bnì rpirmrscm sus `mlbajis rcspc`tbvis, quc tcnçmn pir ocec, fcncrmagcntc, ma gísmn`bmni jc am trblu i nm`bðn m quc pcrtcnc`çmn.

"Xir jinjc qubcrm sc eirgmlm un frmn ìrri. Ais cnirgcs tmglircs scìai`mlmn m un amji m fubsm jc lmtcrçm. M dir`momjms silrc caais lmtçmnbn`mnsmlacs ais ti`mjircs ìn sus `maaisms gmnis, m ams ùmacs sc mtmlmncsecrms jc gctma i gmjcrm duc`ms aacnms jc frmnmaams y rcgmtmjms pir paugms, ca tc rsi ùcri jc lucy, mfbtmnji ais diglris, `ruo bcnji ais jbcntcs,m gcjbi `crrmr ais iois, ìgi cglmrfmjis pir erub`bðn bncemlac. Cn ca`cntri jca ìrri lmbamlmn jis i trcs pmrcoms, dm`bcnji ams gís cxtrmvmfmntcsìntirsbincs, jmnji smatis, viatcis y pmsis, m ìgpís jca mfbtmji rbtgi jcais tmglircs. Am mfbtm`bðn y am macfrçm rmymlmn cn ercncsç. Ca `mpbtín, mqucaìnounti jc pbca, ducsis y ncrvbis, mqucaam pilrc mrpm jcsvcn`bomjm,scfurmgcntc quc rcìrjmlm ais jçms jc su ouvcntuj, pucs quc ni tmn siaivi`becrmlm dmstm cnrinquc`cr, sbni quc cntusbmsgmji, cntrmlm m gcnujim eirgmr pm rtc jca frupi jc lmbamjircs. Ca jc am lmnjcriam am dm`çm eamgcmr pmscínjiam silrc ca frupi. Ams mlunjmntcs paugms jc pmvi rcma qucaacvmlmn mtmjms m am `mlczm ais lmbamjircs, cstrcgc`bjms pir sus ífbacsgivbgbcntis, lrbaamlmn ìn tirnmsiacs gctíabìs m am auz quc silrc mqucamlbfmrrmji ìnounti jcomlm `mcr m paigi ca mrjbcn tc sia. Ais cspcobaais jc

ais siglrcris, ams acntcoucams y ais tbsÿs jc ais trmocs, ams frmnjcs mrfiaamsjc puabji iri quc ìafmlmn jc ams ircoms jc âlmni, ams ma`mn`çms quc pmsmlmn jc gmni cn gmni pmrm rc`blbr jc ais cspc`tmjircs ca mfubnmaji,ais smlac`baais, tiji jcstcaamlm ìgi pmrm jcsaugdrmr am vbstm gbcntrms carubji mturjçm ais içjis. Ams gbrmjms `dbspcmlmn cn mqucaais ristris jc purmrmzm ctçipc, ams li`ms rioms y jc jbcntcs lamnìs y mfujis sc mlrçmn pmrmjcomr cs`mpmr smavmocs frbtis y `mr`momjms. Ais `cn`crris, `ms`mlcacs, tmg-

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lircs, eitutis, rmyis, trbínfuais, cnirgcs gmrufms, mìgpmýmlmn ca vi`c-rçi quc tiji ai msirjmlm.

"M ams ji`c jca jçm am jbvcrsbðn aacfmlm m su mpifci. Cn ams `maacs jcGcr`mjcrcs, Ilbspi y I'\cbaay crm un pri`csbðn ni bntcrrugpbjm jcjbmlabtis. Zijis sc cn`mgbnmlmn m am pamzm jc Mrgms. M piì am gu`dc-juglrc ìagmlm mquca aufmr y m jurms pcnms pijçm trmnsbtmrsc pir aisìstmjis jca Xmam`bi jc Filbcrni. Ais cspc`tmjircs bnvmjçmn ais lmaìncs,ams m`crms, y sc trcpmlmn cn ams lmscs jc ams ìaugnms, cn ams vcntmnms y cnais lmnìs jc pbcjrm quc rijcmlmn am pamzm. Ams dbacrms jc amurcacs ìn susìpms cnirgcs y jc isùri vcrjc, ais mrlustis jc am pamzm jc dioms

pbntirrcmjms y jc eaircs vmrbms, ams cslcatms pmagms quc rcìrtmlmn am sbauctm

jc sus cacfmntcs pcnm`dis silrc un `bcai jca gís puri y lcaai mzua, aisgmrbncris jc tijms ams nm`bincs quc lmomlmn cn frupi pmrm prcscn`bmrgcjbi mzirmjis mqucaam cxðtb`m ebcstm, ais siajmjis quc ùstijbmlmn aiscjbeb`bis `cr`mnis m am pamzm, ams gÿatbpacs lmnjcrms quc eamgcmlmn ìn cavbcnti y ais gba ìaircs ìn quc mjirnmlmn sus trmocs ais ncfris, ierc`çmn,m am vcrjmj, ca gís pbntircsì cspc`tíùai. Ais `mlbajis blmn cntrmnji pirturni ma pmtbi jca Xmam`bi, cn ùyms lðvcjms rcpcrùtçmn jurmntc gu`dmsdirms ca mtrinmjir rcjilac jc ais tmglircs, ais smavmocs `mntis y aiscntusbmstms vbvms jc ais merb`mnis. R gbcntrms mlmoi cxtrcgmlmn sus dmlb-abjmjcs ais lmbamjircs, ca `mpbtín jc `mjm `mlbaji, siglrcri jc pbìs lmoica lrmzi y lmnjm tcr`bmjm silrc ca pc`di, ca mlmnjcrmji pcnjðn ma diglri

y ca `mocri `mrfmji ìn su ma`mn`çm jc diomamtm, sulçmn ams cs`macrms jcaXmam`bi cn gcjbi jca gmyir irjcn y dm`bcnji ams gís cxprcsbvms gucstrmsjc mec`ti y ams gís vbvms jcgistrm`bincs jc mjdcsbðn, rc`blçmn, pir aigcnis, gcjbm inzm jc iri jc mfubnmaji. Csc jçm sc gistrmlm ca Xmam`biguy fcncrisi. Xir ams vcntmnms quc jmlmn ma pm tbi aaivçmn tmlmìs, gcjbis,rcmacs y dmstm csùjis, silrc ais ùmacs sc prc`bpbtmlmn m jbsputírscaisívbjmgcntc `cntcnmrcs jc gmnis. Ams ncfrms vbcoms, gís cxprcsbvms, i gísncrvbisms, crmn ams quc ìn gís eucrzm mfbtmlmn cn ai mati sus duc`msgu rufms, gctbjms jcntri jc unm rcj jc `íýmgi, y `msb jcabrmntcs pcjçmn mJbis fumrjmsc y ìnscrvmsc gu`dis mýis am smauj jc su cx`cacntçsbgi scýðfcncrma.

"Aucfi smaçmn jca Xmam`bi pmrm jcomr cspm`bi m itris c blmn jcsebamnji,cn pcrec`ti irjcn, ais ìnfis y auùgçs ìn sus frmnjcs siglrcris jc paugms, `mgbsctm jc rmyms mzuacs y pmntmaðn jc pcr`ma rioi; mrmrís ìn susgcobaams aacnms jc `b`mtrb`cs, jc ìrtmjurms jc dbcrri `mnjcntc, rcpactis jc`mrmìacs, ìagbaais jc pcrri y jc `mbgín, ùcntms jc ducsi y jc vbjrbicnsmrtmjms y sus lmbamjircs gctbjis dmstm am `bnturm cn un frmn riaactceirgmji ìn un mri ùlbcrti jc eblrms vcfctmacs; ais gmnjbnfms, guy

auoisis ìn sus mn`dis pmntmaincs, `dmquctbaams ìrtms y turlmntcs jc



fâncri jc scjm mzua i rism, y lirjcmjis jc gmrmlÿ; y tmntis itris, cn ebn,jc niglrc cnrcvcsmji y `mprb`disis trmocs quc ni cstmlmn dc`dis cntc-rmgcntc m cstbai jc ais jc Merb`m, sbni rceirgmjis i gijbeb`mjis pir ambnjustrbm `bvbabzmjm.

"Xcri ni tijis ais ncfris bnfrcsmlmn cn ais `mlbajis; quc ais `rbiaais ymafunis jc nm`bðn, ai tcnçmn m gcnis. R cn vcz jc ìafmrsc mqucaais smavmocsmjcecsbis, quc ìnstbtuçmn ais trmocs jc sus pmbsmnis, vcstçmnsc pir aisebfurbncs jc Xmrçs. Am cacfmn`bm ìnsbstçm cn am cxmfcrm`bðn jc am gijm ;

pi r csi ca scxi jâlba tcnçm am prcecrcn`bm pir ams `bntms, giýis, eacìs,frmnjcs mrctcs, vbstisms gmntms, prieusbðn jc sirtboms, puascrms y ìntrms tcsjc ìairbncs. Cn ca scxi euc rtc sc trmju`çm cstm prcecrcn`bm pir ca gmr`mji pripðs bti jc mfrmnjmr ais ùcaais, au`br am rbzmjm pc`dcrm jc am `mgbsm,mluatmr am ìrlmtm y csìfcr ca fâncri jc ais pmntmaincs y ca `dmacì ìnams pbntms gís scýmamjms. Itris vcstçmnsc jc gmrbncris, y m ùcstms ìn un

lmrì pcquc ýi, cn vmbvân ìnt bnui silrc un pcjmzi jc mr rufmjm ainm pbntmjm jc vcrjc y lamnì, quc ebfurmlmn ams iams cspugisms jca gmr, blmnrcpbtbcnji cn `mn`bincs gís i gcnis m`cptmlacs, quc acs jbcrmn ca mfub-nmaji. Itris, bnjcpcnjbcntcs, sc vcstçmn jc gbnstrcas y mrrmn`mlmn am

pripbnm m eucrzm jc pmymsmjms. Ni piìs `mrfmlmn ìn am bgmfcn jc am Ubrfcnjc \cfam i jca @ilrc, am gctçmn cnt rc vbjrbcrms, am cn`bn tmlmn , ac ìafmlmnunis ùmntis gbamfris c blmn cxpaitmnji cn privc`di pripbi am jcvi-`bðn jc ais jcgís."

Cn am jcs`rbp`bðn quc jca `mrnmvma dmbtbmni dm`c Zcxbcr,<2 pucjc vcrsctijmvçm unm nitmlac scgcomnzm ìn am mntbfum smturnma meriùlmnm.

@igi sc vc, cn su msi`bm`bðn cn `mlbajis trm tmlmn ais ncfris jc dm`crrcvbvbr cn @ulm am vbjm jc su pmtrbm cn ai quc ierc`çm gís rcabcvc y ùyiiavbji pmrm am psbqubs bnemntba jca ncfri crm bgpisblac. Mÿn diy ùmnji dmntrmnsùrrbji gu`dis mýis, sbn quc ca jçm jc \cycs scm ìnsmfrmji m ams

lm`mnmacs ncfrms, dc vbsti mnbgmrsc bnemntb agcntc ca ristri jc mafunm vbcommerb`mnm ma dmlamrac jca jçm jc \cycs y dmstm bntcntmr, ìn csm mfujmcgitbvbjmj quc acs cs `mrm`tcrçstb`m, mafunis pmsis jca tmnfi nm`binmagijuamnji pmamlrms bnbntcabfblacs, sufcstbinmjm pir gb cvi`m`bðn quc amdm`çm rctri`cjcr m un jçm ecabz, jc ais piìs quc cn su vbjm dmlçmn jcomjiducaams.

¹@uía euc ca irbfcn jc am ebcstm jca jçm jc \cycs9Cn un mrtbùacoi pulab`mji cn Ca Gusci (6 jc cncri jc =440) sc jb`cquc am ebcstm jc \cycs ilcjc`çm m quc ais `mlbajis tcnçmn un rcy y unm rcbnmcac`tbvis. Zma ipbnbðn gc pmrc`c bnemntba.

Ucrlmagcntc, sc gc dm jb`di quc ais ncfris ecstcomlmn ma rcy gmfiGca`dir, smnti quc pir scr, ma pmrc`cr jc su rmzm, dmlçmn mjiptmji ìgisu pmtrini `cacstbma. Mafÿn eunjmgcnti pujbcrm tcncr cstm ipbnbðn, tc-nbcnji cn ùcntm quc mÿn diy cxbstc cn @ulm unm dcrgmnjmj rcabfbism jcncfris lmoi am mjvi`m`bðn jc jb`di smnti, y quc aacvm pir tçtuai? @infi.

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Cstis jmnzmntcs y pmntigbgis, y cspc`bmagcntc cn csis jus, quc sbn scrsm`crjitcs tbcncn mafi jca `mrí`tcr sm`crtijma y quc tmn pmrc`bjis sin m aisjbmlabtis, `caclrmn su ebcstm m am cntrmjm jca bnvbcrni, ¹ni pucjc cnìntrmrscitrm ìn`musm jc am ebcstm ncfrm jca jçm jc \cycs cn @ulm9 Mpcnms cntrmjica bnvbcrni, ca jçm jc Nmvbjmj, sc `caclrmlm cstm ebcstm cn ams ìainbms bnfacsms,i cn Mýi Nucvi. Ca trmsamji jc am ebcstm cn @ulm ma 5 jc cncri pijrçmcxpab`mrsc pir am rmzðn jca rcpmrti jc ais mfubnmajis cn csc jçm m am tripm y mais csàmvis jca rcy. Zmglbân mpcnms cntrmji ca bnvbcrni, jurmntc am

Ni`dclucnm , tbcnc aufmr cn Fircm y P. Aubs (Pcncfmglbm) unm ebcstm `mr-nmvmacs`m jc quc dmlamrâ cn lrcvc. Jc tijis gijis, sb ais cxpucstis prc`c-jcntcs merb`mnis y itris gu`dis mníaifis rcscýmjis pir ais vbmocris jc Íerb`mI``bjcntma, ni bneauycrin cn am ec`dm jc am `caclrm`bðn jc am ebcstm jc \cycscn @ulm, pir ai gcnis ìntrbluycrin m jctcrgbnmr su eirgm. Cn sus bnb`bis,`mjm `mlbaji jclbð dm`cr rcvbvbr ams ebcstms gís bgpirtmntcs jc su pmtrbm; gístmrjc, tijms jclbcrin brsc ìneunjbcnji pmuamtbnmgcntc dmstm aacfmr m amìneusbðn y jcsirjcn jc ais ÿatbgis tbcgpis.

Xir sb mÿn ni lmstmrm ai quc mntc`cjc pmrm jcgistrmr ca `mrí`tcr prcecrcntcgcntc rubjisi y e rc ùcnt cgc ntc irfbístbì jc ams ebcstms jc aisncfris cn @ulm, lmstm ilscrvmr ams jis supcrvbvcn`bms merb`mnms jc quc cnscfubjm dmrâ gcn`bðn, quc diy pir eirtunm vmn jcsmpmrc`bcnji, mduycn-tmjms pir ca prifrcsi bntcfrma jca puclai ùlmni.

Pupcrvbvcn`bm m erb`mnm mjiptmjm dmstm ams bnecrbircs `mpms si`bmacs jc am

rmzm lamn`m crmn sbn jujm ais vcairbis, ebcstms (pmrm mpab`mracs ca vi`mlaigís mpripbmji) quc tcnçmn aufmr cn am `msm girtuirbm cn i`msbðn jc vcamrm un jbeunti. Am ebcstm ìnsbstçm cn smtbsem`cr am fuam ipçpmrmgcntc y cacritbsgi y am luaab`bisbjmj pripbis jc ais merb`mnis ìn lmbacs, `mntis ygÿsb`m, ri`bmji tiji caai ìn trmfis jc merb`mni `dcquctcquc y jcùlmnçsbgi mfumrjbcntc jc `mým.

Ca ìstuglrbstm ùlmni O. U. Lctmnìurt06 jb`c ai sbfubcntc rcebrbânjiscm ais vcairbis? "@umnji gucrc un pmrvuabaai sc cnvçm pir ca pmjrbni, m qubcn

* Sn is pírrmeis gís mjcamntc, Irtbz ierc`c mlunjmntcs cocgpais, tigm jis jc jbvcrsisvbmocris y itris mutircs, jca bnjujmlac `mrí`tcr au`tuisi jc ais euncrmacs merb`mnis, niilstmntc am bntcrvcn`bðn cn caais jc mspc`tis diy jçm rc`dmzmjis pir am ùaturm i``bjcntma,ìgi ca cgpaci jc jmnzms y lmnquctcs rbtumaçstbìs; pcri mjcgís supi rcìni`cr capripðsbti pripb`bmtirbi jc csis mspc`tis? "Cn Íerb`m ais rbtis euncrmrbis sucacn ìgprcnjcram cocù`bðn jc jmnzms ìn ca ilocti jc ìnfrm`bmrsc ìn ca jbeunti, jc pripb`bmrai, jcjcspcjbrai, jc cvi`mr m ais mntcpmsmjis y mpam`mr cn ai pisblac am gmacviacn`bm jc aiscspçrbtus. Mjcgís jc ais lmbacs pripbmgcntc abtÿrfbìs jca cntbcrri. Mafunis jc csis lmbacsjc Íerb`m sc rcprijuocrin cn Mgârb`m; cn @ulm sc cstbamn tijmvçm jc vmrbis rbtis. Mpmrtc jcam bneaucn`bm ìnvcrfcntc quc jclbcrin cocr`cr pmrm ìnscrvmr am ìstuglrc jc ais vcairbisìn jbstrm``bðn jc gÿsb`m y lmbacs quc nis vbni jc Curipm. Cn mafunms jc cstms `crcginbmssc dm`c mpmrc`cr lmbamnji m am pcrsinbeb`m`bðn jca gucrti, rcprcscntmji pir unm ebfurmcngms`mrmjm. R ìgi ym scýmamgis, ca trmnspirtc jca `mjívcr jurmntc am `crcginbm jcacntbcrri, sucac dm`crsc tmglbân lmbamnji, m am vcz quc sc cocùtm un rbti girtuirbi". ( A i s

lmbacs y ca tcmtri jc ais ncfris cn ca eiakairc jc @ulm, cj. `bt., p. =:4.)

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ìrrcspinjc ìstcmr ca vcairbi jca mdbomji; dc`dis ais prcpmrmtbvis nc`c-smrbis sc tbcnjc ìn ca auoi pisblac, sc ac vcam, sc ìgc y sc lclc sbnìn`bcn`bm tijm am ni`dc, y ùmnji mgmnc`c, iùatmn ca `mjívcr qucjcpisbtmn cn un pizi pmrm ìnscrvmrai bntm`ti ìn am ercsùrm jca mfum; jcmaaç ai sm`mn nucvmgcntc tcnjbânjiac y vcaínjiac; pcri cn unm gbsgm `maacni `caclrmn nun`m ca scfunji vcairbi. Xmrm pijcr vcrbeb`mr ca tcr`cri usmnams gbsgms prc`mu`bincs, dmstm quc ìrrigpbji ai aacvmn m cntcrrmr. @mjmni`dc cs unm lm`mnma, gcoir jb`di, am rcprcscntm`bðn jca dirrblac pmnjc-gðnbug quc Gbatin nis pbntm ìn su pbn`ca jbvbni."

Mjcgís jc ìgcr y lclcr sbn tmsm, cn ca vcairbi sc `mntmlm y lmbamlm, pc ri ais `mntis y ams jmnzms tcn çmn `mrí`tcr rcabfbisi ams gís jc ams vc`cs,

sbcnji `crcginbms nc`riaítrb`ms jc ais ectb`dbstms merb`mnis. Ma vcairbi y macntbcrri msbstçm ca sm`crjitc jc tmn prbgbtbvi ùati, quc tijmvçm silrcvbvccn nucstrm si`bcjmj, vuafmrgcntc aamgmji lgoi, ca ùma crm ca jbrc`tir jctijms ams crcginbms, aacvmnji sus vcstbjurms rbtumacs, quc ni it rm ìsm crm ncsis jbserm`cs aamgmjis jbmlabtis m quc ym gc dc rcecrbji. Ca `mnturrciginðtini, am jmnzm eÿnclrc y am lclbjm dmstm am cglrbmfucz jurmlmn aiquc ca vcairbi y ca cntbcrri,

Ca Lmnji jc Lucn Filbcrni y Xiab`çm jc =4:0 irjcnð, cn vbstm jc aiscx`csis quc sc ìgctçmn, ai quc sbfuc? "Mrtçùai 45. Ais quc eucrcneirgmnji ca jucai cn ais cntbcrris jc fcntc jc ìair, sb ai db`bcrmn m pbc,jclcrín br jc jis cn jis y ni jc itri giji, vcstbjis ìn sus trmocsirjbnmrbis y ni ìn ca jbsermz jc jbmlabti nb nbnfÿn itri, y ni pijrín pmrmrsc

cn ams lijcfms nb m am bjm nb m am vucatm jca cgcntcr bi, lmoi am pcnm jc i`di pcsis ma ìntrmvcntir ."

Cý ais vcairbis jc ais lamnìs jc cs`msi ma`mn`c psbìaðfbì, aacfð mbnebatrmrsc mafi jca luaab`bi y jc ams ìgbainms eÿnclrcs jc ais merb`mnis,

pc ri ni ca cacgcnti ectb`dbstm jc ais gbsgis.

D. Xbrðn dm cs`rbti ai sbfubcntc trmtmnji jc ais vcairbis jc ais lamnìscn nucstrm privbn`bm gís irbcntma? "Ounti m am dmlbtm`bðn cn quc sccnùcnt rm ca ùcrpi jca jbeunti, sc bnstmamn ams pcrsinms quc jclcn vcamrai,quc sugmn unm ji`cnm ai gcnis. Xcri ìgi ni tijis ais rcunbjis sinmgbfis sueb`bcntcgcntc cntrbstc`bjis pmrm pmsmr am ni`dc jcvitmgcntc, scdm lus`mji ca giji jc dm`cr am vcamjm gís sipirtmlac. Cn am smam jinjccstín ais quc vcamn sc ìai`m unm gcsm mlunjmntcgcntc scrvbjm jc gmn-

omrcs mfrmjmlacs y jc vbnis, y jurmntc tijm am ni`dc, sc ìgc, sc lclc, sc`dmram y sc rçc, pucs ams ìnvcrsm`bincs ni sin cn vcrjmj eÿnclrcs. Aisemgbabmrcs jca jbeunti vcamn rcunbjis ìn ams jcgís pcrsinms; cn mafunisgigcntis sc scpmrmn y vmn m mrrijbaamrsc oun ti ma `mjívcr, prirrugpbcnjicn cxàmgm`bincs...

"Ca gigcnti jc am jceun`bðn cs am scýma pmrm ais prbgcris frbtis,jcspuâs jclcn rcnivmrsc `mjm gcjbm dirm mntcs quc sc aacvcn ma jbeunti.

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Cstc ÿatbgi bnstmntc cs ca gís siacgnc, ca gís bgpirtmntc; cs prc`bsircunbr y sigctcr am fmrfmntm y ais puagincs m unm rujm pruclm. Ubcnjicsms fcntcs mrriomrsc ma sucai, fiapcmrsc am `mlczm y iyânjiacs frbtmr dmstm pc rjcr ca mabcnti..."

Zmn mrrmbfmjis cstmlmn ais vcairbis, quc scfÿn Xb`dmrji? "Cn Am Dmlm-nm vuafmr tmglbân dmy vcairbis jc ginjinfi, jc ac`dðn msmji, ct`.,ìneirgc scm ca sustbtuycntc jca jbeunti, pmrm `cnmr guy tmrjc, lclcr,

lmb amr, ct `â tc rm ."Jc ams lm`mnmacs euncrmrbms jc ais ncfris sc dmaamn nugcrisis prc`c-

jcntcs cn Íerb`m y scrçm prc`bsi aacnmr gu`dms pífbnms pmrm rcscýmr ai vbsti pir ais cxpairmjircs y vbmocris, y cstujbmji pir ais cs`rbtircs merb`mnbstms.

Lmstmrí `btmr mafunis prc`cjcntcs cspc`bmacs jc ams rcfbincs i``bjcntmacsjca ìntbncntc merb`mni, jc jinjc eucrin trmçjis `msb tijis ais csàmvis.Lcrcnfcr-Ecrmuj04 nis dmlam jc ais rubjisis euncrmacs jc ais gmnjbn-

fms, cn ais ùmacs sc ìgc, sc lclc... Irfbístbìs sin cn Rirulm, scfÿnM. L. Caabs,02 msç ìgi tmglbân cn am rcfbðn vc`bnm Rclÿ, ma jc`br jcLisgmn,: 8 y cntrc mafunis ncfris jca @infi. := \mtzca sc rcebcrc m aisscfubjis ìn bjântbìs `mrm`tcrcs pir ais jumaams y lmkdwbrçs : < G. Ubfuânis rc ebcrc msç ais euncrmacs jc ais lmfís y wmaÿs, puclais jc am Pcncfmglbm :0

Msç tmglbân Ac Lrun-\cnmuj:: y Ameebtc.:;> Jc ais euncrmacs susÿs sc dmcs`rbti ai quc sbfuc? "Ais euncrmac s sc `caclrmn ìn pigpm. @um nji unm pc rsinm ablrc emaac`c, sus csàmvis aacnmn am `msm ìn sus amgcntis jurm ntcgu`dms dirms. Ams guocrcs, ais pmrbcntcs y ais mgbfis jca jbeunti `mntmn

ìn ais frbits sus vbrtujcs, cnugcrmn sus rbquczms y cxmatmn su fcncrisbjmj .Jcspuâs lrus`mgcntc prirrugpcn cn tcrrblacs bgprc`m`bincs y ìnfcstis mgcnmzmjircs ac rcpri`dmn jurmgcntc su bnfrmtbtuj, mùsínjiaijc ìlmrjçm pir dmlcrsc jcomji girbr ìn ca iloctbvi jc mlmnjinmr m suemgbabm (...) Jcspuâs jca cntbcrri ais pmrbcntcs jca gucrti gmtmn un lucy,ì`bnmn unm frmn `mntbjmj jc mrriz y ìnvbjmn am majcm m un ecstçn quctcrgbnm ìn `mntis y jmnzms. Ca ebn jca auti cs i`msbðn jc nucvis rcfi`bois.Ca mnbvcrsmrbi jc am gucrtc jc guocrcs jc mafunm ìnsbjcrm`bðn, `caâ- lrms c tmglbâ n ìn fr mnjc s ecst bncs scfubjis jc jm nz ms quc m vc `csjurmn dmstm qubn`c jçms.":5

Cstms açncms pucjcn scr mpab`mjms ìn cs`msms vmrbmntcs m ais tbgmnçs y m

`msb tijis ais puclais jc Pcncfmglbm, Fubncm y Pujín.:6

Ai gbsgi sc vcdmstm cn Mnfiam.:4

Pbrvc tmglbân pmrm jcgistrmr ca `mrí`tcr merb`mni jc tma supcrvbvcn`bmai quc cs`rblc Zcxbcr jc ais vcairbis dmbtbmnis, maaç aamgmjis `macnjm.:2

]uc ais vcairbis ni eucrin priju`bjis pir `brùnstmn`bms jc `mrí`tcrai`ma cn @ulm, sbni jclbjis m am psbìaifçm prbgbtbvm jc ais merb`mnis y m sustisìs ìn`cptis rcabfbisis, ai pruclm, mjcgís jc ams ilscrvm`bincs cx-

pucstms, ca dc`di jc quc tmglbân cn ams rcf bincs mgcrb`mnms ais ncfris

35



bntrijuocrin sus cs`mnjmaisis euncrmacs. Msç, pir cocgpai, su`cjbð cnXucrti \bì, jinjc cn ais euncrmacs sc lmbamlm dmstm quc ym "ni sc pijçmsuerbr ca ectir jca jbeunti", scfÿn ca dbstirbmjir jc mqucaam Mntbaam, ermyJbcfi Mlmj.38 Mjcgís, ca Lmnji jc Lucn Filbcrni y Xiab`çm jc =3 jcjb`bcglrc jc =4:2, jb`tmji pmrm mqucaam Bsam, jc`çm msç? "Ni sc pcrgbtbrín

lmbacs cn ais matmrcs jc `ruz, nb vcairbis jc pírvuais; trmsamjmr `mjívcrcs jcfcntc jc ìair jc unm `msm m itrm pmrm aairmracs nb `mntmracs ma cstbai jc amnm`bðn m quc pcrtcncz`mn nb jc nbnfunm itrm; ai quc tmgpiì pijrídm`crsc cn am gbsgm `msm jca jbeunti."

Ma jcju`br am jcrbvm`bðn merb`mnm jc ais vcairbis ùlmnis gc rcebcrisiamgcntc m am jmnzm y m ais cx`csis jc ìgcr y lclcr quc acs crmn

pripbis, pcr i ni ma mspc`ti rubjisi jc ais gbsgis, cn ù mn ti sbfnbe b`munm cxmfcrm`bðn jca aamnti y jc ais frbtis y cxàmgm`bincs jc jiair. Cstc`mrí`tcr sc dmaamlm prbn`bpmagcntc cn ais vcairbis `caclrmjis pir ais

lamnìs m ais ùmacs jclc rcecrbrsc Xbrðn cn ais pírrmeis ìpbmjis. Munquctmglbân pucjc vcrsc ìn ercùcn`bm cn euncrmacs merb`mnis, pri lmlacgcntcnis aacfð jc am cx gctrðpiab. Cn âstm, ìgi cn itris puclais mntbfuis,euc mlusbvm am ìstuglrc jc ais aamntis y jucais, cn ais quc sc mrgmlmunm zmrmfmtm tmn priemnm ìgi rbjbùam. Ais pmrbcntcs jca jbeunti scmrmýmlmn am `mrm, sc gcsmlmn ais `mlcaais, frbtmlmn jcsmeirmjmgcntc,sc rmsfmlmn ams vcstbjurms, ct`âtcrm. Cn ais cntbcrris crmn bncaujblacs ams pamýbjcrms. Dm stm ais filcrnmn tc s tuvbcrin quc bntc rvcnbr , aacfínjisc

cn ams @irtcs jc Pirbm jc =048 m pridblbrsc am lmtmdiam ecgcnbnm lmoiscvcrms pcnms, y dmstm duli ilbspis quc irjcnmrin ma àcri quc sb sciçmn ais pridblbjis cx`csis sc jcomrm ma gucrti bnscpuati pir cspm`bijc nucvc jçms.

Diy dm jcsmpmrc`bji cn @ulm `msb titmagcntc am ìstuglrc jc aisvcairbis, pcri cntrc ais ncfris jc lmom rmacm y cntrc mqucaais lamnìsquc pir ca frmji jc su cstrmtbeb`m`bðn psçqub`m cstín ma nbvca jc ais prbgcris, sc ìnscrvm tijmvçm ca usi jc ìnvcrtb r ca vcairbi cn i`msbðnjc smtbsem`cr am fuam, sb lbcn am jc `mjm jçm gís bntcnsm m``bðn jca pijcrsi`bma ni acs pcrgbtc dm`cr rcvbvbr csm ìstuglrc, quc meirtunmjmgcntcsb ni pcrjbjm pir ìgpacti, cstí ma gcnis rcju`bjm m târgbnis guyrcstrbnfbjis.3=

Ca ac`tir quc vbvm i dmym vbvbji cn @ulm dmlrí vbsti cn ams ni`dcs jc`mrnmvma, i cn i`msbðn jc ecstcois pÿlabìs, pmscmr pir ams `maacs mlbfmrrmjmsìgpmrsms eirgmjms pir ams `mpms bnecrbircs jc am si`bcjmj. M am `mlczmjc am ìgbtbvm piabâtnb`m gmr`dm un suocti, ncfri fcncrmagcntc, sis-tcnbcnji unm pbntmr rmocmj m abntcrnm jc pmpcacs guatbìaircs, ni sbcgprcjcsprivbstm jc cec`ti mrtçstbì (Ebfurm =0). Zrms âa, itris bnjbvbjuis ìnjbserm`cs `dbaaincs y ìn itrms gu`dms abntcrnms, y rijcínjiais m tijisunm gu`dcjuglrc cn am quc prcjigbnmn ais ncfris, frbtmnji ìn vi`cs jcs-

36



tc gp am jm s, y ìn e rcùcn`bm mfumrjcntisms, unm `mntbncam rcpctbjm dmstm amsm`bcjmj ìn ginitinçm jcscspcrmntc, y ùyi tcxti ni dc pijbji ìni`cr cnnbnfÿn `msi. O. @mstcaamnis ams dm jcs`rbti ìgi sbfuc? "Cs bnncfmlac quc

* Xmrm qub cn cs dmn scf ubj i am cviau `bðn jca pcn smg bcn ti jc Irtbz, dm jc aamgmracs ammtcn`bðn ìgi, pmrtbcnji jc unm ìn`cp`bðn tmn piì emvirmlac m`cr`m jc ams tçpb`msìgpmrsms jca `mrnmvma dmlmncri, aacfð m ìnvcrtbrsc cn ca gís jc`bjbji jcecnsir jc surcstmurm`bðn, ùmnji cn rcspucstm m unm ìgunb`m`bðn, quc ac cnvbmrm ca 08 jc cncri jc=206 ca Ma`majc jc Am Dmlmnm, m`cr`m jc am jc`bsbðn jc mutirbzmr jc nucvi su smabjm pÿlab`mjcsp uâs jc vmrbis mýis jc pridblb`bðn, sc dmlçm eirgu amji am ipisb`bðn jc "mafunms pcrsinm squc dmn cxtcrbirbzmji su rcpuasm m cstis ecstcois, `mabeb`ínjiais jc ìntrmrbis m am cju`m`bðny ùaturm pipuamrcs". Irtbz ac rcgbtbð un "Bneirgc" pir âa rcjm`tmji cn niglrc jc amPi`bc jmj jc Cstujb is Meriùl mnis, qu c ìntcnçm unm jctmaamjm ìnsbjcrm`bðn jc ams rmzincsquc mìnscomlmn aacvmr mjcamntc csm gcjbjm ma`mtjb`bm, pisturm quc aucfi rcbtcrmrçm cn itris

trmlmois, mgpabínjiam m am jcecnsm jc am `caclrm`bðn jc unis `mrnmvmacs vcrjmjcrmgcntcpipuamrcs? "Ni dcgis jc iùatmr quc am m`tbtuj ìntrm ams ìgpmrsms dm siabji bnspbrmrsc,pir ai fcncrma, cn jis prcoub`bis dmrtis jmýbnis pmrm @ulm? ca prcoub`bi jc rmzm, quccnvcncnm ams rcam`bincs dugmnms, y ca prcoub`bi jc bnecrbirbjmj ìac`tbvm, quc m tijis nisbn`mpm`btm y nis cntrcfm bnjcecnsis. Pc `rcc quc am ìgpmrsm cs ìstuglrc prbvmtbvm jc amfcntc jc ìair y ym pir sðai csti sc mligbnm jc caam y pmrc`c sbfni jc lucn tini ysupcrbirbjmj pcjbr quc sc suprbgmn, ìn cncrfçms y istcntm`bincs quc ni sc mjvbcrtcn ìntrmitrms prí`tb`ms y dílbtis rcmagcntc rcprilmlacs. Cstc scntbgbcnti çntbgi jc ctnieilbm mvc`cs aacfm m scr bnìns`bcntc y sucac scr bnìnecsi, ma gcnis cn pÿlabì; pcri ni pucjc scrncfmji cn ùcstbincs ìgi am prcscntc, pamntcmji pir csm Ma`majçm. Sn mníabsbs scrcni yiloctbvi pcrgbtc ìgprcnjcr quc sb sc cvbtm ca prcoub`bi rm`bstm y sc supcrm ca prcoub`bi jcbnecrbirbjmj, quc cs unm mgpabeb`m`bðn jc mquâa, ni qucjm ìntrm ams ìgpmrsms dmlmncrmsnbnfunm rmzðn jc einji y sðai mafunm mprc`bm`bðn jc fusti pcrsinma, guy rcspctmlac y mafiìgpmrtbjm, pcri ni cn gmyir frmji quc ca fusti jca puclai gbsgi, ma quc nmjm eun jmgc n-tma mìnscom `cr`cnmrac sus pcùabmrcs jbvcrsbincs". ("Bneirgc jc am Pi`bcjmj jc Cstujbis

Meriùlmnis", cn Cstujbis Meriùlmnis, Am Dmlmnm, via. U, =2:3-=2:5, p. =05.)"Cs bnmjgbsblac quc ams trmjb`binmacs ìgpmrsms jc Am Dmlmnm, scmn ìntrmrbms m am ùaturmpipuamr. Xrc`bsmgcntc csms jbvcrsbincs ìac`tbvms bntcfrmn am ùaturm gís cgi`binmagcntccntrmýmlac jca puclai". (Blçjcg, p. =0=.)

"Ams ìgpmrsms jc Am Dmlmnm ni eucrin nb sin sbni am gmncrm ìgi am mlbfmrrmjm gmsmpipuamr jc nucstrm urlc `caclrm ca @mrnmvma scfÿn ams ìstuglrcs dcrcjmjms y eusbinmjmsjc ais jbvcrsis mliacnfis. Am ìgpmrsm dmlmncrm ìnsbstc, sbgpacgcntc, cn unm ìgpmýçmjc gms`mrmjis ìn un pamn pmrm rcprcscntmr ìnountmgcntc ìn sus gÿsb`ms, `mntis, jmnzmsy pmntigbg ms, un tcgm ìac`tbvi, ìgi un cpbsijbi eiakaðrbì, un m`ti jc tcmtri mgluamn tci un pmsi jc pri`csbðn (...) Ams ìgpmrsms eucrin sbcgprc rcmagcntc pipuamrcs y cn @ulmams duli jc ncfris, jc guamtis y jc lamnìs, scfÿn sus irçfcncs y jcsmrriaai, mun ùmnji cncaams dm prcjigbnmji am fcntc jc ìair pirquc âstm cn Am Dmlmnm pmsm jca ùmrcntm pir`bcnti jc am pilam`bðn titma y pir scr gu`di gís nugcrism cn nucstrms `mrnmjms pipuamrcs,jinjc sc priju`cn cxprcsbincs `mrnmvmacs`ms 'mlbctms'. Ams ìgpmrsms cngms`mrmjms nisin, pucs, ìgi sc dm jb`di, rcgbnbs`cn`bm jca Jçm jc \cycs nb jc am csàmvbtuj". ("Ais vbcois`mrnmvmacs dmlmncris", cn \cvbstm Lbgcstrc @ulmnm, Am Aamlmnm, via. ATT, =233, p. <53.)"@igi cspc`tíùai ams ìgpmrsms dmlmncrms ìntbcncn cacgcntis cstbgmlacs. Cstâtb`mgcntc,ca mrtc sc jm cn su ìnounti? cn sus gmr`dms y ìrtcoms jmnzmrbis, cn sus trmocs jc frmn ìairbjiy m vc`cs rbìs y ìstisis, bgbtmnji vcstbjis nm`binmacs, emntístbìs i macfðrb`ms; cn sus`mrrizms cgl acgí tb`ms , cn sus `mprb`disms emriams, lrbaamntcsy lmbamjirms, y cn su gÿsb` m y mntis?tiji caai ìgpucsti pir mrtbstms mnðnbgis y cspintíncis". (Blçjcg, p. <54.)"Ca pmsci dmlmncri jc ams ìgpmrsms `mrnmvmacs`ms ni pucjc scr unm rcvbstm `maacocrm gís,gcrmgcntc eirgma, sbn mrtc nb fusti, sbn ca cspçrbtu jc ais lmrrbis, sbn magm dmlmncrm ìgiuni gís jc tmntis jcsebacs eirmstcris quc jc ùmnji cn ùmnji nis vbsbtmn cn `mrnmvmacs

34



dmy `bcrtm picsçm jc smlir vbiacnti y cxðtbì cn csms iams mlbfmrrmjms quc pmsmn cnmrjc`bjms pir ams `maacs jc ais lmrrbis lmois. Zbcncn mafi jc`crcginbms rcabfbisms y jc fucrrcris jcabrbis, silrc caams eaitm, ìai`ínjisccn ca scfuri msbai jc am `bvbabzm`bðn, ca cspçrbtu jc ais prbgmtcs, quc tijmvçmvbvc eucrtc cn ais pmçscs jc ebclrc y emnmtbsgi.

"Pin ìaugnms jc fcntcs cnmrjc`bjms quc `mgbnmn rin`ms, frmvcs,bnyc`tmji cn smnfrc ai lamnì jc ais iois. Sn emria jc pmpca viatcmnji cnai mati ais dbpnitbzm y ca tmglir dm`c bnemtbfmlacs sus pbcs, quc, lmtbcnjima gbsgi ìgpís, trmfmn `maacs y pamzms bnscnsblacs c dbn`dmjis. Ais ùcaaisma mbrc, lrbaamnji lmoi ca csgmatc jca sujir ams vcnms firjms ìgi ùcrjmsjc vbiaðn, smac ca tmnfi jc ams fmrfmntms mgpabms, cn rinqubjis ginðtinis,mrjbcntcs, lâabìs. Ca trmo c ni dm`c ma `msi? bnjbis cgpaugmjis, fucrrcris

emntístbìs, `dbnis jc `rigi; tiji vm rcvucati cn unm bgpripbcjmj quc jmgís ìair ma rçi jc `mrnc dugmnm. Dmn smabji tma vcz cn irjcn ìn `mrrisy emriacs mj di`, irjcnmjis scfÿn unm bjcm fcncrma. Xcri am ebclrc sc pripmfm y ìntmfbm m ams gís`mrms pcrjbjms pir ams csqubnms y m piì ca rçimrrmstrm un `mujma ìneusi, jinjc siai ca `mnti lírlmri y vblrmntc rucjmcn mrginçm oustm ìgi scntbjm pir tijis ais pc`dis. Ni sc rçc? sc trmtm jcmafi gmfni jc quc tijis vmn piscçjis y ais scglamntcs tbcncn gís lbcnmspc`ti pmtbluamrbi.

"Ni sc gc ncfmrí quc dmy mafi mrtçstbì, jcgmsbmji pb`mntc tma vcz, pcrisbcgprc mrtçstbì cn cstms cs`cnms jc pmfmnbsgi ncfri. Aístbgm quc aisniglrcs quc ìrrcspinjmn ma tini rmlbisi jc ams cxtrmýms `mrmvmnms? 'CaFmvbaín', 'Ais @infis Ablrcs', 'Ca Mam`rín @dbqubti', 'Am @uaclrm'..."

Âstm cs itrm supcrvbvcn`bm merb`mnm bgpirtmjm prilmlacgcntc pir aisncfris yiaiecs. Jc unm ebcstm mníaifm, quc cs prc `cjc ntc jc am meriùlmnm,nis bneirgm Lcrcnfcr-Ecrmuj.3< Jb`c msç? "Cn Fircm y Pmn Aubs, prbn`bpma-gcntc cn am prbgcrm jc mglms pilam`bincs, sc `caclrm unm ebcstm m am qucni ematm irbfbnmabjmj? am ebcstm jc ams abntcrnms jurmntc am Ni`dc-Lucnm.Ziji ncfri sc pmscm mqucaam ni`dc mntcs y jcspuâs jc am gbsm jc ams ji`cìn unm abntcrnm cn am gmni; cstm abntcrnm tbcnc ams gís irbfbnmacs eirgmsy ca quc dm ìnscfubji aacvmr ca gijcai gís irbfbnma y vbstisi cs scfurm-gcntc ca gís ecabz. Am fcntc oivcn sc rcÿnc ìn `cr`m jc un gcs jcmntb`bpm`bðn pmrm ìnstrubr unm abntcrnm ginugcntma quc cs aacvmjm piri`di diglrcs i mrrmstrmjm silrc unm `mrrctbaam; ca cec` ti jc cstms abntcrnmscs lmstmntc lcaai mafunms vc`cs. Zijis ais jcsiùpmjis, diglrcs, guocrcs

cxtcgpiríncis (...) Ca `mrnmvma dm jc scr ùlmni i girbrí jc mncgbm y mlurrbgbcnti, ùmnjini jc pmrísbtis. Ca `mrnmvma dm jc lritmr jc Ocsÿs Gmrçm i jc @mrrmfumi, jc Ais Pbtbis i jcXcýmavcr, jc @myi Ducsi i jc Mrscnma, jc Xifiaittb i jc \cfam, y jc ams itrms 'irbaams'. Mquca`mrnmvma jc ìgbcnzis jc sbfai, mjinjc ìnùrrçmn tijms ams àmscs, ym ni viavcrí. I sc mùjcmdirm jc nucvi m ai quc silrcvbvm cn ams cntrmýms jc ais lmrrbis (...) y m ai quc jc caais nmz`mjc nivcjisi cn mrtc ìac`tbvi, i scrí prcecrblac quc cn un vcnbjcri Jigbnfi jc am Pmrjbnm

`caclrcgis ais dmlmncris ca siacgnc y jcebnbtbvi Cntbcrri jca @mrnmvma". ("Jca eiakaircmeriermn`âs", cn Lidcgbm, Am Dmlmnm, mýi :<, ni. 3=,<4 jc mfisti jc =23=, p. 05.)

32



y nbýis, sbfucn am abntcrnm ginugcntma pmrm mjgbrmram sbn `csmr un bnstmntc;ais prigitircs jc am ebcstm sc jctbcncn cn `mjm tbcnjm pmrm pcjbr smfm rm,30

bngcjbmtmgcntc sc `mntmn cstrblbaais jbvcrsis y ginðtinis cn jcgmsçm."Ais niglrcs jc tmacs ìgpmrsms cstín cn pcrec`tm ìnsinmn`bm ìn am

psbqubs prbgbtbvm y `msb sbcgprc merb`mnm jc sus ìgpincntcs. Ni scjcsùlrc un niglrc `bvbabzmji, ni uni jc ais tçtuais tmn cn lifm cntrcitrms ìgpmrsms ùatms, ìgi "Am Mrginçm", "Am Cstujbmntbnm", "AmIlrcrm", ct`âtcrm. Pus niglrcs sin smavmocs, munquc mpmrcz`mn trmju`b-jis; msç vcgis "Am @uaclrm", "Ca Mam`rín @dbqubti", "Ca Xíomri Abnji",quc sin rcgcglrmnzms mtívb`ms jca tðtcg, niglrc tigmji jc am emunm, qucsc jmlm ìn `mrí`tcr smfrmji m am trblu, m am emgbabm y ma bnjbvbjui. Ambntcnsbjmj jca titcgbsgi merb`mni ni cs prc`bsi jcgistrmram cn cstc aufmr

pmrm jcju`br quc ca cgpaci jc csis niglrcs jc mnbgmacs, ìgi tçtuais jcìgpmrsms, ni cs sbni unm jc sus rcgbnbs`cn`bms m trmvâs jc ais mýis y jcais gmrcs. Itrms ìgpmrsms sc aamgmn "Gmnjbnfm Giri \ioi", "Gmnj bnfmGiri Mzua", tçtuais quc nis rcùcrjmn ìn cxm`tbtuj ca gmdigctmnbsgitmn cxtcnjbji cntrc ais ncfris gmnjbnfms, y pir itrm pmrtc, ma cspc`beb`mrun ìair, trmtmn jc rcvbvbr pir un gigcnti ca sbgliabsgi jc ais ìaircs cnÍerb`m, ìgi jbstbntbvis pripbis jc tma i ùma trblu. Pbn jujm, ma smlcr unmjc am itrm, ams ìgpmrsms gmnjbnfms girms lus`mrin mafi quc ams jbecrcn-`bmrm y csìfbcrin ca ìair, cxm`tmgcntc ìgi ai dulbcrmn dc`di susmntcpmsmjis cn Íerb`m. R msç cstis tçtuais gmnjbnfms ìgi ais jc "@infisjc @dívcz", "@dbnis jc Ucnc`bm", ct`., nis rcvcamn unm supcrvbvcn`bm jcacxmfcrmji cspçrbtu ai`mabstm jc am rmzm ncfrm, ai`mabsgi quc ni sc abgbtm cn

cstc `msi m am rmzm i trblu (ìnfis, `dbnis, ct`.), sbni quc aacfm dmstm ca lmrr bi cn quc rcsbjcn, ìgi pir cocgpai? @dívcz. Jc cstc ai`mabsgi i erc `cgu`dms y àmrms pruclms ca cstujbi jc am pilam`bðn jc ìair meriùlmnm, pcri ni cs jc cstc aufmr bnsbstbr cn âa.

Nð tc sc quc mun cn ais `msis cn quc sc rcamom mafi, pir msç jc`br ai, amirbfbnmabjmj merb`mnm cn am irfmnbzm`bðn, tçtuai, ct`., jc ams ìgpmrsms,sbcgprc pcrgmnc`cn âstms cn ca gís lmoi nbvca psçqubì jc nucstri puclai,cn csm `mpm frbs jc quc ym dc dmlamji.

@umnji am ìgpmrsm ni rceacom titmagcntc unm supcrvbvcn`bm merb`mnm,sc `mrm`tcrbzm ìn ais smavmocs mjirnis jc ais ùlmnis prcìaiglbnis, i scvbstc ìn ais mtmvçis jc ais `dbnis, jc am rmzm quc ìgpmrtbð ìn am ncfrmams pcnmabjmjcs jc ais eirzmjis trmlmois jc ams pamntm`bincs, i aacfm ùmnji

gís m qucrcr rctrmtmr ais tbpis jc nucstris `mgpcsbnis. Mun cn cstc `msi, ount i m ams fubtmrrms y lmnjurrbms, y m am ilabfmjm y pucrb a rcprcscntm`bðnjc un lidçi, quc jmn sbn cglmrfi un `mrí`tcr gís `bvbabzmji m am gms`mrmjm,`mjm uni jc ais bnjbvbjuis jc âstm sc ìgpam`c cn rcprcscntmr m un fumobrimafi gmtin`sì, gm`dctc ma `bcnti y jcscnvmbnmji m gcnuji, y au`bcnjima ùcaai y m am `bnturm vbstisis pmýucais jc scjm, mjirni jc irbfcnrbfurismgcntc merb`mni, ìgi jcgistrmrçm cn cstms pífbnms sb ni `rcycrmquc cstc tcgm gcrc`c un aufmr gís mpripbmji cn itri cstujbi jca dmgpmncfrm jc @ulm, ìntbnum`bðn jca prcscntc.

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ßnmnsc m ais `mrm`tcrcs âtnbìs jc ais ncfris, su bfnirmn`bm prbgbtbvm,ca mglbcntc distba, girma y si`bmagcntc jcactârci quc dc priùrmji lis-qucomr, cn ca ùma cstmlmn sugcrfbjis, ùmaqubcrm eucsc su ìnjb`bðn jcablcrtmj i jc scrvbjuglrc, y sc ìgprcnjcrín ams `musms jc am pripir`bðnm`cntumjm jc am `rbgbnmabjmj ncfrm ìn rcam`bðn m am `rbgbnmabjmj titma cn@ulm.

Jiy pir rcpctbji mquç ai cxpucsti pir ais merb`mnbstms m`cr`m jc am`rbgbnmabjmj jc ais ncfris, prbn`bpmagcntc jc ais jc am ìstm i``bjcntma jcÍerb`m, ìgi lmsc pmrm ebomr ams jctcrgbnmntcs jc su jcabnùcn`bm cn @ulm, pucs su cxpisb`bðn scrçm priabom c bnnc`csmrbm. Lmstmrí rc ecrb rgc cxàusbvm-gcntc m am jcabnùcn`bm ùlmnm.

Am cstmjçstb`m `rbgbnma mpcnms cs ìni`bjm cn @ulm, y ni pucji pir tmn ti

jcju`br ilscrvm`bincs prc`bsms m csc rcspc`ti, ìn am lmsc cxtcnsm quc scrçmjc jcscmr; ni ilstmntc, jc ais cs`msis jmtis jbspcrsis quc dc pijbji rcunbr pucjcn dm`crsc mafunms jcju``bincs.

Am `rbgbnmabjmj jca ncfri euc tcnbjm cn ùcntm jcsjc âpi`m rcgitm . Rmcn =3=8, ùmnji cn Mgârb`m ni dmlçm gís csàmvis quc ais trmçjis jcCspmým pir ais ìnqubstmjircs, tuvi Ecrnmnji U quc jmr rcfams pmrm su

piab`çm. Ni jclbð scr sugbsm am ìnju`tm jc ais csàmvis cxpmtrbmjis ùmnjieucrin nugcrisms ams jbspisb`bincs rcmacs cn`mgbnmjms m rcgcjbmr, cn ai pisblac, pir unm scrbm scac``bðn, jmýi tmn frmvc ìgi crm am ni ìneirgb-jmj jca csàmvi ìn su jcsjb`dmjm ìnjb`bðn si`bma.

Jbvcrsis prc`cptis jc `mrí`tcr acfma, jc ais rcìpbamjis cn ams Acycs jcBnjbms mtcstbfumn tmglbân am ercùcn`bm jc `rçgcncs ìgctbjis pir aisncfris. Snm acy jc =3:< (Acy TBB, tçtuai 3, ablri 6) jbspinçm quc "Xir ais

frmnjcs jmýis c bnìnvcnbcntcs cxpcrbgcntmjis jc quc ais ncfris mnjcncn ams `bujmjcs, vbaams y aufmrcs jc ni`dc eucrm jc ams `msms jc sus mgis (...)quc sc dmfmn irjcnmnzms pmrm cvbtmram." Itrms acycs prcs`rblçmn "]uc aisguamtis y zmglmbfis ni trmbfmn mrgms y ais gcstbzis ams pucjmn trmcr ìnab`cn`bm (Acy TBU, çjcg, çjcg, mýis =354 y =360)." "Ais ncfris y airisablrcs i csàmvis ni trmbfmn mrgms (Acy TU, çjcg, çjcg, =33<)." "]uc aiscsàmvis, gcstbzis y guamtis jc vbrrcycs y gbnbstris" (...) çjcg (Acy TUB,çjcg, çjcg)", ct`âtcrm.

Am `rbgbnmabjmj jc ais ncfris euc mfujm cn ca prbgcr tcr` bi jca sbfai TBTcn Am Dmlmnm, y ais lmrrbis cxtrmguris, jinjc mfaigcrmlmn sus bngunjmsvbvbcnjms jc gmjcrm (Ca Dir`ðn, Gmnfamr, Ocsÿs Gmrçm), crmn jbmrbmgcntctcmtri jc mscsbnmtis y rilis quc jcnitmlmn, cn am eirgm y pri`cjbgbcnti

jc su ìgbsbðn, tijm am prbgbtbvbjmj jc ais merb`mnis. Lmstc jc`br quc scdb`bcrin emgisis ais @urris jca Gmnfamr , cspc`bc jc gmtincs i pcrjinm-vbjms, quc mtcrrmlmn ìn sus `rçgcncs ìgctbjis m smnfrc erçm. Dmlamrâ jccaais cxtcnsmgcntc cn itri cstujbi ym mnun`bmji.

Ams rcunbincs jc ams fcntcs jc ìair crmn vbfbamjms pir ams mutirbjmjcs pir am ercùcn`bm ìnquc jc caams rcsuatmlmn smnfrbcntms rbýms. Cn ca Lmnjijc Lucn Filbcrni y Xiaç`bm jc =4:0 sc jc`çm cn ca Mrtçùai =:0? "Pc pridblc m ams fcntcs jc ìair am sbgpac pirtm`bðn jc ams itrms mrgms

5=



gbsgms. Pbn cglmrfi, am ebnmabjmj jc ais m`tis jc ais ectb`dcris, gcrm gcn tcjc çnjiac rcabfbism i prbn`bpmagcntc gâjb`m i prinistb`mtbvm, pcrgbtcjbstbnfubr ais trcs bnjb`mjis mspc`tis jc su m`tbvbjmj.

Lbcn pir am bgpirtm`bðn jc mafunis ectb`dcris jc Íerb`m, quc pcsc m su`mrí`tcr sm`crjitma pmjc`bcrin am csàmvbtuj ounti ìn su ebcacs, ai ùma nics bgpisblac, i lbcn pi rquc am nc`csbjmj quc tuvbcrin ais ncfris jc ùrmrscm sç gbsgis sus cnecrgcjmjcs m su gmncrm y jc prm`tb`mr su ùati, db`bcrmfcrgbnmr cspintíncmgcntc ais ectb`dcris cntrc mquâaais, y jc tijis gijis

pi r am bnb`bm`bðn jc `rbiaais cn ais smfrmjis rbtis y gbstcrbis, y pir sutrmnsgbsbðn dcrcjbtmrbm, cn @ulm duli y dmy tijmvçm ectb`dcris pripir-`binmjis ma nÿgcri jc ais ebcacs y jc ais quc sbn scr rcabfbismgcntc

ectb`dbstms rcìni`cn cn mqucaais sm`crjitcs jctcrgbnmjis pijcrcssilrcnmturmacs. Ma ectb`dcri sc ac aamgm cn @ulm lgoi, sbn jujm pirquc matrmju`br pir prbgcrm vcz am pmamlrm quc cn acnfumoc merb`mni sbfnbeb`mlm

ectb`dcri, mÿn cstm ÿatbgm (ùym rmçz cs pirtufucsm) ni dmlçm sbji bntri-ju`bjm cn ca vi`mluamrbi usmji cn @ulm.

Am cspc`bc rcabfbism jc ais ncfris merb`mnis cn @ulm, ìgi cn su pmçs,cs ca ectb`dbsgi ìn gmnbecstm`bincs mnbgbstms, quc ai dm`cn mvmnzmr dmstmca piabtcçsgi.

Ca ectb`dbsgi cs mÿn bntcnsçsbgi cn Íerb`m I``bjcntma jc jinjc euctrmçji m @ulm. @igi jb`c Zyair < cn su ilrm Am `bvbabzm`bðn prbgbtbvm?"Zijmvçm diy ca Íerb`m I``bjcntma cs ca pmçs jc ais ectb`dcs. Ca vbmocri ais

cnùcntrm cn tijis ais `mgbnis, ounti m tijis ais vmjis, silrc am pucrtmjc tijms ams `msms; ìn caais dm`cn ìaamrcs quc ca diglrc aacvm sbcgprc;ais ectb`dcs cvbtmn am cnecrgcjmj i am priju`cn ùmnji sin iavbjmjis;i`msbinmn am aauvbm; aacnmn ca gmr jc pc`cs quc sc jcomn ìfcr caais gbsgis

pir ams rcjcs jca pcs`mjir; jcsùlrcn y `mstbfmn m ais amjrincs; jmn vmairm sus mjirmjircs y ìglmtcn ìnt rm sus cncgbfis; cn ebn, nmjm dmy quc aisectb`dcs ni pucjmn dm`cr i jcsdm`cr, m ìnjb`bðn jc quc sc cnùcntrc caectb`dc ìnvcnbcntc." Pupcrstb`bincs tmn mrrmbfmjms y quc jc tma gijibneb`binmlmn tijis ais m`tis jc am vbjm jca ncfri, ni pijçmn gcnis jc scrbgpirtmntcs cn @ulm y ma`mnzmr cn cstc pmçs frmn jcsmrriaai, pmrma camgcntcma jc am rmzm ncfrm.

Ni cs eí`ba ìni`cr çntbgmgcntc am rcabfbðn jc ais ncfris cn @ulm pirvmrbms `brùnstmn`bms jcsemvirmlacs. Am prbn`bpma cs ca sc`rcti quc jc sus

* Cs jc jcstm`mr qu c ams jbebùatmjcs, bnsupcrmlacs cn mquca gig cn ti , pmrm ca ìni `bgbc n-ti m prieunjbjmj jc ais ùatis sbn`râtbìs fcncrmjis pir ams rcabfbincs jc irbfcn merb`mni cn@ulm, jctcrgbnmrin gÿatbpacs abgbtm`bincs cn am ìn`cp`bðn y am rcjm``bðn jc unm ilrm qucbnmufurmlm, prc`bsmgcntc, csis cstujbis cn @ulm. Munquc ams pífbnms sbfubcntcs cn`bcrrmnunm priabom jcs`rbp`bðn jc ams `rccn`bms y prí`tb`ms rbtumaçstb`ms jc tmacs ùatis, quc trmlmoism-gcntc puji cntrcvcr Irtbz m prbn`bpbis jc cstc sbfai, printi rcìni`crçm sus abgbtmntcs, aiùma ai aacvð m pamntcmr pmrm cstc tcxti "su rceunjb`bðn ìgpactm", ìgi ai cxprcsm cn ams

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ùatis y `rccn`bms fumrjmn ais lruois; sc`rcti quc cn mafunis jc âstis aacfmdmstm dm`cr prcstmr ourmgcnti siacgnc m sus mjcptis jc quc ni rcvcamrínais gbstcrbisis rbtis, lmoi mgcnmzm jc scr dc`dbzmjis. @igi jb`c un mutir

lrmsb acýi, quc dc jc `btmr nugcrisms vc`cs, ca ji`tir Nbnm \ijrbfucs,0 aisncfris tbcncn frmn bntcrâs cn ìnscrvmr sus prí`tb`ms cn sc`rcti pir ambgpirtmn`bm y `râjbti quc acs jm ca gbstcrbi; su rcvcam`bðn m`mrrcmrçm am

pârjbjm jca prcstbfbi jc ai jcsìni`bji. Cs ti mpmrtc , scfÿn Zyair? "M unìnsmfrmnji gu`di tbcgpi y memncs, tcnbcnji ìni`bgbcnti jc su acnfum,ni cs sbcgprc eí`ba iltcncr jc ais smavmocs jmtis m`cr`m jc su tciaifçm. Caaissc cseucrzmn, pir ai ìgÿn, cn sustrmcr m am mtcn`bðn jca bnjbs`rcti yjcsjcýisi cxtrmnocri ais jctmaacs jc su ùati y tiji trmti ìn sus jbiscs,quc pmrc`cn tcglamr, ìgi sus mjirmjircs, cn prcscn`bm jca diglrc

lamnì y jc su Jbis gís pijcrisi .":

Mjcgís, `mjm puclai merb `mni bgpirtð su pmnt cðn y sus rbtis. Duli untbcgpi, dmstm ca `csc jc am trmtm, cn quc ais ùatis jclbcrin ìnscrvmrsc,rcamtbvmgcntc, cn su irbfbnmabjmj merb`mnm; pcri m pmrtbr jc cstm âpi`m,ùmnji ams rcam`bincs ìn Íerb`m sc rigpbcrin,3 tijis ais ùatis sc ema-scmrin gís i gcnis. Ams bjcms rcabfbisms sistuvbcrin unm au`dm pir am vbjm, pir ca prcjigbnbi, y âstc eu c jc am quc tuvi gmyir nÿgcri jc prbgbtbvismjcptis; prcjigbnbi ni aifrmji sbn trmnsm``bincs; csti cs, mýmjbcnji manÿgcri jc sus jbiscs mafunis jc ams rcabfbincs vcn`bjms. Ca mlmnjini cnquc pir pmrtc jc ais bnvcstbfmjircs ùlmnis sc dm tcnbji, ca cstujbi jc aisùatis ncfris bgpisblbabtm diy su pcrec`tm jbstbn`bðn, tmnti gís ùmnti quctijis caais dmn suerbji am bneaucn`bm jca `mtiab`bsgi, jca mglbcntc cxtrmýiy m vc`cs distba eucrm jc `bcrti rmjbi. Zijms ams prí`tb`ms jc ams prbgbtbvmsrcabfbincs merb`mnms sc cnùcntrmn diy ìneunjbjms y lmstmrjcmjms, y amìneusbðn cs gmyir pir scr tijms caams guy scgcomntcs cntrc sç.

Jc am nmturma au`dm cntrc ams rcabfbincs merb`mnms trbuneð cn @ulm ìgicn ca Lrmsba, munquc gmatrc`dm pir ca cncgbfi ìgÿn jc tijms caams, ca`mtiab`bsgi, am rcabfbðn jc ais ncfris jc Rirulm i Nmfis. Jclbðsc caai, sbnjujm, ma ìnsbjcrmlac nÿgcri jc csàmvis quc jc tma pri`cjcn`bm aacfmrinm Mgârb`m;5 ma gmyir prifrcsi jc su tciaifçm ìgpmrmjm ìn ams jcgís jcmqucaams ìgmr`ms; m am bntcnsm eucrzm cxpmnsbvm jc ais yirulms; m ai guyjcnsi jc su pilam`bðn;6 m am jbeusbðn jc su acnfum quc dmlamn gís jc trcsgbaaincs jc ncfris,4 ct`âtcrm.

Jb`c ca gbsbincri Liwcn2 quc am rcabfbðn jc Rirulm cstí `ma`mjm silrcam irfmnbzm`bðn `bvba jc mquca puclai, quc msç ìgi cxbstc un rcy tcrrcnma

dmy un ginmr`m `cacstbma, y quc âstc ìgi mquâa sc ìgunb`mn ìn sus

"Mjvcrtcn`bms prcabgbnmrcs" (p. =6) m am scfunjm cjb`bðn pulab`mjm jbcz mýis gís tmrjc,pripðsbti quc, jcsjb`dmjmgcntc, nun`m aacfð m rcmabzmr.Ais ac`tircs quc qubcrmn ìni`cr ca nitmlac ma`mn`c y am mgpabm cxpisb`bðn jc ais mspc`tisìn`cptumacs y jcs`rbptbvis eirguamjis pir Irtbz, jclcn rcgbtbrsc m su ilrm pistcrbir; cncspc`bma, am quc jm m ìni`cr jc gmncrm prieusm m pmrtbr jc am jâ`mjm jca 08 cn gÿatbpacsablris, mrtçùais y ìnecrcn`bms.

56



\cebcrc Nbnm \ijrbfucs quc cn Lmdçm ams àmscs bnecrbircs jc am pilam-`bðn bjcntbeb`mn m Ilmtmaí ìn @rbsti, quc scfÿn ais `rbstbmnis cs am jbvbnb-jmj supcrbir; y in Pmntm Mnm, pucs msç igi âstm cs pmrm ais ÿatbgis gmjrcjc Gmrçm, y âstm m su vcz gmjrc jca jbis quc dm `rcmji tijis ais smntis,rcsuatm ìn aðfb`m brrceutmlac quc jb`dm smntm cs irbfcn jc tijis ais jcgíssmntis; msç pmrm ais ncfris tijis ais irbsdms jcpcnjcn jc Ilmtmaí. Cn@ulm, ìn `rbtcrbi quc ouzfi mníaifi, sc ac ìneunjc ìn am Ubrfcn jc amsGcr`cjcs, quc ounti ìn am jca @ilrc y am jc \cfam ma`mnzð prbvbacfbmjiùati. Zmglbân m Ilmtmaí sc ac aamgm cn @ulm ca Pmntçsbgi Pm`rmgcnti,maujbcnji m am trmnsustmn`bm`bðn jifgítb`m jca jbis jc ais `mtðabìs.Msbgbsgi, m vc`cs, munquc ni ìn ercùcn`bm, rcprcscntmn m Ilmtmaí pi r am bgmfcn jc @rbsti `ru`beb`mji, ìgi sc ac vc cn ca matmr lru oi jcam Ebfurm <:.

Ni ilstmntc, dmy lruois quc ìnscrvmn mÿn ca çjiai quc rcprcscntm mIlmtmaí -tisì guýcì jc gmjcrm- vcstbji ma pmrc`cr ecgcnbnmgcntc,ìn am `mrm tmtumjm m usmnzm jc ais ncfris ìni`bjis cn @ulm pir `mrmlmaçs.Am Ebfurm =: rcprcscntm un çjiai quc am piab`çm dmaað cn un tcgpai,

prilmlacgcntc ìnsbjcrmji ìgi Ilmtmaí.Cn Lmdçm, sc ìnsmfrm ca vbcrncs m Ilmtmaí. Cn @ulm su`cjc ai gbsgi. =4

Ca scfunji frmn irbsdm cs Pdmnfð (ca jbis jca trucni), aamgmji tmglbân Jzmkutm i Emkutm (mrriomjir jc pbcjrms); sc supinc quc jcsjc ca `bcaiamnzm pbcjrms gctcðrb`ms silrc am tbcrrm, ams ùmacs sin ìnscrvmjms pir aisncfris ìgi jc frmn vbrtuj silrcnmturma. Ais mjirmjircs jc Pdmnfð `rccncn am cxbstcn`bm dugmnm y rcgitm jc su jbis, scýmamnji ca aufmr jc sunm`bgbcnti y ca jc su rcbni. Euc `mujbaai meirtunmji cn ams fucrrms, cn

rcùcrji jc ùyi `mrí`tcr lcabìsi aacvmn sus ebcacs jc diy un smì ìgisçgliai jca litçn. Pb unm ìsm cs jcstrubjm pir ca rmyi -i scm, pir Pdmnfð-sus mjirmjircs tbcncn ca jcrc`di jc smqucmram; âstis sc jcjb`mn sbcgprcma gcrijci jc `mlrms y jc mvcs. Diy Pdmnfð rcsbjc cn un frmn rcbnivbvbcnji cn unm pmam`bi ìn pucrtms jc lrin`c y ìn =8 888 `mlmaais. Jcam mntcrbir vcrsbðn, quc dc tigmji jc Liwcn, jbebcrc am cxpucstm pir Nbnm\ijrbfucs,=2 trmju`bjm jc un ablri yirulm. Pdmnfð, ìnsbjcrmji ìgijbvbnbjmj, cs dboi jc Ingfmý (gcjbi jçm) y nbcti jcMfmýjzÿ (ca jcsbcrti).Pu gmjrc cs Bzcgijzí (am gmjrc jc ais pc`cs), un rbm`ducai jc Rirulm.-8

Pin sus dcrgmnis Jmjí (nmturmaczm) i jbis jc ais nbýis rc`bân nm`bjis, yIfÿý, jbis jc ais fucrrcris y jc ais eiromjircs jc gctmacs. Pus guocrcs sinais rçis Iyð (ca Nçfcr), Isdÿý (rçi jc cstc niglrc) y Ilm (çjcg). Cs

ìgpmýcri jc Irbsdm-ikð

(jbis jc am mfrbùaturm); tbcnc pir csàmvis m Lbrb

(tbnbclams, sc`rcti) y -1bMbjikducji (ca mrì brbs).

Pdmnfð cs tmglbân ìni`bji cn Jmdigcy;<= sbn jujm su m``bðn silrc carmyi, pir su jcstru`tir cec`ti ìgi pir ca rcspamnjir quc ac mìgpmým y

^ ca rubji quc ac sbfuc, cstrucnjisi cn ams rcfbincs bntcr tripb`macs, dbzi^^ cxtcnjcr su ùati gís quc ca jc ais jbiscs lcnâebìs, mun ais gís pijcrisis.

Xrbgms bn irlc jâis ec`bt çbgir. Cn @ulm, ìgi cn ca Lrmsba, y caai jcgucstrm^ ^ ^ am aðfb`m ìn quc dmn pri`cjbji ais ncfris ma msbgbamr sus irbsdms m ais

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smntis `mtðabìs,‚ Pdmnfð cqubvmac m Pmntm Lírlmrm. Mglms jbvbnbjmjcssin pmtrincs jca trucni y jca rmyi. Cn cstc punti, am bjcntbjmj rcabfbism jc`mtðabìs y ectb`dbstms merb`mnis cs mlsiautm, y cstis ÿatbgis am rcìni` bcrinsbn vm`bam`bðn cn uni y itri dcgbsecrbi. Mntc am bfumajmj jc eun`bincsjc Pdmnfð y Pmntm Lírlmrm, db`bcrin `msi igbsi jc am jbecrcn`bm jcscxi? Pdmnfð cs Pmntm Lírlmrm gm`di, jb`cn ais lruois jc @ulm, ìgiais jca Lrmsba. M`msi ìntrbluyð tmglbân m caai am `brùnstmn`bm jcrcprcscntmr ercùcntcgcntc m Pmntm Lírlmrm ìn unm cspmjm cn am gmni,ai quc puji pmrc`cr m ais ectb`dbstms merb`mnis itrm mnmaifçm ìn Pdmnfð,quc euc cn am tbcrrm un `âaclrc rcy y fucrrcri. Ca lruoi Li`ÿ sc jcecnjbðdílba gcntc mntc ca trblunma quc ai ìnjcnð, jb`bcnji quc ca matmr quc tcnçmcn su `msm cstmlm jcjb`mji m unm jbvbnbjmj `mtðab`m, m Pmntm Lírlmrm, y quc

pir ai tmnti ni crm lruoi. Cn @ulm y cn ca Lrmsba, Pdmnfð cstí sbgliabzmji pir unm pbcjrm gctcðrb`m. Ais lruois meriùlmnis ams aamgmn ìgÿngc ntc pbcjrms jca rmyi. Am Ebfurm =3 rcprcscntm m Pdmnfð. Cs un guýcì jcgmjcrm vcstbji ìn un abcnzi lamnì ìn ermnoms rioms (ìaircs jc cstcirbsdm, ìgi sc vcrí) y mjirnmji jc ìaamrcs jc mlmairbis jc ais gbsgisìaircs. Am cspc`bc jc ìrinm gurma quc aacvm pmrc`c scr ìpbmjm jc am qucais `mtðabìs mtrbluycn m Pmntm Lírlmrm cn sus bgífcncs.

Ca ÿatbgi jc ais trcs frmnjcs irbsdms sc aamgm Beí, quc cs ca rcvcamjir jcai iùati y ca pmtrini jc ams rcam`bincs scxumacs y jca pmrti. Pc ac aamgmtmglbân Lmnfí, i jbis jc ais erutis jc `bcrtm pmagcrm, pirquc sc cgpacmnjbc`bsâbs jc âstms pmrm iltcncr ais prinðstbìs. Cn Lmdçm sc utbabzm unmcspc`bc jc ìaamr pmrm jcju`br ais mufurbis; msbgbsgi cn @ulm, jinjc scaamgm m gb oub`bi crrðncmgcntc pir mafunis Beí jc IsunjmX Beí tbcnc unìgpmýcri? Ijÿ, y un gcnsmocri? Ipcaâ.

Nbnm \ijrbfucs ni `btm ca smnti `mtðabì msbgbamji m Beí, nb yi dc pijbjimvcrbfumrai. Xrilmlacgcntc ais ncfris ni cnìntrmrin cntrc ca sbnnÿgcrijc smntis priecsbinmacs uni quc pujbcrm smtbsem`cr sus jcscis jc ìni`crca pirvcnbr y ams jcgís ìsms iùatms.

Ais irbsdms bnecrbircs sin nugcrisis.Bnecrbir cs Rcgmnyí i Rcgmyí, munquc nm`bji jc Ilmtmaí. Cs mjirmji

ìgi jbism jc ais mrriyis y jc ams eucntcs, y su ectb`dc cs unm pbcjrm pr i` cj cn tc jc âstis. Cn ca Lrmsba sc ac msbgbam m N. J. jms @mnjcbms, cn@ulm m am Ubrfcn jc \cfam, scfurmgcntc pir scr âstm pmtrinm jc aisgmrbncris y cstmr rcprcscntmjm silrc ca gmr; cs jc`br, silrc ams mfums jcam lmdçm jc Am Dmlmnm m ùyi lirjc sc acvmntm ca smntumrbi.

Isdð-isdç , nm`bji jc Rcgmyí -scfÿn M. L. Caabs-, cs ca jbis jc ais`mzmjircs y jc ais `mgbnmntcs. Cstí sbgliabzmji pir unm ebfurm dugmnmmrgmjm jc un mrì, y m vc`cs pir ca mrì tcnjbji sistcnbcnji unm eac`dm;cs jc`br, pir ca mrgm jc quc sc scrvçm ca jbis cn sus cxpcjb`bincs `bncfâtb`ms.Pbn jujm sbfnbeb m m Isdð-isdç ca mrì y am eac`dm quc sc vc cn ca erintb s jcamatmr jc am Ebfurm <3. Cs unm bnvi`m`bðn m Isdð-isdç ai quc rcebcrc unmnðnbgi mrtbùabstm?<: "Ais lruois ùmnji vcn un gmoí,63 pmrm quc ni acsdmfm jmýi, ac frbtmn pir trcs vc`cs cstms pmamlrms? 'bIsç, isí, isâ!', y ca

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mnbgma qucjm bngðvba. Pb sc rcpbtcn ìn ercùcn`bm cstms ermscs, ca gmoí sccneurc`c ìnsbfi gbsgi. @rccn ais lruois quc ùmnji ca mnbgma ùgpacun sbfai jc cjmj (cntin`cs ac aamgmn Ruyÿ)-5 sc amnzm ma gmr, ìnvbrtbân-jisc cn scrpbcntc, y quc cn csm nucvm vbjm suerc gu`di, rmzðn pir am quc`mjm vcz quc sc acs prcscntm un gmoí trmtmn jc gmtmrai, pucs ma aacfmr cagigcnti jc su trmnseirgm`bðn, gmajb c jca quc ai cnìntrð y ni ai gmtð.Cstm gmajb`bðn cs guy tcgbjm."

Cn Lmdçm sc `mtiabzm m Isdð-isdç aamgínjiac Pmn Oirfc, pir cstmr âstccn sus bgífcncs gintmji m `mlmaai y mamn`cmnji un jrmfðn, y scfÿnjclbcrin pcnsmr ais ncfris -ni ìni`cjircs jc ginstruis bnecrnmacs-,`mzmnji ùaclrms ginstruisms. Cn @ulm, mafunis lruois ìni`cn un smnti,quc prinun`bmn I`disâ, ca ùma jclc scr ca irbsdm Isdð-isdç, y ai aamgmn

Pmn Malcrti, bfniri pir quâ rmzðn (m`msi qubcrmn jc`br Pmn Dulcrti, piì prinun`bmji cn @ulm).

M Ifÿn, irbsdm cgmnmji tmglbân jc Rcgmnyí -scfÿn M. L. Caabs-,dcrgmni jc Pdmnfð -ma jc`br jc Liwcn- y Gmrtc jc ais yirulms, sc ac rbnjcùati cn @ulm, ìneunjbji m vc`cs cn Csdÿ y ìn Isdÿý, aamgínjiscactmglbân Isunjm. Ca scr Ifÿn, jbis jc am fucrrm y jc am au`dm, em`babtm amìneusbðn ìn Csdÿ, jbvbnbjmj gmaâviam. Pu bnjbstbn`bðn jc Isdÿn nm`cmjcgís, sbn jujm, jc am scgcomnzm einâtb`m. Nbnm \ijrbfucs sc dm`c cìm``bjcntmagcntc jc am prctcnjbjm bjcntbjmj jc Csdÿ y Ifÿn, ma jc`br qucCsdÿ cs bnvi`mji ìn ca niglrc jc Csdÿ-ifÿn. Csti pmrc`c un ìntrmscn-tbji, pucs Ifÿn, rcpbti, cs dcrgmni jca frmn irbsdm Pdmnfð -scfÿnLiwcn-y pir ai tmnti jbvbnbjmj lcnâviam, munquc pir su `mrí`tcr lâabì

sc mprixbgc m vc`cs m Csdÿ. Sn ncfri ac jc`çm, cn scntbji ebfurmji, m Nbnm\ijrbfucs? Ifÿn cs ca quc mlrc ca `mgbni m Csdÿ, ai ùma jcgucstrmtmglbân quc sin jis ais irbsdms Ifÿn y Csdÿ. Mjcgís, Ifÿn cs rcprc-scntmji pir ectb`dcs jc dbcrri, msç ìgi Csdÿ, ai quc em`babtm am ìneusbðn,quc cn @ulm pmrc`c cxbstbr tmglbân.

Ais merilmdçmnis `mtiabzmn m Ifÿn mjirínjiai lmoi ca niglrc jc PmnMntinbi. Cn @ulm sc ac aamgm Pmn Xcjri, y, ìgi jc`çm un lruoi, mlrc ca`mgbni m ams abgpbczms,<6 msç ìgi ca ncfri jc Lmdçm ac jc`çm ma ji`tir

lrmsbacýi, quc mlrçm am pucrtm m Csdÿ. ¹Ni dmlrí bneaubji ca `mrí`tcr jc pi rtcri `cacstbma mtr blubji m Pmn Xcjri, cn su bjcntbeb`m`bðn ìn Ifÿn9Xir itrm pmrtc, ams aamvcs `mrm`tcrçstb`ms jc ams bgífcncs jc jb`di smnti pujbcrin scr ìnsbjcrmjms ìrni frmnjcs ectb`dcs jc dbcrri.

Isdÿn, jbism jca rçi jc su niglrc -unm jc ams guocrcs jc Pdmnfð-

tmglbân gcrc`c ùati cn @ulm. Cs aamgmjm pir ais lruois am Ubrfcn jc am@mrbjmj jca @ilrc, sbn quc pucjm dmlcr itrm mnmaifçm quc am bjcntbjmj jcascxi y ca gbamfri jc am vbrfcn `mtðab`m, quc mpmrc`bð sistcnbânjisc silrcams mfums jca gmr.

Mafunis mjirmn un smnti quc aamgmn Irçtglbam. Ni dc vbsti `btmji tmaniglrc jc jbvbnbjmj cn ilrm mafunm. Xrilmlacgcntc sc jcrbvmrm jca irbsdmyirulm Irÿý, quc sbfnbeb`m ca sia. Irÿglbam pucjc jcsìgpincrsc ctbgi-aðfb`mgcntc msç? Irÿý-lb-am? sia nm`bcntc. Ais lruois ai `mtiabzmn cqubpm-



rínjiac m Pmn Ermn`bsì, sbn quc pucjm jcsùlrbr am rmzðn jc rcam`binmr caectb`dc dcabiaítrbì ìn ca smnti jc Msçs.

Itris lruois tbcncn un irbsdm jcnigbnmji Iaiaÿ; i scm, scfÿn caais, caPmn Oumn Lmutbstm jc am bfacsbm `mtðab`m. Zmgpiì tcnfi rcecrcn`bms ìn-`rctms jca irbfcn merb`mni jc cstc çjiai. Iaiaÿ cn acnfumoc yirulm qubcrcjc`br gczàm jc vmrbis piavis; pcri munquc cn am lruocrçm ca usi jc piavis prijbfbisis cs cxtcnsi, ni `rci quc pucjm tcncrsc pir jcebnbtbvm cstmctbgiaifçm. Gís lbcn pmrc`c rcam`binmrsc ìn ca irbsdm Iaikÿn, jbisyirulm jca gmr. Ams bgífcncs `mtðab`ms jca Lmutbstm rcprcscntínjiai cnams mfums jca rçi Oirjín, m`msi gitbvmrin su msbgbam`bðn m Iaiaÿ.

Lmlmyÿ-myâ cs itri irbsdm jca smntirma lruoi meriùlmni, quc rc`blc caniglrc jc Pmn Aízmri, ni sâ pir quâ gitbvi. M`msi scm unm jbvbnbjmjgâjb`m. Iyâ cs un jbis fbfmntc jc ais yirulms.

Itri smnti pmrm mafunis cs Jbjcnm, ma ùma ac ìn`cjcn am emùatmj jcjcsùlrbr ams ìsms iùatms, ìn crrir prilmlac, m ni scr quc sc trmtc jca Beíjc un ùati ni yirulm. ]ubzís sc rcam`binc ìn Jmjm, irbsdm jc ais rc`bânnm`bjis.

Itri çjiai quc mafunms vc`cs sc cnùcntrm cn ais tcgpais lruois cs caquc aamgmn Gmgí Aiam. Pcfÿn ais lruois, tbcnc pi`m bgpirtmn`bm pmrm aisdiglrcs; jc ni`dc cs ùmnji "smac pir mdç" y cs ca quc pmtri`bnm amsrcam`bincs scxumacs y ca pmrti; pir csti bnspbrm rcn`baams cntrc `ðnyufcs,jcsùlrc ams mjÿatcrms, "`dupm ca iglabfi m ais nbýis", ct`âtcrm. Zma pmr c` c, jmjms sus cspc`bmacs emùatmjcs, quc sc trmtm jc unm mjvi`m`bðnjc Beí. Pbn cglmrfi, ni am dc vbsti `btmjm pir nbnfuni jc ais trmtmjbstms jc

am rcabfbðn jc Rirulm. Xijrçm qubzís jcrbvmrsc ca niglrc jc Gmgí Aiamjc ams pmamlrms jc cstc ÿatbgi pmçs? mgmam (ca quc bntcrprctm ais sucýis) yiam (dinir, mutirbjmj, gmocstmj), ai quc ìgpmfbnmrçm ìn ams ìrrcrçmsni`turnms jc cstc irbsdm y su rcam`bðn jc scgcomnzm ìn Beí. Xir itrm pmrtc,un lruoi cn unm rcprcscntm`bðn ectb`dbstm ìnsbstcntc cn unm- vmsbom qucìntcnçm gctcirbtms, y mjirnmjm jc ìaamrcs, am aamgmlm tmglbân GmgíAiam, quc cn cstc `msi dm`c sispc`dmr unm ìrrup`bðn jc am pmamlrm

Mgmairi, ìn am quc mafunms trblus jca @infi jcsbfnmn m su jbis jcatrucni;< 4 cs jc`br m su Pdmnfð. Xcri ams ìnsbjcrm`bincs cxpucstms ni pmsmnjc scr dbpitâtb`ms, qucjmnji pir ebomr am pri`cjcn`bm `bcrtm jca çjiai GmgíAiam.

Xrilmlacgcntc dm sbji mjirmji tmglbân Irbsdm-ikð, ca jbis jc am

mfrbùaturm. Pcfÿn Liwcn, su ectb`dc cs unm amrfm lmrrm jc dbcrri, quc scmjqubcrc m un prc`bi cacvmjçsbgi jc un pijcrisi sm`crjitc quc rcsbjc cnca puclai jc Brmwi. Cn unm sirprcsm jc lruois quc am piab`çm vcrbeb`ð,<2

ìnvcn`bjm jc quc crmn ýmýbfis, cn =454, cn Fumnmlmìm, sc cnìntrðunm lmrrm jc dbcrri jc unm tcr`bm jc amrfi àmvmjm cn ca sucai, mjirnmjmcn am pmrtc supcrbir ìn unm gcjbm aunm jc ùyis lirjcs pcnjçmn ùmtrifmn`dbtis ìn jbocs ebfurmnji pmams, mzmjincs, ù`dbaais y gmrtbaais, smapb-`mjis jc smnfrc, ai ùma jclçm scr unm rcprcscntm`bðn jc Irbsdm-ikð. Mcstc ectb`dc, M. L. Caabs ac jm un sbfnbeb`mji eíabì.

6<



Ca irbsdm aamgmji Csdÿ (jc mdu? mrriomr eucrm, i cx`rcgcnti, scfÿnLiu`dc) pmtcntbzm ca jumabsgi rcabfbisi jc ais ncfris. Csdÿ cs ca jbisgmaâviai, tmnti quc ais ectb`dbstms jc Lmdçm ai msbgbamn ma Auzlca jc ais`mtðabìs. Ni cs irbsdm bntcrgcjbmrbi, pcri sc ac dm`cn sm`rbeb`bis pmrmìnourmr sus mvbcsms bntcn`bincs. Cs aamgmji tmglbân Cacflmrí (pijcrisi)y Lmrí.

Cn @ulm cs mjirmji Csdÿ cn sus vmrbms mjvi`m`bincs, aamgínjiaimafunis B`dÿ, Cacfuí i Macfuâ. M Csdÿ i Cacflmrí ac sbgliabzmn pirectb`dcs ìnsbstcntcs cn trizis jc dbcrri, ìgi sin ù`dbaais cntcris i cn pcjmzis, `mjcnms, aamvcs, ct`âtcrm . A. @mrlð08 ac vbi ebfurmji pir "unm`mzucam jc lmrri cn quc sc mazmlm, cntrc sbctc ù`dbaais, un fmaabti tis`m-gcntc emlrb`mji ìn trmpis y paugms".

Zrmns`rbli ca sbfubcntc pírrmei jc unm lrcvc jcs`rbp`bðn abtcrmrbm jcaùmrti jc un lruoi, pulab`mjm dm`c mýis cn un pcrbðjbì dmlmncri? "Casmnti Cacfuí sbcgprc ai pincn jctrís jc am pucrtm rcprcscntmji pir unm`mzucam quc ìntbcnc magmfrc, vmrbms rmç`cs y mafunis pcjmzis jc ù`dbaaisusmjis (...) Jcsjc jb`di punti, i scm, jcsjc am `mzucam ma itri cxtrcgi jcam dmlbtm`bðn, y cn ca qub`bi quc sc aamgm fumrjbcri, pincn unm `mjcnm. Cncsc qub`bi y cn ca sucai àmvmn trcs àmvis y cn am `mlczm un nuji dc`diìn am pmom jca gmçz, y cstc nuji sc aamgm lmaacstrmn`m" 0=(Ebfuem =5).

Ca sm`rbeb`bi m Cacflmrí i Csdÿ sc caclrmlm cn ais lisqucs i lbcn jctrísjc unm pucrtm, qubzís pirquc am gmjcrm jc âstm sbgliabzmrm ais írliacs jcam scavm i lbcn pir scr ca ùati m tma jbvbnbjmj jc `mrí`tcr rbfurismgcntciùati. Cn ca Lrmsba -scfÿn Nbnm \ijrbfucs- 0< tmglbân sc ilscrvm ìn rbfir

cstc rcqubsbti jc aufmr pmrm ams iercnjms m Cacflmrí.Csdÿ cs, ìgi sc dm jb`di, ca jbis jc am vcnfmnzm, y mebrgmn ais lruoisùlmnis quc lmstm pincr silrc ca ectb`dc ca niglrc cs`rbti jc unm pcrsinm pmrm trmnsgbtbr m âstm ca gmaceb`bi quc sc jcscc.

Cn @ulm, ais ectb`dbstms `mtiabzmn m Cacflmrí, ìgÿngcntc aamgmjiMacfuí i Cacfuív msbgbaínjiai m ams Mnbgms lcnjbtms jca Xurfmtirbi yfcncrmagcntc ma Mnbgm Piam. Cstm mjvi`m`bðn ni sc ìgprcnjc sbn ìni-`cr unm supcrstb`bðn `mtðab`m guy ercùcntc, ìgi cs am jc ìnsbjcrmr, jcdc`di, m ams magms quc purfmn sus ùapms cn mquca aufmr jifgítbì, ìn`mrí`tcr jc jbvbnbjmjcs scùnjmrbms. Msç cs quc sc bnvi`m am myujm jc amsmagms lcnjbtms y sc rczm pir caams pmrm quc ams bnecab`cs cxpçcn gís prin tmgc nt c sus pc`mjis, y unm vcz ma`mnzmjm am frm`bm jbvbnm pmfucn m aisvbvis ams irm`bincs ìn quc eucrin emvirc`bjms gbcntrms fcgçmn cn ca eucfi

jca Xurfmtirbi, ìn itris emvircs gís i gcnis `cacstbmacs bgpctrmjisjbrc`tmgcntc pir caams jc am jbvbnbjmj supcrbir. Cstm supcrstb`bðn tbcnc sucxprcsbðn ìn`rctm cn ca Mnbgm Piam, cspc`bc jc bgmfcn, ectb`dc fríebì,quc sc ìai`m jctrís jc am pucrtm jc am `msm pmrm bgpcjbr am cntrmjm jc aisfcnbis gmaâebìs.00 Cs guy prilmlac quc cstm `rccn`bm scm unm supcrvbvcn-`bm nc`riaítrb`m, quc dm rcsbstbji ca pcsi jc ais jifgms, y qubzís cstc irbfcneuc bntubji pir ais ncfris ectb`dcris. Cstis tbcncn m Cacflmrí ìgi unijc ais çjiais gís gbamfrisis, sb lbcn cs jc ais quc ìn gmyir ercùcn`bm sc

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"pincn lrmvis". Rm dc jb`di quc cs am pcrsinbeb`m`bðn jca fcnbi jca gma,y quc cn Lmdçm cs cqubpmrmji m Pmtmnís. Am jbecrcn`bm jc `rbtcrbi scfubjm pir ais ncfris ùlmnis y lmdbmnis ma aamgmr m Cacflmrí Mnbgm Piam aisunis y Auzlca ais itris, m`msi scm gís mpmrcntc quc rcma. ¹Pcrí quc unm yitri -scfÿn am rcabfbðn `mtðab`m- vbvcn cntrc ams aamgms jca Xurfmtirbi i jcaBne bcrni y msç sc rcprcscnt mn cn sus bgífcncs, y ca ncfri ais ineunjbð ni pujb cnji sutbabzmr ca lurji ìn`cpti quc jc mglis suoctis jifgítbìs sceirgmrm, pmrmnji gbcntcs tmn sðai cn am `brùnstmn`bm quc gís dbrbð subgmfbnm`bðn, cn ca eucfi jc uatrmtuglm9 ¹Pcrí quc ca lruoi fumrjm pmrmams ínbgms lcnjbtms (scrcs dugmnis cn cxpbm`bðn) ca rcspcti y ca tcgir qucac bnspbrmn ais jilacs jc sus scgcomntcs gucrtis, m ais quc `rcc vmfmnji`cr`m jc ais vbvis ìn bntcn`bincs gmaâviams (ìgi ais jbmlais `mtðabìs)

y cxbfbcnji sm`rbeb`bis pmrm `magmr su brrbtmlbabjmj9M Cacflmrí ac mtrbluycn tmglbân, M. L. Caabs0: y X. Liu`dc,03 un `mrí`tcr

eíabì, `rccn`bm quc qubzís ìgpmrtc Ac Lrun-\cnmuj.05 Mafunms vc`cs scilscrvmn cn am lruocrçm rmsfis quc pmrc`cn rcam`binmrsc ìn ca ùati jcaemai, ìgi pir cocgpai am msbstcn`bm jc vmrbms rc`bân pmrbjms m ams `crcgi-nbms,06 pcri ni dc pijbji rcam`binmracs, pir ematm jc jmtis sueb`bcntcs, ìnCacflmrí, nb ìn ca irbsdm Beí, ca ùma -ìg i dc jb`di - cs ca pmt rin i jc ais pmrtis , nb ìn ca a amgmji cn Rirulm Jmjí, quc cs ca p ri tc`tir jc ais rc`bânnm`bjis.

Ma bfuma quc ais `mtðabìs, ais ectb`dbstms m quc dmfi rcecrcn`bm ìni`cnitris cspçrbtus jca gma mjcgís jca quc sc mtrcvc m rbvmabzmr ìn am suprcgmjbvbnbjmj. @rccn quc tijms ams cnecrgcjmjcs sin i`msbinmjms pir cspçrbtus

pcrvcrsis. Lbín, pir cocgpai, cs un jcginbi ncfri quc pripmfm am vbrucam.Cstm jcbjmj cs ìni`bjm tmglbân cn ca Lrmsba y aamgmjm Pmpinmn Vmtb-wm-rm, Meigmn u Igcniaÿ -scfÿn jb`c Nbnm \ijrbfucs.04 Pmpinmn jclc scrviz jcrbvmjm pir ìrrup`bðn jc Pdmnkpmnnm, irbsdm jc am vbrucam cnRirulm. Ams itrms vi`cs scrín qubzís tçtuais jc jbiscs mníaifis jc itris puclais, i jc itrms cnec rgcjmjcs . @intrmrrcstm am m``bðn jc Lbín, ca irbsdmIsdmndbn, jbis jc am gcjb`bnm.

Mafunis lruois bnàuycn cn su pmntcðn nMfmaaÿ, "dcglrm quc cs ca mgijc tijms ams ìsms gmams".:8 Cn ca ablri `btmji jc M. L. Caabs sc dmlam jc

Mfmnoÿ. Xcri ni m`bcrti m jcsùlrbr am rcam`bðn quc pucjc dmlcr cntrcMfmnoÿ, ùym pmamlrm sbfnbeb`m "pmçs bndmlbtmji", "jcsbcrti", "aamnurm" i"scavm", ìn am mntripigirebzm`bðn jca prbn`bpbi jca gma, m ni scr pirquc

cn cstis sbtbis siabtmrbis, ca gbcji rcabfbisi ai`mabzm prcecrcntcgcntc m aisjucnjcs merb`mnis y m ais jilacs jc ais jbeuntis.Ais lruois m`tumacs, bneaucn`bmjis pir ams `rccn`bms `mtðab`ms, mjgbtcn

cn sus matmrcs ams bgífcncs gís cn lifm, dmstm sbn msbgbamrams m irbsdmmafuni. Xir cocgpai, ca lruoi Li`ÿ tcnçm cn su matmr, mjcgís jc unmcstmgpm jc Pmntm Lírlmrm (Pdmnfð) y itrm jca Mnbgm Piam (Cacflmrí), amsjc Pmn Oisâ, jc am Jiairism, jca Nbýi jc Mti`dm, ct`âtcrm.

Ais obgmfums i gcaabzis sin tmglbân çjiais jc frmn pijcr pmrm ais lruois. Sn lruoi (@mlmnfms) quc tuvi am jcsjb`dm jc quc `mycrmn sus

6:



obgmfums cn gmnis jc ams mutirbjmjcs, ierc`çm m âstms gís jc <8 pcsis iri pir su mjqubsb`bðn. M pcsmr jc cstc vmair cstbgmtbvi, ni sin sbni jisguýcìs tis`mgcntc ìnstrubjis jc gmjcrm m vc`cs pbntmjis jc ncfri(ìair jc su rmzm) y ìn un vcstbji jc tcam riom (Ebfurm =6). @bcrtis lruoissucacn mtmr m ais jis obgmfums ìn un ìrjca, sbn jujm pmrm cxprcsmr gísfríe b`mgcntc su `mrí`tcr jc fcgcais. Ais obgmfums ni dmn sbji `mtiabzmjis,nb pir ai tmnti rcprcscntmjis pir bgífcncs `mtðab`ms, sbn jujm pirquc casmntirma jc ais lamnìs ni acs prcstð jis smntis gcaabzis; pir cstm rmzðn,gbcntrms ais irbsdms ìn ercùcn`bm sin mjirmjis lmoi bgífcncs `mtðab`ms,jc ais obgmfums sc ìnscrvmn ais çjiais merb`mnis, y cn mafunis matmrcs sinais ÿnbìs quc sc cnùcntrmn.

Mjcgís jc am eirgm jb`dm jc rcprcscntmr m ais obgmfums dmy itrm ni tmn

ìgÿn, ìgi sc ilscrvm cn ams Ebfurms =4 y =2. Ais çjiais cn cstc `msicstín unbjis eirgmnji uni siai, pir gís quc cstí jcstbnmji ca guýcì mscr cnvucati y m ni jcomr ma jcsùlbcrti gís quc ams jis `mlczms, am unbðnrcma jc ais jis obgmfums cn unm siam pbczm jc gmjcrm scm qubzís jclbjm gísm am ìnstru``bðn jca çjiai, quc m un sbfnbeb`mji sbglðabì. Mglis obgmfumscstmlmn cnvucatis cn un abcnzi rioi y cn itri ncfri ìai`mji cxtcrbir-gcnt c y mjirnmjis jcìaamrcs jc ùcntms jc vbjrbi quc sistcnçmn iafmnjiaamvcs u gincjms. Cn ca bntcrbir jca cnviatirbi, cn am pmrtc duc`m jc ais

obgmfums, sc cnìntrmrin rcstis dugmnis, ùcrnis, rmç`cs, tbcrrm , àmvis, pbcjrms, msç ìgi itrms bngunjb`bms cglclbjms jc smnfrc. Cstis obgmfumsmsç prcpmrmjis eucrin jcsùlbcrtis ni dm gu`di cn Mlrcus.

Ni dc pijbji ìni`cr su sbfnbeb`mji. Liwcn ni ais `btm cn su cstujbijc am rcabfbðn jc Rirulm, pcri ca jb``binmrbi, ma cxpab`mr am viz ymlcjzç,jb`c? "Mjqubrbr bgífcncs jca jbis jc ais fcgcais", jc ai ùma sc jcju`cquc tma ecnðgcni fcncrmtbvi dmlçm bgprcsbinmji m ais yirulms, rceacoín-jisc cn am rcabfbðn su giji jc pcnsmr. M. L. Caabs dmlam jc un irbsdmaamgmji Olcob -ni `btmji pir Liwcn- quc cs am jbvbnbjmj tutcamr jc aisgcaabzis, y mníaifm ma jbis Didi jc ams trblus Cwc.:= M Blòb cstí insmfrmjiun pcqucýi gini aamgmji Cjin juju iCjun irbikun, y fcncrmagcntc muni jc ais nbýis fcgcais sc ac aamgm tmglbân Cjin i Cjun. Cn am vbaam jcCrmpis dmy un emgisi tcgpai jc tma jbis, ma ùma mùjcn cn pcrcfrbnm`bðnais fcgcais y sus pmjrcs, rcìrrbcnji frmnjcs jbstmn`bms. :< Xcri ìgi scvc, sc trmtm jc un çjiai pri tc`tir jc ais nbýis obgmfums, ni jc unm jbvbnbjmjquc tcnfm cstc `mrí`tcr.

¹Zcnjrín ais obgmfums un irbfcn cvdcgârbì9 Cn =454 un lruoi jcàmrð,

cn un cxpcjbcntc jc irjcn pÿlabì, quc ais obgmfums crmn ais dcrgmnis jcun çjiai quc ac sirprcnjbð am piab`çm, quc pir su jcs`rbp`bðn pmrc`c scrPdmnfð y ma quc tbtuamlm rcy jc Merb`m (ai ùma mpiym am `rccn`bm cn ca irbfcnmvdcgârbì jc cstc irbsdm). ¹Pcrín, pucs, ais obgmfums rcprcscntm`bðn jcJmjm y jc Ifÿý, pir gís quc Liwcn jb`c quc Pdmnfð euc ca dcrgmniscfunji-fânbti9 Xir itrm pmrtc, ais çjiais obgmfums vmn vcstbjis jc tcamriom, `mair smfrmji jc Pdmnfð. Am jbvbnbzm`bðn jc jis fcgcais, gíxbgcsbcnji dcrgmnis jc un `mujbaai emgisi ìgi euc Pdmnfð, ni cs bnvcrisç-

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gba cn unm rcabfbðn prbgbtbvm quc tbcnjc m cnviavcr ìn sus supcrstb`bincsais ecnðgcnis jc am nmturmaczm quc bgprcsbinmn vbvmgcntc am gcntc jcsus `rcycntcs. Msç su`cjc cn itrms rcabfbincs bfumagcntc prbgbtbvms. Jb`cZ`dujb,:0 pir cocgpai, quc cn am acnfum kuc`m am viz Dum`m sbfnbeb`m çjiai,vmsi smfrmji, jbis, diglrc ìn sbctc jcjis, ducvis jc jis ycgms, gcaabzi,tcgpai, gintc mati, ct`âtcrm. Xir itrm pmrtc, sb lbcn cs ìgÿn cntrc aissmavmocs merb`mnis ìnsbjcrmr ncemsti ca nm`bgbcnti jc fcgcais, cn caSnymnycglâ y cn ca Nçfcr bnecrbir, ma cxtrcgi jc mrriomrais ma mfumbngcjbmtmgcntc jcspuâs jc nm`bjis, y cn Mrcli (Fubncm) m am gucrtcvbiacntm jc am gmjrc y jc sus dbois; ni ilstmntc , cn itris aufmrcs jc am gbsgmFubncm, ais gcaabzis sin prc`bsmgcntc ais bnjbvbjuis quc sc tbcncn pirgcoir nm`bjis.:: Zmglbân ais kmvbrinjis (rcfbðn irbcntma jca amfi Ubtirbm

Nymnzm) ecstcomn ca nm`bgbcnti jc fcgcais ìn frmnjcs jmnzms.:3

ßnmsccstm ìnsbjcrm`bðn si`bma m ams `brùnstmn`bms dbpitâtb`ms jc quc ais obgm-fums mjirmjis cn @ulm scmn dcrgmnis jc un `mujbaai emgisi ìgi Pdmnfðy caai lmstm pmrm oustbeb`mr ca ùati.

Zmglbân cn Dmbtç sc rbnjc ùati lruoi m ais obgmfums, quc sin aamgmjisgmrmssms, y ca nm`bgbcnti jc fcgcais i`msbinm cxtrmvmfmntcs rbtis :5

Ais obgmfums, pir ai tmnti, ni pmrc`cn dmlcr sbji bntriju`bjis cn @ulm pir ais ncfris jc am rcabfbðn jc Rirulm, sbni gís lbcn pir ais csàmvis pri` cjcn tc s jc mafunm ìgmr`m jc Fubncm.

Jc itris vmrbis irbsdms jm ùcntm M. L. Caabs, i bn`bjcntmagcntc Liwcn? Lmkÿ i Lurbbkÿ, cspçrbtu gmaâviai quc priju`c `bcrtms ìnvuasbincs y gmtm pir am vbrucam (myujmntc jc Pdmkpmnní), Iackÿn, jbis jca gmr, Ikâ, jbis

jc ais gintcs, Moi Pdmaufm, jbis jc am rbquczm, Pdbfbjç i Pdufujÿ, jbis pcrvcrsi, Iamrc-sdm, pritc`tirm jc ams `msms, ybrig', jbis jc ais lisqucs, Mom, jc ams pamntms gcjb`bnmacs, Iyâ, jca durm`ín, ct`âtcrm. Ni tcnfinbnfunm rcecrcn`bm jca ùati jc tmacs irbsdms cn @ulm.

Mpmrtc jc cstis y jc itris çjiais, ìnsbstcntcs tijis caais cn tis`msbgífcncs jc gmjcrm (Ebfurm <8), cn mafunis tcgpais lruois sucacn vcrscunis guýcìs fritcs`mgcntc vcstbjis ìgi ais çjiais, quc, sbn cglmrfi,ni tbcncn ca `mrí`tcr jc tmacs y ni sin sbni unm rcprcscntm`bðn jca smnti,sbn quc cn caais rmjbquc nbnfÿn pijcr silrcnmturma. Pc jcstbnmn cspc`bma-gcntc m scr aacvmjis cn am gmni pir ca lruoi i ca `rcycntc, gbcntrms lmbam pmrm `mcr cn ca cstmji jc piscsbðn jc quc dmlamrâ gís mjcamn tc .:6 Cstisguýcìs sc aacvmlmn cn ams ìgpmrsms ncfrms jca jçm jc \cycs, ìgigmnbecstm`bðn jca `mrí`tcr rcabfbisi jc ais `mlbajis (Ebfurm <=).

Mjcgís jc am rcabfbðn jc Rirulm sc dmn prm`tb`mji cn @ulm itrmsmníaifms, y qucjmn mÿn rcstis jc caams, silrc tiji cn ca `mgpi, gís igcnis mlsirlbjis pir am prcjigbnmntc. Msç, ýir cocgpai, sc ìni`cn aisùatis, vuafmrgcntc aamgmjis rcfams, jc I`dm, jc Gmyuglc iGmyiglm,:2

jc fmnfms98 jc ìnfis, ct`âtcrm.Mafunis lruois jc ais quc sbfucn am rcfam jc Ilmtmaí, aamgmn Maí ma "quc

tiji ai pucjc". Am rcabfbðn bsamgbtm gmr`ð ducaams bnjcaclacs cn am tciaifçmjc ais ncfris jc ams rcfbincs merb`mnms, ìn ams quc gmntbcnc scùamr

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vijÿs pir sus ìnouris, sus fcstis, sus dc`dbzis y sus sirtbacfbis jmn pbc mbnscnsmtms cxmfcrm`bincs. Aacvmn sbcgprc cn`bgm mafunis iumnfms, csjc`br, bnfrcjbcntcs `mpm`cs jc jmýmr. Ubvcn cn ca jbsbguai pirquc scsbcntcn prieunjmgcntc jcsprc`bmjis, pcri fizmn ùmnji sin mjbvbnm-jis y tcgbjis. Cstm dc`db`crçm dm sbji bgpirtmjm jc Dmbtç pir ca puclai

lm oi; jc sp uâ s sc dm nm turm ab zmji cn @ulm y dm tigmji pri pir`b incsìnsbjcrmlacs, ìnqubstmnji am pmrtc ìrrigpbjm jc am si`bcjmj `rbiaam.Dmy jmgms jbstbnfubjms, cn mpmrbcn`bm, quc uni rc`blc y vbsbtm, y quc pcrtcnc`cn m am sc`tm bnemgc.. ."

]ubzís tuvbcrm rcam`bðn ìn ca vijÿ ca mntbfui lmbac jc am ùaclrm, quccocùtmlmn ais ncfris marcjcjir jc unm lim mrtbeb`bma jcspuâs jc pmscmram pir Am Dmlmnm y am ùma sc ìai`mlm cn ca pmtbi jca pmam`bi (ca jçm jc \cycs)

y lmbamlmn marcjcjir ìn un `mntmr gcjbi cspmýia, gcjbi merb`mni, pucssðai crm ai ÿatbgi jca cstrblbaai?

-Am ùaclrm sc gurbð,36

Pínfmam guacquc.

Ca `mrí`tcr rcabfbisi jc tma lmbac pmrc`c jcju`brai ca gbsgi Lm`dbaacr yGirmacs.34 Am jmnzm y ca prc`cjcntc pmsci jc am lim, vcnjrçmn m scr unmcspc`bc jc rbti pri`csbinma, ìgi ca quc tbcnc aufmr mnumagcntc cn Jmdi-gcy, jinjc am ùaclrm-çjiai cs ìnju`bjm ìn pigpm pir ams `maacs jcVdyjmd.32 Pbn cglmrfi, cstc `mrí`tcr rbtuma ni cstí prilmji sueb`bcntc-gcntc. M`msi ni eucrm ca lmbac jc am ùaclrm sbni unm rcpriju``bðnìrcifríeb`m jc unm cs`cnm jc `mzm, msç ìgi itris lmbacs rcprcscntmlmncs`cnms jc fucrrm, jc mgir, ct`âtcrm. Xcri mun sbcnji un rbti iebiaítrbì,¹ai crm vijbstma Jc tijis gijis mpcnms pmsð m am scfunjm gbtmj jca sbfaiÿatbgi. Xb`dmrji jb`c? "@uaclrm? lmbac jc am fcntumaam piì usmji cn ca jçm( = 4 5 < ) . "

Xir gís quc ais ncfris dmn m`mtmji jbvcrsms tciaifçms y prm`tb`mjiùatis jbvcrsis, mafunis jc âstis lmstmntc mnbgbstms, cs ìgÿn m tijis caaisam `rccn`bm cn ais ectb`dcs, mguactis, frbs-fbbs, injâs, ckí, ct`âtcrm.

Mafunis jc ais jbiscs yirulms fustmn jc ìn`cjcr su bnìntrmrrcstmlac pitcn`bm m jctcrgbnmjis ectb`dcs. Msç Pdmnfð tbcnc ìgi cspc`bma ec tb`dcam gctcirbtm, Rcgmyí ais fubomrris, Cacflmrí ais iloctis jc dbcrri, ct`âtc-rm. Mjcgís jc cstis ectb`dcs dmy itris gu`dis bnnigbnmjis y jc cxtrmir-jbnmrbms vbrtujcs. Pcrçm bgpisblac jmr unm rcam`bðn jc ais ectb`dcs usumacscntrc ais lruois meriùlmnis pirquc sin bnnugcrmlacs; un ilocti ùma-

qubcrm pucjc scr ìnvcrtbji pir ca lruoi cn prijbfbisi ectb`dc. Am gmyir pmr tc jc caais rcvcamn m ams àmrms su irbfcn merb`mni. Fc nc rm ag cn tc sccgpacmn pmrm su ìnec``bðn `mlcaais y ducsis dugmnis, rcstis jc mnbgmacs(cspc`bmagcntc jc ais pinziýisis y jc ais rcptbacs, ìgi mam`rmncs, gmoís,ct`âtcrm), rmç`cs y scgbaams jc `bcrtms pamntms,58 `mrmìacs, tbcrrm jc scpua-turms, pðavirm, gincjms, frmnis jc gmçz, ct`., cnfrmsmjis fcncrmagcntcìn gmntc`m jc ìrioi. Xmrm `btmr un cocgpai? cs cxtrmirjbnmrbmgcntc

pijc risi -sc fÿn su mutir- `bcrti tmabsgín quc pisci, aamgmji Rmybtm

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(Ebfurm <<), eirgmji jc un pcqucýi ùcrni eir rmji ìn tcam y gmn`dmjijc smnfrc y suspcnjbji jc un ìrjca quc mjirnmn vmrbis nujis. Pb gcmrrijbaai, scfÿn ams prcs`rbp`bincs jca lruoi, ti`mnji ìn am `mlczm caectb`dc quc cstmrí cn ca sucai ercntc m gç, `mnturrci unm cspc`bc jcìnouri? Zuglmymybçm, tuglm ymybtm, tuglmymybtm... y ac dmfi unm sÿpab`m,âstm scrí mtcnjbjm bngcjbmtmgcntc y girbrí gb cncgbfi i gcrc`crâ amsgís vbvms sbgpmtçms jc am guocr quc sc gc mntioc, ct`., sb msç ai dulbcsc

pcjbji.Ca cgpaci jc ùcrnis ìgi ectb`dcs cs guy ìrrbcntc cntrc ais lruois

meriùlmnis y prilmlacgcntc euc bntriju`bji cn @ulm pir ais ncfris jca@infi. Cn cec`ti, cn cstm rcfbðn ais ùcrnis jc mntçaipc iùpmn un aufmrni ìgÿn cntrc bis ectb`dcs, tmnti gís jc tcncrsc cn ùcntm ùmnti quc

mafunis jc sus puclais ni tbcncn çjiais jc eirgm dugmnm. Msç iùrrc cn tr cais ilmglms? "sus ectb`dcs ìnsbstcn sbgpacgcntc cn jbvcrsms ìgpisb`bi-ncs i cn paugms jc píomris ìnscrvmjms cn ùcrnis jc unm frmn cspc`bcjc mntçaipc aamgmji gmnfbli. Ais ocecs tbcncn cn sus `msms un frmn nÿgcrijc jb`dis ùcrnis."5= Ca ifmnfí i ect b`dcri jc ais ncfris uglctâs mnun`bmsu prcscn`bm cn am majcm ti`mnji un ùcrni jc mntçaipc. 5< Ais pmdubnis,ìgi ais isbclms, ùcntmn jb`dis ùcrnis cntrc sus ectb`dcs.50 "Ais prbn-`bpmacs ectb`dcs jc ais lmtckâs sin ais ùcrnis jc mntçaipc, m ais ùmacs mtmn`bnì i scbs pbcacs jc pcqucýis gmgçecris, y aacnmn jc vmrbms ìgpisb`bi-ncs cn ams quc cntrmn paugms jc mvcs jc vbvis ìaircs. Xmrm dc`dbzmr m undiglrc u ilocti sc mfbtm m su marcjcjir un ùcrni ectb`dc (...) Xmrm macomram aauvbm ais lmtckâs mfbtmn sus ùcrnis jc mntçaipc..." 5: Msbgbsgi tmacsùcrnis sc cnùcntrmn cntrc ais lmkuyms.53

Cn @ulm, jinjc ais lruois ni dmaamrin mntçaipcs, ais ùcrnis jc cstisùmjrÿpcjis eucrin sustbtubjis pir ais jca vcnmji y gís rmrmgcntc pirais jc itris mnbgmacs.

@msb sbcgprc quc am piab`çm sc mpijcrm jc ais mjgbnçùais jc un tcgpai lruoi sc cnùcntrmn cn tr c ca lit çn nugcrisis ùcrnis, quc nucstri vuafiaamgm tmtris. Am gbsgm acy psbìaðfb`m quc aacvð m ais lruois m msbgbamr susirbsdms m ais smntis jc ais lamnìs, dbzi quc cstm ìntr blu`bðn jc ais ncfrisìnfis m ams supcrstb`bincs jc ais meriùlmnis eucsc m`cptmjm pir ais

lruois quc scfuçmn am prcjigbnmntc y supcrbir rcabfbðn jc Rirulm , sugín-jiam m sus `rccn`bms y jínjiacs m ais ùcrnis ca `mrí`tcr jc irbsdms-mguac-tis. Mafunis lruois jb`cn quc ca vcnmji, quc ìgi dc jb`di sustbtuyc mamntçaipc merb`mni, cs ca mnbgma jc Ilmtmaí. M cstc irbsdm pmrc`c quc

rcprcscntm ca ectb`dc jc quc jm bjcm am Ebfurm <0, ìgpucsti jc jis ùcrnisjc vcnmjis mtmjis cntrc sç pir un cxtrcgi y mjirnmjis ìn smrtms jcmlmairbis y un cspcobti cn ca `cntri. Pbn cglmrfi, am mtrblu`bðn jc aisùcrnis jc vcnmji ma ùati jc Ilmtmaí ni pmrc`c àmrm y jc`bsbvm; msç, amsùcntms quc mjirnmn ca ectb`dc cxpucsti sin guatbìaircs cn vcz jc scr

lamn`ms, quc msç jclbcrmn scr sb m Ilmtmaí sc rce bcrmn. Xir itrm pmrtc, ni scjcsùlrc am rcam`bðn quc pucjm cxbstbr cntrc cstc irbsdm y ais ectb`dcs jcùcrnis jc vcnmji i jc mntçaipc, tmn ercùcntcs cn ca @infi.

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Jcli `btmr mquç `bcrtms prí`tb`ms supcrstb`bisms jc ais lruois quc `musmnfrmn rcpuasbðn m nucstrm si`bcjmj y quc rcvcamn ma puclai, gís àmrmgcntcquc ca rcsti jc am lruocrçm, ca smavmobsgi jc tmacs `rccn`bms y tmacs sm`crji-tcs. Gc rcebcri m ams quc gitbvmn vbiam`bincs jc scpuaturms y ma cgpaci jcrcstis dugmnis cn sus rbtis y dc`db`crçms. Cn cec`ti, cs ercùcntc cn amssirprcsms jc lruois pir am piab`çm, ca dmaamzfi jc `mamvcrms y itris ducsisdugmnis, pcri prbn`bpmagcntc jc ams prbgcrms, ams ùmacs sin ìnsbjcrmjmsm gmncrm jc ectb`dcs. Pbn cglmrfi, ni pucjc mebrgmrsc quc caai scmsbcgprc jcgistrm`bðn jc un vcrjmjcri ùati jc ais mntcpmsmjis, pirgís quc am nc`riamtrçm cstí guy cxtcnjbjm cn tijm Íerb`m. Uâmsc unrcsugcn quc jcgucstrm csti ÿatbgi cn am ilrm jc Divcam`quc `btmjm.6< Mam `rccn`bm fcncrma cn am ìntbnum`bðn jc am pcrsinmabjmj jca jbeunti, cn

ais jilacs, quc vmfmn bnvbsblacs ounti m ais vbvis y quc sc ìgpam`cn cndm`cracs jmýis, sc jclc cn pmrtc quc ais lruois cn sus rbtis uscn jc ducsisdugmnis y cspc`bmagcntc jc `mamvcrms. Ma dmlamr jc Cacflmrí ym gc dcrcecrbji m unm jcrbvm`bðn nc`riaítrb`m jc am supcrstb`bðn jca Ínbgm Piam ysu msbgbam`bðn m mquca irbsdm. Xcri sbn mùjbr m cstm supcrvbvcn`bm, pucjc pmtcntbzmrsc am pri`cjcn`bm nc tmgcntc merb`mnm jc am vcncrm`bðn cspc`bmajc ams `mamvcrms y jc itrms pmrtcs jca csqucacti dugmni, y am ìnsbfubcntcvbiam`bðn jc scpuaturms pmrm iltcncrams. Cn unm ìgmr`m jc am @istm jcais Csàmvis, "trcs gcscs jcspuâs jc cntcrrmji ca gucrti, ais mgbfis sinbnvbtmjis, nucvmgcntc m rcunbrsc cn am `msm jinjc euc scpuatmji mquâa.Snm vcz maaç, ais ectb`dcris cn am isùrbjmj jcscntbcrrmn ca `mjívcr y acscpmrmn am `mlczm quc jcpisbtmn silrc rbìs pmýis. Cn scfubjm jcfñcaamnvç`tbgms [fmaabnms, `mlrms, `crjisW y am smnfrc y ca mfumrjbcntc ìrrcn silrc

ca msqucrisi `rínci. Jurmntc trcs jçms sc lmbam, sc `mntm y sc jcrrmgm prieusmgcntc ca mfumrjbcntc.60 Ca ùmrti jçm sc cntbcrrm nucvmgcntc am`mlczm, y ca gucrti qucjm smtbsec`di."6: Jb`c @iurjbiux? "Ams emgbabms jcJmdigcy tbcncn un frmn rcspcti m ais gmncs jc sus mntcpmsmjis. Jcspuâsjc gu`dis mýis jc scpuatmjis, ais `ríncis jc ais jbeuntis sin rctbrmjis jcais scpua`ris, y ìnscrvmjis rcabfbismgcntc cn vmsboms jc lmrri. Cstms scìai`mn cn un rbn`ðn jc am `msm y sbrvcn jc lmsc y ìnsmfrm`bðn ma ùatijclbji m tijis ais ectb`dcs i jbiscs jigâstbìs.""Zmglbân ìnscrvmn cnsus `msms ais `ríncis jc sus gucrtis ais ncfris pmdubnis. 65

Xcri, ni siamgcntc ca gbcji m jctcrgbnmji jbeunti y am bntcn`bðn jc`magmr su brrbtm`bðn y dm`crai emvirmlac ma vbvi, bnspbrm ca rcspcti m ams`mamvcrms i ducsis, y ca jcsci jc su piscsbðn. Ni siamgcntc bntcrcsmn ais

rcstis jc ais pripbis mntcpmsmjis, sbni tmglbân ais jc itris gucrtis. Maaccrsc gís mjcamntc am rcscým jc mafunis rc`bcntcs `msis jc lruocrçm, scvcrí quc ais `mjívcrcs priemnmjis ni sin prc`bsmgcntc jc ms`cnjbcntcs iemgbabmrcs jc ais lruois, sbni jc vbvis sbfnbeb`mjis pir cspc`bmacs `brùns-tmn`bms i dmstm jc pri`cjcn`bm jcsìni`bjm. @rccn ais lruois, ìgi cnfcncrma ais puclais prbgbtbvis, quc am piscsbðn jc unm pmrtc jca ùcrpidugmni lmstm pmrm tcncr pijcr silrc tijm am pcrsinm sb vbvm, i silrc sujilac sb gucrtm. Cstm `rccn`bm cs bnspbrmjirm jc frmn pmrtc jc ams prí`tb`ms

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gífb`ms jc tijis ais puclais y cjmjcs, y m caam dc jc rcec rbrgc nucvmgcnt ccn lrcvc ma trmtmr jc ais dc`dbzis jc ais lruois meriùlmnis. Xir ai qucrcspc`tm m su ai`mabzm`bðn merb`mnm, ams pruclms sin tmglbân àmrms. "Snijc ais gís prc`bisis ectb`dcs jc ais dmlbtmntcs jca Fmlðn cs ca ikunjÿ,rcstis tigmjis jc ams scpuaturms dugmnms? `mlcaais, jbcntcs, ducsis, ungbcglri cntcri; ams `mrncs sin rcju`bjms m `cnbzms, gczàmjms m itris

piavis sbglðabìs, m am gbsgm pðavirm , y ìnscrvmjms ìn ùbjmji cn unmìn`dm jc `mrmìa, cn un ùcrni jc mntçaipc i jc `mlrbti, unm `mobtm i unsmqubti . @umnti gís baustrc dmym sbji cnvbjm ca jbeunti , ìn gmyir bntcrâsscrí rclus`mji cn am scpuaturm."66 Ju @dmbaau ùcntm quc cn ca pmçs jc aisitmnjms (@infi), am `mlczm jc ais ectb`dcris cs gigbeb`mjm y ìnscrvmjmjcvitmgcntc cn am `msm mauglb i jc ais cn`mntmgbcntis.64 Cntrc ais

mjugms (@infi), ùmnji gucrc un ocec i pcrsinmoc bneauycntc, sus emgb-abmrcs ac ìrtmn am `mlczm quc ìnscrvmn mdugmjm ìnvbrtbânjiam cn unvcncrmji ectb`dc. Ais `ríncis jc sus ocecs ais fumrjmn cn unm cspc`bc jc`cstis m gmncrm jc urnms euncrmrbms silrc ais quc ìai`mn ca çjiai Gluctb.Ai gbsgi su`cjc cntrc ais injuglis.62 Jcspuâs jc csti, pcrec`tmgcntcsc cxpab`m am bntcn`bðn jc ais lruois, quc ni dm gu`di cn Mlrcus qubsbcrindm`crsc jucýis jc ais `mjívcrcs jca ncfri merb`mni Lcrnmrji Xmam`bis,mabms Fmaabti, quc euc lruoi, y jc am ncfrm `rbiaam L. M`cm, tmglbân lruom,ìni`bjm pir am Uucatmlmocrm, m am quc sc `rcc emaac`bjm jc rcsuatms jc undc`dbzi. Xir cstm gbsgm rmzðn sc cxpab`mn tmglbân ams priemnm`bincs jc`mjívcrcs jc lamnìs, rcgbnbs`cn`bm mtívb`m jc am âpi`m rcgitm cn quc cacuripci crm pmrm ca merb`mni un scr supcrbir jc pijcr silrcnmturma. Cn ais pr bgcris tbcgpis jc am iùpm`bðn jca @infi ermn`âs crm prc`bsi `crrmr ìn pbcjrms ams tuglms jc ais lamnìs pmrm cvbtmr su vbiam`bðn àmnjcstbnm? "am`mlczm jca cxdugmji jcsmpmrc`çm cn prbgcr aufmr".48 "Jç`csc quc cn piscsbðn jca frmn ectb`dcri jca rçi Nbcri [@istm jc GmrebaW cstín ais`ríncis jc ais bneirtunmjis vbmocris Uibturct y Xmpbaain."4=

Zmglbân am piscsbðn jc ais `mlcaais mrrmn`mjis m ais `mjívcrcs csìnsbjcrmjm pir ais lruois m eriùlmnis ìgi sueb`bcntc pmrm csàmvbzmr majilac jc un jbeunti; uni jc caais aacvmlm ìafmji jc un firri ùmtritrcnzms jc amrfis `mlcaais pri`cjcntcs jc itrms tmntms priemnmjms tuglms.

Ais rcstis dugmnis sbrvcn msbgbsgi pmrm am ìnec``bðn jc ebatris ygcn our ocs jc dc`db`crçm; msç, pir cocgpai, un lru oi usmlm un trizi jc `mrncdugmnm pmrm quc pir unm acy jc gmfbm sbgpítb`m, m gcjbjm quc scìrrigpçm , euc rm ùrínjisc unm dcrbjm suym. Xcri m vc`cs ca usi jc `mrncdugmnm aacfm ma `mnblmabsgi, pmrm smtbsem`cr ca ùma, quc ni cs sbni unmeirgm jc piscsbðn gís çntbgm jca jilac jca gucrti, sc jcscntbcrrmntmglbân ais `mjívcrcs rc`bcntcgcntc bndugmjis cspc`bmagcntc, ìgi dcjb`di, sb sin jc pcrsinms jbstbnfubjms jcsjc ca punti jc vbstm jca lruoi, jcais ùmacs sc utbabzmn ams `mrncs pmrm gm`mlrms ìgbjms, y sus ducsis pmrmectb`dcs.

Ais ectis putrcem`tis cntrmn tmglbân cn ca nÿgcri jc ams msqucrismsgmtcrbms m ams quc ais lruois jitmn jc cxtrmirjbnmrbms vbrtujcs.

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BU

Am lruocrçm(ìntbnum`bðn)

P S G M \ B I ? Ca ùati lruoi. Ca tcgpai y ca matmr. @iermjçms. Ucstbjurms. Pm`rbeb`bis.Gÿsb`m y jmnzms. Am dc`db`crçm. Pmam`bðn, ýcquc, cglð, lbainfi. Abgpbczms.Zcrmpâutb`m lruom. Dc`dbzis mgirisis. Dc`dbzis gmaâebìs. Itrms supcr-stb`bincs. Cnvcncnmgbcntis y mscsbnmtis. Am mfircrçm. @iaamr jc Beí. C`dmr ais`mrmìacs. Itris pri`cjbgbcntis mjbvbnmtirbis.

Xmrmacai m am rustb`bjmj jc tmacs jbiscs cs ca ùati quc sc acs trblutm.Fcncrmagcntc, jclbji cn pmrtc m am nc`csbjmj jc iùatmr ais rbtis, âstis

sin prm`tb`mjis cn ca bntcrbir jc ams `msms dmlbtmjms pir ais sm`crjitcs. Pbncglmrfi, cn aufmrcs jca `mgpi jinjc am cs`msm jcnsbjmj jc pilam`bðn ai

pc rgbt c, dmy jctcrgbnmjis sbtbis ìnsmfrmjis m `bcrtis m`tis jc am lruocr çm .Msç, pir cocgpai, rc`bcntcgcntc sc dm `btmji cn ais trblunmacs unm `cblm(cn ca bnfcnbi "Emomrji", Ca Fmlrbca, privbn`bm jc Am Dmlmnm), lmoi jc amùma sc dmn `caclrmji `crcginbms ectb`dbstms. Cn su trinì sc ilscrvmnnugcris ms gmr`ms dc`dms pir ais lruois, msç igi m su marcjcjir, `mzucamsìn iercnjms, paugms, ùcrnis, ct`âtcrm. M`msi sc trmtm jc un ùatiebtiaítrbì, jc un írlia ectb`dc. Am `cblm, írlia ca gís frmnjc jc am eairmùlmnm, dmrçm ams vc`cs jca lmilmj merb`mni.=

Xcri ai ìgÿn cs quc ca iùati lruoi tcnfm su tcgpai, quc m am vcz csgirmjm jca sm`crjitc. Cn ams `bujmjcs dm`c ams vc`cs jc tcgpai unmdmlbtm`bðn ùmaqubcrm jc am `msm jca lruoi, iùatm m am vbstm jc aistrm nsc ÿntcs y sbn quc jctmaac cxtcrbir mafuni rcvcac quc maaç sc prm`tb`m unùati. Cn ams pilam`bincs rurmacs y cn ais `mgpis, jinjc ca mtrmsi bntcac`-

tuma cs gmyir y am m``bðn jca pijcr si`bma cs gís jâlba, aacfmn ais lruois mscýmamr cxtcrbirgcntc sus tcgpais. Snms gmzir`ms jc gmçz, ìn ais frmnisma jcsùlbcrti, ìafmjms pir su pripbm pmniom jca tc`di jc am dmlbtm`bðn i jcajbntca jc am pucrtm, cs sçgliai jc lruocrçm. Mvc`cs ni siamgcntc ca sm`crjitc lruoi scýmam su `msm jc cstc giji, sbni tmglbân sus ebcacs gís jcvitis, aisdbois jca smnti. Ca lidçi jca lruoi Li`ÿ, jca ùma tmnti sc dmlað cn @ulmni dm gu`di, sc jbstbnfuçm tmglbân jc tijis ais jcgís bngcjbmtis, nisðai pir cstmr tiji âa lamnqucmji (ai ùma pujbcrm rcam`binmrsc ìn caìair smfrmji jca suprcgi irbsdm Ilmtmaí), sbni tmglbân pir unm frucsm

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`mjcnm jc dbcrri, quc m gmncrm jc lmrmnjm, cstmlm mtmjm jc un dir`ðn mitri jca ìafmjbzi jca lidçi. Jb`dm `mjcnm jc dbcrri -ìai`mjm tmn cxtrm-ýmjmgcntc- crm prilmlacgcntc un sçgliai ectb`dc jc Cacfuí; i scm, jcairbsdm gmabfni, m gmncrm jc lmrrcrm i fumrjbcri ìntrm am ìsm gmam.

Cn am dmlbtm`bðn quc sbrvc jc tcgpai ni pucjc tcncr aufmr trmlmoi priemni mafuni.

Mafunis tcgpais yirulms cstín mjirnmjis ìn sçgliais rcabfbisis ìgijb`c Liwcn? pc`cs, tirtufms, scrpbcntcs, ca abnfmg, ct`âtcrm. Nmjm jc cstidc ilscrvmji cn @ulm. Cn ca aufmr prcecrcntc jc am dmlbtm`bðn cstí ca matmr,tigmji sbn jujm jc ais tcgpais `mtðabìs (Ebfurm <:). Pilrc unm gcsmmjirnmjm, scfÿn ais rcùrsis jca lruoi, cstí ìai`mjm unm frmjcrçm y silrcâstm ams iercnjms ma smnti, jcpisbtmjms cn pamtis y vmsboms jc lmrri, ìì,`mamlmzm, ct`., rmgis jc eaircs, `brbis, bn`bcnsi y jcgís jca ùati `mtðabì.Cn ai mati am bgmfcn jca smnti, ma quc cstí jcjb`mji ca tcgpai; cn itrisaufmrcs, çjiais y ectb`dcs scùnjmrbis, ct`âtcrm. Jca matmr jca lruoi jm pcrec`tm bjcm am Ebfurm <3. Pilrc unm gcsm mjirnmjm ìn pm ýi lirjmji scvcn vmrbms vmsboms quc ìntbcncn ams iercnjms mabgcntmrbms. M am bzqubcrjm,un dm`dm y ù`dbaais, quc ai gbsgi pucjcn scr bnstrugcntis pmrm casm`rbeb`bi quc rcprcscntmr m Csdÿ, pir ca dbcrri quc cntrm cn su ìgpisb-`bðn. M am jcrc`dm ais obgmfums. Cn am pcqucým frmjcrçm, un `brbi y vmsisìn eaircs; cn ai mati unm jc ams vçrfcncs quc am `mtiabzm`bðn supcreb`bma jcais lruois msbgbam m mafÿn irbsdm. Cn ca erintbs jca matmr, jbecrcntcs mjirnisìn ìaamrcs jc ùcntms jc vmrbis ìaircs, quc rcprcscntmn m jbvcrsisirbsdms, y unm eac`dm ìn su mrì tcnjbji, quc jclc scr un sçgliai jc

Isdð-isdç. @iafmnji jc am pmrcj, ùmjris jc bgífcncs `mtðab`ms, unmdcrrmjurm (ectb`dc jc dbcrri) y un gmnioi jc ycrlms, quc msç pucjcn screctb`dcs ebtiaítrbìs, ìgi gmtcrbma pmrm am prcpmrm`bðn jc dc`dbzis.

@mjm jçm ais matmrcs lruois vmn m`cr`ínjisc gís m ais `mtðabìs. Ca lruoiLi`ÿ, m pcsmr jc scr -scfÿn pmrc`c- merb`mni, tcnçm un matmr mntc ca ùma,smavi mafÿn pcqucýi jctmaac, sc pistrmrçm sbn ca gcnir rcpmri ca gísemnítbì jc ais `mamgluìs `mtðabìs. Cstmlm mjirnmji ìn eaircs jc pmpca(jcsìni`bjms cn ais tcgpais merb`mnis). Cn ca sbtbi prcecrcntc unm cstmg-

pm jc Pmntm Lírlmrm, y m su ma rcjcjir ams jc am Ubrfcn jc \cfam, jc am Ubrfcnjc am @mrbjmj jca @ilrc, jca Nbýi jc Mti`dm, jc am Ubrfcn jc ams Gcr`cjcs,jc am Jiairism y jc Pmn Oisâ. M `mjm amji jca matmr unm irm`bðn. Mglmsirm`bincs (quc bgprcsms aacvmlmn tmglbân unm bgmfcn) crmn msbgbsgi`mtðab`ms; aamgmjm^ am pbcjrm bgín am unm, y m Pmn Aízmri, sma jca scpua`riam itrm. Pilrc ca matmr vmrbms litcaams jc mfum lcnjbtm y mafunms iercnjms.

Xmrm ca ùati jc ais jbiscs girmjircs cn tmacs tcgpais, ais lruoismeriùlmnis, igi ais jc Rirulm y gu`dis itris pmçscs jc Íerb`m, aacfmrinm `rcmr ìermjçms.< Âstms crmn y sin mÿn, munquc vmn jcsmpmrc`bcnji,

prcsbjbjms pir un lruoi, quc cn `mstcaamni sucacn aamgmr pmjrc y cn acnfumocmerb`mni uauâ. Mafunis `mrfis scùnjmrbis, rcam`binmjis ìn ca cocr`b`bijca ùati y iercnjm jca sm`rbeb`bi, rc`blcn ais niglrcs jc `mlmaacris jc amgcsm y gmyirjigis, tigmjis, cspc`bmagcntc ca ÿatbgi, jc ams ìermjçms

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`mtðab`ms. M ais jcgís msi`bmjis sc acs aamgm dbois jca smnti. 0 Âstis, y cnfcncrma tijis ais mjirmjircs jc un jctcrgbnmji irbsdm, sc jbstbnfuçmn pirgcjbi jc bnsbfnbms cspc`bmacs, pir ca ìair jc ais vcstbjis y ìaamrcs jcmlmairbis, mníaifmgcntc m ais dílbtis, ìrjincs, gcjmaams, ct`., jc ais

lcmtis lamnìs. Xc ri ais ncfris jc diy ìn`cjcn m ais ìa amrcs gcn`binm-jis `mrí`tcr jc ectb`dcs ìn bnjujmlac ìneusbðn c bfnirmn`bm.:

M gcjbjm quc dm mvmnzmji am `bvbabzm`bðn, sc dmn bji jbauycnji tmacsìermjçms ectb`dbstms, pcri ni sc pucjc mebrgmr tijmvçm quc ni sulsbstmmafunm ìn su vcrjmjcri `mrí`tcr, ìnstbtubjm irfínb`mgcntc, cn ams ì-gmr`ms jca bntcrbir jc am Bsam. Zijmvçm pucjc ilscrvmrsc, pir itrm pmrtc,rcstis jc ams mntbfums irfmnbzm`bincs, cspc`bmagcntc cn ca `mgpi, jinjc

ni dm pcrjbji su sbfnbeb`mji am cxprcsbðn dbois jca smnti, mpab`mjm m aisìermjcs. Cn mafunms si`bcjmjcs jc ncfris, acfmagcntc ìnstbtubjms, qucmÿn ìnscrvmn ca rcsìaji jc ais mntbfuis `mlbajis, sc dmn rceufbmji amsÿatbgms supcrvbvcn`bms jc ams ìermjçms, jc gmncrm gís i gcnis jbsbguam-jm. Msç, pir cocgpai, am si`bcjmj jc ìnfis jc Ca Fmlrbca, ni crm sbnijcfcncrm`bðn jc unm ìermjçm lruom.

Zmglbân cn @ulm sc ilscrvm ca rbtumabsgi jc ais ìaircs3 pir gís qucca usi jc vcstbjurms cspc`bmacs pmrm ais `rcycntcs dmym sbji guy rcstrbnfbji, pir rmzincs eí`bacs jc ìgprcnjcr . Xmrm gcn`binmr mafÿn `msi? cn am ym`btmjm jctcn`bðn quc am piab`çm dbzi jc unis lruois jc Fumnmlmìm, cn=454, sc cnìntrð un lusti ecgcnbni, vcstbji jc tcam lamn`m, quc scfÿnjcàmrm`bðn jca gís sbfnbeb`mji jc ais jctcnbjis rcprcscntmlm m am Ubrfcnjc ams Gcr`cjcs, i scm, m Ilmtmaí, ùyi ùati rcàmgm ca ìair lamnì. Ca=0 jc jb`bcglrc jc =28:, sc ac iùpð m un lruoi, Zm Ouabín, jc @mlczms(privbn`bm jc Gmtmnzms), un dílbti jc fâncri lamnì mjirnmji ìn tcamjc ìair rioi, ùym vcstbgcntm crm jcjb`mjm ma ùati jc Pmntm Lírlmrm iPdmnfð, quc cxbfc mglis ìaircs sbguatíncmgcntc.

Ni ilstmn tc ai jb`di, ni cs rmri cn tr c ams guocrcs jc ìair vcstbr undílbti, ìgi prigcsm pir un emvir rc`blbji jc ais jbiscs. Jb`di dílbti ics lamnì, ùmnji sc ierc`c m am Ubrfcn jc ams Gcr`cjcs, i mgmrbaai, ùmnjim am jca @ilrc; y smlbji cs quc mglms vçrfcncs rcprcscntmn, pmrm ais ebcacsjc Ilmtmaí, m cstm jbvbnbjmj y m Isdÿn, rcspc`tbvmgcntc. Mjcgís, sb lbcnìn rcspc`ti m am Ubrfcn jc ams Gcr`cjcs pucjm rcam`binmrsc am vcstbjurm

lamn`m ìn ca dílbti jca gbsgi ìair jc ais ermb acs gcr`cnmrbis, ni su`cjcai gbsgi ìn am Ubrfcn jca @ilrc, quc jcntri jca `mtiab`bsgi ni sc

rcam`binm, quc yi scpm, ìn ca ìair mgmrbaai. Xir itrm pmrac, ais dílbtis jcnmzmrcni (ìair girmji), jc am Ubrfcn jc ais Jiaircs (ìair ncfri),ermn`bs`mni (ìair mzua), jc am Ubrfcn jca @mrgcn (ìair pir csti aamgmji`mrgcabtm), ct`., sin usmjis ìn gís ercùcn`bm pir ams lamn`ms. Ni csmvcnturmji, pucs, vcr cn cstis vcstbjis-prigcsms, pir ai gcnis cn su usim`tuma, sbni cn su irbfcn, unm supcrvbvcn`bm jc ais vcstbjis jc ams ìermjçms

lruoms.

M gcnuji, ais lruois cn ca bntcrbir jc sus tcgpais sc vbstcn jc gmncrmtmn cstrmglðtb`m ìgi ai dm`çmn cn Íerb`m, sb lbcn ìn mafunis, pmrm caais

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prc`bisis, m``csirbis jc irbfcn `bvbabzmji, quc dmrçmn am jb`dm jc susìacfms jc maacnjc ca Mtaíntbì. Xmrtc bgpirtmntc jca mtmvçi jca lruoi cs cafirri, quc vmrçm scfÿn ca `mprb`di jc su jucýi y ca ìn`cpti quc tcnfm jcam cstâtb`m bnjugcntmrbm. Rm cs kcpbs gbabtmr mjirnmji jc mlmairbis, `bntmoisy trcnzms jc unm `mlcaacrm ¡rulbm!; ym unm ìrinm jc paugms jc ìaircs lrbaamntcs, ìgi jc fmaai, jc pmvi rcma , ct`., quc ni sc jbst bnfuc jc ams qucusmn ais ectb`dcris cn Íerb`m (Ebfurm <5). Cn mafÿn `msi, ca firri mjcgísjc scr rbjçùai cs rcpufnmntc. Am Ebfurm <6 rcprcscntm un firri mjirnmjijc paugms jc ìtirrm y trcnzms jc `mlcaais dugmnis rilmjis m ais `mjívc-rcs jc mafÿn `cgcntcrbi. Ma ercntc, unm mn`dm `bntm ìn ca actrcri Pmntm

Lírlmrm lcnjbtm. Ams paugms jc ìtirrm, msç ìgi ais `mlcaais dugmnis,sbfnbeb`mn mafi gís quc un mjirni jc sbgpac cec`ti cstâtbì, pucsti quc

tbcncn tmglbân `mrí`tcr jc ectb`dcs. Msç su`cjc cn ca @infi" jinjc sin prcecrbjms pmrm tma iloct bvi ams paugms jc ìaircs vbvis, ìgi ams jcìtirrm. Cn cspc`bma ams paugms jc airi, msç ìgi ams jc fmaabnm jc Fubncmi pbntmjm, sin ectb`dcs cn am @istm jc Gmreba. 6 Ams ìrinms jc paugms sinercùcntcs cntrc ais ectb`dcris jc Aimnfi.4

Xir ai ìgÿn, ais ncfris lruois, prbn`bpmagcntc sb sin merb`mnis, msçìgi ams ncfrms vbcoms, aacvmn am `mlczm ùlbcrtm pir un pmýuc ai m caam abmji,ìstuglrc jc irbfcn uatrmgmrbni, tmglbân gmntcnbjm pir ais jcgís nc-fris mn`bmnis ni lruois; pcri cstc pmýucai ni ìnstbtuyc unm prcnjm jc`mrí`tcr sm`crjitma.

Ilscrvmnji ams ebfurms `mrm`tcrçstb`ms jc am mntbfum ebcstm jca jçm jc\cycs, sc pucjc tcncr un ìn`cpti jc ai quc crmn y sin, cn pmrtc tijmvçm,ais mjirnis jca lruoi y ca fusti smavmoc jc sus mtmvçis. Munquc ni dmym

ìgprilm`bðn jc caai, ni cs mvcnturmji supincr quc am gmyir pmrtc jccsis pbntircsìs vcstbjis merb`mnis, quc tbcgpi mtrís mpmrc`çmn mnumagcn-tc ca jçm 5 jc cncri, crmn ais pripbis jc ais ectb`dcris jc ais `mlbajis, mpmrtcjc mafunis quc pujbcrmn tcncr un `mrí`tcr fucrrcri i ocrírqubì. Amdbpðtcsbs cs eunjmjm, pucs sb sc tbcnc prcscntc ca `mrí`tcr pmr`bmagcntcrcabfbisi jc ais `mlbajis, quc cn un prbn`bpbi sc jcgistrmlm mlbcrtmgcntc,dmstm ca punti jc quc sc aacvmlmn ais çjiais jca `mlbaji cn ams lm`mnmacs,cs aðfbì pcnsmr quc cntin`cs ca ectb`dcri ni jcomrçm pcrjcr am i`msbðn jcrcvcstbrsc jc ais smfrmjis mtrblutis jc su cacvmjm ìnjb`bðn, pmrm au`braismntc sus ìgpmtrbitms y `caclrmr ams `crcginbms jc su ùati. Cn cec`ti,cntrc ais tbpis quc aamgmlmn am mtcn`bðn jc ais dmlmncris ca jçm jc \cycs,sc jcstm`mlmn ais aamgmjis jbmlabtis. Crmn âstis -scfÿn Xb`dmrji- mqucaais

"ncfris vcstbjis rbjbùamgcntc m giji jc gmgmrrm`di i mracquçn, quc cajçm jc \cycs mnjmlmn pir ams `maacs ìn su @mlbaji, jmnji lrbnìs ydm`bcnji pbructms, mafunms vc`cs ìn un guýcì jc am gbsgm ebfurm yniglrc" (Ebfurms <4, <2, 08 y 0=). Fcncrmagcntc, sin ìnsbjcrmjis aisjbmlabtis ìgi sbgpacs lmbamjircs jc ais `mlbajis, unm cspc`bc jc lueincscn`mrfmjis jc rcprcscntmr pmntigbgms, mafi msç ìgi ais frbits merb`mnis.Cs jc ipbnmr, ni ilstmntc, quc ais jbmlabtis crmn vcrjmjcris sm`crjitcsrcvcstbjis jc sus mlbfmrrmjis y cxtrmýis irnmgcntis rbtumacs. Crm ìgÿn

46



cn ais jbmlabtis aacvmr am `mrm ùlbcrtm, i pir ai gcnis jcsebfurmjm ìn amrfms lm rlms lamn`ms m gmncrm jc gís`mrms, i unm cspc`bc jc `mrctm. Ca usi jctmacs `mrctms ni cs usuma cn ais rcyczucais nb gmfnmtcs jc Íerb`m y ai cs cn`mglbi cn sus sm`crjitcs,2 y cn ais gbcglris jc `bcrtms msi`bm`bincs quc pmrtb`bpmn jca `mrí`tcr sm`crjitma. Snm supcrvbvcn`bm jc cstis ÿat bgis cs,sbn jujms, ca jbmlabti ýíýbfi tmn ìni`bji cn @ulm tbcgpi mtrís.=8 Aisdc`db`cris aacfmn cn mafunis pmçscs m usmr gís`mrms jc gmjcrm. Uâmsc, pircocgpai, am quc ìnstm cn am ilrm jc \mtzca? gís`mrm jc ais dc`db`cris jcJmdigcy,== y ìgpírcsc ìn am rcpriju`bjm pir am Ebfurm 0<. Pbn cglmrfi,

lbcn pujbcrm scr quc cstm gís`mrm eucrm jc irbfcn ìnfi. @infm cs am pbcajc fmti gintâs ìnscrvmjm cn unm urnm, jc quc ym dc dmlamji cn ca`mpçtuai mntcrbir, am ùma euc dmaamjm cn ca gbsgi tcgpai quc am gís`mrm

jc rcecrcn`bm. Mjcgís, cn ca @infi tmglbân sc usmn pir ais dc`db`cris ams`mrctms jc gmjcrm.=< Ais ùcrnis quc aacvmn ais jbmlabtis, rcprcscntmjis pir ams Ebfurms <2 y 08, sin tmglbân usumacs c nt rc ais dc`db`cris ncfris.=0

Ai sin msbgbsgi ams lmrlms, cntrc ais lruois jc @istm jc Iri.=: Ais jca@infi sc jbsermzmn ìn pilamjms lmrlms jc pcais jc `mlrm. =3 Ams ìrinmsjc paugms ìn quc mÿn diy sc mjirnmn ais lruois meriùlmnis crmnìguncs cntrc ais jbmlabtis (Ebfurm <2), ìgi ai sin cntrc ais dc`db`crismerb`mnis.=5 Cn `mglbi, ca firri cn eirgm jc gbtrm, dc`di ìn eblrms jc

pmagcrm cntrcamzmjms, crm cn =:2= un irnm gcnti sbglðabì jca rcy jca@infi, y fumrjm ìn âa `bcrtm scgcomnzm ca rcpriju`bji pir am Ebfurm 0=,sbn quc ìn csti qubcrm jc`br quc âsc eucsc ca mjirni jca rcy jca `mlbajiìnfi cn Am Dmlmnm.=6

Cs pripbi jc ais dc`db`cris merb`mnis tcncr vcstbjis cspc`bmacs y "ùmn-ji sc vbstcn ìn caais sin gís smfrmjis c bnvbiamlacs".=4 Sn tbpi jc jbmlabtijc ais gís pipuamrcs crm ca jc am Ebfurm 08, aamgmji friscrmgcntc pir cavuafi am ùainm, pir ca mri quc aacvmlm marcjcjir jc su `bnturm suocti m caam,msç ìgi sistcnçm unm cspc`bc jc vcstbji dc`di jc eblrms vcfctmacs. Zmg-

lbân jca cgpaci jc cstms eblrms sc dmaamn prc`cjcntcs cn Merb`m. Msç, cnunm rcfbðn jc Mnfiam, ams eblrms susijb`dms jc ìrtczm jc pmagcrm tbcncn`mrí`tcr smfrmji c bnvbiamlac, y ìn caams sc vbstcn ais nbýis y nbýms dmstmquc cstín cn mptbtuj jc pri`rcmr.=2 Ams usmn ais lmbamjircs jca @infi cnam gbsgm eirgm quc cn @ulm (Ebfurm =) y, scfÿn dc cxpucsti ym, tbcncn`mrí`tcr rcabfbisi, ma jc`br jc \mtzca. Ams cgpacmn ais jus m quc sc rce bcr cLbnfcr <8 y jc ais ùmacs dc dmlamji tmglbân. Ais sm`crjitcs m`dmnfis(ìgmr`m jca @infi ermn`âs) aacvmn msbgbsgi vcstbgcntms dc`dms jc eblrms

vcfctmacs.<= Zmglbân ìn eblrms jc pmagm (y mjcgís ìn unm gís`mrmìrnujm) sc vbstc `bcrti tcgbji ectb`dcri jc am @istm jc Gmreba.<<

Piamgcntc ma gbsincçsgi rcabfbisi `mlc mtrblubr am pcrgmncn`bm jc cstisirnmgcntis cn Íerb`m ìgi cn @ulm, mun ùmnji ais ncfris cn fcncrmaym cgpacmn tcams jc bgpirtm`bðn curipcm, i tcobjms pir caais gbsgis. Cncec`ti, ais mjirnis y vcstbjis dc`dis jc eblrms vcfctmacs sbn tcocr, ùcrnis,`murbs, ct`., sin prbgbtbvis, rcgintínjisc m âpi`m mntcrbir ma ìgcr`bi jcbgpirtm`bðn jc tcobjis y mrtçùais curipcis; y gbcntrms ais rcyczucais y

44



gmfnmtcs mjiptmrin ìn erub`bðn, pmrm dm`cr istcntm`bðn jc auoi y jcrbquczms, ais mnjrmois y lmrmtboms quc ais lamnìs acs vcnjçmn, ais sm`crjitcs,gís ìnscrvmjircs, rcsbstbcrin y ìntbnÿmn rcsbstbcnji m ams bnnivm`bincscn su bnjugcntmrbm ìnsmfrmjm pir am mntbfñcjmj. Ca cgpaci jc ams `mrctms pucjc cxpab`mrsc, cn pmrtc, pir `bcrtms eun`bincs piaçtb`ms, ìgi ca `mstbfijc jcabnùcntcs, ct`., ìnebmjms m sm`crjitcs i m jcpcnjbcntcs jc sumutirbjmj; pcri, pir itrm pmrac, am nc`csbjmj scntbjm pir ais ectb`dcris jc`musmr gbcji m ais `râjuais ncfris, jc rijcmr jc gbstcrbi sus eun`bincs,cspiacmnji ca tcgir m ai silrcnmturma y, mjcgís, pir `bcrtms `crcginbmsjca ùati ectb`dbstm pir ams quc sc priùrm cspmntmr m ais cspçrbtusgmaâebìs. Ca sbfubcntc pmrrmebti jc \mtzca<0 ai ìnebrgm y sbrvc pmrmcxpab`mr am rmzðn jca tçtuai jc jbmlabtis jmji m tmacs pcrsinmocs merb`mniscn @ulm. Jb`c msç? "Cn jctcrgbnmjms `brùnstmn`bms dm jc mrgmr rubji [caectb`dcriW mjirnmji ìn ùcrnis y `ms`mlcacs, m gmncrm jc jbmlai, pmrmcspmntmr ma jbmlai vcrjmjcri y dm`crai dubr."

Jc tmacs cstrmglðtbìs vcstbjis y mjirnis mpcnms sc ìnscrvmn rcstiscntrc ais lruois,<: qubcncs pir su ìnjb`bðn sm`crjitma, quc aacvm ìnsbfi,ìgi cn tijis ais ùatis pir `bvbabzmjis quc scmn, un cxmfcrmji mpcfi mai trmjb`binma, sin ais gís tcnm`cs gmntcncjircs jc tijis ais rmsfissmavmocs quc am rmzm ncfrm trmoi jc Íerb`m.

Pb ams vcstbjurms jc sm`crjitcs y ebcacs dmn jcsmpmrc`bji `msb titmagcntc pirquc crmn sçgliais silrmjmgcntc aamgmtbvis y `di`mlmn ìntrm ca mg- lbcn tc distba cn frmn pmrtc, acs dmn silrcvbvbji ais ìaamrcs quc diy aacvmntijmvçm `msb tijms ams ncfrms, mtrbluyânjiacs, rcpbti, ca gbsgi `mrí`tcrectb`dbstm quc ais `mtðabìs m ùmaqubcr gcjmaam i cs`mpuamrbi jc bjântb`m

mjvi`m`bðn. Am sbfnbeb`m`bðn jc ais ìaircs sc ìnscrvm cn su purczm prbgbtbvm. Jc mlmairbis lamnìs sin ais jc am Ubrfcn jc ams Gcr`cjcs(Ilmtmaí),<3 mg mrbaais ais jc am Ubrfcn jc am @mrbjmj jca @ilrc (Isdÿn),<5

mzuacs ais jc am Ubrfcn jc \cfam (Rcgmnyí),<6 lamnìs y riois ais jc PmntmLírlmrm (Pdmnfð) y itris gu`dis jc ucntms lamn`ms y mzuacs, matcrnmjms,

lamn`ms ìn ebactcs mzuacs, mgmrbaams y mzuacs, rioms siamgcntc, ncfrms,ct`âtcrm. Zmglbân tbcncn ìaamrcs jcjb`mjis m Pmn Ermn`bsì (¹Irÿn9),Pmn Xcjri (Ifÿn) , ams ínbrýís ttcmjbams (Cacflmrí) sbn quc pucjm mpuntmrca ìair jc sus ùcntms jc vbjrbi.

Ni jclcn ìneunjbrsc cstis ìaamrcs (Ebfurm 00) ìn ca aamgmji cqubvi-`mjmgcntc ìaamr jc Beí, nb ìn itris ìaamrcs jcstbnmjis m scr pirtmmguactis (Ebfurm 0:), e rcùcntcs cn trc ais ncfris ectb`dbstms. Pin ìaamrcs

cstis ÿatbgis eirgmjis pir unm `mjcnbtm i ìrjca quc aacvm ìafmnji`mymomlis, ìagbaais, gcjmaabtms `mtðab`ms y ìn ercùcn`bm unm liasbtm jcùcri i tcam cn am quc, ìgi sc cstbam cn Íerb`m, sc fumrjmn ais frbs-frbs gíscstbgmjis.

Cstis ìaamrcs ni sin ectb`dcs pir sç gbsgis, ìgi cn am m`tumabjmj sinìnsbjcrmjis ais itris. Dmstm cn ais ìaamrcs jc ais lruois sc ilscrvm amìneusbðn jc ams `rccn`bms ectb`dbstms jc ais ncfris ìn ams jc ais lamnìs.Msç ai jcgucstrm am Ebfurm 03. \cprcscntm un ìaamr eirgmji pir un ìrjca

42



ais lruois quc, ma gcnis cn @ulm, moustmn sus prctcnsbincs m ams cxbfcn`bmsjc ams `brùnstmn`bms ni sbcgprc emvirmlacs m am rbfurism ilscrvmn`bm jc aisrcqubsbtis quc ca rbti scýmam pmrm ams vç`tbgms pripb`bmtirbms.

@umnji sc trmtm jca sm`rbeb`bi jc unm mvc i jc itri mnbgma, sc jcrrmgmsu smnfrc cn`bgm jca çjiai y pir ca sucai jca tcgpai:5 i cn un rc`bpbcntccspc`bma, cn eirgm scgbcseârb`m, quc mafunis lruois aamgmn `duglm.:6 Pb ca

lruoi sustbtuyc cn su matmr ca çjiai jca irbsdm pir am bgmfcn cstmgpmjm jcun smnti, cntin`cs am smnfrc ni aacfm dmstm âstc, scfurmgcntc pirqucjcstrubrçm am ebfurm.

Ni siamgcntc mvcs, tmglbân sc ie rcnjmn itris mnbgmacs, ìgi `dbvis,`mrncris, ì`dbnis, ct`., pcri csti ni cs ìgÿn, m ni scr ùmnji cn i`msbðnjc am ebcstm siacgnc jca smnti sc cec`tÿm unm ìgbainm pir ais ebcacs;

cntin`cs ma çjiai sc ac ierc`c am pir`bðn prbn`bpma, quc sucac scr am `mlczm.Am iercnjm sc dm`c, fcncrmagcntc, ìai`mnji ais mabgcntis mntc ca çjiaisilrc ca matmr, cn am `duglm m âa jcjb`mjm, i eucrm jc caam, sb jcntri ni cs pisblac. Xir am paurmabjmj jc bgífcncs quc mjirnmn ca matmr lruoi, tb cncnquc ìai`mrsc silrc âstc tmntis rc`bpbcntcs jc iercnjms ìgi smntis. @mjmuni tbcnc su `duglm cspc`bma y mafunms jc âstms sin jca ìair pripbi jcairbsdm m quc cstín ìnsmfrmjms. Cstms `duglms sc mjirnmn m vc`cs ìnìaamrcs jc mlmairbis quc sbgliabzmn ma çjiai, y m ais quc gc dc rcecrbjiìn mntcrbirbjmj. Csti cs sueb`bcntc pmrm am jcjb`m`bðn jc unm `duglm mjctcrgbnmjm jbvbnbjmj (Ebfurm 06). M ais `m`dmrris jc am tis`m maemrcrçmmerb`mnm ais dmn sustbtubji ams `mzucams, tmzms, sipcrms, pmamnfmnms, ìpms,

pamtis y jcgís vmsis jc usi jigâstbì. Dmy lruois quc pmrm Cacfuíìnsmfrmn unm vmsbom jc dbcrri.

Ca cspçrbtu jc ais mabgcntis u iercnjms aacfm dmstm ais jbiscs, ai rcstmntccs mprivc`dmji pir ais lruois y cn ams siacgncs ìgbainms pir ais gísjbstbnfubjis dbois jca smnti.

Cn ams ebcstms, i ùmnji sc dm`cn rifmtbvms bgpirtmntcs, am ìgbjm jca smnti cs ierc`bjm siacgncgcntc. Am `crcginbm ìgbcnzm ti`mnji jc ungiji cspc`bma un tmglir, tiquc aamgmji lcglâ pir ais lruois, pir jcrb-vm`bðn jc am viz yirulm jc bfuma prinun`bm`bðn quc sbfnbeb`m "rifmr","supab`mr". Jcspuâs sc `caclrm unm pri`csbðn pir ais ebcacs msbstcntcs, sbnjbstbn`bðn jc scxis, ma ercntc jc am ùma gmr`dm am guocr jca lruoi u itrigbcglri jc am ìermjçm, aacvmnji cn un tmlacri silrc am `mlczm ais mabgcn-tis iercnjmjis. Ma sin jca tmglir y mìgpmýmjis pir un ginðtini `mnti,quc cs unm bnvi`m`bðn m am jbvbnbjmj, vmn jmnji vucatms ma tcgpai dmstm

jcpisbtmr cn ca matmr ais iloctis jca sm`rbeb`bi. Bngcjbmtmgcntc, su`cjc amjmnzm smfrmjm y jcspuâs am ìgbjm jc ais `rcycntcs, ais ùmacs tigmn aismabgcntis ìn am gmni, pucs acs cstí pridblbji vmacrsc jc ùlbcrtis.

@umnji mùjc ma lruoi mafÿn bnjbvbjui cn jcgmnjm jc un dc`dbzi i uniríùai, cs bgprcs`bnjblac pmrm mscfurmr ca âxbti, jmr jc ìgcr ma smnti prcvbmgcntc, m ìstm jca siab`btmntc ìgi cs nmturma. Cntin`cs ca sm`rbeb` bics gís scn`baai, lmstm ìai`mr cn ca matmr ca mabgcnti ierc`bji, gcjbmntc`bcrtms eðrguams y fcstis. Ams eirgms jc cstis sm`rbeb`bis sin vmrbms y sbn

2=



quc m fubsm jc `ms`mlcacs aacvmn mtmjms marcjcjir jc su `bnturm. 3= Mgcnuji ais lruois mtmn m sus gmrufms, cn am pmrtc supcrbir, gmniois jc`bcrtms ycrlms y dioms, jc vbrtujcs cxtrmirjbnmrbms (Ebfurms 6 y 4).

Ca gmyir mtrm`tbvi jc ams ebcstms quc `caclrmn ais dbois jc ais smntis csca lmbac rcabfbisi, quc ni sbcgprc sc gmntbcnc jcntri jc ams erintcrmsgçstb`ms y pmsm m gcnuji m scr unm jmnzm priemnm.

Xir ai fcncrma, ca lmbac rcabfbisi jc ais lruois sc mìgpmým ÿnb`mgcntc pir tmglircs. Âstis sin trcs. Ca prbgcri cs jc jis gctris jc amrfi pir unijc `brùnecrcn`bm, ìn pmr`dc jc pbca jc `mlrm ma cxtrcgi; sc ùcafm jc am`bnturm y sc ìai`m m am jcrc`dm jca ti`mjir, quc priju`c ais sinbjis ìnams gmnis siamgcntc. Cqubvmac ma mntbfui tmglir smfrmji aamgmji jmlí,jc quc ym dmlað ca vbmocri írmlc Ca-Lckrb.3< Ca scfunji tmglir, aamgmji

cn @ulm am tuglm, sc ti`m ìn un pmai pcqucýi, cs jc gctri y gcjbi jcainfbtuj, y pmrm ti`mrai sc sistbcnc cntrc ams pbcrnms. Ca tcr`cri cs gu`digís pcqucýi, rc`blc ca niglrc jc aamgmjir y sc ti`m sistcnbânjiai ìgica mntcrbir. Cs ca quc scýmam ams vucatms jc ais lmbamjircs y ca fiapc jc ercntc-,cs jc`br, ca gigcnti ùagbnmntc jca lmbac, pir su critbsgi. Ais tmglircssc tcgpamn ma `mair jca eucfi priju`bji pir am ìglustbðn jc unms rmgmssc`ms, jc pmom jc gmçz, ct`âtcrm. Am gmrçgluam tmglbân sc cgpacm m vc`cs pmrm mìgpmýmr am jmnzm lruom, pcri ìn gcnir ercùcn`bm.

Ca lmbac ìgbcnzm ìn un `mnturrci ginðtini cn quc sc ìrcm uncstrblbaai jca lruoi.30 Ni trmnsùrrc gu`di tbcgpi, unm vcz cgpczmji ca

lmbac, sbn quc am cx`btm`bðn crðt b`m sc gmnbebcstc cn tijm am `rujczm mer b`mnm.Ais givbgbcntis ams`bvis jca lmbac cstín sigctbjis ma sin jc ais tmglircsy m gcnuji sc iyc am viz jc un ncfri frbtmnji ¡bcllc! i ¡bcllm!3: y pbjbcnji

quc ca aamgmjir dmfm içr su tiquc pmrm jmr ca fiapc jc ercntc. Ca lmbactcrgbnm, ìgÿngcntc, pir ca `mnsmn`bi jc ais lmbamjircs, ais ùmacs gucs-trmn, sbn cglmrfi, frmn rcsbstcn`bm eçsb`m, jmnzmnji dirms y dirms. Ni csrmri quc ais ncfris sujirisis sc jcspiocn jc am `mgbsm, gistrmnji sus

lustis austrisis y sus lrin`cmjis lrmzis quc `býcn ìn eclrba mlrmzi caùcrpi jc am lmbamjirm. Aacfmjis m cstc gigcnti, ais lmbamjircs sc mai`mn pir am brrbtm`bðn scxuma, ca `dcquctcquc, am gÿsb`m, am jmnzm, ct`., y am irfçmìrinm ercùcntcgcntc am ecstbvbjmj rcabfbism.

Xcri ùmnji ca ecrvir rcabfbisi jc ais ncfris ectb`dbstms ni dm suerbjiais cglmtcs jca cs`cptb`bsgi fcncrma, ùmnji ais mjirmjircs jca çjiai,rcunbjis pmrm `caclrmr su ebcstm, ni sc dmn macomji gu`di jc am psbqubsnctmgcntc merb`mnm, ca lmbac sucac tcrgbnmr cn unm cs`cnm purmgcntc

rcabfbism, ablrc jc tiji `mrí`tcr cxtcrni jc critbsgi; tma cs ca m``csicpbaâptbì quc mtm`m m mafÿn ìnùrrcn tc y quc rc`blc ca niglrc jc jmr ca smnti i sulbrsc ca smnti m am `mlczm, maujbcnji m ais ecnðgcnis pmrc`bjisquc priju`c am cglrbmfucz i ca dc`di jc sulbrsc ca maìdia m am `mlczm,ìgi sc jb`c vuafmrgcntc.

Ca cxtcnumntc cocr`b`bi jca lmbac, am ginðtinm c bn`csmntc gÿsb`m jc aistmglircs, quc ilrm ìgi cx`cacntc pri`cjbgbcnti dbpnðtbì pir am emtbfmjc am mtcn`bðn -mpmrtc jc itrms `brùnstmn`bms-, sin ais quc privi`mn

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pr bn`bpmagcntc am piscs bðn jcginçm`m. "Cs prc`bsi dmlcr sbji tcstbfi jcais fcstis, jc ams ìntirsbincs, jc ams guc`ms, jc ais givbgbcntis jcsir-jcnmjis y vbiacntis m quc sc cntrcfmn ais ncfris cn sus jmnzms smfrmjms,jurmntc dirms ìnscùtbvms, jurmntc jçms y ni`dcs; cs prc`bsi dmlcraisvbsti bnunjmjis jc sujir, quc am gmni jc ìgpmýcris i jc niglrmjis macec`ti sc`m m `mjm rmti ìn frmnjcs timaams; cs prc`bsi dmlcrais vbsti msç,ìn ais vcstbjis cgpmpmjis cn sujir, lmbamr, lmbamr tijmvçm, lmbamr sbcgprc,

pmrm tc nc r unm bjcm jc ai quc pucjc scr cstc cocr`b` bi cx tcnumn tc , pmrmìni`cr su pijcr, quc, acois jc mlmtbrais, ais cx`btm gís y gís. Cs unmcspc`bc jc eurbm `rc`bcntc, jc rmlbm, jc jcscspcrm`bðn, ùyms ìntirsbincsmìgpmýmn ams vmrbm`bincs `mjcn`bisms, `mjm vcz gís m`cntumjms jcalmtu`moc, dmstm am gmnbecstm`bðn ebnma jca smnti."33 Ais dc`db`cris `mercs

sc privi`mn am piscsbðn pir ais cspçrbtus, m am quc aamgmn Slu-xcnçsÿ, pirgcjbi jc unm jmnzm smavmoc y pmrtbùamr;35 i scm, trms unm bntixb`m`bðn pirca sinbji y ca givbgbcnti, ìgi jb`c \blit.

Ca smnti jm prbn`bpmagcntc, ìgi cs nmturma, m ams guocrcs; ais diglrcsìn ercùcn`bm sbguamn ca mtmquc, mr rioínjisc ma sucai, dm`bcnji jbmlðab`msìntirsbincs, sm`mnji jcsgcsurmjmgcntc am acnfum, gistrmnji ai lamnìjc ais iois, ct`., pcri am sbguam`bðn sc jcsùlrc eí`bagcntc. Ni ilstmntc,cs tiacrmjm ùmnji ni dmy pcrsinms quc rcmagcntc rcsuatcn piscçjms. Mvc`cs ca gbsgi lruoi, ìgi su ìacfm `merc, priùrm quc ac jâ ca smnti,aacvmnji cn am gmni gbcntrms lmbam ca guýcì quc rcprcscntm ca smnti, jcquc ym dc dc`di gcn`bðn cn itri aufmr. Cn cstc cstmji jb`tm ai quc jclcdm`crsc pmrm am ùrm jc tma cnecrgcjmj, pmrm jmýmr m unm pcrsinm, ct`â tcrm .

Mafunis `rccn quc jmr ca smnti cs un `mstbfi cnvbmji pir gcjbm`bðn jcIsdÿn (prilmlacgcntc jc Csdÿ) pir ca smnti m am pcrsinm mtm`mjm, rcspinj bcnji m iecnsms jc `mrí`tcr rcabfbisi; pc ri cstm ipbnbðn ni cs vcrisç-gba, pirquc jc scr `bcrtm tma bntcrprctm`bðn ni sc cxpab`mrçmn amssbguam`bincs. Jmr ca smnti cs mafi tí`btmgcntc dinirçebì pmrm ca quccxpcrbgcntm am piscsbðn jca çjiai, quc sc dm jbfnmji trmsamjmrsc m suùcrpi, pmrm gmnbecstmrsc. Cs unm cspc`bc jc gcjbugnbjmj -ìgi jbrçmnais cspbrbtbstms- quc sc ac rcìni`c ma jcviti `mpmz jc tcncr ca smnti.

Xmrm quc `csc ca mtmquc, sc ti`mn ais tmglircs su`csbvmgcntc, ìgcn-zmnji pir ca gís pcqucýi. Pb csti ni lmstm, sc frbtm ma pm`bcntc rcpctbjmsvc`cs, dmstm quc `csc? Pcnscrblð, scnscrblð, cpâ gmnìðX Itrms vc`cs dmyquc fiapcmr m am pcrsinm mtm`mjm. M ams guocrcs ams bntriju`cn cn unmdmlbtm`bðn ìntbfum ma tcgpai pmrm scr ùrmjms, prilmlacgcntc c`dínji-

acs mfum smfrmjm ma ristri, ìgi su`cjc cn Lmdçm.34 Pcfÿn sc gc dmìgunb`mji pir pcrsinm jbfnm jc tiji `râjbti, mafunis lruois mìstug-

lrmn tcnjcr li`m mrrblm m ais quc tbcncn ca smnti y acs ìai`mn cn am li`mun `brbi cn`cnjbji.

Itrm jmnzm prm`tb`mn ais lruois, quc tbcnc m prbgcrm vbstm un `mrí`tcrfucrrcri pir ca smlac jc gmjcrm quc lamnjcn mquâaais cn sus smatis y pb ructms mntc ca matmr. Cstis smlacs sc cnùcntrmn cn `msb tijis ais tcgpais lruois y smacn m am auz `mjm vcz quc am piab`çm pcnctrm cn jb`dis mntris. M

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tmglbân am sma. Xb`dmrji, cn su jb``binmrbi, jb`c msç? "Pmamr. Uuaf. Mrriomrma sucai munm pcrsinm vbiacntmgcntc y jcsùlrbcnji sus pmrtcs pujcnjms,c`dmr acs sma i csùpbrams. Gctmeðrb `mgcn tc, jcsfrm`bmrsc i trmnsgbtbr m itrisu gmam sucrtc", pcri bfniri ca eunjmgcnti jc cstm ipbnbðn.

Cn am m`tuma bjmj, sc vm mlmnjinm nji ca usi jc ams vi`cs smam`bðn y smami50

y cn su aufmr sc mjiptm am pmamlrm ýcquc. Snm pcrsinm i ìsm ýcquc cs quccstí smamjm. Cstc vi`mlai pri`cjc jc Íerb`m. Xucjc rcìnstrubrsc su ctb-giaifçm, ìgi sbfuc? ý-c-kâ, sinbjis tigmjis jca acnfumoc yirulm; ý cs un pr ce boi muxbabmr qu c jcnitm unm m``bðn quc cs i euc ma tbcgpi maujbji pi ram pripisb`bðn; c, quc tbcnc ca gbsgi vmair quc m, cs itri prc eboi quc puc jccxprcsmr ca suocti pmsbvi jc unm m``bðn, msç ìgi am m``bðn gbsgm, i amùmabjmj mlstrm`tm bgpaç`btm cn un vcrli bntrmnsbtbvi; kc, vcrli quc sbfnb-

eb`m? ìai`mr un amzi, cgpcirm rsc cn unm cnecrgcjm j, cstmr rinì, qucgmr,jcstrizmr, ìrtmr, mscsbnmr, jmr mamrbjis... Jc giji quc ý-c-kc, qucrríjc`br? bnjbvbjui quc cs suocti pmsbvi jc unm jc csms m``bincs pcroujb`bmacsi am m``bðn gbsgm, ym quc tijms ams m`cp`bincs cxpucstms jca vcrli kc,`mlcn cn ca sbfnbeb`mji jc am pmamlrm ýcquc. Ni ilstmntc, cgbti cstmipbnbðn ctbgiaðfb`m, siamgcntc m tçtuai jc dbpðtcsbs.

Xucjc rcsugbrsc am eun`bðn jca lru oi ìgi dc`db`cri, cn am igpisb`bðnjc dc`dbzis lcnâebìs y gmaâebìs; cs jc`br, cn qubtmr y priju`br am smam`bðnm unm pcrsinm.

Ca dc`db`cri ìn`cntrm fcncrmagcntc ca pijcr jca dc`dbzi cn mafigmtcrbma; ams prí`tb`ms jc dc`db`crçm ìnsbstcntcs sbgpacgcntc cn gmaceb-`bis i cxir`bsgis pir irm`bincs, lcnjb`bincs, ìnouris, ct`., rcvcamn un

frmji supcrbir jc ùaturm rcabfbism, quc ni dmlçm ma`mnzmji am gmyir pmrt cjc ais dc`db`cris merb`mnis. M cstc ilocti, jcsjc jinjc ca dc`dbzi brrmjbmsu bneaucn`bm lcnâeb`m i gmaâeb`m, sc ac aamgm pir ais lruois ùlmnis cglð,y vuafmrgcntc lruocrçm, quc rcpbti, puc jc scr emvirmlac i pcroujb`bma, y ìnercùcn`bm cs gbxti, lcnceb`bmnji m unm pcrsinm y jmýmnji m itrm. Amcscn`bm jca dc`dbzi, pir jc`brai msç, ca cspçrbtu i pijcr silrcnmturma qucìgi ectb`dc jc tcr`cr irjcn ìntbcnc ca cglð y quc sc jcsmrriaam silrcunm pcrsinm i ìsm, sc aamgm lbrinfi y pir ìrrup`bðn lbainfi-, tmglbân dciçji aamgmrai gmýunfm G y cn `mstcaamni ìsm gmam, y gís ìgÿngcntcjmýi.

Am pmamlrm cglð sc jcrbvm jc unm jc ams yirulms sbfubcntcs? cdð,sm`rbeb`bi rcabfbisi, blð, sirtbacfbi, i bflð, tmglbân sm`rbeb`bi.53

Lbrinfi cs, sbn jujm, pmamlrm tmglbân yirulm ìgpucstm jc ams vi`cslb-briý-fi, csti cs? lb, `musm jc un suerbgbcnti; briý, pcrsinm cnecrgm,jbsfustmjm, mlmtbjm; y fi, csìnjcr, iùatmr; jc giji quc lbrinfi qubcrcjc`br? "`musm iùatm jca suerbgbcnti jc unm pcrsinm cnecrgm i mlmtbjm."

Ca cglð sc usm pmrm priju`br am smam`bðn i pmrm ablrmr jc caam m unm pcrsinm, trmnsgbtbânjiam m itrm i m un mnbgma u ilocti, pi rquc ca cg lð csìgi ca vcdçùai jca lbainfi quc irbfbnm am smam`bðn. Ca cglð ni sc cgpacmsbcgprc cn am ùrm`bðn jc cnecrgcjmjcs, pucs, munquc rcvcstbjm jc un

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`mrí`tcr rcabfbisi, ais lruois tbcncn su tcrmpâutb`m smavmoc, gu`dms jc ùymsmpab`m`bincs ni pucjcn scr ìnsbjcrmjms ìgi dc`dbzis.

Jcsjc cstc ÿatbgi punti jc vbstm, am bntcrvcn`bðn jca lruoi dm sbji ysbfuc sbcnji erc ùcn tcgc ntc siab`btmjm.

@rccn ais lruois -ìg i ym dc jb`di-, y su `rccn`bm dm sbji am jc Curipmdmstm unm âpi`m rcamtbvmgcntc gijcrnm, quc ams cnecrgcjmjcs sin pri-ju`bjms pir cspçrbtus i fcnbis gmaâviais, quc sc ìgpam`cn cn mtirgcntmrm ais scrcs dugmnis mtrmycnji silrc âstis ams jiacn`bms, lbcn pir bnb`bmtbvm

pripbm i bnstbfmjis pir ais dc`dbzis jc un cncgbfi jca pm`bcntc. @mjmcnecrgcjmj cs privi`mjm pir un fcnbi jbstbnti. Lbítb -ìgi sc dm vbsti-cs ca niglrc quc jmn ais ncfris meriùlmnis ma jcginbi jc am vbrucam. Jcmdç quc am ùrm`bðn jc am cnecrgcjmj ni jcpcnjc sbni jca vcn`bgbcnti jcacspçrbtu gmabfni pir ca lruoi, qubcn pmrm aifrmrai bnvi`m ca muxbabi jc amsjbvbnbjmjcs lucnms. Ni ilstmntc, ais lruois `rbiaais sucacn prcs`bnjbr jccstc ìn`cpti jcgmsbmji prbgbtbvi jc am cnecrgcjmj y m`tÿmn ìgiùrmnjcris, munquc sbcgprc ìn `bcrti lmrnbz rcabfbisi quc acs jm prcstb-fbi. Mntcs jc quc ca lruoi ìgbcn`c m jcspacfmr sus mrtcs, cs prc`bsi qucca pm`bcntc sc ìnfrm`bc ìn ca jbis, pir gcjbi jc un sm`rbeb`bi pripb`bmti-rbi; sbn âstc scrçm bnÿtba tijm am dmlbabjmj jca dc`db`cri pmrm jcviavcr amsmauj ma cnecrgi, mduycntmnji ma jcginbi quc cn âa sc `clm. Ca sm`rbeb`bima quc, cn cstc `msi, sc ac jm ca niglrc jc abgpbczm,55 cs fcncrmagcntc unmiercnjm ma smnti jca lruoi ìnsbstcntc cn eaircs, gincjms y ìgÿngcntccn mvcs i gmnomrcs.

Cs viz pÿlab`m, y dmstm sc dm cs`rbti cn am prcnsm pcrbðjb`m, quc ìnercùcn`bm ais lruois ierc`cn ams abgpbczms cstmnji ìgpactmgcntc jcsnu-

jis y quc msç ilabfmn m cstmr ma àbcntc, munquc âstm scm unm guocr, y qucjmgms rb`ms y jc cacvmjm prismpbm sc dmn sigctbji m cstc tirgcnti cn mrmsjc unm emnítb`m `rccn`bm. Cstm `brùnstmn`bm rbtuma cs vcrisçgba y cxpab`mlactmglbân pir ca gbsincçsgi rcabfbisi, gís emvirmlac cn Íerb`m m am jcsnujcz

prbgbtbvm quc m ams ìgpab`mjms vcstbjurms jc ams si`bcjmjcs `bvbabzmjms.Xcri, pir ai gcnis, ca lruoi ieb`bm ìn ais pbcs jcs`mazis, pucs ais

zmpmtis ni sin pripbis jc sus jbiscs nb jc sus prcjc`csircs merb`mnis.Snm vcz iercnjmji ca sm`rbeb`bi pir ca pm`bcntc i pir mafubcn cn su

niglrc -cs jc`br, dc`dm am abgpbczm y smaujmji m tijis ais smntis jcatcgpai jca lruoi-, âstc sc jc`bjc m m`tumr. M`tumagcntc, sin gu`dis ais

lruo is quc ni ìn tcntis ìn ams ie rc njm s pbjcn pir m jca mn tm ji ca pr c` bijc su trmlmoi cn gincjm, jb`bcnji ¡Iyí!56 m am vcz quc uncn ais

cxtrcgis jc ais jcjis puafmrcs c çnjb`c jc am gmni jcrc`dm. Cn ais `msisfrmvcs bgpirtm mvcrbfumr prcvbmgcntc am cnecrgcjmj quc mqucom ma ìn-suatmntc; i scm, ca jbmlai quc ai mtirgcntm. Xmrm caai sc ìai`mn marcjcjirjca pm`bcntc54 nugcrisis `mrmìacs i `murbs quc rcprcscntmn ais cspçrbtusgmaâviais. Cntin`cs, ca lruoi dm`c is`bamr un pânjuai quc sistbcnc ìn amgmni, dmstm quc Ilmtmaí ai bnàbnm silrc uni jc ais mrmìacs, ca ùma bnjb`mam cnecrgcjmj.52 @umnji am ipcrm`bðn erm`msm dmy quc rcpctbram cn vbcrncs,jçm ìnsmfrmji m Ilmtmaí, jcspuâs jc dm`cr unm nucvm abgpbczm.

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prcjigbnð ca gmrbjmoc cn trc am gcjb`bnm y am rcabfbðn, y sb lbcn diy jigbnmam `bcn`bm sbn bneauois silrcnmturmacs cn ams nm`bincs gís prifrcsmjms, cnca puclai ìntbnÿm ca mntbfui gmrbjmoc, y am `rccn`bm cn am ceb`m`bm jbvbnmy cn am nmturma."6< Msç su`cjc tmglbân cn @ulm cn ams `mpms si`bmacs jc psbìaifçm bnecrbir y prbgbtbvm.

@igi cs nmturma, prbgbtbvm cs tmglbân am emrgmìpcm jca lruoi .Dc mquç, m ìntbnum`bðn, mafunis cocgpais jca giji jc pri`cjcr tcrm-

pâutbì jc ais lruois. Xmrm am tbsbs, irjcnmn am bneusbðn jc tmgmrbnjimrrmn`mji pir ca amji irbcntma jca írlia. Xmrm am jclbabjmj jc am vbstm, igcrrigcri, rujm y malmdm`m ìn pmn y sma. Xmrm ca `mamglrc, cnviavcr am pbcrnmcn unm pbca jc mnfubam. Xmrm am tis ìnvuasbvm, ca `maji jc am ac`duzm. Xmrmais jiaircs jca cstðgmfi, un `bnturðn jc pbca jc gmoí. Xmrm ca rcugm,

eritm`bincs jc frmsm jca gbsgi mnbgma. Xmrm cnecrgcjmjcs jc ais iois,aacvmr ma ùcaai cn unm liasbtm ams pmtms jc un smpi. Xmrm ìntcncr dcgirrmfbms,aacvmr cn ca liasbaai un smpi gucrti mtrmvcsmji pir un bnstrugcnti jc m`crimebamji. Am mrmým vbvm aacvmjm ma ùcaai cn unm liasm ùrm ams jiacn`bms jcam fmrfmntm. Ca dçfmji jc am mnfubam sc cgpacm pmrm mabvbi jc pmrturbcntms.Ca dçfmji jc pcrri dbjrðeili pmrm am dbjrieilbm. Pmnfrc jc fmaabnm ncfrm pmrm ams mec``bincs dcpítb`ms. Xmrm ùrmr un irzucai, eritmr ai ìn am ìamjc un fmti. Xmrm ca jiair jc içjis ÿscsc am smnfrc quc smafm jc am dcrbjm priju`bjm cn am ìam jc un fmti, i ca oufi jc `mrmìacs mtrmvcsmjis pir unbnstrugcnti jc dbcrri, y tmglbân ais irbncs jc un ncfri i jc unm ncfrmscfÿn ca scxi jca pm`bcntc. Xmrm quc jcsmpmrcz`mn ais ailmnbaais, sc acs mtmìn unm `rbn jc `mlmaai. Xmrm mabvbmr ais pmjc`bgbcntis jca ìrmzðn, unm

fmaabnm ncfrm. Xmrm ams ÿa`crms, ducsis dugmnis rcju`bjis m piavi. Xmrm amcrbsbpcam, ducvis jc dirgbfm ìnoufi jc `cliaams. Xmrm quc un maìdiabstmjcoc su vb`bi, sc utbabzmn ais ducvis jc ac`duzm, i ca mfumrjbcntc cn ca qucsc dmym c`dmji tbcrrm jc scpuaturm,60 i un rmtðn lamnì, i ca sujir jc un`mlmaai isùri.

Am `rccn`bm jc quc am cnecrgcjmj cs priju`bjm pir am piscsbðn jcgi-nçm`m jca pm`bcntc, acs dm`c mjiptmr tmglbân ìgi rcgcjbi ercùcntc amtrmnsgbsbðn pir gcjbi jc un cglð jca cspçrbtu gmabfni m itri scr, qucmjqubrbrí m su vcz ca pmjc`bgbcnti, ym quc am jcstru``bðn ìgpactm jcacspçrbtu ni cstí cn am pitcn`bm jca lruoi. Xmrm ùrmr m un nbýi jc am tisecrbnm, sc ac mrrmn`m un `mlcaai y iùati cn un pmn 6: sc dm`c quc ai ìgmun pcrri; y sb ca pcrri tisc cs quc dm pmsmji m âa am cnecrgcjmj y girbrí,

smavínjisc ca cnecrgi. Xmrm ùrmr ca jiair jc gucams, sc jclc csùpbr cnam li`m jc unm rmnm. Ca rcugm sc ùrm dm`bcnji pir am gmýmnm trcsbn`bsbincs cn un pbni, y aucfi c`dmr m ìrrcr sbn viavcr am `mlczm. Xmrm amsvcrrufms, sc rilmrí un trizi jc ti`bni, eritmrams ìn âa y mrriomrai; i lbcnsc tigmn tmntms pbcjrms ìgi vcrrufms, sc pmsmn mquâaams unm m unm pirâstms y sc tbrmn m un scnjcri cnvucatms cn un trmpi? ca quc ams jcsùlrmrcìfc ams vcrrufms. Xmrm ùrmr am b`tcrb`bm, cnsírtcnsc trc`c mois pir undbai y sc aacvmn jurmntc trc`c jçms ma ùcaai; m gcjbm ni`dc jca ÿatbgi jçm

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sc mùjc m unm li`m`maac y sc mrriom ca ìaamr, viavbcnji m `msm sbn gbrmrmtrís.

Itri pri`cjbgbcnti pmrm trmnsgbtbr am cnecrgcjmj cs ca sbfubcntc? scacvmntm ca cnecrgi ìn ca sia, sc ìgprm un piaai i pmaigm cntrc ùmtricsqubnms y sc vm ma tcgpai jca l ruoi; unm vcz maaç y jcspuâs jc un smdugcrbi ,sc mùcstm ca pm`bcntc lmoi ca matmr tcnbcnji ca mnbgma pir magidmjm; maacvmntmrsc ai dm`c ùrmji y jcomnji ma mvc cn am mfinçm. Cn cstc `msi, ìgicn ca jc am ùrm`bðn jca rcugm, ym `btmji, ni dmy cglð; am trmnsgbsbðn scvcrbeb`m bngcjbmtmgcntc jca cnecrgi ma itri scr quc ac cstí cn ìntm`ti.

Cn itris `msis ni sðai jcsmpmrc`c ca cglð, sbni quc sc gmtcrbmabzm ca lbainfi. Ca lruo i Li`ÿ ùrmlm `bcrtm jiacn`bm dm`bcnji pbquctcs cn ca pc` di m am pm`bcntc, pir ais quc ac `dupmlm am smnfrc y ac cx tr moi unm

lmlism; lbainfi quc ac dmlçm smabji m mquâaam jca ìrmzðn. Cn un `msi jcmlirti privi`mji, ca ecti euc ìnsbjcrmji ìgi lbainfi y c`dmji ma euc fi

pir ca lruoi, jb`bcnji quc crm un fmti pr bcti.Gís tijmvçm quc am ùrm jc cnecrgcjmjcs, pripir`binm lcnceb`bis pc-

ùnbmrbis m ais lruois am ìnec``bðn y vcntm jc dc`dbzis mgirisis. Amsguocrcs mùjcn ìn ercùcn`bm ma lruoi pmrm ìnscfubr mgmtrmr ma gmrbjii ma diglrc jc sus mndcais. Ais lruois ìnsbfucn csti guy eí`bagcntc yjc vmrbms gmncrms. Lmstm c`dmr cn ca `bfmrri, cn ca `meâ i cn am ìgbjm jcadiglrc, ca ìrmzðn scì y giabji jca zug-zug (cspc`bc jc pío mri gis`m).It ri dc`db`cri nc`csbtm un pcjmzi jc am ripm usmjm pir ca diglr c vç`tbgm;jcspuâs jc tcncram cn su pijcr, tigm un ìrjca jc `íýmgi y dm`c cn âasbctc nujis,63 m `mjm nuji prinun`bm ca niglrc jca quc jclc scr mgmrrmji,unc cstc ìrjca ìn ca trizi jc ripm y ais cntbcr rm cn unm gm`ctm cn am quc`rcz`m unm gmtm jc rujm; gbcntrms am pamntm vbvm, am ebjcabjmj jca diglrccs scfurm. Pc rcìgbcnjm tmglbân jmr ma diglrc unm nmuscmlunjm lclbjm,m`cr`m jc ùym ìgpisb`bðn pcrjinmrí ca ac`tir quc ni ac dmlac.

Bjântbìs dc`dbzis sc usmn pmrm ìnscfubr ca mgir jc unm guocr, pcrinmturmagcntc ams siab`btujcs cn tma scntbji sin gcnis quc ams mntcrbircs.Ma scxi eucrtc pmrc`c quc ni ac bntcrcsm tmnti, ìgi ma jâlba, mgmrrmr mascxi ìntrmrbi.

Xmrm jcstrubr ais `cais, sc mtm un trizi jc ripm su`bm pir ca sujir jc am pc rsinm `caism, m am `mlczm jc un àmvi frmnjc; cn ca bntcrbir jca tr mpi sc pinc pðavirm, y tiji csti msç pr cpmrmji sc cntbcrrm mntc am puc rt m jc am`msm jca quc cs gís caisi jc ai ìnvcnbcntc. Pbn jujm, ùmnji âstc dmlbtccn unm `maac mjiqubnmjm scrí bgpisblac i piì gcnis cntcrrmr ca cglð.Am pcrspb`m`bm merb`mnm ni dmlçm prcvbsti quc ca pmvbgcnti jc ams vçms pÿlab`ms sc eirrmsc titm agcntc jc pbcjrms.

Cntrc ai gís bnùati jc nucstri puclai sc ìni`c ca mfum liglm (m`cr`mjc ùym prcpmrm`bðn tmglbân gc pcrgbtbrí ca ac`tir quc `maac), pmrmcglilmr ma nivbi i ma gmrbji.65

Ca rcpcrtirbi jc dc`dbzis pmrm mtrmcr am smam`bðn silrc mafunm pcrsinm,cs ni gcnis vmrbmji y cxtcnsi. Uâmnsc m ìntbnum`bðn mafunms jc ams prí`t b`ms gmaâeb`ms. Fi apcm nji un pmai ìntrm itri, gbcntrms prinun`bmn

=88



un bntcabfblac ìnouri pcnsmnji cn jctcrgbnmjm pcrsinm, âstm cnecrgmbngcjbmtmgcntc. Pc rcìfc am `ms`mrm jc unm erutm quc dmym ìgbji cabnjbvbjui m qubcn sc qubcrm smamr, i ùmaqubcr itri jcspcrjb`bi jc suìgbjm, y cnvucati cn unm diom sc dm`c qucgmr m eucfi acnti? am smam`bðnni tmrjm cn gmnbecstmrsc.66

Pb sc aifrm quc un píomri aacvc cn ca pbì m su nbji ca `mlcaai jc unm pcrsinm, âstm scrí smamjm.64

Pc mìstuglrm tmglbân pmrm smamr, ìafmr ma ùcaai jca çjiai Csdÿ, caniglrc jc am vç`tbgm. Pupinfi quc cstc usi scrí rcamtbvmgcntc gijcrni,sustbtuycnji ma gcnis un sbfni ùmaqubcrm quc cn Merb`m sbfnbeb`mrçm m unm pcrsinm jctcrgbnmjm.

Cspmr`br pir ca sucai jc unm `msm pbgbcntm jc Fubncm puavcrbzmjm, msç

ìgi am frmsm jca gmoí jcspuâs jc gczàmjm pir ca lruoi ìn itrmssustmn`bms, m`mrrcm m ais quc dmlbtmn mquâaam, frmvcs jbsfustis i rcycrtmsìn jcrrmgmgbcnti jc smnfrc.

Cgpmpmr un pmýucai ìn ca açqubji quc jcstbam un smpi ìafmji vbvi, priju`c am `cfucrm jca suoc ti quc ai aacvc m ais iois. Xmrm ìnjcnmr m unm pcrsinm m am gbscrbm, sc ìai`m ìn csm bntcn`bðn unm pmaigm jc ìairisùri cn ca sucai y li`m mrrblm, silrc unm `ruz gmr`mjm ìn ycsi,jcoínjiam cn cstm pisb`bðn dmstm quc gucrc jc dmglrc.

@bcrti lruoi jca puclai jc Mlrcus usmlm un cxtrmýi pri`cjbgbcnti pmrmiltcncr un ebatri girtma. Pm`rbeb`mlm un fmaai m ais obgmfums, jcrrmgmnjisilrc ais çjiais (Ebfurm =4) am smnfrc jc am vç`tbgm, gczàmjm ìn `bcrtisì`bgbcntis jc ycrlms y vbni scì (csm msç gma aamgmjm lclbjm maìdðab`mquc, priju`ti jc lurjms siebstb`m`bincs, vcnjcn ams lijcfms ùlmnms pmrm pmamjmrcs smavmocs). Ais açqubjis eba trmlmn m trmvâs jca cnviatirbi, jcspuâsjc cgpmpmr ais àmvis, ducsis dugmnis, tbcrrm y itrms bngunjb`bms ountiìn ams quc cstmlmn cnvucatis ais obgmfums, y fitcmlmn cn unm vmsbom jinjcca msqucrisi lrclmoc rcsuatmntc crm rcìfbji pmrm jcspuâs scr mpab`mjiipirtunmgcntc.

Xmrm priju`br am smam`bðn, cs pmrm ai quc ìn gmyir ercùcn` bm ais lru oisìgpincn cglðs. Cn âstis jcpisbtmn ca gmaceb`bi, ca lbainfi i gmýunfm,y lmstm quc unm pcrsinm sc pinfm cn su ìntm`ti pmrm quc scm smamjm.62 Ca lbainfi ni sc trmnsgbtc sbni m am pcrsinm ìntrm am ùma sc prc pm rð ca cglð, pc ri sb ni sc dbzi ìntrm pcrsinm jctcrgbnmjm, cntin`cs ùmaqubcrm puc jcscr su vç`tbgm. Cn ais lmrrbis pilrcs jc Am Dmlmnm ni crm rmri vcr,cspc`bmagcntc cn itris tbcgpis, y tijmvçm sc vc m gcnuji, tbrmjis cn ams

m`crms jc ams `maacs i cn ais uglrmacs jc ams `msms, silrc tiji pir am gmýmnm,cnviatirbis jc trmpis, ìntcnbcnji cglðs, cn ais quc mafunis bfnirmntcsjcpisbtmrin tijm am gmabfnbjmj jc sus jmýbnms bntcn`bincs. Ams gmtcrbmsquc cntrmn cn am ìgpisb`bðn jc ais cglðs sin bnìntmlacs? `mlcaais,`cnbzms, jbcntcs, uýms, ducsis y cx`rcgcntis dugmnis, gmçz, c`ð, jbvcrsmsscgbaams, `ís`mrms jc erutms, litincs, trmpis y jcgís iloctis pcrt cnc` bcn-tcs m am pcrsinm quc sc jcscm cglruomr; ycrlms y dioms, `bcrtms paugms, pm tmsy `rcstms jc fmaai y jc itrms mvcs, trizis jc ùcrni y jc `brbis, mam`rmncs,

=8=



smpis, `mrmìacs, mnzucais, àmvis, pðavirm, gincjms, gmntc`m jc ìrioi,magmfrc, ct`âtcrm.

Ca cgpaci jc am pðavirm cs guy ercùcntc cn am ìgpisb`bðn jc aiscglðs, ìgi ym sc dm vbsti cn mafunis cocgpais. Cstí guy cxtcnjbji cnÍerb`m ca usi jc piavis sbglðabìs, dmstm aacfmr ma jc `cnbzms priju`bjms pir am ìglustbðn jc rcstis dugmnis; pucjc cxpab`mrsc ca jc am pðavirm, pir am sirprcsm quc ais c ec`tis jc cstc gbstcrbisi piavbti ncfruzì - aa cv mjimaaç pir ais lamnìs- prijuoi msç cn ais ectb`dcris ìgi cn sus ebcacs. Am

pðavirm euc pmrm ais lruois unm mrcnbaam gífb`m jc cec`tis gís tcrr blacs cbngcjbmtis quc ùmaqubcrm jc ais jcgís tmn tcgbjis pir caais; y ni jujmrincn mjiptmram, gczàínjiam fcncrmagcntc ìn itris piavis lruois.48

Ca vcrjmjcri cglð cs jc am cxàusbvm emlrb`m`bðn jca lruoi. @bcrtis

gcjb`mgcntis jc âstc pmrm am ùrm jc jctcrgbnmjis gmacs dmn sbji vuafm-rbzmjis jc tma gmncrm, quc ym ni sc mùjc m âa pmrm su mjqubsb`bðn; pcri cn`mglbi, pmrm ìnscfubr un cglð, dmy quc trmtmr ìn ca lruoi, pucs, gísquc jc ams gmtcrbms quc ai ìgpincn, su vbrtuj jcpcnjc jc ais ìnouris y`crcginbms ìn quc cs prcpmrmji, jca `mrí`tcr gífbì jc quc ai rcvbstc cadc`db`cri. Xmrm su prcpmrm`bðn sc rcpbtcn ams gbsgms cs`cnms quc pmrm amùrm jc mafÿn gma? rczi, abgpbczm, ct`., y silrc tiji, cn cstc `msi sin gísmlunjmntcs ais dinirmrbis.

Ca cglð sc ìai`m sbcgprc sbn gbrmrai cn ca aufmr ipirtuni, y unm vczjcpisbtmji, sc macom ca bnjbvbjui sbn viavcr am `mlczm dm`bm mtrís dmstmjilamr unm csqubnm; jc ai ìntrmrbi, am m``bðn jca lbainfi pijrçm cxtcnjcrscdmstm âa, sb ni eucrc jbrbfbji ìntrm jctcrgbnmjm pcrsinm.

Dmrti jcsfrm`bmjm sc `rccrçm am pmrtc gís bnùatm jc nucstrm pilam`bðnsb ìntrm ais cglðs ni tuvbcsc mrgm mafunm quc ipincr . Am gbsgm lruocrçmdm pripir`binmji gcjbis pmrm jcstrubr ais gmaceb`bis, mlrbcnji msç unmnucvm eucntc jc bnfrcsis y vcntmoms cìnðgb`ms. Uâmnsc mafunms jc amsrcìgcnjm`bincs pmrm cvbtmr i jcstrubr am smam`bðn. Ca quc vcm un cglð y`rcm quc su gmaâeb`m bneaucn`bm sc jbrbfc ìntrm âa, rbâfucai ìn sus pripbisirbncs y mquâa pcrjcrí tiji su pijcr. Xmrm ablrmrsc jca jmýi, sc mrriom mun `ru`cri4= un puýmji jc frmnis jc gmçz tistmjis, sbn viavcr am `mlczm.Pb sc `rcc rc`blbr mafi quc pucjm smamr, `ðomsc ìn am gmni bzqubcrjm. Xmrmdubr jc am smam`bðn, dmy bnebnbjmj jc eðrguams. Dc mquç unm quc cntrcsmìjc ais `btmjis mrtçùais mnðnbgis jc Am @mrb`mturm, ìpbínjiam tcxtuma-gcntc ? "Zigm un pmýucai jc guocr- açmtc ai m am gmni bzqubcrjm-, suâatmaijc tu gmni bzqubcrjm, ítmai ìn sbctc nujis -d mz csti jis vc`cs-, ri`çmais

ìn vbni àmri -rijâmai m am `mlczm jc un cnecrgi-, rijâmai cn tirni msus gmnis y m sus pbcs -sbântmtc cn su `mgm-, ibrís am viz jc Maí -Isunjmtc pritcfcrí." Pc ìni`cn tmglbân itrms irm`bincs jcstbnmjms ma gbsgiiloctbvi, mafunm jc caams jc un gmr`mji smlir `mtðabì quc jcnitm su pri`cjcn`bm curipc m. Dmy fcntc quc `rcc cn am smam`bðn jc unm `msm,ìnvcn`bji jc quc dmlbtmram acs irbfbnmrí jcsfrm`bms. Cstm supcrstb`bðn

pmr c`c jc irbfcn c uripci , jinjc am `rccn`bm cn `msms y pmam`bis dmlbtmjis pi r jucnjcs cstí guy jbeunjbjm; y tmglbân pucjcn dmlcrac jmji píluai

=8<



ais bni`cntcs dc`dbzis jca lruoi meriùlmni, cstí acois jc scr bnjulbtmji.Uâmnsc, ìgi cocgpai, ams m`crtmjms ìnsbjcrm`bincs quc m`cr`m jc aiscnvcncnmgbcntis cn ams Mntbaams ermn`csms -cspc`bmagcntc cn am Gmr-tbnb`m- dm`c ca ji`tir @irrc cn su ilrm Ac `ýgc cn pmys `rcðacs.

Am ercùcn`bm jca cnvcncnmgbcnti pir ais dc`db`cris merimntbaamnisscrçm `msb un ìntrmscntbji. ¹Ni sin tmntis ais cglðs46 pmrm smamr m unm pc rs inm jc unm gmncrm tcrr blac9 ¹Ni sin tijis ais cnvc nc nm gbcn tisbntcn`binmacs, ìgi jbrçm @irrc9 ¹M quâ, pucs, prcs`bnjbr jca lbainfiiùati cn ais cglðs, jcsprc`bmnji su vbrtuj rcabfbism, pmrm mùjbr m aisvcncnis, quc scrçmn jcsùlbcrtis pir ais lamnìs9 ¹I cs quc, scfÿn prctcnjcn mafunis, am tixbìaifçm lruo m pu cjc jcsmebmr am `bcn`bm jc unIrebam9 Am `rccn`bm cntrc am fcntc bfnirmntc jc quc ais lruois ìni`cn

pamntms, am m``bðn tðxb`m jc ùyis oufis cs jcsìni`bjm pmrm ais diglrcsjc `bcn`bm lamnìs, crm cn tijms ams Mntbaams lmstmntc mjgbtbjm. \cspin-jbcnji m caam gc abgbti rcgbtbr ma ac`tir ma cxm`ti oub`bi quc jc cstc mspc`tijc ams supcrstb`bincs mntbaamnms dm`c ca ji`tir \ubz, `btmji pir @irrc.44

Xmrm ìnàubr, ais lruois jc @ulm ni dmn dc`di `rc`cr am `berm jc aiscnvcncnmgbcntis, ma gcnis cn frmji mprc`bmlac, y cn am m`tumabjmj amgucrtc pir am bnfcstbðn jc un tðxbì ni mpmrc`c sbni guy rmrmgcntc eucrmjc ams `rðnb`ms jc ais sub`bjbis y jc ais m``bjcntcs eirtubtis.

Xiì dm quc am si`bcjmj ùlmnm sc ìngivbð pir un dirrblac `rbgcn? pi r ca mscsbnmti jc unm nbým lamn`m, ìgctbji pir unis lruois ìn cailoctbvi jc cxtrmcrac ca ìrmzðn y am smnfrc y utbabzmrais cn am ìnec``bðnjc un cglð. Ni pujc -muscntc jc @ulm- prm`tb`mr ams bnvcstbfm`bincs y

cstujbis nc`csmrbis pmrm mprc`bmr ìn prc`bsbðn, y cn tijis mspc`tis, casu`csi jc rcecrcn`bm, y dc jc vmacrgc ÿnb`mgcntc jc ai pulab`mji cn sui`msbðn pir am prcnsm y jc ams nitb`bms siab`btmjms m mafunis mgbfis ymgmlacgcntc ìgunb`mjms. Ca jcabti dm sirprcnjbji gís quc pir amjcab`tuisbjmj rcvcamjm pir sus mutircs, pir ai bncspcrmjmgcntc quc dm

puc st i ma jcsùlbcr ti ca `mn`crisi emnmtbsgi quc ìrric ams `mpms bfnirmn-tcs jc nucstrm nm`bðn. Xirquc, cn cec`ti, un `msi scgcomntc ni dmlçmiùrrbji, i pir ai gcnis ni dmlçm sbji ìni`bji, jcsjc ais tbcgpis jc amcsàmvbtuj. Cs bnÿtba mùjbr pmrm dmaamrai m ams cstmjçstb`ms oujb`bmacs jc@ulm; âstms, ùmnji cxbstcn, mpcnms sb dm`cn itrm ìsm quc àmsbeb`mr aisdc`dis scfÿn ca `msbaacri ìnvcn`binma jc ams acycs, sbn quc jcs`bcnjmn m pmrt bùamrbzmr y m jcscnt rmýmr am nmturmaczm sub fcncrbs jc `rçgcncs ìgica `btmji. Am viz pipuamr tmn sðai pucjc scrvbr jc fuçm cn cstc msunti, pcriam auz quc mrriom cs tmn jâlba quc mpcnms lmstm pmrm jcsùlrbr mafi cn am pc nuglrm . Jcspuâs jc su`cjbji ca mscsbnmti, am prcnsm dm csùjrbýmji pir pr bgcrm vcz cn ca sulsucai jc nucstri puclai y sc dm dc`di cì jc am`rccn`bm fcncrma jc quc tma jcabti ni crm ca ÿnbì ìgctbji pir ais lruoiscn ìnjb`bincs y ìn ebnmabjmj bfumacs i pmrc`bjms. Pc dm pulab`mji42 quc-scfÿn rcecrcn`bms jc mafunis lruois dmlmncris- am jcsmpmrb`bðn jc nbýiscn ais `mgpis ni crm ìsm rmrm, sb lbcn ni sc jm sbcgprc ùcntm jc caai mams mutirbjmjcs pir tcgir m ams rcprcsmabms jc ais jcabnùcntcs; quc ais

= :



jiacn`bms. Ca lruoi @mlmnfms -pmrm `btmr un `msi rc`bcntc- utbabzmlm uncglð, cn ùym ìgpisb`bðn cntrmlm un ecti pmrm ìnscfubr am ecùnjbjmjjc unm jc sus ìnùlbnms. Euc prc`bsi, cn ca `msi jca mscsbnmti jc am nbým_ibam, quc ca lruoi jcàmrmrm quc ca jmýi jc am cnecrgm crm mntbfui yìrmzðn pmapbtmntc jc unm nbým lamn`m, mscsbnmjm cxprcsmgcntc pmrm ca`msi. Mjcgís, ams vbiam`bincs jc scpuaturms cn ais `cgcntcrbis rurmacs,sbn ùstijbm sueb`bcntc, sin tmglbân sustbtutbvis quc pripir`binmn m ais

lruois am iltcn`bðn jc rcstis dugmnis sbn frmnjcs jbebùatmjcs. Xir ÿatbgi,ais ducsis dugmnis pucjcn ìnscfubrsc mÿn gís eí`bagcntc cn ca ismrbijc mafunm nc`rðpiabs, i cn ùmaqubcrm jc ais bnnugcrmlacs aufmrcs jcnucstris `mgpis, jinjc am rcviau`bðn ablcrtmjirm mlinð ca sucai ìnsmnfrc y ai scglrð jc ismgcntm.

Xir itrm pmrtc, ca cacgcnti rcabfbisi, quc cs ca quc i`msbinm cn gmyirfrmji csms dc`mtiglcs smfrmjms cn ais puclais smavmocs y lírlmris, pm rc` cquc ni bneauyc m cstc rcspc`ti cn am lruocrçm meriùlmnm. Ca ìrmzðn jc amnbým mscsbnmjm, ìgi ais rcstis jc `mjívcrcs dugmnis, sin utbabzmjis ìgigmtcrbms ìgpincn tcs jc cglðs, ni pmrm scr iercnjmjis m ams jbvbnbjmjcs.Xcri, sbn jujm, sb ais sm`rbeb`bis dugmnis ni dmn sbji usumacs cn @ulm, magcnis cn ais tbcgpis gijcrnis y mntcs, eucrm jc rc`ðnjbtis pmacnqucs iìgmr`ms `msb jcsbcrtms, sc jclc cn cspc`bma ma mglbcntc distba y ni m ematmtitma jc `ruca ecrvir cn ais ectb`dbstms. Mun cn `bcrtms rcfbincs merb`mnmsjin jc am mntripiemfbm ym ni cxbstc, pcrgmncn`cn ais sm`rbeb`bis dugmnis,cspc`bmagcntc cn ca pmçs jc ais m`dmntbs, Jmdigcy, Rclÿ, Rirulm, @mam-

lmrcs, Nbfcrbm, ct`âtcrm . Xcri ams dc`mtiglcs smfrmjms sin cn jb`dis

pmçscs, pr bn`bpmagcntc, euncrmrbms. Ais csàmvis y ams gu oc rcs quc scbngiamn silrc ams tuglms jc ais gmfnmtcs -i sin cntcrrmjis ìn âstis- scjcstbnmn ma scrvb`bi jca jbeunti cn am vbjm jc uatrmtuglm. Ca sm`rbeb`bidugmni, pripb`bmtirbi jc ams jbvbnbjmjcs, sðai tbcnc aufmr cn `msis cxtrmir-jbnmrbis? frmnjcs scquçms, fucrrms, ct`âtcrm.

Xir cstms rmzincs, ca mscsbnmti jc am nbým _ibam jclc bntc rprc tmrsc ìgiun `msi jc sbgpac dc`db`crçm; msç ìgi sc `rcc cn Íerb`m quc ìgbcnji ca`crclri jc un `mujbaai cncgbfi sc mjqubcrc tiji ca vmair jc âstc, y quc canbýi mgmgmntmji pir gu`dms guocrcs pisccrí nugcrisms jitcs bntcac`-tumacs, msç sc dm `rcçji quc ca ìrmzðn jc unm nbým, ìgbji pir unm guocrcstârba, dmlçm jc i`msbinmr am ecùnjbjmj jc cstm.

Ziji ai ùma ni bgpbjc am vcrisbgbabtuj jca dc`di jc dmlcr sbji iercn-

jmjis ais gbcglris jc am bnecabz nbým mntc ams bgífcncs jc Pmntm Lírlmrmy jca Ínbgm Piam, jc Pdmnfð y jc Cacfuí.Pbn cglmrfi, ni cs bgprilmlac quc m am dc`db`crçm jc ais lruois sc jclmn

mafunis jc ais ercùcntcs scùcstris jc nbýis, quc pmsmn jcsmpcr`blbjis y print i `mcn cn c a iavbji, y cspc`bmagcntc mqucaais `msis quc pir ca cstup rijc am tbcrnm vç`tbgm pmrc`cn scr gitbvmjis pir sbgpac critbsgi, gíxbgc sbma cstupri sbfuc am gucrtc y ca jcsmnfrmgbcnti privi`mji, quc mpmrcntc-gcntc rcvcamn un mutir síjbì. Xir ai gcnis, ca cstupri jc unm vbrfcn y amsmnfrc jc âstm, ìgi cn fcncrma am smnfrc dugmnm, cntrmn cn ca rcpcrt irbi

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jcab`tuisi jc dc`db`dcrçm jc ais lruois jc ams Mntbaams ermn`csms y jcDmbtç,2= y, cn pmrtbùamr, jcspuâs jca `msi jc Ca Fmlrbca, su bntriju``bðncn @ulm pir ais lruois merb`mnis ni pucjc scr jujism, cn pmrtc ma gcnis, pir gís quc ni scm tmn er cùcn tc ìgi cn mqucaais pmçscs.

Pb ca lruoi meriùlmni -ìgi sm`crjitc- dm tcnbji quc au`dmr ìntrm ca`mtiab`bsgi y ìntrm ca cs`cptb`bsgi ùlmni; sç ìgi dc`db`cri, m gcjbjmquc mvmnzm ca prifrcsi, sc vc sustbtubji pir ca ùrmnjcri y pir ca gâjbì,y cx`btmn am giem sus gís tcrrblacs cglðs, cn `mglbi, ìgi mfircri sbfucsbn dmlcr mpcnms tcnbji rbvmacs.

Cn tijms ams `mpms jc am si`bcjmj ùlmnm, msç ìgi cn ams jcgíssi`bcjmjcs, ca jcsci jc ìni`cr ams ìsms euturms y cn fcncrma ams iùatms,sistbcnc mÿn pmrmsbtmrbmgcntc m bnnugcrmlacs mfircris cn`mrfmjis jcgmntcncr ams supcrvbvcn`bms jc ais mntbfuis iríùais. @mjm si`bcjmj tbcncsus mjbvbnis, y jcntri jc `mjm si`bcjmj ais tbcnc `mjm àmsc. Cn @ulm-si`bcjmj guy ìgpacom âtnb`mgcntc-, am fmgm jc ais mfircris cs vmrbmjç-sbgm? jcsjc ca lruoi quc ni dm jmji un pmsi gís maaí jc ams supcrstb`bincsmerb`mnms, dmstm am qubrigíntb`m m am gijcrnm, i am mvcnturcrm cnùlbcrtm

lmoi ca scuji`bcntçe bì prcstbfbi jc unm gcjbugnbjmj cspbrb tbstm.Ais merb`mnis trmocrin sus ectb`dcris quc acs prcjb`cn ca pirvcnbr y acs

mjbvbnmn ca pmsmji y ca prcscntc iùatis, sbcnji sus sirtbacfbis nitms qucsc jcstm`mn cntrc ams gu`dms ìni`bjms unbvcrsmagcntc jc am qubrigíntb`m,am `mrtigmn`bm, ct`., ìntrbluycnji m jmr un `mrí`tcr tçpbì cn @ulm m cstmcspc`bc jc pmrmsbtbsgi si`bma.

Jmji ca trbpac `mrí`tcr jc ais lruois, silrc tiji jc ais nmtbvis jc Íerb`m,

cs guy ercùcntc cn âstis bgprbgbr m sus sirtbacfbis un mspc`ti rcabfbisi yjc dc`db`crçm m am vcz. Cgpbczmn, fcncrmagcntc, tmacs lruois su trmlmoibgpinbcnji ma ìnsuatmntc unm abgpbczm cn dinir jc mafÿn irbsdm, qucsucac scr Beí cntrcncs quc prm`tb`mn ca ùati yirulm, ùym abgpbczm, m am vczquc smtbsem`c ca scntbgbcnti rcabfbisi jca lruoi, rcvbstc ca m`ti jc `bcrti

prcstbfbisi gbstcrbi y, silrc tiji, pripir`binm unm eucn tc bnjbrc`tm jcvcntmoms cìnðgb`ms pmrm ca lruoi. R ìn ercùcn`bm tcrgbnmn ais mfircris pripinbcnji ma bnecabz quc ìnsuatm am prcpmrm`bðn jc un cglð, quc dm jcìntrmrrcstmr am smam`bðn mufurmjm i dm jc ncutrmabzmr am m``bðn jc uncncgbfi jcsùlbcrti pir ca mfircri.

Ais lruois jc Rirulm y quc, pir ai tmnti, m`mtmn su ùati pripbi lbcnjcebnbji, tbcncn un pri`cjbgbcnti jc mjbvbnm`bðn quc acs cs pcùabmr.

@igi dc jb`di ym, Beí cs ca irbsdm jc ams ìsms iùatms. Xmrm mrrmn`mrac susrcvcam`bincs, ca mfircri, quc cspc`bmagcntc cn cstc `msi eun`binm m am vczìgi sm`crjitc jc am jbvbnbjmj (ma quc, scfÿn Liwcn, sc aamgm Ikpcac),cgpacm unm cspc`bc jc ìaamr jc ùmtri dbais, dc`dis jc `mnutis jc lmglÿmgmrbaais y vcrjcs matcrnmtbvmgcntc, y ìn scgbaams jc gmnfi sc`ms y

pmrtbjms pir am gbtmj cn trc ais `mnutis. M cstc ìaamr sc ac aamgm, cr rðnc m-gcntc, pirmafunis meriùlmnis, Beí jc Isunjm (Ebfurm :8), pucs ni dmyrmzðn pmrm mìpamr ca niglrc jc Beí ìn ca jc am jbism jc ams eucntcs y jc

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ais amfis. Itrm eirgm jc ìaamr jc Beí cs am quc rcpriju`c am Ebfurm :=, cnca ùma ni sc ilscrvmn ais `mnutis jc lmglÿ, sustbtubjis pir unm `mjcnbtmjc ìlrc.

Ca trmju`tir jc ams ìgunb`m`bincs jc Beí, jcspuâs jc am abgpbczm jcrbtuma pir ca ìnsuatmn tc, mrriom cn mati pir trcs vc`cs ca gcn`binmji ìaamr,y scfÿn am pisb`bðn quc mjiptcn ma `mcr ams scgbaams jc gmnfi, jcju`c sus prcsmfbis. Bjântbì ìaamr cgpacmn pmrm am mjbvbnm`bðn ais lruois me ri lm-dbmnis, scfÿn Nbnm \ijrbfucs.

Ais jbluois quc sc bnscrtmn cstín tigmjis jc itris pulab`mjis cn pcrbðjbìs dmlmncris, pc ri pujbcrm su`cjcr q uc âstis ni eucs cn tigmjisjca nmturma, ni sbcnji sbni mpuntcs tigmjis jc gcgirbm. Munquc tmgpiìnmjm jbfm jc caai Nbnm \ijrbfucs, cs vcrisçgba quc tijis ais ìaamrcs jc

Beí jclcn ìgpincrsc jc jbc`bsâbs gcjbms scgbaams y ni tmntms ìgi dm`csupincr am Ebfurm :8. Ca ÿnbì jc cstis ìaamrcs quc gc dm sbji jmji vcrcn Am Dmlmnm tcnçm jbc`bsâbs, tmntms ìgi ams quc sc cgpacmn cn ammjbvbnm`bðn pir gcjbi jc Beí, qubzís pirquc jc unm scgbaam pamntmjm pircstc irbsdm, nm`bcrin m un tbcgpi jbc`bsâbs pmagcrms, y pirquc ca jbisma`mnzð su pijcr mjbvbnmtirbi pir gcjbi jc jbc`bsâbs erutis jc ams pmagcrmsquc tcnçm Irunfín2< cn sus pamntm`bincs. Ais gusuagmncs jca imsbs jcPbwmd cgpacmn jbc`bsâbs dmlms pmrm mjbvbnmr, scfÿn O. Dmgbatin.20 Mjcgís,cn Aulli`k 2: sc acc ca sbfubcntc pírrmei jc Lurtin? "Ais ncfris jc Cflm[pmrtc jc RirulmW ìnsuatmn m Pdmnfð [jbis jc ais fucrrcrisW mrriomnji mambrc jbc`bsâbs `murbs mfuocrcmjis; sb i`di `mcn ìn am puntm dm`bm mrrblm yi`di ìn am puntm dm`bm mlmoi, cs sbfni jc pmz; sb tijis qucjmn ìn am puntmdm`bm mrrblm cs tmglbân lucnm scýma, y, vb`cvcrsm, sb tijis `mcn ìn am puntm

dm`bm mlmoi , cs sbfni jc fucrrm."23 Ai gbsgi ùcntm M. L. Caabs jc Rirulmcn fcncrma.25 Ais mfircris lmsutis tbcncn tmglbân un ìaamr mníaifieirgmji jc tmlms cnsmrtmjms, aamgmji jbtmiam. Pcfÿn ìgi `mcn jb`disducsc`bstis, prcjb`cn am cnecrgcjmj, mvcrbfumn ca ùcrpi jca jcabti, jcs-ùlrcn ca jcabnùcntc.26

Am eirgm jc prinistb`m`bðn, pir gcjbi jc ais `mrmìacs -ìgi aamgmnvuafmrgcntc cn @ulm m ais `murbs- cs am gís cxtcnjbjm cntrc ais lruoismeriùlmnis. Mafunms vc`cs dm`cn prc`cjcr ca m`ti jc c`dmr ais `mrmìacsjc mafunms eðrguams rcabfbisms, pir cocgpai? dm`cr rczmr cn un bjbigmbnbntcabfblac ma ìnsuatmntc tcnjbji li`m mlmoi silrc unm cstcrm; itrmsvc`cs ac prcfuntmn ca aufmr jca nm`bgbcnti y ca jc su gís prðxbgi pmrbcntc ,gczàmnji cn sus rczis mglms pmamlrms ìn am jca pmçs jinjc nm`bð ca

gbsgi lruoi; ìn ercùcn`bm mauglrmn ca m`ti ìn unm vcam quc dmymscrvbji pir trcs vc`cs pmrm ca ùati jca smnti, ct`., pcri cn am m`tumabjmj y pmrt bùamrgcntc ais lruois `rbiaais, quc jcscmn cvbtmr giacstbms m susàbcntcs quc vmn sbcnji rbjbùams, prcs`bnjcn jc `msb tijms cstms eðrguams,abgbtínjisc mafunis m lmalu`cmr irm`bincs, gu`dms jc caams `mtðab`ms. Ca lru oi sc sbcntm cn ca sucai i silrc unm cstcrm y amnzm dm`bm mrrblm ais`mrmìacs. Pcfÿn am pisb`bðn quc gmntcnfm jcspuâs jc `mçjis bnebcrc aismufurbis; msç pmrm prcjc`br ca rcsuatmji jc unm cnecrgcjmj, jb`c quc scrí

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girtma sb ais `murbs `mcn gucrtis; cs jc`br, ìn am mlcrturm jc am ìn`dmdm`bm mrrblm, y vb`cvcrsm cn `msi ìntrmrbi; i scm, sb ais mrmìacs `mcn vbvis,cn pisb`bðn quc acs pcrgbtbrçm `mgbnmr sb rcmagcntc cstuvbcscn vbvis.

Munquc sc aamgmn cn @ulm `mrmìacs, ni pucjc mpab`mrsc unmjcnigbnm`bðn tmn fcnârb`m m ais cgpacmjis pir ais lruois. Cstis ni sinnb pucjcn scr itris quc ais `murbs jc Íerb`m (@yprcm ginctm), quc ìgics smlbji sbrvcn maaç jc gincjm, jc ùym `brùnstmn`bm sc dm jcrbvmji suniglrc `bcntçebì. Jcsjc cstc punti jc vbstm, am mjbvbnm`bðn pir gcjbijc ais `murbs, scfÿn `mbfmn jc un amji i jc itri, cs un cqubvmacntc cxm`tijc am mjbvbnm`bðn pir gincjms m `mrm i `ruz tmn usmjm cn Curipm, ymníaifm m am mjbvbnm`bðn pir ams gcjbms scgbaams jc gmnfi jca ìaamr jcBeí, scfÿn quc ma `mcr qucjc jcsùlbcrtm am pmrtc `ðn`mvm i am ìnvcxmjc jb`dms scgbaams, pmrtbjms pir am gbtmj prc`bsmgcntc pmrm ìnscfubr am pisblbabjmj jc mglms pisb`bincs. Mníaifi cs tmglbân ma pri`c jb gb cn ticgpacmji pir ais ncfris dcrcris, quc prcjb`cn scfÿn `mbfmn `bcrtms

pbcjrc`b tms quc amnzmn ma mbrc .24

Mafunis lruois ìnfi-ùlmnis sc vmacn jc un ìì scì pmrm jcju`brsus mfñcris. Ai rigpcn ìntrm ca sucai y ais trizis rcsuatmntcs bnjb`mn aieuturi i ai iùati.

Ni tcnfi nitb`bm jc quc cn @ulm sc uscn ais itris pri`cjbgbcntismjbvbnmtirbis jc ais mfircris jc Rirulm cxpucstis pir Í. L. Caabs cn suilrm ìni`bjm.22

Dmy lruois quc prm`tb`mn mÿn itri sbstcgm jc mjbvbnmr ams ìsms iùatms.Jb`c msç A. @mrlð? "Ca tmlacri jc `crcginbms cs jc `milm, jc jbcz m ji`c

puafmjms jc jbígctri y ìn un li rjc cn quc cstín csùapbjms `mprb`dismsebfurms m giji jc mrmlcsìs. Xmrm mjbvbnmr pir gcjbi jca tmlacri, ca uaÿccgpbczm pir ùlrbr ìn dmrbnm jc trbfi tijm am `brùnecrcn`bm bntcrbir;aucfi trmzm jis jbígctris vmabânjisc jca jcji gmyir jc am gmni jcrc`dm ,y jcspuâs, jcomnji `mcr jb`di jcji y ca mnuamr silrc am dmrbnm, bgprbgcducaams ma mzmr."=8 8 Jc âstms jcju`c ca lruoi sus mfñcris. Jc un scgcomntc pri`cjbgbcnti mjbvbnmtirbi, quc puc jc scr un prc`cjcntc , nis dmlamLbnfcr,=8 = quc ai dm vbsti usmr pir ais ncfris gmnjbnfms y írmlcs. Cn cstc`msi cs sustbtubjm am dmrbnm pir mrcnm.

Ais prcsmfbis jcju`bjis jc ams pmamlrms quc priebcr c am pcrsinm piscçjm,-cs jc`br, quc tbcnc ca smnti-, ni dmn sbji jcsìni`bjis cn @ulm pir ais

lruois, munquc prilmlacgcntc piì prm`tb`mjis. Xbrðn=8 < rcebcrc un `msi pi r âa vbsti cn Pmntbmfi jc @ulm. Fcncrm agcntc , sin ais gbsgis l ru ois aisquc sc priùrmn csc cstmji jc silrccx`btm`bðn pmrm dm`cr sus prcjb``bincs,ìgi su`cjc cn Íerb`m.=8 0 Cn un mrtçùai pulab`mji cn Am Jbsùsbðn jc AmDmlmnm,=8 : sc rcebcrc pir tcstbfi iùamr ca sbfubcntc ùrbisi `msi jcmjbvbnm`bðn cn un pmacnquc? "M piì tripc`â ìn unm pmrtbjm jc ncfrisjcsmrgmjis y gcjbi jcsnujis. Gc jbocrin quc crmn ulmnis y gc injuoc rinma `mgpmgcnti jc su ocec. Ri dmlçm içji dmlamr mafi jc ais gmtbmlis ysmlçm quc âstis crmn unis `bgmrrincs quc vbvçmn iùatis cn ais gintcs,

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duycnji, fumrjínjisc tmnti jc ais ùlmnis ìgi jc ais cspmýiacs, sbcnjigbtmj lruois y gbtmj pamtcmjis}83

"Ca `mgpmgcnti jc ais gmtbmlis cstmlm sbtumji gintc mjcntri cn unàmri ìgi jc jis vcsmnms jc tbcrrm. Cn ca `cntri dmlçm unm cspc`bc jcmatmr, dc`di ìn rmgms y ùocs, cn `bgm jc tiji mquca `mtmemaì, dmlçmn

pucs ti un pcaacoi jc `dbvi, rcaacni jc tma sucr tc quc pmrc`çm vbvi. Jcntrijc am lmrrbfm y silrc ca matmr tcnçm gba pirqucrçms, tmacs ìgi cspucams jcfmaai, tmrris jc rcs, `mrmìacs y rismrbis jc scgbaams. Mquca pcaacoi crm ca

Gmtbmli, ca jbis pritc`tir jca `mgpmgcnti."\cùcrji tijmvçm -jb`c Gmrtçncz- ca giji jc cxpairmr am tripm quc

tcnçmn ais lruois mqucaais. Xucstis cn rucjm marcjcjir jca `dbvi, `mntmlmca Zmbtm? Lu`m fumnfi, omym fumnfi... y cgpczmlmn m frbtmr y smatmr ìgi

cnjbmlamjis. Jc printi m unm jc ams ncfrms -pirquc tmglbân dmlçm guoc-rc s- sc ac sulçm ca smnti y ac jmlm unm sbrbglm. @mçm ma sucai, rcvia`ínjisc,c`dmnji cspugm pir am li`m y ca rcsti jca pmacnquc scfuçm `mntmnji ìgisb tma ìsm.

"Aucfi Zmbtm Mglrisbi sc jbrbfçm m am m``bjcntmjm y ac prcfuntmlm,ti`ínjiac am `mlczm?

"-Gm euamnm, ¹jðnjc ctí am tripm9 -Ziripm gm `c`m cn tma punti-rcspinjçm caam sbn jcomr sus rcviaìncs. R ca punti scýmamji cstmlmsbcgprc m jbcz i ji`c acfums jc jbstmn`bm.

"Ais gmtbmlcris rcpctçmn ca niglrc jca aufmr y mrgmlmn ca cs`ínjmai pm jrc ìn sus frb tis y ais aiqucs jc tmglircs, eirrmjis ìn pbc a jc out çm.

"Ri gbrmlm tiji mqucaai ìn ùrbisbjmj y tcgir, pirquc smlçm qucmqucaams fcntcs cn mafunms i`msbincs dmlçmn ri`bmji ca `dbvi ìn smnfrc

dugmnm."Cn am m`tumabjmj, ais lruois gijcrnis ni sc sigctcn m ais mtmqucs jca

smnti tmn eí`bagcntc, mtmqucs quc dmn qucjmji rcacfmjis m ais merb`mnis ym mafunms ncfrms, quc pir am cx`btm`bðn jc ais lmbacs rcabfbisis `mcn cn cstccstmji jc jcabrbi.

Ca pijcr jc Beí dm sbji utbabzmji tmglbân pmrm mtrmcr am sucrtc cn ca oucfijc aitcrçm y rbems, tmn cn lifm, pir jcsfrm`bm, cn @ulm. Xmrm caai ca lruoi,gcjbmntc unm rcìgpcnsm, ìai`m ais lbaactcs i pmpcactms cn su matmr yrc`btm silrc caais `bcrtis ìnouris.

Mafunis lruois, ncfris `rbiaais, dmn mprcnjbji jc ais lamnìs ca mrtc jcc`dmr ams `mrtms (quc, ìgi jb`c Fbrmrj jc \bmaac,=8 5 ni cs sbni unmgmnbecstm`bðn ectb`dbstm), unbcnji cstc pri`cjbgbcnti mjbvbnmtirbi `bvbab-

zmji m ais prbgbtbvis y `mrm`tcrçstbìs jc Íerb`m. Cstm `brùnstmn`bm, ìgini cs supcrstb`bðn merb`mnm, dm`c quc smafm eucrm jc cstc trmlmoi ca cstujbijc am `mrtigmn`bm cn @ulm.

Ais lruois ni ìni`cn am qubrigmn`bm i mrtc jc jcs`bermr ams açncms ysurìs jc ams pmagms jc ams gmnis, nb itrms gu`dms supcrstb`bincs gísi gcnis supcrvbvbcntcs jc ams rmn`bms `bvbabzm`bincs curipcms. Xcri ais

lruo is, jbst bnfu bânjisc jc am gmyirçm jc ais gi jc rnis m fi rc ri s lamnìs,mjcgís jc sus cspc`bmacs pri`cjbgbcntis jc prcjb``bðn jca pirvcnbr,

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tbcncn gcjbis pcùabmrcs pmrm am mjbvbnm`bðn jc `msis ìn`rctis. Ucmn mìntbnum`bðn mafunis cocgpais. Xmrm mvcrbfumr ca pmrmjcri jc unm pcr sinmmuscntc sc vmacn jc un cspcoi=8 6 y tmglbân jc am smnfrc jc un pcrri. Rmgc dc rcecrbji m ais vmrbis gijis cspc`bmacs jc prinistb`mr am cgecrgc jmj.Xmrm mvcrbfumr am bnebjcabjmj ìnyufma, sc iai`m jclmoi jc am magidmjm jcaac`di jc am pcrsinm sispc`dism un trizi jc m`cri bgmntmji y prcvbmgcntcsigctbji m `bcrtis ìnouris ; sb am pcrsinm ma mìstmrsc sc acvmntm cn scfubjm,ni viavbcnji ma ac`di gbcntrms ca bgín cstâ cn ca gcn`binmji aufmr, csbnjujmlac am ematm jc ebjcabjmj. Sn pri`cjbgbcnti mníaifi, pir gcjbi jcun jbmgmntc, usmlmn ais gmfis gcjbcvmacs, ni sbcnji jbeç`ba quc ca cxpucs-ti pri`cjm jc caais, gíxbgc sb sc ìnsbjcrm quc ma bgín ac ìn`cjçmnvbrtujcs prijbfbisms.

Itrm jbstbn`bðn, cntrc ais lruois meriùlmnis y ais mjbvbnis lamnìs,

ìnsbstc cn unm supcrvbvcn`bm nctmgcntc merb`mnm jc unm eun`bðn quc ìnercùcn`bm aacnmlmn ais ectb`dcris cn ca ìntbncntc jc su irbfcn, am jcdm`cjircs jc aauvbm. Bfniri sb cn ca `mgpi ais lruois tbcncn mÿn i`msbðn jccocr`btmr su pijcr rcspc`ti m jb`di gctciri, cn Am Dmlmnm sc abgbtmn m prinistb`mr am aauvbm i am scquçm. Xmrm caai usmn vmrbis pri`cjbgbcntis, u nijc ais ùmacs cs ìgi sbfuc? dm`c ca lruoi ji`c gmniois jc trcs àmscs jcycrlms y cn `mjm uni ìai`m un sbfni cspc`bma quc rcprcscntm uni jc aisji`c gcscs. @ucafm ais gmniois cn ca tc`di y ais quc sc ìnscrvmn gísvcrjcs ma `mli jc `bcrti tbcgpi, bnjb`mn ais gcscs aauvbisis y ais quc gís printi sc scqucn ais jc scquçm. Zmglbân sucacn trmzmr silrc unm tmlam jc pbni jbvcrsms rmyms eirgmnji tmntms jbvbsbincs ìgi jçms tbcnc am scgmnmi ca gcs. M cstm tmlam msç prcpmrmjm sc ac aamgm `mlmýucam. Cn `mjm unm jc

ams jbvbsbincs sc ìai`mn frmnis jc sma; y scfÿn am dugcjmj quc âstismlsirlmn jurmntc un jçm, scrí am mtgðsecrm cn ca jçm quc bnjbqucn aisfrmnis, scfÿn su ìai`m`bðn.

Mafunms rcgbnbs`cn`bms jc un cglrbinmrbi ùati mstriaítrbì sc nitmncn ams prcjb``bincs jca rcsuatmji jc ams cnecrgcjmjcs, quc dm`cn mafunis

lruois lmsmjis cn am cjmj jc am aunm; msç, sb am cnecrgcjmj cgpbczm ùmnjiam aunm tbcnc un jçm, scrí acvc; sb ùmnji tbcnc trcs jçms, scrí frmvc, y jc

prilmlac rcsuatmji emtma; sb ùmnji t bcnc ùmtri, scrí frmvc am jiacn`bm pcr ismnmrí ca cnecrgi, ct`âtcrm. Cstm supcrstb`bðn cstí piì cxtcnjbjm y nitbcnc rcam`bðn mafunm vbsblac ìn ca ùati yirulm; gís lbcn pmrc`c pri`c-jcntc jc itrms rcfbincs merb`mnms jc I``bjcntc. Amlmt=® rcebcrc, pircocgpai, quc sc tbcnc guy cn ùcntm pmrm ams `crcginbms jc am `brùn`bsbðnams emscs jc am aunm, pucs jc âstms jcpcnjc am gmyir rmpbjcz cn am ùrm jc

ams dcrbjms.Ai gbsgi jclc supincrsc jc am `rccn`bm cn jçms ncemstis quc mÿn sc

cnùcntrm cn `bcrtis lruois. Uâmsc, pir cocgpai, ai quc rcebrbânjisc maÍerb`m jb`cn Gunfi Xmrk, Lisgmn, \icgcr, y itris, `btmjis pir Divcam`-quc.=82

Ni dc tcnbji i`msbðn jc ìgprilmr sb ais lruois meriùlmnis sc jcjb`mntmglbân m am dbpnigmn`bm; sbn cglmrfi, ma lruoi Li`ÿ sc ac cnìntrm rin

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vmrbms `mrtms cs`rbtms pir àbcntcs, cn unm jc ams ùmacs sc ac rcecrçm un sucýiy sc siab`btmlm su bntcrprctm`bðn.Zmgpiì dc tcnbji nitb`bm jc sb tijmvçm sc sbrvcn jc am vcntrbaiqubm,

pmr m jm r ei rg m gís gbstcrbism m sus mfñcris, pcri prilmlacgcntc pi rscr tmn lurji ca cnfmýi, mquâaam ym ni sulsbstc ìgi cn Íerb`m.

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UBB

Ais lruois

P S G M \ B I ? Lruoms y lruois. Pu cjmj. Pus niglrcs. Pu mstu`bm y lucnm ec. Zrbpac`mrí`tcr jca lruoi. Ocrfm smfrmjm. Bnjcpcnjcn`bm. Itrms `mrm`tcrçstb`ms. Xmrm-

sbtbsgi.

Am cxpab`m`bðn jca ùati jc ais lruois, am cxpisb`bðn jc ais prbn`bpmacs pri`cjbgbcntis ùrmtbvis y jc ais dc`dbzis pir caais cgpacmjis y amsbnjb`m`bincs prc`cjcntcs m`cr`m jc sus mjbvbnm`bincs y prinðstbìs, pincncn frmn pmrtc jc rcabcvc ca `mrí`tcr y am psbìaifçm jca lruoi meriùlmni.Cxùsmnji, pucs, rcpctbr ìnsbjcrm`bincs ym cxpucstms cn ais mntcrbircs`mpçtuais, pmsi m cxmgbnmr mafunms itrms jc sus `mrm`tcrçstb`ms, quc aijbecrcn`bmn jc ais quc cn itris tbcgpis i cn itris pmçscs y rmzms, cspc`bma-gcntc cn am Curipm gcjbcvma y gijcrnm, sc dmn jcjb`mji m scgcomntcsgmtcitc`nbms y gbstcrbism priecsbðn.

Nðtmsc cn @ulm, sbn quc pucjm ìgprilmr gb mebrgm`bðn pir jmtiscstmjçstbìs, quc ca nÿgcri jc diglrcs jcjb`mjis m am lruocrçm cs gu`digmyir quc ca jc ams guocrcs,= y csti cs tmnti gís jbfni jc tcncr sc cn ucntmùmnti m am lruocrçm cn Íerb`m, y silrc tiji cn ais pmçscs jc lamnìs,

pmrt b` bpmn ìn frmn ercùc n` bm ams gu oc rcs. Pcrfb< msç ai mebrgm rcebrbân-jisc m ais gâjbìs smavmocs cn fcncrma. Divcam`quc 0 jcgucst rm, ma trmtmrjc ais ncfris jca Íerb`m sulcùmtirbma, ca frmn rcspcti quc bnspbrmn `bcrtmsdc`db`crms. Ca mlmtc Ameebtc: dmlam tmglbân jc ams dc`db`crms jca Jmdi-gcy, qubcncs `caclrmlmn ìnscois ountms ìn ais dc`db`cris. X. Lmrrct3

cxpab`m ams prí`tb`ms y ca nivb`bmji jc ams dc`db`crms jca Fmlðn. MsbgbsgiAc Lrun-\cnmuj5 y X. Liu`dc6 trmtmn jc am bgpirtmntc bntcrvcn`bðn quctbcncn ams guocrcs cn am dc`db`crçm yirulm ìn ca niglrc jc jmnwâ.Lbnfcr 4 cnscým quc ai gbsgi iùrrc cntrc ais gmnjbnfms. Zmglbân pmsm

ai gbsgi cntrc ais ncfris linfis, jc Snyiri y Sfmnj1Q (pmçscs jca Mati Nbai), scfÿn \mtzca.2

Diy jçm, am supcrvbvcn`bm jc am gmfbm cstí cn Curipm m `mrfi jc ams lruoms. Ca dc`di cs cxpab`mlac, prbn`bpmagcntc, pir am `brùnstmn`bm jc `mcram guocr ìn gmyir em`babjmj quc ca diglrc cn csc cstmji jc jcabrbi qucais lruois aamgmn jmr ca smnti y mntbfumgcntc piscsbðn jcginçm`m. \mt-zca,=8 pir cocgpai, nis dmlam jc ams gu`dm`dms dc`db`crms jc @istm jc Iri,

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ìgi muxbabmrcs jc ais sm`crjitcs, y ùyms jmnzms y smatis ìnvuasbvis-scfÿn ca mutir- dm`cn `rccr cn am prcscn`bm jc vcrjmjcris piscçjis pirca jcginbi.==

Ais lruois meriùlmnis sin prbn`bpmagcntc diglrcs, y ams guocrcsiùpmn aufmr scùnjmrbi cn am lruocrçm, jclbji mntc tiji ma `mrí`tcrsm`crjitma jc mquâaais, quc acs jm cn ams si`bcjmjcs smavmocs jc jinjc pr i` cjcn y cn @ulm gbsgm, unm pisb`bðn si`bmagcntc pr cjigbnmn tc ; pisb`bðn bnìgpmtblac ìn am mlyc``bðn cn quc cs tcnbjm am gu oc r merb`mnmcn am emgbabm y cn am trblu, ìgi ym dc cxpucsti cn ca @mpçtuai BBB.

Pb cn ca Íerb`m I``bjcntma -ìgi sc dm vbsti- sin ìni`bjms ams dc`db-`crms, sc jclc prbn`bpmagcntc m sus mufurbis jc piscçjms.

Cn @ulm pucjc ilscrvmrsc am msi`bm`bðn jc dc`db`cris, rcju`bjm m su

cxprcsbðn gís sbgpac, quc pijrçm aamgmrsc am pmrcom lnbom. Cn cec`ti, sccnùcntrmn gu`dis lruois jc ais jis scxis unbjis pir pmrcoms, pmrm amsmtbsem``bðn jc sus nc`csbjmjcs scxumacs y pmrm ìgpacgcntmrsc psbìaðfb-`mgcntc, jbvbjbânjisc cn pmrtc ca trmlmoi priecsbinma. Caams sin ams quc, pi r ai ìgÿn, cxpcrbgcntmn ams ìnvuasbincs jca cs tmji jc piscsbðn jcasmnti, y dmstm mafunms vc`cs sc jcjb`mn m c`dmr ais `mrmìacs, y, munqucrmrmgcntc, ca ìaamr jc Beí (pucs âstc cs gís lbcn jc `mrí`tcr sm`crjitma),gbcntrms caais sc ìnsmfrmn ìn prcecrcn`bm m am jbrc``bðn jca ùati y m am prcpmrm` bðn jc cglðs y m am prí`tb`m jc sus mrtcs jc ùrmnjcri. Jbfi csticn scntbji fcncrma, pirquc, ìgi pucjc ìgprcnjcrsc guy lbcn, ais

lruo is ni rcfuamn ca cocr` b`bi jc sus eun`bincs ilcjc`bcnji m `íninc scgmnmjis jc unm mutirbjmj supcrbir quc ni cxbstc pmrm caais, sbni ìnmrrcfai m am trmjb`bðn rc`blbjm -`mjm jçm gís lirrism-y m ams bnnivm`bincs

gís i gcnis `mprb`disms quc acs bgpinc ca mglbcntc i ams `brùnstmn`bmsjc `mjm `msi.

Zijmvçm cs gís `mrm`tcrçstb`m jc ais lruois meriùlmnis am supcrvbvcn`bmcntrc caais jc am piabfmgbm. Cs ìsm ìrrbcntc quc ais ectb`dcris cn @ulm,cn cspc`bma ais jc ams pilam`bincs rurmacs y mun ais `rbiaais, tcnfmn gís jcunm ìnùlbnm, nÿgcri quc aacfm m vc`cs dmstm scbs y sbctc. Xcri ambntcrvcn`bðn jc âstms cn am lruocrçm cs guy scùnjmrbm, sðai sbrvcn jcmfcntcs bntcrgcjbmrbis i jc m`ðabtis, pmrm jc`brai ìn unm cxprcsbðnsm`crjitma.

Ca lruoi pir gcjbi jc sus guocrcs rceucrzm su pmrmsbtbsgi. Ni siamgcn-tc cxpaitm am bfnirmn`bm jc ais vc`bnis, sbni quc tmglbân sc mprivc`dm jcai quc cn `mabjmj jc ì`bncrms, amvmnjcrms, ct`., fmnmn pcnismgcntc sus

ncfrms. Caai ni cs sbni am rcpriju``bðn cxm`tm jca râfbgcn cìnðgbì jcais gmtrbginbis merb`mnis, cn ais ùmacs sin csàmvms ams guocrcs. Sn lruoi,quc cn =28: jbi quc dmlamr y dm`cr m ams mutirbjmjcs cn Xmais (privbn`bmjc Am Dmlmnm) pir su jcab`tuisbjmj, tcnçm vmrbms ìnùlbnms ìgi tmntisitris. Snm jc âstms, mprivc`dínjisc jca cn`mr`camgbcnti jc su mgi, qubsismùjbr ca yufi y cs`mpð jca aufmr aacfmnji dmstm Gmtmnzms; pcri pucsti âacn ablcrtmj -jcsp uâ s jc suerbr am ìnjcnm- am lus`ð dmstm am `bujmj m jinjcdmlçm dubji y jcspuâs jc un matcr`mji cn quc mquâaam sc ncfð m scfubrai,

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ac mscstð unm puýmamjm ìn bntcn`bðn jc gmtmram, ni `bcrtmgcntc pir `caissbni jcspc`dmji pir am pârjbjm jc unm guocr quc âa ìn `rbtcrbi merb`mniìnsbjcrmlm ìgi jc su pripbcjmj, ìgi unm csàmvm. Mpiym cstm ilscr-vmn`bm jc am supcrvbvcn`bm jca gmtrbginbi merb`mni, am ìneirgbjmj ìnquc ams ìnùlbnms sc sigctcn m cstc râfbgcn piabfígbì y pmrmsbtmrbi, yam ìnìrjmn`bm quc, pir ai fcncrma, rcbnm cntrc caams; ìnìrjbm bgpisblaccntrc guocrcs `bvbabzmjms, macomjms psbìaðfb`mgcntc jc am piabfmgbm. Xcrimÿn dmy gís? sc jmn `msis cn quc ais lruois sc `mglbmn i `cjcn sus guoc rcsìgi sb eucrmn vcrjmjcrms csàmvms.

Ais lruois sin, fcncrmagcntc, vbcois merb`mnis, ùym ainfcvbjmj acs pcrgbtc scfubr gmntcnbcnji am irtijixbm jc su ùati, ym ni guy lbcn pmrmjm, y am ec cn ais oðvcncs jc su rmzm, ec quc tmglbân vm cn jc`mjcn`bm.

]ubzís pir cstm ìnjb`bðn jc mn`bmnis, y pmrm dm`cram rcsmatmr gís mntcais `rcycntcs, ais lruois sucacn jcomr `rc`cr su ym lamn`m lmrlm (Ebfurm :<).Cstc rmsfi, ercùcntc jc su ebsinigçm, pucjc tcnc r un `mrí`tcr sm`crjitma.Xir ai gcnis dmy prc`cjcntc jc caai cn Íerb`m. M ais dc`db`cris jc @istmjc Iri acs mjirnmlm unm lmrlm csgcrmjmgcntc ùbjmjm quc acs aacfmlmdmstm ca pc`di, y acs cstí pridblbji mecbtmrsc jurmntc tijm su vbjm,=< qubzís

pmrm cvbtmr quc sus pcais `mbfmn cn gmnis priemnms y ìn`cjmn m su pisccjir `bcrtm bne aucn`bm silrc ca sm`crjitc.

M`tumagcntc, dmy gu`dis ncfris `rbiaais y dmstm mafÿn gcstbzi jcjb`m-jis ma cocr`b`bi jc am lruocrçm. Cstis ni dmn cspcrmji m mjqubrbr ca prcstbfbijc am vcocz y sc amnzmn ma pmrmsbtbsgi, ívbjis jc diafmnzm, oðvcncs tijmvçm,y sbn ais cstujbis y cxpcrbcn`bm nc`csmrbis pmrm ìni`cr m einji ca cacgcnti

trmjb`binma jc am lruocrçm jc ais mntcpmsmjis, ai quc ìntrbluyc m am gísrípbjm jcsnmturmabzm`bðn jc ais rbtis y prí`tb`ms ectb`dbstms fcnubnmgcntcmerb`mnis. Cs ai gís ìgÿn, quc cstis lruois `rbiaais dmymn dcrcjmji su

priecsbðn jb rc`tmgcntc jc sus pmjrcs, ai quc puc jc mùsmr qubzís unmsupcrvbvcn`bm jc ams iabfmrquçms sm`crjitmacs merb`mnms.

Ma lruoi sc ac ìni`c pir vmrbis itris niglrcs, mjcgís jc cstc quc csca usuma. Pc ac aamgm lnbocri, lmlmaí, uaÿc, gmyiglcri, ct`âtcrm. Ca prbgcriqubcrc jc`br dm`cjir jc lruocrçm.

Lmlmaí cs unm pmamlrm yirulm, ìgpucstm jc lmlm-aí, quc sbfnbeb`mmlucai i pmtrbmr`m. Jc ams vmrbms `mtcfirçms jca sm`crji`bi yirulm, am

prbgcrm -ìnsmfrmjm m Beí- rc`blc ca niglrc cspc`bma jc lmlmamwiXBfniri ca vcrjmjcri irbfcn jc am viz uaÿc, ni `btmjm pir M. L. Cabbs, nb

pir ais it ris cs`r btircs gcn`binmjis. Ni ilstmntc, smavi gcoir pmrc`cr , cs pisblac jcrbvmram tmglbân jca acnfumoc nmfi; jc ams vi`cs ibÿ, quc qubcrcjc`br ocec, y wc quc sbfnbeb`m abgpbi, mjirnmji; jc giji quc uaÿc cqubvma-jrçm m ocec mjirnmji; i scm, jbstbnfubji. Cstm ctbgiaifçm pmrc`c mrginbzmrìn am mpab`m`bðn prcecrcntc jc am viz uaÿc m ais lruois ocecs jc ìermjçms.

Gmyiglcri cs pmamlrm jcrbvmjm jc Gmyiglc, ùyi sbfnbeb`mji ym ì-ni`c ca ac`tir.

@umnji ais lruois pri`csmjis pir ca mscsbnmti jc am nbým _ibam bnfrcsm-rin cn am `ír`ca jc Am Dmlmnm, ais prcsis tcgçmn «`cr`írscacs y gís mÿn

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ti`mrais. Ca Gunji -jbmrbi dmlmncri jca quc tigi cstm nitb`bm- jb`c qucais prcsis aamgmlmn ma lruoi ikirð, "quc cs pmamlrm auùgç, sbfnbeb`mnjiùrm lruoi". Cstm cs am prbgcrm vcz quc dm aacfmji m gbs içjis jb`dm viz ygc abgbti pir tmnti m ìnsbfnmram. Pbn cglmrfi, cn ca acnfumoc yirulmikirð sbfnbeb`m vcnfmtbvi, gmaâviai, y cstc sbfnbeb`mji rcspinjcrçm magbcji quc ais prcsis tcnçmn jca lruoi. Ni sc trmtmrçm, pir ai tmnti, jc untçtuai jc sm`crjitc i jc dc`db`cri, sbni jc un mjoctbvi `brùnstmn`bma.

Zmglbân sc dm jb`di=: quc Li`ÿ (i Liìurt, ìgi sc dm cs`rbti) ni csun mpcaabji ermn`âs jca lruoi quc privi`ð ca mscsbnmti quc m`mli jc `btmr-ìgi mebrgm ca pripbi bntcrcsmji-, sbni un tçtuai merb`mni quc rc`blcnais dc`db`cris jc Dmbtç, y quc jclc prinun`bmrsc li`ÿ. Jmnji pir ebrgc

cstm dbpðtcsbs, li`ÿ pijrçm trmju`brsc jca yirulm (li-ikÿ) ìgi cntcrrm-jir, ìgcjir y mjirmjir jc `mjívcrcs, ct`., sbfnbeb`mji quc, ìgi sc vc,rcsuatm vcrisçgba.=3

Xir am mn`bmnbjmj jc ais lruois, ìgi cxprcsbðn jc rcspcti, rc`blcn cavi`mtbvi tmbtm ca lruoi, y gm am lruom; msç sc jb`c? Zmbtm Xmn`di, ZmbtmMnjrâs, Gm \ism, Gm @in`dm, ct`., pmamlrms quc sucacn mpab`mrsc tmglbânm ais jcgís ncfris vbcois, munquc ni scmn tm`dmjis jc lruois. Mafunis-ais gcnis- jb`cn tmglbân tm, cn vcz jc tmbtm, ìgi tm Ouabín, ct`âtcrm.

\cecrbânjisc ma irbfcn jc mglms pmamlrms, Mrliacym cs`rblc? " Zmbtm ytmbtb`m. Ai gbsgi quc pmpí. Ui`mtbvi jc ais ncfris mn`bmnis."=5 Jb`cXb`dmrji? "Uiz bnjçfcnm. Zrmtmgbcnti emgbabmr quc jmn mafunis dbois m sus pmjrcs cqubvmacntc m pmpí; itris jb`cn Zmbtm y piìs Zmtm y Zm tí. " Fmr`çmcs`rblc am ÿatbgm ìgi usmjm cn Gb`dim`ín cn ca pripbi scntbji. Zrmtm-

gbcnti quc gu`dis lamnìs y jc ìair jmn m ais ncfris mn`bmnis y mun mmquâaais ùmnji sin jc cjmj privc`tm. Ca scýir Pmntm`babm dm pulab`mjiun mrtçùai ùrbisi silrc ca Zmbtm.=6 Lm`dbaacr y Girmacs pir su pmrtccs`rblc? tmbtm, cs usuma cn ca `mgpi pmrm aamgmr ma pmjrc. Am `rccn bnjçfcnmais scýircs Xb`dmrji y Pmntm`babm, y âstc dm cs`rbti silrc ca msunti cspc-`bmagcntc. M ais ncfris mn`bmnis sc acs aamgm tmbtm... Zmbtm, Xb`dmrji am `rccbnjçfcnm jc @ulm, \ioms jc itrms pmrtcs jc Mgârb`m; pcri puc jc jcrbvmrscjca vmsùcnsc rcspc`ti jc am acnfum `mstcaamnm. Mbtm, pmjrc; mbtm mbtm,mlucai. Cn acnfum fimfbrm amtm cs pmjrc.=4 Pbn gcnis`mli jc am mutirbjmjquc tmacs ùlmnbstms gcrc`cn, gc pcrgbti sugmr m sus ipbnbincs am sbfubcn-tc.

Pupucsti quc msç ìgi sc jb`c tmbtm, sc jb`c tmglbân tmtm y tm, y quc,

ìgi nitmn Mrliacym, Xb`dmrji y Lm`dbaacr y Girmacs, cs cspc`bmagcntcun trmtmgbcnti jmji m ais ncfris mn`bmnis, ¹ni cs gís aðfbì y prilmlacquc am viz tmbtm y sus cqubvmacntcs tmtm, tm, sc dmymn bntriju`bji cn acnfum ocvuafmr ùlmni pir ais ncfris9 Zmtm y tm sbfnbeb`mn pmjrc cn vmrbis acnfumocsmerb`mnis, cspc`bm agcntc cn ais quc sc dmlamn cn ca @infi.=2 Ais nugcri-sis ncfris quc jc cstm rcfbðn eucrin trmçjis m @ulm jclbcrin bgpirtmrcstm viz. Xmrc`c mpiymr cstm dbpðtcsbs ca dc`di jc quc am pmamlrm merb`mnmilç, quc sc mpab`m m ais lruois cn Omgmb`m y itrms Mntbaams, sbfnbeb`m tmglbân pm jrc cn ca acnfumoc yirulm, jca qu c pri`cjc; y quc lmlmaí, ìgi tmglbân

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sc aamgm m ais lruois meriùlmnis , qubcrc jc`br msbgbsgi mlucai i pmtrbmr`m,ìgi ym sc dm jb`di; jc giji quc ca sbfnbeb`mji jc ilç, lmlmaí y tmbtm scrçmca gbsgi, y su mpab`m`bðn eunjmjm cn `rbtcrbi mníaifi ma quc sbfucn mÿnmafunms rcabfbincs jc Curipm y Msbm, quc aamgmn pmjrcs, pipcs, pmpms,

pmtrbmr`ms, ct`., m sus sm`crjitcs.\cspc`ti m am viz gm Mrliacym jb`ce'Pc unc ma niglrc jc ams guocrcs

jc ìair ìgi trmtmgbcnti jc ìnsbjcrm`bðn"; Xb`dmrji cs`rblc quc amfcntc jc ìair y ais gu`dm`dis, ca vuafi çnebgi, jb`c gm (sçnìpm jcgmjrc) m `bcrtms guocrcs jc ìair ym jc cjmj, oun tmgcnt c ìn su niglrc,v.f.Gm Piacjmj; y am ìgpmrm m ams vi`cs niy ým, ams ùmacs sin sçnìpm jcPcýir, m. Pb am viz gm sc mpab`m m ams ncfrms siamgcntc y pir ais ncfris cncspc`bma, ¹pir quâ dm jc scr sçnìpm jc unm viz `mstcaamnm9 Ai sin cn

cec`ti ams vi`cs ýi y ým y lmstm pmrm jcgistrmrai içr tmglbân prinun`bmr-ìgi jb`c ca gbsgi Xb`dmrji- scýð y scýí, sçnìpm quc sc mjvbcrtc dmstmcn ca puclai jc am gbsgm `mpbtma jc Cspmým, jinjc, sbn cglmrfi, ni sc jb`cnun`m gm. Am ctbgiaifçm jc gm jmjm pir Xb`dmrji pc`m jc bgprivbsmjm,trmtínjisc prilmlacgcntc jc unm viz merb`mnm. Cn ca acnfumoc sinbnkâ ismrmkdiaâ, quc sc dmlam cn ams gírfcncs jca Pcncfma y pir ais trmeb`mntcsjc cstc rçi y jca Mati Nçfcr, gm sbfnbeb`m gmjrc. <8 R msç ìgi cn cstcacnfumoc, quc cstí guy cxtcnjbji cn Íerb`m y jca ùma pucjc pri`cjcr ìngmyircs prilmlbabjmjcs am pmamlrm gm, âstm sc cnùcntrm cn itris gu`dis,tmglbân merb`mnis, msç ìgi cn ais jbmac`tis finm, kymgm, mvbkmg, nmemnm,jmfmrç, lbrbeð, flmnyín, jmfligm, ct`., jc am @istm jc Gmreba,<= y cn itrisjca rcsti jc Íerb`m, ìgi pucjc vcrsc eí`bagcntc cn am ilrm jc Kicaac y

cn itrms.Ais pulab`bstms quc dmn mpirtmji jbvcrsms ctbgiaifçms jc ams vi`cs tmtm

y gm, dmstm aacfmr m am jcrbvm`bðn jca vmsùcnsc y jc mafunms acnfumsmgcrb`mnms ìntbncntmacs, dmn sbji jcsvbmjis jc am rc`tm, pir ca fcncrmajcsìni`bgbcnti quc sc dm tcnbji y tbcnc jc ais cacgcntis irbfbnmrbismerb`mni^ jc nucstrm si`bcjmj y, cn cspc`bma, jca acnfumoc vuafmr, pir amercùcn`bm ìn quc ais sinbjis pm, tm y gm, y ais ìgpucstis pmpí, tmtí ygmgí sc usmn cn ais pmçscs gís jbstmntcs pmrm sbfnbeb`mr pmjrc y gmjrc.Xcri jc cstm ilscrvm`bðn ni pucjc jcju`brsc am jcrbvm`bðn jc jb`dissinbjis jc unms acnfums m itrms. Lus`dgmnn sistbcnc quc tmacs ìbn`bjcn-`bms pucjcn priju`brsc bnjcpcnjbcntcgcntc gu`dms vc`cs. Pcrçm pucrba-jb`c Zyair, cn mpiyi- prctcnjcr quc ais `mrblcs y ais bnfacscs, i aisditcntitcs y ais bnfacscs, sin ìnfâncrcs pirquc am viz pmpí cs ìgÿn mais prbgcris y am viz gmgí m ais scfunjis, silrc tiji ùmnji sc ilscrvmquc ams jb`dms mrtbùam`bincs bnemntbacs rc`blcn m vc`cs scntbjis jbmgctrma-gcntc ipucstis; msç am viz `dbacnm pmpí sbfnbeb`m gmjrc, y am tamsskmncsmgmgí qubcrc jc`br pmjrc. Xir ai quc sc rcebcrc m tmtm y gm, Lus`dgmnn,<<

ìn unm amrfm abstm jc niglrcs quc sbfnbeb`mn pmjrc y gmjrc, jcgucstrmquc ais sinbjis pm y tm ìn am eirgm sbgbamr mp y mt prcjigbnmn silrc tiji pmrm ais niglrcs jc pmjrc, gbcntrms quc gm y nm,mg y mn prcjigbnmn pmrmais jc gmjrc.

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Ca faitðaifi btmabmni Zriglcttb,<0 cn su rc`bcntc ilrm tcnjcntc m jcgis-trmr ca irbfcn ÿnbì jca acnfumoc, nitm quc cn am viz pmjrc, am ìnsinmntc`mrm`tcrçstb`m cs ìgÿngcntc unm cxpaisbvm amlbma i jcntma, y cn am vizgmjrc ai cs am ìrrcspinjbcntc nmsma, ìgi XMJ\C?pm,pmpm,pmppm, mpm,ct`., tm, tmam, tmbtm, ct`.; GMJ\C? gm, gmgm gmggm, mgm, ct`., nm, nmnm,

ct`âtcrm. Xir ai quc sc rcebcrc pmrtbùamrgcntc m am pmamlrm tmbtm -ilscrvmca gbsgi mutir-< : quc cn `bcrtms acnfums am y t , sc cgpacm ìgi un prceboidinirçebì ìn ais niglrcs jc pmrcntcsì.

Cxpucstm, pucs, am rmzðn jc tcncr gu`dms acnfums ams vi`cs tmtm y gm scjcgucstrm quc ni cs aðfb`m am sçnìpm jc gmjrc pmrm cxpab`mr am viz gm,ùmnji âstm pucjc tcncr un irbfcn jbrc`ti y eí`ba cn unm pmamlrm merb`mnm

bgpirtmjm. R cxpab`mjm am jcsvbm`bðn jc ais ctbgiaifbstms ùlmnis jc tmtm,jcsvbm`bðn quc puji scr mÿn gmyir, am pri`cjcn`bm gís mjgbsblac jc jb`dmviz cs am merb`mnm, supucsti quc am ipbnbðn jc Xb`dmrji y Pmntm`babm jc quccs bnjçfcnm ni pmsm jc scr unm dbpðtcsbs, y quc itris gu`dis vi`mlaismerb`mnis sc cnùcntrmn cn ca dmlam jc nucstri vuafi, vi`mlais ni jclbjm-gcntc cstujbmjis y mtrblubjis gu`dis jc caais m ais bnjçfcnms.

Ais lruois rc`blcn tmglbân mpijis, gcoir jb`di sucacn ìnscrvmr suniglrc merb`mni i scr aamgmjis pir uni pri`cjcntc jc Íerb`m. Msç @mlmn-

fms<3 -scfÿn jb`c âa gbsgi- sbfnbeb`m "uni quc `mntm gu`di"; Piì-siì pucj c sbfnbeb`mr "ca quc bnvcntm gu`di" cn acnfumoc jca Lmoi @infi,ct`âtcrm. Xcri, pir ai fcncrma, sin ìni`bjis pir su niglrc `mtðabì prc`cjbji jca mpcamt bvi tmbtm, tmtm i tm. M vc`cs sc ac mfrcfm ca mpiji scfÿnca pmçs jc su irbfcn, vcrlbfrm`bm tmbtm Oisâ ca mrmrí, ca ìnfi, ct`âtcrm. Cn

ebn, cn itris `msis sin ìni`bjis pir silrcniglrcs `mstcaamnis, ìgiùmaqubcr itri bnjbvbjui jc am gmam vbjm, pir cocgpai. Xcaitm y Fmaabti,mpijis quc prilmlacgcntc maujcn m am cx`csbvm auourbm jc ais quc aisaacvmlmn, vb`bi guy ìgÿn cntrc ais lruois.

Ca rcspcti quc gcrc`cn ais lruois m ais jc su rmzm sc eunjm -ìgi csnmturma- gís quc cn am vcocz, cn su `mrí`tcr `msb ignbpitcntc y pir amsupcrbir ùaturm quc sc acs supinc, ym quc ca ectb`dcri merb`mni cs, ìnrcam`bðn m sus ebcacs, un vcrjmjcri bntcac`tuma.

Jc su bntcac`tumabjmj, munquc cs`msm, sc jcstm`mn `bcrtm mstu`bm y `bcrtmdmlbabjmj jc sufcstbðn, ùym rcamtbvm dbpcrtriebm sc jclc, sbn jujm, ma gmyircocr`b`bi quc jc caam dm jc dm`cr, pir ca prcstbfbi jc su pcrsinm y jc suseun`bincs. Jc mdç quc ca lruoi pinfm jc su pmrtc ais gís ceb`m`cs pri`c-

jbgbcntis jc sufcstbðn pmrm bgprcsbinmr ams rÿstb`ms bntcabfcn`bms jc aisq u c ac rijcmn? `mntis, gÿsb`m, gçgb`m, ocrfm, gbstcrbi, ct`âtcrm.

Xir cstc gitbvi, fcncrmagcntc sc ìnsbjcrm ma lruoi ìgi un dbpð`rbtmemrsmntc, quc cxpaitm am bfnirmn`bm mocnm cn privc`di pripbi, ìn caìgpacti ìnvcn`bgbcnti jc su m``bðn bnnilac y dmstm `rbgbnma, y quc, mabfuma jc ais mufurcs jc ais ÿatbgis jçms jc am rcpÿlab`m rigmnm, pucjcmpab`írscac ca jb`di jc @b`crðn? ni pucjcn gbrmrsc sbn rcçr. Pbn cglmrfi,tma ipbnbðn jbstm jc scr cxm`tm. @bcrti cs quc sb nis rcecrbgis m am gmyirçmjc ais lruois `rbiaais, unm mùsm`bðn scgcomntc pucjc tcncr eunjmgcnti

==4



jcsmrriaai bntcac`tuma pmrm aifrmracs unm supcrbirbjmj silrc ais `rcycntcs,ìgpmrtmn ìn âstis am ec cn sus çjiais y ectb`dcs, am `rccn`bm cn am vbrtujjc ais cglðs y cn am bnemablbabjmj jc ais mfñcris. Jc am `rcjuabjmj jc aisdc`db`cris merb`mnis dmn trmtmji vmrbis mutircs, jcgistrmnji ai bneunjm-ji jc am ipbnbðn fcncrma. Xir cocgpai, Fbrmrj jc \bmaac jb`c? "]uc dmymemrsmntcs cntrc ais sm`crjitcs ectb`dbstms cs prilmlac; pcri ca `msi jclc scrguy rmri; cn ams si`bcjmjcs vcrjmjcrmgcntc ectb`dbstms ca cs`cptb`bsgicstí tmn piì jcsmrriaamji..."<6 M. Aceclrc cxpinc? "Cvbjcntcgcntc, amgmyir pmrtc jc ais dc`db`cris `rccn cn su `bcn`bm y cn su mrtc." <4 Zyair, marcecrbrsc m am gmfbm cn fcncrma, cs`rblc? "...pucjc jc`brsc quc am gmfbm nitbcnc su irbfcn cn ca erm ujc y quc rmrmgcntc dm sbji prm`tb`mjm ìgi unmbgpisturm. Ca dc`db`cri mprcnjc jc lucnm ec, cn fcncrma, unm priecsbðnquc `rcc jbfnm jc su vcncrm`bðn y ìntbnÿm sugmnji gís i gcnis ec m amquc âa cnscým. Cnfmýmji y cnfmýmjir m am vcz, msi`bm am cncrfçm jc un`rcycntc m am pb`mrjçm jc un dbpð`rbtm. Pb ams `bcn`bms iùatms ni dulbcscnsbji bgmfbnmjms gís quc pmrm cnfmýmr, dulbcrmn lmstmji puris mlsurjis,gbcntrms quc cn caams cnìntrmgis unm scuji `bcn`bm sbstcgítb`mgcntccamlirmjm."<2 Aâmsc, mjcgís, ai gu`di y lucni quc jb`c Aulli`k 08 silrccstc tcgm. @irrc,0= ma dmlamr jc ais ectb`dcris jc ams Mntbaams ermn`csms,jcju`c mebrgm`bincs mníaifms m ams cxpucstms. L. jc ]ubrðs y Mfubamnbcji0<

Aamnms nis dmlamn jc am lucnm ec jc `bcrtms m`tumacs dc`db`crms gmjrbacýms.

Xir ai cxpucsti, sc cxpab`m quc ca lruoi ùlmni @mlmnfms mebrgc,ìnvcn`bji, am pripbm bnjcgnbjmj quc ac cs itirfmjm pir su ìnjb`bðn jc

lruoi. R tma `rccn`bm dm mrrmbfmji gís cn âa jcspuâs jc dmlcr cs`mpmji jcam gucrtc, ùmnji pir un ecnðgcni jc am jbsvuancrmlbabjmj pripbm jc su

rmzm ùrð unm tcrrblac dcrbjm cn am `mlczm priju`bjm pir un gm`dctmzi.Am ìnjb`bðn jc am lucnm ec y jc am mstu`bm jc ais lruois sc dm pucsti jc

rcabcvc ni dm gu`di. Snis lruois, pmrm ùrmr `bcrtm jiacn`bm, ìnvbnbcrincn quc crm nc`csmrbi ca ìrmzðn jc unm nbým lamn`m. Am nbým euc lus`mjmy mscsbnmjm. Xiì bgpirtmlm ma lruoi quc ca ìrmzðn smavmjir eucsc jc tmai ùma nbým, lmstmlm quc eucsc lamn`m. Pu irjcn jc mscsbnmti euc jb`tmjmìn am gbsgm em`babjmj quc sb sc trmtmrm jc am gucrtc jc unm pmaigm. Ca

lruoi, sbcnji un ìgpacti dbpð`rbtm, dulbcrm cnfmýmji bfumagcntc m aisbglâ`bacs `rcycntcs ìn ùmaqubcr rcùrsi jc su bgmfbnm`bðn, quc nidulbcsc m`mrrcmji rbcsfi tmn frmvc ìgi ca jc cxpincr su pripbm vbjm.

Nmjm blm m fmnmr nbnfuni jc ais lruois ìn ca `rbgcn, smavi am ùrm`bðn jcam cnecrgcjmj y ca ìnsbfubcntc mugcnti jc su prcstbfbi. Nbnfÿn itri

gðvba euc rm jc âstc, nb am ìjb`bm, nb am vcnfmnzm, nb am auourbm, bnspbrmrin cajcabti; dmstm gc pcrgbtbrâ jc`br quc ca ebn crm matrubstm lmoi `bcrti mspc`ti.Jc mdç rcsuatm am "lucnm ec" jca lruoi ma mebrgmr ìnvcn`bji ca pijcrùrmtbvi jca ìrmzðn jc unm nbým lamn`m y mrrbcsfmrai tiji pmrm iltcncrai.Xcri am mstu`bm, am "gmam ec", pir jc`brai msç, cntrm jcspuâs; ìn ca iloctbvijc jcspbstmr m am oustb`bm y jcecnjcr am pripbm vbjm? sc prcpmrmn bnfcnbismsìmrtmjms, sc cs`rblcn mnðnbgis bnjb`mnji pbstms emasms, sc aacfm m gmtmrun `crji pmrm quc am smnfrc y ams vbs`crms jca mnbgma jbsbguamrmn ais rcstis

=05



lm stmn tc sðabji, pucs ni cn lmajc ca prifrcsi jca mglbcntc cn qu c dmn`rc`bji, y mun ca prifrcsi âtnbì, dmn ìntrblubji m am cstrmtbeb`m`bðnsupcrbir jc su psbqubs; pcri sb ilscrvmgis ais lruois nmtbvis cn Íerb`m yitris quc, munquc nm`bjis cn @ulm, sin ncfris dcrcjcris bngcjbmtis jcams dc`db`crçms y ectb`dbsgis jc sus mntcpmsmjis, ni sc pijrí gcnis jcjcsùlrbr am lucnm ec i `rcjuabjmj cn sus rbtis, cn sus dc`dbzis y cn susmfñcris, ca ìnvcn`bgbcnti jc am jbfnbjmj y emùatmjcs cxtrmirjbnmrbms jcquc cstín bnvcstbjis, y, pir tmnti, ca ìn`cpti jc su supcrbirbjmj ìnrcam`bðn, pir ai gcnis, m sus scgcomntcs jc rmzm y ìstuglrcs; tiji ai ùmani cxàuyc `bcrtm mstutm cxpaitm`bðn cfiçstm jca prðobgi, lmsmjm cn cacocr`b`bi jc sus eun`bincs, ùym smntbjmj, pir jc`brai msç, `rccn bnjbsùtblacy acs cs eunjmgcntma. Zcnjrçm quc supincrsc mlsurjmgcntc, pmrm `rccr ai

ìntrm rbi, un mlbsgi psbìaðfbì, quc cn rcmabjmj ni cxbstc, cntr c ca lru oiy ca ncfri quc ai sbfuc. Cn ca ectb`dbsgi merb`mni -ìgi cn tijms amsrcabfbincs- ca sm`crjitc cstí gís `cr`m jca ebca jc ai quc fcncrmagcntc sc`rcc;<5 pijrín ais dc`db`cris merb`mnis -ìgi ais lrmdgmncs, ais rmlbnisy ais gijcrnis sm`crjitcs curipcis y mgcrb`mnis- jujmr jc am smntbjmjjc `bcrtis rbtis y dmstm luramrsc çntbgmgcntc jc caais; pijrín cn su vbjm prbvmjm, y dmstm cn am pÿlab`m, quclrmntmr ais gís smfrmjis prc `cptis jc amacy rcabfbism, y dmstm sc pijrí sistcncr quc cn nbnfÿn `msi quc ni smafm jca`mgpi jc am psbìaifçm nirgma, ca sm`crjitc jc ùmaqubcr rcabfbðn `rcc cnam titmabjmj jc sus jifgms y jc sus rÿstb`ms prcjb`m`bincs; pcri rm rmgcnt caacfm su bn`rcjuabjmj m scr ìgpactm, fumrjmnji sbcgprc unm rcam`bðnçntbgm su ec ìn am ec jc sus mjcptis. Ca sm`crjitc gijcrni -rcamtb vmgcn tctiacrmntc- rceacom ca cs`cptb`bsgi `rc`bcntc jc ams si`bcjmjcs cn quc vbvc;

ca sm`crjitc quc cn`crrmji jcsjc oivcn cn su majcm, mjinjc dm aacvmji aisecrvi rcs mpistðabìs rc`bân mjqubrbjis cn ca scgbnmrbi, cs cspcoi ebca jc amscrvba rcabfbisbjmj jc ais majcmnis. Ais sm`crjitcs jc tijms ams rcabfbincs-sm avi mqucaais quc jcsjc nbýis sin mrrclmtmjis m am emgbabm y m am si`bcjmj pmrm jcjb`mrais ma nivb`bmji sm`crjit ma - `rc`cn y eirgmn ais cs trmtis lís bìs jc su bntcabfcn`bm y jc su viauntmj cn ca gbsgi mglbcntc cn qucjcspuâs dmn jc prcjb`mr am sugbsbðn m am jbvbnbjmj y ca gcoir giji jcìrrcspinjcr ìn caam y ìn sus gbnbstris. Ni cs cxtrmýi, pucs, quc msi`bcjmjcs mtrmsmjms, silrc ams quc pcsm mÿn ca eírrmfi jc rbtis y jifgmsjc `bvbabzm`bincs quc eucrin, ìrrcspinjm unm àmsc sm`crjitma tmglbân`râjuam c bfumagcntc sugcrfbjm cn ca mycr; y quc m ams si`bcjmjcs quc dmnjcspcrtmji ma ìnouri jc ais bjcmacs rm`binmabstms, sc mjiptc unm àmscsm`crjitma cs`âptb`m, tiacrmntc, quc vbcnji am girma jbvbnm sustbtubjm piram girma si`bma, sc ìntcntm ìn ca gmntcnbgbcnti jca rbtuma, ìn am gigb-eb`m`bðn jc su ji`trbnm, pmrm pijcr dm`cr `rccr quc mÿn mabcntm cn subntcrbir am vbjm jc am ec y gmntcncr ìn ca pmsmji ca ncxi rcabfbisi, quc csjc ais ÿatbgis cn rigpcrsc.

Jc mdç quc ais lruois meriùlmnis, ìn gís gitbvi mÿn pir ni dmlcr pmsmji - ìgi mafunis jc sus ìacfms m er b` mnis - pir un rbfurisi nivb`bmjiquc acs bnb`bmrm cn gbstcrbis y jifgms y quc mzuzmrm cn cjmj pripb`bm su

=06



pilam`bincs, mafunis lruois ìnscrvmn `bcrti prcstbfbi jc cspc`bmabstms;âstc ìgi nbnfÿn itri pucjc mgmrrmr gís ceb`mzgcntc un mgmntc; mquâacs gbamfrcri cn am prcpmrm`bðn jc cglðs gmaâebìs; ca jc m`í tbcnc emgmjc vcnjcr mlirtbvis, ca jc maaí cs un frmn mjbvbni, ct`âtcrm.

Jca `mrí`tcr rcabfbisi jc ais lruois sc gmntbcncn prbn`bpmagcntc, mun-quc mafi sbgpabeb`mjms, ams abgpbczms, pirquc pripir`binmn un mugcnti jcfmnmn`bms, y ca matmr ìn sus m``csirbis pmrm ìntrblubr ma mspc`ti sufcstbvijca tcgpai. Mjcgís, sc ìnscrvm mÿn pir gbsincçsgi ca usi jc pmamlrms iermscs bnbntcabfblacs, guy ercùcntcgcntc cn li`m jc ais lruois y quccgpacmn âstis pir ai quc tbcncn jc `mrí`tcr rcabfbisi, cn ca cocr`b`bi jctijms sus eun`bincs jc sm`crjitc, jc dc`db`cri i jc mfircri.

Cn tijms ams âpi`ms y pmçscs, ais gmfis y lruoms dmn usmji cn sus in ouris

y rczis unm cspc`bc jc ocrfm, ùyi cstujbi cstí pir dm`cr. Cstm ocrfmrcabfbism cs un acnfumoc sc`rcti pmrm ìgunb`mrsc ìn am jbvbnbjmj y aissm`crjitcs cntrc sç, y jcsjc cstc punti jc vbstm ni `mlc jujm jc quc

Nb`âeiri, quc dm dc`di un cstujbi pisbtbvbstm jc am ocrfm cn ais nirgmacs,cn ais jcfcncrmjis y cn ais jcabnùcntcs, puji mýmjbr m su nitmlac ilrmun `mpçtuai gís tbtuamji? "Am ocrfm smfrmjm".

Ma cstujbmr un ùati ùmaqubcrm sc jcsùlrc prin ti am ocrfm smfrmjm, ocrfmquc, ma bfuma quc itrms bfumagcntc prbgbtbvms pir supcrvbvcn`bm i mtmvbsgi,ìgi am jc ais `rbgbnmacs y ams bnemntbacs, ni sðai cs dmlamjm sbni quc mÿnìnscrvm am gís prbgbtbvm eirgm jc ìgunb`m`bðn jca pcnsmgbcnti, ìgics ca fcsti, am gçgb`m. Ca cgpaci jca amtçn y jc `bcrtms cxprcsbincs frbcfmsy dclrcms pir ais sm`crjitcs `mtðabìs, msç ìgi ca sbfnbeb`mji rbtuma jc`bcrtis fcstis (pcrsbfnmrsc, fiapcs cn ca pc`di, fcnueacxbincs, ct`.) ìg-

pruclmn am supcrvbvcn`bm jc ams ocrfms smfrmjms. Ni cs guy cxm`tm am cxprcsbðn jc M. jc Lamsbi03 ma aamgmr m am ocrfm jc

ais gmfis ocrfm bnjbvbjuma, pir am rmzðn jc quc ni eirgmn âstis msi`bm`bðnmafunm y ilrmn `mjm uni pir su ùcntm; jb`dm ocrfm ni pucjc scrvbracs pmrmìgunb`mrsc cntrc caais. Pbn ncfmr am vcrjmj jc cstm ÿatbgm mebrgm`bðn, nics gcnis `bcrti quc ais lruois cgpacmn su ocrbfinzm, pir ai gcnis, pmrmdmlamr ìn ams jbvbnbjmjcs, y sbcnji msç, pmrc`c mjiptmr jb`dm ocrfm ca`mrí`tcr jcecnsbvi pripbi jc ams quc dmlamn ais bnjbvbjuis mpmrtmjis jc amnirgmabjmj si`bma, ìnjb`bðn cn quc sc dmn cnìntrmji ais sm`crjitcs jctijms ams rcabfbincs, quc sbcgprc dmn rijcmji jc gbstcrbi sus ìgunb`m-`bincs ìn ais jbiscs; `msi mníaifi ma jc am ocrfm y gbstcrbis eircnscsginipiabzmjis pir ais prbgbtbvis pmtrb`bis rigmnis, cn jmýi jc ais pac-

lcyis. Xir csi am ocrfm abtÿrfb`m jc ais lruois cs pc re c` tm gc nt c lbamtcrma?cs ca acnfumoc pir ca quc aifrmn cntcnjcrsc ca sm`crjitc y su jbis. Xcri,mjcgís, jclc nitmrsc quc ais lruois meriùlmnis -ìgi ais gmfis jcaLcncvcnti cstujbmjis pir Lamsbp- pucjcn ìnsbjcrmrsc ìgi un rceacoijc ais sm`crjitcs prbgbtbvis jc Íerb`m, ùmnji `mjm ectb`dcri pijçm ilrmrbnjcpcnjbcntcgcntc, ìgi bnjcpcnjbcntcs crmn sus ectb`dcs jc ais ectb-`dcs jc su ìacfm. Xcri m gcjbjm jc quc pir am `rc`bcntc rcju``bðn sbntâtb`mjc ams jbvbnbjmjcs, ym jcntri jc unm ermn`m cviau`bðn dmstm ca ginitcçsgi,

=04



jca scr dugmni; cn ams `mrtms cs`rbtms pir ais lruois sc mjiptmn `bcrtms pmamlrms m``bjcntmagcntc ocrfmacs, ct`â tcrm . Xcri , rcpb ti, am luc nm ec nics mlsiautm; gc rcebcri ÿnb`mgcntc m am `rcjuabjmj quc tbcnc, pir aifcncrma, ca lruoi jc ams açncms fcncrmacs jc su rcabfbðn, jc su dc`db`crçm,munquc ni vm`bac cn cxpaitmr su "`bcn`bm" y vbvbr m ìstm jca trmlmoi jc aisjbiscs; m``bðn quc ÿnb`mgcntc mpmrc`c ìgi rcprilmlac ùmnji am girmasc dugmnbzm, jcspioínjisc jc su scùamr `mrí`tcr jbvbni.

Ca lruoi meriùlmni sc jbstbnfuc pir su trbpac `mrí`tcr jc sm`crjitc,dc`db`cri y mfircri, ìgi ym sc dm cxpab`mji jctcnbjmgcntc. Ni su`cjcmsç cn tijis sus ìacfms merb`mnis. Ca ectb`dbsgi jc Merb`m, ma ìntrmrbi, nis pripir`binm un cocgpai jc ìnst btu`bðn jca sm`crji`bi cn vmrbis ìacfbis ,scfÿn sus eun`bincs; msç ilscrvmgis cntrc ais ncfris am cxbstcn`bm jc

ectb`dcris-gâjbìs, jc ectb`dcris-gmfis y dm`cjircs jc aauvbm, jc ect b`dc-ris-sm`crjitcs, cs`rblc Fbrmrj jc \bmaac00 cxpinbcnji m ìntbnum`bðnvmrbis cocgpais. Xrc`bsmgcntc, ais ectb`dcris jc Rirulm sc jbvbjcn cn trcs`mtcfirçms, am prbgcrm jc ams ùmacs sc suljbvbjc cn trcs rmnfis? ca prbgcri,ìgpucsti pir ais sm`crjitcs jc Beí, csti cs, pir ais mjbvbnis; ca scfunji, pir ais sm`crjitcs jc Ismndbn y Mrinb, i scm, ais quc prm`tb`mn am gcjb`bnm;y ca ÿatbgi, pir ais sm`crjitcs jc Ilmtmaí y Ijujÿm, cs jc`br, jca jbissuprcgi. Ams itrms `mtcfirçms ams eirgmn ais quc sc ìnsmfrmn ma ùati jcais jbiscs sulmatcrnis.0: Cn @ulm, sbn cglmrfi, pir am bgpisblac jbvbsbðndmstm cstc punti jca trmlmoi ectb`dbstm, y pir am pri`cjcn`bm jc mafunis jccaais jc pmçscs jinjc am àmsc sm`crjitma ni dmlçm ma`mnzmji un pijc* tmncxtcnsi, y dmstm ni cxbstçm ìnstbtubjm irfínb`mgcntc, ais lruois m lrmzmrintijms ams rmgms jca ectb`dbsgi (ca sm`crji`bi, am dc`db`crçm, ca iríùai) y

jcspacfmrin tijms sus mrtbgmýms pmrm gmntcncr gís `ðgijmgcntc ca prcst bfbi jc su niglrc y su lmsc jc sustcntm`bðn pmrmsbtmrbm. Ais lruois`rbiaais, cspc`bmagcntc, dmn bji jcscglmrmzínjisc jc gu`dms supcrstb`bi-ncs bnìgpmtblacs ym ìn ca mvmn`c bntcac`tuma; y msç dmn mlmnjinmji cnfrmn pmrtc am prí`tb`m jca rbti, ìnscrvmnji, ni ilstmntc, ais giajcsnc`csmrbis jc `mrí`tcr rcabfbisi pmrm vm`bmr sbn gcnfum jc prcstbfbi sussilrcnmturmacs emùatmjcs gâjb`ms y mjbvbnmtirbms. Ca ecnðgcni cviautbvics cxpab`mlac. Xir unm pmrtc, ca cs`cptb`bsgi rcabfbisi vm ùnjbcnji y aisçjiais merb`mnis -ìgi tijis ais çjiais-vmn cn jcrritm. Xir itrm pmrtc, cadc`db`cri vm pcrjbcnji su prcstbfbi y nc`csbtm, pmrm rcmebrgmr su pcrsinm-abjmj, ìsc`dmr cn tcrrcnis jc am quc sc aamgm gcjb`bnm `mscrm, tcrmpâ utb`m pipuamr, ùrmnjcrbsgi, pmrm ai ùma cs prc`bsi gmyir mfujczm bntcac`tuma,gmyir pcrspb`m`bm y cxpcrbcn`bm, gcoir "ioi àçnbì", sb sc gc pcrgbtc mquçam cxprcsbðn, jca quc sucacn jcgistrmr cn sus smavmocs dc`db`crçms amgmyirçm jc ais lruois. Mjcgís, ca prifrcsi scýmam tmglbân sus mvmn`cs

pmrm am mjbvbnm`bðn y ca mr tc jc c`dmr ais `mrmìacs i ca ìaamr jc Beí,sustbtuycn ca mrtc jc c`dmr ams `mrtms, am qubrigmn`bm, ct`., quc pir scr gísìgpab`mjms y pir pri`cjcr jc Curipm, vmn cxtcnjbânjisc gís y gís ìn

pcroub`bi jc ams itrms, ìgi sb tijms caams ni ilcjc`bcrmn m unm `rcjuabjmjbfumagcntc prbgbtbvm c brrm`binma. Ni ilstmntc, pmrtbùamrgcntc cn ams

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ùmnji cstín cn ca gmr; ìstuglrcs jc ams quc mÿn sc ìnscrvmn supcrvb-vcn`bms cntrc mafunis puclais pcs`mjircs cn Csì`bm, mafunis `mzmjircsjc Macgmnbm, ct`âtcrm. Zijms cstms ocrfms ilcjc`cn m am bjcm jc quc aiscspçrbtus gmabfnis, quc ìni`cn ca acnfumoc ìrrbcntc jc ais diglrcs,

pijrçmn trmstirnmr am rcmabzm`bðn jc m`tis tmn trms`cnjcntmacs ìgi am pcs`m, am `mzm, am rcìac``bðn, ct`âtcrm . Sn pcnsmgbcnti scgcomntc jclbðbnspbrmr tmglbân m ais sm`crjitcs prbgbtbvis ca jcsci jc vcamr m ams jbvbnb-jmjcs gmaâviams ams ìgunb`m`bincs jbrbfbjms m ams lcnâviams, y priùrmrca sc`rcti cn am ìnec``bðn jc ais dc`dbzis; su`cjbcnji qubzís cn cstc `msiquc ams jbvbnbjmjcs quc jclçmn scr cnfmýmjms eucscn prc`bsmgcntc ams

lcnâeb`ms, quc crmn ams quc pijrçmn tcncr bntcrâs cn bgpcjbr am prcpmrm`bðny ceb`m`bm jc un gmaceb`bi.

Nis jm tmglbân O. F. Ermzcr nugcrisis cocgpais, quc `rci bnÿtba rcecr br,jc pcrçermsbs cnìgbístb`ms prinun`bmjms sbstcgítb`mgcntc, cn vcz jcavcrjmjcri niglrc jc ams jbvbnbjmjcs, y jc mdç unm nucvm eucntc jc vi`cs

ocrfmacs. Ma trmtmr jc ais jbiscs jc ais meriùlmnis ym dc cxpucsti mafunisjc ais jbecrcntcs niglrcs quc sc jmn m `mjm uni jc caais.

Xir itrm pmrtc, am ocrfm sc dm jcrbvmji pmr`bmagcntc jca ìn`cpti jc amirm`bðn. Cstm ni crm nb cs sbni am eðrguam jca ìntrmti jca `rcycntc ìn amjbvbnbjmj; euc mafi msç ìgi mqucaams eðrguams ourçjb`ms jc ilabfmr jcamntbfui jcrc`di rigmni, am ematm jc ams ùmacs lmstmlm pmrm quc ca ìntrm ti`mglbmrm jc `mrí`tcr. Jb`c, ma rcecrbrsc ma ìn`cpti jc am pacfmrbm, Aceclrc ?"Pb jc dugbajc bntcrgcjbmrbm cntrc ca diglrc y am jbvbnbjmj, am irm`bðn scdm cacvmji ma rmnfi suprcgi, cs pirquc caam ilabfm m ais jbiscs. Xrinun-

`bmjm cn dirm emvirmlac, ìn ais fcstis mpripbmjis, scfÿn ais rbtis prcs`rb-tis, caam ais cvi`m, ais jigbnm, ais `rcm. Caais ni cxbstcn sbni pir caam; y casm`crjitc quc smlc y cnscým ams eðrguams smfrmjms sc mjucým jc am jbrc``bðnjc am tbcrrm y jca `bcai, jigbnm ais gbsgis jbiscs y ais dm`c jcs`cnjcr,ìneirgc m su viauntmj, silrc ca matmr, cn`mrnínjiais cn un ectb`dc sðabjii açqubji, jc gmjcrm, jc pbcjrm, jc gctma i jc dmrbnm; âa ais tbcnc m susðrjcncs y dmlam cn su niglrc.":8 Mun cn am m`tumabjmj, `bcrtms eðrguamssmfrmjms, sb lbcn ìni`bjms jc tijis, quc rcùcrjmn ais gintrmg fmybtrç jcais lrmdgmncs, sin jc am cxàusbvm ìgpctcn`bm jc ais sm`crjitcs; msç, pircocgpai, ams pmamlrms rbtumacs pmrm am trmnsustmn`bm`bðn jca jbis `mtðabì cnca pmn y ca vbni.

@ini`bjis ais irçfcncs pisblacs jc ams ocrfms smfrmjms : = ca gbsincçsgi

cxpab`m su ìntbnum`bðn y supcrvbvcn`bm, mun ùmnji ca gðvba bnb`bma qucacs jbcrm vbjm dmym jcsmpmrc`bji jcsjc dm gu`di tbcgpi. Am ocrfm sulsbstbð pir csm prieunjm rcpufnmn`bm quc ai nucvi bnspbrm m tijms ams bnstb tu`bincsrcabfbisms jc tijis ais pmçscs y jc tijis ais tbcgpis. R ca gbsincçsgircabfbisi dm sbji tmn bntcnsi, quc dm lmstmji pir sç siai pmrm am eirgm`bðnjc `bcrtms ocrfms sm`crjitmacs.:< @intrbluyc m jcgistrmrai un dc`di guyìgÿn cn ams ocrfms jc rcecrcn`bm, ìgi cs ca usi jc pmamlrms mntbfums ydmstm jc acnfumocs quc `mycrin cn ca iavbji. Ais dmlbtmntcs jc ams bsamsPmnfb sc sbrvcn, gbcntrms cstín cn ca gmr,- jc un mntbfui acnfumoc quc ni

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ais çjiais y ams gbtiaifçms jc jbvcrsis puclais blmn ìneunjbânjisc , silrc-vbvbcnji ais pmntcincs gís prcstbfbisis y jbsgbnuycnji msç ca nÿgcri jcais scrcs silrcnmturmacs gcrc`cjircs jc ùati cspc`bma, euc nc`csmrbitmglbân quc ais sm`crjitcs sc eucrmn mfrupmnji cn tirni jc tma i ùmajbvbnbjmj i ìnounti jc jbvbnbjmjcs, quc scfuçmn gmntcnbcnji am ec jc ungmyir nÿgcri jc ebcacs, eirgínjisc bnscnsblacgcntc ams àmscs y ìacfbissm`crjitmacs. Xucs lbcn? ams ocrfms smfrmjms quc prbgbtbvmgcntc ni scrçmnsbni pmrm am ìgunb`m`bðn cntrc ca çjiai y su sm`crjitc , sc cxtc njbc ringís tmrjc pmrm ìnvcrtbrsc cn ocrfms pripbms jc am àmsc sm`crjitma, jcsjcùyi mspc`ti mjqubcrcn mÿn gís jcstm`mjmgcntc tijis ais `mrm`tcrcs quc

Nb`â ei ri y itris ìn`cjcn m ams ocrfms. Ca sm`crjitc prbgbtbvi dmlað am ocrfmìn sus jbiscs, sbn scr cntcnjbji pir sus ebcacs, mýmjbcnji msç un nucvigbstcr bi m sus eun`bincs, ym jc suyi gbstcrbisms, y umnji am amsc sm`crjitmaeu c irfmnbzínjisc, am ocrfm sbrvbð tmglbân pmrm usi jc am àmsc, cn pcr oub`bisbcgprc jc ais priemnis.

Cst c `mrí`tcr jcecnsbvi jc am ocrfm rcabfbism, jcsjc cstc ÿatbgi p unt i jcvbstm, nis ai pinc jc rcabcvc am sbfubcntc `btm jc Ameebtc, ma rcecrbrsc m aissm`crjitcs jc Jmdigcy? "Ais dc`db`cris y dc`db`crms sc cntrcfmn m prí`tb`ms iùatms quc gc dmn sbji bgpisblac jcsùlrbr ; tmntm crm su rcscrvmy iùatm`bðn rcspc`ti jc nisitris. Sn acnfumoc pmrtbùamr, jcsìni`bji jcais priemnis, acs pcrgbtc `caclrmr ìnscois cn pÿlabì, sbn quc tcgmn uniçji bnjbs`rcti quc rcìom sus jcablcrm`bincs. Cstc acnfumoc jbebcrc cscn-`bmagcntc jca nm`binma, y mquca bnb`bmji quc ai jbcrm m ìni`cr, ni ym mun cxtrmnocri, sbni m un sbgpac `rcycntc, scrçm `mstbfmji ìn am gucr-

tc."0 5

M ams dc`db`crms gbnms dmstm sc acs pridblc ca usi jca acnfumocvuafmr;06 ca ocrfma cs ilabfmtirbi tmglbân cntrc ais sm`crjitcs yirulms. 04

Cs`rblc Lcrcnfcr-Ecrmuj, ma rcecrbrsc m ais mntbfuis gmfis? "Xmrm bgpcjbrcn ai pisblac am jbeusbðn jc sus ìni`bgbcntis, ais quc piscçmn sc`rctis,tmn eru`tçec ris pmrm caais, mjiptmrin acnfumocs y cs`rbturms ìnvcn`binmacs.R pir unm pcnjbcntc nmturma sc aacfð ma cgpaci jc macfirçms..."02 Cnùmaqubcrm jc ais `msis cxpucstis, ni gcrc`c am ocrfm rcabfbism i gífb`m cajb`tmji jc unbamtcrma, quc cs un ìntrmscntbji.

Am ocrfm smfrmjm ilcjc`c mjcgís m itris irçfcncs. Rm ni cs ca sm`crjitcca quc am ìgpinc y usm, sin ais ebcacs ais quc am bnvcntmn y dmlamn, tmglbânìgi gcjbi jcecnsbvi. O. F. Ermzcr nis pripir`binm nugcrisis cocgpais,jc ais quc tigi mafunis. Cn Amis, ais `mzmjircs jc cacemntcs jclcn jmr

niglrcs ìnvcn`binmacs m ais iloctis jc usi ìrrbcntc, jc jinjc rcsuatmquc dmlamn unm acnfum cspc`bma. Ais t`dmncs y ais irmn-fdmb jc Bnji`dbnmsc cntbcnjcn pir gcjbi jc unm ocrfm, ùmnji vmn cn lus`m jc `bcrtm gmjcrm prc`bism. Ju rmn tc ais trcs i ùmtri gcscs quc jurm am ìsc`dm jca ma`mneir,ais omkuns y lbrgms dmlamn cn acnfumoc cspc`bma aamgmji "jca ma`mneir". Aigbsgi su`cjc cntrc ais kmymns jc Lirnci. Cn mafunis pmçscs gmamyis,tbcncn unm ocrfm cspc`bma ais trmlmomjircs jc ams gbnms jc cstmýi, msç ìgiais jc ams gbnms jc iri cn Pugmtrm; ais dmlbtmntcs jc ams @âaclcs jurmntcam sbcfm, y ais jc Nbms jurmntc am rcìac``bðn jca mrriz; ais jc ams bsams Pmnfb

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brrceutmlacgcntc, am fcncrma cstmlbabjmj jc ams gbsgms. @amri cstí qucscfÿn scm ca gmyir i gcnir frmji jc cxtcnsbðn c bntcnsbjmj jc am ìdcsbðncntrc ais sm`crjitcs i ais ebcacs, cntrc ais quc sbcntmn am nc`csbjmj jc dmlamrun acnfumoc jcecnsbvi, scrí am cstmlbabjmj jc âstc; ai gbsgi quc su`cjc ìnams ocrfms `rbgbnmacs? ams gís jurmjcrms sin ams cspc`bmacs jc ams msi`bm`bi-ncs jcabnùcntcs; ìgpírcnsc sbni cn Cspmým, ca dmlam jc am mntbfum

fcgbmnçm -ìni`bjm cn su gmyir pmrtc- ìn ams cs`msms y gís vmrbmlacsvi`cs ocrfmacs jc ais jcabnùcntcs cspmýiacs jc diy jçm, ùyms msi`bm`bincssc vmn jbauycnji gís y gís.30

Am ocrfm jc ais lruois jc @ulm cs guy vmrbm, pir su jbstbntm pri`cjcn`bmy pir ca mpmrtmgbcnti y dmstm ipisb`bðn quc cxbstc cntrc caais. Cn aisìnouris y `crcginbms sucacn cgpacmrsc ermscs y vi`cs merb`mnms, ùyiirbfcn ìn`rcti cs piì gcnis quc bgpisblac jctcrgbnmr, pir ca sbnnÿgc-ri jc acnfums quc sc dmlamn cn am ìstm i``bjcntma jc Merb`mP5y am `rc`bcntcìrrup`bðn jc ams gbsgms pir ais meriùlmnis; mpmrtc jc su `mrí`tcrmafunms vc`cs ocrfma, quc mun ìni`bjis tijis ais acnfumocs usumacs jc aisncfris cn @ulm, bgpcjbrçm ca ìni`bgbcnti jc ams vi`cs, ùyi sbfnbeb`mjiiùati ni pucjc ma`mnzmrsc sbn am ìnjcs`cnjcn`bm jc un bnb`bmji. Xcricstm vmrbcjmj jc ams ocrfms lruoms ni ilstm m am cstmlbabjmj jc ams gbsgms,silrc tiji cntrc ais lruois merb`mnis, pucs am lucnm ec jc sus m`tis y cagbsincçsgi quc ais bneirgm ais aacvm ma rcabfbisi rcspcti jc am trmjb`bðnquc acs euc ìnebmjm ìgi jcpðsbti smfrmji.

Ais lruois, mjcgís jc ìnscrvmr cxprcsbincs ocrfmacs jc sus pmçscs,gmntbcncn ais acnfumocs vuafmrcs dmlamjis cn cstis gbsgis, y jc mdç quc

ai quc cn Íerb`m crm dmlam ìgÿn, jc tijis ìni`bjm, pmsc m scr cn @ulmdmlam ocrfma jc ais lruois y jc sus mjcptis. Ca gbsincçsgi quc gmntbcncca cgpaci jca amtçn y jca dclrci cntrc ais rcabfbisis lamnìs, cxpab`m amìnscrvm`bðn jc acnfumocs merb`mnis cntrc ais ectb`dbstms, ùmnji ym dmnsbji `msb titmagcntc iavbjmjis pir am fcncrmabjmj jc ais ncfris meriù-

lmnis.Cs itri `mrí`tcr jc ais lruois meriùlmnis, cn cspc`bma jc ais quc vbvcn

cn ams `bujmjcs, am bnjcpcnjcn`bm, cs jc`br, am ematm jc sugbsbðn m jctcrgb-nmjms mutirbjmjcs ocrírqub`ms. Cn ams pilam`bincs rurmacs, prbn`bpmagcntc,sc nitmn mÿn mafunms supcrvbvcn`bms jc irfmnbzm`bincs lruoms, rcstis jcams ìermjçms y jc ais mntbfuis `mlbajis, y dmstm mafunms jc mquâaams scgmntbcncn tijmvçm prðspcrms. Dmstm sc jmn `msis jc si`bcjmjcs acfmagcntc

ìnstbtubjms. Cn =.m prcnsm dmlmncrm sc pulab`ð ni dm gu`di am sbfubcntcnitb`bm jcgistrmtbvm? "Ca piab`çm cspc`bma jca filbcrni jc am privbn`bm Pr.O. Umajâs dm bneirgmji ma Filcrnmjir @bvba quc scrçm ìnvcnbcntc jbspi-ncr am jbsiau`bðn jc am si`bcjmj jc ais ìnfis jc Ca Fmlrbca. Jcspuâs jctiji, jc dc`di, sc dmaam jbsucatm pirquc sus si`bis sin `bnì y `msb tijiscstín prcsis i pri`csmjis. Ca ìnfi \up crt i Xin`c, ìgpmýcri jc Uç`tirGiabnm cn am gmtcrbmabjmj jca mscsbnmti jc _ibam, tcnçm cn su lidçi, ùmnjieuc jctcnbji pir ca `mpbtín Pr. Jcafmji, vmrbis rc`blis jc am si`bcjmj jcìnfis jc Ca Fmlrbca y am ùitm gcnsuma jc un pcsi. Zmglbân cntrc ais

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cs ìgprcnjbji sbni cn pmrtc pir am fcncrmabjmj, cgpacínjiai tmglbân cnsus `mn`bincs pipuamrcs y cn `bcrtis rbtis pmfmnis, jclbji ma gbcji qucais cspçrbtus acs priju`cn.:0 Am ocrfm quc ais omkuns y lbrgms usmn ùmnjiam rcìac``bðn jca ma`mneir, sc ìgpinc cn frmn pmrtc jc pmamlrms gmamymsi jc irbfcn gmamyi, pcri ìgprcnjc tmglbân itrms quc ni sin tmacs, y qucsc sup inc scmn ais rcstis jc ais jbmac`tis omkuns, diy jçm jcsmpmrc`bjis.::

Am lruom jca Íerb`m I``bjcntma, m quc sc rcebcrc \icgcr cn am `btm quc jcâa dm`c Zyair, rcspinjçm m ams prcfuntms "ìn viz jâlba y ìgi un sbalbji,cgpacmnji mntbfuis bjbigms". Cn Jmdigcy, nis jb`c P`diia`rmet, "casm`crjitc prinun`bm unm maiù`bðn cn unm acnfum dbcrítb`m, bnbntcabfb- lac",:3 msç ìgi `bcrtis dc`db`cris jca fiaei jc Lcnbn.:5 Cntrc ais `rb`kcs,ams guocrcs cnscýmn m ais nbýis, ìgi un jclcr rcabfbisi, am mntbfum acnfumjc am rmzm, am scgbnðam. Am gbsgm tcnjcn`bm sc ilscrvm cn ais mntbfuis. Ca lrmdgmnbsgi mjiptð ca síns`rbti, gbcntrms quc ca lujdbsgi cgpa cð ca pmaç . Ais sm`crjitcs jc Cfbpti sc scrvçmn jc un acnfumoc jbstbnti jcajcgðtbì, jbstbn`bðn quc sc rceacomlm cn am cs`rbturm jc eirgm mr`mb`m (ocrfm

fríeb`m, ìgi jbrçm Aiglrisi). Cn Pmgitrm`bm sc `mntmlmn, cn ca ùati jcais Jbisùris, `íntbìs ìgpucstis cn acnfumoc quc sc dmlçm dc`di bnìg-

prcnsblac ma vuafi y quc sc jc`çm crm ca acnfumoc quc dmlamrin mn tbfumgcn tc@mstir y Xiaux.:6 "Am gmfbm dmlað cfbp`bi y dclrci cn ca gunji frbcfi,frbcfi cn ca gunji amtbni, y amtbni cnt rc nisitris.":4 Mÿn diy ams rcabfbincsgmntbcncn ca usi jc bjbigms mntbfuis. Zma su`cjc ìn ca lujdbsgi ompinâ squc nis rcvcam su irbfcn pir ca cgpaci jc irm`bincs cn acnfum jcsìni`b-jm, pir am ìnscrvm`bðn jc un maemlcti y jc unm cs`rbturm bnjbm, ca

síns`rbti i jcvmncfmrb cn tijis ais cs`rbtis rcabfbisis.:2

Msbgbsgi iù-rrc cn tr c ais lujdbstms `dbnis38 y ais amgms jca Zdblct. 3 = Cn Omvm, ca kmvbcs am acnfum smfrmjm. Ca pmab cntrm cn am abturfbm jc ais sbmgcscs y jc aismnmgbtms.3< Sn mr`mbì acnfumoc scgçtbì ìnscrvm am bfacsbm mlbsbnbm,30 yacnfums gucrtms sbfucn cgpacmnji ais `mtðabìs cn sus bfacsbms, y ais oujçiscn sus sbnmfifms.

Jb`c M. jc Lamsbi quc am ocrfm lruom cs bncstmlac c bgprivbsmjm pir cadc`db`cri; pcri gc bnàbni m `rccr ai intrmrbi, cspc`bmagcntc ìn rcecrcn`bmm ais lruois meriùlmnis. Pb am ocrfm ni tuvbcsc itri ebn quc bgprcsbinmr mabnecabz `rcycntc, tma ìgi pmrc`c su`cjcr cn mafunis lruois gijcrnis, gísmtcntis m am priju`tbvm emrsm quc m am ìnscrvm`bðn jc unm trmjb`bðn qucqubzís ni cxbstc pmrm caais, ais ùmacs pucjcn scr ìnsbjcrmjis ìgi ca

ÿatbgi frmji jc am jcfcncrm`bðn jc ais mntbfuis gmfis, cntin`cs pmrc`cm`cptmlac tma mebrgm`bðn; pcri ais prbn`bpbis quc db`bcrin nm`cr ams ocrfmssmfrmjms, jc ams ùmacs am jc ais lruois ni cs sbni un rceacoi, nbcfmn am pisblac vmrbmlbabjmj er cùcnt c jc ams gbsgms. Am jbvbnbjmj ni puc jc cn tc n-jcr unm scrbc jc sinbjis mrtbùamjis ùym àmvc ni ìniz`m, tmgpiì aissm`crjitcs cntrc sç, nb ais ebcacs ma dmlamr csms ocrfms cn am `mzm, cn am pcs`m,ct`., pijrçmn cgpacmrams, nb ams pcrçermsbs cnìgbístb`ms tcnjrçmn scntbji,nb am irm`bðn tcnjrçm am vbrtuj jc ilabfmr m ais jbiscs... Am supcrvbvcn`bm jcmntbfums pmamlrms c bjbigms cn jb`dm àmsc jc ocrfm nis jcgucstrm mjcgís.

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tijis sus m`tis. Ca dc`db`cri crm unm pcrsinm gmam, un bnstrugcnti jcAu`becr, quc sc cn`mrfmlm jc mtirgcntmr m ais dugmnis quc `rcçmn cn amvcrjmjcrm rcabfbðn, ma gbsgi tbcgpi quc pripir`binmlm pam`crcs y lbcncstcrrcnmacs m `mglbi jc am ìgprm-vcntm jc magms, y gcjbis pmrm quc unis pujbcrmn bgpuncgcntc `musmr gmacs m ais scgcomntcs mrrmstrmnji msçgmyir nÿgcri jc bnecab`cs m ais mntris jc am ctcrnm cxpbm`bðn. Ca lruoigcjbcvma ilrmlm ca gma pir bnb`bmtbvm pripbm, pir ca siai pam`cr jc `musmrai;su magm cstmlm cntrcfmjm ma jbmlai y âstc, cn `mglbi, ac dmlçm jmji su pijc rm am vcz quc sus ctcrnms bnàbnm`bincs ma pc`mji. Am bfacsbm rigmnm, ìgiam pritcstmntc, jcspacfmrin tijm su mutirbjmj pmrm pcrscfubrais y cxtcrgb-nmrais, y jca eucfi jc am difucrm pmsmrin ma jca bnebcrni gbaamrcs y gbaamrcsjc vç tbgms. Am dc`mtiglc cxtcnsm y ìntbnum jcoð guy mtrís m ams gmtmnzms

quc mÿn gijcrnmgcn tc dmn cocùtmji mafunis rcycs merb`mnis y quc tmntinis dmn dirrirbzmji. Nmjm jc csti sc ilscrvm cn ais lruois ncfris. Cstis sin sm`crjitcs, y

pir tmnti, sus pcrsinms sin dmstm `bcrti punti smfrmjms; omgís cn su pmçsdmn sbji pcrscfubjis;32 sb sc rcam`binmn ìn ais jbiscs gmaâviais cs pmrmìntrmrrcstmr sus bntcn`bincs. Ais sm`crjitcs lruois sin rcabfbisis, munqucmgirmacs. Jcpc njc cstc ìn`cpti prbn`bpmagcntc jc am bjcm quc sc eirgmnais `rcycntcs prbgbtbvis jc ais fcnbis gmabfnis. Ais ncfris merb`mnis sccnùcntrmn cn csc frmji jc am cviau`bðn rcabfbism cn quc ni sc dm pmsmjitijmvçm jca jumabsgi eçsbì ma girma; ais jbiscs sin lucnis i gmais pirqucìn`cjcn lbcncs i priju`cn gmacs, eçsbìs mglis, pcri ni ìgi prcgbii `mstbfi; cstis ìn`cptis cntrmn, ùmnji cntrmn, guy scùnjmrbmgcntc

cn ams bjcms rcabfbisms jc ais ncfris. Ais jbiscs ni sin sbni am pcrsinbe b`m-`bðn jc ams eucrzms jc am nmturmaczm; âstms ilrmn sbn rcam`bðn mafunm ìn casbstcgm girma jc ais diglrcs. M âstis, ca trucni acs musm pmvir scgcomntcma quc acs pucjc priju`br ca rufbji jca acðn; sc trmtm jc m`tbvbjmjcs jmýbnms

pir sç, ni pir rceacois jc m``bincs dugmnms. Nb sbqubcrm dmn aacfmji aisncfris ma cstmji jc trmnsb`bðn cn quc ca jumabsgi eçsbì sc ìneunjc ìnca girma. Xmrm caais scrçm guy itrm am ìn`cp`bðn rcabfbism jca jbauvbiunbvcrsma, jc ams pamfms jc Cfbpti, jca eucfi jc Pijigm, jc ams pcstcsgcjbcvmacs, ct`âtcrm. Ni sin tijmvçm ais jbiscs ais quc sc iùpmn jcrcfuamr am ìnju`tm jc ais diglrcs ìneirgc m bjcmacs jbvbnis; sin aisdiglrcs ais quc prctcnjcn sigctcr am m`tbvbjmj jc ais jbiscs m ìnvcnbcn-`bms dugmnms. Ais jbiscs ilrmn m su mntioi sbn iùpmrsc jc ais girtmacs;âstis tijmvçm ni pc`mn iavbjínjisc jc mquâaais. Cxbstcn pcrsinbeb`m`bincs

jc ais gmacs eçsbìs, quc ni ilrmn sbni pmrm jmýmr; ca ùati m caams jbrbfbjitbcnjc m `magmr su brrbtmlbabjmj ìnstmntc (ut nin em`bms). Ca ùati jc amsjbvbnbjmjcs lcnâeb`ms, quc dm`cn sbcgprc ca lbcn, pbjc y m vc`cs ilabfm mâstms m cocr`btmr su lcncviacn`bm (ut em`bms). Jc mdç quc ca sm`crjitc lruoini scm tcnbji pir smtâabtc jc ais jbiscs gmais. Cs prc`bsi quc prcjigbncca jumabsgi âtbì, quc ais jbiscs sc jbstbnfmn cn lucnis y gmais, ni pir ca lbcn i ca jmýi eçsbì jc quc unis y i tris sc vmacn ìgi gcjbis, sbni pirca lbcn i ca gma girma quc tbcncn pir ebn; cs prc`bsi quc sc `rbstmab`c un

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pmpc acs quc tcnçm \. X. sc dmaamlm unm diom bgprcsm ìn jâ`bgms jcjb`mjmsma `rbgcn jc am nbým _ibam." 36 R cstc `msi jca mscsbnmti jc am nbým _ibam dm

pm tcnt bzmji tmglbân am bn`rcçlac cxtcnsbðn jca prcstbfbi jca lruo i Li`ÿ,quc tcnçm mfcntcs y ìrrcspinsmacs cn gu`dis puclais jbstmntcs jc surcsbjcn`bm, y dmstm rcìrrçm âstis m gcnuji pmrm smtbsem`cr ams siab`btujcsjc sus mjcptis. Xcri unm àmsc sm`crjitma lruom ni cxbstc. Ais lruois, gís pi r jcfcncrm`bðn qu c pir rc tmrji jc cviau`bðn, cstín cn mqucaais cs trmtis prbgbtbvis jca sm`crji`bi, cn ais quc tijmvçm ni sc dm irfmnbzmji ìgiàmsc; `mjm lruoi, munquc rcìni`bcnji mafunms jbvbnbjmjcs mjirmjms pirsus ìacfms, tbcnc sus pripbis ectb`dcs y su cspc`bma pijcr silrcdugmni.R csti su`cjc ni siamgcntc cntrc ais quc cocr`cn jbecrcntcs ùatis, sbnidmstm cn ais quc `rccn cn unm gbsgm tciaifçm eunjmgcn tma, ìntr bluycnji

m caai am muscn`bm jc un pijcr piaçtbì quc cocr`btmr, ìgi cn Íerb`m, qucacs bgpinfm am nc`csbjmj jc sugmr sus m``bincs, jc mfrupmrsc pmrm ìnsc-fubr eucrzm prcjigbnmntc. Am ìgpctcn`bm priecsbinma ni dm tcnbji cn@ulm trmlm mafunm, y jcsjc `bcrti punti jc vbstm dm gitbvmji unm rcfrcsbðnjca sm`crji`bi ectb`dbstm. Am bnjcpcnjcn`bm aacfm m vc`cs dmstm am au`dm, amrbvmabjmj, ams rc`çpri`ms vcnfmnzms pir gcjbi jc ais gís tcrrblacs cglðs.Xir cstm `brùnstmn`bm, ais lruois meriùlmnis ni `caclrmn mqucamrrcs cnams ni`dcs jca sílmji,34 nb sc acs m`dm`mn ams bngunjms y gbstcrbisms`crcginbms cn quc eucrin lmsmjms tmntms pcrscù`bincs m sus ìacfms jcam Curipm gcjbcvma, ìgi am gbsm ncfrm y itrms, nb sc acs rcìni`c csc pijcrsilrc sç gbsgis, quc pcrgbtçm m ais gmfis am ulbùbjmj, ca caujbr ams acycsjc am frmvcjmj eçsb`m, ct`âtcrm.

R msç ìgi pir jb`di `mrí`tcr sc jbstbnfucn jc ais gmfis y nbfrigmntcscuripcis, tmglbân cn gu`dis itris mspc`tis sc scpmrmn jc âstis. Ca lruoini dm ìni`bji am mstriaifçm, pirquc su bntcabfcn`bm rÿstb`m ni ac dm pcrgbt bji nun`m ca gmncoi jca mst riamlbi nb am ìirjbnm`bðn jc ais ìgpab-`mjis iríùais jc mquâaam. Ni dm ìgpucs ti tmabsgmncs in mgmafmgms jcgÿatbpacs gctmacs, pirquc sus bjcms gbncrmaðfb`ms ni dmn bji gís maaí jcsu mstrinigçm; y ai gbsgi pucjc jc`brsc jc am maqubgbm y jc itrms prí`tb`msquc supincn `bcrti nbvca jc bvbabzm`bðn m quc ais lruois mÿn ni dmn aacfmji.

Nb dm eirguamji dirðsìpis, pi rquc âstis sin ìriamr bis jc unm ìn`cp-`bðn emtmabstm jca irjcn unbvcrsma, quc ais lruois ni tbcncn.

Ai quc gís `mrm tcrbzm m ais lruois ncfris y ais jbstbnfuc jc ais curipci s ,cs su ìnjb`bðn, tmntms vc`cs `btmjm, jc sm`crjitcs jc un ùati, quc mÿnvbvc mìpamji ma cocr`b`bi jc am gcjb`bnm y jc am mjbvbnm`bðn. Cn cec`ti, ais

cn`mntmjircs y gmfis jc am Cjmj Gcjbm y mun sus jcs`cnjbcntcs m`tum-acs, dmn sbji sbcgprc cncgbfis jc am rcabfbðn quc acs rijcmlm, crmn surcvcrsi; aacfmn m scr cscn`bmacs cn sus rbtis ais pm`tis ìn ams pitcn`bmsbnecrnmacs, am ìnstmntc ìgunb`m`bðn ìn âstms, irbfcn jc tiji su pijcr,am piscsbðn jcginçm`m, ams rcam`bincs scxumacs ìn ca çnùli smtínbì, amrcpufnmn`bm pir tijis ais sçgliais rcabfbisis (`ru`cs, bgífcncs, mfum

lcnjbtm, ct`.), pucs mn tc caais qucjmlm jctcnbji tiji ca pijcr jbmlðabì.Pc acs mtrbluyð m ais gmfis am ebnmabjmj gmaâeb`m, bngcjbmtm i rcgitm, cn

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Rm gc dc rcecrbji m am lurjm `rccn`bm pipuamr -cn @ulm ni tmn bnsbs-tcntc ìgi cn itris pmçscs- quc m`dm`m m ais lruois ncfris cn Mgârb`m amùmabjmj jc cnvcncnmjircs priecsbinmacs y dc mebrgmji su emascjmj, pirai gcnis, ìn rcam`bðn m ais meriùlmnis. Msbgbsgi dc jc rcpctbr mquç qucsb lbcn sus rbtis, cspc`bmagcntc jc ais nmtbvis jc Merb`m, cn tbcgpismntcrbircs y cn ams rcfbincs jinjc am pilam`bðn ncfrm cs gís jcnsm ympmrtmjm jc am tutcam jc ams mutirbjmjcs, sc cgpacmn rcstis jc `mjívcrcs,ni pucjcn mtrbluçrscacs am `rbgbnmabjmj dmlbtuma ìnsbstcntc cn sm`rbeb`bisdugmnis m ais çjiais, ìgi sc mebrgm su`cjc cn Dmbtç, cstmjis jca sur jcam \cpÿlab`m scptcntrbinma jc Mgârb`m, Mntbaams ermn`csms, ct`., m ni scrquc cn cstm `mtcfirçm sc bnàuym ca usi jc rcstis jc `mjívcrcs rcju`bjis m

piavi, pmrm am ìnec``bðn jc ebatris y cn`mntmgbcntis .

Xcri ca rc`bcntc `rbgcn ìgctbji pir ais lruois ìn ca ebn jc iltcncrun ìrmzðn pmapbtmntc jc nbým lamn`m, msç ìgi am rcgcglrmnzm jc `msisscgcomntcs, bnjb`mn quc sb lbcn, pir eirtunm, ni cs ercùcntc cntrc ais

lruois meriùlmnis am ìgpisb`bðn jc cglðs quc rcqubcrmn unm tmn tcrrblac prcpmrm`bðn; ni ils tmntc, ca fcrgcn jca digb`bjbi ìntbnÿm amtcntc cnam psbqubs jca lruoi. Pbn cglmrfi, mun cn cstc `msi rc`bcntc, rcpbti, caemnmtbsgi lruoi sc bnspbrmlm cn gðvba lcnâebì, munquc csìfbcnji pmrmsu ìnscù`bðn un gcjbi `rbgbnma, y ca lru oi ni ilrmlm ca gma, munquc sðaiìgi gcjbi, cn lcnceb`bi pripbi, sbni mocni.

Mun cn ams i`msbincs cn quc ca lruoi priùrm un jmýi ma prðobgi pirgcjbi jc un cglð i un cnvcncnmgbcnti, ni ai dm`c rcncfmnji jc aisjbiscs lucnis, quc pcrgmnc`cn bnjbecrcntcs m ai quc cn itrms rcabfbincs

cx`btmrçm ams brms `cacstcs y ilabfmrçm m ais jbiscs lcnâviais m priju`br gmacsi `mstbfis. Rm dc jb`di quc cn cstc cstrmti jc am cviau`bðn rcabfbism sinais diglrcs ais quc sc memnmn pmrm dm`cr quc ais jbiscs sc iùpcn jc susnc`csbjmjcs, y ni ais jbiscs ais quc sc cseucrzmn pir scr ais jctcrgbnmntcsjc ais m`tis dugmnis. Am jbvbnbjmj gmam cntin`cs ni au`dm nc`csmrbmgcn-tc ìntrm am lucnm, sbni ìntrm ca diglrc. Xir csti cn Íerb`m, ùmnji ca pijcr rcabfbisi ni cs prcjigbnmntc y sc jcsùlrc un jmýi `musmji pir cadc`dbzi jc un lruoi -cs jc`br, pir ca gbnbstri jc unm jbvbnbjmj-, sc au`dmìntrm âa dmstm am gucrtc. Msç iùrrc ùmnji m mafÿn ect b`dcri sc ac mtrbluycam ematm jc aauvbm, i am gucrtc jc un rcyczucai, ct`âtcrm. Xcri csti su`cjc,rcpbti, maaç jinjc am àmsc sm`crjitma ni cxbstc, pirquc cn `msi ìntrmrbiìnsbfuc sbcgprc cxpab`mr rcabfbismgcntc ùmaqubcr gma `musmji pir unsm`crjitc, m smtbsem``bðn jc am ìn`bcn`bm pipuamr.

Ca `mrí`tcr sm`crjitma jc ais lruois dm dc`di quc cn @ulm ca quc cs lruoiai scm pir su pripbm viauntmj, pir scntbrsc bnàbnmji m tma eirgm jc pmrmsbtbsgi; i ai quc cs ai gbsgi, cn @ulm ni dmy emasis lnbois ìgi cnam gbsgm Curipm, bnecab`cs scrcs dugmnis, quc, pir mafÿn `mrí`tcr mnðgmaiy m vc`cs dmsvtm pir am gcrm vcocz, sc vcn cxpuasmjis jc am si`bcjmj, pcrscfubjis ìgi scrcs ìnsmfrmjis ma gma y cn pm`ti ìn ams pitcn`bmsbnecrnmacs. Cstc ecnðgcni, ìnsbstcntc cn am `maugnbism emgm jc lruoi,mtrblubjm m un jcsfrm`bmji bni`cntc pir am unínbgc ipbnbðn jc unm majcm,

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irjcn si`bma, un sbstcgm girma, quc scrí ca gbsgi jc ais jbiscs; cs prc`bsiquc ais diglrcs ìn`blmn m ais jbiscs lcnâviais ìgi bntcrcsmjis cn cagmntcnbgbcnti jca irjcn si`bma dugmni; cs prc`bsi quc sc irfmnb`c unmàmsc jc diglrcs cn`mrfmjis jc vcamr pir am ìnscrvm`bðn jc âstc, rcam`bi-nínjisc, pir tmnti, ìn ais jbiscs lucnis, pmrm quc tiji cncgbfi jcairjcn si`bma, jca sbstcgm âtbì-rcabfbisi, scm ìnsbjcrmji ìgi un ìamli-rmjir jc ais jbiscs gmais, quc ni tbcncn itrm iùpm`bðn quc am jc jcslm-rmtmr am ilrm jc ais lucnis. @umnji am rclcajçm cs ìntbnum, ùmnji pir amìnstmn`bm jc am jcsvbm`bðn âtbì-rcabfism aacfmn m `mrm`tcrbzmrsc tmacs iùmacs bnjbvbjuis, âstis sin ìnsbjcrmjis ìgi sm`crjitcs jca gma. @igimfujmgcntc jb`c @aijj? "ca jbmlai jclbð dmlcr sbji ca prbgcr Vdbjf, iìgi sc jbrçm diy, ca prbgcr rmjb`ma".58 Xir cstm rmzðn, ais gmfis

curipcis, ìgi tijis ais cncgbfis jc un jctcrgbnmji sbstcgm si`bma, cnùmaqubcrm jc sus mspc`tis? piaçtbì, rcabfbisi, `bcntçebì, ct`., sin mnm-tcgmtbzmjis pir am rcabfbðn bgpcrmntc, sin bnspbrmjis jc Pmtín. Xir aigbsgi, cn ams si`bcjmjcs lírlmrms, ais jbiscs lucnis sin nm`binmacs cbntrmnsbfcntcs; ais cxtrmnocris cn sus rcabfbincs emBsms mjirmn sbcgprcma jbmlai, sus sm`crjitcs sin lruois; bjcm quc mÿn cstmlm guy cn lifmcn Curipm ùmnji am ìnqubstm jca Nucvi Gunji, y quc mÿn pridbomnni piìs gbsbincris jc Msbm y Íerb`m.

Xcri ca lruoi meriùlmni mjcgís jc sm`crjitc cs dc`db`cri, y ìn cstc`mrí`tcr pucjc `musmr ca gma. Ni ilstmn tc, jclbji sbn jujm m am bneaucn`bmjca itri `mrí`tcr y m am jca mglbcntc, pir ai fcncrma y ma gcnis cn amm`tumabjmj -smavi cn `msis cn quc ais bnspbrm am pripbm vcnfmnzm pir iecnsms

rc`blbjms jc çnjiac pmrtbùamr- ca lruoi ni ilrm ca gma ìgi ebn, pir su pripbm bnb`bmtbvm. @umnji sc prcscntm un `rcycntc sia b`b tmnji ca giji jc priju` br un jmýi, ca lruoi ai mtbcnjc, ai mìnscom y ac prcpmrm un cglð; pcri unm vcz cntrcfmji âstc, ca lruo i tcrgbnm su ìgctbji. Cntrc am vç`tbgmjca cglruomgbcnti y ca lruoi dmy sbcgprc un tcr`cri quc cs ca quc dm prigivbji ca jmýi. C a lru oi meriùlmni ni cocr`c jb rc`tmgcntc su pijcrcn pcroub`bi jc un bnjbvbjui sbni cn `msis pcrsinmacs, nb sus prí`tb`ms sincscn`bmacs nb prbn`bpmagcntc jmýbnms. Xir csti tmglbân ni dm gcrc`bjicn`mrnbzmjms rcprcsbincs pir pmrtc jca puclai, ìgi ais dc`db`cris jcCuripm, mun ais m`tumacs, y jc itris gu`dis pmçscs smavmocs y `bvbabzmjis,bnàusi cn Íerb`m gbsgm; nb sc ac dmn mtrblubji emùatmjcs gbstcrbisms jc`mrí`tcr purmgcntc mfrcsbvi i jcecnsbvi, ìgi am jc ìnvcrtbrsc cn ebcrm,am jc `musmr gma jc ioi m ais nbýis, am jc dm`crsc bnvbsblac, am jc cntcnjcrca acnfumoc jc ais mnbgmacs, am jc smabr viamnji pir am `dbgcncm, prcvbi cacgpaci jc `bcrtis unfñcntis, y `mlmafmnji cn unm csìlm, ìgi ùmaqubcrGmrbzípmais curipcm; nb tmgpiì -mu nquc csti scfurmgcntc pir bneaucn-`bm jca mglbcntc `bvbabzmji- sc ac ìn`cjc ca pijcr jc privi`mr `bcrtiscn`mntmgbcntis, ìgi.ìnvcrtbr m ams pcrsinms cn lcstbms, dm`crams jirgbr pir amrfis mýis, dm`crams pmsmr bacsms pir ca eucfi, ct`., emùatmjcs tijmsquc sc acs rcìni`c m ais dc`db`cris merb`mnis ùmnji ni sin prbn`bpma-gcntc sm`crjitcs.

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crm sugmgcntc privc`dism. @ucntmn jc un tmbtm Oisâ, quc maaí pir =440,aacfð m scr prbn`bpma ìnjucýi jc un siamr cn am `maac jc @igpistcam, jcAm Dmlmnm, jinjc tcnçm su tcgpai, y quc crm ìni`bji pir "siamr jcamrmrí". Diy sin ym gu`dis ais ncfris quc, sb lbcn `rcycntcs tijmvçm jc amvbrtumabjmj jc ais cglðs y jc ais ìnouris, vmn pcrjbcnji am ec cn susmutircs. Am acy jc ais lruois, jc vcrjmj -jb`cn-, cs ni ìlrmr rctrblu`bðnmafunm dmstm quc sc dmym vbsti ca trmlmoi, cs jc`br, ca rcsuatmji jca dc`dbzi;sbn cglmrfi, munquc jbsgbnubjis ais bnfrcsis jca lruoi, aifrm âstc tijmvçmvbvbr pmrmsbtmrbmgcntc, smtbsem`bcnji unm vcrjmjcrm nc`csbjmj psçqub`m qucmÿn sbcntc, pir jcsfrm`bm, lucnm pmrtc jc nucstrm pilam`bðn. Ni t mnti pirnc`csbjmj gmtcrbma jc tcncr un giji gís jc fmnmr jbncri, ìgi pirjcecnsm, ca lru oi meriùlmni, cspc`bmagcntc ca `rbiaai, cocr`c mafÿn ieb`bigmnuma. Xcri cstm cspc`bc jc mjmptm`bðn gbgâtb`m ma mglbcntc si`bma nidm`c sbni jbsermzmr su giji jc vbvbr pmrmsbtmrbmgcntc jc ams cxm``bincs mais bfnirmntcs, jc am cxpaitm`bðn jc sus ìnùlbnms, ct`âtcrm.

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quc cs ercùcntc cn Curipm y quc dm sbji cxpab`mji `bcntçeb`mgcntc pirDulcrt y Gmus, ni cs ìni`bji cn @ulm, pirquc ca lruoi mquç dm sbjisbcgprc sm`crjitc jc un ùati, ni dm sbji mnmtcgmtbzmji ìgi sm`crjitcjca gma, nb ai cs cn cec`ti, jcsjc `bcrti punti jc vbstm, nb dm cntrmji cn am

lruocrçm mer iùlmn m pir am tmn fcntc jc unm priecs bðn gbstcr bism , ìgiam jc gâjbì, jc dcrrcri, ct`., sbni pir am vçm jbrc`tm jc am dcrcn`bm i jcam vi`m`bðn. Pb cn Íerb`m pucj c nit mrsc lmstmn tc ca cec `ti jc am in`bcn -`bm si`bma cn am `mabeb`m`bðn irbfbnmrbm jc ais ectb`dcris, âstis ma aacfmr m@ulm, gmntcncjircs jc unm trmjb`bðn rcabfbism mgpabmgcntc camlirmjm,ni tuvbcrin pir quâ cxpcrbgcntmrai, nb ca ecnðgcni puji gmnbecstmrsc

pir ams rmzincs cxpucstms.

Ca lruoi vbvc jca matmr, ìgi sm`crjitc quc cs. Xucsti quc msç sus

dc`dbzis, ìgi sus mfñcris, pmrtb`bpmn jca `mrí`tcr rcabfbisi, tiji ai quc pcr`blc suc ac scr cn ìn`cpti jc ie rc njm m ais smntis. C sti crm fcncrma cntbcgpis pmsmjis. Cntin`cs pijçm nitmrsc tmglbân quc ca lruoi, ma pcjbr amrctrblu`bðn jc su trmlmoi, jbsermzmlm dbpð`rbtmgcntc su pctb`bðn, siab`btmn-ji cn `mntbjmj mafi cxmfcrmjm am gmtcrbm nc`csmrbm pmrm am ìnec``bðn jcais dc`dbzis i ams iercnjms ía irbsdm. @inscrvmlm tmglbân cn csti su`mrí`tcr merb`mni; ni sbcgprc pcr`blçm ca iyí cn jbncri, sbni fmaais, pmai-gms, ac`dincs, gmntc`m jc ìrioi, erutm, acfuglrcs, ct`âtcrm. M vc`cs scmvcnturmlm m pcjbr ripms (ùmnji sc trmtmlm jc cglruomr ma jucýi jcâstms), mfumrjbcntc y `crvczm (quc sustbtuçmn ca tmebm, ams itrms lclbjmsmerb`mnms) y mafunm gincjm (sb âstm tcnçm quc cntrmr cn ca cglð, mníaifm-gcntc m ais mntbfuis `murbs). Xcri ca prifrcsi dm trmçji am ìrrup`bðn,tmglbân pmrm am rcabfbðn jca lruoi, pmrm su irtijixbm abtÿrfb`m y am rcspctm-

lbabjmj jc sus trmjb`bincs y sm`crjitcs. Âstis m`tumagcntc, smavi pmrmeun`bincs cxàusbvmgcntc rbtumacs, prcebcrcn quc ca `rcycntc jcpisbtc cnsus gmnis jbncri ìntmntc y sinmntc, smlbcnji quc nbnfÿn Gcsçms aismrriomrí jca tcgpai. Pus abgpbczms y dc`dbzis ais vcnjcn ìgi ca gâjbìsus prcs`rbp`bincs y ca emrgm`âutbì sus jrifms; sus mfñcris ais ìtbzmnìgi ca mlifmji sus ìnscois. @amri cstí quc ni tbcncn mrmn`cacs, `mjm

lr uo i cn `mjm `msi ìlrm ai qu c pucjc, ma gcnis un pcsi, mjcgís jc aisbnfrcjbcntcs jca cglð, i jc am iercnjm pmrm am abgpbczm. Ams fmnmn`bmsjcpcnjcn jc am ìnjb`bðn cìnðgb`m jc ais àbcntcs y jc "ìgi cstín amsìsms". Ni ilstmntc, ca emnmtbsgi cs tmn frmnjc cn `bcrtms fcntcs, quc ais"dinirmrbis" jca lruoi cn pmfi jc un cglð, ms`bcnjcn m vc`cs m sugmsìnsbjcrmlacs, pmrm mdirrmr ams ùmacs tbcncn ais bnecab`cs àbcntcs quctrmlmomr jurmntc amrfm tcgpirmjm; sc jmn `msis jc pmfmr pir ùmaqubcrbngunji lrclmoc, jbcz, qubn`c y dmstm vcbntc `cntcncs. Mýis dm, ùmnjiam bfnirmn`bm crm lmstmn tc gís, bn ausi cn am àmsc matm (bgprivbsmjm cn frmn

pmrt c ìgi cn tiji mglbcntc ìainbma), y m am pucr tm jca tmb tm pm rmlmnqubtrbncs y viamntms, ùmnji ams oiyms quc sc au`çmn cn ais smrmis siaçmnrc`blbr mntcs jc usumrsc ca bneauoi jc un ìnouri quc mduycntmrm am smam`bðn,ùmnji m pcsmr jc ams scgpbtcrnms cxàmgm`bincs jc "¡am ìsm cstí gmam!"ìrrçmn ams inzms dmstm cn ams vmaams jc fmaais, cntin`cs am priecsbðn jc lru oi

=:2



UBB

Jbeusbðn jc am lruocrçm

P S G M \ B I ? Mpmrcntc `mtiabzmcbðn jc ais ncfris. Mebnbjmjcs cntrc am rcabfbðn jc

ais ncfris y am jc ais lamnìs. Jcsprciùpm`bðn rcabfbism cn @ulm. Xrcstbfbi jcalruoi dc`db`cri y sus `musms. Xrcstbfbi jca lruoi mfircri y sus `musms.\csugcn.

@ini`bjm am lurjm tciaifçm jc ais lruois, su smavmoc tcrmpâutb`m y susmfñcris, quc pir ca gcri dc`di jc scr tmacs rcvcamn am psbqubs prbgbtbvm jcqubcncs ais cgbtcn i ais `rccn; ìni`bjis tmglbân sus rmsfis psçqubìs, sugiji jc vbvbr y, cn pmrtc, su jcab`tuisbjmj, pmrc`c m sbgpac vbstm bncx-

pab`mlac am cxtcnsm jbeusbðn ma`mnzmjm pir am lru ocrç m cn tijms sus gmnbecs-tm`bincs. Xcri m piì quc sc rceacxbinc m`cr`m jc am jcgipsbqubs ùlmnm,silrc tiji jurmntc ais jis prbgcris tcr`bis jca sbfai ÿatbgi, sc ilscrvmríai pripb`bm quc crm pmrm ca ùatbvi jc tijm àmsc jc supcrstb`bincs.

Xriùrmrâ cxpincr m ìntbnum`bðn ams `musms prbn`bpmacs quc emvirc`bcrinca jcsmrriaai y am ìnscrvm`bðn jc am lruocrçm cn @ulm, cn `mjm uni jc sustrcs mspc`tis.

Nm tu rm agcn tc , jmji ca ecrvir rcabfbisi, jifgítbì pir ai gcnis, qucbnspbrmlm m ais cspmýiacs jc am ìnqubstm y m ais filbcrnis su`csbvis jc amcx gctrðpiab, am lruocrçm cn su mspc`ti rcabfbisi euc sbcgprc pcrscfubjmgís i gcnis ieb`bmagcntc y sb ni sc ìnsbfubð unm ìnstmntc rcprcsbðn cnrcmabjmj ceb`mz, ni cs`mscmrin jbspisb`bincs acfmacs jcstbnmjms m iltcncram `mtiabzm`bðn jc ais ncfris. Rm cn =30= sc pridblbð aacvmr csàmvis

lcrlcrbsìs m ams Bnjbms, y cn =30: sc jb`tð itrm acy cn bjântbì scntbji, pucsais ncfrcris blmn cn lus`m jc lcrlcrbsìs m @crjcým, Gmaair`m, Gcnir`my itris pmçscs jca Gcjbtcrrínci, y csti sc `rcyð pcabfrisi. "Xirquc ais

ncfris quc dmy cn mqucaams pmrtcs jca Acvmntc jbz quc sin jc `mstm jcgiris, y itris trmtmn ìn caais; y cn unm tbcrrm jinjc sc pamntm mfirmnucstrm smntm ec `mtðab`m, ni ìnvbcnc fcntc jc cstm `mabjmj."= ]ubzís pircstc cspc`bma ùbjmji ni ma`mnzð ca gmdigctbsgi trmcr prisâabtis m@ulm cn am pripir`bðn quc m itris pmçscs jc Mgârb`m, sb lbcn cn ca sbfai TJçcntr mrin lmstmntcs, ìgi jb`c O. G. \ijrçfucz Fmr`çm< (gmnjbnfms prbn-`bpmagcntc) y nis ai jcgucstrmn rmzincs eucrm jc cstc aufmr. M am`mtiabzm`bðn jc ais csàmvis sc pripcnjbð pir ais cspmýiacs ìn tmnti meín quc

=3=



m`tis jca ùati y mjirm`bðn jca Frmn Gcjbmjir, ìgi mebrgm un àârbfi, ca pmjrc Amfrmnfc.4

Msç ìgi ca ectb`dbsgi ni jbstbnfuc ercùcntcgcntc am pitcn`bm jbvbnm,mlstrm``bðn dc`dm jca guýcì i ectb`dc cn quc sc ai`mabzm, msbais `rcycntcs`mtðabìs ìn`cjcn m gu`dms bgífcncs un vcrjmjcri `mrí`tcr ectb`dbstm,mtrbluyânjiacs gmyir pijcr quc m itrms bgífcncs jc am gbsgm jbvbnbjmj,mlstrm`tmgcntc ìnsbjcrmjm. Lmstm rcìrjmr ca ùati tmn cxtcnjbji jc amUbrfcn jc Aiurjcs, ùym gbamfrcrçm cs tmn rcìni`bjm cn Ermn`bm, ìgi cajc ams Gmjinnms jc Aircti y jc Xigpcbm cn Btmabm, jc am Ubrfcn jca Xbamrcn Mrmfðn, jc Fumjmaupc cn Gâxbì, jca @mrgcn, jc ais Jiaircs, jc aisJcsmgpmrmjis y gba y gba gís. Ai gbsgi pucjc jc`brsc jc am jbvcrsmvcncrm`bðn quc gcrc`c am bgmfcn jc @rbsti `ru`beb`mji, scfÿn scm am jc tma

i ùma bfacsbm jc tma i ùma pmçs. Jb`c ìn rmzðn m cstc rcspc`ti Fbrmrj jc\bmaac? "@umnji Aubs TB jbrbfçm sus pacfmrbms tmn printi m Nitrc Jmgcj'Cglrun, ìgi m Nitrc Jmgc jc @acry, jbstbnfubcnji unm jc itrm, nibnvi`mlm rcmagcntc m am frmn gcjbmjirm cntrc ca diglrc y su jbvbni Dboi,sbni m un vcrjmjcri ectb`dc, m un çjiai scgcomntc ma jc ais ncfris i jc ais

pmpÿcs."2

Pb ais yirulms aacfmrin m sistcncr ìnfrcfm`bincs rcabfbisms quc scjbstbnfuçmn pir ca ìair jc ais vcstbjis y jc ais ìaamrcs, ìnfrcfm`bincsdmaamrin cn @ulm y vcstbjis, gcjmaams y ìrjincs jc jctcrgbnmjis ìaircs

pmrm jbstbnfubrams.Ams supcrvbvbcn`bms ectb`dbstms sc jcsùlrcn mÿn gís ùmnji sc ìnsb-

jcrm ca ùati jc ams rcabqubms, jc ais cs`mpuamrbis, jc ais ìrjincs, jc ams

pmagms lcnjbtms y jcgís mguactis.Pb ais ncfris merb`mnis tuvbcrin pir mguactis ais cs`rbtis jc ais gmrmlÿsìn vcrsçùais jca @irín, cn @ulm pujbcrin sustbtubrais pir jctcrgbnmjmsirm`bincs jc ais lamnìs, aacvmjms pir âstis m gcnuji, ìgi tmglbân aiscvmnfcabis, ìafmnji jca ùcaai gctbjms cn unm liasbtm.

Pb ais ectb`dbstms ierc`cn mafunms gmnbecstm`bincs ziiaítrb`ms, cntrc ais lamnìs cnìntrmrin, ìn sbfnbeb`mji gís i gcnis sbglðabìs ca m fnus jcbi ìrjcri pmsùma, am pmaigm jca Cspçrbtu Pmnti, ca acðn jc Pmn Gmrìs...

@igi sc vc, tmntis puntis jc ìntm`ti cntrc ca ùati jc ais ncfris y cajc ais lamnìs, ni pijçmn gcnis jc priju`br am eusbðn jc mglis `rbtcrbisrcabfbisis cn ams bntcabfcn`bms jâlbacs, silrc tiji cntrc ais merb`mnis quccrmn ais iprbgbjis y ùym rcabfbisbjmj, pir vmrbms `musms, ni crm tmnbntrmnsbfcntc ìgi am jc sus mgis.

Msç cs quc ais ectb`dbstms m`cptmrin jc ais `mtðabìs ca niglrc jc mafunmsjbvbnbjmjcs, mpab`mnji ìgi unm cspc`bc jc mpiji m ams suyms, mntripi-girebzmrin gís sus çjiais, msbgbaínjiais m ams bgífcncs `rbstbmnms, y aacfm-rin m prm`tb`mr mafunms eðrguams jca rbti. Ca ectb`dbstm aacfð m mjiptmrmafunms bgífcncs, msç ìgi ais `rbstbmnis mjirmrin ams cstmtums pmfmnms,`mglbínjiacs am mjvi`m`bðn=8 y sc mpripbð mafunms eðrguams rbtumacs, aigbsgi quc ais `rbstbmnis ìnscrvmrin ca usi jc ais cxvitis, jc ais `brbis,jc ams eaircs, jc ais trmocs tmamrcs, jc ais lmýis aÿstrmacs, jc ais tçtuais

=3<



Xcri, pcsc m ams jbspisb`bincs jc ams mutirbjmjcs, am rcabfbðn ectb`dbstmsbfubð jbeunjbânjisc gís y gís, gcjbmntc mafunms tí`btms trmnsm``bincs, purmgcntc eirgmacs, ìn ais `rcycntcs `mtðabìs. Msç, ìgi `bcrtis bnsc`-tis, ma vcrsc suoctis pir unm jc sus pmtms sc rcsbfnmn m pmfmr ìn am pârjbjmjc âstm ca prc`bi jc su dubjm y ìnsbfubcntc smavm`bðn, ca ectb`dbsgi scjcsprcnjbð jc mafunms jc sus pmrtcs scùnjmrbms, pmrm ma`mnzmr unm vbjmscfurm y jurmjcrm. Ca `mtiab`bsgi tmgpiì pijçm ìnscfubr gís, pucs caectb`dbsgi mnbgbstm jc ais lruois trmju`çm am bjcm rcabfbism jc am gmyir pmrt cjc ais gbsgis ebcacs jc mquâa. Nun`m gcoir quc ma ilscrvmr ca ìntm`ticntrc am rcabfbðn jc ais lamnìs y am jc ais ncfris, sc pusi jc rcabcvc amvcrjmj mebrgmjm pir @aijj, sbfubcnji un pcrec`ti sçgba, tigmji jc amquçgb`m? "ams rcabfbincs sin tijms maitrðpb`ms, cs jc`br? msç ìgi ca jbmgmn-

tc y ca `mrlðn ni sin sbni jbecrcntcs gijis jc prcscntm rsc unm sulstmn`bm,msç ams rcabfbincs tbcncn am gbsgm cscn`bm y vmrçmn sðai cn sus vmrbmsgmnbecstm`bincs".5 Ca ùati `mtðabì prm`tb`mji cn @ulm ni crm, cn c ec` ti,cscn`bmagcntc jbstbnti jca ectb`dbstm, y ams jbvcrfcn`bms cntrc caais nieucrin sbni gcrmgcntc jc eirgm, y gcnis bntcnsms jc ai quc fcncrma yvuafmrgcntc sc `rcc pir prcou`bi dcrcjmji y pir ematm jc jcsmpmsbinmjmilscrvm`bðn iloctbvm. @igi cstc punti cs eunjmgcntma pmrm ìnsbjcrmrìn `rbtcrbi pisbtbvbstm ca tcgm, pinjrâ jc rcabcvc mafunms jc ams gu`dmsmnmaifçms, quc pincn cn ìntm`ti ca ùati `mtðabì ìn ca prm`tb`mji pirais lruois, tigmnji ìgi lmsc jc igpmrm`bðn ca Rirulm, quc dc cxpucs-ti cxtcnsmgcntc, y quc cs ca prcjigbnmntc.

Pb ma lruoi su tciaifçm ac cnscýð am cxbstcn`bm jc un jbis silcrmni, ma quc

cstín sigctbjis vmrbis ðrjcncs jc jbvbnbjmjcs bnecrbircs u irbsdms, msç iyðjc`br tmglbân ùmnji ac euc cxpucstm am tciaifçm `mtðab`m, y m ais irbsdmsaamgð smntis cn @ulm ìgi cn ca Lrmsba, ìgi cn Íerb`m. 6

Ais cspçrbtus gmaâviais quc ìni`bð cn Íerb`m, ais cnìn trð tmglbân cn@ulm.

Pb m Iairun ni sc ac rbnjc ùati cn Rirulm y sç m ais irbsdms, cntrc ais`mtðabìs ams bnvi`m`bincs bnjbrc`tms ma jbis ÿnbì, pir gcjbi jc bntcrgc-jbmrbis `cacstbmacs, sin ams gís ercùcntcs.

Xmrm sustbtubr m su irbsdm Ilmtmaí, csìfbcrin ais lruois m @rbsti, maPmntçsbgi Pm`rmgcnti, m am Ubrfcn jc ams Gcr`cjcs, ìn `rbtcrbi quc nidc jc rcpctbr.

Pmntm Lírlmrm, pmtrinm ìntrm ais rmyis y trucnis , ni cs sbni ca Pdmnfð

jc ais `mtðabìs.Rcgmnyí, jbis jc ais gmrcs, sc ìnvbrtbð cn am Ubrfcn jc \cfam, y sb aissm`crjitcs jca ectb`dbsgi dulbcscn ìni`bji gís cxtcnsmgc ntc ca smntirma`mtðabì, dulbcrmn cnìntrmji sbn jujm itris smntis jc eun`bincs mníaifms,ìgi Pmn Zcagi, ct`âtcrm.

R msç jc `msb tijis ais jcgís irbsdms. Pb ca ectb`dbsgi rcìni`c unmbnebnbjmj jc irbsdms bnecrbircs, jcjb`mjis m pritcfcr jc mafÿn gma m aisgirtmacs, mpcnms dmy pcrsinmoc cn ca smntirma `mtðabì ma quc ni sc acmtrbluym mafunm cspc`bma jcjb`m`bðn lcnâeb`m, ùyis smntis jcsvçmn ais

=30



cn caam prcgbis nb pcnms? ca quc gucrc csàmvi sbfuc sbrvbcnji cn ca itrigunji ma quc gurbð mgi. Cstm `brùnstmn`bm dbzi quc ais lruois, ablrcs jccsc `mrí`tcr âtbì, quc cs am `musm prbn`bpma jc tijms ams au`dms rcabfbisms,ni vbcrmn cn ais `mtðabìs m `rcycntcs rmjb`magcntc cncgbfis, pirquc sus pripbis jbiscs ni tcnçmn nmjm quc jc ecnjcr eucrm jc sç gbsgis; y cxtcn-jbcnji ca ìn`cpti quc jc âstis tcnçmn, sugmrin m su pmntcðn tijis aisirbsdms `mtðabìs, mafunis jc ais ùmacs msbgbamrin titmagcntc m ais suyis.M su vcz, ca àcri lamnì ni vbi nbnfÿn pcabfri trms`cnjcntc cn am rcabfbðnjc ais lruois pirquc ni mtm`mlm ams eðrguams jc su âtb`m, y su mgirmabjmjam bn`mpm`btmlm pmrm un cxtcnsi y vcrjmjcri priscabtbsgi; pir csti, suipisb`bðn m am lruocrçm euc gís jifgítb`m quc givbjm pir ca m`b`mtc jc amìgpctcn`bm priecsbinma.

Itrm jbecrcn`bm bgpirtmntc cntrc ais ùatis `mtðabì y ectb`dbstm ni pujitmgpiì bgpcjbr su eusbðn cn `bcrtms `mpms si`bmacs. Caam jcrçvmsc jcacacgcnti mrtçstbì rcam`binmji ìn am eirgm jca ùati. Jcsjc ca tmglirbacircabfbisi jca ectb`dcri merb`mni dmstm ais rc`bcntcs irmtirbis jc am gÿsb`msm`rm, jcsjc ca çjiai tisì dmstm ams bgífcncs gbfucamnfcacs`ms, jcsjc am pcstbacntc y gçscrm `mlmým dmstm ams `mtcjrmacs fðtb`ms, ca ùati dm rcvcst bjiripmocs gís y gís suntuisis y mrtçstbìs; pcri m ec quc ìn gmyir bntcnsb-jmj dmlam ma magm jc ais ncfris y jc gu`dis lamnìs jc psbìaifçmbfumagcntc prbgbtbvm, am eirgm smavmoc y gbstcrbism jca ùati lruoi, quc am`bvbabzmjm jca `mtiab`bsgi. Munquc msç ni eucsc, ca mrtc ni cs sbni unm``csirbi jc am ìn`cp`bðn rcabfbism, y tijis ais jçms vcgis bgífcncsrbjbùams, tmaamjms lírlmrmgcntc, gcrc`cr gís jcvi`bðn quc itrms vcrjm-

jcrmgcntc lcaams y quc cn`mrnmn ìn pcrec``bðn, pir ca vcrbsgi jc suseirgms y piab`rigçm, am bjcm quc eirgmn ais diglrcs jc ais jbiscs mntri- pigireis.

Itrm `brùnstmn`bm bgpirtmntc bneauyð cn quc ca ncfri ìnscrvmrm suectb`dbsgi, y ai quc cs gís jbfni jc nitm, quc ma jcscglmrmzmrsc piì m piì jc sus prbgbtbvms `rccn`bms, `mycrm cn am brrcabfbisbjmj, gcoir jb`di,cn am jcsprciùpm`bðn rcabfbism, quc cs `mrm`tcrçstb`m jc am si`bcjmj jc@ulm. Cstm vcntmoism ùmabjmj jc am psbqubs ùlmnm rcsmatm mpcnms sc

pc nct rc un piì cn ams ìstuglrcs nm`binmacs. M ìntbnum`bðn trmjuzìunis pírrmeis jc jis cxtrmnocris quc tbcgpi dm aacfmrin m @ulm y cstujbm-rin ca giji jc scr jc sus dmlbtmntcs. Jb`c ca btmabmni Fmabcnfm? "Zmgpiìam rcabfbðn jca Cstmji, tma ìgi cs mquç, tbcnc bneaucn`bm cn ams gmsms. Cn`bujmjcs ìgi Gmnzmnbaai, @bcneucfis, Pmfum i Ubaamàmrm, quc ùcntmnjc =< 888 m =3 888 dmlbtmntcs, cxbstc siamgcntc unm bfacsbm ìn trcssm`crjitcs. Ais quc ìni`cn ais rbtis jc am Bfacsbm @mtðab`m smlcn lbcn quctrcs àârbfis ni pucjcn, mun dm`bcnji cseucrzis silrcdugmnis, mjgbnbs-trmr sm`rmgcntis m unm `cntâsbgm pmrtc jc su frcy. Cn unm `bujmj btmabmnmjc bfuma cxtcnsbðn y ìn bfuma nÿgcri jc dmlbtmntcs, sc ìntmrçmn unilbspi, uni i gís `mpçtuais jc `mnðnbfis, un scgbnmrbi, 088 sm`crjitcs pir ai gcnis y gcjbm ji`cnm jc ìgunbjmjcs ginístb`ms jc mglis scxis.Pb cs un gma ca quc dmym piìs i gu`dis ùrms cs ùcstbðn quc ni gc

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ocrírqubìs (¡pintçeb`cs, cìnigus,prcslçtcrus,jbmìnus, ct`.) dmstm mafunms pmamlrms jc am ocrfm smfrmjm, ct`., pripbms jc ais pmfmnis.

]uc am tciaifçm jca ectb`dbsgi merb`mni y jca `mtiab`bsgi ma usi, sccnùcntrmn cn pamnis psbìaðfbìs guy prðxbgis, sc jcju`c tmglbân jcarcspcti quc m ais `mtðabìs acs gcrc`cn ais ectb`dcris, maaç jinjc âstisjigbnmn; ai ùma ni su`cjcrçm sb mglms `rccn`bms eucscn rmjb`magcntcjbvir`bmjms jcsjc ca punti jc vbstm psbìaðfbì. Sn gbsbincri `mtðabìcs`rblc? "Ziji su pijcr ai jclcn ais ectb`dcris ma jcginbi, y âstc csnucstri cncgbfi, ca cncgbfi jc tijis ais diglrcs. Pb âa acs ìn`cjc mvc`cs mafunis emvircs sc ais dm`c jcspuâs pmfmr lbcn `mris."== Uâmnscmjcgís ams pífbnms quc Aulli`k jcjb`m m jcgistrm r ìn brrceutmlacs `btmsam `rccn`bm jc ais gbsbincris cn ca pijcr silrcnmturma jc ais dc`db`cris

smavmocs y jc sus tisìs çjiais, quc tigmn pir rcprcscntm`bðn jca jbmlai.=<

Cn ìnàusbðn -ìgi jb`c Divcam`quc-,= 0 "am rcabfbðn jc ais ncfrismerb`mnis ni cs itrm sbni am jc ams `mpms si`bmacs ni bntcabfcntcs jc nucstrms

pilam`bincs curipcms ; lbcn scm quc jb`dms `mpms pc rt cncz`mn m ams àmscscxpaitmjirms y jbrc`tirms, nilaczm, sm`crji`bi, gmfbstrmturm; i lbcn m amscxpaitmjms y jbrbfbjms, ìgi cs pir cocgpai am gmyir pmr tc jc am pilam`bðnrurma".

Xir csm mebnbjmj cntrc mglis ùatis, ais lruois ni pusbcrin rcpmrimafuni cn mjiptmr tijis ais smntis y jcgís pitcn`bms `cacstbmacs jc ais`mtðabìs. Cn unis `msis, ca niglrc jc âstis ni euc sbni am trmju``bðn ma`mstcaamni jca niglrc jc mafunis irbsdms; cn itris, ca rcsuatmji euc unmsugm jc scrcs silrcnmturmacs m ais bnebnbtis quc `mlçmn cn am mgpabm

tciaifçm jc ais ectb`dbstms. @umnji supbcrin âstis quc ais lamnìs tcnçmnìgi caais unm smntm mlifmjm ìntrm ais rmyis, ni vm`bamrin cn aamgmramPdmnfð, y ùmnji mprcnjbcrin quc itri smnti ùrmlm, pir cocgpai, amscnecrgcjmjcs jc am fmrfmntm, m`cptmrin ìntcntis cstc nucvi irbsdm qucdmstm cntin`cs ni ìni`çmn. R m csti sc rcjuoi `msb tijm am `mtiabzm`bðn jcacsàmvi, quc ountð marcjcjir jc su ùcaai un cs`mpuamrbi ìn un ìaamr jcmlmairbis, y quc ounti m ais obgmfums ìai`ð cn su matmr am bgmfcn jc @rbsti`ru`beb`mji; y msç puji ca ncfri `macscri `caclrmr unm abgpbczm mntc ca lmlmaí, `rcyânjisc, ni ilstmntc, smami sb ni dm`çm `mjm jçm am scýma jca`rbstbmni ìn am prbgcrm gincjm quc fmnmlm; y am cnìpctmjm jmgm, mpcnmsmpmrtmjm jca rcfcncrmjir ìnecsbinmrbi, aacvmlm ma lruoi sus nucvms oiyms

pm rm quc ìn sus ìnouris ams ablrmrm jc dc`db`crçms.

Msç ìgi ams mebnbjmjcs jc ais ùatis lamnì y ncfri, emvirc`bcrin sumprixbgm`bðn, am jbecrcn`bm prbn`bpma cntrc mglms rcabfbincs ni am bgpbjbð.Cn cec`ti, am rcabfbðn `mtðab`m, ìgi tijms ams rcabfbincs mvmnzmjms, ierc`cun `mrí`tcr quc am scpmrm jc am ectb`dbstm jc ais meriùlmnis, ùma cs amsupcrpisb`bðn jca cacgcnti âtbì. Ais jbiscs jc ais lruois, ìgi sussm`crjitcs, sin mgirmacs -sc fÿn dc jb`di ym. Pb dmlamn jc unm vbjm eut urmcn am quc scrín rcìgpcnsmjis ais oustis y `mstbfmjis ais pc`mjircs, cs pi rquc ai dmn mprcnjbji jc ais `mtðabìs. Ais ncfris merb`mnis ìn`blcnam vbjm jc uatrmtuglm ìgi cxm`tm ìntbnum`bðn jc am tcr rcnma, sbn quc dmym

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gi, ni siamgcntc cntrc ais lamnìs, sbni tmglbân cntrc ais bnjçfcnms. Âstisaamgmn lmluoma, pmamlrm quc mÿn ìnscrvmgis silrc tiji cn ams privbn`bmsirbcntmacs, ma lbainfi jc ais merb`mnis. Jb`c Lm`dbaacr y Girmacs quc crm uncspçrbtu gmai quc tigmlm am eirgm jc amfmrti y sc bntriju`çm cn ca ùcrpidugmni, jca ùma ni smaçm sbni m am eucrzm jc ìnouris y cxir`bsgis,bnvi`mnji ma cspçrbtu lcnâviai y mìgpmýmnji ams bnvi`m`bincs jc scnjiszurrbmfmzis. Ais ncfris, quc tmn erc` ucntcgcntc sc unçmn m ais mlirçfcncs,jclbcrin dmaamr, pucs, cntrc âstis unm ìnebrgm`bðn jca vmair jc su supcrs-tb`bism `rccn`bm.

Mjcgís, am bfnirmn`bm y am rcabfbðn jc ais lamnìs acs ierc`bcrin ni pi`msmnmaifçms ìn sus cglðs y ìn ca irbfcn silrcnmturma jc am cnecrgcjmj yjc am smauj. Xir ai quc m csti ÿatbgi sc rcebcrc ym dc ìpbmji ìn mntcrbi-

rbjmj un pírrmei jc Pcrfb, quc dm`c nitmr ca gmrbjmoc cntrc am gcjb`bnm yam rcabfbðn dmstm âpi`ms ni guy rcgitms. Zijmvçm diy am abstm jc ais smntisquc ùrmn cs bntcrgbnmlac; `mjm cnecrgcjmj tbcnc cn am ìrtc `cacstbma unmlifmji pir ai gcnis. Mtrblubr ams cnecrgcjmjcs, silrc tiji ams cpbjâgb-`ms, m `mstbfis cacstbmacs euc guy ìgÿn tbcgpi mt rís, ìgi mÿn diy ai cscn puclais quc sbfucn vbvbcnji ìgi cn ca pmsmji. \cùcrjm Zyair =4 qucùmnji am pcstc jcsiað m \igm -cn tbcgpis jca pmpm Pmn Frcfirbi- vbiâstc ma mr`ínfca Pmn Gbfuca silrc ca gmusiaci jc Mjrbmni lamnjbcnji sucspmjm cnsmnfrcntmjm. R ca mr`ínfca sbfuc mÿn cn cstmtum silrc am giacmjrbmnm, quc jclbð m su duâspcj `cacstbma ca niglrc jc @mstca Pmnt' Mnfcai ,quc mÿn ìnscrvm.

\cspc`ti m ams supcrstb`bincs rcecrcntcs m dc`db`crçm, msç gmaâeb`m ìgi

lcnâeb`m, pucjcn ìgprilmrsc mun cn am m`tuma bjmj, cn ùmaqubcrm jc amsrcfbincs cspmýiams, prbn`bpmagcntc jc mqucaams quc dmn ìntrblubji cngmyir frmji m am pilam`bðn lamn`m jc @ulm. "Fmab`bm [pir cocgpaiW sbfucsbcnji ca pmçs jca ùrmnjcrbsgi y jc ais cxir`bsgis (...) @igi cn tbcgpimtrís dmy pir cstms majcms fcntcs piscçjms jca jbmlai, itrms cn ìgcr`bijbmrbi ìn ams lruoms, y ni pi`ms mtirgcntmjms pir ca trmsfi y ca trmnfi-gmnì, jucnjcs jigâstbìs m qubcncs m`dm`mn guatbtuj jc cnecrgcjmjcsìrrbcntcs (...) Am ùrm`bðn jc cstms cnecrgcjmjcs, m `mrfi jc ncfrugmntcsy vcjibris, cs un ìnounti jc prí`tb`ms rcabfbisms y eÿnclrcs, unbjms m ais prcpmrmjis jc unm emrgmìpcm smavmoc (...) Maaç mùjcn [m `bcrtms ai`mabjm-jcs ùyis niglrcs cxùsi ìpbmrW cnjcginbmjis y dc`dbzmjis pmrm ablrmr-sc jc su cn`mntmgbcnti (...) Âa cnecrgi suerc unm vcrjmjcrm pmabzm, quc acsugbnbstrm ca cxir`bzmjir; m `mjm fiapc, ais pmrbcntcs y jcujis, privbstis

jc rmgms jc amurca cgpmpmjms cn mfum lcnjbtm, ri`çmn ma cnec rgi y frbtmnìgi cncrfÿgcnis? ¡Lðtmieirm! Cstm `crcginbm tbcnc unm vmrbmntc, qucìnsbstc cn un ífmpc jc pmn giomji cn vbni, jca uma sc priùrm pmr tb`bpcnais gucrtis, vcrtbcnji ma ismrbi lucnm pmrt c jca ìgbstrmoi."=2 Cn Pmntmn-jcr, bfuma `rcjuabjmj c bfuma pmrmsbtbsgi. Ni dm gu`di pulab`ð am prcnsmjbmrbm jc Gmjrbj am nitb`bm quc sbfuc? "Dm`c jis mýis euc m rcsbjbr mPmntiým J. G., jc ieb`bi smstrc, trmlmomnji cn jbstbntis tmaacrcs y cstmlac-`bânjisc jcspuâs pir su ùcntm. Xcri ni sðai sc jcjb`mlm m am smstrcrçm sbni

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bntcrcsm jbau`bjmr; pcri ca dc`di cs quc ais ùlmnis ni sc amgcntmn jc amcs`mscz jc prc`cptircs rcabfbisis."=: Ca ermn`âs Xbrðn, jb`c? "Ni dmy itri

pmçs cn ca gunji pmrm mìgijmr am rcabfbðn m su fâ ncri jc vbjm; caais amìnvbcrtcn cn unm mgbfm ìgpam`bcntc quc sc jilacfm m tijms sus emntm-sçms."=3 @ulmnis y cspmýiacs sc unbcrin cn csti pmrm aifrmr -munqucbnviauntmr bmgcntc- unm rcamom`bðn jc ams bjcms rcabfbisms. Ca cspmýia rc`bânbngbfrmji, sigctbji bngcjbmtmgcntc ma yufi jca trmlmoi, ni tuvi tbcgpinb pisblbabjmj jc prm`tb`mr ais m`tis jc su ùati ìn am msbjubjmj nc`csmrbm,y sbfubð amrfis mýis vbvbcnji -ìgi jcpcnjbcntc i ìgi mgi- jbvir`bmjijc am rcabfbðn; ai ùma ni ilstmlm pmrm quc ma `msmrsc ai db`bcrm `mtðab`m-gcntc, lmutbzmrm sus dbois y ma rcfrcsmr m su pmtrbm, sc db`bcrm mgbfi jca ùrmjc su majcm y ai emvirc`bcrm ìn jinmtbvis pmrm âa i pmrm am bfacsbm jca aufmr.

Cn @ulm ni sc dm içji dmlamr jc rcabfbðn ìn ca emnmtbsgi jc ais puclais`mjuìs, nb ìn am ec jc ais `rcycntcs ncðebtis. Zmgpiì, pir bjântb`ms`musms, dm dmlbji unm ipbnbðn vcrjmjcrmgcntc mntbàcrb`ma. Am prcnsmcxàusbvmgcntc rcabfbism vcfctm y gucrc ìgi am ablrcpcnsmjirm. Am bnjb-ecrcn`bm rcbnm. Am rcabfbðn, ca rbti, sbfuc ilscrvínjisc pir gbsincçsgi y

pi r am emstuisbjmj y dmstm am tcmtrmabjmj ìn quc ams bfacsbms rijc mn `bcrtism`tis.=5 Cstc `mrí`tcr jca ùati cn @ulm crm mntbfumgcntc guy m`cntumji,y dmstm aamgð am mtcn`bðn jc ais vbmocris cxtrmnocris.=6

Ams jbspisb`bincs acfmacs cn pri jc am `mtiabzm`bðn jca ncfri pujbcrin, pucs, scr guy ceb`m`cs, ìgi ai dulbcrmn sbji, sb ma cspçrbtu cvmnfcabzmjirjc am mutirbjmj dulbcsc scùnjmji am ìn`bcn`bm pÿlab`m. Xcri, pir itrm pm rtc, ams gbsgms mutirbjmjcs -cspc` bm agcn tc ams jca sbfai ÿatb gini sc

gistrmlmn guy `caisms c bntrmnsbfcntcs, quc sc jbfm, pir am ìnvcrsbðn jcais bnebcacs, nb pir am ìnscrvm`bðn çntcfrm jca prcstbfbi jc am rcabfbðn jcaCstmji.

Ni cs jc cxtrmýmr, pucs, quc ais ncfris pujbcrmn ìnscrvmr sus rbtis, nicnìntrmnji cn ais lamnìs unm vcrjmjcrm y ìnstmntc bntrmnsbfcn`bm cnemvir jc ais suyis. R ni sðai ìnsbfubð ca ectb`dbsgi su pcrgmncn`bm cn trcais merb`mnis, sbni tmglbân su jbeusbðn cntrc ais `rbiaais, lbcn eucscn jcìair i lamnìs, y msbgbsgi cntrc ais cspmýiacs. Ams supcrstb`bincs ectb-`dbstms jc ais ncfris `rbiaais sc cxpab`mn pir dcrcn`bm; ams jc ais lamnìs,cn pmrtc pir ca ìntm`ti cn quc jcsjc nbýis vbvçmn, cspc`bmagcntc aisùlmnis, ìn ais ncfris csàmvis, ìn sus pmjrcs i ìgpmýcris jc siamr,jc oucfis i jc csùcam, y silrc tiji pir jceb`b cntc cstrmtbeb`m`bðn bn tcac`-tuma. Xc ri dmy quc ìnsbfnmr mquç quc ca lruoi, cn su `mrí`tcr jc sm`crji tc,ni aifrð prisâabtis cntrc ais lamnìs, y mpcnms cntrc ais gcstbzis, mrriaam-jis unis y itris pir am bnjbecrcn`bm rcabfbism fcncrma; y quc sb ais tcgpais lruois dmn sbji y sin ercùcntmjis pir ais lamnìs, cs jclbji ma prcst bfbijc ais cglðs y ma jc ais vmtb`bnbis.

Cn cec`ti, ca lruoi ìgi ùrmnjcri y prcpmrmjir jc dc`dbzis gcrc`bðsbcgprc jc gmyir `râjbti. @umnji aacfmrin ais prbgcris ncfris m @ulmcnìntrmrin ym jbeunjbjm am `rccn`bm cn am piscsbðn jcginbm`m jca cnecr-

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quc, mprivc`dínjisc jc am supbnm bfnirmn`bm y emnmtbsgi jca puclai,cxpaitmlm bnbùmgcntc m ams àmscs lmoms, silrc tiji `rbmjms jc scrvbr quctcnçmn cn ca lruoi unm ec `bcfm, y m ams quc tcnçm sufcstbinmjms pirìgpacti.

"Cxpcnjçm rujm y smlbnm, ìni`bjis mlirtbvis y cgmfmocs, cntrc itrisgcjb`mgcntis, y cntrc su frmn pmrriqubm crm ìnsbjcrmji ìgi bnemablac.Xir unm `msumabjmj ca Jr. P. sc pusi silrc am pbstm jca ncfi`bi, y gcr`cj msus m`tbvms fcstbincs sc dm pucsti cn àmri mafi jc ai quc dmy cn ca msunti, pucs sc sispc`dm ìn eunjmgcn ti quc ema tm tijmvçm pir jcsùlrbr gu`di.Ams gu`dm`dms crmn sigctbjms m unm scrbc jc ìnouris y prí`tb`ms rbjbùams,cvi`mnji m Pmn Pclmstbín y m itris smntis y ìngbnmnji ìn ams eurbms jcabnebcrni y am gmajb`bðn `cacstc m ams quc jbocrmn mafi jc ai quc sc dm`çm ìn

caams, pir `bcrti quc ni tiji guy ìneirgc m am girma. Am ipbnbðn cspcrmquc ca oucz pinjrí cn àmri tiji ai quc ma msunti rcspc`tm, pucs sc tcgcquc sc iùatm mafi ni guy abgpbi cn ca einji." <8 @in bfuma bntcnsbjmj quccn Fmab`bm y cn am Gintmým, am lruocrçm sc cxtbcnjc pir tijms ams rcfbincsjc Cspmým, prbn`bpmagcntc pir Msturbms, Acðn, mglms @mstbaams, Cxtrcgm-jurm, Gur`bm, mafunms rcfbincs mnjmauzms y @mnmrbms, jc ùyms rcfbincs dmvcnbji sbcgprc m @ulm ca gmyir nÿgcri jc bngbfrmntcs. Xcri ams supcrs-tb`bincs sc cxtbcnjcn m ams jcgís, y cn tijms caams sc `rcc cn piscçjis, cngma jc ioi i ems`bnm`bðn (gma fbbcyiygma jca ebau cn Msturbms, lcfbbbzì cnams Umsìnfmjms, gma bntcn`binmji cn Pmntmnjcr, gma jc cnvbjbm y gma

pmfmni cn @mnmrbms, gma junmt cn @mtmauým, ct`.), cglgomgbcntis y cntijm àmsc jc mguactis, jcsjc ais gís prbgbtbvis (`mlczm jc amfmrti, j bcntcsjc rcptba, ct`.) dmstm ais cs`rbtis (cvmnfcabis, \cfam jc Pmn Lcnbti, ct`âtc-

rm).<=

R ma bfuma quc cn Cspmým, cn tijis ais jcgís pmçscs `bvbabzmjis silrcvb-vcn bjântb`ms supcrstb`bincs. @igi jb`c Girscaab, cn ca prðaifi m am ilrm`btmjm jc Lamsbi? "Snm jcsiamjirm unbeirgbjmj rcbnm tmglbân cn cstc`mgpi bnùatbvmji jca pcnsmgbcnti dugmni. Ji qubcrm sc aacvm am bnvcs-tbfm`bðn jcgipsbìaðfb`m sc cnùcntrmn ams gbsgms bausbincs, ais gbsgiscrrircs aðfbìs, ca gbsgi gbcji brrceacxbvi, bjântb`ms brrm`binmabjmjcs. Mÿndiy ca mustrmabmni, ca lisqubgmni, ca vcjjm jc @cyamn, ca mkkm jca `cntrijc Íerb`m, cstis rcsbjuis, i sb sc qubcrc, cstis rcprcscntmntcs jca diglrc

prcdbstðrbì, sc jmn am gmni cn sus supcrstb`bincs ìn ca dmlb tmntc jc Xmrçs,jc Ainjrcs, jc Gbaín, jc Ncw Rirk, ais ùmacs, ni ilstmntc, sin i scbgmfbnmn scr ais rcprcscntmntcs jc am gís mvmnzmjm `bvbabzm`bðn gijcrnm."

R ai gbsgi su`cjc cntrc ams pcrsinms jc am aamgmjm matm si`bcjmj. Fbrmrjjc \bmaac rcùcrjm, ìgi cocgpai, ais pirt-lindcurs, bnscpmrmlacs ìgpm-ýcris jca oufmjir cn ams gcsms jc oucfi jc Gintc`mrai.

Am jbeusbðn jc am dc`db`crçm jc ais lamnìs sbfuc tijmvçm emvirc`bjm cn@ulm pir am vcntm jc ablris vuafmrcs, quc jc caam trmtmn? trmtmjis jc gmfbmlamn`m y ncfrm, ablris jc Pmn @bprbmni, jc Pbgðn ca Gmfi, jc Malcrti caFrmnjc, Cn`dbrbjbin Acinbs Xmpmc, Frbgirbi jca Xmpm Dinirbi, ct`âtcrm.<<

Dmstm cn @ulm gbsgm sc dm aacfmji m cjbtmr mafÿn ìgpcnjbi.

=:=



Msç sc cxpab`m am bnebnbjmj jc eðrguams jc dc`db`crçm, ìnouris, irm`bincs,supcrstb`bincs, ct`., quc sulsbstcn cn @ulm, jc irbfcn curipci. Munquceucrm jca tcgm jc cstc ablri, pir ni rcecrbrsc m am lruocrçm merb`mnm,cxpinjrâ mafunms pmrm quc sc vcmn sus jbecrcn`bms y mnmaifçms ìn ais pri`cjbgbcntis usmjis pir ais lruois, sb lbcn mafunis `rbiaais ym ams dm nmjiptmji y ams mpab`mn. Xmrm ùrmr `bcrtms cnecrgcjmjcs jca cstðgmfi,cgpacmn am sbfubcntc irm`bðn? "Jinjc Jbis sc niglrm, tiji gma sc qubtm;jinjc yi pinfi gb gmni ìn ec, am Ubrfcn Pmntçsbgm su jbvbnm vbrtuj, aisPmntis Cvmnfcabis jc am gbsm y ca gbsma, am gmýmnm jca Pcýir, Pmn Oumn am pbcjrm y amlrmjir tc smnc jc jiair, tugir, tmlmrjbaai, trbpm cnìfbjm,rcse rbmji i mfum cgpizmjm; gmajbti gma, jc cstc ùcrpi pmrm ca din ji jca

gmr, `rbmturm dugmnm cnfcnjrmjm jca diglrc. Ocsÿs cn `ruz gurbð y cn`ruz tc ai ìrti ìn pmamlrms jca Cspçrbtu Pmnti, ais Pmntis Cvmnfcabis jcam gbsm y ca gbsma, am gmýmnm jca Pcýir, Pmn Oumn, Pmn Frcfirbi lcnjbticstuvi ipbamji y am Ubrfcn Gmrçm Pmntçsbgm ai ùrð, msç qucjm jc gb gmniìn fairbm ma pmjrc, -B- fairbm ma Dboi + y fairbm ma Cspçrbtu Pmnti." + Pcdm`c am scýma jc am `ruz pir trcs vc`cs silrc ca vbcntrc jca cnecrgi y sc acjm m lclcr `meâ ìn sma.

Xmrm cvbtmr am `mçjm jc ais jbcntcs, sc tigm un ìrjca, sc rczmn trcs `rcjisy `mjm vcz ma aacfmr cn am irm`bðn m am pmamlrm jcs`cnjbð, sc dm`c un nuji.Ca ìrjca ìn ais trcs nujis jclc aacvmrsc mtmji ma ùcaai. Jc irbfcncuripci sin tmglbân gu`dms supcrstb`bincs, ìgi am `rccn`bm cn ca gmajc ioi, am emtçjb`m bneaucn`bm jca nÿgcri =0, ca gma mfñcri jc am ac`duzm,

jca fmti ncfri, ct`., am smam`bðn pir am pmtm jc `mlrm, ams amfmrtboms y gba ygba gís.Xcri mun mpmrtc jc am ec cn ca pijcr silrcnmturma jca lruoi y cn am

priju``bðn jc cn ec rgcjmjcs pir un lbainfi, ni ematmn qubcncs `rcmn cnam vbrtuj jc ais lruois ìgi sbgpacs ùrmnjcris, m ai quc diy vmn rcju`bân-jisc, pcrjbcnji gís y gís `mjm jçm ca `mrí`tcr rcabfbisi. Ais ncfrismerb`mnis jcsjc aucfi dmn `rcçji gís cn am `bcn`bm jc sus gâjbìs quc cnam jc ais lamnìs; pcri su `râjbti cntrc `rbiaais y cspmýiacs ni dm sbji jc pi`m gintm, y jurm tijmvçm cntr c tijis. Cn un `msi jc lruocr çm iùr rbjicn [ca puclai jcW Mlrcus sc cnìntrð nmjm gcnis quc unm cspc`bc jcdispbtma y tcgpai m am vcz, ìn vmrbms `mgms, jinjc ca lruoi tcn çm àmnjcs-tbnmgcntc cn ùrm vmrbis cnecrgis. Cn am dc`db`crçm ùrmtbvm jc ais lruoisni vc ca bfnirmntc quc am ìnsuatm am ìgpacobjmj jc am tcrmpâutb`m gijcr-nm? nb ca jbmfnðstbì sc gcjbtm, nb sc utbabzm bnstrugcntma mafuni, nb scrc`ctmn su`csbvm i sbguatíncmgcntc paurmabjmj jc gcjb`mgcntis, nb ca

lru oi mùjc pir ai ìgÿn m am ìnsuatm jc itris lru ois cn `msis frmvcs (aiùma rcvcam bnscfurbjmj, bgpitcn`bm), nb sc cxbfcn ipcrm`bincs qubrÿrfb`ms(quc tmnti rcpufnmn m ams bntcabfcn`bms jâlbacs)...; ca jbmfnðstbì ìgi ca

prinðstbì jca lruoi, sin prc`bsis; prc`bsm cs tmglbân am priebamxbs, ìgijb`tmjm pir qubcn ni pucjc cqubvi`mrsc, pir qubcn jbserutm jc am bnspbrm-`bðn jbvbnm, pir qubcn dm`c jc su priecsbðn un sc`rcti. Zmacs `brùnstmn`bmr

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ni dmy jujm jc quc itirfmn ma lruoi ca prcstbfbi jc un frmn pijcr cntrcsus àbcntcs, quc sc ùcntmn cn ams `mpms si`bmacs jc psbqubs prbgbtbvm.

Cs jc nitmr quc fcncrmagcntc sc mùjc m ais lruois, ìgi m ais jcgísùrmnjcris, cn ca `msi jc cnecrgcjmjcs `rðnb`ms c bnùrmlacs? ÿa`crms,

pmaujbsgi, tulcrùaisbs, dbstcrbsgi, cstcr babjmj, ct`.; cs jc`br, ùmnji pcr-jbjm am cspcrmnzm cn ais gcjbis jc am gcjb`bnm `bvbabzmjm, ams bntcabfcn`bmsjâlbacs rctrifrmjmn eí`bagcntc dmstm dunjbrsc pir ca pcsi jca mlmtbgbcntijca ínbgi cn ca smavmobsgi y am prbgbtbvbjmj.

Mjcgís jc ams `musms cxpucstms, itri ùrbisi ecnðgcni psbìaðfbììntrbluyð ma prcstbfbi jca lruoi cn su `mrí`tcr jc dc`db`cri, rcam`binmjiìn su `mrí`tcr sm`crjitma. Zyair, cn su @bvbabzm`bðn prbgbtbvm, pinc jcrcabcvc ca sbfubcntc ecnðgcni jcgipsbìaðfbì? ùmnji jis rmzms i puc-

lais, uni supcrbir i jigbnmntc, y sulyufmji i bnecrbir ca itri, ìnvbvcni, pir ai gcnis, cstín cn ìntm`ti bngcjbmti, am dc`db`crçm gís pijcrismqucjm rcacfmjm m ais sm`crjitcs jca puclai jigbnmji c bnùati y m sugbstcrbisi pijcr prcstm gís `râjbti ca puclai gís mvmnzmji quc m aisgbnbstris jc sus pripbms jbvbnbjmjcs, munquc âstis ùatbvcn bfumagcntc amgmfbm. Ca mutir mpirtm nugcrisms `btms quc ìgpruclmn su mebrgm`bðn,<0

jc ams ùmacs tigi ams sbfubcntcs guy `mrm`tcrçstb`ms. Ais gmamyis, quc dmnmjiptmji am rcabfbðn gusuagmnm y quc tbcncn sus cn`mntmjircs, `rccn qucâstis sin bnecrbircs ma piymnf i dc`db`cri smavmoc jc am ìgmr`m jc aisgbntbrms, y m âa rcùrrcn cn sus cnecrgcjmjcs y pmrm sus vcnfmnzms.Zmglbân ais omkuns, quc sin ìnsbjcrmjis `msb ìgi mnbgmacs, `musmntcrrir m ais gmamyis, pir sus dc`dbzis. Cn am Bnjbm, mntbfumgcntc aisjigbnmjircs mrbis `mabeb`mlmn m ais smavmocs mutð`tinis jc pisccjircs jca

pijcr gífbì. Mun diy ais sujrms jc @mýmrm vbvcn cn ca tcrrir ìnt bnuiquc acs priju`c ca pijcr jcginbmì jc am `mstm scrvba, quc acs cstísigctbjm; msç pmsm cntrc ais tijms y lmjmfís rcspc`ti jc ais kuruglms, pmr bms jcsprc`bmjis y jc vbjm gbscrmlac cn ais lisqucs. Ais ampincs, jcvbjm lírlmrm, sin tcgbjis pir sus jigbnmjircs ais cs`mnjbnmvis y ebnamn-jcscs, ùyis gmfis vmn m Ampinbm pmrm pcrec``binmrsc cn sus `bcn`bmsiùatms. Am supcrvbvcn`bm jc tma bjcm sc ilscrvm bfumagcntc cnt rc ams fcntcsbfnirmntcs jc ais puclais `bvbabzmjis. Gís jc un lamnì -jb`c Zyair- tcgcais dc`dbzis jca ilb-gmn jc Íerb`m y jc ams Mntbaams. Cn Curipm, sc mtrbluycca pijcr jc am dc`db`crçm m ais lidcgbis, fbtmnis, ct`âtcrm. Cs mÿn gísnitmlac quc cntrc jis sc`tms i rcabfbincs, sc mtrbluym m ais sm`crjitcs jcam bnecrbir ca `mrí`tcr jc gmfis. Cntrc ais csì`cscs sc `rcçm quc un ùrm pmpbstm pijçm cxpuasmr m ais jcginbis y ùrmr am rmlbm, y quc ca àcri prcslbtcrbmni ni fizmlm jc scgcomntc vbrtuj. Ai gbsgi rc eb cr c Liu rnc jcam bnecrbirbjmj jca àcri mnfab`mni rcspc`ti jca pmpbstm, pmrm ais cxir`bs-gis. Cn Macgmnbm sulsbstc tijmvçm tma supcrstb`bðn.

Ca `btmji mntripðaifi bnfaâs ni trmtm jc cxpab`mr cstc ecnðgcni, jb`bcn-ji sbgpacgcntc? "Ca gunji gijcrni, rc`dmzmnji ams `bcn`bms iùatmsìgi unm supcrstb`bðn jcsprc`bmlac, dm scfubji am ipbnbðn, pir csi gbsgi,jc quc am gmfbm pcrtcnc`c ma cstmji gís bnecrbir jc am `bvbabzm`bðn." Xucjc

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jmrsc, sbn cglmrfi, unm lmsc mntripiaðfb`m ma ecnðgcni. Pmlbji cs quc cnais prbgcris pmsis jc am rcabfbðn, `mjm puclai, `mjm majcm, `mjm àmn, dmstm`mjm bnjbvbjui tcnçm jbvbnbjmjcs pripbms. Mun m`tumagcntc ais ncfris jcam ìstm i``bjcntma jc Íerb`m cstín ìnvcn`bjis jc quc dmy un jbis pmrmcaais y itri pmrm ais lamnìs, y jc quc `mjm uni emvirc`c m ais ebcacs jc surmzm, jcsmtcnjbcnji tiji ùati privcnbcntc jc am rmzm ìntrmrbm. Cstm`rccn`bm, cn am rcmabjmj c bnjcpcnjcn`bm jc gÿatbpacs pmntcincs ; sulsbstbð,

pcri sc euc gijbeb`mnji. @mjm rcabfbðn sc `rcyð am supcrbir, pir am rmzðnym cxpucstm, ìgi ìnjb`bðn jc vbjm jc un sbstcgm si`bma; pcri ams supcrs-tb`bincs cxbfçmn unm trmnsm``bðn, pir jc`brai msç, y sb lbcn m tijms amsjbvbnbjmjcs jc tijms ams rcabfbincs, mun m mqucaams quc pir scr jc aiscncgbfis eucrin ìnsbjcrmjms ìgi bnecrbircs, sc acs rcìni`bð cxprcsm i

tí`btmgcntc pijcr silrc am dugmnbjmj; sc bntcrprctð âstc ìgi gmnbecs-tm`bðn jc ais cspçrbtus bnecrbircs, -i scm, jc ais gmabfnis-, quc pcrsbfucnm ais dugmnis y sc fizmn aacvínjiais pir scnjms jcsvbmjms jc am ÿnb`mvcrjmjcrm rcabfbðn. Msç bntcrprctm rin ais gbsbincris cspmýiacs cn Mgârb`mca pijcr jc ams jbvbnbjmjcs jc ais mztc`ms, jc ais bn`ms, jc ais gmyms,ct`âtcr m. Rm mntcs gc dc rcecrbji m `bcrtms `btms jc Aulli`k jcgistrmtbvmsjc am `rcjuabjmj jc ais gbsbincris gijcrnis cn am dc`db`crçm jc aissmavmocs, bnspbrmjis pir ca jbmlai. Cstc rcìni`bgbcnti jc am cxbstcn`bm jc pijcrisms jbvbnbjmjcs pcùabmrcs m `mjm puclai y ca jc su bnecrbirbjmj ìnrcam`bðn m ams pripbms, y silrc tiji su gmacviacn`bm, cxpab`m ca pirquâ scitirfm pir unm rcabfbðn m ais sm`crjitcs cncgbfis ca `mrí`tcr jc gmfis, ymquc m âstis sc acs tcgc y rcspctm, prbn`bpmagcntc pirquc pucjcn priju`br

ca gma y ùym eun`bðn jmýbnm cs pripbm jc ais jbiscs jc jb`dms rcabfbincs emasms y cncgbfms, y mocnm m am linjmjism m``bðn jc ams jbvbnbjmjcs vcrjm-jcrms, quc sin sbcgprc ams pripbms. @intrbluyc m mebrgmr cstm bjcm ca dc`dijc quc ni siamgcntc ais puclais jigbnmntcs i supcrbircs ìn`cjcn m aissm`crjitcs jc ais jigbnmjis i bnecrbircs ca `mrí`tcr jc gmfis -ìgi jb`cZytir -, sbni quc tma ipbnbðn cs unbvcrsma, y c`dmjm cn `mrm m ais sm`crjitcsjc ùmaqubcr puclai cncgbfi, pucs sbcgprc sin tcnbjis pir mjirmjircs jcjbiscs gmais c bnecrbircs, cn ùmnti m am ìnqubstm jc lcnceb`bis `cacstbmacs,scmn i ni gcnis `bvbabzmjis. Msç ais `dbnis, pir cocgpai, `rccn quc aisgbsbincris `rbstbmnis rilmn ais nbýis pmrm mprivc`dmr ais iois y ais ìrm-zincs cn am prcpmrm`bðn jc ebatris gífbìs y jc priju`tis eitifríeb ìs; msçìgi acs mtrbluycn ams cpbjcgbms jc mnfbnms tmn ercùcn tcs cn ca nirt c jc

@dbnm, `musmjms -scfÿn jb`cn- pir ams jrifms pcrnb`bisms quc mquâaaisc`dmn cn ais pizis. @igi jb`c Fbrmrj jc \bmaac,<3 pmrm ais bnjçfcnms jca@infi, ais sm`crjitcs pirtufucscs, ais gbsbincris `mtðabìs, ni sin gísquc dc`db`cris, ais gmfis, ais ùmnfmnfms jc ais lamnìs. Cn Íerb`m scìgpincn dc`dbzis pmrm ablrmrsc jc ais jc ais curipcis.<5 @umnji aistijms y ais lmjmfís rc`blbcrin un gbsbincri curipci, ai tigmrin pir un

pijcrisi dc`db`cri, quc sc jcsprcstbfbð, sbn cglmrfi, ùmnji ni qubsircpctbr ais gbamfris quc mtrbluçm m su jbis.<6

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Cstm supcrstb`bðn aacfm m cxtcnjcrsc m tijis ais cxtrmnocris, scmn i nigbnbstris jc unm jbvbnbjmj. Xucjcn vcrsc nugcrisis cocgpais jc caai cnam ilrm `btmjm jc O. F. Ermzcr.<4 Cxtrmnocri cn cstis `msis cs sbnðnbgi jccncgbfi. Pc trmtm mquç jc unm àmsc jc sm`crjitcs jcecnjbcnji ca râfbgcn

prcscntc jc am si`bcjmj cn quc vbvcn ìntrm it rm àmsc jc ìacfms i jcrcviau`binmrbis -bntcrnis i cxtcrnis- quc m su vcz mpiymn itri râfbgcnquc acs cs pripbi i bntcntmn gijbeb`mr ca ìgÿn; unis m itris sc mùsmn jcbnebcacs, jc cs amvis jca jbmlai, y ineçmn cn quc ca jbis luc ni smlrí `mstbfmrsbn pbcjmj, cn cstm i cn itrm vbjm, m ais ìntrmrbis.

Xucs lbcn, cstm tcnjcn`bm m tcgcr am gmfbm jc ais sm`crjitcs jc ùatisni ìnecsmjis, sc gmnbecstð tmglbân cntrc ais lamnìs jc @ulm ìn tmntmgmyir eucrzm ùmnti quc, cn vcrjmj, ais lruois prm`tb`mn am dc`db`crçm; y

jc mdç quc pir mtmvbsgi dmym pcrsinms quc bn`râjuams y rcamtbvmgcntcùatms jcgucstrcn `bcrti tcgcrisi rcspcti pir ais cglðs y sirtbacfbis jcam gís smavmoc lruocrçm merb`mnm.

Cs jc nitmr tmglbân quc ais lruois cn @ulm eucrin ais ÿnbìs quc sc prcstmlmn m pripir`binmr dc`dbzis pmrm aifrmr unm vcnfmnzm. Ais sm`cr-jitcs jc ais lamnìs, nb ais gâjbìs jc âstis, ni smtbsem`çmn jcscis tmn`rbgbnmacs, nb tmgpiì ams mjbvbnmjirms m am gijcrnm, ùyi ÿnbì ìgctbjisucac scr ca jc ìrrcr ca vcai jc ai euturi; pcri ais lruois sç, y m caais mùjbðtiji ca quc sbntbð rcvbvbr cn su ìn`bcn`bm un prbgbtbvi scntbgbcnti jcvcnfmnzm macvism, pir gcjbi jca dc`dbzi.

Cn ais dc`db`cris sbfuc tcnbcnji ec frmn pmrtc jc nucstri puclai, ygu`dis jc ais quc ni mùjcn m caais cn jcgmnjm jc rcgcjbi pmrm sus gmacs

i jc mrgms macvisms, pir ai bnvbsblacs pmrm sus vcnfmnzms, tbcncn gu`diùbjmji jc ni bnùrrbr cn su brrbtm`bðn, y gmnbebcstmn tcgir ni jbsbguamjircspc`ti jc ais dc`dbzis. Ais lruois, piì m piì, vmn ìnvbrtbânjisc cnùrmnjcris, qucjmnji, sbn cglmrfi, gu`dis ìgpactmgcntc sugcrfbjistijmvçm cn ams smavmocs supcrstb`bincs merb`mnms. Xcri ca prifrcsi, eirgma

pir ai gcnis, ùnjc y aacfm m tijms ams gmnbecstm`bincs jc am lruocr çm. Cnca firri lruoi jc am Ebfurm <6 pucjc vcrsc ca actrcri Pmntm Lírlmrm Lcnjbtm,cn `mrm`tcrcs tbpifríebìs; actrcri quc, bnjujmlacgcntc, cn `bcrtms rcfbi-ncs merb`mnms ni iltcnjrçm gís bntcrprctm`bðn jc pmrtc jc ais dc`db`crisquc am jc sbfnis `mlmaçstbìs. Diy dmy lruois quc dmstm pir cs`rbti irjcnmnsus rcgcjbis. Ca `âaclrc Li`ÿ rc`blçm jis i trcs `mrtms jbmrbms. Ziji ai ùma pruclm quc nmjm sbfnbeb`m pmrm am ùa turm nm`binma am cnscýmnzm jca maem- lc ti y jc am cs`rbturm, sbn gís sðabjms lmscs jc prifrcsi bntcac`tuma. Csjc`br, quc am bnstru``bðn -ìgi dm jcgistrmji am csùcam `rbgbniaðfb`m

pisbt bvbstm- cs un mrgm quc pucjc scr utba bzmjm cn pri jca lbcn ìgi cn pri jca jcabti.

Jin jc ca trbunei jca lruoi rcsuatð gís ìgpacti euc cn am prcjb``bðn jcais mìntc`bgbcntis vcnbjcris y mjbvbnm`bðn jc ams ìsms iùatms. Nb amrcpufnmn`bm quc pujbcrmn scntbr ais lamnìs, nb am ìgpctcn`bm jmýism jc

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itris mfircris gís `bvbabzmjis, ilstmùabzmrin am jbeusbðn jc am emgm jc aismfircris merb`mnis.

Ca mtrmsi bntcac`tuma quc dbzi jcs`cnjcr m gu`dis lamnìs dmstm am ec cnais cglðs, y quc acs dm`c gmntcncr cn su ùati supcrvbvcn`bms gmr`mjm-gcntc ectb`dbstms, acs mrrmstrð tmglbân dmstm ams `ílmams mjbvbnmtirbms jcais gmfis jc Íerb`m.

Zmglbân emvirc`bð am jbeusbðn jc ams supcrstb`bincs mjbvbnmtirbms cnfcncrma, cn cstc mspc`ti, am `brùam`bðn jc ilrbtms jc abtcrmturm ni`bvm

pri`c jcn tc s jc Cu ri pm , ìgi Ais gbstcrbis jc am gmni, Mrtc jc c`dmr ams`mrtms, Iríùai jc Nmpiacðn, Ablri jc ais jcstbnis, Bntcrprctm`bðn jc ais

sucýis, ct`âtcrm. Ni cs prc`bsi quc gc cxt bcnjm cn jcgistrmr am cxbstcn`bm jc mjbvbnis

cn Cspmým, ìgi cn tijm Curipm y Mgârb`m pmrm jcju`br am `rcjuabjmjdcrcjbtmrbm jc ais lamnìs jc @ulm cn cstm cspc`bc jc supcrstb`bincs; cntiji ca gunji, cn am gçscrm majcducam ìgi cn ams frmnjcs `mpbtmacs,cxbstcn y vbvcn pmrmsbtmrbmgcntc cn am gbscrbm i ìn auoi, gijcrnms sblbamsgís i gcnis `âaclrcs y rcspctmjms, mafi i nmjm ìnvcn`bjms jc sus

prijbfbisms jitcs. Am mjbvbnm cn ams frmnjcs `bujmjcs ni tbcnc tijmvçí quciùatmrsc cn ca gbstcrbi, ni nc`csbtm mjiptmr unm dbpð`rbtm pisb`bðn cn amsi`bcjmj, ìgi ca ectb`dbstm, pmrm cocr`cr su mrtc. Pu tcgpai cs ìni`bji yvbsbtmji pir am fcntc jca puclai, sb dmlbtm cn ams pcqucýms pilam`bincs icn ais lmrtbis lmois; pir am gís cnìpctmjm mrbsti`rm`bm jca lamsðn y jcatmacfi, sb girm cn ais lmrrbis jc gijm jc ams `mpbtmacs y sb smlc jmr m sus

prí`tb`ms ca `db` y am gijcrnbjmj nc`csmrbm. Pu mnun`bi ebfurm cn am ùmrt m pamnm jc ais pcrbðjbìs; sus priec`çms silrc mafÿn pcr sinm oc i mafÿn dc` ditrms`cnjcntma sc pulab`mn pir am prcnsm pcrbðjb`m, quc dmstm am dinrm ìnbntcrvbcws, ùyi rcamti cs ívbjmgcntc smlircmji pir ais ac`tircs. Dmstmaacfm m cjbtm r ablris jc vmtb`bnbis. Am sblbam dm pamfbmji jc ams fbtmnms ca mrt cjc c`dmr ams `mrtms y ca jc accr am lucnm vcnturm, cn ams açncms jc am gmni;

pcr i ni smtbs ec`dm ìn cstis pri`cjbgbcntis, quc ym vmn rc acfínjisc m amsmjbvbnms gís vuafmrcs, dm rcsu`btmji vbcoms eðrguams gífb`ms quc diysirprcnjcn pir su cxitbsgi (`mecigmn`bm, frmeiaifçm, pbrigmn`bm, dbjri-gmn`bm, `rmncisìpbm, ct`.), y sc vmac jc ais ecnðgcnis psçqubìs (sinmg- luabsgi, dbpnitbsgi, gmfnctbsgi, gcjbugnbjmj), ùym cxpab`m`bðn cstujbmam `bcn`bm gijcrnm.<2

Ca `mtiab`bsgi prcscntc ni rcìni`c am mjbvbnm`bðn silrcnmturma,08 pcriais `mtðabìs jc bntcabfcn`bm piì jcsmrriaamjm sbcntcn mÿn am nc`csbjmj jcìnsuatmr m ais mfircris, jc ìni`cr su pirvcnbr, y ma ni tcncrai su rcabfbðn,mùjcn m ais ectb`dcris. Xir itrm pmrtc, cn @ulm ams sblbams m am gijcrnm nidmn tcnbji, pir ai fcncrma, msbcnti eboi y jurmjcri, pirquc ca mglbcntc jcams mpbtmacs gmyircs sbfuc sbcnji lmstmntc priju`tbvi, y ais lruois eucrin,

pir ai t mn ti, `msb ais ÿnbìs cxpaitmjircs jca mrt c jc am prinistb`m`bðn, pucsùmnji unm pcrsinm supcrstb`bism tcnçm nc`csbjmj jc unm prcjb``bðn ni

pijçm vmacrsc sbni jca lruoi ncfri quc c`dmlm ais `mrmìacs, ca ìaamr jcBeí, ct`â tcrm . Diy ca lru oi vc tmglbân gcrgmjis sus bnfrcsis cn cstm rmgm

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jc sus eun`bincs, pucs ams c`dmjirms jc `mrtms, ams qubrigíntb`ms, amssinígluams, ct`., acs rcstmn àbcntcs, aacfmnji mafunms jc âstms m pulab`mrsus mnun`bis cn am prcnsm, ìgi sb sc trmtmsc jc unm priecsbðn dinrmjmùmaqubcrm; y mjcgís, ai quc cs gcoir, ca nÿgcri jc ais supcrstb`bisis vmsbcnji gcnir `mjm jçm.

Mun cn ais gu`dis quc quc jmn y quc cn @ulm, ìg i cn ais jcgís pmçscs`bvbabzmjis, sistbcncn tma eirgm jc pmrmsbtbsgi, sc nitm unm jbecrcn`bmm`cnt umjm ìn rcam`bðn m ais `râjbtis jc ais tbcgpis mntbfuis y gcjbcvmacs.Mntcs crm gís bntcnsi ca `mrí`tcr rcabfbisi jc ais vmtb`bnbis y prinðstbìs,y jc mdç quc ams pmamlrms jc ams sblbams eucrm n ðrjcncs m ams quc sc sigctçmnìntcntis i rcsbfnmjis ais ìnsuatmntcs; gbcntrms quc cn am m`tumabjmj scsiab`btm unm prcjb``bðn ni ìgi un gmnjmti, sbni ìgi un ìnscoi, quc

sc sbfuc i ni scfÿn pmrcz`m ìneirgc i jcoc jc pmrc`crai ìn ca pcnsm-gbcnti y, ai quc cs gís ìgÿn, ìn ca jcsci jca quc dm jc mprivc`dmram.Diy sc lus`m, fcncrmagcntc, ma mfircri pmrm quc jâ unm rcspucstm m`cr`mjca pirvcnbr i jca prcscntc jcsìni`bji, ùmnji sc jcscm un prctcxti, unmpiyi pir jâlba quc scm, quc oustbebquc mntc sç gbsgis mafunm m``bðn quc

pm rc` c rcprilml ac , i bnoustm, pc ri m am qu c sc vcn bn ì nt rmr rcs tm la cg cn tcbgpcabjis pir ca jcsci, pir am pmsbðn; ùmnji sc qubcrc un ÿatbgi msbjcri pm rm cvb tmr ca nm ue rm fbi jc unm bausbðn, cn ùym ecabz `cfucrm, quc pirgigcntis sc jbsbpm, sc qubsbcrm ìntbnumr vbvbcnji, i sb sc cspcrm amìnebrgm`bðn jc unm sispc`dm, bgpisblac jc dmaamr pir itris gcjbis. Amsguocrcs, quc sin ams prbn`bpmacs àbcntcs jc ams mjbvbnms, mùjcn m âstms amsgís jc ams vc`cs pmrm cnìntrmr unm jbsùapm m su pripbm bnebjcabjmj i unm

pr uc lm jc am jca gmrbji i jca mgmn tc .Cn rcsugcn? ca ectb`dbsgi merb`mni sc gmntbcnc cn @ulm, mpmrtc jca

mtrmsi bntcac`tuma jc am rmzm ncfrm, pir su cqubvmacn`bm cscn`bma ìn cacacgcnti rcabfbisi jca `mtiab`bsgi, pir am bnjbecrcn`bm cn cstm gmtcrbm quccs `mrm`tcrçstb`m jc am si`bcjmj ùlmnm, y pir am jceb`bcntc cstrmtbeb`m`bðn psçqub`m jc bg pi rtmn tc s gmsms jc lamnìs quc, prðxbgis ma nbvca jc am psbqubs mer b`mnm, em`bab tmrin -ìgi dc cxpucsti c n itri aufmram ìgu nb ðnjc bjcms, supcrstb`bincs y prcoub`bis cnt rc mglms rmzms, pir unm acy mníaifmm am jcgistrmjm pir ca cxpcrbgcnti eçsbì jc ais vmsis ìgunb`mntcs;ìgpcnctrm`bðn quc cn gmncrm mafunm pucjc sirprcnjcr, rcìrjmnji amrcfrcsbðn ercùcntc, `msb bncvbtmlac, jc ais ìainis curipcis quc sc cn-ùcntrmn cn ìgunb`m`bðn ìnstmntc ìn ais bnjçfcnms merb`mnis. M pcsmr

jc su rcamtbvmgcntc nitmlac mvmn`c psbìaðfbì, ams supcrstb`bincs ncfrmsais mtrmcn, acs priju`cn unm cspc`bc jc vârtbfi y `mcn cn caams jcsjc ammaturm jc su `bvbabzm`bðn; ìgi sb ais cstrmtis supcrbircs jc su psbqubs acssiei`mrmn , sc jcsprc njcn jc caais y vucavcn m am prbgbtbvbjmj, m am jcsnujczjc su cspçrbtu, quc un rcsti jc pujir mtcnÿm ìn un sbgpac tmpmrrmlis jc`bvbabzm`bðn, quc ìntrbluyc m quc rcsmatc mÿn gís tijm su vcrfinzism `mçjmrcfrcsbvm. Rm ai jboi Zyair trmtmnji jc cstc ecnðgcni? "...cstm bneaucn`bmcs tmn unbvcrsma [am jca ectb`dbsgiW quc ca curipci cstmlac`bji cn Merb`m

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cxpcrbgcntm ìn ercùcn`bm sus msmatis y aacfm m m`cptmr ams bjcms jca ncfri,i, pmrm scrvbrnis jc am cxprcsbðn usuma cn am ìstm, sc dm`c mpti pmrmviavcrsc ncfri.

Ca `mrí`tcr mtívbì jc cstc gbcji m ais lruois ai pinc jc rcabcvc \blitma jc`br? "Ca diglrc mjuati, munquc su gbcji rcpism sbcgprc silrc amcxpcrbcn`bm, gmnbebcstm m vc`cs (pir ai gcnis ais bfnirmntcs y ais prbgbtb-vis) tcgircs vmfis, bnìns`bcntcs jc ai jcsìni`bji, jc ams tbnbclams, jcais pijcrcs gbstcrbisis, jc ais gmaceb`bis, jc am lruocrçm, jc am gmfbm."0<

Xcri, ni siamgcntc ams àmscs bnecrbircs jc am si`bcjmj ùlmnm tbcncnìgcr`bi ìn ais lruois; pmrtbùamrgcntc, tbcgpi mtrís, ni crmn pi`ms ams pc rsinms jc lrbaamntc pisb`bðn si`bma, gís mpmrtmjms, pir ai tmnti, jc unmçntbgm ìgunb`m`bðn psbìaðfb`m ìn ais ncfris, quc m durtmjbaams jc amsi`bcjmj siab`btmlmn ca ìnscoi y am myujm jca lruoi. "Diy gbsgi -gccs`rblc unm jbfnm mutirbjmj oujb`bma quc dm bntcrvcnbji cn un gijcrni`msi jc lruo cr çm - pucji `btmr jbstbnfubjms jmgms jc am lucnm si`bcjmj, qucmùjcn ma lruoi y sc prcstmn m sus msqucrisis rbtis, fcncrm agcn tc bnspbrmjms

pir ais `cais." R msç sc dm pulab`mji tmglbân pir am prcnsm jbmrbm , ìngitbvi jc ais ÿatbgis jcabtis jc ais lruois. Ca dc`di, quc sc rcpbtc diy cn@ulm ìgi cn ams frmnjcs `mpbtmacs jca irlc, ni mgcrbtm, sbn cglmrfi, amcxtrmýczm. Ca mgir y am smauj sin y dmn sbji ais jis prbn`bpmacs gðvbacs qu cdmn gmntcnbji am lruocrçm gcr`cj m unm ni guy sðabjm ùaturm cn ams àmscsjbrc`tirms. Ca jcsci ni smtbsec`di, am vcnfmnzm jc am bnebjcabjmj mgirism,am tirturmjirm jujm jc ais `cais, am jcscspcrm`bðn jc am cnecrgcjmj frmvci bnùrmlac, i scm, am pmsbðn rcercnmjm y ca gbcji cxmfcrmji, bgpcacn dm`bm

ams supcr`dcr çms y mrtcs jc ais gmfis y mjbvbnis m pcrsinms quc cn su nirgmacstmji psçqubì cstín guy acois jc `rccr cn tmacs supcrstb`bincs y jcsispc`dmr quc dmn jc bnùrrbr cn caams, sbqubcrm tmgpirmagcntc. @igi jb`cG. Fritc? "am eucrzm jc am pmsbðn gigcntíncm lmstm ercùcntcgcntc pmrmdm`cr mlmnjinmr ca dílbti mjqubrbji y dmstm pucjc vcrsc m un bntcac`tuma,cn un gigcnti jc suerbgbcnti mfuji, fiapcmr, pbsitcmr ais iloctis quc acdm`cn suerbr".00 Msç, ùmnji cn ca ínbgi sc priju`c un euc rtc smùjbgbcn-ti, sc lus`m ca mpiyi jc ams pitcn`bms silrcnmturmacs, ym quc ams dugmnmssin bnsueb`bcntcs pmrm `magmr am cgi`bðn y cvbtmr i rcpmrmr ca jmýi; pcrijcsfrm`bmjmgcntc mquâaams sc gucstrmn sirjms m ais rucfis i bnscnsblacs mais dmamfis, y ùmnji ca trmstirni jc am psbqubs cs prieunji, âstm ni scìneirgm tmgpiì ìn am bgpitcn`bm jc ams jbvbnbjmjcs quc ac sin mafi

emgbabmrcs, y unm vcz riti ca ercni jc unm ec irtijixm, vm jcs`cnjbcnji piram cs`mam jc am cviau`bðn rcabfbism dmstm aacfmr m ams gís prbgbtbvms supcrs-tb`bincs ectb`dbstms; dmstm aacfmr m bnsuatmr y au`dmr ìn ca ectb`dc, ìn cajbis, ìgi csis smavmocs quc amnzmn eac`dms ìntrm ca ginstrui quc bntcntmtrmfmrsc ma sia càbpsmji, ìgi ca nbýi quc fiapcm ca ilocti quc ac dmdcrbji. Xmrc`c, ùmnji sc `di`m rc`bmgcntc ìn mafuni jc ais gÿatbpacscsìaais jc am vbjm, ìgi sb am ìngi`bðn rmsfmrm am `mpm jc ùaturm qucnis rcùlrc y qucjmrm nucstrm psbqubs bnemntba ma jcsùlbcrti, sbn pritc`-`bðn, bnjcecnsm, cxpucstm m tijis ais cglmtcs jc am supcrstb`bðn, jc am

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bfnirmn`bm, jc am gmajmj... R cn cstc `diquc ais cstrmtis jc ùaturm quc pr bgcri sc pbcrjcn sin ais ÿatbgmgcntc mjqubrbjis, cs jc`br, ais girmacs ,quc `bvbabzmn rcamtbvmgcntc ams `rccn`bms rcabfbisms, y ais bntcac`tumacs,

lmsmjis cn ca gijcrni ìn`cpti gmtcrbmabstm jc am `musm`bðn jc aisecnðgcnis jc am vbjm; jc am gbsgm gmncrm quc ùmnji unm acsbðn jca`crclri prbvm ma acsbinmji jc am mptbtuj jc ìni`cr ais ìaircs, ca prbgcrìair quc sc pbcrjc cs prc`bsmgcntc mquca quc dm sbji ca ÿatbgi cn mpmrc`crcn am cviau`bðn `crclrma. Snm frmn bgprcsbðn girma lmstm pmrm mnbýmrnis,

pmrm rcouvcnc`cr cn ni piìs sbfais ma cspçrbtu cnvcoc`bji cn am `bvbabzm`bðn,ym quc, ìgi jb`c @aijj? "Pb am pmrtc `bvbabzmjm jc nisitris cs rc`bcntc cnam cstru`turm y cn ams tcnjcn`bms dcrcjmjms, `mjm uni jc nisitris cs unvbcoi jc `cntcnmrcs jc gbacs jc mýis."0: Jc mdç quc cn un bnstmntc jc

jcscqubablrbi, pmrm pcjbr cn un cglð i cn un sirtbacfbi su ùrm eçsb`m igirma, dmymn `mçji cn ca lurji ectb`dbsgi jc ais lruois pcrsinms ùatms, sb lbcn rcstmlac`bji ca cqubablrbi, dmn vucati, pir am vbr tumabjmj pripbm jc sutcgpac psbìaðfbì, m cacvmrsc pir cn`bgm jc csis pmn tmnis jc am ec smavmoc.Xcri ca dc`di dm sbji cxpaitmji pir ais lruois meirtunmjis, ìgi ceb`mzrâjmgc pmrm su ncfi`bi; y, cec`tbvmgcntc, nmjm tmn ìntmfbisi ìgi cacocgpai jc unm rcfrcsbðn cn ams àmscs cacvmjms, pucs jc caam sc vmacn mgcnuji pmrm jbsùapmr y oustbeb`mr bjântbìs i gmyircs mtmvbsgis jc amsbnecrbircs.

Mdirm lbcn, sb cs vcrjmj quc ca ectb`dbsgi sc bntrijuoi, gís i gcnis,cntrc ais lamnìs jc tijms ams àmscs si`bmacs, ni cs gcnis `bcrti quc amssupcrstb`bincs cn @ulm -m pcsmr jc su bntcnsi ìair ncfri- nun`m dmn

mrrmstrmji m ais lamnìs m un cstmji jc mtrmsi tma, ìgi pucjc ilscrvmrsccn itris gu`dis pmçscs jc amrfm dbstirbm. Am bn`rcjuabjmj rcabfbism dm priju`bji tmglbân, jcsjc cstc punti jc vbstm, it ri lcnceb`bi, pucs bgpb-jbcnji am cxulcrmn`bm jca scntbgbcnti rcabfbisi, dm cvbtmji quc âstcrclismrm eucrm jc ais giajcs jca `mtiab`bsgi ma usi, pmrm ìrrcr pir ais`mnmacs jc am supcrstb`bðn, ma ectb`dbsgi gís smavmoc y mlsurji. Msç, nun`mcn @ulm ams `mgpmnms jc ams bfacsbms dmn ti`mji bnvbtmnji m am irm`bðn pmrmmuxbabmr m unm pmrturbcntm cn pcabfri jc gucrtc, ìgi su`cjc cn Pb`babm;03

nb sc ìni`c, ìgi cn Ermn`bm,05 am gbsm jc Pmn Pc`mrbi pmrm smamr m unm pcrsinm; nb pmjc`cgis supcrvbvcn`bms jca ùati eíabì ìgi cn `msb tijmCuripm;06 nb sc prcpmrmn `cnms pmrm ais mntcpmsmjis cn am ni`dc jca jçmjc jbeuntis, ìgi cn Lidcgbm y Lmvbcrm,04 ct`., ct`âtcrm.02

Xcri, ni ilstmntc, ca bneauoi jca lruoi sc jcom scntbr tijmvçm, cn gmncrm pir jcsfrm`bm jcgmsbmji bntcnsm, prbn`bpmagcntc cn ams pilam`bincs rurm-acs y cntrc ais bnjbvbjuis jc su rmzm, jc ais ùmacs cs ìnscocri y fuçm y mvc`cs -usmnji un târgbni jc am piaçtb`m- dmstm `m`bquc. Xirquc, trbstc csjc`brai, ais lruois aacfmn m cntrigctcrsc cn ams au`dms piaçtb`ms, ìntmnji,munquc ni pmrm sç, ìn ais vitis jc sus nugcrisis y emnítbìs mjcptis ysbgpmtbzmjircs. Cstc cs uni jc ais gitbvis jc am tiacrmn`bm quc dmstm mdirmsc dm tcnbji cn ais nÿàcis jc pilam`bðn piì jcnsis rcspc`ti jc ais

lruois, qubcncs ìn mstu`bm iltbcncn quc ams mutirbjmjcs pcrgbtmn, tí`btm

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y lcnâ viam gcntc, ais m`tis cxtcrnis jc su uati (tiquc jc tmglircs, jmnzmsrbtumacs, ebcstms jca smnti, ct`.), dílbagcntc cnùlbcrtis ìn am gís`mrm jcun bni`cntc pmsmtbcgpi pripbi jc ais merb`mnis.:8 Cxùsi cxpab`mr, pirjcgmsbmji smlbjms, ams ìnscùcn`bms quc scgcomntc bnocrcn`bm jc uncacgcnti tmn smavmoc cn nucstrm piaçtb`m, sbqubcrm scm cn am gunb`bpma, dmjc priju`br cn am gmr`dm prifrcsbvm jc am si`bcjmj ùlmnm. @ucntm Nbnm\ijrbfucs ai sbfubcntc, quc su`cjc cn ca Lrmsba? "Ams pcrscù`bincs gísrbfurisms y eirgmacs cgprcnjbjms pir am piab`çm, sc cstrcaamn ìgi pircn`mnti mntc ams rcìgcnjm`bincs c bneaucn`bms quc pincn cn m``bðn aisiufmns i pritc`tircs jc ais lruois. Ca gðvba cnùântrmsc sbcgprc cn cabntc râs cac`tirma, y prc`bsmgcntc cn ais diglrcs piaçtbìs lus`mn mquâaaissus pritc`tircs. Ri ìnizì un scnmjir, ocec ai`ma jc un pmrtbji piaçtbì,quc sc dm ìnstbtubji pritc`tir cn ocec jc ais iufmns y jc ais jbrc`tircs jcams ìermjçms lruoms.":= Xir eirtunm, ni dcgis aacfmji m scgcomntc frmjijc lmrlmrbc piaçtb`m, nb dcgis jc rctrifrmjmr dmstm csc punti; pcri sb ambneaucn`bm jc ais lruois mugcntm pir tiacrmn`bms lmstmrjms, ni cs jbeç`ba

prcvcr quc caai dm jc ìntrblubr m cn`cnjcr am aamgm jc ams jbsìrjbmsâtnb`ms, quc ecabzgcntc ni dmn mjqubrbji cn nucstrm tbcrrm ams íspcrms yvbiacntms eirgms quc cn itris pmçscs. Pu `rc`bcntc bneaucn`bm, gís cn cstcmspc`ti piaçtbì quc cn ca `mgpi jc ams supcrstb`bincs, priju`brçm tmglbânun rctri`csi cn am `bvbabzm`bðn jc am rmzm jc ìair cn @ulm, quc pir susìstuglrcs, su meín jc prifrcsi, su gijcrm`bðn, ct`., ìgpmrmjm ìn amjc itrms nm`bincs mgcrb`mnms, cs jbfnm jc mpiyi y cstbgm. R âstc cs cagmyir pcabfri jc trmnsbfbr, munquc scm siamgcntc cn un ípb`c, ìn ais

lruois , qu c rcprcscntmn am pm rtc gís mtrmsmjm jc am pilam`bðn jc @ulm, ycn cspc`bma mqucaams gmsms jc ncfris quc ni cstín sueb`bcntcgcntc jcsm-erb`mnbzmjms.

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UBBB

Nitb`bms jc prcnsm silrc am lruocrçm

[ P S G M \ B I ? Cxtrm`ti jc ams nitb`bms pulab`mjms pir am prcnsm jc Am Dmlmnmrcecrcntcs m vmrbis `msis jc lruocrçm.W

Cn am bgpisblbabjmj jc jmr jmtis ìn`rctis y sbstcgítbìs quc jctcr-gbncn ìn prc`bsbðn am bntcnsbjmj y cxtcnsbðn quc cn am m`tumabjmj tbcncam lruocrçm meriùlmnm, pirquc ni cxbstcn eucntcs jc cstujbi mjinjcmùjbr, bnscrti cn cstc `mpçtuai lucnm pmrtc jc ams nitb`bms gís`mrm`tcrçstb`ms quc, rcecrcntc m am lruocrçm, dm pulab`mji am prcnsmùlmnm cn cstis ÿatbgis mýis i quc gc dmn sbji ìgunb`mjms pir

pc rsinms jbfnms jc ti ji `râj bti. =

Nmrrm`bðn jca scýir @mgbai Xârcz ( K. Gbai), rcjm`tir jc Am

Jbsùsbðn?<

Cn un puclai jc `mgpi, quc sc gc mscfurm cs Pmn Oumn y Gmrtçncz,rcsbjçm un gmtrbginbi ma quc tiji ùmnti ncfi`bi cgprcnjçm, i sbcglrmquc mìgctçm, ac smaçm gma jcspuâs jc iùrrbji ca nm`bgbcnti jc un nbýi,dboi jc mglis, m qubcn am Nmturmaczm jitð jc tma lcaais y dcrgisis iois,quc ni dmlçm pcrsinm cn ca puclai y eucrm jc âa quc, ma dmlamr jc mafi lcaai,ni gcn`binmrm ais iois jc mqucaam `rbmturbtm.

Ca pmjrc jca nbýi cstmlm jcscspcrmji pir su gmam eirtunm, y qubsi amjcsfrm`bm quc cnìntrmrm cn su `mgbni m un gircni lruoi, ca quc ac

prigct bð ùrmrac ca jmýi quc tcnçm y macomr jc mquca difmr am gmaâeb`mbneaucn`bm.

Jcspuâs jc jbecrcntcs cntrcvbstms, cn quc ca ncfri m`mlð ìn ai piì

quc m mquca diglrc ac qucjmlm, ac sufbrbð am smtínb`m bjcm jc quc am ùapmjc su rubnm crmn ais lcaais iois jca nbýbti. Jçm trms jçm ac rcpbtbð mqucabneunjbi, aacfmnji m ìnvcn`crac jc quc msç crm, cn cec`ti , y quc ai ÿnbìquc pijçm dm`cr pmrm ìnourmr ca gma crm mrrmn`írscais ìn am puntm jcaù`dbaai.

Mquca diglrc, bfniri sb ìn ca mscntbgbcnti jc am gmjrc, aacfð ma ebn cnsu ilscsbðn m `rccr cn ams pmamlrms jca lru oi, y ìn su pripbi ù`baai mrrmn`ðais iois m su dbobti, sbn quc ais frbtis jc jiair jca pilrc`bti cntcrnc`bcrmn

=3=



su ìrmzðn, y sbn quc ca mspc`ti jc mqucaais ducìs cnsmnf rcntm jis aacnmrmsu magm jc pmvir y mrrcpcntbgbcnti.

Csc nbýi vbvc, cs diy un diglrc ÿtba m am si`bcjmj y ma quc am Nm turmaczm,ìgi sb qubsbcrm bnjcgnbzmrac jc tmn trcgcnji c bnqubsbtirbma supab`bi, acjitð jc cxqubsbtm bntcabfcn`bm y cx`cacntc tm`ti.

@ucntm diy unis trcbntm mýis jc cjmj, sc gc dm jb`di quc su niglrccs Mntinbi Acðn; rcsbjc cn Pmn Oumn y Gmrtçncz, jinjc sc jcjb`m m am vcntmjc `mrnc jc `crji. Ca, sbn myujm jc pcrsinm mafunm, ìgprm ca `crji, ai

lcnceb`bm y cxpcnjc ma pÿlabì, pir ablrms, sbn quc cxpcrbgcntc omgís cagcnir quclrmnti, pucs smlc `maùamr pcrec`tmgcntc ca pcsi jca mnbgma qucìgprm.

=28<

Pcptbcglrc

ZM@I ZM@I

Cn cstc puclai duli un vcrjmjcri cs`ínjmai, pucs sc dbzi ìrrcr amcspc`bc jc quc am scýirbtm jc mqucaam ai`mabjmj G. @. cstmlm dc`dbzmjm, yquc m ebn jc viavcrac am smauj blm m scr ipcrmjm pir ais lruois. M am oivcnsc ac cxtrmocrin rmnms, maebacrcs y un fmti prbcti... sbn rmli y sbn ircoms, quc

euc qucgmji maaç, cn prcscn`bm jc tijis. Cntin`cs sc jboi, y dmstm sc pulab`ð cn Am Jbsùsbðn, quc ca fmti prbcti crm nbcti y m am vcz dboi jca scýirE. @., pmjrc jc am dc`dbzmjm.

Pcfÿn rcecrcn`bms, pmrm jcscglruomr m am bnecabz guocr, âstm euc jcsnu-jmjm ìgpactmgcntc y tcnjbjm cn ca sucai ounti m unm difucrm mntc un`cntcnmr jc pcrsinms. Zrms unis ìnouris ca lruoi privi`ð ca mlirti meucrzm jc fiapcs y pbsitincs.

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M l r b a

D M L M N M

Cn am `maac jca Pia nÿg. 45, eucrin jctcnbjis pir am Xiab`çm 03 bnjbvbjuisjc mglis scxis, quc cstmlmn `caclrmnji m`tis jc lruocrçm...

Cn unm `msm jc am `maac jca Ífubam, pir ais marcjcjircs jc Mpijm`m y@irrmacs, jç`csc quc vbvc unm pmrjm guy frucsm, aamgmjm Om`bntm, quc sccglrbmfm ìn ercùcn`bm, y quc cs lruom jc priecsbðn.

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M sus bglâ`bacs àbcntcs (cntrc ais ùmacs -scfÿn sc nis jb`c- ebfurmnjis cnìpctmjms scýirms) acs pripbnm am lruom sulstmn`bms jcsìni`bjms,ùyis cec`tis sin i pujbcrmn scr tðxbìs.

Am dc`db`crm sc cntrctbcnc cn mlilmr gmrbjis, y cs tmn abstm quc ìlrmsus dinirmrbis pir mjcamntmji.

Ams mutirbjmjcs jclcn ebomrsc cn cstc sucati c bgpcjbr quc sbfm csm lruomìgctbcnji cstmems y pinbcnji vbjis cn pcabfri.

Gmyi

D M L M N M

Cn am `msm nÿgcri 52 jc am `maac jc Pmn Oimquçn euc jctcnbji mycr tmrjcca gircni Inierc @. @., nmturma jc Xbnmr jca \çi, y jc ieb`bi ì`bncri, pir

jcjb`mrsc m ùrmr pir gcjbi jc dbcrlms y lrclmocs, y iùpírscac cn sujigb`babi bnebnbjmj jc iloctis jc ais quc dm`cn usi ais lruois.

Ca Inierc gmnbecstð quc crm `bcrti quc sc jcjb`mlm m ùrmr, sbfubcnjiam ìstuglrc jc sus mntc`csircs, quc crmn Auùgç, Fmnfí y Mrmrí.

Ounbi

\ C G C J B I P 0

Ca <= jc ounbi jca mýi m`tuma sc rc`blbð cn cstm `mlc`crm am nitb`bm jc dmlcrsbji vbiamjm, cn ca `cgcntcrbi jc Lucnmvbstm, lmrrbi rurma jc cstc Gunb`bpbi,am scpuaturm jc am scýirm M. X., emaac`bjm jis jçms mntcs, y priemnmji su mjívcr.

Csm priemnm`bðn, quc ìnsbstbð cn scpmrmr am `mlczm jca trinì jca

`mjívcr, bgprcsbinð frmnjcgcntc m ais pm`çebìs dmlbtmntcs jc cstc tcrrb-tirbi, y jcsjc ca prbgcr gigcnti sc supusi quc eucsc ilrm jc lruois, jcais gu`dis quc jcsfrm`bmjmgcntc cxbstcn cn nucstri pmçs.

M pcsmr jc dmlcrsc prm`tb`mji m rmçz jca su`csi m`tbvms fcstbincs pmrmmvcrbfumr ais mutircs jca cspmntisi dc`di, nmjm sc aifrð ìnscfubr dmstmmafunis gcscs jcspuâs quc, gcr`cj m ìnebjcn`bms pir gç iltcnbjms, scsupusi quc ca jçm <0 jc Pcptbcglrc, cn unm ìainbm jca susijb`di bnfcnbi"Mjcam", dmlçmn jc rcunbrsc pmrm `caclrmr scsbðn mafunis bnjbvbjuis tbajm-jis jc lruois, cn am `msm jc un pmrji niglrmji G. @., suocti ìn`cptumjiìgi prcsbjcntc jc unm si`bcjmj jc ncfris lruois.

Cspcrâ gcjbm dirm gís, y ùmnji scntç ca tiquc jca tmglir mnun`bmnjiquc am `crcginbm dmlçm cgpczmji, msmatâ am `msm ìn ais jis fumrjbms y,rcvðavcr cn gmni, sirprcnjç m ais ncfris quc, munquc trmtmrin jc dubr,euc rin bngcjbmtmgcntc mrrcstmjis, prcscn tínjisc m gb vbstm un umjri pirjcgís rcpufnmntc.

Cn ca aufmr prcecrcn tc jc un matmr mauglrmji ìn vcams sc vcçm un `rínci,y m su marcjcjir, gmnjçluams jc itris, cspucams jc mvcs, tmrris jc mnbgmacs,rismrbis jc jbcntcs dugmnis y un frmn guýcì jc pmai quc, scfÿn jcàm-

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rm`bðn jc ais jctcnbjis, crm ca Gcsçms quc bnjb`mlm ca niglrc jc am pcrsinmquc dmlçm jc scr priemnmjm pmrm scrvbr jc çjiai m sus cstÿpbjms `rccn`bms.

Am `crcginbm qu c rcmabzmlmn ìnsbstçm? ca quc dm`çm jc prcsbjcntc cstmlmvcstbji ìn un trmoc cxtrmýi y un firri mati jmnji smatis y frbtis smavmocsjca mntc jca matmr, y ca rcsti jc sus ìgpmýcris mrrijbaamjis cn ìri, ìn am`mlczm lmom y ais lrmzis c`dmjis dm`bm mtrís, cn m`tbtuj jc irmr.

Iùpmjis ais iloctis, ìnjuoc ais jctcnbjis, tijis jc am rmzm ncfrm, mcstm `bujmj, pinbânjiais m jbspisb`bðn jca Ouzfmji, quc ais in jcnð m scbsgcscs jc prbsbðn.

Mfisti

F S M N M O M R

Ca ebs`ma jc am Mujbcn`bm jc Xbnmr jca \çi dm eirguamji ams sbfubcntcsìnàusbincs privbsbinmacs cn am `musm nÿg. =86 jca Ouzfmji jc Fumnm omy ?

Xrbgcrm? quc ìgi m ams jbcz y gcjbm jc am ni`dc jca jçm 4 jc Mfisti jcaìrrbcntc mýi, sc rcunbcrin ìgi scscntm bnjbvbjuis jc am rmzm jc ìair,cn ca bnfcnbi "\çis", mrgmjis ìn gm`dctcs pmrmfumyis, ù`dbaais y pmais,gu`dis jcntri jc am `msm y itris ma mbrc ablrc, `caclrmnji unm ebcstm sbn pcrgbsi jc am mutirbjmj, ìni`bjm pir ca acvmntmgbcnti jca pamti y `caclrm-`bðn jca Pmnti, ìn nugcrisis iloctis jc jujism mpab`m`bðn y quc rcùcr-jmn am msi`bm`bðn baç`btm ìni`bjm ìn ca niglrc jc oucfi jc ýíýbfis, pucstcnçmn un tmglir y un fñbri, trcs pmtms jc fmaai, un `mli jc vcam jc `crmncfrm, unm csìlbtm jc pmagms, sbn quc sc pucjm mscfurmr quc eucrm unmrcunbðn jc ýíýbfis, `mntmnji ìn mìgpmýmgbcnti jc tmglircs...

Jb`bcglrcO I U C A A M N I P

Sn gircni, jc mpcaabji Xiaacri, rilð cn ca sbtbi jc Ouabín Xbtbncnm unmtcrncrm, y ùmnji blm `cr`m jca `du`di jca trcn jc @írjcnms y Oÿ`mri, unm

pmrc om jc am Fumrjbm \urma ai jbvbsð y ac jbi ca mati. Ni sc jc tuvi caùmtrcri, y am pmrcom jbspmrð. M am bntbgbjm`bðn sc jctuvi y ais fumrjbms aciùpmrin am tcrncrm.

Aacvmrin m Xiaacri ma lidçi cn quc vbvçm, y jcntri cnìntrmrin jis mzucams,vmrbis ìaamrcs, unm `mlczm jc fmti, jis `mamvcrms y itris rcstis dugmnis .

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Ouabi

D M L M N M

Cn unm dmlbtm`bðn jc am `msm Ífubam ==5, eucrin iùpmjis pir casmrfcnti Xcrmatm vmrbis `mrmìacs, un `ru`beboi, trcs ììs y itris iloctisjc lruocrçm.

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Mfisti

M\ZCG B PM

Jb`c Am \cmabjmj , jc jb`dm pilam`bðn, quc sc ìgctbð unm vbiam`bðn cn amùma bntcrvbni am lruocrçm.

R M F S M O M R

(Am sbfubcntc nitb`bm ni sc rcebcrc m un lgoi meriùlmni; pcri cs prc`bism pmrm ilscrQ>mr ca jcpairmlac mtrmsi jc lucnm pmrtc jc nucstri puclai, rcspc`tim supcrstb`bincs y dc`db`crçms. Ca Diglrc Jbis dm aacfmji m bnstmamrsc cn

Am Dmlmnm ìn absinocri âxbti. Cxùsi trmtmr jc cstc ùrbisi tbpi, pirquc smac eucrm jca gmrì âtnbì jca prcscntc trmlmoi.)

Mycr pir am gmýmnm sc mpmrc`bð cn ca punti ìni`bji pir "Gmnfis jcPmnsmsb`ÿ", un diglrc cxpab`mnji am ji`trbnm cspbrbtbstm (i) y dm`bcnjiùrms pir gcjbi jc rczis y mfum, mfaigcrínjisc gís jc scbs`bcntisbnjbvbjuis marcjcjir jca lruoi.

@umnji gís cntusbmsgmji cstmlm ca irmjir cn su paítb`m, ai jctuvi ca oc ec jc Xiab`çm, ìnju`bânjiai ma vbvm`.

Ais quc prcscn`bmlmn ca gcctbnf y gu`dis quc sc cntcrmrin jc amjctcn`bðn jca Diglrc Jbis, sc mfaigcrmrin cn am pucrtm jc am `msm pmr tbùamr jca ma`majc, pbjbânjiac quc pusbcrm cn ablcrtmj ma jctcnbji. Cntrcais pctb`binmrbis ebfurmlmn gu`dms guocrcs jc am rmzm jc ìair.

Ma ncfmrsc ca ma`majc m pincr cn ablcrtmj ma jctcnbji, priebrbcrin ais pctb`binmrbis cn unm cnsirjc`cjirm frb tcrçm, quc am Xiab`çm prbgcri y am

Fumrjbm \urma gís tmrjc, dulbcrin jc m`maamr ìn su ipirtunm prcscn`bm.Am guatbtuj, ni ilstmntc, ni dm mlmnjinmji su pripðsbti jc quc ac scmcntrcfmji ca Diglrc Jbis, y sbfuc cn su m`tbtuj privi`mjirm y distba, qucmgcnmzmn ais rurmacs mpam`mr, sb aacfm ca gigcnti, ìn ca pamn jc susgm`dctcs.

Mni`dc, un fcntçi bngcnsi, rcunbji cn gmnbecstm`bðn tuguatuism, scjbrbfbð nucvmgcntc m am prcscn`bm jca ma`majc pmrm bnsbstbr cn su pctb`bðn jcquc pusbcrm cn ablcrtmj ma Diglrc Jbis. @igi ca ma`majc gmntuvi su ncfmtbvm,sc eucrin m vcr ma oucz gunb`bpma, y vbânjisc jcsmbrmjis tmglbân pir âstc,

prctcnjbcrin jbrbfbrsc ma vbvm` ìn ca ebn jc rcs`mtmr ca jc tc nb ji m vbvmeucrzm, smabânjiacs ma cnùcntri cntin`cs vmrbis fumrjbms rurmacs, qucaifrmrin jbsiavcrais, ni sbn dmlcracs pripbnmji mntcs mafunis pamnmzis.

Diy pir am gmýmnm ìntbnÿmn guatbtuj jc ùrbisis rinjmnji pir aismarcjcjircs jca vbvm`.

Ais maliritmjircs pmrc`c quc pcrsbstcn cn su cgpcýi jc ablcrtmr ma Diglrc Jbis.

D M L M N M

Ca vbfbamntc Pr. I. Gintcncfri jctuvi m vmrbis bnjbvbjuis jc mglis scxisquc sc jcjb`mlmn m prí`tb`ms jc lruocrçms cn am `msm jc vc`bnjmj `maac jcUbrtujcs nÿg. :4.

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Pcptbcglrc

M L \ C S P :

Sn trmlmomjir jc am ebn`m "Oblmrÿ" sc prcscntð mycr jc gmýmnm ma smrfcntijc am Fumrjbm \urma Ocrðnbgi @mstbaai, ocec jc cstc jcstm`mgcnti, gmnb-ecstínji ac quc cn am ìainbm `btmjm sc jc`çm quc jca `cgcn tcrbi jc Mlrc us"cstmlmn sm`mnji gucrtis y ìrtínjiacs am `mlczm pmrm ìgpincr lruoc-rçms", y quc dmlbânjiac prcfuntmji ma scpuaturcri sb crm `bcrti csti, acìntcstð? "Mafuni vm m ìfcr am `ír`ca pir mnjmr jb`bcnji csi."

Gís amrjc, ìgi m ams jis, ca scpuaturcri, Mglrisbi Pufmstb, pmrtb`bpðma tcnbcntc ma`majc @acti @iaamji, quc dm`c jçms ilscrvð cn ams scpuaturms

jc ais gircnis Lcnbfi M. y Lcrnmrji X. (m) Fmaabti, scýmacs jc tbcrrmrcgivbjm, pir ai ùma supinçm sc dulbcscn priemnmji sus `mjívcrcs.Cn sus bnvcstbfm`bincs, ca lrbfmjm @maac supi quc cn unm `msm jca

Pcliru`ma, lmrrbi jc cstc puclai, sc `mntmlm guy lmoi jurmntc tijm amni`dc, dmstm smabr ca sia, ais sílmjis, jigbnfis, auncs y gmrtcs, ni sbcnjicstc `mnti jc jbvcrsbincs, sbni pmrm trmlmomr lruocrçm.

Cn am gbsgm `msm dmy un gcnir, ùym prbn`bpma iùpm`bðn crm am jc lus`mr fmaais.

M cstm `msm ni sc pcrgbtçm am aacfmjm jc tiji ca gunji, y jcntri jc caamdmlçm un ùmrti ma ùma ni sc mrrbgmlmn nb mun ais jc am emgbabm.

@in cstis mntc`cjcntcs sc jbrbfbcrin mni`dc ma Pcliru`ma ca lrbfmjm jcXiab`çm, ìn fumrjbms m sus ðrjcncs, ca smrfcnti jc am \urma y ca tcnbcntcma`majc.

Cn ai gís bntrbn`mji jc mquca lmrrbi, cntrc pbcjrms y gmaczms, dmy unm`msm jc tmlam y fumni, jc linbtm mpmrbcn`bm, sbtumjm jcntri jc unm `cr`mquc `bcrrm unm pirtmjbtm.

M caam aacfmrin ams mutirbjmjcs `btmjms, ìn ca ebn jc siab`btmr pcrgbsi pmrm cn trmr , y `msi jc ncfírscac, rijcmram dmstm ca prðxbgi jçm.

Ma ti`mr am cntrcountm pucrtm, munquc ais pcrris dmlçmn pucsti cnfumrjbm m ais dmlbtmntcs, y âstis, mzirmjis, trmtmrin jc csìnjcr tijis susutcnsbabis, puji vcr ca smrfcnti y lrbfmjm m uni quc pmrc`çm scr ca ocec, ìnun firri rioi cn eirgm jc kcpbs, mjirnmji ìn paugms pir jcamntc ytrcnzms jc pcai ìrti pir ais ìstmjis, sbn zmpmtis, cn `mgbsctm, ìn unfrmn ìaamr jc ùcntms, rcgmtmji pir jcamntc cn unm liasm jc ùcrifumrnc`bjm jc ìagbaais y pir jctrís ìn un `ru`beboi jc lrin`c.

Ca Pr. @maac, trmnqubabzínjiais, acs jboi quc vcnçmn cn pcrscù`bðn jcunm pucr`m quc m`mlmlm jc dubrsc, pbjbânjiacs acs pcrgbtbcscn rcfbstrmrams dmlbtm`bincs, m ai ùma m``cjbcrin, munquc ni jc guy lucnm fmnm, ma pmrc`cr.

Cn ca rcfbstri sc cnìntrmrin vmrbms pbcacs jc `dbvi, unm `msb rc`bcntcgmn`dmjm jc smnfrc, trcs `mzucams ìn dbcrlms y lrclmocs jc iair sub

fcncrbs, ìgi jc smnfrc y mfumrjbcntc, un `moðn ìn ùmtri pbcjrms frbscs,mpbzmrrmji ma pmrc`cr, eðsbacs unm, jc unm gcjbm fñbrm, y itrm, jc unm lmamjc `mýðn pcquc ým; un ectb`dc jc gmjcrm vcstbji jc ncfri y aacni jcsmnfrc ,

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un puýma, un ù`dbaai, un firri mzua, jis `mgpmnbaams, vmrbis ìaamrcs y`mjcnms, unm cstmgpm ìn ca tçtuai? Aízmri, sma jca scpua`ri y unm irm`bðn,jis lrmzis y gmnis jc gmjcrm, trcs csìlms jc pmagm eirrmjms jc rioi y ungmùti cn eirgm jc ectb`dc, silrcsmabcnji cn su pmrtc supcrbir jis`mlczms jc ebfurms dugmnms, ca lirjc supcrbir rijcmji jc unm `mjcnm qucsuoctm bnebnbjmj jc aamvcs, tijm am supcreb`bc eirrmjm jc ncfri y mjirnmjmìn ùcntms, `cntmvis y gcjbis mgcrb`mnis. Xir am pmrtc bnecrbir gmnmlmsmnfrc. @in tiji cstc `ÿguai jc msqucrisbjmjcs sc pusi cn gmr`dm amìgbtbvm piab`çm`m, aacvmnji ìnsbfi m ais jctcnbjis.

Âstis sin?

Acinmrji P., jucýi jc am `msm; Oisâ B. (m) Xcaitm (âstc crm ca quc

trmlmomlm ùmnji eucrin sirpcnjbjis), Gmnuca \. y Ousti Z.Mjcgís eucrin `btmjms pmrm quc ìgpmrc`bcscn ma jçm sbfubcntc vmrbmsguocrcs msbstcntcs m am `crcginbm, m smlcr? Pmturnbnm M., Gmrçm jc OcsÿsG., Pusmnm _. (tijms rc`bân pmrbjms), y Mnmstmsbm G., Bnâs _.; gcnircs,ßrsuam G. y Crncsti Z.; tijis caais jc am rmzm jc ìair.

Ca firri quc aacvmlm Xcaitm ùmnji euc sirprcnjbji tbcnc cn su ercntcun actrcri quc jb`c? "Pmntm Lírlmrm lcnjbtm"; pir csi sc supinc pcrtcncz-`mn mqucaais bjðamtrms m am jcvi`bðn jc Pmntm Lírlmrm.

@instbtubji ca Ouzfmji cn ca `cgcntcrbi y mlbcrtms ams eisms quc scsupinçmn priemnmjms, sc dmaað quc dmlçmn jcsmpmrc`bji sus `mjívcrcs, prilmlacgcntc dm`c mafÿn tbcgpi.

Cn unm jc caams, am jc Lcnbfni M., sc dmaað am `mom jcstmpmjm, mafunis

rcstis jc pcai, unm àmvçùam y pmrtc jca ducsi baçmì. Mjcgís, jcntri jcam tbcrrm, un pamti jc amtm, trcs vcams sbn cn`cnjcr, y itrm vcam, tmglbân sbncn`cnjcr, cn am `mom.

Am jc Lcrnmrji X. cstmlm tmglbân vm`çm; pcri ni dmlçm cn caam pamti nbvcams. Cstc bnjbvbjui gurbð dm`c piìs gcscs jc un `ín`cr cn am acnfum.

Uucatis m am `msm jca Ouzfmji, sc pri`cjbð m rcfbstrmr ca gmùti gbstc-rbisi, cnìntrínjisc jcntri jc âa tbmrm jc `cgcntcrbi, rmç`cs jc mrlustis,`mjcnms, ùcrnis jc vcnmji y jc rcscs ìn unm sulstmn`bm cn su bntcrbir

pmrc`bjm m smnfrc pijrbjm, pcjmzis jc `ríncis dugmnis, ìstbaams, eâgurcs,ct`âtcrm, pcrtcnc`bcntcs m gís jc trcs `mjívcrcs, scfÿn mebrgm`bðn jcagâjbì gunb`bpma.

Cstis rcstis ni pcrtcnc`cn, pir ai gcnis cn su titmabjmj, m ais sustrmçjisjca `cgcntcrbi, y ìrrcspinjbcnji m gís jc trcs csqucactis, cs bnjujmlacquc sin gu`dms ams scpuaturms quc dmn sbji vbiamjms; m gcnis quc scmn pri`cjcntcs jc un `rbgcn.

Cntrc ais prcscntcs ìrrçm ìn bnsbstcn`bm am viz jc quc dmlçmn sbjivbiamjms itrms scpuaturms, unm jc unm pmrjm ìni`bjm pir am Uucaamlmocrmy itrm niglrmjm Cujisbm. Mun cn cstis gigcntis sc mebrgmn cstisrugircs y cs jc cspcrmr quc cn vbstm jc caais sc pri`cjm m nucvm bnvcstb-fm`bðn.

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Xiì jcspuâs jc cstis su`csis, ìgi m ams trcs jc am tmrjc, ca fumrjbmgunb`bpma Oisâ Maaunmfm cnìnt rð cn ca lmrrbi ìni`bji pir am "Gmsfñbrm"un lmbac cn dinir jc Pmntm Lírlmrm.

Cn ca `cntri jc unm `msm jc gmam mpmrbcn`bm lmbamlm unm guocr, vcstbjmjc diglrc, unm jmnzm jbmlðab`m, tcnbcnji cnercntc vmrbms bgífcncs jcPmntm Lírlmrm y itris smntis `rbstbmnis; y mrriomnji m tijms pmr tcs puýmjisjc gmçz tistmji pmrm cspmntmr, scfÿn caam, ca gmaceb`bi.

Mquca lmbac crm unm rifmtbvm pmrm quc smabcscn cn ablcrtmj ais jctcnbjis.Euc suspcnjbjm am ebcstm, y inju`bjis m am jbspisb`bðn jca oucz gunb`bpma,

Cjumrji L., Niamsì U., Xctrinm ]., Ínfcam X., Oiscem @. y Ouabm \. Cstmsÿatbgms ni sc dmaamlmn prcscntcs, pcri eucrin mùsmjms jc tigmr pmrtc cn

am rifmtbvm pir unm jc ams itrms.Cn lus`m jca mgi jc ais iloctis iùpmjis y prcsunti mutir jc amvbiam`bðn jc `mjívcrcs, sc trmsamjmrin ma aufmr ìni`bji pir "Jis Li`ms",jinjc cs emgm sc cocr`c am lruocrçm, ca smrfcnti jc am \urma y tcnbcntcma`majc, mìgpmýmjis jc unm pmrcom y jca pmbsmni Xcjri Gmn`cli.

M ai quc pmrc`c ca bnjbvbjui scýmamji pir ais jctcnbjis ìgi mgi ymutir jca jcabti, cs supucsti, pucs ni sc dmaamrin jc âa nb ams ducaams; sbncglmrfi, sc cnìntrð unm cspc`bc jc bfacsbm i cnecrgcrçm ìn vmrbms `mgmsy cnecrg is cn ùrm, unm urnm ìn `mgpmnmrbi c bgífcncs, cn prbgcr aufmram jc Pmntm Lírlmrm, unm `mobtm ìn vmrbis mguactis y `bnì tmglircs jcbngcnsi tmgmýi.

Euc jctcnbji y ìnju`bji ca gircni Emustbni P., ca gâjbì, qubcn ym

itrm vcz suerbð unm ìnjcnm pir lruocrçm.Uiauntmrbmgcntc ai mìgpmýð un pmrji àbcntc suyi, qubcn ai ìni`c pir dmlârscai rcìgcnjmji ìgi lucn gâjbì unm pmrjm aamgmjm BsmlcaA. Msç Emustbni ìgi su àbcntc ìnebcsmn quc ca prbgcri vbvc jc amùrmnjcrçm.

Ais jmtis rcìfbjis maaç jcgucstrmn quc cn "Jis Li`ms" sc dmlçmncsìnjbji jc ams mutirbjmjcs ais rcstis jc `mjívcrcs quc sbcgprc sc usmn pmrm trmlmomr am lruocrçm.

Ca oucz gunb`bpma Pr. ]ubntçn Zmgmyi iltuvi ìnebjcn`bms jc quccxbstçmn cn am `msm jca jctcnbji A. P. gís pruclms jc quc duli priemnm`bðnjc `mjívcrcs.

Cn jb`dm `msm, prm`tb`mnji gbnu`bisi rcìni`bgbcnti, eucrin cnìn-

trmjis cn ca einji jca pmtbi `mzucams cntcrrmjms, aacnms jc açqubji quc pmrc `c smnfrc, vmrbis ectb`dcs jc gmjcrm cnsmnfrcntmjis, ismgcntms du-gmnms y cntrc âstms un `rínci pcreirmji jc un lmamzi.

Am ipbnbðn pÿlab`m scýmam ma jctcnbji Xcaitm ìgi mutir jc am priemnm-`bðn y ocec jc am ùmjrbaam jc lruois.

Ca cacgcnti scnsmti jc am rmzm jc ìair pbjc, mamrgmji, quc sc cxpuascjca puclai m ais lruois y sus sc`tmrbis. Ilsârvmsc mfbtm`bðn quc rcvcam qucmÿn qucjmn gu`dis jcabnùcntcs. Cspârmnsc jcsùlrbgbcntis gís cs`mn-jmaisis.

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Cstí prilmji quc cxbstc cn cstc târgbni unm vmstm irfmnbzm`bðn jc am lruocrçm, y mun ùmnji dmstm mdirm ni sc ìniz`m qubâncs scmn ais mu tircsjc am priemnm`bðn rcmabzmjm cn ca `cgcntcr bi jc Mlrcus, ni `mlc jujm qucsbfubcnji am pbstm sc aifrmrí jmr ìn caais.

D M L M N M

Ca `mpbtín Jc Lc`dc, jc am Pcxtm Cstm`bðn jc Xiab`çm, tuvi nitb`bms jc quccn am `mazmjm jc Ubvcs, nÿg. ==2, cstmlmn ìnfrcfmjms gu`dms pcrsinms`caclrmnji m`tis jc lruocrçm, y ìgbsbinð m (...) pmrm quc pri`cjbcrmn m amsirprcsm y jctcn`bðn jc ams pcrsinms quc cstuvbcrmn jcjb`mjms m csis m`tissmavmocs.

M ams `bnì jc am tmrjc sirprcnjbcrin cn jis dmlbtm`bincs jc jb`dm `msm

m gís jc 68 pcrsinms jc mglis scxis, quc unis jc rijbaams, itris jc pbc,irmlmn marcjcjir jc jis matmrcs, prieusmgcntc baugbnmjis ìn vcams jc`crm y cspcrgm.

Zcnçmn prcpmrmjm unm ipçpmrm ìgbjm, ìn pamtis ìgpucstis m ammerb`mnm.

Am prcscn`bm jc ais eun`binmrbis jc am Xiab`çm euc tmn bncspcrmjm pmrmais lruois, quc gu`dis jc caais ìgcnzmrin m tcglamr piscsbinmjis, scfÿnjbocrin, jca Pmnti.

Eucrin jctcnbjis <8 diglrcs y 03 guocrcs; gu`dis jc ais lruois sccs`mpmrin.

Ca `mpbtín Jc Lc`dc sc prcscntð cn am `msm jc am lruocrçm y iùpðbnebnbjmj jc iloctis jc ais jcstbnmjis m ams `crcginbms.

Ca tcnbcntc jc am @umrtm Cstm`bðn jc Xiab`çm, Pr. Mam`ín, ùgpabcnjiirjcn jca `mpbtín bntcrbni, Pr. Eâabx Xcrcbrm, sirprcnjbð cn unm dmlbtm`bðnjc am `msm Em`tirçm ==, m am gircnm Xctrinm M., Nbìaís G., jc Xrmji =<0y Xiainbi N., jc am `btmjm dmlbtm`bðn, mjirmnji, ma pbc jc jis matmrcs, m jisvçrfcncs; ca matmr cstmlm rijcmji jc paugms jc fmaabnm, ììs, `mnjcacris, paugcris y cn un rbn`ðn jc am dmlbtm`bðn tmglbân sc cnìnt rð unm pmamn-fmnm ìn smnfrc, ma pmrc`cr jc mvcs; `mrmìacs, unm vcam jc ams aamgmjms jcbfacsbm y vmrbis iloctis gís.

AIP XMAIP

Am Xiab`çm jc mquca puclai dm iùpmji unm `mzucam jc lmrri quc ìntcnçmducsis dugmnis? un `rínci , ams gmnjçluams y itris ermfgcntis jc csquc-

acti.Ca puclai jb`c quc am `mzucam pcr tcnc` c ma lruoi Oumn @mlmnfms, m qubcn

myujm cn sus gbstcrbisis trmlmois jc lruocrçm ca scpuaturcri jc Ais Xmais.Pc gurgurm maaç tçgbjmgcntc, pirquc nmjbc qubcrc quc ai cglruocn , quc

jca `cgcntcrbi sc dmn cxtrmçji ca `mjívcr jc un nbýi y am `mlczm jc unmscýirm.

Jç`csc quc m am smzðn jc dmaamrsc dcrbji ca lruoi @mlmnfms, mafubcncnìntrð cn su lmÿa un pcjmzi jc `mrnc dugmnm, jc ùym mrnc mscfurmlmn

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ais lruois quc, m gcjbjm quc blm sc`ínjisc, smnmnji blm am dcrbjm jcadc`db`cri.

Xuauamn cn Ais Xmais ais lruois y ams lruoms y ais quc `rccn cn susdc`db`crçms. Ais jcgís jca puclai sc mlstbcncn jc jc`br unm pmamlrm silrcca msunti, tcgcrisis jc quc sc acs dbn`dc am li`m i ais pbcs, i acs smafm unginstrui cn am lmrrbfm.

@bcrtis jçms, ais lruois sc rcÿncn cn sbtbis mpmrtmjis y guy cn sc`rcti; pc ri ca pÿlabì smlc ùínji dmy scsbðn, pi rquc mtbslm m ais lru ois y lru omsquc smacn m eirgmr quirug, y m lmbamr y m `mntmr, marcjcjir jc sus `mzucamsìn ducsis dugmnis y ìn dbcrlms dcjbinjms.

Jcspuâs jc ai pulab`mji jçms pmsmjis cn Am Jbsùsbðn, silrc priemnm-

`bðn jc `mjívcrcs y itris dc`dis rcmabzmjis ìn am lruocrçm, quc jb`cntrmlmomlm ca gircni Oumn @mlmnfms y itris gís, ìgcnzmrin ams mutirb-jmjcs ai`macs, muxbabmjms pir am Xiab`çm gunb`bpma y Fumrjbm \urma, m prm`tb`mr ùmntms jbabfcn`bms rcqucrçmn ais dc`dis jcnun`bmjis pmrm sucsàmrc`bgbcnti, ùyi rcsuatmji dm sbji ca sbfubcntc?

Cn am `msm quc dmlbtm ca gircni Oumn @mlmnfms, diy cn ca dispbtma jcFñbncs y m ùyi ùbjmji sc cnìntrmlm su ìnùlbnm I. M., iùpðsc unsmì ìntcnbcnji un erintma jc un gcnir jc ji`c m `mtir`c mýis, un pmrbctma y un gmxbamr bnecrbir jc mjuati, y jbscgbnmjis cn vmrbis aufmrcs jca pmtbi jis `mzucams ìntcnbcnji jbvcrsis iloctis, jis guýcìs jc gmjcrm pbntmjis jc ncfri y vcstbjis jc tcam riom [âstis sin ais aamgmjis obgmfumsW,vmrbis cs`mpuamrbis y guatbtuj jc ùcrnis jc jbvcrsis mnbgmacs. Zmglbân

eucrin iùpmjis cn ca lidçi quc dmlbtm ca pmrji A. U., cn ca jcgiabjibnfcnbi "Dcrùamni", un `rínci jc pcrsinm gmyir, ìai`mji silrc un`çrùai eirgmji ìn `cnbzm y cntrc ùmtri vcams ìai`mjms sbgâtrb`mgcntc.

@igi qubcrm quc cstis rcstis -m un qu c ma pmrc`cr guy vbcois, pucs jb`discm jc pmsi, nucstri `cgcntcrbi ùgpac jc bnmufurmji un mýi ca jçm =8jca prðxbgi i`tulrc-, cstis rcstis -rcpbti- y am cx`btm`bðn pÿlab`m rcquc-rçmn unm m`tbvm c bntcabfcntc bnvcstbfm`bðn m ais ebncs jc ìni`cr am pri`c-jcn`bm jc ais gbsgis, ìnstbtuyârinsc diy ìn csc ilocti cn jb`di`cgcntc rbi ca scýir ma`majc, ca oucz msbstbji jc su sc`rctmrbi, mìgpmýmjis pir piab`çm gunb`bpma y ca `mli ìgmnjmntc jca pucs ti y pmrcoms, pri`c-jbânjisc m am cxdugm`bðn jc ais `mjívcrcs cn quc am ipbnbðn pÿlab`m dm`çmrc`mcr gís sus sispc`dms jc quc dulbcrmn sbji ilocti jc am prctcnjbjm

priemnm`bðn, sbn quc sc dmym cnìntrmji nb ca gcnir vcstbfbi jc quc dmymnsbji giacstmjis dmstm diy ais quc maaç jcs`mnsmn pcr sâùam scùairug.

@râcsc quc ais rcstis dugmnis jc rcecrcn`bm pri`cjmn jc un ismrbi jcmafÿn `cgcntcrbi i qubzís jc bnjbvbjuis gucrtis cn ca `mgpi jc amrcviau`bðn rcjcntirm, jc ais ùmacs ym`cn mafunis tijmvçm iavbjmjis cnnucstrms mlruptms gintmýms.

Dmn sbji jctcnbjms ams gircnms Iecabm P. y Nmtbvbjmj X., ìnùlbnmsmglms jc Oumn @mlmnfms, y ais gircnis Eâabx F. y Oisâ @. D. Pbfÿcscacsam pbstm m vmrbis gís, quc crmn muxbabmrcs jca @mlmnfms cn csti jc am lru ocr çm.

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I`tulrc

D M L M N M

Ca vbfbamntc nÿg. 658, M. Zcbxcbri, ìnjuoi m am Jâ`bgm Cstm`bðn jc Xiab`çmm Amjbsami \. @., m Ub`tirbm D. M. y m Jmnbca D. P.

Jboi cstc ÿatbgi quc ais itris jis ai bnsuatmrin, jb`bânjiac quc crm unsbnvcrfñcnzm, smami y lruocri.

Ais mùsmjircs gmnbecstmrin ma tcnbcntc Gijcsti Ma`maí, ieb`bma jc`mrpctm, quc caais ni bnsuatmrin m Jmnbca D.; pcri quc ilscrvmrin quc âstcmrriomlm ma sucai un pmpca ìn mois, gmçz y itrms lruocrçms ìn ilocti jcjmýmrais.

Ca vbfbamntc nÿg. 32 sirprcnjbð cn am `msm nÿgcri 45 jc am `maac jc amEairbjm, unm rcunbðn jc lruois, ais quc, ma mpcr`blbrsc jc am prcscn`bm jca piab`çm, cgprcnjbcrin am eufm, ni qucjmnji cn am `msm gís quc ca girc niOisâ \. U., quc euc mrrcstmji .

Pc iùpmrin jbecrcntcs mtrblutis y mguactis, cntrc âstis jis pmpcabtisìntcnbcnji `mlcaais rulbis ìn ais rðtuais Gmrìs \. U. ‚Dmlmnm yßrsuam... ‚ @inìrjbm, nÿgcri 2; mjcgís, un rcaio jc liasbaai y mafunms

pmpcactms jc rbem ni mutirbzmjm.

@ Í \ J C N M P

Bfnðrmsc mÿn am `musm jc am jcsmpmrb`bðn jcsjc ca jçm =8, jc ais nbýis@rbspçn y Xcjri, jc trcs y ùmtri mýis, dbois jc Ecabpc \ijrçfucz, vc`bni

jca lmtcy jcgiabji jca bnfcnbi "Pmntm Fcrtrujbs", târgbni gunb`bpma jcGmrtç, y quc dmn mpmrc`bji cstm gmýmnm m un ùmrti jc acfum jc surcsbjcn`bm.

Dmy jujms silrc sb sc trmtm jc un scùcstri i jc mafi rcam`binmji ìn am lruocrçm.

CA FML\BCA

Cn ca gcs jc i`tulrc jc =28: jcoð pmrm sbcgprc cstm eirgm jc vbjm, cncstc `mscrçi, am pmrjm Iamaam Zrbmnm, vç`tbgm jc dirrbpbamntc tbsbs. Cs ca `msiquc, ma scr mtm`mjm am cnecrgm jc un eucrtc jiair puaginmr, sc mìrjðaamgmr ma gâjbì, ìgi crm nmturma; pcri, ¡msðglrcnsc, ac`tircs!, ca ji`tiraamgmji ni euc itri quc Ouabín Mgmri, lruoi quc ym ìni`cgis tijis pirtcncr pmrtc guy prbn`bpma cn ca mscsbnmti jc am gcnir _ibam Jçmz. Ca tmaMgmri aacfð y cxmgbnð m am pm`bcntc; pcri ni sc cnìntrð ìn am bnspbrm`bðnnc`csmrbm, y euc prc`bsi, pir bnjb`m`bðn jc âa, aamgmr m su ìgpmýcri Oirfc@írjcnms, tmglbân pri`csmji pir am gbsgm `musm. Cstc nucvi "fmacni"aacfm, sc pinc jc mùcrji ìn ca mntcrbir, y gmnjm sc trmbfm ma ùmrti unmgcsm, jis vcams cn`cnjbjms, jis `cntmvis jc pmsms, unm tmzm, unm litcaamjc mfumrjbcntc, ct`.; y ym ìn cstis prcpmrmtbvis ìgbcnzmn ais "ji`tircs"su eí`ba cxtrm``bðn jca jmýi quc, scfÿn "jbmfnistb`mrin", tcnçm am cnecrgm;y ac "sm`mrin mrmýms pcaujms" y itrms smlmnjboms. Ais mjirmjircs jc Pmntm

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Lírlmrm, csc jçm mprivc`dmrin am prcscn`bm y rcunbðn jc ais lcbqucs, y niqucjð qubcn jcomrm jc scntbrsc ìn mafÿn lb`di cn su ùcrpi. \csugcn?quc @írjcnms y Mgmri sm`mrin mafunis lucnis pcsis pir sus "ìnsuatmsy ipcrm`bincs".

Ca Fmlrbca cs unm pilam`bðn jc bgpirtmn`bm, ym pir ca nÿgcri jcdmlbtmntcs, ìgi pir su rbquczm; y, sbn cglmrfi, ni dmy un gâjbì y nbsbqubcrm un litbquçn; ¹y am `musm9 Xucjc quc ais quc dmn trmtmji jccstmlac`crsc cn cstc puclai dmymn sbji bneirgmjis jc ai mrrmbfmjm quc sccnìntrmlm am lruocrçm, y tcgcrisis jc pi`ms fmnmn`bms, sc mrrcpbntbcrinjc vcnbr m Fmlrbca.

Cn un `mýmvcrma jca bnfcnbi "Emomrji" euc dmaamjm unm amtm ìn tmpm, yjcntri un smì ìntcnbcnji =6 pbcjrms jc gmr, jis ìaamrcs jc ùcntms jcìaircs; itri gís, ìn un gcjbi mgcrb`mni cn pamtm; itri gís, ìn unmgcjmaam jc am Ubrfcn jca \ismrbi; un ìrjca ìn unm liasbtm ritm y vm`çm;unm gincjm emasm jc jis pcsctms, y unm gcjmaam jc am Ubrfcn jc ais Jiairc s.

Ais vbfbamntcs nÿgcris 52 y = =<4, cn am `msm nÿgcri 6< jc am `maac jcXcýmavcr, jctuvbcrin m vmrbis bnjbvbjuis quc sc jcjb`mlmn m am lruocrçm.

Nivbcglrc

P M F S M

Rm ni sin sðai ais sirtbacfbis jca Diglrc Jbis ais quc bnecstmrin am vbaam

jca Snjisi; m jc`br jc Am Xritcstm jc mqucaam ai`mabjmj, dm sbji sirprcn-jbji pir am Xiab`çm un gircni ìni`bji pir ca Diglrc Jbmlai, quc cnìgpmýçm jc itris jc su rmzm sc jcjb`m ma cocr`b`bi jc am lruocrçm, cgp acmn -ji cn sus ùrms `mlczms jc `dbvi gm`di y jc fmaai gmamyi, jbcntcs jc pcrrismti, cec`tumnji sus ùrms pir gcjbi jc unm vmrbtm gífb`m, quc âa tbtuamPmntm Lírlmrm.

D M L M N M

Pc prcscntð cn am Pc`rctm, Ermn`bs`m F., vc`bnm jc Ubrtujcs, c dbzi unmsbnfuamr jcnun`bm.

Jb`c am F. quc dm`c un mýi sc amgcntmlm ìn un mgbfi, cn am lijcfm jcquc cs jcpcnjbcntc cn am pamzm jca Umpir, jc ais ercùcntcs jiaircs jc

`mlczm quc ac mqucomlmn y jc itris gmacs bntcrnis, ùmnji sc ac prcscntðun gircni, aamgmji Aubs, jb`bânjiac quc sus gmacs ais ùrmrçm ca lruoiGbfuca, vc`bni jc Cspcrmnzm <8, ÿnbì `mpmz jc qubtmrac ca jcscn`mnti,quc csm crm su cnecrgcjmj.

Am F., munquc bn`râjuam, ìnùrrbð ma jigb`babi jca Gbfuca, cn unbðn jcAubs.

Gbfuca, ìn un rismrbi y mntc vmrbms bgífcncs, dbzi am `crcginbm jcarcìni`bgbcnti mntc sus jbiscs, ìlrmnji pir caai =< pcsis, ni sbn mntcsjbmfnistb`mr am cnecrgcjmj, quc jboi scr jmýi.

=5<



Jurmntc un mýi Gbfuca sugbnbstrð sus pð`bgms m am F., ìlrínjiacgcnsumagcntc =< pcsis pamtm.Ams gcjb`m`bincs jc Gbfuca cgpcirmrin ca cstmji jc am F., quc sc

jc`bjbð m `mglbmr jc gâjbì, ycnji pir rcìgcnjm`bðn jc un mgbfi majigb`babi jca lruoi Linbem`bi, cn _mnom =8, M.

Ca nucvi fmacni, jcspuâs jc `rbtb`mr ca pamn ùrmtbvi jc Gbfuca, ac jboiquc ams gcjb`bnms jc âstc ac dmlçmn cgpcirmji, pucs caam ni tcnçm jmýi,sbni jcscn`mnti jc am `bnturm, ùym cnecrgcjmj ac ùrmrçm sb tigmlm ais piavis quc ac rc`ctð pmrm bnfcrbr y eri tm rsc ìn caais am `mrm.

Linbem`bi ìlrð scbs pcsis pir `mjm ìnsuatm jc ams quc jbi m am F.Cstm, vbcnji quc ni sc gcoirmlm, sbni quc, ma ìntrmrbi, su cstmji crm

`mjm vcz pcir, y sus gmacs blmn cn mugcnti, pucs pmjc`c mdirm jc

bnsignbi, bnmpctcn`bm, mau`bnm`bincs y jca cstðgmfi, sc jc`bjbð m jcomr jcvcrsc ìn ca lruoi.Mfrcfð am F. quc pir ìrrci dm rc`blbji unm `mrtm mnðnbgm, cn am ùma

am mgcnmzmn sb pcrsbstc cn dmlamr gma jc ais lruois.

Ca smrfcnti Cgbabi Pulba, mìgpmýmji jc ais vbfbamntcs =80 y 645,jctuvbcrin cn am `msm _mnom =02, jigb`babi jc ams gircnms Gmrçm \cfam M.y Oumnm D., pir prigivcr cs`ínjmai, y cstmr lmbamnji ca smnti, m aisgircnis \b`mrji F., Finzmai P., Oumn \. y Oumn D., ais ùmacs eucrinrcgbtbjis ma vbvm` jca Pcfunji Jbstrbti, msç ìgi vmrbis iloctis jcjb`mjism am lruocrçm quc eucrin cnìntrmjis cn jb`dm `msm, pir am Xiab`çm.

Ca pmrji Gmgcrti \., vc`bni jc Zm`ðn <, mùsm ma jc su àmsc \memca C.

jc dmlcrac cstmemji m su gmjrc, cn jbecrcntcs pmrtbjms, 38 pcsis.Pcfÿn sc gmnbebcstm, C., pmrm rcmabzmr am cstmem, sc pusi jc mùcrji ìnunm pmrjm niglrmjm Zuam, am quc ac ierc`çm quc ìn rcgcjbis jc lruoisblm m aacvmr m `mli am rcìn`babm`bðn jc caam ìn su mgmntc, jca ùma dm`çmun gcs quc cstmlm scpmrmjm.

@MLC_MP

Jcsjc ca puclai jc @mlczms sc nis pbjc quc aamgcgis am mtcn`bðn jca scýirPc`rctmrbi jc Filcrnm`bðn dm`bm am ùapmlac bnjbecrcn`bm cn quc sc tbcnc,cn jbvcrsis aufmrcs jc am \cpÿlab`m, am pcrscù`bðn y `mstbfis jc aisaamgmjis lruois, quc puauamn y quc sin `musm ym jc gu`dms gucrtcs.

Ca vc`bnjmrbi jca puclai jc @mlczms m`mlm jc aacnmrsc jc tcrrir pir amgucrtc jca rilusti y qucrbji oivcn Oisâ \bvcri, vç`tbgm jc ams dc`db`crçmsjc uni jc csis lruois.

Gurbð ca oivcn \bvcri cntrc ais gís tcrrblacs jiaircs y mnfustbms, jç`cscquc pir dbcrlms y lrclmocs quc ac sugbnbstrð un lruoi, pir siab`btuj jc jisbnjbvbjuis quc ìn am vç`tbgm tuvbcrin unm ùcstbðn dm`c tbcgpi.

Ca smrfcnti jc am \urma Gbfuca Jubri`m muxbabð ma ìgbsbinmji cspc`bmajc mquca Filbcrni `bvba cn am mvcrbfum`bðn jc am gucrtc vbiacntm jc Oisâ\bvcri, iùrrbjm cn mquca puclai, vbnbânjisc cn ìni`bgbcnti jc quc

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\bvcri emaac`bð m ìnscùcn`bm jc lclbjms quc ac jbcrin mafunis lruois jc@mlczms.

Euc rcfbstrmjm am `msm dmlbtmjm pir ca vc`bni Gijcsti F., iùpínjisctrcs tmzms, jis ducvis jc fmaabnms, un `mrmpm`di jc obìtcm y vmrbms vmsbomsìn lrclmocs.

O B LM@IM

Ca jçm <4 eucrin sirprcnjbjis pir un `mli jc am Fumrjbm \urma cn am ebn`m"@mgpis jca \cy", Oblmìm, vmrbis gircnis quc sc jcjb`mlmn m am lruocr çm.

Pc acs iùpmrin vmrbis iloctis jcjb`mjis m cstis m`tis, jbncri, mrgms y`mrtms bgpirtmntcs, quc pucjcn jmr auz cn itris su`csis rcam`binmjis ìnam lruocrçm, quc cstín tijmvçm cn ca gbstcrbi.

Cntrc ais iloctis iùpmjis ebfurmrin jis guýc`ms quc ams aamgmn Gí@u`m y _mnfí, jc gu`dm bgpirtmn`bm y ec pmrm caais; un @rbsti cn unm `ruz,mgmrrmji ìn `mjcnms; un pmai eirrmji ìn tcam jc gctma y itrms gís.

PMN MNZINB I JC \Ç I LAMN@I

Ca `mli oce c jca pucsti jc Pmn Mntinbi jc \çi Lamnì jctuvi cn Obqubmli,m Au`ms U. y nucvc bnjbvbjuis gís cn gigcntis jc cnìntrmrsc cn

prí`tb`ms jc lruocr çm, iùpínjiacs ais iloctis jca `msi.

G M J \ S F M

Ca `mli Ermfm y ais fumrjbms rurmacs nÿgcris 50 y 53 sirprcnjbc rin m ni` dccn Pmlmnms, `cr`m jca `cgcntcrbi, jis `msms jc lruocrçm, cn jinjc sc

cec`tumlmn `crcginbms smavmocs jc am ùrm jc un vc`bni jc Xbpbín.Eucrin iùpmjis vmrbis iloctis y qucjmrin jctcnbjis i`di bnjbvbjuis.

Jb`bcglrc

C A F M L \ B C A 0

Cxbstcn ym cn ca sugmrbi eirgmji pir ca mscsbnmti jc am nbým _ibamcacgcntis sueb`bcntcs pmrm bntcntmr am rcìnstru``bðn jca `rbgcn, y viy mdm`crai.

Jigbnfi Liìurt, quc ni cs nbnfunm `mpm`bjmj, sbni, pir ca ìntrmrbi,un diglrc vuafmr, dm aifrmji ìnstbtubr unm cspc`bc jc sc`tm, m quc sc acjm vbsi rcabfbisi, pcri quc, cn rcmabjmj, cs tmn sðai unm si`bcjmj cn qucjigbnmn âa y sus ìgpmýcris. Liìurt tbcnc ìrrcspinsmacs cn `msb tijis

ais puclais jc ams privbn`bms jc Xbnmr jca \çi y Am Dmlmnm, jinjc cxbstcunm frmn `mntbjmj jc pcrsinms jc ìair quc acs `rccn rcmagcntc baugbnmjis pir silrcnmturma pijcr, y quc ìn ec `bcfm dm`cn tiji ùmnti mquâaais acsirjcnmn, ym pmrm prcvcnbr ùmaqubcr jcsfrm`bm jc emgbabm, i pmrm mtrmcr msus mgmntcs i gmrbjis, y dmstm pmrm cocr`btmr vcnfmnzms.

Jcntri jc cs` gbsgi cacgcnti jc ìair cxbstcn gu`dms pcrsinms qucìnjcnmn csms prí`tb`ms y `rccn`bms, pcri quc nmjm pucjcn dm`cr, tijm vczquc sc cxpincn m ìrrcr un vcrjmjcri rbcsfi.

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Liìurt dbzi `rccr quc am aiùrm jc Mjcam privcnçm pir jmýi quc ais lamnìs ac dmlçmn c`dmji jcsjc am csàmvbtuj, y quc csc jmýi sc ùrmlm ìnsmnfrc oivcn jc lamnì.

Oumnm ni cs tmn gmam ìgi pmrc`c, pucs scfÿn sus jcàmrm`bincs, caam pcnsð quc am smnfrc y ìrmzðn quc ac ierc`çm Liìurt am tigmrçm jc mafÿn`mjívcr cn ais `cgcntcrbis; nun`m aacfð m bgmfbnmrsc quc pujbcrm rilmrunm nbým y jmrac gucrtc m csc ilocti. Caam dulbcrm tigmji, ni ym smnfrccxtrmçjm jc un `mjívcr, sbni mafi pcir, sb ai dulbcrm, pucs vcrjmjcrmgcntccstí ilscsbinmjm ìn am bjcm jc tcncr gís dbois.

Liìurt, ca magm jc tijm cstm ginstruisbjmj, dbzi mafi gís cec`tbvi.Zrmtð jc rilmr m am nbým Ubrfbnm Xcrjigi, cn @mnjcamrbm, vmabânjisc jcjis sc`tmrbms? am Lmsurm y am Lcglm.

Cx`btmjis ais mjcptis jc Ca Fmlrbca, cec`tumrin unm rcunbðn cn `msm jcMjcam y Gmnuca, mabms Ais @infis, m am quc msbstbcrin ais pri`csmjis OuabínMgmri, Oirfc @írjcnms, Jígmsi Mgmri, Xmlai Zmlmrcs, Xbamr Dcrnínjcz,Amurcmni Jçmz Gmrtçncz, Bsmlca Acma. Maaç sc m`cptmrin ams ji`trbnms jcLiìurt, y dmstm sc ecstcoð, aacfmnji m `mntmrsc ìn am `mjcn`bm rçtgb`mjca merb`mni, "quc sc nc`csbtmlm am smnfrc jc fcntc lamn`m pm' ùrmrMjcam".

Zi`ð cn sucrtc lus`mr m am nbým m \upcrti Xin`c y m Uç`tir Giabnm, ycaais m`cptmrin. Giabnm blm m jcsgi`dmr pmagms m am ebn`m "_ÿýbfm",ìabnjmntc jc am "\cscrvm", jinjc rcsbjcn, ìn sus emgbabmrcs, trcs jc aisdcrgmnis Jçmz. Zijis caais tbcncn dbois gcnircs, ìsm quc smlçm Uç`tir,y, ìgi cs nmturma, jbrbfbð maaç sus pmsis.

Blm ma mzmr; nc`csbtmlmn un nbýi y maaç pijçmn cnìntrmrai; jc giji

quc ai gbsgi quc _ibam, puji dmlcr pcrc`bji itri jc sus dcrgmnis i prbgis.

Iltcnbjm am nbým, euc cn ìgpmýçm jc \upcrti Xin`c m `msm jc âstc,jinjc am jbcrin gucrtc, cxtrmyânjiac am smnfrc y ca ìrmzðn.

Jcspuâs, jc mùcrji ìn Ouabín Mgmri, cglmasmgmrin ca ùcrpc`bti,smaínjiai y mdugínjiai, prilmlacgcntc. Ca `mjívcr pcrgmnc`bð iùatidmstm quc, bnb`bmjis ais rcfbstris, sc tcgbð eucrm cnìntrmji, y ai mrri omrincn tcrrcnis jc "_ÿýbfm".

Am smnfrc y ca ìrmzðn, euc mjgbnbstrmji. Mjcam mÿn ìntbnÿm ai`m, y,rcspc` ti m Oumnm, ni dm dmlbji tbcgpi jc ìni`cr ais cec`tis jca subfcncrbsrcgcjbi.

Ca Zrblunma Puprcgi jc am \cpÿlab`m, cn rcùrsi jc `msm`bðn, dm

scntcn`bmji jcebnbtbvmgcntc cstc pri`csi, ìnjcnmnji m am pcnm jcgucrtc m Liìurt y m Giabnm, m am jc `mjcnm y rcàusbðn pcrpctum m X. y J.Zmlmrcs rcspc`tbvmgcntc, m am jc `mjcnm tcgpirma m \. Xin`c, y m am jc prcsbjbi gmyir m O. Mgmri y O. @írjcnms, mlsiavbcnji m ais jcgís.

PMN @\B PZÐLMA

Ca `mpbtín Bfnm`bi Jcafmji, ùgpabcnji bnstru``bincs jca oucz Pr. Amnjm,sc trmsamjð m Pmn @rbstðlma ìn ca ebn jc mvcrbfumr am ìnju`tm y mntc`c-

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jcntcs jca pri`csmji Jigbnfi Liìurt; jc ams bnvcstbfm`bincs quc jb`diieb`bma dm prm`tb`mji cn Pmn @rbstðlma y cn ca puclai jc @mnjcamrbm rcsu atmìgprilmji quc cn mfisti jca mýi m`tuma sc erustrð un scùcstri qucbntcntmr in Jigbnfi Liìurt, Ocrðnbgi P. (m) Oirilmji, Ermn`bs`m X. (m)

Lmsurm, y Gijcstm @d., rcìni`bjis tijis ìgi lruois cn am zinm jc@mnjcamr bm. \c suat mn tmn frmvcs `mrfis intrm P., am E. X. y Gijcstm @d.,quc ca `mpbtín Jcafmji pri`cjbð m su jctcn`bðn, cntrcfínjiais maOuzfmji. Cstc dc`di ìrrilirm am bntcrvcn`bðn, quc ìgi jbrc`tir tbcncLiìurt cn ca `rbgcn jc am nbým _ibam, tijm vcz quc jcsjc dm`c tbcgpi

lus `mlm am vç` tbgm quc dmlçm jc sm`rbeb`mr pm rm sus ùrm `bincs pir gc jbijc am lruocrçm.

F Ñ B \ M J C G C A C N M

Cn cstis jçms dcgis pijbji jmrnis ùcntm jca nÿgcri jc `rcycntcs jc am lruoc rç m quc cxbstcn cn mqucaams zinms rb`ms y mpmr cn tc gc ntc ùatms; pi r-quc cn `mgbnis, `maacs y `cr`ms sc vcn gu`dis iloctis pc rtcnc`b cntcs m ais

lruois , t brmjis pi r ca gbcji quc cn caais jcspcrtð am jctcn`bðn jc Liìur t,@írjcnms y Mgmri.

Cn am `maac jca \ismrbi, cn trc ams jc Pmntm \ism y Cspcrmnzm , jca puclaijc Fñbrm jc Gcacnm, eu c iùpmji pir am Xiab`çm un trmpi rioi, ìntcnbcnjiunm `mobtm aacnm jc pbcjrm bgín, abgmjurms jc m`cri, unm mfuom y unmdcrrmjurm bgmntmjm; un açi jc ìaamrcs jc ùcntms irjbnmrbms, unm `mjcnmquc tbcnc jc trmgi cn trmgi pcjmzis `brùamrcs jc fñbrm sc`m, unmgcjmaam irjbnmrbm y un ùcrni jc `dbvi ìn paugms jc ìaircs y unm

cspc`bc jc píomri mzua.@ I N P I A M @ B Ð N J C A P S \

M`mlm jc aacfmr m âstm, ìnju`bji pir ca m`tbvi tcnbcntc jc am Fumrjbm\urma Pr. Ssmtirrcs, ca gircni Xmlai Zmvçi, quc euc sirprcnjbji ieb`bmnjicn un matmr quc tcnçm cn un lidçi, jctrís jc su `msm, jcjb`mji m am prí`tb`mjc ais lruois.

Cn ca matmr iùpð ca Pr. Ssmtirrcs ais iloctis sbfubcntcs?Snm Pmntm Lírlmrm, unm `mzucam ìn ducsis pijrbjis, `mrmìacs,

gincjms y itris iloctis, jis pmtms jc fmvbaín, jis ùcris jc `dbvi, untmglir, pigis ìn mamglrcs y vmrbms sulstmn`bms.

Jclmoi jca matmr y cn un lmÿa sc cnìntrmrin `mgpmnbaams, tmzms,

cspucams, nmvmoms, ù`dbaais, `ru`bebois, un `mrtu`di jc puntbaams, vcams jcscli y cspcrgm, amtms cn ams quc fumrjmlmn `mlcaais jc scrcs dugmnis,mstms jc mnbgmacs, dbcrlms, ìaamrcs, vmrbms rcabqubms, pbcjrms jc gmr, fñbris,cspcois, `mrrctcacs jc dbai, tbcrrms pijrbjms y itris iloctis gís.

@ M L C _ M P

Ca scýir filcrnmjir `bvba, J. Jigbnfi Acùinm, rc`blbð un mnðnbgi qucjc`çm quc cn ca puclai jc @mlczms cxbstçm am lruocrçm. @in cstc gitbvi, ca

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scýir filcrnmjir irjcnð ma ocec jc am Xiab`çm Cspc`bma, Pr. @ruz Guýiz,quc eucsc ma rcecrbji puclai m bnjmfmr ai `bcrti.

Ca Pr. Guýiz smabð ca jçm =0 pmrm ca puclai jc @mlczms m bnvcstbfmr aisdc`dis, y sc iltuvi ca rcsuatmji jc am iùpm`bðn, cn am `msm jca gircni ZmOuabín y jc am pmrjm Gijcstm F., jc ais iloctis sbfubcntcs?

Snm gcsm ìn un fâncri lamnì, un tmpctc jc fâncri rismji,ùmtri tmzms ìntcnbcnji mfum, ìn trcs pbcjrms `dbnms, jis ducvis,un `mrmpm`di jc obìtcm, vmrbis pmpcacs ìntcnbcnji ùcntms, scgb-aams y cspucams jc fmaais, unm `mom jc amtm ìn gmntc`m jc ìrioi, itrmtmzm ìntcnbcnji un pcsi pamtm, jis `cntmvis mgcrb`mnis y un gcjbimntbfui, un fñbri, trcs iois jc lucycs, unm `mlczm jc piaai sc`m, un

ùcrni jc vcnmji, vmrbis ìaamrcs, unm litcaam ìntcnbcnji mfumìrrigpbjm, un dílbti jc fâncri lamnì mjirnmji ìn fâncri rioi,un `mnjcacri, pcjmzis jc vcams, un pigi ìntcnbji açqubji, unm amtmìn sma, mafijðn, unm amtm ìn `mrmìacs, un pmýucai rismji, trcsfñbrms ìn mfum y pbcjrms, y ùcris jc `mrncri.

Pcfÿn nitb`bms, ca gircni Zm Ouabín dm dc`di vmrbms ùrms ìn dbcrlmsm jbstbntms pcrsinms, y sc mscfurm quc am gucrtc jca oivcn \bvcri dmym sbjii`msbinmjm pir jmýi quc ac c`dmrin, pir unm ùcstbðn quc tuvi ìn vmrbisbnjbvbjuis.

G M Z M N _ M P

Dm sbji ùrmjm cn am Cstm`bðn Pmnbtmrbm am gircnm @bprbmnm G., dmlbânjiscvcrtbji cn`bgm unm litcaam jc pctrðaci, qucgínjisc tiji ca ùcrpi. Euc

`mabeb`mjm jc frmvçsbgm, sbcnji rcgbtbjm ma dispbtma.Jcoð unm `mrtm cs`rbtm, cn jinjc jb`c quc sc sub`bjm pir dmlcr rc`blbji

unm `mrtm mycr jc Am Dmlmnm, sbn ebrgm, cn am ùma jb`c gu`dms ìsms qucni sin vcrjmjcs.

Pc sispc`dm cstâ gczàmjm cn csti am lruocrçm.

G M @ M F S M

Am Fumrjbm \urma jc cstm zinm pcrsbfuc m ais lruois.Ca `mpbtín M. m`tbvm am pcrscù`bðn. Jç`csc quc trmtmlmn jc acvmntmr am

si`bcjmj pmrm cxtcnjcrsc pir ais puclais bngcjbmtis.Ca jigbnfi pir am ni`dc eucrin sirprcnjbjis pir am Fumrjbm \urma, cn

am ebn`m "Pmn Oisâ", cn âstm, prm`tb`mnji m`tis jc lruocrçm, jbcz y sbctc

bnjbvbjuis jc am rmzm jc ìair. Eucrin iùpmjis vmrbis iloctis y un fmaaivbvi ìai`mji cn ma matmr pmrm bngiamrai. Ca ouzfmji jc cstc puclai aisìnjcnð m vcbntb`bnì jçms jc prbsbðn.

D M Z I N S C U I

Ca `mli jc am Fumrjbm \urma jc Dmti Nucvi jctuvi ma gircni Pcfunji\. O., iùpínjiac jis guýc`ms jc gmjcrm, `ru`cs, gmrufms, gm`dctcs,`mrmìacs y itris iloctis jc lruocrçm.

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L M Z M L M N Ð

Am Xiab`çm Cspc`bma jca Filbcrni, ìn nitb`bms jc cxbstbr `msms jc lruocrçmcn Lmtmlmnð, pmsð m jb`di puclai y prm`tb`ð rcfbstri cn am `msm jc amgircnm Jmnbcam U., sirprcnjbânjiam ìn jis gircnis y unm nbým lmbamnjica smnti, y iùpínjiac bnebnbjmj jc iloctis sbglðabìs, ìgi gmzir`ms jcgmçz cnvcncnmjms, pbcjrms cn jbstbntis í`bjis, un pamti ìn pcjmzis jcìì y qucsi c bnebnbjmj jc pmpcacs ìn piavis y ducvis jc fmaabnm.

Zmglbân cn `msm jc am gircnm \uebnm F. sc cnìntrmrin, cntrc itrisiloctis, trcs tmglircs jc ais quc aamgmn yu`m.

M gcjbmjis jca gcs ÿatbgi jbi m auz cn ca Purfbjcri jc Lmtmlmnð, am

lamn`m Pcrmeb nm M., jc jbcz y scbs mýis jc cjmj, unm nbým gcstbzm, ai qu ceuc unm vcrjmjcrm sirprcsm pmrm mquca vc`bnjmrbi, quc `rcyð -ùmnjicstmlm cn cstmji am bnecabz oivcn- quc dmlçm sbji jcsfrm`bmjm pir sunivbi.

Xir bnvcstbfm`bincs quc dbzi am Xiab`çm Cspc`bma jca Filbcrni jc cstm privbn`bm, sc mvcrbfuð quc ca pmjrc jc am nbým crm un girc ni lruoi, qucjcsjc dm`çm tbcgpi am ùrmlm, cocr`bcnji jc gâjbì àmnjcstbni,supinbânjisc quc am dmym sufcstbinmji pmrm ìgctcr tmn rcprilmlac m`ti.

M ais ùmtri jçms, prðxbgmgcntc, jc dmlcr jmji m auz sc trmsamjð m AmDml mnm am oivcn M., pcrgmnc`bcnji mquç unis jçms. Ma rcfrcsmr m Lmtm lmnðeuc bntcrrifmjm pir vmrbms pcrsinms m`cr`m jc am cxbstcn`bm jc su dbobtm,ìntcstmnji mquâaam quc dmlçm emaac`bji cn ca dispbtma nÿgcri =.

@in cstc gitbvi, ca mfcntc cspc`bma jca Filbcrni, scýir _mavçjcb prm`tb`ð mgpabms pcsqubsms cn ca dispbtma gcn`binmji, cn ca Gcr`cjc s y cnam @msm jc Lcnceb`bcn`bm, pujbcnji ìgprilmr quc cn nbnfuni jc jb`discstmlac`bgbcntis dmlçm bnfrcsmji cn cstis jçms `rbmturm mafunm jc ams scýmsbnjb`mjms.

Dmst m mdirm dm sbji bgpisblac dmaamr ca pmrmjcri jc am nbým, quc sc `rcccstí cn am Dmlmnm.

Pc dm mvcrbfumji, mjcgís, quc ca gircni lruoi, mutir jc vbiam`bðn, dmmgcnmzmji jc gucrtc m am gmjrc jc Pcrmebnm M.

Dmy nitb`bms jc quc ùmnji am M. vbni m Am Dmlmnm, ca gircni sc dmaamlmtmglbân mquç.

Pcfÿn tcacfrmgm rc`blbji cn ca Filbcrni jc cstm privbn`bm, ca mfcntc\cfucbrm dm jctcnbji cn Lmtmlmnð y pucsti m jbspisb`bðn jca ouczgunb`bpma ma gircni Ousti Z., prcsunti mutir jc ais dc`dis mntcrbirgcntcrcam`binmjis.

PMN ECABXC

Ca ocec jca pucsti jc Pmn Ecabpc, ìn pcrsinma m sus ðrjcncs y mìgpmýmjijca piab`çm jca Filbcrni, Pr. \cfucbrm, sirprcnjbð cn jb`di pilamji m `bnìbnjbvbjuis cn gigcntis jc `caclrmr prí`tb`ms jc lruocrçm, iùpínjiscacsfrmn nÿgcri jc mtrblutis y iloctis sbglðabìs; ais jctcnbjis dmn sbjicntrcfmjis ma Ouzfmji, m ùym jbspisb`bðn qucjmrin ais iloctis iùpmjis.

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FÑB NCP

Diy, m ams trcs jc am tmrjc, sc `caclrð ca oub`bi ìrrc``binma jca pmrjim`dbnmji Zigís F., ca ùma euc jctcnbji ca jçm jc mycr cn unm ìainbm sbtmcn Xmacnquc, pir cstmr prm`tb`mnji am lruocrçm.

Ca oucz ai ìnjcnð m 08 pcsis jc guatm.Ma `btmji Zigís F. sc ac cnìntrmrin, cn unm dmlbtm`bðn jc su `msm, ais

iloctis sbfubcntcs? un irbnma jc pcatrc, un pamti jc pcatrc, un fñbrigmrçgluam, unm ob`mrm, unm gcjbm jc ìair jc diglrc, unm `m`dbglm, uncs`mpuamrbi, un pmýucai, trcs `mrmìacs, un ìaamr lamnì, jis litincsfrmnjcs, uni `dbì, un `mli jc vcam, unm ob`mrbtm, unm `dbnm pcainm, unmù`dmrm jc ìì, unm `mjcnm jc dbcrri, trcs jbcntcs jc moi, trcs gcjbis cn

pam tm, un `cntmvi cn pcrrm, unm tmzm jc dbcrri frmnjc, un piaai cn tc rr mjicn ca einji jc un lmÿa, un pmpca ìn piavi, unm irm`bðn jc `bnì gbnutis,unis fmrlmnzis, unms scgbaams sbavcstrcs y un cs`mpuamrbi.

Ams mutirbjmjcs ai`macs jclcn cgprcnjcr unm `mgpmým m`tbvm ìntrmais lruois, pucs cn cstc puclai mlunjmn gu`di.

\ I J M P

Am tcr`crm ìgmnjmn`bm jca \cfbgbcnti nÿg. < ìgunb`m jc @bcneucfisquc ca tcnbcntc Dcrblcrti Dcrnínjcz, jcstm`mji cn \ijms, scùnjm maOuzfmji cn am prí`tb`m jc jbabfcn`bms quc sc vcrbeb`mn ìn gitbvi jc dmlcrsbji priemnmji un `mjívcr cn ca `cgcntcrbi jc @rbstmabnm.

PMN @\BPZÐLMA

Ecjcrbì \ioms, vc`bni jc Pmn @rbstðlma, cxpusi mntc ca scýir Oucz jcBnstru``bðn, ìneb rgmnji nitb`bms ìnebjcn`bmacs sugbnbstrmjms pir ca smr-fcnti jc am Fumrjbm \urma, Mntinbi Jigçnfucz, quc maaí pir ca mýi =422,su cspism B., ìgmjrc jc am rcecrbjm Gijcstm @dbac, dmlçm sbji vç`tbgm jcun vcncni quc âstm ac dbzi tigmr cn unm tmzm jc `meâ quc ac lrbnjð cn su`msm, aucfi jc dm`cram pmrmr silrc unm `ruz jc pðavirm rc`bân qucgmjm;vcncni quc prijuoi m am `btmjm cspism unm dcgirrmfbm utcrbnm, jc am qucni smnð gís nun`m, y m ìnscùcn`bm jc am ùma emaac`bð cn ca dispbtma, cnAm Dmlmnm, cn nivbcglrc jca pmsmji mýi.

D M L M N M

Ca jçm =4 ca vbfbamntc nÿg. 2<4 jctuvi m am gircnm Gmrtm M., jc am `maac jcZcncrbec, pir mùsmram ca gircni O. M., scrcni jca jcpmrtmgcnti jc IlrmsXÿlab`ms, jc quc cnìntrínjisc cn ams `maacs jc _uauctm cntrc Mrscnma yGbsbðn, vbi m mquâaam ìai`mr cn ca sucai un luati cn aufmr ilsùri, ysispc`dmnji quc sc trmtmrm jc lruocrçm am dbzi jctcncr. Ca luati crm un pmýucai frmnjc quc ìntcnçm jis fubncms gucrtms, frmnis jc gmçz, pbgbcn-tm y vmrbms lilcrçms.

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Ca jçm <: sc prcscntð cn am I`tmvm Cstm`bðn jc Xiab`çm, am pmrjm GmrçmF., nmturma jc Am Dmlmnm, jc vcbntbùmtri mýis jc cjmj, siatcrm y vc`bnmjc am `maac jc Zrbnbjmj nÿgcri..., y am gcnir Xbamr F., vc`bnm jca gbsgi aufmr.

Am prbgcrm gmnbecstð ma `mpbtín Cgbabi Pmrjbým quc ca gircni CabfbðM., vc`bni jc Pmn Oimquçn nÿg. 33, ca quc cs ùrmnjcri pir gcjbi jc am

lruocr çm , cs ìnùlbni jc Au`rc`bm X., dcrgmnm pir pmr tc jca pmjrc, jc amXbamr, m am ùma ac dm dc`di tigmr sulstmn`bms, sbn jujm, jc lruocrçms, jc tmagmncrm quc ni tbcnc viauntmj pripbm jc sus m`tis, ilabfínjiam m tigmrcsis gcnourocs, pir gcjbi jc mgcnmzms.

]u c Cabfbð M. in sus gcjb`bnms dm dc`di pcrjcr ca oub`bi m un dcrgmnijc Au`rc`bm, niglrmji Acinmrji, ca ùma rcsbjc cn su jigb`babi.

Mfrcfð am Gmrçm F. quc ca lruoi sc cnùcntrm cn am m`tumabjmj cn ca`mgpi, y igi qubcrm quc am mgcnmzm, tmnti m caam igi m Xbamr, jc gmtmrams pi r gc jbi jc am lruocr çm, sb ni vbvcn cn ìnùlbnmti ìn âa, eirguam amìr rcspinjbc ntc jcnun`bm, pmrm ai quc dmym aufmr, ìn am uma sc jbi ùcntmma Ouzfmji jc Bnstru``bðn jca Icstc.

Umrbis vc`bnis jc am `maac jc Xbìtm, cn trc Ocsÿs Gmrçm y Mìstm, sc nisqucomn jc quc jbmrbmgcntc sc vcn m ams pucrtms jc sus `msms mjgbnçùais prip bis jc lruocrçms, ìgi gmçz, paugms y itrms gmtcrbms su`bms, qucìnstmntcgcntc ais tbcncn cn zizilrm.

Aamgmgis am mtcn`bðn jca `mpbtín jc Xiab`çm jc am zinm, pmrm quc pinfmrcgcjbi m csc gma.

@ I A Ð N

Dm `c unis vcbntc jçms quc sc cnùcnt rm cn ca dispbtma jc cstm vbaam am scýi rmA. G., suerbcnji mtmqucs jc aiùrm.

Jc ams nitb`bms quc dc tcnbji rcecrcntcs ma irbfcn jc am cnecrgcjmj gcdmn jb`di quc am `btmjm scýirm sc cnìntrmlm cn cstmji, y quc sbntbânjiscgcjbi gmam, am prigctbð ùrmram un ncfri aamgmji Lmatmsmr \., quc vbvçmcn un sbtbi prðxbgi ma Om`ín, rc`ctínjiac jis litcaams pmrm tigmrù`dmrmjms y unis lmýis jc dbcrlms pijrbjms, jmnji pir rcsuatmji, scfÿn

pm rc`c , quc cstis gcjb`mgcntis i gcnourocs ac `musmrin ca mlir ti y jc mdçais mtmqucs jc aiùrm quc cstí suerbcnji.

Am scýirm G. pmsmrí cn lrcvc ma msbai jc jcgcntcs.Am cxbstcn`bm jc am lruocrçm cn cstc târgbni sc ìgpruclm ìn am

prcnjb`bðn qu c jc jbcz y sbc tc jc caais dm dc`di cn am prcscn tc scgmnm unm pmrc om jc am Fumrjbm \urma.

M F \ M G I N Z C

Ca ocec jc Xiab`çm, Pr. Aubs Xârcz, muxbabmji jc ais vbfbamntcs m sus ðrjcncs,sirprcnjbð cn am girmjm jca ìnfi Mnjrâs P„ gijcrni lcdbquc ìni`bjicnt rc sus ebcacs pir Piì-Piì, mtrblutis ìn quc sc jcjb`mlm m sus prí`tb`ms

lruocr bacs. Jb`dis mtrblutis, ìn su sm`crjitc m am vmnfumrjbm, eu crin pucs tis m jbspisb`bðn jca oucz gunb`bpma.

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Ca lamnì Ermn`bsì E. X., tmlmqucri y vc`bni jc Pmnti Zigís 0=, mùsmma gircni @ínjbji \. \., vcnjcjir y jc Gintc y Xbam, jc quc cstmnjiùrínjisc dm`c ùmtri gcscs pir un pri`cjbgbcnti cxtrmýi, ac cntrcfðvcbntbjðs pcsis quc ac jbi am gircnm Umacntbnm U. y scbs mlrbfis jccstmglrc pmrm nbýis jc su ìnùlbnm Msun`bðn J. R ìgi ni dm cnìn-trmji gcoirçm (¹9) cn sus gmacs ìn ams mfums y ca ìaamr quc ac rc`ctð, aijcnun`bm jc cstmam.

Gmrzi

O B F S M N Ç

Ca Jclmtc, jc Gmnzmnbaai, ec`dm 4 jc gmrzi =283, jb`c?Cn ams bngcjbm`bincs jc Obfumnç sc dm ìgctbji cn cstis jçms un `rbgcnùyis jctmaacs dirrirbzmn. Snis pmjrcs, ìn ca `crclri pcrturlmji pir amm``bðn jc am lruocrçm i jca cspbrbtbsgi lmrmti, dmn jmji gucrtc m unm dbomsuym jc guy piìs mýis pirquc nc`csbtmlmn ìgcr un piì jc `mrncdugmnm pmrm dm`cr jcsmpmrc`cr ca jmýi quc tcnçmn.

G M N M F S M

Cn am `maac jc Pmn \memca, jc cstm vbaam, vbvcn cn ìnùlbnmti ca pmrji ÍnfcaP. A. y am gircnm @amujbm G. X., ais ùmacs dm`c tbcgpi vcnçmn dm`bânjisc`âaclrcs pir ams ìntbnumjms trmfcjbms, lirrm`dcrms, rcunbincs i ruglmsquc jurmlmn dmstm matms dirms jc am ni`dc, cn ams quc ca rugir pÿlabìjcnun`bmlm jc quc sc lmbamlm ca Pmnti, sc jmlmn scsbincs jc lruocrçm y sc

prm`tb`mlmn ùrm`bincs.Ai quc ca pÿlabì smlçm "ai bfnirmlmn ams mutirbjmjcs", sbn quc aamgmrm

am mtcn`bðn ais cs`ínjmais gcn`binmjis, nb am sbtum`bðn jc am `msm jinjc sccec`tumlmn ais dc`dis rcam`binmjis.

Pcfÿn vcrsbincs, pmrc`c scr quc cn ais jçms jca `rbgcn jc am Fñbrm ac euccnvbmjm ma oucz cspc`bma, ab`cn`bmji Amnjm, unm `mrtm, cn am quc sc ac jmlmnjmtis silrc cstis dc`dis, pir sb pijçm cxbstbr rmgbeb`m`bðn ìn ais jcLcou`ma y ]ubvb`ín. pmrm quc pusbcrm ais gcjbis m ebn jc cvbtmr quc scrcmabzmrm un dc`di au`tuisi.

Ma gcjbi jçm jca jigbnfi prcscntðsc nucvm rcycrtm cntrc ais ìnùlb-nis gcn`binmjis, pir ai quc euc rcju`bji m prbsbðn ca Ínfca P., pirmùsmrai am @amujbm G. jc mgcnmzms.

Diy, auncs =0, `caclrðsc ca oub`bi ìrrc``binma, y, cn jb`di m`ti gmnbecstðca mùsmji quc su mùsmjirm cocr`çm m`tis jc lruocrçm, pir gcjbi jc am ùmasc mtcntmlm m am smauj pÿlab`m, mscfurmnji, mjcgís, quc piscçm iloctis ymjgbnçùais jcjb`mjis m csc ebn.

Snm vcz tcrgbnmji ca oub`bi jc ematms, ca scýir oucz sm`ð tcstbginbi jcam jcnun`bm, y, jcspuâs jc rmtbeb`mjm lmoi ourmgcnti, pri`cjbð m prm`tb`mrun rcfbstri gbnu`bisi cn ca jigb`babi jc am mùsmjm, cn ca ùma eucrincnìntrmjis guatbtuj jc iloctis jc ais quc usmn ais lruois, y cntrc aisùmacs dmlçm unm pbcjrm aamgmjm cacùâ, ìn gmn`dms ma pmrc`cr jc smnfrc.

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y cn am ùma jc`çm ca mùsmjir quc dm`çm guy piìs jçms dmlçm ipcrmji,sm`rbeb`mnji jis fmaais, jis pmtis y jis pmaigms, ìn ca ebn jc ùrmr m unisnbýis jc am ai`mabjmj, ùyis niglrcs ni ìnsbfni pir ni pcroujb`mr amgmr`dm jca sugmrbi.

Mjcgís, eucrin cnìntrmjis jis guýcìs, ìni`bji uni pir PmntmLírlmrm, y ca itri pir Obgmfum; unm `mlczm jc Pmn Mntinbi, un ùmjri jcycsi ìn ebfurms ma rcabcvc lmstmntc ils`cni, mafunis pcs`mjis y outçmsì`bnmjms, cn cstmji jc putrcem``bðn; unm `mgpmnbaam, smìs ìn `mrmìacs, pbgbcntm jc Fubncm, paugms jc mvcs, gmçz msmji, gmrufms, fñbris `bgmrri-ncs, vmrbis cnvmscs ìn jbstbntms dbcrlms, gu`dis gur`bâamfis jbsc`mjis,vmrbms pbcjrms jc ams aamgmjms `dbnms pcainms, un fmaðn y litcaams ìn lrclmocs, ma pmrc`cr pmrm ùrm`bincs, c bnebnbjmj jc iloctis gís.

Gmnbecstð Ínfca P. quc eirguamlm am jcnun`bm pirquc sus trmfcjbmsilcjc`çmn m quc âa dm`çm tbcgpi vcnçm ipinbânjisc m quc su ìnùlbnmìntbnumrm prm`tb`mnji am lruocrçm, ìgi msbgbsgi quc m am @amujbm ammuxbabmlmn cn sus `crcginbms am pmrjm @mrbjmj X. y ca gircni Oisâ Jiai rcs@., sbcnji mjcgís, cs tc ÿatbgi, ca quc sc iùpmlm cn jmr vbmocs m Am Dmlm nmy itris aufmrcs, cnvbmji pir @amujbm pmrm msuntis rcam`binmjis ìn am lruocrçm.

Xmrm ùmnji cstc msunti aacfuc ma Ouzfmji jc Bnstru``bðn jc Fumnmlm-ìm, gc pcrgbti aamgmr am mtcn`bðn jca rc`ti oucz Pr. Uâacz, pmrm qucbnvcstbfuc sb ca cxpcjbcntc bnìmji cn ca Ouzfmji Gunb`bpma jc cstm vbaamdm`c jçms, ìn gitbvi jca sm`rbeb`bi jc un `dbvbti pripbcjmj jc un vc`bnijc am `maac jc Bnjcpcnjcn`bm, fumrjm mafunm rcam`bðn ìn cstis m`tis jc lruocrçm, y pir ùym `musm fumrjm prbsbðn un vc`bni jc cstm ai`mabjmj.

@BCNEBOCFIP

Pcfÿn sc rugirm, jb`c Ca Jbmrbi @ulmni, jc @bcneucfis, pmrc`c quc sccxtbcnjc am lruocrçm cn am Xcram jca Pur ìn nitmlac rmpbjcz. Dmy lmrrbisjc am `bujmj jinjc ym ni vbvcn gís quc lruois. Pc jb`c quc Xuclai Frbti csuni jc csis sbtbis. Dm`c piìs jçms euc jcnun`bmjm unm jmgm quc mntc caOuzfmji @irrc``binma iabð m lruom, pir pincr m am pucrtm jc unm vc`bnm jisducvis ìn pbgbcntm mjcntri, ìn ilocti, scfÿn su gmnbecstm`bðn, jcqubtmrac ca gmrbji. Dmy jc csis lruois y lruoms quc dm`cn jc ùrmnjcris,ìn frmvc rbcsfi jca vc`bnjmrbi quc `rcc cn sus rcgcjbis. Mjcgís, scmýmjc, quc cxbstc unm si`bcjmj jc lruois, am quc tbcnc `bcrti nÿgcri jcsi`bis.

Âstis tbcncn jcrc`di, pir un gðjbì bntcrâs gcnsuma, ma lcnceb`bi jcquc sc acs pripir`binc su gmaâeb`m bneaucn`bm silrc `bcrtms y jctcrgbnmjms

pcrsinms quc ni acs scmn frmtms.Itris vcnjcn liasbtms i rcabqubms quc, "aacvínjisc cn ais liasbaais, sc

vbvc sbn trmlmomr".

Am `mgpmým quc sbfuc Ca Jbmrbi @ulmni ìntrm am lruocrçm cn am Xcramjca Pur, ac dm pripir`binmji ùrbisms rcvcam`bincs.

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Ca scýir Ombgc \. Fmr`çm, vc`bni jc jb`dm `bujmj, cs`rblbð unm `mrtm majbrc`tir jca jbmrbi `bcneucfucnsc, jc am ùma ìpbmgis cstc pírrmei?

Pbn br gís acois, dc vbsti am itrm ni`dc m unm gircnm cntrmr cn `msm jcunm emgbabm vc`bnm, ierc`bcnji m unm jc ams scýirbtms jc am `msm un silrcìntcnbcnji trcs uýms jc pcrsinms, unm pcqucým `mntbjmj jc rujm y un piì jc unti jc fmaabnm, tiji ai ùma, cnvbmji m am it rm prctcnjbjm pi r sunivbi -scfÿn am lruom-, sc emtmabzmrçm mquâaam pmrm tijm su vbjm y scjbsfustmrçm ìn ca oivcn.

Xucji jc`brac ais niglrcs jc am gircnm y jc am scýirbtm.

Pcfÿn nitb`bms quc aacfmrin m Ca Jbmrbi @ulmni, jc @bcneucfis, cn unm`msm jc emgbabm rcspctmlac jc jb`dm `bujmj, cn ca majmlðn jc am pucrtm

prbn`bpma qu c jm m am `maac, eu c cnìntrmjm unm liasm jc tcam, ìnt cn bcnjitrcs `mymomlis, unm `mlczm jc fmaai, un ìaamr y itrm liasm `db`m jc ùcri.Jb`cn quc tiji csi euc pucsti pmrm c`dmr lruocrçm m am ì`bncrm, pirquc

âstm `rbtb`ð y dmlað gma jc un gircni jc Mlrcus quc cn jçms pmsmjis eucìnjcnmji m scbs gcscs jc prbsbðn cn ca @irrc``binma, pir dmlcr cxtrmçjivmrbis ducsis jca `cgcntcrbi jc mquca pilamji.

Csti vbcnc cn ìrrilirm`bðn jca mrtçùai dmlamnji jc ais lruois jcXuclai Frbti.

P M N Z B M F I J C @ S L M

Ca @ulmni Ablrc, jc jb`dm `bujmj, pulab`m?Um tigmnji `mjm jçm `mrm`tcrcs gís mamrgmntcs ca rugir quc `brùam cn

cstm `bujmj silrc am mpmrb`bðn jc vmrbis ýíýbfis cn ca scni jc am pilam`bðn.Pcfÿn tcncgis cntcnjbji, cn am ni`dc jca gmrtcs i gbârìacs jc cstmscgmnm (<8 gmrzi =283), y emvirc`bji pir am ilsùrbjmj, bntcntð uni jc csisýíýbfis scùcstrmr m unm nbým, dbom jc un ìni`bji scýir, y dmstm sc mscfurm,sbn quc jc caai [tcnfmgisW dmymgis mjqubrbji, ìgi jca bntcnti rcecrbji, amnitb`bm `bcrtm, quc pir am `maac jc Pmn Mntinbi dm jcsmpmrc`bji un nbýi.

D M L M N M

Ca vbfbamntc nÿg. 03: jctuvi mycr ma gircni Gmxbgbni Fmaín y A., vc`bnijc Pmn Oumn jc Jbis, pir gmnbecstmr ca piab`çm nÿg. 534 quc jb`di gircnidmlçm mrriomji, cn un siamr jca Ucjmji, un lua ti quc ìntcnçm vmrbms pbczmsjc ripm, ùmtri vcams mjirnmjms ìn amzis ncfris y itris iloctis jc ais qucmìstuglrmn m usmrsc cn prí`tb`ms supcrstb`bisms.

Gmxbgbni jcàmrð quc mquca luati ai dmlçm amnzmji ma siamr pir cn`mrfijc Mnmàctm J., ìsturcrm y vc`bnm jc Amfunms.

Bntcrrifmjm Mnmàctm, gmnbecstð quc rcmagcntc dmlçm supab`mji mGmxbgbni quc litmrm ais `btmjis iloctis, y pmrm cxpab`mr am rmrczm jcmafunis jc caais, mfrcfð Mnmàctm quc mntcmycr am dmlçm mgcnmzmji suìnùlbni Emlbín _., pir ai quc cn`cnjbð ams ùmtri vcams cnautmjms ysc jbi un lmýi, `rcycnji quc msç sc prcscrvmlm jc am pmabzm quc acmnun`bmrm su ìnùlbni.

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Pc jbi ùcntm jca `msi ma oucz ìrrc``binma jca jbstrbti.Gmyi

D M L M N M

Xir jcnun`bm jc Lams F., vc`bni jc @rcspi 2, jc quc Pmntis _. y I., jcXbìtm =5, y Mnfâab`m @., sc jcjb`mlmn m cocr`cr am lruocrçm y quc âstmsac rctcnçmn un pmntmaðn, ìn bntcn`bincs jc c`dmrac Pdmnfð, ca tcnbcntcXuoias jctuvi m mglms, iùpmnji cn am dmlbtm`bðn jc am prbgcrm guatb-tuj jc iloctis rcam`binmjis ìn ca ilocti jc am jcnun`bm.

]ucjð cn ablcrtmj am _., pir cstmr am`tmnji un dboi, y euc rcgbtbjm mavbvm` am @.

b

@igi m ams ùmtri jc am tmrjc jca auncs <2, nitmrin ca `mpbtín Gmsðy ca smrfcnti _ulba quc jc unm `msm sbtumjm cn am `maac jc Piacjmj, cntrcPmn Gbfuca y Pmn \memca, smabcrmn qucobjis, pcnctr mrin cn caam, sirp rcn-jbcnji m gís jc `bcn pcrsinms jc mglis scxis, unms ìn `mrctms y itrmssbn caams, qubcncs sc cntrcfmlmn m ams prí`tb`ms jc am lruocrçm; gu`dms jcams ùmacs duycrin, sbcnji jctcnbjms ìn ca muxbabi jc itris vbfbamntcsquc mùjbcrin ma priju`brsc ca nmturma cs`ínjmai, trcbntm y jis guocrcsy ji`c diglrcs, y rcgbtbjms ma scfunji vbvm` pmrm' su ìgpmrcnji cn caOuzfmji @irrc``binma, iùpínjisc? un matmr ìn ca guýcì aamgmjiPdmnfð, ma quc mjirnmlmn pbcjrms lamn`ms y ncfrms, ùcrnis, `mrmìacs,ììs scìs, un fmaai, unm `mamvcrm jc `dbvi, un pamti jc qubgliglð, pm tms jc `m rncri cn cs tmji jc jcsìgpisb`bðn y it ri s il oc tis.

@B CNESCFIP

Ca ìgmnjmntc Umaac ìgunb`m quc cn ca lmrrbi jc @injmji eucrinjctcnbjis trcs bnjbvbjuis, cnìntrmjis rcmabzmnji m`tis jc lruocrçm, iù- pínjiscacs vmrbis mtrblutis y ducsis dugmnis. Ais jc tcnbjis y iloctisiùpmjis eucrin cntrcfmjis ma ouzfmji ìrrcspinjbcntc.

@MBGBZI (FSMNMZMR)

Ca `mli Aamncs, jc @mbgbti, muxbabmji jc ais fumrjbms rurmacs jc âstm,jctuvi m Gmr`bma I., supucsti mutir jca jcabti jc lruocrçm, cnìntrínjiacvmrbis iloctis sbn bgpirtmn`bm. Euc pucsti m jbspisb`bðn jca Ouzfmji jcBnstru``bðn.

Ounbi

D M L M N M

M ams i`di y vcbntbjðs gbnutis jc am gmýmnm jc diy, jçm 4, dm sbji tcmtri jc unsmnfrbcnti jrmgm ca trmnvçm nÿg. ==8 jc am açncm jca Ucjmji m @umtri @mgbnis.

Ma pmsmr ca trmnvçm pir am `maac =<, pbjbð ma gitirbstm quc jctuvbcrm amgmr`dm pmrm sulbr, itrm guocr, tmglbân jc am rmzm jc ìair, lmstmntc oivcn,

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quc vcstçm ca dílbti jc Pmn Aízmri. Ca trmnvçm sc jctuvi y am guocr sulbð mam pamtmeirgm.

Cn csc bnstmntc am guocr quc m`mlmlm jc cntrmr, csfrbgbcnji un puýma,sc mlmamnzð silrc am pmsmocrm m quc ym nis dcgis rcecrbji, jínjiacjbec rcnt cs fiapcs. Am pmsmocrm aifrð bnìrpirm rsc; pcri cxdmamnji un jâlbafcgbji `myð jc cspmajms.

Cn ca trmnvçm, quc euc ìrrbji dm`bm am ùrvm jca @cgcntcrbi, ym`çmmfinbzmntc am pmsmocrm.

Âstm crm, ìgi ym jc`bgis, jc am rmzm jc ìair, y vcstçm am prigcsm jc am@mrbjmj jca @ilrc.

Ca ji`tir Dcvbm rcìni`bð ca `mjívcr. Ma jcspioírscac jc sus ripms pujbgis vcr quc tcnçm ma ùcaai vmrbis ìaamrcs jc ùcntms jc ìaircs y uncs`mpuamrbi.

M ebn jc iltcncr cn ai pisblac jmtis `bcrtis m`cr`m jc ais gðvbacs qucbgpuasmrin m bm gircnm Ouabm Fðgcz jc am Nucz m jmr gucrtc m am jc surmzm Mgpmri Mfubmr, nis cntrcvbstmgis mycr ìn am gmjrc jc am prbgcrm,Lírlmrm jc am Nucz.

Xcrtcnc`c âstm tmglbân m am rmzm ncfrm, ùcntm trcbntm y `bnì mýis jccjmj y ablrm ca sustcnti ìn ca amvmji jc ripms.

-¹@ini `bð ustcj m am gircnm Mgpmri Mfubmr, m qubcn su dbom jbi gucr tcmycr9-Pç, scýir; jcsjc dm`c nucvc mýis.

- ¹ ] uâ gís iùrrbð cntrc su dbom y Mgpmri9-@in gitbvi jc mqucaam m``bðn surfbcrin scrbis jbsfustis, ma cx-

trcgi quc Mgpmri ourð jmrnis gucrtc piì m piì, pir gcjbi jcam lruocrçm.

-¹Dbzi caam mafi quc jcgistrmrm pripðsbtis jc rcmabzmr sus ourmgcn-tis9

-Pç, scýir; ercùcntcgcntc cnìntrílmgis lgoi m am pucrtm jc nucstrm`msm.

-¹M quâ aamgm ustcj lruoi9-Xucs m ai quc ac c`dmn m uni...-¹]uâ cs ai quc ac c`dmn9-Xucs ìì, gmçz tistmji, piavis, paugms y itrms gu`dms ìsms.-¹R ustcj `rcc quc csi pucjc priju`br am gucrtc m unm pcrsinm9-Pc dmn jmji gu`dis `msis...-¹M su dbom ac bgprcsbinmlmn csis dmaamzfis9-¡Rm ai `rci, scýir!

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Ouabm nbcfm cn mlsiauti dmlcr ìn`crtmji jucai mafuni ìn Mgpmri.Pus pripðsbtis, jb`c, eucrin jmrac gucrtc mquca jçm, pucs Mgpmri acmscfurð quc m`mlmrçm piì m piì ìn caam y ìn su gmjrc pir gcjbi jcam lruocrçm.

@umnji Ouabm dmlam jc am lruocrçm sc rctrmtm cn sus iois ca dirrir quctbcnc m csms `rccn`bms emnítb`ms.

(@umnji piìs gcscs dm am `btmjm ncfrm euc aacvmjm mntc ca trblunmaquc dmlçm jc ouzfmram, cn unm jc ams scsbincs jca oub`bi irma `myð ma sucaivç`tbgm jc un mtmquc quc ca gâjbì jcàmrð scr jc `mrí`tcr dbstârbì-

cpbaâptbì.)Jurmntc ca pri`csi sc dm jcgistrmji pacnmgcntc ca dbstcrbsgi jc am`rbgbnma y am prilmlbabjmj jc quc itris em`tircs pmtiaðfbìs dulbcrmnacsbinmji su psbqubs. Ca cstujbi jc cstc tbpi jc jcabnùcntc, pir su scxi, pir su ms pc` ti ps bqub ít rb ì , pi r su eilbm ìntr m am lru oc rçm , scrçmbntcrcsmntçsbgi.5 M ouzfmr pir ams ìn`bsms rcam`bincs quc jca pri`csi dmdc`di am prcnsm, am digb`bjm cs unm jc ams gís ùrbisms ebfurms `rbgbnmacsùlmnms quc dmn iùpmji rc`bcntcgcntc ca lmnqubaai jc ais mùsmjis; nigcrc`bð, sbn cglmrfi, cspc`bma ìnsbjcrm`bðn, y, m pcsmr jc sus mnigmaçms

psçqub`ms prilmjms, dm sbji ìnjcnmjm m gís jc `mtir`c mýis jc rcàusbðn.¡M caai ilabfm nucstrm acfbsam`bðn y nucstrm ourbsprujcn`bm!)

Mfisti

D M L M N M

Cn ams ieb`bnms jc am Xiab`çm Pc`rctm sc prcscntð am gircnm Brcnc ].,mùsmnji m am tmglbân gircnm Mntinbm G. X., vc`bnm jc Em`tirçm cntrc@irrmacs y Mpijm`m, jc dmlcr `musmji jmýi, pir gcjbi jc am lruocrçm, mcaam y m su ìnùlbni Mntinbi P.

Brcnc y Mntinbm tuvbcrin un scrbi jbsfusti rc`bcntcgcntc. Am ÿatbgmmgcnmzð m am prbgcrm ìn gmtmram c`dínjiac lruoi.

Jc cntin`cs m`í, Brcnc dmaam ercùcntcgcntc cn am pucrtm jc sujigb`babi piaais gucrtis, gmçz, ìrioi y itrms ìsms quc cntrc ais lruoissin sçgliais jc gmaceb`bis.

R mntcmycr dm cnecrgmji Brc nc -caam ai jb`c-, mrrio mnji pir am nmrbz unm

sulstmn`bm vcrjism, quc sc supinc scm ìnscùcn`bm jca jmýi qu c Mntinbmac c`dmrm cn mafunm eirgm.Mfrcfm Brcnc quc su mgmntc Mntinbi, `btmji ym, sc dm cnecrgmji

rcpcntbnmgcntc, jcgistrmnji unm pcrturlm`bðn `crclrma.

Am Xiab`çm jc am @umrtm Cstm`bðn sirprcnjbð cn @irrmacs 32 m vmrbmsguocrcs quc sc jcjb`mlmn m am prí`tb`m jc am aamgmjm lruocrçm.

Pc iùpmrin bnebnbjmj jc iloctis, rcstis jc mnbgmacs gucrtis y itrmssu`bcjmjcs, y eucrin jctcnbjms `bnì gircnms.

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F B L M \ M

Zcnbcnji nitb`bms ca ma`majc gunb`bpma, J. Cnrbquc @âspcjcs, jc quc cncstm vbaam sc vcnçmn `caclrmnji scsbincs jc ams ìni`bjms vuafmrgcntc ìnca niglrc jc lruocrçms, msmatð, cn am ni`dc jca jçm 6, mìgpmýmji jc piab`çms gunb`bpmacs Prcs. Ínfca Zcomjm, Bjca einsi Fíavcz, Mr gm nj iXârcz y Mnjrâs \injðn, am girmjm jca vc`bni Cnrbquc Maemri, jinjcsispc`dmlm sc rcunçmn ais lruois.

Ca ma`majc pcnctrð cn am `msm y cn caam cnìntrð ma jucýi, m un vbcoigircni aamgmji Pmntbmfi A., y m ams gircnms Au`bam y Gb`mcam A. U. yMnbn`bm y Mnmstmsbm M.

@umnji ca ma`majc cntrð ìn ais fumrjbms, tijis ais ìnùrrcntcs sc

cnìntrmlmn marcjcjir jca Pmntbmfi A. y cn m`tbtuj jc irmr, tcnbcnji cnca sucai un smì ìn iloctis jc lbainfbbcrçm.Pc iùpmrin? jis vcams cn`cnjbjms, jis pmquctcs jc vcams cgpczmjms,

un pmq uc tc ìntc nbcnji vcbntb`bnì frmnis jc erboiacs, itri ìn vcbntb`bnìfrmnis jc gmçz, unm pcsctm jc ams aamgmjms jc `ruz, diaamjm, unis euagbnmn-tcs, jis rismrbis jc ùcntms vbcoms, un pcjmzi jc pbcjrm mlrbaamntmjm, un

piì jc pðavirm, un ìaamr jc eaircs sc`ms jc `milm, unm csìlm vbc om ìnun pcjmzi jc pmai, un fñbri tmpmji ìntcnbcnji tbcrrm, jis pigbtis ìnaçqubji, ma pmrc`cr mfum, un ùrrb`ín ebni, un guýcqubti jc aizm, un pmpcaìn dioms sc`ms, un `mrrctca jc dbai, jis csùjbaams, unm ìn unms dbcrlmsgmn`dmjms jcntri y am itrm ìn piavis riois, unm ù`dbaam vbcom, un pamtijc amtm vbcoi, unm vcam jc `crm lamn`m, un pigbti ìn scrrçn, unms tbocrmsvbcoms, jis pbcjrc`btms mgmrrmjms, vmrbms rmç`cs, unm tmzm ìn unis piavisriois, un ù`dbaai, jis fmaabnms ncfrms y unm litcaam jc m`cbtc jc ìgcr.

M ams jis jc am t mrjc jca jçm 2 ìgpmrc`bcrin mntc ca oucz gunb`bpma ais lruois `btmjis, sbcnji ìnjcnmjis m am pcnm jc un gcs jc mrrcsti c a jucýijc am `msm y m vcbntb`bnì jçms ais itris.

Cs guy mpamujbjm am m`tbvbjmj jcspacfmjm pir ca ma`majc, ma sirprcnjcrm ais lruois, quc pir bfnirmn`bm sc ìnvbcrtcn cn `rbgbnmacs, pucs `musmngu`dms vc`cs am gucrtc m ais quc sc jcomn cglmu`mr pir mqucaais scrcsgbscrmlacs quc `musmn msì.

Pcptbcglrc

\ M N @ D I U C A I _

Eu c sirp rcnjbji pir unm pmrcom jc fumrjbms rurmacs un lmbac jc lruois. Aisfumrjbms Lrunct y Acðn, unm vcz `cr`m jc am `msm, pujbcrin jbstbnfubrbnebnbjmj jc au`cs, quc rcsuatmrin scr vcams cn`cnjbjms y cntcrrmjms cn amtbcrrm dmstm am gbtmj (cstms au`cs cstmrçmn ìgi m jbcz vmrms jc am `msm), y mun gircni quc sc cntrctcnçm cn rcfmr mfum su`bm jc unm tmzm quc ìntcnçmtmglbân paugms jc mvcs, cn am csqubnm jc am `msm y cn ais dirìncs.Cntrmnji cn am `msm jctuvbcrin ma jucýi, quc rcsuatm aamgmrsc Zigís

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Finzíacz, y iùpmrin ais iloctis quc, scfÿn jb`cn ais lruois, sc jcnigb-nmn cn am eirgm sbfubcntc?

Snm tmzm frmnjc ìntcnbcnji pcsis =,23 pamtm cspmýiam, rcfmai jc aismdbomjis m ais smntis; `bnì ìaamrcs Pdmnfð, trcs çjcg Ilmtmaí, trcs çjcgIfÿn, ùmtri çjcg Cacfuí, ùmtri ìn`dbtms; unm tmzm aacnm jc mfummgmrbaam, unm sipcrm ìntcnbcnji ùmtri pbcjrms jc rmyi, un rismrbi jc

Nucstrm Pcýirm jca @mrgcn, un `ru`beboi frmnjc jc gmjcrm , un pmpcab ticnvucati ìntcnbcnji scgbaabtms rioms, un `ru`beboi jc aizm pcqucýbti, unmtmzm gcjbmnm ìn mfum mgmrbaaism, trcs pbcjrms iaaí y trcs ducvis; un guýcì,unm guýc`m frmnjc jc lbsùbt, un Nbýi Ocsÿs jc Xrmfm, unm gmzir`m jc gmçzmsmji jc vbcoi, un pigi jc mfum, lcnjbtm pir caais; unm `mgpmnbaam jc

trcs puafmjms jc jbígctri, jis mnfcabtis jc aizm; un `ru`beboi pcqucýbti yscbs pbcjrms jc iaaí, tiji cn unm tmzm jc mfum pcqucým; ùmtri vcams, unmtmzm ìntcnbcnji jis pbcjrms çac; unm lmnjm riom jc amnm, un firri rioi ìnermnoms lamn`ms quc ai usmlm cn ca lmbac ca `mlmaai smnti [9W, un gmzi jcdbcrlms pmrm lmýmr ais cnecrgis quc mùjçmn ma lmbac; un fmaai gcjbijcstrbpmji, un lmstðn aacni jc oirilms y pbntmji jc rioi, jis pamtissu`bis ìn pmtms jc fmaai `ruji, quc ìgçmn cn ca m`ti jc scr sirprcn-jbjis.

Pc acs iùpð unm ab`cn`bm jca ma`majc gunb`bpma, jinjc ais mutirbzmlm pmrmunm rcunbðn emgbabmr.

D M L M N M

Cstm gmjrufmjm, ca gircni @ínjbji \., jc Mntðn \c`bi nÿgcri =, aacfðercntc m am `msm nÿgcri <3: jc am `maac jc Pmn Gbfuca, rigpbð un pmpca yrcfð pir ca sucai ca ìntcnbji; sc mrrijbaað, dbzi vmrbis givbgbcntis ycxtcnjbð ais lrmzis.

Ca vbfbamntc :38 quc jctuvi m \., vbi quc ai quc dmlçm cn ca sucai crmunm fubncm, un ducvi y pbgbcntm.

Am bnqubabnm jc am `msm, @mrbjmj M, rcìni`bð ìgi lruoi ma jctcnbji.

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BT

Xirvcnbr jc am lruocrçm

P S G M \ B I ? Jcsmerb`mnbzm`çðn jc am lruocrçm. Ca lruoi, tbpi jc am gmam vbjm. Lruoisbnìrrcfblacs y ìrrcfblacs. \cprcsbðn m`tuma jc am lruocrçm. Nc`csbjmj jc`rbtcrbis pisbtbvbstms. M``bðn jbrc`tm ìntrm ais lruois. Pu oustbeb`m`bðn. Puseirgms. Pu cxtcnsbðn. Pustbtutbvis pcnmacs. Am bnstru``bðn. Am rcabfbðn. Itrmsgcjbjms priebaí`tb`ms.

@ini`bjis cn sus jbvcrsis mspc`tis am dbstirbm y ca cstmji jc am lruocrçm cn@ulm, iùrrc prcfuntmr m`cr`m jc su pirvcnbr.

Pbn ams prctcnsbincs jc bnemablbabjmj jc ais pripbis lruois mfircris, pucjc vmtb`bnmrsc am cviau`bðn eu turm jc am lruocr çm, tcnbcnji cn ùcntm cacacgcnti cscn`bma quc ac jm vbjm y ams `brùnstmn`bms emvirmlacs y mjvcrsmsjca mglbcntc.

Am bfnirmn`bm priju`c ca gbcji y jc âstc nm`cn, ìn `mrí`tcr jcecnsbvi,ams supcrstb`bincs, quc sin jcecnsbvms tmn sðai mpmrcntcgcntc, y qucbnviau`rmn un cacgcnti ncfmtbvi pmrm ca prifrcsi si`bma, tmn ncfmtbviìgi ca scntbgbcnti jc gbcji quc ams bnspbrm. Xir csi Pcrfb ams dm aamgmji

eun`bðn pmtiaðfb`m jc am jcecnsm psçqub`m. Pbcnji msç, nmturma cs quc ca prifrcsi bntcac`tuma trm bfm m @ulm, ìgi ma rcsti jca gunji, am prifrcsbvmjclbabtm`bðn jc ams supcrstb`bincs, bneunjm gís ec cn nisitris gbsgis yvmym lir rmnji am quc sc tbcnc cn ai silrcnmturma, pucs, ìgi dm jb`di Lmbn,ca frmn rcgcjbi ìntrm ca gbcji cs am `bcn`bm.

Pb ais lamnìs rcabfbisis vmn aifrmnji, munquc acntmgcntc, br jcscglm-rmzmnji su ec jca cacgcnti purmgcntc gctmeçsbì, rceufbínjisc cn ais qucac rcstm jca girma, ais ectb`dbstms, cn `mglbi, ebcacs jc unm rcabfbðn mgirma,

mun cxpab`mn, silrcnmturmagcntc, ais ecnðgcnis nmturmacs. Pb ais lamnìsdmn scpmrmji piì m piì jc am rcabfbðn m am `bcn`bm, ìnsbjcrmnji mquâaamsiamgcntc ìgi nirgm âtb`m jc vbjm, ais lruois ni tbcncn itrm `bcn`bm qucsu ec rcabfbism, y su girma cstí guy acois jc sigctcrsc m rcfamgcntisjbvbnis. Pb mqucaais lamnìs, bntcac`tumagcntc supcrbircs, dmn jcspcrsinb-eb`mji titmagcntc am nmturmaczm y ìn`cjbji mutinigçm c bgpcrbi m am`bcn`bm, y ais ecnðgcnis rcabfbisis ni sin pmrm caais sbni supcrvbvcn`bms;sb am gmsm si`bma piabâtnb`m pcrgmnc`c cn cqubablrbi cntrc rcabfbðn y bcn`bm,ùyis ecnðgcnis jc mglis sin cn caam ìnìgbtmntcs; pmrm ais ncfris

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lruois, ais crrircs rcabfbisis ai ilsùrc`cn tiji y ais ecnðgcnis `bcntçe bìsni sin sbni ai quc sc pucjc aamgmr supcrQ>cnbcn`bms.

Ca mspc`ti cxàusbvmgcntc rcabfbisi jc am lruocrçm cs ca quc vm jcsmpm-rc`bcnji rípbjmgcntc, y ni cs jujisi quc sc cxtbnfubrí ùmnji tijmvçmais lruois scmn ùrmnjcris y mjbvbnis. Cn =422, sc ìntmlmn cn @ulm unis=0 888 ncfris nmtbvis jc Íerb`m; ùmnji âstis jcsmpmrcz`mn -ai qucsu`cjcrí trms un pmr jc fcncrm`bincs m ai sugi-, am ec cn Ilmtmaí dmlrí`csmji, ym quc ni sin jc prcsugbr nucvms bngbfrm`bincs jc ncfris merb`m-nis bfumagcntc prbgbtbvis. Ais ncfris jc cntin`cs, i scfubrín ams `rccn`bmsjc ais lamnìs ìn m`cntum`bðn gís ectb`dbstm, i scrín mrrmstrmjis pir amjcsprciùpm`bðn fcncrma cn gmtcrbm rcabfbism y pir ca tirlcaabni jc amsau`dms cìnðgb`ms, quc rclismrín jc ais ym diy jcsgirinmjis jbqucs jcam ec.

Ca lruoi dc`db`cri tcnjrí gís vbjm, pirquc, sbfubcnji am ìrrbcntcbnb`bmjm, vm mlmnjinmnji ais rcsmlbis rcabfbisis y cntrí cn ca `mgpi jcaùrmnjcri, jc am gcjb`bnm pipuamr y `mscrm; pcri âstm cxbfc unm bntcabfcn-`bm gís jcsmrriaamjm quc am jc ais bnecab`cs ncfris lruois, ais ùmacs, ùmnjimun cxbstm am `rccn`bm cn am ùrmnjcrçm, dmn jc vcrsc jcrritmjis pir ais

lamnìs, quc ym diy acs dm`cn tcrrblac y m vc`cs vb`tirbism ìnùrrcn`bm.Ca lruoi mfircri sulsbstbrí, prilmlacgcntc, mun sbn scr sm`crjitc nb

dc`db`cri. Pb ni aacvm trmzms jc jcsmpmrc`cr am supcrvbvcn`bm jc ais iríù-ais cntrc ais lamnìs, tmn pitcntc tijmvçm, pucjc jcju`brsc unm tcnm`bjmjbfuma pir ai gcnis cn ams scgcomntcs gmtcitc`nbms jc ais ncfris. Xcri,àmri cstí, quc ca lruoi ncfri tbcnc su sucrtc unbjm ma prifrcsi bntcac`tuma

jc su rmzm, quc tcnjrí quc msbgbamrsc ais pri`cjbgbcntis mjbvbnmtirbis, lmstmntc gís bntcac`tumacs jc ais lamnìs, ìgi pir cocgpai, am qubrigmn-`bm; y quc, pcsc m csti, vcrí `rc`cr gís y gís su jcsprcstbfbi, pir ca nbvcajc am ùaturm fcncrma quc vm cacvínjisc y pir am ìnùrrcn`bm jc amssupcrstb`bincs mjbvbnmtirbms jc ais lamnìs, pir ams qubrigíntb`ms, ams`mrtigíntb`ms y dmstm pir ams scuji`bcntçeb`ms gmfms jc am gcjbugnbjmjcspbrbtbstm.

Am lruocrçm cn ùmaqubcrm jc sus trcs mspc`tis sc brí jcsmerb`mnbzmnji;dc mdç tiji, pucs, jcsfrm`bmjmgcntc, ùmnji ym Ilmtmaí ni tcnfm ebcacs,ùmnji ym ais cglðs ni prijuz`mn am smam`bðn i am jb`dm; ùmnji ym ca ìaamrjc Beí rcsuatc bnjcs`bermlac, tijmvçm ams bntcabfcn`bms pilrcs cnìntrmrín píluai m sus supcrstb`bincs cn ams `rccn`bms quc diy sin pmtr bginbi `msb

cxàusbvi jc ais lamnìs; y su gbcji ma pirvcnbr, m am cnecrgcjmj, m aijcsìni`bji cn fcncrma, dmaamrí ais giajcs lamnìs cn quc vm`bmr susemntístb`ms bnspbrm`bincs. Xmsmrí gu`di tbcgpi mntcs jc quc ca gbcjiìns`bcntc i bnìns`bcntc m ai silrcnmturma, msç cn am si`bcjmj ùlmnmìgi cn ams cxtrmnocrms, msç cn unm ìgi cn itrm rmzm, qucjc mdifmji pirsupcrbircs cstrmtis jc `bvbabzm`bðn y jcoc jc scr unm jctcrgbnmntc jcbgpirtmn`bm cn am vbjm, y un ercni m ais mvmn`cs jca prifrcsbvi gcoirmgbcn-ti dugmni.

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Pin sueb`bcntcs ais rmzinmgbcntis quc mntc`cjcn pmrm jctcrgbnmr ùíajclc scr am pisb`bðn jc am si`bcjmj `bvbabzmjm -rc prc scn tmj m pir ais pijcrcs pÿlab ìs- ercn tc m tmacs gmnbecstm`bincs jc friscrm supcrstb`bðn. Ca `mrí`-tcr jc mntbsi`bma, jc râgirm jc am ùaturm, quc pucjc mtrblubrsc sbn vm`bam-`bðn m am lruocrçm, lmstm pmrm oustbeb`mr ams gcjbjms tcnjcntcs m ammtcnum`bðn y uatcrbir jcsmpmrb`bðn jc mquâaam. Xcri pmrm pijcr prc`bsmrgcjbis ìn`rctis jc m``bðn, cs nc`csmrbi mntcs jcebnbr pir ìgpacti ca`mrí`tcr mntbsi`bma jc am lruocrçm cn sus trcs ìni`bjis mspc`tis, ìn amìnsbjcrm`bðn jc ams eirgms ìn`rctms cn quc mquâa sc jcgucstrm, rcìr-jmnji cn pmrtc ilscrvm`bincs mntcrbircs.

@igi ym dc jb`di cn itri aufmr, ni pucjc m`dm`mrsc m am lruocrçmmeriùlmnm ca `mrí`tcr gmaâebì cn ca gbsgi frmji quc m am dmbtbmnm, m am

omgmbqubnm, ct`â tcrm . Ams gucrtcs ìgctbjms pir sus sc`tmrbis sin rmrms cbnsueb`bcntcs pmrm tm`dmr m mquâaam jc `rbgbnism dmstm ca cxtrcgi jcadigb`bjbi dmlbtuma. Cs prilmlac quc cn am siacjmj jc ais pmacnqucs, i cnais `mgpis cn tbcgpis mntbfuis, ais lruois dmymn aacvmji m `mli mscsbnmtisìn ilocti jc priùrmrsc bnfrcjbcntcs pmrm sus cglðs, y qubzís m am vcziercnjms pmrm sus çjiais; pcri, m`tumagcntc, un dc`di scgcomntc cs jccxtrcgm cx`cp`binmabjmj, ìgi ai jcgucstrm am cxtrmirjbnmrbm bgprcsbðn`musmjm pir ca `rbgcn lruoi ìgctbji ni dm gu`di cn Ca Fmlrbca. Xcri cafcrgcn jcab`tuisi `msb sbcgprc sc cnùcntrm, munquc amrvmji, cn am psbqubsjca lruoi, y ùmnji cn âstc sc rcÿncn ca ectb`dbsgi jc sus supcrstb`bincsìn un cx`csi jc bgpuasbvbjmj, lus`m smabjm pir am vçm jc am lruocrçm ycntin`cs sc aacfm ma jcabti.

Zmglbân dc jc rcìrjmr mquç ai cxpucsti cn itrm pmrtc jc cstc ablri,rcecrcntc m ais cnvcncnmgbcntis jc am lruocrçm, pucs gc cxùsi rcpctbrai.

Am lruocrç m meriùlmnm, tma ìgi diy sc gmnbebcstm, ni bnspbrm dmlbtuma-gcntc ca digb`bjbi. @umnji tmn frmvc `rbgcn tbcnc aufmr, cs quc am`rbgbnmabjmj jc un lruoi, `rbgbnisbjmj quc cxbstc pir sç, jcntri i eucrm jcsus supcrstb`bincs y dc`dbzis, sc dm pamsgmji cn am lruocrçm ìgi cn ungiajc pripb`bi pmrm jmr eirgm m sus bgpuasbincs `rbgbnisms; pcri ni qucmquâaam scm m gmncrm jc pcnjbcntc, pir ai quc dm jc rijmr eirzismgcntcca lruoi dmstm `mcr cn ca digb`bjbi. Am lruocrçm pucjc jc`brsc quc cs(mjiptmnji ca ìni`bji sçgba jc Am`mssmfnc) ca `maji jc ùatbvi mjcùmji

pmrm ca jcsmrriaai jca gb`rilbi `rbgbnisi ìntcnbji cn am psbqubs jca lruoi ; pc ri sb cn âstm ni cxbstc amrvmji ca fcrgcn jc am `rbgbnmabjmj, ni sc priju`c

cn mquâaam pir fcncrm`bðn cspintíncm.Sn ùrbisi mspc`ti jc am bneaucn`bm jca emnmtbsgi lruoi cn ca digb`bjbics ca rcvcamji pir ca `msi rcscýmji ma ebnma jca `mpçtuai mntcrbir. Snm ncfrmmgcnmzm ìn gmtmr m itrm pir gcjbi jc am lruocrçm y ìneçm su vcnfmnzm mam m``bðn jc su`csbvis cglðs ìntrm su vç`tbgm; pcri âstm, unm dbstârb`m,merb`mnmgcntc bgpuasbvm -mtcrrirbzmjm pir ca ìntbnui pcabfri jc girbr

pir am l ru oc rçm -, sc jc`bjc m mscsbnmr m su cncgbfm pir gcjbi gís rípbji?ìgprm un ù`dbaai pmrm ca `rbgcn, vm cn lus`m jc mquâaam, y ma cnìntrmramcn un trmnvçm sulc m âa y am mpuýmam ìn am eucrzm quc jm ca ìnvcn`bgbcnti

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jc rcmabzmr un m`ti ousti, ìn am scfurbjmj jc ilrmr cn su pripbm jcecnsm.Snm bntcabfcn`bm `bvbabzmjm dmlrçm jcsprc`bmji ais cglðs; am bntcabfcn`bmsmavmocgcntc merb`mnm jc am digb`bjm jctcrgbnð su m`ti jc dbstârb`m mì-gctbvbjmj, ìgi ai dulbcrm dc`di cn Íerb`m, dm`bm ca mscsbnmti, quc maaç cnca ìntbncntc ncfri, pir dmlcr rcm``binmji ìntrm am mutirm jc un dc`dbzi,dmlrçm gcrc`bji am unínbgc mprilm`bðn jc am si`bcjmj prbgbtbvm cn quc scdulbcsc ìgctbji. Mglms ncfrms, mscsbnm y vç`tbgm, cstmlmn mebabmjms mjbstbntms ìermjçms lruoms, m ouzfmr pir ais jbstbntis dílbtis quc aacvmlmn.Jc scr msç, ¹ni pucjc dmlcr bntcrvcnbji cn ca gðvba jca jcabti am rbvmabjmjjc jis lruois cntrc sç, i, pir ai gcnis, am rbvmabjmj cntrc ais dbois jcjbstbntis smntis9 Am rcspucstm gc cs bgpisblac, pcri am prcfuntm cs sbnjujm gitbvmjm.

Ca mspc`ti gbxti jc rcabfbðn y dc`db`crçm jc ams supcrstb`bincs y prí`tb`ms lruoms, ilrm ìgi em`tir jc it ri jcabti quc `musm rcpuasbðn bntcnsm, ìgics ca aamgmji "vbiam`bðn jc scpuaturms", y quc cs unm mtcnum`bðn y, m am vczcn `bcrtis `msis, un sustbtutbvi jca digb`bjbi, pir rmzincs ym cxpucstms.

Ca gbsgi ùati lruoi aacvm tmglbân m itris jcabtis, munquc jc gcnirtrms`cnjcn`bm. Msç, pir cocgpai, sc dm jmji ca `msi jc tcncr un lruoi ungu`dm`di jcjb`mji ma durti jc fmaais pmrm ams iercnjms abtÿrfb`ms. Mpmrtcjc am diy ni sbcgprc lbcn privbstm liasm jc ais sm`crjitcs jc am lruocrçm,ìgi jc am gmyirçm jc sus `rcycntcs, ai quc ni cn piìs `msis jbebùatmríquc ais jbiscs rc`blmn ca sm`rbeb`bi quc mpctc`cn, pucjc tmglbân bgpuasmrma dur ti jc fmaais; ca rbfir jca rbtuma quc cxbfc cn `bcrtis `msis prc`bsmgcn-tc fmaais pmrm scr iercnjmjis, aacfm m vc`cs dmstm m jctmaamr ca ìair jc sus

paugms. Ai gbsgi pucjc jc`brsc ìn rcecrcn`bm m itrms mvcs, ym pmrm amsabgpbczms, ym pmrm am prcpmrm`bðn jc ais cglðs, ct`âtcrm. Msç tmglbân pmrmitris mnbgmacs; cn ca `mgpi, jinjc jclbji ma mglbcntc emvirmlac cs gíseí`ba ca sm`rbeb`bi jc rcscs, sc aacfm ma rili jc âstms pmrm su ìnsmfrm`bðn mais çjiais. M vc`cs, pmrm ca âxbti jc `bcrtms prí`tb`ms jc dc`db`crçm, csnc`csmrbi mafÿn ilocti mjqubrbji bacfçtbgmgcntc. Ni ilstmntc, ais jcabtisìntrm am pripbcjmj -nm`bjis jca ùati lruoi- sin jc cs`msm bgpirtmn`bm.Pb ca rcspcti m am pripbcjmj mocnm ni cs guy ebrgc cn ais lruois, ìntrblu-ycn m caai ais rcsmlbis merb`mnis jcrbvmjis jc su ìnjb`bðn sm`crjitma, qucmaaí acs pcrgbtçm ùmaqubcr m`ti jcprcjmtirbi jbsermzmji ìn mafunm ebnmab-jmj rcabfbism. Dmstm ais gbsgis ebcacs sc vmaçmn jc su ìnjb`bðn pmrmmtripcaamr ma prðobgi; jçfmnai sbni ais rilis ìgctbjis rcabfbismgcntc pirais sc`tmrbis jc Pdmnfð, ìgi ym dc jb`di.

Sn em`tir quc pucjc scr ìnsbjcrmji ìgi vcrjmjcrmgcntc mntbsi`bma, pir ai smavmoc, cs ca lmbac lruoi; ai gbsgi sb sc trm tm jca lmbac ìnvuasbinmrbi, pri`cjbgbcnti dbpnðtbì pmrm priju`br ca cstmji cpbaâptbì aamgmji jmr ca smnti, ìgi rcspc`ti ma lmbac ams`bvi ercùcntc cn sus ebcstms, tmnti rcabfbi-sms ìgi priemnms; sbn quc scm prc`bsi bnsbstbr cn jcgistrmr su mntbsi`bmab-jmj.

Ai gbsgi pucjc jc`brsc jc mqucaam supcrstb`bðn guy cxtcnjbjm, qucdm`c ìnebmr `bcfmgcntc cn tma i ùma mguacti prcpmrmji pir ca lruoi, i

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cn ca ectb`dc fríebì jc pri`cjcn`bm curipcm aamgmji Irm`bðn ma Ousti Oucz,ìgi fmrmntçm ìntrm ams "pcrscù`bincs jc am oustb`bm", ìgi smavmfumrjmjc am bgpunbjmj. Pb ca lruoi, cn su `mrí`tcr jc sm`crjitc, ni aacfm dmstm ammlsiau`bðn prcvbm jc ais pc`mjis euturis, cs pirquc âstis ni dmn jc cxbstbr

pmrm âa. Am mgirmabjmj jca l ru oi ni ac aacvm m priùrmr am bgpunbjmj jc susebcacs cn am vbjm jc uatrmtuglm, pcri ac prciùpm ìnscfubr am bnjcgnbjmjtcrrcnma pir gcjbi jc ais mguactis. Ca jcabti, ìgi tiji m`ti cn fcncrma,ni cs rcprilmlac pir âa sbni cn ùmnti m`mrrcm ca pcabfri jc ams rcprcsmabms,ìgi sb sc trmtmrm jca gís bni`cntc pmsci ni`turni pir ca bntcrbir jc unmscavm dmlbtmjm pir ebcrms. @intrm ais jis rbcsfis dmy quc prcscrvmrsc pirais frbs-frbs, ni sbcnji cscn`bma am jbecrcn`bm cntrc mglis.

Ca ùati lruoi cs, cn ebn, si`bmagcntc ncfmtbvi ìn rcam`bðn ma gcoirm-gbcnti jc nucstrm si`bcjmj, pirquc jmjm am prbgbtbvbjmj quc ac cs `mrm`-tcrçstb`m, titmagcntc mgirma, ìntrbluyc m rctcncr ams ìn`bcn`bms jc aisncfris bnùatis cn ais lmois einjis jc am lmrlmrbc merb`mnm.

Ca lruoi meriùlmni ìgi dc`db`cri ni cs gcnis si`bmagcntc jmýbni. Ni ilstmn tc , ym gc dc rcecrbji ma ìntrmstc quc prcscntmn cntrc sç ais lruois jc @ulm y sus ìacfms jc itrms Mntbaams y mafunm rcfbðn mgcrb`mnmìntbncntma, rcspc`ti m su emgm jc cnvcncnmjircs, pir gís quc tma ìn-trmstc ni aacfuc m ais cxtrcgis quc dmrçmn supincr am supcrstb`bðn pipuamrjc mqucaais pmçscs ma m`dm`mr prc`bisms jitcs jc tixb`ðaifis y dmlbtumatcnjcn`bm `rbgbnism m sus ilbs, iumnfms, ct`., y am ematm jc cstmjçstb`m`rbgbnma cn @ulm, quc ablrm m nucstris lruois jc unm mùsm`bðn scgcomntc ,eirguamjm cn vbstm jc jmtis pisbtbvis. Am ipbnbðn pÿlab`m dm scýmamji, ni

dm gu`di tbcgpi, mafunis `msis jc cnvcncnmgbcntis, pcri ais lruoismeriùlmnis fizmn, sbn cglmrfi, jc gcoir emgm quc ais `btmjis ìacfms.Xcri sb nucstris dc`db`cris ni dmn aacfmji m am cocù`bðn dmlbtuma jccnvcncnmgbcntis, gcrc`c tcncrsc cn ùcntm ca cgpaci jc tcrrblacs cglðs,cocùtircs jc cnvcncnmgbcntis bntcn`binmacs, ìgi ìn cxprcsbðn ecabzjb`c @ir rc . R cs jc insbjcrmr sb am em`babjmj ìn quc sc insbfucn y mpab`mnais cglðs gmaâebìs, i`msbinm am ìnscrvm`bðn cn mqucaais quc ais cgpacmnjc am tcnjcn`bm digb`bjm i jcab`tuism cn fcncrma, munquc rcju`bjm m ameirgm gís bntrms`cnjcntcgcntc macvism; i lbcn sbrvc jc lmsc m unm cspc`bcjc sbglbisbs jc am supcrstb`bðn, pir ùym tmnfcntc sc jcsvbmrçmn, jc scr msç,`bcrtis bgpuasis `rbgbnisis, quc jc ni pamsgmrsc cn un cglð jctcrgbnm-rçmn ca jcabti pir ca puýma i ca vcncni.

Xcri munquc ais lbainfis lruois bnspbrcn fcncrmagcntc aístbgm y giem,ni cs gcnis `bcrti quc am dc`db`crçm cntrm m gcnuji cn un tcrrcni jcdc`di bnjbsùtblacgcntc jcab`tuisi.

Jc ais ebatris quc prcpmrm, prbn`bpmagcntc ais mgirisis, pucjcn rcsuatmrvcrjmjcris mtcntmjis m am smauj jc ams pcrsinms quc suermn su m``bðn. Amvcntm jc merijbsçmìs, pir cocgpai, pmrm mgmrrmr am viauntmj jca mgmntccsqubvi, m qubcn sc ac mjgbnbstrmn ai gís iùatmgcntc pisblac, pucjc aacfmrdmstm priju`br unm rcma m``bðn. Ai gbsgi pucjc jc`brsc rcspc`ti m aismnmerijbsçmìs.

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Jcab`tuism cs tmglbân am prcpmrm`bðn jc mlirtbvis, pucs sc jmn `msis jcdmlcr irbfbnmji trmstirnis gcntmacs cn ams bnecab`cs quc ais tigmrin, ydmstm su gucrtc. @msi ùrbisi jc mlirti privi`mji cs ca `btmji cn ca@mpçtuai UBBB, cn ca ùma sc rcvcam tijm am lmrlmrbc merb`mnm jc sus mutircs.

Cn ais cstupris, vbiam`bincs y scju``bincs bntcrvbcnc tmglbân, ìnercùcn`bm, am lruocrçm, m vc`cs ìn sbgpacs merijbsçmìs, pcri cn itrmsi`msbincs ìn nmr`ðtbìs; ni cs rmri ca `msi cn quc ca gbsgi lruoi scm caquc mprivc`dc jc sus dc`dbzis.

Cn tiji `msi, ùmnji am dc`db`crçm jc ais lruois prcpmrm cglðs -t cnfm ni ni m``bðn rcma silrc ca irfmnbsgi dugmni-, caai ìnstbtuyc un cocr`b`bibacfma jc am gcjb`bnm; y jcsjc cstc punti jc vbstm cxùsi pmtcntbzmr ammntbsi`bmabjmj jc mquâaam pirquc smatm m am vbstm. R am gcjb`bnm lruom ni

sðai sc cxtbcnjc m ais ncfris, lmstmntcs lamnìs sin sus vç`tbgms, ai quc pruclm su mrrmbfi y tcgblbabjmj.@igi mfircri, ca lruoi cs tmglbân bnviautbvi. Jcsjc aucfi, ai quc ìlrm

pir c`dmr ais `mrmìacs i ca ìaamr jc Beí, msç ìgi ca prc`bi jc mafuniscglðs y jc ams abgpbczms, sin vcrjmjcrms cstmems, cxpaitm`bðn mlusbvm jcam bfnirmn`bm y emnítb`m `rcjuabjmj jc ams vç`tbgms.

Ais vmtb`bnbis lruois y sus "jcsùlrbgbcntis" jc ìsms iùatms, munùmnji ni ìnjuz`mn m am mpab`m`bðn jc un cglð, ìnsbfucn trmstirnmrmÿn gís ams vm`bamntcs nirgms jc ìnju`tm jc sus vç`tbgms, sigctbânjiams

pir sufcstbðn ma bneauoi jc jctcrgbnmntcs `msb s bcgprc bngirmacs, baðfb`ms pir ai gcnis. Xr bn`bpmagcntc cn am pmz ìnyufma, ca lruoi bneauyc ìn dmrtmercùcn`bm y `msb sbcgprc jc gmncrm jbsiavcntc.

Am lruocrçm, cn ebn, cs un ilstíùai m am `bvbabzm`bðn, eunjmgcntmagcntcjc am pilam`bðn jc ìair, ym pir scr am cxprcsbðn gís lírlmrm jca scntbgbcn-ti rcabfbisi jcsprivbsti jca cacgcnti girma, quc cn mafunms âpi`ms y pmçscsma`mnzm unm cspc`bc jc sbglbisbs jc mquâa; ym pir scr am ncfm`bðn jc amùaturm cn ùmnti sc rcebcrc m am `musmabjmj jc ais ecnðgcnis nmturmacs y,ìn`rctmgcntc, jc ams cnecrgcjmjcs; ym pirquc sulvbcrtc girmagcntc piram `rccn`bm y cgpaci jc cglðs vcnfmtbvis y mgirisis, y sufbcrc cn ams

pcrsinms quc am ìnsuatmn pir am prcjb``bðn jc un pirvcnbr, quc cstí cs`rbti,i am prctcnjbjm rcvcam`bðn jc un dc`di iùati, jcsvbm`bincs jc mqucaamsnirgms jc ìnju`tm, quc sin pripbms jc ams ìn`bcn`bms smnms y cgmn`bpm-jms jc am supcrstb`bðn.

Cn am psbìaifçm pcrsinma jca lruoi meriùlmni sc gmnbebcstm tijm ammntbsi`bma jc ams supcrstb`bincs quc mgpmrm y mvbvm cn tma frmji, quc cs

bnùcstbinmlac su jcebnb`bðn ìgi uni jc ais tbpis gís rcpufnmntcs yjmýbnis jc am gmam vbjm ùlmnm.@msb sbcgprc jcabnùcntc, cstmemjir ìntbnui, amjrðn m gcnuji, vbiam-

jir y mscsbni cn mafunis `msis, priemnmjir jc scpua`ris ùmnji pucjc.Auourbisi dmstm am gís smavmoc ìrrup`bðn scxuma, ìnùlbnmrbi y piaçfmgi,ams`bvi cn ams prí`tb`ms jca ùati y eucrm jc caams, y eigcntmjir jc am prist btu`bðn mocnm. Ucrjmjcri pmrísbti si`bma, pir.am fcncrma cxpaitm`bðnjc ams bntcabfcn`bms bnùatms y pir am pmrtbùamr jc sus vmrbms ìnùlbnms.

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Xcr i msç igi ca lruoi -s cfÿ n ym dc jb` di- `rcc cn am vbrtumabjmj jc susçjiais, jc sus cglðs y sirtbacfbis, am gbsgm lucnm ec sc cxtbcnjc m frmn pm rt c jc sus m`tis, mun ùmnji âstis scmn ìnsbjcrmjis ìgi bngirmacs yjcab`tuisis. Xirquc ca lruoi `rcc quc ca ìrmzðn jc unm nbým cs rcgcjbiìntrm un jmýi, irjcnm ca mscsbnmti pmrm iltcncr mquâa; pirquc `rcc cn ca

pijcr jc un ec tb`dc eirgmji ìn rcstis dugmnis, prie mnm ams tuglms; pirquc ` rc c cn am ceb`m`bm jc unm abgpbczm, jc un cglð y jc un iríùai, ysc ìnsbjcrm ìgi sm`crjitc, dc`db`cri y mfircri, cstmem m sus vç`tbgmsìlrmnji ca iyí. R ma emnmtbsgi jca lruoi sc unc am mgirmabjmj jc sussupcrstb`bincs, pmrm pcrgbtbr `bcrtis m`tis quc âa tbcnc pir âtb`mgcntcbnjbecrcntcs. Ni sin jcab`tuisis nb bngirmacs pmrm âa am mpab`m`bðn jcdc`dbzis jmýbnis, nb am jcsnujcz cn sus rbtis, nb ais pirnifríe bìs ìnscois,ct`âtcrm. Sn pcnmabstm àísbì dmlamrçm mquç jc am mtcnum`bðn jca frmji jcajcabti pir jcec`ti jc bntcabfcn`bm jc su mutir. Am lucnm ec aacfm m vc`csdmstm ca punti jc quc sus m`tis -iloctbv mgcnt c mntbsi`bmacs-scmn bnspbrm-jis suloctbvmgcntc pir ebncs matrubstms; ais cglðs, mun ais quc ìntbcncnsmnfrc y ducsis dugmnis, ni sin sbcgprc pmrm smamr y ìn frmn ercùcn`bmsbrvcn pmrm ùrmr jmýis.

Jc lc nitmrsc, y caai cs cn frmn pmrtc ìnscùcn`bm jca mntcrbi r `mrí`tcr,quc ca lruoi cs rcbn`bjcntc. Lbcn cs vcrjmj quc am rcprcsbðn jc am lruocrçmni dm sbji nun`m rbfurism, nb ams acycs ìnsbcntcn quc scm ceb`mz; ams pcnmsìguncs jc guatm y jc lrcvc prbvm`bðn jc ablcrtmj ni sin pmrm caais sbnirbcsfis jca ieb`bi, quc pucjcn ìrrcrsc vcntmoismgcntc m `mglbi jc ais

lcnceb`bis quc acs pripir`binm su pmrmsbtbsgi. Xc ri ni cs gcnis `bcr ti

quc ca ectb`dbsgi -ìg i sucac jc`brsc- cstí cn am gmsm jc am smnfrc jc aisncfris merb`mnis, y cn gmyir frmji cn am psbqubs jc ais lruois.

Am lruocrçm cs jceb`bcn`bm jc cviau`bðn. Ais quc cn caam `rccn sbfucn amsgbsgms `rccn`bms quc cn su pmçs, sb sin merb`mnis, i sb `rbiaais, sin ais dboisjc mquâaais y mgmgmntmjis ìn sus gbsgms `rccn`bms; mpmrtc jc ais lamnìsectb`dbstms, quc tmnti sc mvc`bnmn psbìaðfb`mgcntc m ais merb`mnis, sb csquc ni sc bjcntbeb`mn ìn âstis. @umnji ca lruoi jc Íerb`m y ca jc @ulm nisin unm gbsgm pcrsinm, ni gcjbm cntrc caais gís quc un pmsi, unmfcncrm`bðn.

Ca lruoi meriùlmni, jcsjc ca punti jc vbstm `rbginiaðfbì, cs ai qucAiglrisi aamgmrçm un jcabnùcntc nmti, y cstc `mrí`tcr jc ìnfânbti pucjc mpa b`mrsc m tijis sus mtrmsis girmacs, mjcgís jc m su jcabnùcn`bm.

Xcri ca lruoi nmti ni ai cs pir mtmvbsgi, cn ca scntbji rbfurisi jc cstm pmamlrm; cs jc`br, ìgi un smati mtrís jca bnjbvbjui ìn rcam`bðn ma cstmjijc prifrcsi jc am cspc`bc quc eirgm ca gcjbi si`bma ma ùma mquâa jclcmjmptmrsc; gís lbcn pucjc jc`brsc quc ma scr trmnspirtmji jc Íerb`m m@ulm, euc ca gcjbi si`bma ca quc pmrm âa smatð bgprivbsmjmgcntc dm`bmmjcamntc, jcoínjiai ìn sus ìgpmtrbitms cn ams prieunjbjmjcs jc susmavmobsgi, cn ais prbgcris cs`maincs jc am cviau`bðn jc su psbqubs. Xircsti, ìn gmyir pripbcjmj quc pir ca mtmvbsgi, pucjcn jcebnbrsc ais

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`mrm`tcrcs jca lruoi pir am prbgbtbvbjmj psçqub`m o= cs un jcabnùcntc/9ng¹-tbvi, ìgi jbrçm Xcntm. Ca lruoi y sus mjcptis sin cn @ulm bngirmacs yjcabnùcntcs pirquc ni dmn prifrcsmji; sin smavmocs trmçjis m un pmçs`bvbabzmji.

Ounti ma lruoi vcrjmjcrmgcntc meriùlmni, ma lruoi quc pucjc `rbgb-niaðfb`mgcntc aamgmrsc nmti, vcfctm itri lruoi, `rbiaai fcncrmagcntc,sbfubcnji i bgbtmnji ams prí`tb`ms ectb`dbstms jc mquâa, ìrrigpbjms pir amm``bðn jca mglbcntc y jc su pripbm psbqubs mafi prifrcsmjis; cs un lruoi`rbgbniaðfb`mgcntc dmlbtuma, quc cxpaitm cstm eirgm jc `ðgiji pmrmsbtbs-gi pir am jctcrgbnm`bðn jc em`tircs si`bmacs quc ai mrrmstrmrin m caam,ìgi ai dulbcrmn ìnju`bji m itrm mníaifm. Msç igi cn ca prbgcri pu cjc

jcsùlrbrsc un gíxbgug jc lucnm ec, âstm cn ca scfunji ni cs sbni ungçnbgug.

Cn cstms ìnsbjcrm`bincs quc mntc`cjcn jclc lmsmrsc tijm ilrm jcdbfbcnbzm`bðn si`bma ìntrm am lruocrçm y jc mnbqubamgbcnti jc sus pmrí-sbtis.

@in cstm ìgi ìn itrms gmnbecstm`bincs jc mntbsi`bmabjmj, dm su`cjbjiy sbfuc su`cjbcnji cn @ulm ai quc ìn am dbfbcnc cn fcncrma dm iùrrbjidmstm ni dm gu`di. Am m``bðn jc ais pijcrcs pÿlabìs euc sbcgprc supcr-eb`bma; ni pmsð, sbni pi`ms vc`cs, jc am priguafm`bðn jc prc`cptis acfmacs,y umnji qubsi prieunjbzmr y dm`cr mafi pisbtbvi, su m``bðn "ìnju`bjm pirgcjbis rutbnmrbis" euc jca tiji pcrjbjm.

Cn am acfbsam`bðn vbfcntc cn @ulm, am lruocrçm ni dm sbji mtm`mjm jc ercn tc

y `msb nb jc eamnì, y ÿnb`mgcntc cn mqucaais `msis cn quc nitirbmgcntccxtbcnjc su m``bðn eucrm jc ais lirrisis açgbtcs gmr`mjis pir am acy pcnma.Msç, pir cocgpai, cn ca `msi rc`bcntc jc rcprcsbðn jc un jcabti lruoi, ca jca pri`csi jc ais mscsbnis jc am nbým _ibam cn Ca Fmlrbca, sc dm `mstbfmji cajcabti jc mscsbnmti; y ai gbsgi sc dulbcrm scntcn`bmji sb ca gðvba jca `rbgcndulbcsc sbji am auourbm i am vcnfmnzm, pir ni dmlcr smtbsec`di am ìjb`bm jcun `maùamji rcs`mtc, i am gmacviacn`bm ìntrm ais pmjrcs jc am tbcrnmvç`tbgm, ct`âtcrm. Am lruocrçm ni dm `mrm`tcrbzmji ca jcabti mntc ais trblu-nmacs. R ai gbsgi su`cjc ìn ais jcgís gitbvis acfmacs jc rcprcsbðn jc am

lruocrçm. Pin ìnjcnmjis ais lruois, cn sus rcspc`tbvis `msis, pir aisjcabtis jc rili y durti, pir ca jc vbiam`bðn jc scpuaturms, pir ca jcmgcnmzms, pir ca jc mlirti, pir ca jc cstmem, y prbn`bpmagcntc pir ìgbsbðn

jc ematms, tmacs ìgi `caclrmr rcunbincs ni mutirbzmjms y tuguatuisms,matcrm`bðn jca sisbcfi pÿlabì, msi`bm`bincs baç`btms, cocr`b`bi jc am priec-sbðn gâjb`m, priemnm`bðn jc `mjívcrcs y `cgcntcrbis, mrriomr mnbgmacsgucrtis m am `maac, ct`âtcrm.

Piamgcntc unm jbspisb`bðn jca @ðjbfi Xcnma rcìni`c un mspc`ti jc am lruocrçm, sb lbcn ni lmoi cstc niglrc. Zma cs ca mrt çùai 5=:, quc jb`c msç?"Pcrín `mstbfmjis ìn am pcnm jc mrrcsti gcnir, sb ca dc`di ni cstuvbcsc

pc nmji cn ca ablri < j m jc cstc @ðjbfi [cs jc`br, ìgi jcermujm`bðn,cspc`bmagcntc pir ca mrtçùai 353W ais quc pir bntcrâs i au`ri bntcrprctcn

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sucýis, db`bcrmn prinðstbìs i mjbvbnm`bincs, i mlusmrcn jc am `rcjuabjmj pÿlab`m jc it rm gmncrm scgcomntc. " M am pcnm jc mrrcsti gc nir pucj cmýmjbrsc ca igbsi jc ais cec`tis quc sc cgpaccn pmrm mjbvbnm`bincs u itriscnfmýis scgcomntcs, jbspucsti pir ca bn`bsi 6gi- jca mrtçùai 508 jca gbsgiùcrpi acfma.

Xcri jb`di sc cstí quc am jbspisb`bðn rcprcsbvm cstí `msb iavbjmjm y qucca mrtçùai 5=: jca @ðjbfi Xcnma cs jc dc`di, ìgi sc jb`c, actrm gucrtm,msç ìgi ai sucac scr cn ais jcgís pmçscs am acy rcprcsbvm jc ams eirgmsgijcrnms jc gmfbm y mjbvbnm`bðn, sb cs quc cxbstc.

Gcrc `c ilscrvmrsc tmglbân quc ca bntcrâs i ca au`ri cs ai quc pmrm am acydm`c quc am mjbvbnm`bðn i mlusi scgcomntc jc am `rcjuabjmj pÿlab`m `mbfm

lm oi am smn`bðn pcnma, y quc jmji ca `msi jc un mfircri jcsbntcrcsmji , pi rai gcnis mpmrcntcgcntc, âstc pucjc mlusmr jc am gcn`binmjm `rcjuabjmj pÿlab`m sbn bnùrrbr cn pcnm mafunm.

Cstc `rbtcrbi rcprcsbvi ni pucjc gcnis jc scr jceb`bcntc. Jc âa rcsuatmquc am lruocrçm cn sus ìni`bjms y gÿatbpacs gmnbecstm`bincs cs tí`b tmgc ntcaç`btm; lmstm quc ni bnùrrm cn tma i ùma jcabti, i cn tma i ùma ematm iìntrmvcn`bðn jc Xiab`çm, pmrm quc pucjm sulsbstbr, jcntri jc açgbtcscstrc`dis, sb msç sc qubcrc, pirquc am rcj pcnma am cnvucavc `msb ìgpactm-gcntc, pcri ma ebn jcntri jc açgbtcs ebomjis pir am acy, am gcrm cxbstcn`bm jcais ùmacs lmstm pmrm jcgistrmr quc rcstm un `mgpi acfma m am lruocrçm. Xcri,mjcgís, jclc tcncrsc cn ùcntm quc ais m`tis jcab`tuisis gís ìguncs jcais lruois, ìgi ca mlirti, am cstmem, ams mgcnmzms, ct`., sin jbeç`bagcntcjcsùlrblacs, pirquc ais quc pujbcrmn scr mùsmjircs, pir su `mrí`tcr jc`ðgpab`cs i vç`tbgms, cstín bntcrcsmjis cn quc pcrgmncz`mn iùatis pmrmcvbtmr quc silrc caais rc`mbfm tmglbân am smn`bðn punbtbvm jc ais trblunmacs,i am smn`bðn pÿlab`m jca rbjçùai, i am bgmfbnmrbm i rcma smn`bðn vcnfmtbvmjca lruoi. Msbgbsgi su`cjc pir ai quc rcspc`tm m ams ematms, ca `mstbfi jcams ùmacs cs mÿn gís jbeç`ba, pirquc jc ais prc`cptis jca tcr`cr ablri jca@ðjbfi Xcnma ni sc dm dc`di nun`m tiji ca `msi quc sc jclbcrm, qucjmnjisu cec`tbvbjmj ìnebmjm `msb cxàusbvmgcntc m ais gís gijcstis eun`binm-rbis jc Xiab`çm (jc ais quc tbcgpi mtrís sc jcstm`mlm ca tbpi cspc`bma jca`camjir, quc m gcnuji crm tmn dmgpðn ìgi ais jca sulsucai jca lmrrbi pir âa vbfbamji), qubcncs pir am cs`msm trms`cnjcn`bm pcroujb`bma jc amsematms, pir ni jbstrmcr su m`tbvbjmj jc mtcn`bincs supcrbircs, y pir gitbvisjc tiacrmn`bm gís i gcnis rcprilmlacs, ni sbcgprc dmn jcjb`mji m am

vbfbamn`bm jca ùgpabgbcnti jc mquâaam tiji ca ùbjmji quc scrçm jc jcscmr.ßnmnsc m cstms ìnsbjcrm`bincs ams ym cxpucstms, rcecrcntcs m cspc`bmacs`musmstc cnùlrbgbcnti y dmstm jc rcpufnmntc mpiyi m am lruocrçm. Jc mdçquc su `mgpi jc m``bðn, gís jc ai quc dmrçmn supincr ais prc`cptisacfmacs, sc mfrmnjc y scm sueb`bcntc pmrm pcrgbtbr su cocr`b`bi ìn `bcrtm`ðgijm diafurm, y, ìnsbfubcntcgcntc, ca pmrmsbtbsgi jc ais lruois y amcxpaitm`bðn c bngutmlac mtrmsi jc sus `rcycntcs.

Pb am rcprcsbðn jc am lruocrçm sc dm jbvbjbji, sc dm puavcrbzmji, jbstrblu-yânjisc cn gÿatbpacs y mnfuaisms jbrc``bincs, cs pirquc dm sbji bnspbrmjm

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-ìgi tiji ca rcsti jc ais `rbtcrbis pcnmacs vbfcntcs- cn ca piì gcnisquc cstârba ji`trbnmrbsgi àísbì. Pc dmn prcvbsti tmacs y ùmacs jcabtis yematms, pcri am ebfurm jca lru oi ni am vbi ca acfbsamjir; msç ìgi sc jcs`rblbc-rin y pcnmrin ca mscsbnmti y ca rili, qucjmrin cn am siglrm ca mscsbni y caamjrðn. Pc qubcrc mtm`mr m am lruocrçm y, cn fcncrma, m am jcabnùcn`bm, sbncstujbmr ma lruoi y ma jcabnùcntc, sbn jcsùlrbr ais em`tircs quc ams jctcr-gbnmn. Pc qubsi cxtbrpmr am ebclrc mgmrbaam sbn cstujbmr ma cnecrgi nbjcsùlrbr su em`tir girlisi. R cs`rbli cstm ìgpmrm`bðn pirquc nmjmgcoir quc am vb`tirbm titma quc cn @ulm dcgis ma`mnzmji ìntrm am ebclrcmgmrbaam "gcr`cj m am mpab`m`bðn jc cnârfbìs pri`cjbgbcntis gâjbìs cdbfbânbìs bgpucstis pir am `bcn`bm gijcrnm" pucjc dm`cr vmtb`bnmr caâxbti quc sc iltcnjrçm cn am au`dm ìntrm am lruocrçm, y cn fcncrma ìntrm

ams itrms eirgms jc am gmam vbjm, sb sc sbfubcrmn ais tmglbân cnârfbìs pri`cjbgbcntis rcprcsbvis y prcvcntbvis (j c tcr mpâu tb `m y priebamxbs si`bm-acs), cxbfbjis msbgbsgi pir ca prifrcsi `bcntçebì ìntcgpirínci.

Jcgistrmjm am nmturmaczm jc ais jcabtis, y cn fcncrma jc ais m`tismntbsi`bmacs jca lruoi y, pir tmnti, jc su tcgblbabjmj, sc jcsùlrc amjbecrcn`bm quc cxbstc, jcsjc ca punti jc vbstm `rbgbniaðfbì pisbtbvbstm,cntrc am `rbgbnmabjmj jca lruoi y am jc itrm cspc`bc jc jcabnùcntcs; cntrcca mscsbnmti jc unm nbým pmrm iltcncr sus vbs`crms y mprivc`dmrams cn amìnec``bðn jc un cglð, y ca mscsbnmti jc unm nbým pmrm cnùlrbr uncstupri, pir cocgpai. Msç ìgi bjântbìs ecnðgcnis pmtiaðfbìs pucjcnilcjc`cr m jbstbntms `musms, msç rçgcncs bfumacs cn am eirgm sin pr iju`bjis pir gðvbacs jb ecrcntcs ; jc mdç qu c pmrm ìglmtbr ìn âxbti am cn ecr gcj mj

i ca jcabti, scm prc`bsi cstujbmrais m trmvâs jca bnjbvbjui y cn vbstm jc sus`musms ceb`bcntcs.Am `mgpmým ìntrm am lruocrçm jclc tcncr jis iloctbvis? uni bngcjbmti,

am jcstru``bðn jc ais eiìs bnec`tbvis; gcjbmti ca itri, am jcsbnec``bðn jcamglbcntc, pmrm bgpcjbr quc sc gmntcnfm y sc rcprijuz`m ca gma.

Xmrm au`dmr ìn gmyircs prilmlbabjmjcs jc âxbti quc mdirm ìntrm am lruocr çm , cs prc`bsi, mn tc tiji, qu c am pcrsinma bjmj jca lruoi sc pinfm m amvbstm, pmrm jbrbfbr ìntrm caam ais prbgcris mtmqucs. @igi ym dc jb`di, ca lr uo i ni cs, pi r cocgpai, digb`bjm pi rqu c sus supcrs tb`bincs ai aacvcneirzismgcntc m cstc jcabti, sbni pirquc am jcab`tuisbjmj pmrtbùamr jc su

psbqubs sc rcvcam m trmvâs jc su m`tbvbjmj priecsbinma. Pb dmy un lruoi qucnc`csbtm un ìrmzðn bnemntba y pmrm iltcncrai gmtm, dmlrí itris ùym gísmvmnzmjm cviau`bðn girma ais rcercnmrí y ais jcsvbmrí jc cstc jcabti pir unjcrbvmtbvi jc gcnir frmvcjmj. Xcri, sb lbcn csti cs `bcrti, ni ai cs gcnisquc tiji lruoi meriùlmni, mun sbn bnùrrbr cn jctcrgbnmji jcabti (ai ùmacs piì gcnis quc bgpisblac), cs un em`tir mntbsi`bma quc jclc scr cabgb-nmji pmrm ca lbcn jc nucstrm si`bcjmj, jc am gbsgm gmncrm quc cn amssi`bcjmjcs ùatms sc ìglmtc am gcnjb`bjmj, am vmfmn`bm y am cglrbmfucz,mun ùmnji ni scmn eirgms jc jcab`tuisbjmj. Lmstm quc un bnjbvbjui scm pri lm jmg cnt c lr uo i jc priecsbðn, pmrm qu c gcrcz`m scr ilo ct i jc amipirtunm m``bðn si`bma jcecnsbvm. Jmjm am bgpisblbabjmj jc quc cn @ulm,

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B

ìgi cn ais jcgís pmçscs, sc pmsc jc un smati m am m`tum`bðn jc ams rcei rgmsquc priàmgm am gijcrnm `bcn`bm `rbgbniaðfb`m, ni `mlc pcjbr pir mdirmquc `csc jc mpab`mrsc ca `rbtcrbi rcprcsbvi ìnsbstcntc cn punbr am jcab` tui-sbjmj jc ais lruois pir `mjm unm jc sus gmnbecstm`bincs. Ni ilstmntc, ca prbgcr pmsi cn ebrgc quc dm jc jmrsc ìnsbstc cn quc ca sbgpac cocr`b`bidmlbtuma jc am lruocrçm pmsc ma `mtíaifi acfma jc ais m`tis jcab`tuisis. Csjc`br, lÿsqucsc unm eirgm jc rcprcsbðn pmrm ca quc vbvc jc am lruocr çm, pm rmca quc tbcnc su prí`tb`m ìgi priecsbðn, sbn pcabfri jc scfubr ouzfmnjisbnfuamrgcntc ais jcgís jcabtis cn quc âstc bnùrrm, dmstm tmnti quc ca prifrcsi `rbgbniaðfbì trmbfm gís rmjb`macs bnnivm`bincs.

Ni bgpirtm, pmrm mpab`mr cstc `rbtcrbi jc rcprcsbðn jc ais lruois pi r cagcri dc`di jc scr tmacs, smlcr sb ca lruoi cs un rcjigmji lrblðn quc

cxpaitm y cnfmým m smlbcnjms am `rcjuabjmj jc sus mjcptis, i sb cs ca prbgcr`rcycntc jc sus dc`dbzis y jc su ùati, y pcr`blc ca prc`bi jc sus scrvb`bissilrcnmturmacs ìgi unm suloctbvmgcntc oustm rcìgpcnsm m su amlir. Pbcstm ìnsbjcrm`bðn m`tumagcntc pijrçm jc`bjbr -jcntri jca àmsb`bsgi pc-nma bgpcrmntc- unm frmjm`bðn jc am pcnm scfÿn ca jiai quc sc rcìni`bcrmma lruoi cn `mjm `msi, lmoi unm tcirçm pisbtbvbstm ni jctcrgbnmrçm sbni unmvmrbm`bðn cn am eirgm jc trmtmgbcnti ìnvcnbcntc, scfÿn ca lruoi eucsc unìnvcn`bji jc su dc`db`crçm i un sbgpac pmrísbti, quc sc vmac jc cstm eirgmjc sufcstbðn ìgi sc vmajrçm jc itrm ùmaqubcrm. Xcri am rcprcsbðn scbgpinc cn tiji `msi. Diy, quc ca jctcrgbnbsgi `rbgbniaðfbì dm ebomji amtcgblbabjmj jca rci ìgi lmsc `bcntçeb`m jc am pcnmabjmj i, gcoir jb`di, jcam rcm``bðn si`bma, cstmlac`cr quc ca lruoi cs un bnjbvbjui tcgblac pir scr

si`bmagcnt` pcroujb`bma, cs cxtcnjcr dmstm âa am m``bðn jcecnsbvm jc amsi`bcjmj.Ca `rbtcrbi jc rcprcsbðn cspc`bma jc am lruocrçm ni cs tmgpiì un

rctri`csi, ìgi m prbgcrm vbstm pujbcrm `rccrsc, quc nis dmrçm viavcr m aistbcgpis pmsmjis, cn quc am dc`db`crçm crm uni jc ais gís mlirrc`bjis`rçgcncs. Ni sc trmtm jc cn`cnjcr difucrms pmrm `caclrmr ìn ais lruoisnucvis mutis jc ec, nb jc cstrmnfuamrais pir gcjbi ícQ fmrritc, csm gíqubnmjc gucrtc quc tijmvçm ìnscrvmgis cn @ulm. Mntbfumgcntc sc `mstbfmlmm ais lruois, prc`bsmgcntc, pirquc sc `rcçm cn sus mjbvbnm`bincs y dc`dbzis,y scùnjmrbmgcntc pirquc qucjmlmn eucrm jc am ec irtijixm, ìgi dcrcocsy rcncfmjis. Msç ai pruclmn ams insbjcrm`bincs quc dm`c Maeinsi, ca Pmlbi,cn su `ðjbfi jc ams Pbctc Xmrtbjms,< jbspinbcnji ca `mstbfi jc ais "mfircris

i sirtcris i ectb`dcris quc `mtmn mfñcris jc mvcs i jc cstirnujis i jc pmamlrms, i c`dmn sucrtcs.. .", gbcntrms pcrgbtc am mjbvbnm`bðn pir am mstri-aifbm pirquc, jb`c, "ais ouy`bis y ais msgmgbcntis quc sc jmn pir cstm mrtc,sin `mtmjis pir ca ùrsi nmturma jc ais pamnctms â jc ams cstrcaams, â eucrintigmjis jc ais ablris jc Xtiaigci"; msbgbsgi `mstbfm ìn pcnm jc gucrtcm ais dc`db`cris y nc`rigmntcs, y cstmlac`c m am vcz quc ais "quc eb`bcrincn`mntmgbcnti i itrms ìsms ìn cntcn`bðn lucnm, msç ìgi sm`mr jcgi-nbis jc ais ùcrpis jc ais irncs, ð pmrm jcsabfmr í ais quc eucscn gmrbji âguoc r quc nin pujbcscn ìnvcnbr, ð pmrm jcsmtmr nbcvc quc c`dmsc frmnbzi

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ð nbclam pirquc nin ìrrigpbcsc ais erutis; ð pmrm gmtmr amnfistm ð puafðnquc jmýc ca pmn ð ams vbýms, ð pir mafunm itrm rmzðn privc`dism scgcomntcjcstms nin jcvc mvcr pcnm; mntc jczbgis, quc jclc rc`clbr fmamrjðn pircaai." Ais lruois jc mquca cntin`cs crmn tcnbjis pir sm`crjitcs y mgbfisjca jbmlbi -pir gitbvis jc quc ym dc trmtmji- y ams pcrscù`bincs ìntrmcaais, ìgi ìntrm ais cncgbfis jc am rcabfbðn jigbnmntc, ni eucrin sbniun mspc`ti jc ams au`dms rcabfbisms quc cnsmnfrcntmrin m Curipm. Ca

prifrcsi bntcac`tuma y piaçtbì dbzi rcm``binmr m ais pcnsmjircs ìntrm am`rucntm, mlsurjm y ìntrmpriju`cntc rcprcsbðn jc am dc`db`crçm y jc am`rbgbnmabjmj cn fcncrma; pcri sb rcspc`ti jc âstm gitbvð unm prifrcsbvmmtcnum`bðn jc ams pcnms, quc dm aacfmji m scr jmýism pir ai cxmfcrmjm;rcspc`ti jc am lruocrçm mliabð pir ìgpacti tijm pcnmabjmj, ìgi rmjb`marcm``bðn ìntrm ca `mrí`tcr rcabfbisi jc tma jcabti, msbgbamji ma jc dcrcoçm,m `bcrtis sm`rbacfbis y jcgís jcabtis bnìgpmtblacs ìn am ìnqubstmjmablcrtmj jc ams ìn`bcn`bms. R am rcm``bðn mliab`binbstm euc cn cstc `mgpitmn rmjb`ma, quc sc aacfð m iavbjmr am cxbstcn`bm jc bnjbvbjuis quc scfuçmn

prm`t b`mnji am dc`db`crçm y am mjbvbnm`bðn, y cxpaitmnji am `rcjua bjmj jcams fcntcs jc gmncrm tmn pcroujb`bma, pir ai gcnis, ìgi itrm eirgm jc

pmrmsbt bsgi jcabnùcntc; pucs sb lbcn cs vcrjmj quc m ams difucrms bnqub-sbtirbmacs eucrin am gmyir pmrtc jc ams vç`tbgms, cspc`bmagcntc guocrcs,bnecab`cs quc diy brçmn m gmnis jc ais psbqubmtrms, y itris ùapmlacs jcbnjcpcnjcn`bm bntcac`tuma i piaçtb`m, ni cs gcnis `bcrti quc sbcgprc dulivcrjmjcris dc`db`cris, mstrðaifis, nb`rigíntbìs, lruois cn ebn, quc vbvçmnjc su gbstcrbism priecsbðn, ni sbcgprc àmnjcstbnm. Xcri m`tumagcntc,ùmnji ym am `bcn`bm dm priju`bji am bn`rcjuabjmj cn ca pijcr silrcnmturma

i jbmlðabì jc dc`db`cris lucnis i gmais, y cn am linjmj jc ais m`tis jcmjbvbnm`bðn, scmn cstis lmsmjis cn ca vucai jc ams mvcs i cn ais ablris jcXtiaigci, am si`bcjmj jclc jcecnjcrsc jc ais lruois, ni jmnji un pmsimtrís pmrm viavcr m pcrscfubr cn caais m ais cncgbfis jc ams supcrstb`bincsirtijixms, nb m ais mabmjis jca jcginbi, sbni mvmnzmnji un pmsi gís pmrmmtm`mr jc ercntc unm jc tmntms eirgms jc pmrmsbtbsgi si`bma, quc sc gmn-tbcnc ìn `mrm`tcrcs cspc`bmacs y lbcn jcebnbjis. Am dbfbcnbzm`bðn si`bma dmjc aacfmr dmstm cstc `mgpi ìgi ma jca maìdiabsgi, am vmfmn`bm, am gcnjb-`bjmj, ct`., quc cn tbcgpis mntcrbircs ni gcrc`çmn am mtcn`bðn jc ais

pijcrcs pÿlabìs, y dmstm ca jcsmrriaai jc mafunm jc cstms aamfms, ìgi amgcnjb`bjmj, crm emvirc`bjm pir crrmjis ìn`cptis rcabfbisis.

Ma cxtcnjcr ca `rbtcrbi jc rcprcsbðn jbrc`tm jc am lruocrçm, dmstm ca `msi

cn quc ca lruoi ni ìgctm nbnfuni jc ais m`tis rcìni`bjis ìgi jcab`-tuisis pir am prcscntc acy pcnma; cs jc`br, dmstm ca `msi cn quc ca lruoircjuz`m su m`tbvbjmj ma gcri cocr`b`bi jc sus eun`bincs sm`crjitmacs, pucjcnm`cr unm iloc`bðn mpmrcntc. Xucjc jc`brsc? ma pcrscfubr ca ùati lruoi,ùmnji âstc ni sc gmnbebcstm lmoi nbnfunm eirgm baç`btm, ¹ni sc vbiamrí ca prbn`bpbi jc am ablcrtmj jc pcnsmgbcnti, jc am ablcrtmj jc ùatis, rcìni`bji pir nucstrm ìnstbtu`bðn piaç tb`m y pir tmntms itrms9 Pb ca lruoi qu c sc abgbtmm scr sm`crjitc jc su rcabfbðn, dm jc scr sigctbji m unm pcrscù`bðn

=2=



acfçtbgm, ¹pir quâ ni dmn jc scrai m am vcz ais sm`crjitcs jc tijis ais itrisùatis9 Pb am rcabfbðn ectb`dbstm cs ouzfmjm ìgi emasm, ¹pir quâ ni dmn jcscrai ams jcgís9, ¹i cs quc ca pijcr si`bma dm jc rcstmlac`cr am tbrmnçmrcabfbism, tiacrmnji unms y pcrsbfubcnji itrms9 Jcsjc cstc punti jc vbstmni blm jcscn`mgbnmjm mqucaam ipbnbðn pmramgcntmrbm cxpucstm cn unm jcnucstrms `ígmrms ìacfbsamjirms.0 Pb sc mpruclm tma mrtçùai jc tma pri-yc`ti jc acy -sc jc`çm-, pir am ùma ais ma`majcs jclcn pritcfcr tiji ùatircabfbisi, sbcgprc quc sc `caclrc cn ca bntcrbir jc sus rcspc`tbvis tcgpais,jb`dms mutirbjmjcs qucjmrín ilabfmjms m pritcfcr ca cocr`b`bi jca ùati jcam lruocrçm, ai ùma scrçm un mlsurji.

Mntc tiji, ca `msi jc un lruoi -cxàusbvmgcntc sm`crjitc- quc ni pr cp mrc dc`dbzis nb prm`tbquc mfñcris, ni puc jc jmrsc sbni ìgi unm

mlstrm``bðn gcntma, eucrm jc am rcmabjmj, nb prcsugblac cn un pri`cjbgbcn-ti oujb`bma pisbtbvbstm. Xrc`bsmgcntc, ca `mrí`tcr sm`crjitma cs ca gís jclb-abtmji, pirquc sc lmsm cn unm ec tmn prbgbtbvm quc sc jcsgirinm mntc uncs`msi prifrcsi bntcac`tuma, y sb sc sistbcnc y aifrmrm pcrgmnc`cr pirgu`di tbcgpi ni scrí sbni ìgi pmrtc bntcfrmntc jc am mfircrçm y jc amdc`db`crçm. Ams pmsbincs dugmnms ni sc ìntcntmn cn ca lmoi nbvca psçqubì

pripbi jc ais lruois, ìn am gçstb`m cspcrmnzm jc am eu turm oustb`bm jbvbnm;nc`csbtmn am bngcjbmtm smtbsem``bðn pir gcjbi jc un cglð gmaâebì, i lcnâebì, i jc ams rcvcam`bincs jc un mfñcri. Jc giji qu c pcnsmr cn un lru oi ùym girma scm tmn supcrbir quc ac dmfm mlmnjinmr tijm prí`t b`mjcab`tuism i mntbsi`bma, y quc, sbn cglmrfi, sc dmaac bntcac`tumagcntc cntmn prbgbtbvi cstmji jc lmrlmrbc rcabfbism, cs un mlsurji psbìaðfbì m`cr`m

jc ùym bgpisblbabjmj ni cs nc`csmrbi bnsbstbr. Xcri ìgi qubcrm quc aisìnvcn`binmabsgis pri`csmacs pujbcrmn supincr cstc `msi, ùmnji ematm-scn pruclms jc jb`dms prí`tb`ms cspc`bmagcntc baç`btms, dmy quc supincraimquç tmglbân y ìglmtbr, mun silrc cstm lmsc dbpitâtb`m, am iloc`bðn jcrcecrcn`bm.

Am `bcn`bm dm jb`di ym quc am rcabfbðn ni cs sbni unm eun`bðn pmtiaðfb`mjc jcecnsm; pc ri munquc msç scm, ni `mlc jujm jc quc ùmnji cs pripbm jcsi`bcjmjcs mafi `bvbabzmjms, ma`mnzm unm cspc`bc jc sbglbisbs, pir `bcrtmbntcnsbeb`m`bðn jc am ìm``bðn suloctbvm ma ùgpabgbcnti jc ams nirgms jcam girmabjmj, munquc pir ams àmscs bntcac`tumagcntc jbrc`tirms sc tcnfmn

pir `mjuìs ais prbn`bpbis cn quc sc eunjm. Am girmabjmj, qu c sulsbstceucrm jc ams rcabfbincs, cs pmrm âstms un sustcntíùai sbn ca ùma `mcrçmn

mquâaams gís printmgcntc cn ca jcsprcstbfbi; ams rcabfbincs, cn `mglbi, sc prciùpmn jc rceirzmr, gcjbmntc am sufcstbðn jca gbcji m ua trmtuglm, ameucrzm ìm`tbvm jc ais prbn`bpbis girmacs, gu`dis jc ais ùmacs, m su vcz,sc jclbabtmrçmn sbn mquâaams, ìgi sc jclbabtmrín y mtriebmrín ma ebn, y scrçmnsustbtubjis pir itris ùyi mjvcnbgbcnti sc ouzfm tijmvçm prcgmturi. Xcricn am rcabfbðn ectb`dbstm jc ais meriùlmnis ni sc jcsùlrc cstm rcamtbvmvcntmom si`bma. Am lruocrçm -ìgi dc jb`di vmrbms vc`cscs mgirma, y

ouzfmjm ìn cspc`bma `rbtcrbi si`biaðfbì, jcsjc ca punt i jc vbstm jc sutrms`cnjcn`bm cn am si`bcjmj ùlmnm, cs dmstm bngirma y jcab`tuism. Mun

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ìnsbjcrínjiam siamgcntc ìgi mgirma, ¹pucjc dmlcr unm rmzðn quc oustbebquc am tiacrmn`bm jc am si`bcjmj ùlmnm dm`bm cstm eirgm jc lmrlmrbcquc gmn`dm y rce rcnm su `bvbabzm`bðn9 Pbcnji friscris y lrutmacs ais jbiscsjc am lruocrçm ìgi sus rcprcscntm`bincs, ¹pir quâ tiacrmr su cxbstcn`bm y

pisblac jbeusbðn jc ams supcrstb`bincs m caais rc ecrcntcs , sb ni puc jcn priju`br vcntmom si`bma mafunm quc pucjm scrvbrac jc msbjcri, pucs, maìntrmrbi, gmntbcnc y dmstm m`rc`bcntm ca mtrmsi bntcac`tuma y girma jcfrmnjcs gmsms jc nucstri puclai9 Zuvbcrm am lruocrçm su girma, ìgi amsjcgís rcabfbincs prm`tb`mjms cn @ulm, mjmptmlac m am girma gcjbm camli-rmjm pir am si`bcjmj ùlmnm y eucrm tiacrmlac, msç ìgi ca pmrmsbtbsgi qucjc caam jcrbvm; pcri ni sbcnji msç, ca prifrcsi cxbfc quc sc lmrrmn cstisrcstis jc smavmobsgi merb`mni quc bnec`tmn nucstri pmçs y tmnti pcroujb`mn,

cspc`bmagcntc m ams àmscs cn quc caais dm`cn prcsm, ams ùmacs, ablrcs jccstms trmlms bntcac`tumacs, pucjcn ìamlirmr ceb`mzgcntc m am ilrm jc am`bvbabzm`bðn.

Ai prbgcri, pucs, cn am au`dm jcecnsbvm ìntrm am lruocrçm, dm jc scrm`mlmr ìn ais lruois, mbsamrais jc sus ebcacs, ìgi ais cnecrgis jc ebclrcmgmrbaam, pirquc am lruocrçm cs cscn`bmagcntc ìntmfbism, y gbcntrms mquâ-aais fi`cn jc ablcrtmj -gís i gcnis ìgpactm pmrm ìntbnumr su pmrmsbtbs-gi-, âstc sulsbstbrí y priùrmrí gmntcncr ais scrcs quc ac sustcntmn cn am

pmsbvbjmj bntcac`tuma nc`csmrbm pmrm quc sbfmn sipirtínjiai dmstm ìnmfrmji. Jcsmpmrc`bjis mqucaais cglmu`mjircs, tcrgbnmjms sus ebcstms,jmnzms y smavmocs rbtis, jcslmrmtmjis sus tcgpais, jcìgbsmjis sus bgpi-tcntcs jbiscs, ìrtmjis tijis cstis tcntíùais jc am lruocrçm, quc cn`mjc-

nmn m sus `rcycntcs ma einji lírlmri jc nucstrm si`bcjmj, pijrín âstis-ablrcs jc mtmjurms- br mabfcrmnji sus mÿn ni jcsmerb`mnbzmjms gcntcs jca pcsi jc sus emrrmfbnisms supcrstb`bincs y sulbr m su`csbvms zinms jc ùaturm.

Xmrm ìnscfubrai ni dmy quc aacfmr, `bcrtmgcntc, m un rmjb`ma pri`cjb-gbcnti jc cabgbnm`bðn si`bma, ìgi scrçm am pcnm jc gucrtc, bnìgpmtblacìn ca prifrcsi pcnbtcn`bmrbi ìntcgpirínci, quc ym dm emaamji su jcsm-

pmrb`bðn.Am cxpuasbðn jc ais lruois jca tcrrbtirbi nm`binma, prm`tb`mjm tbcgpi

mtrís ìn ais ilbs jc ams ìainbms bnfacsms,: pijrçm gcrc`cr mafunm ìnsbjc-rm`bðn sb eucsc prí`tb`mgcntc pisblac su jcpirtm`bðn m ais pmçscs merb`mnisjc su pri`cjcn`bm, msç igi sc cxpuasm m ais bngbfrmntcs ni`bvis, m `bcr tisjcabnùcntcs cxtrmnocris, ct`.; pcri mun msç, ma dmlcr nugcrisis lruois`rbiaais, cstm gcjbjm rcsuatmrçm jc ceb`m`bm guy rcstrbnfbjm. Am cxpuasbðnfcncrma jc tijis ais lruois, sbn trmnspirtmrais m ais pmçscs merb`mnis, csipucstm m ais m`tumacs usis bntcrnm`binmacs y m ais smnis jb`tmjis jc am`bcn`bm, mjcgís jc scr su cocù`bðn prí`tb`mgcntc bgpisblac.

Ni rcstm it ri gcjbi cabgbnmtbvi quc ca jc su rcàusbðn, ÿnbì sbstcgmceb`mz jc mbsamgbcnti.

Xcri sc `di`m ìn un ilstíùai eirgbjmlac, ìgi cs ca mtrmsmji sbstcgm pcnbtcn`bmrbi quc tijmvçm ìnscrvmgis. @mstbfmr ma lruoi3 ma cn`bcrri cnunm jc nucstrms `ír`cacs-omuams, jurmntc un pamzi prcjctcrgbnmji pir am

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scntcn`bm, cs bnousti. Pb am pcnm prbvmtbvm jc ablcrtmj cs jc lrcvc jurm`bðn,ca lruoi fairbeb`mji pir am pcrscù`bðn ni tmrjmrí cn mtrmcr, mun bnviaun-tmrbmgcntc, sus mntbfuis ebcacs y prilmlacgcntc m itris nucvis. Pb amrcàusbðn cs amrfm pmrm cvbtmr cstc rctirni jca lru oi m su pmrmsbtbsgi, jmjisais m`tumacs prbn`bpbis quc jctcrgbnmn am ablcrm`bðn jc ais prcsis y carcecrbji sbstcgm jc prbsbincs, sc `mcrí cn ams bnoustb`bms `bcntçeb`ms, sb niacfmacs, quc cn fcncrma irbfbnm su mpab`m`bðn ìn rcspc`ti m `msb tijis aisjcabnùcntcs rcàusis, y quc dmn sbji ìn prc`bsbðn scýmamjms pir ais`rbgbnðaifis pisbtbvbstms.

Cn ais rcis jc pmrmsbtbsgi lruoi dmlrçm quc jbstbnfubr ams jis `mtcfirçmsm quc gc dc rcecrbji ym? am jc mqucaais lruois emnítbìs, quc sin tmacs pirca ìnvcn`bgbcnti quc tbcncn jc aacnmr unm eun`bðn si`bma, y sb cglmu`mn

m sus `rcycntcs y pcr`blcn sus iyís ai dm`cn sbn ínbgi prcìn`clbji jccxpaitmrais, i scm, ais lruois jc lucnm ec, ais lruois `rbgbniaðfb`mgcntcnmtis, pir jc`brai msç; y itrm `mtcfirçm, am jc ais lruois pir dílbti, quc scdmn dc`di tmacs y sbfucn sbânjiai pirquc cnùcntrmn cn am lruocrçm un eí`bagiji jc vbjm, un gcjbi ìgi tmntis itris jc cxpaitmr am bfnirmn`bm jc amsfcntcs. Jc ais prbgcris -cntrc ais ùmacs sc ìntmrín ìn prcecrcn`bm aisvbcois merb`mnis- ni dmy quc cspcrmr gutm`bðn mafunm cn su sbstcgm jcbjcms? sin lruois y girbrín tmacs, sin bnìrrcfblacs. Ais scfunjis, prbn`b- pm agcn tc `rbiaais, pijrín mlmnjinmr sus prí`tb`ms supcrst b`bisms scfÿn camrrmbfi jc su dílbti pmrmsbtmrbi y jclcn scr cqubpmrmjis m ais jcgísjcabnùcntcs dmlbtumacs, quc pucjcn scr ìrrcfblacs. @amri cstí quc mglms`mtcfirçms ni cstín nb pucjcn cstmr pcrec`tmgcntc jcabgbtmjms, y quc am

bnàusbðn jc mafÿn rci cn unm u itrm pucjc scr gu`dms vc`cs jujism; msçsu`cjc ìn tijms ams `mtcfirçms y àmsbeb`m`bincs bgmfbnmlacs jc jcabnùcn-tcs y, cn fcncrma, jc tijis ais scrcs jc am nmturmaczm.

Xmrm ais lruois jc am prbgcrm `mtcfirçm, ca mbsamgbcnti jca mglbcntc pripb`bi m ams supcrstb`bincs, cspc`bmagcntc jca ecgcnbni , jclc rçm scr pcr pc tui. Xcr i ni sc trmtm jc rcàubr m ais lruois, jc cn`crrmr ais ìgi lcstbms ecri`cs, nb jc sustbtubr su pmrmsbtb sgi sm`crjitma pir su pmrmsbtbsgi pcnb tcn`bmrbi. Am si`bcjmj ni jclc sustcntmr ma lruoi rcàubji, cn vcz jcais `râjuais quc ai sustcntmn m`tumagcntc. Ca lruoi ni jclc scr ilocti jcitrm rcm``bðn si`bma jcecnsbvm quc am jc su mbsamgbcnti jca mglbcntc cn quc pu cj c mrrmbfmr su pmrmsbtbsgi, y am fcncrma jc scr ìnstrcýbji ma trmlmoi,siamgcntc pmrm fmnmrsc su pripbi sustcnti. Xir itrm pmrtc, am rcàusbðn jcais lruois cn ams prbsbincs scrçm bnìnvcnbcntc y m vc`cs pcabfrism. Pb crmncn`crrmjis, ìgi cs usuma, cn ca prcsbjbi i cn ams `ír`cacs, cn tma i ùmafmacrm, ounti ìn ais jcabnùcntcs jc su rmzm, prilmlacgcntc ìntbnumr çmnsu pmrmsbtbsgi m ìstm jc ais `rbgbnmacs, pucs âstis scrçmn ca `mgpi gísemvirmlac pmrm ca ùatbvi jc sus supcrstb`bincs. @umnji bnfrcsmrin cn am`ír`ca ais lruois pri`csmjis pir ca mscsbnmti jc Ca Fmlrbca, ais prcsis scmpmrtmlmn jc caais ìn tcgir y cvbtmlmn su ìntm`ti, pirquc `rcçmn cn su

pijcr gbstcrbisi. Mjcgís, munquc sigctbjis ma jc eb`bcn tc râfbgcn jctrmlmoi bgpucsti cn ca bntcrbir jc am prbsbðn, âstc scrçm piì gcnis quc

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bgpriju`tbvi. R munquc am rcàusbðn cspc`bma jc ais lruois cn fmacrm pmrtbùamr eucsc pisblac, ni ai scrçm, ìgi cstí prilmji dmstm am sm`bcjmj,cvbtmr sus rcam`bincs ìn ais jcgís prcsis.

Cstm jbebùatmj jc ìnscfubr ca mbsamgbcnti jca lruoi sc maamnmrçm cn frmn pm rt c gcjbmntc am mpab`m`bðn m caais jc un rbfurisi sbstcgm `cauamr, pcricsti pufnm, ìn rmzðn, ìn ais prbn`bpbis jc am gijcrnm `bcn`bm pcnma.

Pb cn @ulm dulbcrm unm vcrjmjcrm ìainbm pcnbtcn`bmrbm, ca prilacgmcstmrçm `msb rcsuca ti, pucs cn caam ais lruois pijrçmn scr jcjb`mjis m trmlmoiscspc`bmacs, mbsamjis jc ams jcgís `mtcfirçms jc jcabnùcntcs.

Xcri mun cn am m`tumabjmj, ais lruois gcrmgcntc tmacs -cs jc`br, ais qucni dmn sbji jcàmrmjis jcabnùcntcs pir itrms `musms- pijrçmn scr sigc-tbjis m un râfbgcn jc trmlmoi y m am vcz jc mbsamgbcnti jc ais mglbcntcs

bnec`tis i bnec`tmlacs rigpbcnji jc unm vcz ìn ca vbfcntc rutbnmrbsgi pcnma cn am acy quc sc priguafmrm silrc rcprcsbðn jc am lruocrçm, jcstbnmn-ji m ais nucvis jcabnùcntcs m `bcrtis trmlmois eí`bacs cn `bcrtis cstmlac`b-gbcntis pÿlabìs, pir cocgpai? m am abgpbczm y scrvb`bi bntcrbir jceirtmaczms, ùmrtcacs, ct`., i cn ilrms pÿlab`ms, sbcgprc quc sc fmrmntbzmscgcjbmntc mafunis vbfbamntcs am scpmrm`bðn, jurmntc ams dirms jc i`bi pir aigcnis, jc ais jcgís trmlmomjircs dinrmjis i `rbgbnmacs, y ni eucscnsigctbjis m trmlmois nb gís nb gcnis pcsmjis quc ais ilrcris ablrcs. Aigbsgi pucjc jc`brsc pmrm ams cs`msms guocrcs lruoms priecsbinmacs. Puiùpm`bðn ni scrçm jbeç`ba (amvmji, ìsturm jc unbeirgcs, jc ripms jcdispbtmacs y msbais, ct`âtcrm). Cstms siau`bincs sc em`babtmn pir ca nÿgcrircamtbvmgcntc cs`msi jc lruois cn rcam`bðn ìn ams jcgís àmscs jc jcabn-ùcntcs.

Pbn cglmrfi, pir am nc`csmrbm ìnjb`bðn jc cspc`bma mbsamgbcnti cn qucjclcn gmntcncrsc ais lruois, cn cstm `mtcfirçm jc bnìrrcfblacs, jclcrçmncntrmr ni sðai ais gcrmgcntc tmacs, sbni tmglbân ais lruois quc dulbcscnsbji ìnjcnmjis pir itris jcabtis, sbcgprc quc am lruocrçm scm cn caais priecsbinma y `mrm`tcrb`c ais jcab tis, ìgi su`cjc cn ca `msi jca lru oi Li`ÿ,mscsbni pir purm lruocrçm. Xirquc cn`crrmr m âstis ìn ais jcgís jcabn-ùcntcs y ni m ais jcgís lruois, scrçm un mlsurji, tmnti gís ùmnti quc amtcgblbabjmj jc ais prbgcris cs gmyir, pucs su emnmtbsgi ais aacvm gís maaíjca pmrmsbtbsgi, dmstm ca `rbgcn.

Am gmyir i gcnir tcgblbabjmj pijrçm jmr gitbvi m unm vbfbamn`bm gís igcnis cstrc`dm pmrm gmntcncr su mbsamgbcnti y cvbtmr am eufm, pcri ni munm jbecrcn`bm rmjb ma jc trmtmgbcnti pcnbtcn`bmrbi, rcspc`ti ma mbsamgbcn-

ti. Cstis `msis qucjmrçmn tmglbân siavcntmjis pir am ìainbm pcnbtcn`bmrbm, pc ri ni dmy quc pcnsmr cn caam pir mdirm.Xmrm am scfunjm `mtcfirçm jc lruois, pmrm mqucaais quc cglmu`mn m

smlbcnjms y quc fcncrmagcntc ni ìgctcn cn ca cocr`b`bi jc sus eun`bincsgís quc acvcs jcabtis ìntrm am pripbcjmj, mafÿn mlirti, ct`., pirquc suemnmtbsgi bncxbstcntc i jâlba, pir ai gcnis, ni ais `bcfm dmstm bgpuasmraism ìrrcr ais pcabfris jca `rbgcn frmvc; pmrm cstis lruois, quc ni sin sbniunm `mtcfirçm jc cstmemjircs, ùym tcgblbabjmj si`bma sc bntcnsbeb`m y `mrm`-

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tcrbzm pir am `brùnstmn`bm jc quc ams vç`tbgms ai sin jc lucn frmji y dmstmqucjmn mfrmjc`bjms jc am cxpaitm`bðn pmrmsbtmrbm; pmrm csis lruois pucjcnscýmamrsc ais `rbtcrbis pcnmacs mpab`mlacs m ais jcgís jcabnùcntcs mníai-fis, sbcgprc ìn am nirgm jca mbsamgbcnti. Xmrm gu`dis lmstmrçm am mpab`m-`bðn jc pcnms diy aamgmjms ìrrc``binmacs, am ilabfm`bðn jc trmlmomrdmlbtum agcn tc cn ieb`bi pir caais cacfbji, lmoi am vbfbamn`bm jc am mutirbjmj;am ìnjcnm ìnjb`binma, ct`âtcrm.

Xcri tiji ai cxpucsti cs bnm`tumlac gbcntrms jurc ca `mjuì àmsb`bsgijigbnmntc cn ams acycs pcnmacs y cn ams prbsbincs. Am ceb`mz rcprcsbðn ni pijrí ilt cncr sc sbni m gcjbjm quc cviau`binc ca vbfcntc râfbgcn `rbgb-niaðfbì dm`bm eðrguams gís ìneirgcs ìn ais jcsùlrbgbcntis y prbn`b-

pbis `bcntçebìs ìntcgpiríncis . Xcri ma gcnis un mvmn`c cn cs c scnt bji,

quc ni cs guy jbeç`ba, cs am ìnsbjcrm`bðn acfma jca pmrmsbtbsgi lruoi ìgiun jcabti cspc`bma sigctbji m jctcrgbnmjm pcnm; y mjcgís, jmji quc nisc qubcrmn mpab`mr `rbtcrbis punbtbvis cspc`bmacs m `bcrtis jcabtis `mrm`tcrb-zmjis pir am lruocrçm, ìnsbjârcsc m âstm ìgi `brùnstmn`bm mfrmvmntc,`bcrtmgcntc ìn eunjmgcnti tmn ousti ìgi ca quc gitbvð, pir cocgpai,am mfrmvmntc jc scr vmfi ca ùapmlac, pucs ni dmy jujm jc quc ca pmrmsb tbsgi

lr uo i cs tmn mntbsi`bma, pir ai gcnis, ìgi ca jc am vmfmn`bm.

Jcsjc aucfi, cn tiji `msi, mun ùmnji ni sc aacfmsc m unm ìnjcnm,jclcrçmn jcìgbsmrsc ais çjiais, bgífcncs, ìaamrcs, ectb`dcs, matmrcs,`duglms y jcgís cnscrcs y `m`dbvm`dcs jc ais tcgpais lruois, ais ùmacs,ma gcnis ais gís `mrm`tcrçstbìs, cn vcz jc scr jcstrubjis ìgi sc dm dc`didmstm mdirm, jclbcrmn scr jcstbnmjis ma gusci jc mntripiaifçm jc amunbvcrsbjmj nm`binma. Xmrm iltcncr csti ni cs nc`csmrbm nbnfunm bnvi`m-

`bðn acfma; lmstmrçm unm rcìgcnjm`bðn jc ais `cntris jbrc`tircs ìgpc-tcntcs, pmrm givcr am lucnm viauntmj jc ams mutirbjmjcs bnecrbircs

oujb`bm acs, cn pri jc am pripucstm ìnscrvm`bðn jc jb`dis iloctis cn bntcrâsjc am `bcn`bm.

Xcri ma cgprcnjcr ìn jc`bsbðn y scrbcjmj am au`dm jbrc`tm ìntrm am lruocr çm jcstruycnji ais eiìs jc bnec``bðn, ni dmy quc iavbjmr quc cntrcâstis pucjcn ìntmrsc `bcrtis pmrísbtis ni bnàubjis cn am àmsc jc lruois,tma ìgi âstis sin jcebnbjis fcncrmagcntc cn @ulm y ìgi dmn sbjicstujbmjis cn cstc trmlmoi. Gc rcebcri cn prbgcr aufmr ma ùrmnjcri, quctmnti mlunjm y quc tmntis puntis jc ìntm`ti tbcnc ìn ca lruoi, cspc`bma-gcntc ùmnji cxpaitm ais ecnðgcnis jca gmfnctbsgi c dbpnitbsgi, ti-gmnji am mptbtuj jc un bnspbrmji pir ais cspçrbtus; y, cn scfunji aufmr, m

ams mjbvbnmjirms lamn`ms, quc ìn jbvcrsis niglrcs (qubb'igíntb`ms, àmrbvb-jcntcs, pmagçsams, `mrtigíntb`ms, sinígluams, ct`.) sc tbtuamn bnemablacs cs`ru-tmjirms jc ai iùati y ùyis tcgpais sin ìni`bjis jc tijis y mnun`bmjis pir am prcnsm; quc uni y itrms ìntrbluycn m gm nt cncr y cxpaitmr am`rcjuabjmj jc ams fcntcs bfnirmntcs cn am `musmabjmj jc ais ecnðgcnis jcam nmturmaczm y jc am vbjm, ni cs prc`bsi jcgistrmrai. Ais ùrmnjcris y amsmjbvbnmjirms ni sin sbni lruois cviau`binmjis y cspc`bmabzmjis y quc, pirai tmnti, cocr`cn su pmrmsbtbsgi cn àmscs supcrbircs, m pcsmr jc am rcamtbvm

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supcrbirbjmj bntcac`tuma jc âstms, quc cn mafunis `msis aacfm m scr, cxtcr-nmgcntc, jc rcebnmjm ùaturm, sbn ti`mr m am gâjuam quc sc gmn tbcnc smavmoc.Am cxprcsbðn pipuamr cn @ulm jc bnjbis ìn acvbtm, jb`dm pir unm pmrbsbcn-sc, tbcnc rcspc`ti m cstm ùcstbðn unm mpab`m`bðn gís fcncrma jc ai qucìgÿngcntc sc `rcc; dmstm cn am gbsgm Ubaac Augbârc, cn ùyis liuac-vmrjs, ìgi jb`c un ermn`âs, Lcrcnfcr-Ecrmuj,5 sc cnùcntrmn `râjuaistmn `bcfis ìgi cn ca `cntri jc Íerb`m.

Ais ùrmnjcris pir cocr`b`bi baç`bti jc am gcjb`bnm, y ams mjbvbnmjirms pir pmrmsbt bsgi si`bma, quc sc lmsm cn pcqucýms c bn`csmntcs cstmems, pu cjcny jclcn scr ìgprcnjbjis cn am ðrlbtm jc am rcprcsbðn jc am lruocrçm ysigctbjis m pcnms ìrrc``binmacs, dmstm sbn nc`csbjmj jc quc ca acfbsamjirjâ nucvms mrgms ma pijcr oujb`bma; lmstmn ams m`tumacs pmrm pijcr cec`tumrunm `mgpmým rcprcsbvm quc scrçm guy ceb`mz, pucs dmy quc tcncr cn ùcntmquc ùrmnjcris y mjbvbnms sin, cn su frmn gmyirçm, pir ni jc`br cnmlsiauti, cglmu`mjircs m smlbcnjms, quc ìni`cjircs jc am `rcjuabjmjìgÿn, am cxpaitmn mstutmgcntc mjiptmnji pri`cjbgbcntis sufcstbvis cnìnsinmn`bm ìn ca lmrnbz jc `bvbabzm`bðn jc ams quc dmn jc scr sus vç`tbgms,y, pir ai tmnti, ni ipincn ca bnquclrmntmlac emnmtbsgi jc ais lruoismeriùlmnis.

Ams gcjbjms jc rcprcsbðn pijrçmn cxtcnjcrsc tmglbân m ais mjcptis jcam lruocrçm, cn mafunis `msis, pmrm jbebùatmr am rcmabzm`bðn jc `bcrtis m`tis

lruois; tmacs, pir cocgpai, ams jmnzms rbtumacs, ams ìgbainms ìn gitbvi jcams ebcstms, am mpab`m`bðn jc cglðs bntcn`binmagcntc lcnâebìs i gmaâebìs,i rcmagcntc bni`cntcs i jmýbnis, ct`., pirquc m cstis m`tis ìipcrmnmquâaais pisbtbvmgcntc. Cn cstis `msis scrçmn ìnvcnbcntcs ams pcnms acvcs,

quc diy ym sc jb`tmn pir nucstris trblunmacs ìrrc``binmacs, ìgi amsguatms y am rcàusbðn lrcvc ìn trmlmoi ilabfmtirbi.

Dmstm mquç am m``bðn si`bma bngcjbmtm quc pucjc ceb`mzgcntc jbrbfbrscìntrm am lruocrçm. Caam ni lmstm, sbn cglmrfi, y am si`bcjmj jclc utbabzmrcn su jcecnsm gâtijis bnjbrc`tis jc rcsuatmji gcjbmti pc ri bnemablac (aisaamgmjis pir Ecrrb, sustbtutbvispcnmacs); i scm, am prifrcsbvm bngunbzm`bðnìntrm ca gb`rilbi jc am lruocrçm.

Xmrm iltcncram cs bnjbspcnsmlac am bntcnsm jbeusbðn jc am bnstru``bðn cntijms ams àmscs jc am \cpÿlab`m; ni jc am bnstru``bðn supcreb`bma quc scmjqubcrc fcncrmagcntc ùmnji nbýis, sbni jc am quc mlmrquc sðabjmsni`bincs `bcntçeb`ms m`cr`m jc am `musm`bðn rcma jc ais ecnðgcnis nmturmacsy dmstm jc ais si`bmacs. Pb am bnstru``bðn nmjm vmac rcspc`ti m ais lruois cn

pmrtbùamr , pucs âstis pir su smavmobsgi i su gmam ec cstín bgpisblba btmjisjc rcìfcr jc mquâaam eruti mafuni quc acs sbrvm jc privc`di, y, mntcs maìntrmrbi, pucjc scr utbabzmjm pmrm cxtcnjcr su rmjbi jc m``bðn (ìgi scvc cn ams `mrtms jca lruoi Li`ÿ, Ebfurm :0); ni ilstmntc, jbeunjbjm cntrcais `râjuais priju`brí m am amrfm su prifrcsbvm jbsgbnu`bðn, pucs sc dmrín`mjm jçm gís rcerm`tmrbms m ams supcrstb`bincs y ma pmrmsbtbsgi jc aisectb`dcris. Am m``bðn bnstru`tbvm, ni sðai ìn rcecrcn`bm m am lruocrçm, sbnicn rcam`bðn ìn ca nbvca fcncrma jc bnùaturm cn nucstrms àmscs bnecrbircs,

=26



y mun lmoi `bcrtis mspc`tis gís rcstrbnfbjis m ams àmscs mafi cacvmjmsbntcac`tumagcntc, ni jclc mlmnjinmrsc pir ìgpacti m ams csùcams pÿlab-`ms y m ais cstmlac`bgbcntis aamgmjis jc cnscýmnzm supcrbir. Ni scrí ceb`mzsb ni pcnctrm jbrc`tmgcntc cn ca gbsgi vuafi bfnirmntc. Ma cec`ti, sinÿtbacs tijm àmsc jc ìnecrcn` bms pÿlab`ms jc `mrí`tcr pipuamr, ìntbnums ysbstcgítb`ms, lrcvcs ùrsis quc pinfmn ma ma`mn`c jc tijis ais jcsùlrb-gbcntis y mjcamntis cn ca `mgpi jc ams `bcn`bms nmturmacs y jc ams si`biað-fb`ms. Xmrm caai lmstmrçm unm jisbs jc lucnm viauntmj, jc csm viauntmj qucnis rilm am mncgbm tripb`ma, c bnspbrmrnis cn ams bnstbtu`bincs jc vuafmrb-zm`bðn `bcntçeb`m, unbvcrsbjmjcs pipuamrcs, ct`., jc quc tmn ðptbgis erutissc cstín rcìfbcnji cn ca cxtrmnocri.

@igi ca msunti, sb lbcn jc ceb`mz mpab`m`bðn ìntrm am lruocrçm, cs jc

çnjiac fcncrma, ni bnsbsti cn âa. Ni cs sbni un `mpçtuai jc am pcjmfifçmgijcrnm, unm emsc jc ais jclcrcs jc ìipcrm`bðn bntcac`tuma, quc ca prif rcsi jc ams si`bcjmjcs bgpinc m ams àmscs jbrc`tirms.

Am bnstru``bðn, sbn cglmrfi, ni jcstrubrí am lruocrçm cn pi`ms fcncrm-`bincs; pcri ma gcnis, ìntrblubrí m su jcsmerb`mnbzm`bðn y, pir ai tmnti, mam jcsmpmrb`bðn jc ams eirgms gís frmvcs jc am jcab`tuisbjmj lruom y jc ais

lruo is merb`mnis, qu c ma brsc `bvbabzmnji sc dmrín mjmptmlacs, rcsu atmnjigcnis bntiacrmlac su pmrmsbtbsgi, mníaifmgcntc m ams m`tumacs mjbvbnms

lamn`ms.Am bnstru``bðn ni cs, ìgi sc `rcyð, unm pmnm`cm bnemablac pmrm ùrmr am

jcabnùcn`bm, m vc`cs cs dmstm pcroujb`bma y emvirmlac ma mugcnti jc âstm; pcr i rc spc` ti m am lruocr çm ilrmrí cn jis scn tbjis? silrc ais lruois ,

dm`bcnji quc scmn gcnis lírlmris, gcnis vbiacntis, munquc sç gís mstu-tis; y silrc ais mjcptis jc am lruocrçm, jcspcrtmnji cn caais sus jirgbjmsbntcabfcn`bms y cacvínjiais dmstm jcomr rczmfmjis m ais lruois y pijcr dubrjc ams fmrrms jc su pmrmsbtbsgi, quc diy dm`c prcsm eí`bagcntc cn gmsmsìgpm`tms, jbsfrcfmlacs m gcjbjm quc am bnstru``bðn vmym mlrbcnji lrc`dmcn ca vuafi bfnirmntc.

Dm jc myujmr tmglbân m am au`dm ìntrm ca emnmtbsgi y ams supcrstb`bincs lruoms tijm m``bðn si`bma tc njc nt c m abgbtmr am cxtcnsbðn jc ais ec nðgc ni srcabfbisis, cspc`bmagcntc am cxtcrbirbzm`bðn jc sus rbtis, ùmaqubcrm qu c scmam ìnecsbðn quc ais bnspbrc. Xmrm mafunis, tmglbân am rcabfbðn dm sbji amÿnb`m smavmfumrjbm ìntrm tijis ais vb`bis; pcri sc dm jcgistrmji ca crrir pmr`bma jc cstm `rccn`bm . @igi jb`c Aiglrisi? "am rcabfbðn cs ÿtba ùmnjisc eunjm mlsiau tmgcntc silrc am girma y mlmnjinm ca ùati jc ams eðrguams.

Csti ni pucjc rcmabzmrsc sbni cn ams rcabfbincs nucvms. Zijms cn un prbn`bpbi sin girmacs; pc ri cn scfubjm, piì m piì, sc `rbstm abzmn, y ams prí`t b`ms rbtumacs mdifmn ca prbn`bpbi girma gcnis eí`ba jc ìn`clbr y jcscr rctcnbji pir ca vuafi. Ais nucvis sc`tmrbis, ginibjcçstms cntin`cs,cstín jcecnjbjis pir am bjcm ìntrm ams pmsbincs bnnilacs".6 Pcrçm prc`bsi,

pucs, qu c vbnbcrmn m @ulm rcabfbincs nucvms y supcrbircs, pmrm pijc rìnebmr cn unm m``bðn^cabfbism girmabzmjirm. M`msi, cntin`cs, sc pijrçmilscrvmr un ecnðgcni mníaifi ma quc cxpinc ca gbsgi Aiglrisi,4 quc

=24



am ìnvcrsbðn jc ais ncfris jc ais Cstmjis Snbjis ma gctijbsgi dmbgpuasmji su gcoirmgbcnti girma.2 Xcri, ni ilstmntc, gbcntrms am psbqubsmerb`mnm sc gmntcnfm cn @ulm ìn ca gbsgi mrrmbfi jc mdirm, unm `ruzmjmcvmnfâab`m pir eru`tçecrm quc eucsc, ni aifrmrçm jcstcrrmr ca ectb`dbsgi, nbquclrmntmr ca pmrmsbtbsgi lruoi, quc cn am pripbm prbgbtbvbjmj jc sussupcrstb`bincs dmaam unm ìnjb`bðn jc vbtmabjmj, ùma cs am mgirmabjmj qucai macom jc ams au`dms rcabfbisms y ai dm`c ìgpmtblac ìn ams jbvcrsms bfacsbmsùyms prcjb`m`bincs `mtcqubstms sin prbn`bpmagcntc girmacs.=8 Mjcgís,munquc mgputmji ca cacgcnti rcabfbisi jc am lruocrçm pir am ìnvcrsbðncn gmsm jc sus ebcacs m unm tciaifçm girma, sulsbstbrçm am lmsc prbn`bpma jca pmrmsbtbsgi lruoi, ca cocr`b`bi jc am dc`db`crçm y jc am mjbvbnm`bðn, quc nmjm

tbcncn quc vcr ìn am girma nb ìn ais jifgms tma ìgi sin cntcnjbjis pirca vuafi, mpmrtc jc unm vmfm bntcrvcn`bðn jc ams jbvbnbjmjcs, y ym smlcgisquc ais ectb`dbstms meriùlmnis ni sc gucstrmn bntrmnsbfcntcs cn gmtcrbmstciaðfb`ms, y quc unm sbgpac sugm jc pmntcincs lmstm, scfÿn caais, pmrmsiajmr jis rcjis rcabfbisis. Gís lbcn aifrmrçm prisâabtis cnt rc ais ectb`dbs-tms meriùlmnis am prcjb`m`bðn jc unm jc csms mlsurjms sc`tms `rcmjms pirvcrjmjcris pmrmnibìs -ìgi jb`c Aiglrisi-, quc tmn m gcnuji mpmrc-`cn ìgi eucfis emtuis silrc ais rubnisis jifgms jc ams vbcoms rcabfbincs,y cspc`bmagcntc sb prcscntmrm mafÿn mspc`ti silrcnmturma i jc dc`db`crçm.Ais ectb`dbstms jc @ulm pmrm mlmnjinmr su ectb`dbsgi, munquc tcgpirma ysupcreb`bmagcntc, nc`csbtmn vcr gbamfris, pirquc unm rcabfbðn sbn gbamfrisni cs pmrm caais. ]uc ca mglbcntc cs pripb`bi pmrm unm cpbjcgbm rcabfbism

cn csc scntbji ai jcgucstrm am mfbtm`bðn priju`bjm pir `bcrti suoctimpijmji Diglrc Jbis, cn mafunms ìgmr`ms jc am \cpÿlab`m, jinjc sugbamfrcrçm mnjmntc aacfð m gitbvmr matcrm`bincs jc irjcn pÿlabì. Xcri unm

prcjb`m`bðn rcabfbism, quc mrrmstrmrm `rcycntcs, ni ìnscfubrçm sbni sustb-tubr un pmrmsbtbsgi pir itri, unms supcrstb`bincs pir itrms, y gmntcncr ambntcac`tumabjmj jc ais meriùlmnis piì gís i gcnis cn ca gbsgi mtrmsim`tuma. Xir csti jclc pcrscfubrsc ca gcoirmgbcnti bntcac`tuma jca puclai

pmrm mtcnumr y `mnmabzmr, pir ai gcnis, ca scntbgbcnti rcabfbisi.Zmgpiì cs prc`bsi quc gc cxtbcnjm silrc cstc tcgm, mspc`ti pmr`bma,

munquc jc ais gís bgpirtmntcs, jc am gmr`dm prifrcsbvm jc am `bvbabzm`bðndugmnm. Jcspuâs jc cxpucstis ais ìntm`tis, scgcomnzms y puntis jcbjcntbjmj cntrc ca ùati `bvbabzmji gís cxtcnjbji cn @ulm y am lruocrçm, cscvbjcntc quc am jclbabtm`bðn jca uni dm jc rcjunjmr cn pcroub`bi jc am itrm,

pir gís quc pmrm mafunis cstm meb rgm`bðn pmrcz`m pmrmjðob`m. Mtc nuí nji -sc jc `mjm jçm ca scntbgbcnti rcabfbisi, pir ai gcnis tma ìgi diy scgmnbebcstm, aacfmrí am puavcrbzm`bðn jc tijis ais çjiais, ca iavbji jc jifgmscstârbacs y su sustbtu`bðn pir bjcmacs jc pisbtbvi matrubsgi.

Sn mspc`ti pmr`bma jc cstm `mgpmým `bvbabzmjirm dmlrçm jc scr am pridblb`bðn jc am vcntm jc irm`bincs bnjbsùtblacgcntc mtívb`ms y dmstm jcab`-tuisms, ìgi am jca Ousti Oucz, jc am Xbcjrm Bgín, ct`., quc diy sc vcnjcn

pÿlab`mgcntc.

=22



Pcrçm ìnvcnbcntc tmglbân pmrm ìglmtbr ca cocr`b`bi jc am lruocrçmtcrmpâutb`m y jca ùrmnjcrbsgi, ca mugcnti jc ais gâjbìs rurmacs gunb-`bpmacs, pmrm pincr frmtubtmgcntc ma ma`mn`c jc tijis ais nc`csbtmjis ais

lcnceb`bis jc am `bcn`bm, y pijcr vbfbamr gís jc `cr`m y ce b`mzgc ntc ams prí`tb`ms baç`btms jc ais cglmu`mjircs.

Cntrc ais gcjbis jc sufcstbðn pir ais ùmacs aifrmn ais lruois rijcmrscjc un nÿàci jc mjcptis, sc ùcntmn ais lmbacs merb`mnis, quc ma sin jctmglircs `caclrmn, pcrbðjb`mgcntc sb pucjcn, ìn ca mpmrcntc iloctbvi jcjbvcrtbrsc bni`cntcgcntc. Ams mutirbjmjcs -cspc`bmagcntc ams rurmacs-

pijr çmn mugcntmr su `cai cn am vbfbamn`bm jc tmacs lmbacs, qu c pucjcncnùlrbr ebcstms rcabfbisms, ncfmnji ca pcrgbsi m qubcncs eucrc n sispc`di-

sis jc lruocrçm, bnspc``binmnji ais aufmrcs jinjc sc `caclrmn, ct`âtcrm.Ma ni dmlcr rmzðn pmrm cxàubr jc am rcprcsbðn jca pmrmsbtbsgi lruoi m

ais ùrmnjc ris y m ams gijcrnms sblbams, jclbcrm cx`btmrsc am lucnm viauntmjjc am prcnsm cn pri jc su m``bðn `bvbabzmjirm, ni pmrm gmntcncr iùatm cstmaamfm si`bma, ìgi tmgpiì ams itrms, sbni pmrm jcomr jc dm`cr ca rcàmgi mams cxpaitmjirms jc am `rcjuabjmj y m vc`cs jc am bnecab`bjmj dugmnms,suprbgbcnji jcsjc aucfi ais mnun`bis jbrc`tis, mun ais jc ams pífbnmsjcstbnmjms cn ais pcrbðjbìs m am pulab`bjmj pmrtbùamr, jca gbsgi gijiquc am prcnsm dinrmjm sc rcsbstc m pulab`mr mnun`bis jc jcabnùcntcs y jc

pc`mjirms. Zmgpiì jclbcrmn pulab`mrsc ams ìrrbcntcs cntrcvbstms ìn amsmjbvbnms y am jcs`rbp`bðn jc sus tcgpais, sbcgprc quc caai rcjunjc cn prijc mqucaais tbpis jc am gmam vbjm, jc am jbeusbðn jc sus supcrstb`bincs y jc

am sufcstbðn jc nucvms vç`tbgms. Ma pÿlabì sc ac pucjc dmlamr ìn tijmàmrbjmj jc ams gijcrnms gmfms, ìgi jc tijis ais mspc`tis jca dmgpm, sbnemvirc`cr su pmrmsbtbsgi; pmrm caai lmstmrçm quc, ma trmtmr cstis msuntis munm tçtuai jc ùrbisbjmj, sc ìgcntmrmn ìgi gcrc`cn y sc suprbgbcrm jccaais tiji jmti jc `mrí`tcr pcrsinma quc pujbcrm emvirc`cr pmrtbùamrgcn-tc ca `râjbti jc tma i ùma sblbam y, cn fcncrma, jc tijms.

Ca prilacgm jc am bneaucn`bm jc am prcnsm cn am jcabnùcn`bm cntrm jcaacni cn ca `mgpi fcncrma jc am `rbgbniaifçm, pir ai quc gc abgbti mcxtcnjcrai dmstm ca pmrmsbtbsgi lruoi.

Xmrm am au`dm ìntrm am lruocrçm pucjcn scr ais muxbabmrcs gís ceb`m`cs jca pijcr si`bma mqucaais bnjbvbjuis jc ìair quc, ms`cnjbjis pir gârb ti jc subntcabfcn`bm y jc su girma m un nbvca supcrbir ma jc am gmyirçm jc ais jc

su rmzm, tbcncn cntrc âstis prcstbfbi sueb`bcntc pmrm em`babtmr cn gu`di amjbeusbðn jc am ùaturm.Dmy quc ìnebmr tmglbân pmrm caai cn ams lucnms y ni jcsìni`bjms

ìnjb`bincs jc am pilam`bðn ùlmnm jc ìair, quc dm dc`di bgpisblacs cncstm Bsam am trbstc sbtum`bðn y mtrmsi quc sc ilscrvm cn itrms rcfbincs jcMgârb`m, y cs jc mscfurmr quc ùmnji scm gís vbfirismgcntc bgpuasmjm

pir am scnjm jca prifrcsi, scùnjmrí jc lucnm viauntmj am m``bðn `bvbabzm-jirm, pucs ym mvmnzm ìn pmsi ebrgc, macntmjir jc cspcrmnzms cn euturisâxbtis.

<88



R dmy quc cspcrmr tmglbân cn am ùaturm y `cai jc ams mutirbjmjcs qucrbfcn ais jcrritcris jc am pmtrbm rc`bân nm`bjm, ams ùmacs jclcn jmr gís`crtcris fiapcs quc dmstm mdirm ìntrm csc lmaumrtc jc am bfnirmn`bm, qucsc mprivc`dm pmrm vbvbr jc am vbs bncrtbm, quc nis cntugc`c y dm`c quc mÿnscmn jc tbtulcmntc bnemn`bm nucstris m`tis jc puclai ablrc, m`tis quc ymjclbcrmn m`cr`mrsc m am rilustm vbrbabjmj, sbqubcrm pir am amrfm y `rucntmfcstm`bðn rcviau`binmrbm quc acs prc`cjbð.

Pilrc tiji, auz, gu`dm auz; quc ams supcrstb`bincs ni mnbjmn sbni cn amssiglrms. Jbeunjmgis am bnstru``bðn, vuafmrb`cgis ams vcrjmjcs `bcntçeb`ms.Ai jboi uni jc nucs tris gmcstris? "Pðai am vcrjmj nis pinjrí am tifm vbrba."

<8=



Nitms

B

= \memca Pmabaams? Ca jcabnùcntc cspmýia. Dmgpm (mntripiaifçm pb`mrcs`m),Gmjrbj, =424.

< 'Xrcsìtt, `btmji pir Mntinbi Lm`dbaacr y Girmacs? @ulm prbgbtbvm, Am

Dmlmnm, =440.

Uâmsc, sbn cglmrfi, ai quc jb`c Lm`dbaacr y Girmacs cn su ilrm btmjm, p. <34.

: Uâm sc m Oisâ Fmr`çm jc Mrliacym? Gmnuma jc am bsam jc @ulm, Am Dmlmnm,=432, pp. := y ==3. Gbcntrms, cn =4:5, ais dmlbtmntcs cspmýiacs jc @ulmirbfbnmrbis jc am Xcnçnsuam eirgmlmn ca =0,86 % jca titma jc am pilam`bðn,ais `mnmrbis ms`cnjçmn ma 5 %.

3 Ais vmsìnfmjis trmlmrin rcam`bincs ìn @ulm ym cn =554, gcjbmntc am`rcm`bðn, pir ca filbcrni cspmýia, jc am csùmjrm gcr`mntc y jc ìrsiaamgmjm @igpmýçm Fubpuzìmnm.

5 Am bngbfrm`bðn jc itris pmçscs ni dm tcnbji frmn bgpirtmn`bm pir cacs`msi nÿgcri jc bngbfrmntcs. Xucjc scýmamrsc, sbn cglmrfi, am ermn`csm,irbfbnmjm pi r am rcviau`bðn jc Dmbtç, quc ilabfð m vmrbis gbaamrcs jc ìainisermn`cscs m trmsamjmrsc m nucstrm Bsam m ebncs jca sbfai T U B B B .

n @btm jc Acriy-Lcmuabcu? Jc am ìainbsmtbin `dcz acs pcupacs gijcgcs,Xmrçs, =28<,=.=, p. <35.4

Macxmnjcr vin Dugliajt? Cnsmyi piaçtbì silrc am bsam jc @ulm, Xmrçs,=4<6.2 Acriy-Lcmuabcu? il. `bt.

=8 Uâmnsc mafunms pruclms cn @âsmr Aiglrisi? Ca jcabti, sus `musms yrcgcjbis, Gmjrbj, =424, pp. 2= y ss.

<8<



== Uâmsc un mrtçùai jc Cnrbquc Oisâ Umrinm silrc cstc tcgm? "Ca lmn-jiacrbsgi", cn \cvbstm @ulmnm, Am Dmlmnm, <8 jc ounbi jc =444, t. UBB, pp . :4=-38=.

=< R tmglbân cn ams `bujmjcs. Ca jcabti ìnsbstcntc cn bn`cnjbmr un cstmlac`bgbcnti bnjustrbma i ìgcr`bma , prcvbmgcntc mscfurmji, cs guy ìgÿncn @ulm, y m gcnuji aamgm am mtcn`bðn jc am prcnsm.b i ,

Ni gc rcebcri m ais `dbnis pirquc âstis dmn aacfmji rcamtbvmgcntc tm rjcm @ulm, y pir su bneaucn`bm piì bntcnsm.=: Jbfi lamnìs y ncfrms, pirquc ams unbincs cnt rc lamn`ms y ncfris euc rincs`msçsbgms. Ca dc`di cs ìgÿn m tijis ais pmçscs jinjc ìnvbvcn jbvcrsmsrmzms jc `bvbabzm`bincs guy jbstmn`bmjms. "Cn ais `ruzmgbcntis cntrc rmzmsdugmnms jcsbfumacs, ca pmjrc pcr tcnc`c `msb sbcgprc m am rmzm supcrbir. Cntijms pmrtcs, silrc tiji cn ais mgircs pmsmocris, am guocr sc rcsbstc mjcs`cnjcr; ca diglrc cs gcnis jcab`mji (...) Am ncfrm i am bnjbm sc `ruzmeí`bagcntc ìn ca lamnì. Am gcstbzm, nm`bjm jc csms unbincs, irfuaaism jcam smnfrc jc su pmjrc, `rccrçm jc`mcr cntrcfínjisc m un bnjbvbjui jc ìair,y fumrjm tijis sus emvircs pmrm mqucaais m qubcncs ca `ruzmgbcnti dmm`cr`mji." Uâmsc M. jc ]umtrcemfcs? A'Cspc`c Dugmbnc, Xmrçs, =8m" cjb-`bðn, =4..., pp. <88 y <8<.

=3 Cn Curipm un ecnðgcni mníaifi pucjc ilscrvmrsc cn am pisb`bðn si`bmajc ais fbtmnis, munquc jbvcrsi lmoi gu`dis mspc`tis.=5 Cstc ìn`cpti jc am prbgbtbvbjmj girma cs prcecrblac ma jc pmrmsbtbsgi

si`bma cxpucsti pir Gmx Nirjmu, mun ìn am cngbcnjm rcstrb`tbvm qucym mntcs dmlçmn pripucsti Lcrnmaji jc ]ubrðs y Oisâ Gmrçm Mfubamnbc-ji (Am gmam vbjm cn Gmjrbj , =28=), am jc mninnmabjmj. Gc abgbti cncstc aufmr m ìnsbfnmr ca ìn`cpti jc am gmam vbjm quc jigbnm ca prcsc ntc trmlmoi, quc ni cs sbni ca jca mtmvbsgi girma pir cqubvmacntcsjc Fubaacrgi Ecrrcri, cxtcnjbji cn su mpab`m`bðn m ais jbvcrsis mspc`tisjc am gmam vbjm.

BB

= \mgðn jc am Pmfrm? Dbstirbm eçsb`m, piaçtb`m y nmturma jc am bsam jc @ulm,

Xmrçs, =4:<,=.=, p. 0< (nitm).Pc `maùam quc ca nÿgcri jc csàmvis bgpirtmjis cn @ulm sc mprixbgm

m un gbaaðn. Oiscpd @iipcr (Sn ìntbncntpcrju iu A 'csàmvmfc ct am trmbtccnMerbquc..., Xmrçs, =465, p. 65) dm`c ms`cnjcr am bgpirtm`bðn jc csàm-vis jcspuâs jc ais prbgcris trmtmjis pridblbtbvis m = <88 888.

IZânfmsc cn ùcntm quc cn mafunis `cnsis cspmýiacs sc bnùrrbð cn am

vuafmrbjmj jc bnàubr cn ca cpçfrmec dmlbtmntcs lamnìs m ais `dbnis y

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yu`mtcìs. Cn ams `berms jca mýi =422 tmglbân ais bnàuyi pmrm ais cec`tisjc am ìgpmrm`bðn. Ca rcsuatmji ebnma, sbn cglmrfi, mpcnms sc matcrmrçm sbtma crrir ni sc dulbcsc ìgctbji.

: Cxprcsbðn jc am ocrfm ncfrcrm.3 C. Z. Xb`dmrji Zmpbm? Jb``binmrbi privbn`bma `msb rmzinmji jc vizcs

(sb`) ùlmnms, Am Dmlmnm, =43<, 0 r m ' cjb`bðn, p. :2.5 @. Zcxbcr? Mu pmys jcs fânârcux, Xmrçs, =424.n

Oidn @amrkc? Ppcùncs ieJbmac`çcs. Pdirt vi`mluamrbcs ieamnfumfcs mnjnitcs ie ìuntrbcs mnj ùstigs bn Merb`m, Ainjrcs, =4:2, ni. 0=6, p. <4.i

Gmurb`c Jcameissc? Ui`mluambrcs ìgpmrmtbes jc paus jc 58 amnfucs iujbmac`tcspmraâs í am @itc j'Bvibrc..., Xmrçs, =28:, p. <<3.2 Aiubs Fustmvc Lbnfcr? Ju Nbfcr mu Fiaec jc Fubýcc pmr ac pmys jc Kinf

ct ac Gissbpmrac `mpbambnc Lbnfcr (=446-=442), Xmrçs, =42<, t. BB, pp. 32 y ==<.=8 Dbstibrc ct Bìnifrmpdbc jcs Gicurs, Ssmfcs ct @istugcs jc tius acs

Xcupacs ju Ginjc..., Lruscams, =4:5, p. =8:.== Oidn @amrkc? il. `bt., ni. <62, p. 0<.=<

Uâmnsc ams `btms jc Mlca Divcam`quc? Acs nâfrcs jc UMerbquc susâqubmtirbmacs (Pânâfmglbc, Fubnâc, Piujmn, Dmut-Nb)..., Xmrçs,=442, pp. <2 y ss.

=0 Munquc duli ncfris quc aacfmrin m @ulm ourçjb`mgcntc ablrcs (dmstm`bcrti punti), ais aamgmjis cgmn`bpmjis, jc dc`di, cstmlmn sigctbjis mam csàmvbtuj.=: \memca Gmrçm jc Amlrm? Am mliab`bðn jc am csàmvbtuj cn ca irjcn cìnð-gbì, Gmjrbj, =460, p. :<3. Oisâ Fmr`çm jc Mrliacym, cn su ilrm `btmjm, cnam pífbnm <3, jb`c quc cn ca mýi =3<: euc ùmnji tuvi aufmr am prbgcrmbgpirtm`bðn jc ncfris csàmvis cn @ulm.=3 Omìli jc am Xczucam y Aili? Dbstirbm jc am bsam jc @ulm, Gmjrbj,=454-=464, t. BBB, p. :<<.=5 Bneirgc ma Filbcrni Gctripiabtmni pir O. O. jc am @in`dm, jc <= jcjb`bcglrc jc =438.

=6Jbspinçm tmglbân ca `btmji Lmnji quc pir am ni`dc, unm vcz ìnàubji

ca trmlmoi, sc jclçm bnstrubr m ais csàmvis cn ais jifgms rcabfbisis y dm`craisrczmr ca rismrbi. ¹Ni crm csti dmstm smr`ístbì9=\

Gcnis jis dirms jcstbnmjms m am abgpbczm jc ams dmlbtm`bincs, gmqubnm-rbms, ct`âtcrm.=2 @mpbtín E. Zrc`d Ziwnsdcnj? Am vbc smuvmfc cn Eairbjm ct unc vbsbtc m@ulm, Ainjrcs, =463. @btm jc Oiscpd @iipcr (il. `bt.). Gcrbvmac jb`c

<8:



quc am vbjm gcjbm jca csàmvi cn @ulm crm jc =8 mýis, gbcntrms quc cnLmrlmjis, cn ca tbcgpi pcir jc am csàmvbtuj bnfacsm, aacfmlm m ais =5 mýis.@btm jc Acriy-Lcmuabcu (ym `btmjm).<8 Uâmsc ai quc jb`c Oiscpd @iipcr? il. `bt., p. 66.<= Dbppiaytc Xbrðn? il. `bt., p. 58.<< Mntinbi @. N. Fmaacnfm? Am pcram jcaac Mntbaac, Gbaín, =46:, p. 34. Cn=460 jb`di pcrbijbstm aacfð m @ulm ìgi ìrrcspinsma jca Zbgcs, jcAinjrcs, pmrm cstujbmr ais prilacgms quc cntin`cs sc jclmtçmn? am bnjcpcnjcn`bm y am csàmvbtuj.

Bfniri ùía euc am acy jc rcecrcn`bm. Zigi csc jmti jc Gcrbvmac, `btmji

pir Xmua Acriy-Lcmuabcu (il. `bt. , =.=, p. <35) y rcpriju`bji pir DbppiaytcXbrðn? il. `bt., p. 36.<: Aamgílmsc msç ma ncfri quc cntcnjçm y dmlamlm ca `mstcaamni y crm mafi`bvbabzmji. Mntcs jc scr amjbni sc ac aamgmlm lizma.<3 Msç sc aamgmlm ca vcstbji abfcri jc ais csàmvis, vcstbji quc `msb nun`m pmsmlm jc scr un sbgpac tmpmbrmlis.

Aamgmlmn msç ais ncfris m ais quc dmlçmn aacfmji csàmvbzmjis m @ulm m lirji jc un gbsgi luquc.

Uâmsc un cocgpai cn ai quc jb`c Xmua Lrunm`dc? Ac `cntrc jc a'Merb-quc, mutiurju Z`dmj, Xmrçs, =42:, p. =3, y silrc tiji Juemy ( A 'Mer bquc,t. BB, p. =:6), ma rcecrbrsc m ais dmlbtmntcs jc Lcnbn.<4 Ebomr ca prc`bi jc vcntm i gmnugbsbðn cn vbrtuj jc am `mntbjmj quc macec`ti ca csàmvi cntrcfm ma mgi, i pir frm`bm jc âstc i jc unm tcr`crm pcrsinm.

\memca Gmrçm jc Amlrm? il. `bt., p. =5.08 Msç ai jbspusi ca mrtçùai ùmrti jca mncxi @ jca trmtmji ìn`crtmji pir Cspmým c Bnfamtcrrm, y rmtbeb`mji pir am prbgcrm cn <: jc mfisti jc=403.iç

Uâmsc Xmua Gmrbc Uç`tir Lmrrct? AMerbquc i``bjcntmac, am nmturc cta'diggc nibr, Xmrçs, =444, t. BB, p. <5<. Zrmtm jc mglms `rccn`bms ìnjctcn`bðn Cjwmrj Lurnctt Zyair cn Am `bgabsmtbin prbgbtbvc, Xmrçs, =464,

t. BB, p. 6. @insÿatcsc mjcgís m`cr`m jc am `rccn`bm jc ais fubncis m OidnAulli`k? B Zcgpbprcbstirb`b c a'iýfbnc jcaa' bn`bvbabgcnti, Zurçn, =463, p.356. R silrc am ercùcn`bm jca sub`bjbi cntrc ais `dbnis, am ilrm jc OcmnOm`qucs Gmtbfnin? Pupcrstbtbin, `rbgc ctgbsârc cn @dbnm, Xmrçs, =28<.

Uâmsc ai quc m`cr`m jc cstc msunti jb`c Mrgmnji @irrc? Ac `rbgc cn pmys `râiacs (csqubssc j'ctnifrmpdbc `rbgbncaac), Ayin, =442, pp. :4 y ss.,mpab`mlac m @ulm.

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Zbti Iglinb? Ubmffb ncaa'Merb`m I``bjcntmac, Gbaín, =4:6, p. =34. Cstcmutir sc rcebcrc m ais ncfris jca @infi y Cagbnm, csàmvis cn ca Lrmsba,y pinc jc rcabcvc su `mrí`tcr gcnis lcabìsi quc ca jc ais ncfris jcitrms rcfbincs. Am tcirçm pisbtbvbstm jc am cqubvmacn`bm jca sub`bjbi y cadigb`bjbi, cxpab`mjm pir am psbìaifçm ìntcgpiríncm, dmaam cn cstmsilscrvm`bincs unm lucnm jcgistrm`bðn.

G. E. @aizca y Ubaamgur \ifcr? Acs ìuçugcs bnjbfâncs jc am @itcj'Bvibrc, Xmrçs, =28<, p. <3=.03

Xdbaabp M. Lru`c? Zdcpamntmtbin ncfri ms m erccgmn; ilscn>mtbins iedbs`dmrmàcr, ìnjbtbins mnjprispc`ts bn Ubrfbnbm, Nucvm Rirk, =442, `btmji pi r E. A. Die egmn ? \m`c Zrmbas mnj Zcnjcn`bcs ie tdc Mgcrb`mn Ncfri,

Ncw Ri rk , =425, p. =:0. Uâmnsc ais eunjmjis rmzinmgbcntis jc cstcÿatbgi mutir ìntrm am ipbnbðn jc Girscaab, cn su `btmjm ilrm, pp. =0: y ss.'Te

Zigís M. Xamscn`bm? Nitms rcamtbvms ma sub`bjbi cn am `brùns`rbp`bðn jc Am Dmlmnm jc =464 m =443, Am Dmlmnm, =445.06 \mgðn jc am Pmfrm? il. `bt., t. BB, p. :4.04

¡Pbcgprc...! y dmlçmn trmnsùrrbji siamgcntc 05 mýis jcsjc ca jcsùlrb-gbcnti.0 2 Mntinbi Lm`dbaacr y Girmacs? @ulm prbgbtbvm, cj. `bt., p. =<6.¹bn

Xir cocgpai, crm ercùcntc quc ca csàmvi sc vcnfmrm jca mgi bn`cn-jbmnji ams pamntm`bincs, eirgm jcab`tuism quc mÿn sulsbstc cn @ulm.

Itrm eirgm jc vcnfmnzm mjiptmjm m vc`cs pir ca ncfri csàmvbzmjicrm ca bnemntb`bjbi ìgctbji pir âstc cn am pcrsinm jc su pripbi dboi,

pm rm prbvmr ma mgi jc un nucvi csàmvi. Uâmsc Dbppiaytc Xbrðn? il . `bt. , p. =4<.:= Aâmsc un mrtçùai jc Xcjri Oisâ Girrbaams? "Ca rmn`dcmjir", cn rcvbstm

Am Xbrmfum, Bm jc ouabi jc =435.:< M. Lm`dbaacr y Girmacs? @ulm prbgbtbvm, cj. `bt., p. =2:.:0 Ourbcn jc am Frmvbcrc, O. X. C.? Piuvcnbrs j'un mgbrma pmr ac ìntrc-mgb-rma..., Xmrçs, =458. (@btm jc Cabsâc \càur? Niuvcaac Fcðfrmpdbc Snbvcrscaac-,am tcbrc ct acs diggcs, Xmrçs, =446-=42:.) Pcfÿn cstc mutir, cstis pcrriscrmn maaç mabgcntmjis ìn `mrnc jc ncfri, y sc cx`btmlm am virm`bjmj

dmglrâmnjiais.:: Am eufm jc csàmvis sc `mstbfmlm cn ca `ðjbfi pcnma, mÿn vbfcntc, pir unmrtçùai (3:<) ìgprcnjbji cn ca @mpçtuai BBB jca Zçtuai TBBB. Jc ais jcabtisìntrm am pripbcjmj jca Ablri Pcfunji.:3 Ni crm irbfbnma, sbn cglmrfi, am jbspisb`bðn jca `mlbaji jc Am Dmlmnm.Lmstm `btmr am acy gís mntbfum quc sc ìni`c (am jc Mggurmlb, rcy lmlbað-nbì quc rcbnð dm`c gís jc ùmrcntm sbfais), am ùma prcs`rblc? "Pb un

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csàmvi jb`c m su jucýi? 'Ni crcs tÿ ca mgi gçi', ìnvb`ti quc scm jc caai,âstc pijrí ìrtmrac ams ircoms." (Jbspisb`bðn nÿgcri 4<.):5 Acy TTBBB jca Zçtuai U jca Ablri Pâptbgi jc ams Acycs jc Bnjbms.:6 Mntÿncz? Gcgirbms dbstðrb`ms, =.=. (@btm jc Oisâ Ecrrcr jc @iuti? Aisncfris cn sus jbvcrsis cstmjis y ìnjb`bincs, tmacs ìgi sin, y ìgi jclcn

scr, Nucvm Rirk, =45:.)

Oisâ Ecrrcr jc @iuti? il. `bt., p. 0<.:2 M. Lm`dbaacr y Girmacs? @ulm prbgbtbvm, cj. `bt., p. <:4.38 Omìli jc am Xczucam? il. `bt.

BBB

= Kmtc Lriusscmu? A 'Cju`mabin jcs nâfrcs, mux Âtmts-ßnbs, Xmrçs, =28:.< Aâmsc m Aulli`k? il. `bt., pp. :64 y :40. R @d. O. G. Actiurnmu? Am

si`biaifbc, Xmrçs, =42<, pp. 58, 003-005, 040-04:.

Kmtc Lriusscmu? il. `bt., p. 20.

: Msç jc`çm un lmnji. Uâmsc ca mrtçùai jc M. Lm`dbaacr y Girmacs? "Zbpisy ìstuglrcs jc am Bsam jc @ulm", Am Dmlmnm, =44=, p. 08.

3

Pyavmbn G. Tmvbcr jc Fialâry? Uiymfcs jc Fialâby, cnprbscs cntrc ac `mp. Lamn` ct Pbcbrm-Acðnc, Xmrçs, =4<2. @d. O. G. Actiurnmu? Am si`biaifbc, cj.`bt., p. 2:.

5 \. y O. Amnjcr. (@btm jc Actiurnmu.)n

Xmua Lcaainb ju @dmbaau? Uiaamfc jmns a'Merbquc cqumtirbmac, Ncw Rirk,=456, p. <<5.4 Ouacs Gb`dcaca? Am sir`bârc, Xmrçs, =464, p. =:4.2 Uâmsc mjcgís m Mlca Divcam`quc? il. `bt., pp. 043 y ss., ai quc cs`rblc

silrc am jmnzm jc ais ncfris sulcùmtirbmacs. Xmrm ca cstujbi m`cr`m jc amjmnzm y am gÿsb`m cn ca Pujín, vâmsc m C. Nibrit?/! trmvcrs ac Eiutm-Jbmaain

ct ac Lmgliu`, Xmrçs, pp. 0<5 y ss.=8 Cn âstms sin, sbn cglmrfi, nitms ùagbnmntcs ams jca ìrnctçn, qucsmtbsem`cn ca mgir ma rubji quc sbcntcn tijis ais jc psbqubs prbgbtbvm,y ams jc ais tbglmacs, quc rcgcjmn ca ginðtini sin jc ais tmg-tmgsmerb`mnis.

== Cstc jctmaac jca pmýucai cn ams gmnis jc am jmnzmntc cs tmglbânmerb`mni. Uâmsc cn X. @amvcrbc (Jc Jmkmr m Pmbnt-Aiubs, Xmrçs [=422W,

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I]

M. Lm`dbaacr y Girmacs? Ais ncfris, Lmr`cainm [=446W, p. ==:.0 = Blçjcg.rb-y

M. Lm`dbaacr y Girmacs? Zbpis y ìstuglrcs jc am Bsam jc @ulm, cj. `bt., p. 0=.

Aiubs Fustmvc Lbnfcr? il. `bt., =.=, p. 064.0: Blçjcg, p. =85.03 M. L. Caabs? Zdc amnj ieEcabsd, Ainjrcs, =440, p. =54.05 C. Nibrit? il. `bt., p. 3=.06

Cn un mrtçùai pulab`mji cn Ca Mrtbstm jc Am Dmlmnm (0 jc jb`bcglrc jc=4::). Dc vbsti `btmji itri mrtçùai jca gbsgi mutir (Oisâ Ub`tirbmniLctmnìurt), tbtuamji "Sn vcairbi cn Ocsÿs Gmrçm", pcri ni dc tcnbji amsucrtc jc jmr ìn âa.ni

M. Lcrcnfcr-Ecrmuj? Acspcupamjcs jc am Pânâfmglbc, Xmrçs, =462, p. <86.0 2

M. L. Caabs? Zdc Riglm-spcmkbnf pcipacs..., cj. `bt., p. =35.:8 Lisgmn? Uiymfc jc Fubýcc, =683. (@btm jc Divcam`quc? Acs nâfrcs jca'Merbquc susâqum airbm ac..., Xmrçs, =442.):= Acðn Fubrmb? Ac @infi Ermnqmbs ju Fmlin m Lrmzzmvbaac, Xmrçs, =442, pp. 53-55.:< E. \mtzca? il. `bt., =.=, p. 032.:0

G. Ubfuâ? "Acs pcupamjcs jc am Pcnâfmglbc", cn \cvuc P`bcntbebquc, =3jc i`tulrc jc =444, p. :5=.:: Ac Lrun-\cnmuj? Acs Xisscssbins Ermnfmbsc jc UMebbquc I``bjcntmac,Xmrçs, =445, p. =32.:3 Mlmtc Ameebttc? Ac Jmdigâ; siuvcnbrs jc Uiymfc ct jc gbssbin, Ziurs,=46:, p. =33.

:5 G. Ubfuâ? il. `bt.:6 Pc cnìntrmrín nugcrisms `btms cn Mlca Divcam`quc? il. `bt., pp. 02= yss. Uâmsc tmglbân am jcs`rbp`bðn jctmaamjm jc un euncrma jc ais scnbârâs,cn Aiubs Fustmvc Lbnfcr? il. `bt., =.=, p. <<<. Msbgbsgi cn M. Gmadcbri?@drinb`ms ji Lbdâ, Abslim, =280, p. 28.:4 Zbti Iglinb? il. `bt., p. 2:.:2 @. Zcxbcr? il. `bt., p. 5=.38 Ermy Jbcfi Mlmj? Cs`rbtis silrc Xucrti \bì, Lmr`cainm, =280.

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Uâmsc ai quc m`cr`m jc ais vcairbis ùlmnis jb`c am @injcsm jc Gcrabncn su ilrm Ubmoc m Am Dmlmnm, Am Dmlmnm, =283.Cn jb`di ablri, cs`rbti ìn cspçrbtu prieunjmgcntc ilscrvmjir y iloctbvi, pijrí ca ac`tir dmaamr bntcrcsmntcs jmtis pmrm ca ìni`bgbcnti jc am si`bc-jmj ùlmnm jc mntmýi.3 < M. Lcrcnfcr-Ecrmuj? Acspcupamjcs jc am Pânâfmglbc, cj. `bt., p. <:.30

Cstc jctmaac nis rcùcrjm ams pmrmjms jc ams ìgpmrsms ùlmnms cn ams lijcfms jc ais lmrrbis pilrcs.3: O. Ubvmnì? "Gcgirbm silrc am cju`m`bðn cn ais `mgpis jc @ulm", cnrcvbstm Am Pbcgprcvbvm. Cn cstm ilrm, âa dm`c ilscrvmr tmglbân am gmyir`rbgbnmabjmj jc ais dmlbtmntcs jc ams `bujmjcs silrc am jc ais `mgpcsb-nis.33 Uâmsc, pir cocgpai, rcspc`ti m Cstmjis Snbjis m O. Vrbfdt? Zdc \cam-tbin ie Cìnigb` ti tdc `muscs ie`rbgc. (@btm jc Ecrrcri.) \cspc`ti m amsMntbaams ermn`csms, m Mrgmnj @irrc? il. `bt., p. :0.

BU

= Lcmtis.2~ Pbr Cjwmrj Lurnctt Zyair? il. `bt., t. BB, p. <86.i

Nbnm \ijr bfucs? A 'Mnbgbsgc ecçb`dbsac jcs nâfrcs jc Lmdçm, Lmdçm, =288, p. 4.: Pbr Cjwmrj Lurnctt Zyair? il. `bt.3 Jbfi msç pirquc, cn cec`ti, ais ncfris jc @ulm ni sistbcncn nb sistu-

vbcrin rcam`bincs ìn ais pmçscs jc su irbfcn, ìgi su`cjc, pir cocgpai,ìn ais jc Cstmjis Snbjis y Lrmsba.

5 Uâmsc ai quc cs`rblc M. L. Caabs m csc rcspc`ti cn su ilrm? Zdc Rirulm- spcmkbnfpcipacs..., cj. `bt., p. =3.

nUâmsc ca gmpm jc Lbnfcr? il. `bt., p. 024.

s Mllâ Xbcrrc Liu`dc? Caujc sur am amnfuc Nmfi, Lmr-ac-Ju`, =448, p. :.2 Z. O. Liwcn? Frmggmr mnj Jb`jinmry ie tdc Rirulm Amnfumfc, Ncw

Rirk, =434.=8 Gc cs bgpisblac scfubr am prc`bsm irtifrmeçm quc cstmlac`c Liwcn si

pc nm jc mjiptmr tbpis jc bgprcntm cspc`bmacs, ai ùma sb sc dm`c nc`csmrbi pmrm rcpriju`br ebcagcntc ais sinbjis jca acnfumoc yirulm cn un jb``binm-rbi y cn unm frmgítb`m, ni ai cs cn un trmlmoi jc am çnjiac jca prcscntc.Cs`rbli, pucs, ams vi`cs yirulms vmabânjigc jc ams actrms y sbfnis irjbnm-

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rbcs, rcgbtbcnji ma ac`tir, quc qubcrm ìni`cr ìn tijm cxm`tbtuj am pri-nun`bm`bðn jc jb`di acnfumoc, m am ilrm jc Liwcn, quc jcsjc cstc puntijc vbstm cs eunjmgcntma; ma Mpânjb`c jc am `btmjm ilrm jc M. L. Caabs ( ZdcRirbblm-spcmkbnf pcipacs..., cj. `bt.), cn quc cstc mutir trmtm jca gbsgitcgm, y m itris cstujbis ebaiaðfbìs.== Am prinun`bm`bðn jc cstm pmamlrm cs pmrc`bjm m irb`dm. Am s m`cntumjmquc usm Liwcn rcprcscntm un sinbji bntcrgcjbi cntrc ais jca bjbigm`mstcaamni s y `d, quc cxprcsmrâ pir sd.

=< Zbti Iglinb? il. `bt., p. 082.=0 G. E. Oiscpd @aizca y \ifcr Ubaamgur? il. `bt., p. <:.

=: M. L. Caabs? Zdc Rirulm-spcmkbnf pcipacs..., cj. `bt., p. 03.=0 M. L. Caabs jm itrms jis ctbgiaifçms quc cxùsi `btmr.=5 Msç jb`c M. L. Caabs cn Zdc Riglm-spcmkbnf pcipacs..., p. 02, ìgi ai jboimntcs Ac Lrun-\cnmuj (il. `bt., p. =34), pcri juji jc quc dmlbcnji i triirbsdm aamgmji Beí jcjb`mji `msb cxàusbvmgcntc m ais iríùais, sc mtrbluymtmglbân m Ilmtmaí csm eun`bðn. Liwcn `maam m cstc rcspc`ti. ]ubzísÿnb`mgcntc cn Xirti Nivi, y pmrm ca jcsùlrbgbcnti jca `rbgbnma pir unmcspc`bc jc irjmaçm, ìgi cxpab`m ca gbsgi M. L. Caabs, scm jinjc scrcìni`c m Ilmtmaí ìgi bnspbrmjir jc ais iríùais.=6

M. L. Caabs? Zdc Rirulm-spcmkbnfpcipacs..., cj. `bt, pp. := y ss.=4 Xmrm smlcr ca ùrsi euturi jc unm cnecrgcjmj sc bnvi`m m Ilmtmaí i

Lmtmaí cn am eirgm quc vcrí ca ac`tir gís mjcamntc. @umnji ca jbis scgucstrm iecnjbji dmy quc rcpctbr am ipcrm`bðn, pcri dm jc scr prc`bsmgcn-tc cn vbcrncs. Ais yirulms tbcncn, scfÿn M. L. Caabs, su scgmnm jc `bnìjçms, aamgmjis? Bi Mki-ioi, prbgcr jçm; <j8" Ioi-mwi, jçm jca sc`rcti; 0 r i 'Ioi-if@g, jçm jc Ifÿn; : t8 ' Ioi-sdmnfð, jçm jc Pdmnfð; 3 t8 ' Ioi-ilmtmaí,jçm jc Ilmtmaí. Cgpczmnji m ìntmr ais jçms jc am scgmnm pir ca auncs,ìgi sc mìstuglrm cn @ulm, ca vbcrncs rcsuatm cn qubnti aufmr y pir cstieuc qubzís ìnsmfrmji m Ilmtm aí. Ni ilstmntc, Liu`dc jb`c quc ca jigbn-fi cs ca jçm jcjb`mji m cstc irbsdm, ìgi ca auncs m Beí, ca sílmji m Pdmnfð,ca gmrtcs m Ifÿn. Mglms ipbnbincs sin ìntrmjb`tirbms; pmrc`c gíseunjmjm c baustrmjm am prbgcrm.

=2 Nbnm \ijrbfucs? il. `bt., p. <6.28 e

M. L. Caabs jm itrm fcncmaifçm jifgítb`m jc Pdmnfð, quc pucjc rcsugbr-sc msç ìgi sbfuc. Iairun cs ca ebrgmgcnti; Ilmtmaí, ca `bcai y Ijujÿm, amtbcrrm; jc am unbðn jc cstis jis nm`cn Mfmnyç (am tbcrrm, ca pmçs) y Rcgmnyí(ca mfum). Cstis jis irbsdms dcrgmnis priju`cn m Irunfmn (ca mbrc). Âstc,jcspuâs jc unbrsc bn`cstuismgcntc ìn Rcgmnyí, am gmtm, y jc ams dcrbjmsjc âstm lritmn Jmjí, Pdmnfð, Ifÿn, Irb`dmikð, ct`âtcrm.

<==



@igi jbvbnbjmj rcprcscn tmn tc jc am eucrzm , Pdmnfð ai sbgliabzmn cn Íerb`mìn unm àmvm, aamgmjm it`dâ.2=

Inb`dmnfð ai aamgm @iurjbiux? Mnmacs jc am pripmfmtbin jc am Eib(=468, p. 68). Xcri jclc nm`cr jc unm ìneusbðn. Jb`dm pmamlrm pucjcjcsìgpincrsc msç? Inb-Pdmnfð. Inb, quc tbcnc vmrbis sbfnbeb`mjis, csmjcgís un prceboi pmrm eirgmr un sustmntbvi jcrbvmji jc itris, cxprc-smnji unm bjcm jc ieb`bi, priecsbðn, ct`. Msbj `Lijc (mjumnm) sc jcrbvmInblijc (cgpacmji jc mjumnms); jc Flmomgird (lmrlcrçm) sc eirgmlmomgird (lmrlcri). (Uâmsc m Pmguca Mjomb @riwtdcr? Ui`mluamty ietdc Rirulm Amnfumfc, Ainjrcs, =40:, p. :6.) Jc giji quc Inb`dmnfðcxprcsm diglrc jcjb`mji m Pdmnfð, cs jc`br, ca sm`crjitc, pcri ni am

jbvbnbjmj. Cn Jmdigcy ìnscrvmrçm, pucs, Pdmnfð su niglrc sbn ìrrup-`bðn.

Ais lruois cn vcz jc irbsdm jb`cn ìgÿngcntc smnti.

Gís mjcamntc dmlamrâ jc jb`di bnstrugcnti.<: Mrtçùais pulab`mjis pir Cac Zc Cgc cn Am @mrb`mturm jc Am Dmlmnmjcsjc ca jçm <= jc gmyi jc =420 dmstm ca <8 jc mfisti jca gbsgi mýi.

Am ùaclrm jc gmyir tmgmýi cn @ulm. Cpb`rmtcsMnfbjbecr, scfÿn \mgðnjc am Pmfrm? il. `bt.

Cn mafunm rcfbðn merb`mnm m ais ectb`dcs acs aamgmn Ouoÿ. Uâmsc m sbrCjwmr Lurnctt Zyair? il. `bt., t. BB, p. <83.26

Gís mjcamntc sc ìni`crí ca sbfnbeb`mji jc cstm pmamlrm.<4 Fbrmrj jc \bmaac? Am Gytdiaifbc @igpmrâc, Xmrçs, =464, p. =40.28

Ca cxpcjbcntc quc sc eirgð ìnstm cn ca Mr`dbvi Nm`binma.

A. @mrlð? Ca Gunji Baustrmji, Am Dmlmnm, <3 jc scptbcglrc jc =28:.içCstm pmamlrm ni cs merb`mnm; cs ìrrup`bðn jc am viz níutb`m lmaacstrbn`m

i lmaacstrcnquc.

Nbnm \ijrbfucs? il. `bt., p. ==0.00 Am ec cn ca pijcr silrcnmturma jc ams ínbgms jca Xurfmtirbi y qubzís

dmstm cn cTÍnbgm Piam sc cnùcntrm tmglbân cn am dcrbm jc Nípiacs. Ílcacjc Lamsbi (Am gmam vbtm m Nmpiab, Nípiacs, =28:, p. <<5) jb`c quc un`rbgbnma nmpiabtmni sc dmlçm tmtumji cn ca pc`di cstm bnvi`m`bðn? Mnbgm

smntm jca Xurfmtirbi -\bìrjmtb jb gc- Xir`dc bipcnsð m tc.0: M. L. Caabs? Zdc Rirulm spcmkbnfpcipacs..., cj. `bt., p. 53.03 Mllâ Xbcrrc Liu`dc? il. `bt., p. ==0.05 Ac Lrun-\cnmuj? il. `bt., p. =34.

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06 Uâmnsc ais su`csis lruois jca puclai jc Mlrcus, cxpucstis cn itriaufmr.

Nbnm \ijrbfucs? il. `bt., pp. 00-0:.02 M L. Caabs? Zdc Rirulm-spcmkbnfpcipacs..., cj. `bt., p. 60. Ubfnâ j'I`tin(Pbcstcs j'Merbquc [jcgbcr ecubaacts ju Oirnma j'un GmrçnW, Xmrçs, s. m.,

p. :3) cs`r blc @dmkpmtí y Liukiu.:8 @ism gmam cs sbnðnbgi jc jucnjc.:= Zmglbân cs ìni`bji cn Jmdigcy. M. L. Caabs? Zdc amnj ieectbsd, cj.`bt., p. :6.:<

Uâmsc msbgbsgi m Ubfnâ j'I`tin? Pbcstcs j'Merbquc..., cj. `bt., pp. :0 y :6.:0 @btm jc @âsmr Aiglrisi? A'Sigi lbmnì c a'Sigi jb ìairc, Zurçn,=42<, p. 62.:: Uâmsc silrc cstc tcgm m O. Aulli`k ( A'Irbfbnc jcaa'Bn`bvbabgcnti, Zurçn,=463, p. :33) y m Oo F. Ermzcr (Ac \mgcmuj'Ir, Xmrçs, =280,=.=, p, 25). Uâmnsctmglbân cxtcnsms nitb`bms rcecrcntcs m ams supcrstb`bincs m`cr`m jc aisfcgcais cntrc ais ncfris lmfmnjms, cn O. \isìc ("Eurtdcr Nitcs in tdcGmnncrs mnj @ustigs ie tdc Lmfmnjm", cn Zdc Oiurnma ie tdc Mntdripi-aifb`ma Bnstbtutc, =28<, via. TTTBB). Cstis ncfris aamgmn m ais obgmfumsLmainfi, viz jc sirprcnjc ntc scgcomnzm in am jc ais lruois Lbainfi, uyisbfnbeb`mji sc cxpinc gís mjcamntc.

:3 Frcfiry Ayjckkcr Dut`dbnsin ? \mzms dugmnms, Gmjrbj, p. 064.:5 @. Zcxbcr? il. `bt, p. <8:.:6 @btm tmglbân cstis guýcìs , jínjiacs bfuma sbfnbeb`mji cntrc ais ncfrisjc Lmdçm, Nbnm \ijrbfucs? il. `bt., p. <0.:4

Niglrc jc jbvbnbjmj merb`mnm.:2 Msç ai prinun`bmn y msç ai dc vbsti cs`rbti; sbn cglmrfi , ni juji jc qu cscrí unm ìrrup`bðn jc am pmamlrm gmyiglc, quc bnjb`m unm rcfbðn jc amìstm jca @infi ermn`âs.38 Uâmsc ai ym jb`di cn ca @mpçtuai B m`cr`m jc cstm pmamlrm.3=

C. \càus? il. `bt., t. TBB.3 < @dmracs Dcnry \ilbnsin? Acpmys jc Dmùssm? kmni, Xmrçs [=424W, p. <6.30

Uâmsc ca gmpm jc Lbnfcr (il. `bt., t. BB, p. 022) y M. Ac @dmtcabcr? A'Bsamgjmns UMerbquc I``bjcntmac, Xmrçs, =442.3: Z. \blit? Am psbìaifçm jc ais scntbgbcntis, Gmjrbj, =288, p. 026.33 Uâm sc tmglbân ai quc jb`c rce crcn tc m ams bjcms rcabfbisms jc am gmam vbjmnmpiabtmnm Mlcac jc Lamsbi (Am gmam vbtm m Nmpiab, cj. `bt., p. <8<).

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35 Dbppiaytc Xbrðn? ilt. `bt., pp. :5 y ss.

M. Lm`dbaacr y Girmacs? Ais ncfris, cj. `bt., p. ==6.@]

M. Lm`dbaacr y Girmacs? Zbpis y ìstuglrcs..., cj. `bt., p. 0=.32 Mlmtc Ameebttc? il. `bt., p. =<5.58 Xir cocgpai ? gmtcs, `mymomlis i fum`maitcs. ]ubzís ca cgpaci jc âstis,

pir su ìair cn`m rnmji i mgmrbaai, scfÿn am àmsc, sc rc am`binc ìn aisìaircs rbtumacs jc ais irbsdms.5= Acðn Fubrma? il. `bt., p. 30.5<

Blçjcg, p. =<:.50 Blçjcg, pp. =: y :5.5: Blçjcg, p. =65.53 Blçjcg, p. <80.55 Uâmnsc ams `btms ÿatbgms.

eQDE. @dmaamyc? "Am Gbssbin Lrmzzm mu @infi", cn Ac \mjb`ma jc Gmrscaam,

== jc ounbi jc =283.54 Mu nq uc cstc gma, pir scr vcstbfbi jc am `rccn`bm supcrstb`bism cn ca magm

pupbabnm, ìgi m`crtmjmgcntc jb`c C. Ginscur ("A'Mgc Xupbabnc", cn

\cvuc jc A' Dbstibrc jcs \cabfbins, =283, t. AB, ni. =, p. :), pucjc rcecrbrscm tijms ams ìn`bcn`bms prbgbtbvms, ams merb`mnms bnàusbvc; ni ilstmntc, niam dc ilscrvmji cn @ulm sbni ìgi supcrstb`bðn jc irbfcn curipci, gísìgÿn cntrc ais lamnìs quc cntrc ais ncfris.52 Uâmsc @d. O. G. Actiurncmu? Am si`biaifbc, cj. `bt., p. ==4.68

Cstm irm`bðn cs tçpb`m pir ca mtrmsi rcabfbisi quc rcvcam, rcgintínjiscm am abtiamtrçm, jc quc ìnscrvmn mafunms gmnbecstm`bincs ais lruois (gc-tcirbtms, fubomrris). Jb`c msç? "Irm`bðn m am Xbcjrm Bgín? ¡Id guy mati \cy,gb Jbis, quc m ams tbnbclrms jmbs auz! ¡Mnçgmgc pir am `mçjm quc jbstcùmnji aacvmstc am @ruz m ùcstms; pir tu ìrinm cx`cacntc, tcnfi yi tmajcvi`bðn, quc aairc ams mnfustbms jc tu pmsbðn! ¡Id, gb Jbis y Pcýir! ¡Cstmmagm quc jbstc, ni pcrgbtíbs quc gucrm trbstc, pucs am rcjbgbstc ìn tu prc`bisçsbgm smnfrc! ¡Id Ubrfcn Gmrçm, gb cspcoi y gb auz, vbujm y siam isdmaamstcbs ma pbc jc am `ruz, aamgmstc ìn frmn siacjmj; ruâfitc, Ubrfcn ygmjrc jc Jbis ìnsmfrmjm, quc sb diy cn cstc jçm y cn cstm dirm dulbcscrc`mçji silrc gb mafunm scntcn`bm, cn ais `bcais y cn am tbcrrm, quc pir Jbis,Ubrfcn Pmntçsbgm y ca Cspçrbtu Pmnti scm pcrjinmji. Ocsÿs jua`çsbgi, trbstccn ca ducrti, jc dbcrri ùlbcrti, am ni`dc erçm, am mfinçm pucstm cn am tbcrrm,¡gbscrbìrjbm, scýir! Açlrcgc jc qubcn gc dmlam y gma gc qubcrc, jc ungma vc`bni, jc unm gmam acnfum, y jc dc`db`crçms. Xbcjrm Bgín? msç ìgi`mrfms am @ruz jc nucstri jbvbni Pcýir. Gbs pc`mjis scmn pcrjinmjis.

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Pmnti @rbsti Pmaigâ, ca jc Lurfis, ca jc \igm, mgpírmgc gb magm, gbùcrpi y gb pcrsinm. Mgân Ocsÿs. Sn Xmjrcnucstri y Mvcgmrbm m Ocsÿs Nm zm rc ni."== •

@brùam prieusmgcntc cn ca dmgpm ùlmnm am Irm`bðn ma Ousti Oucz,rcjm`tmjm jc vmrbms gmncrms, sb lbcn tijms caams pmrc`bjms. M ìntbnum`bðnìpbi trcs vmrbmntcs jc am gbsgm?"Cn ca ducr ti jca @cjrðn cstmlm Pmn Oumn ìn Jigbnus Jc i y ac jboi? Cm,Pcýir, m gbs cncgbfis vci vcnbr, sb iois tbcncn, quc ni gc vcmn; sb gmnistbcncn, quc ni gc mfmrrcn; sb pbcs tbcncn, quc ni `mgbncn; jctcntccncgbfi ecriz, quc prbgcri nm`bð ca dboi jc Jbis quc vis, cncgbfi. @injis tc gbji, ìn trcs tc `bti? ìn ca Xmjrc, ìn ca Dboi y ìn ca Cspçrbtu

Pmnti. Jcrrblmji vcnfms ìgi jcrrblð m ais suyis ca Oucvcs Pmnti, abfmjivcnfms jc pbcs y gmnis y iois vcnjmjis pmrm quc ni gc mfmrrrc m gç nbqubcn cstuvbcrc m gb amji, jc qubcn gc eçi cs jc am Pmntçsbgm Zrbnbjmj y amac`dc quc ìnsmfrð cn ais pc`dis jc Gmrçm Pmntçsbgm, quc nucstrisùcrpis scmn ablrmjis jc scr mtmjis, gucrtis mnfustbmjis, nb aamfmjis.Açlrmgc, Pcýir, jc gbs cncgbfis ìgi ablrmstc m Oinís jca vbcntrc jc am

lmaacnm. Cnìgbânjmgc m am auz jc am smntm Ucrm`ruz, ìrinm, àmvis y ruz.Pcýir Pmn Oumn, pir ca trmfi mgmrfi quc pmsmstc cn ca mrm jc am `ruz. CaPcýir scm ìngbfi y su Pmntçsbgm Gmjrc; am eirtmaczm jc am ec nis jcebcnjmy nis ablrc jc tiji gma y pcabfri. Mgân. \â`csc un @rcji ma Frmn Xijcrjc Jbis. NIZM? ca quc aacvmrc ìnsbfi cstm irm`bðn sc vcrí ablrc jc am

pcrscù`bðn jc am Oustb`bm y trbunemrí jc sus cncgbfis; ni scrí bntcrrugpb-ji su sucýi pir ams pb`mjurms jc ais mam`rmncs, mrmýms y mnbgmacs pinzi-

ýisis, y cn am `msm quc cntrmrc ni mìntc`crí gma nbnfuni.""Dmy acincs y acinms quc vbcncn ìntrm gç, jctânfmsc cn sç pripbi ìgisc jctuvi gb Pcýir Ocsu`rbsti ìn ca Jigbnus J ci y ac jboi ma Ousti Oucz?Cm, Pcýir, m gbs cncgbfis vci vcnbr, pucs trcs vc`cs rcpbti? iois tcnfmn yni gc vcmn; gmnis tcnfmn , ni gc tiqucn; li`m tcnfmn, ni gc dmlacn; pbcstcnfmn, ni gc ma`mn`cn; ìn jis ais gbri, ìn trcs acs dmlai; am smnfrc acs

lcli y ca ìrmzðn acs pmrti. Xir mqucaam smntm `mgbsm cn quc tu Pmntçsbgidboi euc cnvucati, cs am gbsgm quc yi trmbfi pucstm y pir caam gc dc jc vcrablrc jc prbsbincs, jc gmams acnfums, jc dc`db`crçms y gmaceb`bis, y pmrm aiùma gc cnìgbcnji m tiji ai mnfâabì y sm`rismnti y gc dmn jc mgpmrmrais Pmntis Cvmnfcabis, pucs prbgcri nm`bð Dboi jc Jbis y visitris aacfuâbsjcrrblmjis m gç ìgi ca Pcýir jcrrblð ca jçm jc Xmsùm m sus cncgbfis? jc

qubcn sc eçm cs jc am Ubrfcn Gmrçm, jc am Distbm ìnsmfrmjm quc sc dm jc`caclrmr ìn am ac`dc jc ais pc`dis vbrfbnmacs jc Gmrçm Pmntçsbgm, pir cstigc dc jc vcr ablrc jc prbsbincs, nb scrâ dcrbji nb mtripcaamji, nb gb smnfrcjcrrmgmjm, nb girbrâ jc gucrtc rcpcntbnm, y tmglbân gc cnìgbcnji m amPmntm Ucrm`ruz. Jbis ìngbfi, yi ìn âa, Jbis mamntc, yi trms âa. Ocsÿs,Gmrçm y Oisâ.‚ Ca quc tuvbcrm cstm irm`bðn dm jc t cncr jcvi`bðn jc rczm rtijis ais jçms un @rcji ma Frmn Xijcr jc Jbis, y unm Pmavc m am PmntçsbgmUcrm`ruz. Jclc pincr su niglrc ca quc am `mrfmrc ìnsbfi. Xmjrc, Dboi y

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Cspçrbtu Pmnti. Mgân, Ocsÿs.""Pmntçsbgi, lcmtçsbgi y jb`disçsbgi Cstmnjmrtc jinjc gurbð mquca OustiOucz pbmjisi Pmntçsbgi. Gcr`cj tc pbji gc dmfms vcn`cjir jc gbs cncgb-fis y gc ablrcs jc ais amzis jca jcginbi, jc ais jc am Oustb`bm y jc ais emasistcstbginbis. Pmntçsbgm, ìn jis tc vci, ìn trcs tc mgi, ìn ca Xmjrc, ìnca Dboi y ìn ca Cspçrbtu Pmnti. Cn ca ducrti Jcsbjcrbi cstí Pmn Oumn ìnca Jigbnms Jcus y ac jboi ca Ousti Oucz? Pcýir, m gbs cncgbfis vci vcnbr...Jâomais vcnbr, jâomais vcnbr, quc abfmjis vbcncn sus pbcs y gmnis y ioisvcnjmjis y ni tc dmrín jmýi; nb m tb nb m ais quc cstuvbcrcn m tu amji; sb ioistbcncn ni tc vcrín, sb gmnis tbcncn ni tc ti`mrín, sb li`m tbcncn ni tcdmlamrín y sb pbcs tbcncn ni tc ma`mnzmrín. Cs ca pijcr jc Gmrçm tmn eucrtcy vcn`cjir , quc smavm ma quc cs bni`cntc y `mstbfm ma quc cs trmbjir; gmnsis

y dugbajcs jc ìrmzðn aacfucn gbs mgbfis m gç ìgi aacfð Nucstri Pcýirma vc rjmjcri írlia jc am @ruz P. N. jc qubcn tc eçms, jc am sbcgprc ebca UbrfcnGmrçm y jc am Distbm ìnsmfrmjm diy cn gmnis jc un sm`crjitc, UbrfcnPmntçsbgm, açlrmgc jc gbs cncgbfis vbsblacs c bnvbsblacs ìgi ablrmstc mOinís jca vbcntrc jc am lmaacnm, pir ca mgir jc Jbis, mgân. Ocsu`rbsti gcmìgpmýc. R su gmjrc jc qubcn nm`bð. Am Distbm ìnsmfrmjm. R am @ruzcn quc gurbð. Amus Jcus. ‚ Ca quc trmo crc ìnsbfi cstm irm`bðn vbvbrírcscrvmji jc tcntm`bincs jc sus cncgbfis, jc emasis tcstbginbis, jc gucrt crcpcntbnm, jc puýmamjms, gmaceb`bis y dc`db`crçms, ct`. Pc ablrmrí jc gir-jcjurms jc mnbgmacs ecri`cs y pinziýisis. Pc vcrí ablrc jc am oustb`bm y cnam `msm quc cstuvbcrc ni mìntc`crí nbnfÿn gma; am guocr quc cstuvbcrc jc

pmr ti pm rb rí eí`bagcntc, tmglbân ablrm jc m``bjcntcs y fitm ìrma, pinbân -

jiac silrc ca vbcntrc printi jcsmpmrc`crí. Zijms ams ni`dcs sc rczmrí un`rcji ma Frm n Xijcr jc Jbis ma mìstmrsc y itri pir am gmýmnm ma acvmntmrscy unm smavc m Gmrçm Pmntçsbgm Gmjrc jc Jbis pmrm quc nis emvirb`c, Mgân .Pcrí guy ÿtba trmcram cn am gcgirbm pmrm ais `msis bgprcvbstis, am jbríbngcjbmtmgcntc y qucjmrí ablrc jca gma cn quc sc cnùcntrc, am ec trbunecjc sus cncgbfis."

Am mntcrbir irm`bðn cs jc bnjbsùtblac irbfcn curipci. Cn un ablri cspmýiajc irm`bincs, jc cjbtir mnðnbgi dmstm `bcrti punti, dc dmaamji unm irm`bðnguy scgcomntc pmrm iltcncr am bnvbsblbabjmj mntc ais cncgbfis. Am `dusgmùlmnm sc mprivc`dð jc caam y am trmnsgbtbð m ais ncfris lruois, gu`dis jcais ùmacs, rcp bti, jclbcrin ìni`cr cn Íerb`m cstm supcrstb`bðn maaç rcprc-scntmjm pir ais cs`rbtis jc ais gmrmlÿs. Xrc`cjcntcs curipcis jc cstm

àmsc jc irm`bincs i lrcvcs pucjcn cstujbmrsc, pir cocgpai, cn Sn pri`cssi jc Ptrcfincrbm nca =5<0 bn Pb`babm, pir F. Gbmunzb y P. Pmai-ginc, Xmacrgi, =28=. Ca usi jc tmacs irm`bincs cs ìrrbcntc cn ais lmoiseinjis jc ams si`bcjmjcs mtrmsmjms. Uâmnsc, pir cocgpai, ams pulab`mjms

pi r Mu rc abni Ac ma ? "Am \cabfbðn `dcz acs @i njmgnnâs m Lmdbm" , cn Mr`dbvis jMntdripiaifbc @rbgbncaac, =422, pp. 583 y 50=, pcrtcnc`bcn-tcs m ais jcabnùcntcs lrmsbacýis, ùyi mglbcntc pir gís jc un ìn`cptisc mscgcom ma jc am `rbgbnmabjmj ùlmnm.

<=5



06

Mlca Divcam`quc? il. `bt., pp. :=4 y ss.@igi jbrçmgis cn @ulm? sc `caclrm un vcairbi.

6: Lcmufcnjrc. (@btm jc Xbcrrc Liu`dc? il. `bt.)63 @btm jc Xbcrrc Liu`dc? il. `bt, p. <=4.

Acðn Fubrma? il. `bt., p. =:.66 Xmua G. U. Lmrrct? il. `bt., t. BB, p. =6:.6 4 Blçjcg.62 Acðn Fubrma? il. `bt., p. 35.48

Xmua G. U. Lmrrct? il. `bt., t. BB, p. =63.4=Linncmu? Am @itc j'Bvibrc, Xmrçs, p. <4.

4< @. Zcxbcr? il. `bt., p. <83.40

Mrgmnji @irrc? Ac `rbgc cnpmys `râiacs..., cj. `bt., p. <8:. Cstm supcrs-tb`bðn mntripieífb`m pcrgmnc`c tijmvçm cn mafunis pmçscs gcrbjbinmacs jcCuripm, scfÿn Xcntm? "Jcabnqucntb c Jcabttb Xrbgbtbvb", cn \cvbstm Ýmpðac, Ýmpðacs, =28=, p. 05.4: ' 1*Uâmnsc ams mnmaifçms quc cstc rcsugcn ierc`c ìn ca quc jc am rcabfbðnjc ais ncfris jc am @istm jc Iri jm E. \mtzca? il. `bt., =.=, p. =38.

U

= Uâmsc ai quc jb`c Nbnm \ijrbfucs (il. `bt., pp. 03 y ss.) rcecrcntc maùati ectb`dbstm cn ca Lrmsba jc `bcrtis frmnjcs írliacs aamgmjis fcgc-aacbrms, quc cqubvmacn m ams `cblms ùlmnms (Crbi jcnjrin mnerm`tuisug).Aâmsc tmglbân m Aiubs Fustmvc Lbnfcr (il. `bt., =.=, p. :0) rcspc`ti m amercùcn`bm ìn quc ais dc`db`cris merb`mnis gmnjmn dm`cr iercnjms mais írliacs.

<

Uâmnsc jmtis bntcrcsmntcs jc jb`dms msi`bm`bincs rcabfbisms cn Jmdi-gcy y cntr c ais gbnms, cn M. Xbcrrc Liu`dc? il. `bt., pp. ==0 y ss.

Bfuma jcnigbnm`bðn rc`blcn cn ca Lrmsba, scfÿn Nbnm \ijrbfucs.: Cn Jmdigcy, ais ìaamrcs sc dm`cn jc ebamgcntis jc pmagm y sc aamgmn

mjunkm (M. Xbcrrc Liu`dc? il. `bt., p. =<4).3 Uâmsc unm ùrbism supcrstb`bðn lmsmjm cn am ìgpam`cn`bm i brrbtm`bðn

jc ais cspçrbtus, pir tmacs i ùmacs ìaircs, cntrc ais ncfris jc am @istm jcGmreba, cn G. Ginnbcr? il. `bt., p. =3.

5 Acðn Fubrma? il. `bt., pp. :5, 50, =<:, =65 y <80.

<=6



6

Blçjcg, p. =2.4 E. \mtzca? il. `bt., =.=, p. 032.2 Mnjrâ X. C. Aceclrc? Am rcabfbðn, Xmrçs, =42<, p. =: y E. \mtzca? il. `bt.,

=.=, p. 032.

Jc cstc cspc`bma jbmlabti trmtmrâ cxtcnsmgcntc cn gb prðxbgi cstujbi`btmji.== E. \mtzca? il. `bt., =.=, p. 05:.=<

X. _bnni? "Jmaac Ei`b jca @infi ma Nbai Lbmnì", cn Pc`ðam jc Gbaín,=: jc i`tulrc jc =28: y sbfubcntcs.=0

E. \mtzca? il. `bt., =.=, p. =38. Uâmsc un `msì jc gmjcrm mjirnmji jcùcrnis cn Lbnfcr (il. `bt., =.=, p. <<3).Msbgbsgi sc ilscrvmn ais ùcrnis cn ais ectb`dcris ìnfis, scfÿn X. _bnni(il. `bt.), y cntrc itris `bcrtis dc`db`cris jc am @istm jc Gmreba, ma jc`br jcG. Ginnbcr (il. `bt., p. <=).=: E. \mtzca? il. `bt., p. 034.=3 X. _bnni? il. `bt.=5 Uâmsc ai jb`di cn ca @mpçtuai BBB.=6 E. \mtzca? il. `bt., p. 03:.=4 Blçjcg, p. 032.=2 Zbti Iglinb? il. `bt., p. <84.< 8 Uâmsc ca @mpçtuai BBB.<=

Dut`dbnsin ct mb? il. `bt., p. 032.<<

G. Ginnbcr? il. `bt., p. <=.<0 E. \mtzca? il. `bt., =.=, p. =38.<: Cs trbstc ilscrvmr quc tmgpiì sc ìnscrvmn, quc yi scpm, cn nbnfÿngusci, nb cn ìac``bðn jc `mrí`tcr rctrispc`tbvi.<3

Lamnìs igi ams vcstbjurms jca rbtuma. Z. O. Liwcn? il. bt.; Ubfnâ j'I`tin

(Pbcstc jc Merbquc..., p. 2=); M. L. Caabs ( Zdc amnj ie Ectbsd, pp. 23-25) yM. Xbcrrc Liu`dc? il. `bt., p. ==:. Msbgbsgi cn ca Lrmsba, Nbnm \ijrbfucs?il. `bt., p. 30.

Bjcg cn ca Lrmsba. Pc mtrbluycn tmglbân ma ùati jc cstc irbsdm aisìaamrcs jc ìrma. ¹Pcrí pir am pri`cjcn`bm gmrçtbgm jc am gmtcrbm ìgpi-ncntc9 Ai gbsgi pucjc supincrsc, ìn gmyir gitbvi, jc ais ìaamrcs jcíglmr quc tmglbân sc ac jcjb`mn, ais ùmacs, mjcgís jc scr jc irbfcngmrçtbgi, sin jc ìair mgmrbaai.

<=4



06Cn ca Lrmsba sin lamnìs trmsaÿ`bjis, scfÿn Nbnm \ijrbfucs. Pbn cglmr-

fi, cn Rirulm, ma jc`br jc M. L. Caabs, cstc irbsdm sc rcprcscntm pir unmebfurm ecgcnbnm jc ìair mgmrbaai, vcstbjm jc lamnì y mjirnmjm ìnìaamrcs jc ùcntms mzuacs.

M. L. Caabs (Zdc amnj ieEcçbsd, cj. `bt., p. ::), Mlca Divcam`quc? il. `bt., p. ==3. Nbnm \ijrbfucs? il. `bt., p. 30.2]

Mrm`dbs kypifcm.08 Gmçz scì, tistmji y rcju`bji m piavi.0=

Jua`c dc`di jc fiebi gczàmji ìn gbca.

Dblbsùs csùacntus, scfÿn Funjam`d.

M`cbtc ìn`rcti jc `bcrtm pmagcrm msç aamgmjm.0: Cspc`bc jc tmgma dc`di jc erboiacs jc `mrbtm, cnvucati cn dioms jc paítmni. Mkmrí cn yirulm sbfnbeb`m pmn, scfÿn Liwcn; pcri cs prcecrblacm`cptmr am jctmaamjm jcs`rbp`bðn quc jm Liu`dc jc ais jbvcrsis mkmrís jcRirulm, quc sin sbcgprc unms `riquctms quc vmrçmn scfÿn sus bnfrcjbcn-tcs. Ikkí y Ckí sbfnbeb`mn ca mabgcnti quc ais írmlcs aamgmn kÿs-kÿs. Cnams Mntbaams ermn`csms, mkrí cs ca niglrc quc jmn ais ncfris m ais luýucaisjc pcs`mji.03 ]ubzís scm ca lacji.i/r

Pcfÿn Cstclmn Xb`dmrji (il. `bt.)? "@igbjm ìgpucstm jc dioms jcgmamnfm, vcrjiamfm, `mamlmzm y itris vcfctmacs pb`mjis y ì`bjis ìn sma,vbnmfrc, gmntc`m i m`cbtc, ct`âtcrm." Cs ca illc jc Rirulm (vâmsc M. X.Liu`dc? il. `bt., p. 5=), quc cn ca Lrmsba aamgmn `mrurÿ.06 Mrug smfbtmci eiabug.

Xmamlrm merb`mnm. Cspc`bc jc dmrbnm jc ýmgc, scfÿn @riwtdcr (vâmsc cnca vi`mluamrbi yirulm jc cstc mutir am viz ikkm).08

Sni jc tmntis pamtis jc am ì`bnm merb`mnm ùym ìgpisb`bðn jcsì-nizì.:8 @bcrtm pmstm jc gmçz tbcrni ecrgcntmji y mzÿ`mr, quc sc jbsucavc cn

mfum; cspc`bc jc gmomrctc. Cs viz jc Rirulm, jinjc sc ìnscrvm ìn amgbsgm prinun`bm`bðn y sbfnbeb`mji, scfÿn Liwcn. Liu`dc aamgm c`ð m unmcspc`bc jc tmgma y ikm m cstm lclbjm.:= Lclbjm priju`bjm gcjbmntc unm bneusbðn jc ycrlms. Cn Rirulm am viz

sdikctc sbfnbeb`m unm cspc`bc jc `crvczm jc gmçz.:< Jc un pijcrisi ect b`dc ìnsbstcntc cn unm pmtm jc fmaai cnvucatm cn untrmpi y cgpmpmji jc `bcrti vcncni, quc gmtm ma gbrmrai, nis dmlam Lbnfcr(il. `bt., =.=, p. =64).

<=2



:0 Bjântb`m iercnjm dm`cn cn ais `mnjiglaâs lmdbmnis ìnsmfrmjis mCsdÿ, scfÿn Nbnm \ijrbfucs (il. `bt., p. ==0).:: M. Xbcrrc Liu`dc? il. `bt., p. =<8.:3 Pin msç aamgmjis ais jc paugms jc ìair rioi isùri y pc`dufm ncfrm.:5 M. Xbcrrc Liu`dc? il. `bt., pp. =88-=8= y =<8.:6 A. F. Lbnfcr (il. `bt., t. BB, p. =4:) cs`rblc jc ams vmsboms silrc ams quc scsm`rbeb`mn ams mvcs m ais jbiscs pir ais ncfris jc Lunjukÿ, ma nirtc jca pmçsjc ais m`dmntbs.:4 '

A. @mrlð? Ca Gunji Baustrmji, Am Dmlmnm, <3 jc scptbcglrc jc =28:.:2 Mstacy (`btm jc Aulli`k? il. `bt., p. 6<5).38 Xrcsìtt (`btm jc Aulli`k? il. `bt., p. 6<6).3= Ubfnâ j'I`tin? Oiurnma j'un Gmrçn..., cj. `bt., p. =62.3< @btm jc A. F. Lbnfcr? il. `bt., =.=, p. <0:.30

Aâmsc cn X. Liu`dc (il. `bt., p. 26) ca lmbac y `mnti mníaifis jc amsìermjçms jc am @istm jc ais Csàmvis.3: M`msi scm ìrrup`bðn jc am viz ìnfm bcglm, bgpcrmtbvi jca vcrlijycglm, `mntmr.

33 Nbnm \ijrbfucs? il. `bt., p. 4<.35 Fbrmrj jc \bmaac ? il. `bt., p. =2<. Uâmnsc itris gu`dis `msis cn CjwmrjLurnctt Zyair? Am `bvbabsmtbinprbgbtbvc, cj. `bt., pp. =6< y ss.36 Ma jc`br jca mnðnbgi mrtbùabstm jc Am @mrb`mturm, ym `btmji.34

Nbnm \ijr bfucs? il. `bt., p. 44.32 Mainfb? Am Gmeebm, Zurçn, =446, p. =:3.58 Lcrcnfcr-Ecrmuj? Acs pcupamjcs jc am Pânâfmglbc, cj. `bt., p. <4.5= Lcrcnfcr-Ecrmuj? Pupcrstbtbins ct sunývmn`cs..., t. U, pp. =0 y :3.5< \miua jc Am Frmsscrbc? Xsbìaifçm jc ams rcabfbincs, Gmjrbj, =28:, p. <25.50 @insârvmnsc ìgi bnsuatis.5: Mafunis jb`cn tmglbân gmyiglm y gmyiglcris m ais lruois. Pbn jujmsc jcrbvmn cstms pmamlrms jc am rcfam lruom jc Gmyiglc, ìgi dc jb`di cnitri aufmr, crrðncmgcntc mpab`mjms cn scntbji jcgmsbmji fcnârbì.53 Cklð cn Jmdigcy y cflð cn Rirulm, sbfnbeb`mn gmntc`m jc ìrioi, cscbnfrcjbcntc tmn ìgÿn cn ais cglðs.

<<8



55 ¹]ucrrín cxprcsmr unm bjcm mníaifm m purbeb`m`bðn9 ¹Zcnjrí mafunmrcam`bðn cstc ìn`cpti ìn ams mlau`bincs rbtumacs jc ais gmdigctmnis9Xujbcrm scr. Mafunis lruois, pmrm `msis frmvcs, irjcnmn unm vcrjmjcrmabgpbczm, ìnsbstcntc cn un lmýi erçi jc mfum ìn unm bneusbðn jc eaircsquc sc dmymn sc`mji mntc ais smntis.£D

Cs unm pmamlrm yirulm quc qubcrc jc`br rcìgpcnsm i frmtbeb`m`bðn. eaI

Ca pri`cjbgbcnti quc pmsi m cxpincr cs uni jc tmntis, pujbânjiscmebrgmr quc `mjm lruo i tbcnc ca suyi.52 Cstc pri`cjbgbcnti mjbvbnmtirbi jm`tbabigíntbì cs guy ercùcntc cn-trc ais smavmocs. Uâmsc m rcnfaðn scfubji unm mpab`m`bðn cxm`tmgcntc bfumam am cxpucstm. @ipbm jc Zyair ( Ncw _ccamnj mnj bts bndmlbtmnts, =.=, p. =:2)?"Gís `cr`m jca `cntri jc Msbm, cn ca ínfuai niricstc jc am Bnjbm, cntrc ais

lijis y ais jdbgmas, ca quc prm`tb`m ais cxir`bsgis jclc jcsùlrbr ca jbisquc dm cntrmji cn ca ùcrpi jca cnecrgi, m`mrrcínjiac am cnecrgcjmj cn`mstbfi jc unm bgpbcjmj; csti sc aifrm ìai`mnji cn ca sucai m su marcjcjirtrc`c dioms quc rcprcscntmn m ais jbiscs; jcspuâs, sistcnbcnji ca dc`db-`cri un pânjuai mtmji ìn unm ùcrjm m su puafmr, bnvi`m m `mjm unijc ais jbiscs y mquca quc sc jcscm jcsùlrbr m`mlm pir `cjcr m amsbnvi`m`bincs y jcgistrmrsc bnàbnmnji ca pânjuai dm`bm am diom quc aircprcscntm." (Zigmji jc Dijfsin?Mlirbf ie Bnjbm, p. =68.)68 Fbuscppc Pcrfb? A 'Irbfbnc jc Ecnigcnb Xsb`db`b, Zurçn, =28:, p. <5=.

6= Ca ji`tir \. Gircni Jçmz, cn ca pri`csi ìntrm ais lruois mscsbnis jcam nbým _ibam, cn ca puclai jc Ca Fmlrbca, ym `btmji.6< A. Pcrfb? il. `bt., p. <50.60

Am tbcrrm jc scpuaturm, jb`c Zyair ( Ncw _ccamnj..., =.=, p. =04), sc cgpacmcn ca Merb`m I``bjcntma pmrm priju`br am gucrtc jc un cncgbfi, mgmsín-jiam ìn smnfrc y ducsis, jc ùyi cglð sc ìnscrvm un cocgpamr cn ca@rbsty Gusscug. Zmglbân sc cgpacmlm ìn bfuma ebn cn am gmfbm curipcm.Xrilmlacgcntc mafunms jc cstms gcjb`m`bincs cxpucstms pri`cjcn jcCuripm, y ais ncfris ams ìpbmrin jc ais lamnìs.6: Cn cstc `msi, ca pmn ìn ca `mlcaai cs ca cglð, y msç mníaifmgcntc cn

ais jcgís `msis.63

M`cr`m jca usi gífbì jc ais nujis, vâmsc m O. F. Ermzcr? il. `bt., =.=, pp. 008 y ss.65

Pc ìni`c tmglbân cn Gmjrbj, munquc sbn csc niglrc, scfÿn Lcrnm ajijc ]ubrðs y Oisâ Gmrçm Mfubamnbcji Aamnms? il. `bt., p. 088.66

Jb`c Pccgmnn (`btm jc Aulli`k? il. bt.), ma rcec rbrsc m ais ncfribjcsjc ams bsams Ebj-s`db, quc sb un ebjs`dbmni jcscm i`msbinmr am gucrtc jc unbnjbvbjui sbn rcùrrbr m am vbiacn bm i m un vcncni sc`rcti, ìneçm am cgprcsm

<<=



m un lruoi, tcnbcnji lucn ùbjmji jc dm`crai tmn pÿlabì ìgi pucjm. Caectb`dcri sc priùrm cntin`cs ùmaqubcr ilocti quc dmym pcrtcnc`bji m am pc rsinm quc jcscm dc`dbzmr. Pc qucgm cs tc iloct i ìn mafunms dioms, y sbca lruoi tbcnc unm rcputm`bðn sðabjm, am vç`tbgm sucac girbr jc tcrrir.Pirprcnjc am bjcntbjmj jc cstm gmncrm jc dc`dbzmr ìn am usmjm cn @ulm.Cs ìgÿn cntr c ais puclais smavmocs quc ais dc`db`cris cgpaccn pmrm dm`crcglð iloctis privcnbcntcs jc am pcrsinm quc cs vç`tbgm jca dc`dbzi,cspc`bmagcntc sb pri`cjcn jca ùcrpi? `mlcaais, smabvm, sujir, uýms, ct`â-tcrm. Ca usi jc `mlcaais, cspc`bmagcntc, cstí guy jbeunjbji. Vbaabmgs (`btm jcAulli`k? il. `bt.) cs`rblc quc cn Xiabncsbm sc usm un rbzi jc `mlcaais, un piìjc smabvm i jc ùmaqubcrm itrm sc`rc`bðn jca ùcrpi y dmstm unm pmrtc jc aismabgcntis quc dm ìgbji am pcrsinm quc sc qubcrc jmýmr (tmglbân ìgi cn@ulm) y quc csti, quc sc aamgm aulu, scrí ca vcdçùai pir ca ùma ca jcginbicntrmrí cn ca ùcrpi jc am vç`tbgm; cs jc`br, ca cglð jc ais lruois meriù-

lmnis. Ca cgpaci, cn cstis `msis, jc `mlcaais y mabgcntis cstí ilscrvmjitmglbân pir Zyair, trmtmnji jc Nucvm @camnjm (pp. 42 y =56) y sc sbfuc cnMgârb`m scptcntrbinma y cn ca @mli jc Lucnm Cspcrmnzm. Cn ca Lcncvcnti(Btmabm), ams oðvcncs qucgmn ais `mlcaais quc sc rigpcn y cnrcjmn cn ca

pcbnc, pm rm qu c ni `mbfmn cn pijcr jc un cncgbfi y scmn dc`dbzmjms(Mlcac jc Lamsbi? Bn`bmnnmtirb, gmfdb c Ptrcfdc jb Lcncvcnti, Nípiacs,=288). Ais `mgirrbstms nmpiabtmnis aacvmn m am emttu`dbmrm `mlcaais jc amguocr quc jcscmn pisccr, pmrm am prcpmrm`bðn jca ipirtuni dc`dbzi(Mlc ac jc Lamsbi? Ssb c @istugb jcb @mgibrbstb, Nípiacs, =426, p. <3:). CnXrivcnzm sc `rcc tmglbân cn am rcmabjmj jc cstc pcabfri (Lcrcnfcr-Ecrmuj?

Pupcrstbtbins ct survbvmn`cs..., cj. `bt., t. U, p. :3). Uâmsc Aulli`k (il. `bt., pp . 368 y ss.). Zyair ( Ncw _cmamnj..., cj. `bt., =.=, pp. =05 y ss.), y, silrctiji, m O. F. Ermzcr (il. `bt., =.=, pp. == y <25 y ss.). Ca cgpaci jc `mlcaaisjc unm pcrsinm cn ais dc`dbzis jbrbfbjis ìntrm caam, msç ìgi jc sus uýms,smabvm, jbcntcs, ct`., ilcjc`c m am acy jc ìntbfñbjmj sbgpítb`m ( titugs cx

pmrtc) eirguamjm pir D. Dulcr y G. Gmuss cn su tcirçm fcncrma jc am gmfbm(Cgbac Jurkdcbg?A'Mnnbâc Pi`biaifk¡uc, =28<-=280,-p. 5<).

Pc `rcc cn Macgmnbm, scfÿn Ermzcr (il. `bt., =.=, p. 08:), quc sb un píomricgpacm un `mlcaai cn am ìnstru``bðn jc su nbji, am pcrsinm m quc pcrtc-nc`bð pmjc`crí jc ctcrnm `cemamafbm i jc crup`bincs cn am `mlczm.62

M. Divcam`quc (il. `bt., p. =<2), tigínjiai jc Lisgmn, jb`c quc aisfubncis pmrm vcnfmrsc jc un cncgbfi cspmr`cn cn ca sbtbi pir jinjcmìstuglrm âstc m pmsmr, mafunm `mrnc i lclbjm u itrm sulstmn`bm quc caectb`dcri dmym dc`dbzmji, `rcycnji quc sb ca cncgbfi ti`m ais dc`dbzis,girbrí ma `mli jc guy piì tbcgpi.48 Uâmsc un cocgpai cn X. G. Ub`tir Lmrrca? il. `bt., t. BB, p. =6:.8=

Ca rcqubsbti jc mrriomr m ams ùmtri csqubnms ‚cs jc`br, ma sbtbi jinjc sc`ruzmn jis `maacs i `mgbnis‚ ca cglð quc ìntcnfm ca lbainfi qucmtirgcntmlm m un bnjbvbjui, ilcjc`c cn pmrtc, ma gcnis, m quc cs gís

<<<



prilmlac quc cn csc sbtbi scm ti`mji pir mafunm pcrsinm, quc m su vczmjqubcrm am smam`bðn. Cs jc irbfcn prilmjmgcntc merb`mni jb`di pri`cjb-gbcnti. Cjwmrj Lurnctt Zyair (Am `bvbabsmtbinprbgbtbvc, cj. `bt., t. BB, p. =63)jb`c, tigínjiai jc \igcr, quc dm`c gís jc un sbfai quc unm dc`db`crm jcFubncm irjcnmlm m vc`cs, pmrm ùrmr unm cnecrgcjmj, gmtmr un fmaai

lamnì y cxpincrai cn unm cn`ru`bomjm. Cn Rirulm sc usmn sm`rbeb`bisrcabfbisis cn ais `ru`cris pmrm ìnourmr unm `mamgbjmj (M. L. Caabs? ZdcRiglm-spcmkbnf..., cj. `bt., p. =8<). Sn rcerín jc cstc puclai jb`c? "Cn ca`ru`c jc jis `mgbnis sc ierc`c un sm`rbeb`bi sbn tcgir", pirquc ‚ìgijb`c M Xbcrrc Liu`dc (Âtujc sur am amnfuc nmfi, cj. `bt., p. <:=)‚ aisfcnbis gmaâebìs sin gís eí`bagcntc jbspcrsmjis cn tijms jbrc``bincs. Niilstmntc, ym ais rigmnis ierc`çmn sm`rbeb`bis m Dckmtcs cn ams ùmtri

csqubnms (Au`bmni, `btm jc M. L. Caabs), y dmstm pucjc dmaamrsc un prc`c-jcntc cn unm acy jc Mggurmlç, ùym priguafm`bðn sc rcgintm nmjm gcnisquc m unis jis gba jis`bcntis `bnùcntm mýis mntcs jc am crm vuafmr. Jb`cmsç jb`dm jbspisb`bðn (nÿgcri 2=), ma rcecrbrsc ma pri`cjbgbcnti oujb`bma jcunm jc tmntms irjmaçms? "Am lmamnzm jclc ìai`mrsc dm`bm Irbcntc, bngðvba,cn su aufmr purbeb`mji, scm un tcgpai jc Bnjrm i jc Jdmrgm, scm unm smamjc oustb`bm i un `ru`cri."4<

O. O. Gmtbfnin? il. `bt., p. :.

Ca lruoi quc cn tma supcrstb`bðn `rcm ni cstmrí guy acois jc mebrgmr,ìgi su`cjc cn Íerb`m, quc ìgbcnji gu`dis ìrmzincs jc cncgbfis scmjqubcrc tiji ca vmair sugmji jc âstis.4:

Am pmamlrm ocrfma ùlmnm quc sbfnbeb`m cnvcncnmgbcnti pir bnfcstbðnjc un tðxbì Ob`mrmzi, ni cs jc irbfcn merb`mni. Jcrçvmsc jc ob`mrm, vmsbomguy ìgÿn cn nucstris `mgpis, dc`dm jc unm fñbrm sc`m y vm`bmjm.Ob`mrmzi qubcrc cxprcsmr cnvcncnmgbc nti pir ca açqubji ìntcnbji cn unm

ob`mrm, y pmrc`c rcgintmrsc m ams gucrtcs pir bntixb`m`bðn ercùcntcs cnais `mgpis cn tbcgpis jca mpifci jc am csàmvbtuj, cspc`bmagcntc pir amscpbjcgbms jc sub`bjbis jc csàmvis.

M. L. Caabs? Zdc amnj ie Ectbsd, cj. `bt., pp. =50-=5:. Ni dm gu`di quc am prcnsm ermn`csm sc dbzi cì jc ams gcjbjms rcprcsbvms quc pbjcn ais ncfrisjc Aimnfi ìntrm ais cnvcncnmgbcntis ercùcntcs ìgctbjis pir aisdc`db`cris. Mrtçùai jc Ac @dmaayc cn Ac Zcgps, <0 jc ouabi jc =283.

45 M. Lm`dbaacr y Girmacs? Ais ncfris, cj. `bt., p. =<6.46

Aaígmsc ilç cn Omgmb`m, pbíbs y qubcslibs cn ams Mntbaams ermn`csms, umnfmcn Dmbtç, ct`âtcrm.ii

Mrgmnj @irrc? Ac `rbgc cn pmys..., cj. `bt., pp. <<6-<<4.

42 Cn Ca Gunji (== jc nivbcglrc jc =28:). Gc ìgpamzì cn rcìrjmrmquç ams prc`bisms ilscrvm`bincs quc m am lruocrçm mpirtð, ìn i`msbðn jc

<<0



su bneirgm`bðn pcrbijçstb`m cn cstc jbmrbi, su rcjm`tir ca scýir C. Umrcam_cqucbrm.

28 Ca <8 jc jb`bcglrc jc =28:.2= Mrgmnji @irrc? Ac `rbgc cnpmys..., cj. `bt., pp. <85 y ss.2< Uâmsc am acycnjm cn M. L. Caabs? Zdc amnj ie Ectbsd, cj. `bt., p. 34. Ca

nÿgcri jbc`bsâbs ebfurm mjcgís cn itris rbtis jc ais yirulms.20

O. Dmgbatin? Vmnjcrbnfs bn Nirtd Merb`m, pp. <5:-<23. (@btm jc M. L.Caabs.)

2: Mvclury, sbr Oidn Aulli`k? il. `bt., p. 352.23 Lurtin? Mllcikutm mnj tdc ígmrriins giuntmbns mnj cxpairmtbin,

Ainjrcs, =450, via. B, p. =44.25 M. L. Caabs? Zdc Rirulm-spcmkbnf..., cj. `bt., p. :2.26

E. @rbstia?/tu Puj jc a'Merbquc, Xmrçs.24 Fbrmrj jc \bmaac? il. `bt., p. <8<.22 M. L. Caabs? Zdc Rinblm-spcmkbnf..., cj. `bt., pp. 35 y 26.

= 8 8 Cn un mrtçùai pulab`mji cn Ca Gunji.= 8 = A. Fustmvc Lbnfcr? il. `bt., =.=, p. :<.=8<

Dbppiaytc Xbrðn? il. `bt., p. 3<.= 8 0 Uâmsc Cjwmrj Lurnctt Zyair? il. `bt., t. BB, pp. =63 y <8:; Fbrmrj jc\bmaac? il. `bt., p. =2< y Nbnm \ijrbfucs? il. `bt., p. 6<.=8ça

Mrtçùai pulab`mji pir E. Aðpcz Acbvm? "Pbauctms gmglbsms", cn Am Jbsùsbðn, Am Dmlmnm, =0 jc mfisti jc =280, p. =<, rcebrbânjisc ma ablcrtm-jir ùlmni @ístuai Gmrtçncz.= 8 3 Lmnjiacris quc macfmnji scr mebabmjis m uni jc ais coâr`btis lcabfcrmn-tcs, ìgctçmn tijm àmsc jc jcabtis. (Ji`tir Ecrnmnji Irtbz.)= 8 5 Fbrmrj jc \bmaac? il. `bt., p. <<4.=86

]ubzís scm unm supcrvbvcn`bm jc am Cniparigmn`bm curipcm.= 8 4 Ocmn Lmptbstc Amlmt? il. `bt., t. BB, p. <60.= 8 2 M." Divcam`quc? il. `bt., p. :<0.

UB

= Zmn cs msç quc am pmamlrm lntom sbfnbeb`m ocrfmagcntc mafi lbcn jbvcrsijc am guocr dc`db`crm.

<<:



06F. Pcrfb? il. `bt., p. <34.

M. Divcam`quc? il. `bt., pp. :=0-:=:.

Mlmtc Amee bttc ? il. `bt., p. =<<.

X. Gmrbc Ub`tir Lmrrct? il. `bt., t. BB, p. =55.

Ac Lrun-\cnmuj? il. `bt., p. =32.

0

:

3

5

6 Xbcrrc Liu`dc? Am @itc jcs Csàmvcs..., cj. `bt., pp. 62 y =<4.4 A. F. Lbnfcr? il. `bt., =.=, p. :0.2 E. \mtzca? il. `bt., =.=, pp. <25 y 0=2.

=8 Blçjcg, p. 034.== Uâmsc mjcgís m @âsmr Aiglrisi y Ecrrcri? Am ecggc `rbgbncaac..., cj.`bt., pp. <8= y ss.=< E. \mtzca? il. `bt., =.=, pp. =38 y 034.= ^

M. L. Caabs? Zdc Riglm-spcmkbnf..., cj. `bt., p. 23.=: Ca Gunji, jc Am Dmlmnm, ca 08 jc jb`bcglrc jc =28:.=3 Luku cs ca irbsdm jca smrmgpbðn, scfÿn Ubfnâ j'I`tin? Pbcstcs j'Merbquc,cj. `bt., p. :3.=5 Oisâ Fmr`çm jc Mrliacym? il. `bt., p. :==.=6

Ni dc pijbji cnìntrmr cstc mrtbùai, ¹pijrm bnjb`írgcai mafÿn ìg- pam`bcntc ac`tir9b s

Ermn`bsì @ma`mfni (il. `bt., "Sni jc tmntis", =44=. Nitm) jb`c quc csviz jcsprc`bmtbvm pmrm ais ncfris, dm`bânjisc cì jc unm m`cp`bðn guyrcstrbnfbjm ìgi sbfnbeb`mnji pcrsinm bnÿtba, cn vcz jc am m`cp`bðn fcncrma .Cn cstc `msi cqubvmajrçm m am viz emtrís, mpab`mjm mntbfumgcntc cn Dmbtç mais ncfris bnvíabjis pmrm ca trmlmoi, scfÿn Uç`tir Dufi ( Lurf-Omrfma).=2 Uâmsc m Pbfgunj Vbbdcag Kiàac? Xiayfaitm merb`mnm ir m ìgpmrmtbvcvi`mluamry ie ncmray tdrcc dbgjrcj wirjs mnj pdrmscs bn girc tdmn incdunjrcj jbstbn`t merb`mn amnfumfcs, Ainjrcs, =43:, pp. =4-=2.<8

A. A. @âsmr Ebmjdcrlc? Amnfbbcs Pânâfmambscs; wiaie írclc-dmssmnbm, si-nbnkâ, scrârc;nmtbinfrmggmtb`macs, vi`mluambrcsctpdrmscs, Xmrçs, =446, p. =<2.<=

Uâmnsc cn Gmurb`c Jcameissc? Ui`mludurcs ìgpmrmabes jc paus jc 58amnfucs iu jbmac`tcspmracs m am @itc j'Bvibrc..., Xmrçs, =28:.<< Lus`dgmnn? Sclcr jcr Nmturamut, Lcraçn, =430. (@btm jcZyair.)<0 Maercji Zriglcttb? A 'Snbtm j'IbbfcncjcaAbnfumffbi, Liaifnm, =283, p. :0.<: Blçjcg, p. 60.

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06@mglmnfm crm ca niglrc jc un mntbfui prçn`bpc jca @infi. Zbti

Iglinb? il. `bt, p. <80.<5 Dmlai jca sm`crjitc ìn rcam`bðn ma mglbcntc cn quc vcrjmjcrmgcntccocr`c su gbnbstcrbi bngcjbmti. Mqucaais quc pir sus jitcs supcrbircs sccgmn`bpmn jca rutbnmrbsgi pripbi jc ais frmjis bntcrbircs jc am àmscsm`crjitma, pmrm rcgintmrsc m ams csecrms jbrc`tirms jc am gbsgm, pir suseun`bincs cstín cn ìntm`ti ìn ams àmscs jbrc`tirms jca pijcr ambì, y mâstms jclc rcecrbrsc am mjmptm`bðn jc mquâaais.<6 Fbrmrj jc \bmaac? il. `bt., p. =66.<4 M. Aceclrc? il. `bt., p. :45.

< 2 C. Lurnctt Zyair? Am `bvbabsmtbin prbgbtbvc, cj. `bt., t. BB, p. =34.08 Aulli`k? il. `bt., p. 365.0=

Mrgmnj @irrc? Nis `rcðacs, cj. `bt., p. ==5.0 <

Lcrnmaji jc ]ubrðs y O. G. Mfubamnbcji Aamnms? il. `bt., p. 086.00 Fbrmrj jc \bmaac? il. `bt., pp. =4<-=40.0: M. L. Caabs? Zdc Riglm-spcmkbnf..., cj. `bt., p. 23.03 Mlcac jc Lamsbi? Bn`bmrgmtirb, gmfdb..., cj. `bt., p. <<=.05 Ameebttc? il. `bt., p. =<<. Zmglbân m M. L. Caabs? Zdc Amnj ieEctbsd, cj.

`bt., p. 3<.06 Xbcrrc Liu`dc? Am @itc jcs Csàmvcs..., cj. `bt., p. 62.04 Blçjcg, p. =<6.0 2 Lcrcnfcr-Ecrmuj? Pupcrstbtbin ct sunjvmn`cs..., cj. `bt., =.=, p. <4=.:8 M. Aceclrc? il. `bt., p. 30=.:= Itri gitbvi jc ocrfm smfrmjm pmrc`c m prbgcrm vbstm jcsùlrbrsc cn unecnðgcni dbstârbì? "Sn rmsfi `mrm`tcrçstbì jc am lruom crm ca jc dmlamracnfums quc caam ni ìni`çm; ecnðgcni quc ni cs rmri cn ca dbstcrbsgi yni cs sbni ca pmsi jc mafunms bgprcsbincs jc am bnìn`bcn`bm m am csecrm jcam ìn`bcn`bm." Ais piscçjis jca jcginbi, jb`c Mglrisbi Xmrâ, dmlamn

acnfumocs jcsìni`bjis (@âsmr Aiglrisi? Am ecgbnc `rbgbncabc..., cj. `bt., p. <8<). Pbn cglmrfi, ni sc trmtm jc vcrjmjcris acnfumocs, sbni jc am prinun`bm`bðn jc sinbjis jcsprivbstis jc sbfnbeb`mji ìnvcn`binma mafu-ni, y, pir ai tmnti, am ocrfm crm bgpisblac.: < \miua jc Am Frmsscrbc (il. `bt., p. <<8), mtrbluyð ÿnb`mgcntc m ambngutmlbabjmj jc ais rbtis, ìn rcam`bðn ma rcsti jc am vbjm si`bma, ca irbfcnjc ais acnfumocs smfrmjis.:0 O. F. Ermzcr? il. `bt., p. 024.

<<5



::

Blçjcg, p. 02<.:3 D. \. P`diia`rmet? Bneinnmtbin \cspcctbnf tdc Dbstiry @injbtbin mnj

Xrispc`ts ie tdc Bnjbmn Zrblcs ie tdc Snbtcj Ptmtcs..., Ebamjcaebm, =430. (@btmjc Ppcn`cr.):5 C. \càus? il. `bt., t. TBB, p. 50:.:6 Lcrcnfcr-Ecrmuj? Pupcrstbtbin ct sunjvmn`cs..., cj. `bt., t. U, p. <48.¹OI

Dulcrt y Gmus? il. `bt., p. 33.:2 Vmatcr Jb`ksin? Ompmn, =452, p. =:. (@btm jc Ppcn`cr.)38 \. jc Am Frmsscrbc? il. `bt., p. 52.3= Dbstirbc ct bìnifrmpdbc..., cj. `bt., p. <<5.3< Blçjcg, p. <5:.30 Dut`dbnsin ct ma.? il. `bt., p. 025.3: Ai gbsgi su`cjc ìn ais cs`rbtis rcabfbisis; msç cn Bsamnjbm, pir cocgpai,am gmfbm cgpacmlm ais `mrm`tcrcs rÿnbìs; pcri am ìnsbjcrm`bðn jc cstcmspc`ti fríebì jc am ocrfm smfrmjm, qucjm eucrm jc cstc trmlmoi.33 Uâmsc m Lcrnmaji jc ]ubrðs y O. Gm. Mfubamnbcji Aa.? il. `bt., pp. 65 y ss.Pbn cglmrfi, tmglbân cn ams ocrfms `rbgbnmacs sc nitm am supcrvbvcn`bm jcvi`cs mntbùmjms.35 Amstbgismgcntc, nmjm i guy piì sc dm dc`di cn @ulm pmrm ìnscrvmrais acnfumocs jc ais ncfris. Oisâ G. @iaamntcs (Sn vucatmlmocri baustrc, AmDmlmnm, =28<) cs`rblc quc Zrmnqubabni Pmnjmabi jc Nijm ìni`çm aisacnfumocs ìnfi, `mrmlmaç y gmnjbnfm, y quc aacfð m ìgpincr ais prðjri-gis jc sus rcspc`tbvis vi`mluamrbis. @ini`bð tmglbân, scfÿn itrms nitb-`bms, ca auùgç, y sc jb`c quc cs`rblbð su vi`mluamrbi, y quc scrvçm jcbntârprctc ma `mpbtín fcncrma, filcrnmjir jc @ulm, jin Oisâ jc am @in`dc,ùmnji trmtmlm ìn ais ncfris. Jc tijis gijis, sus trmlmois ebaiaðfbìs pcrgmnc`bcrin bnâjbtis y pucjcn ìnsbjcrmrsc ìgi brrcgbsblacgcntc pcrjbjis.36 Ca Gunji, =: jc jb`bcglrc jc =28:.ì ^

@igi su`cjçm cntrc ais gmfis jc Curipm y pmrc`c mìntc`cr

cntrc ais jc Rirulm, scfÿn M. L. Caabs (Zdc Rirulm-spcmkbnf..., cj.`bt., p. ==5).32 'Gc rcebcri m pcrscù`bincs ìac`tbvms, pucs sin erc ùcn tcs cn Merb`mais `msis jc `mstbfis bgpucstis m tma i ùma ectb`dcri pir mtrblubrac ambntcn`bðn jc bgpcjbr am aauvbm i am jc dc`dbzmr ma rcyczucai, i am bgpi-tcn`bm jc priju`br am prbgcrm. Cn unis `msis, sc trmtm jc pmçscs jinjcca pijcr sm`crjitma ni sc dm jcsmrriaamji tijmvçm; cn itris, jc rcfbincs

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=2

Mrtçùai jc X. \ivbrm? "Ca `mgpcsbni fmaacfi", cn Nucstri Zbcgpi,Gmjrbj, nivbcglrc jc =280, p. 500.<8 Jca Dcrmaji jc Gmjrbj, jca jçm <: jc cncri jc =283.*6 =

Uâmsc ca mrtçùai jc \memca Pmabaams? "Am ems`bnm`bðn cn Cspmým", cn am \cvbstm jc Cspc`bmabjmjcs Gâjb`ms, Gmjrbj, <8 jc nivbcglrc jc =28<.< <

Lus`mnji un `mtíaifi jc ablris jc gmfbm y `bcn`bms iùatms, pulab`mjiscn `mstcaamni, rc`blç uni jc un cjbtir gmjrbacýi, ùym ac`turm cs bntcrcsmn-tc pmrm rcìni`cr ca frmji jc supcrvbvcn`bm jc tmacs supcrstb`bincs. Cnjb`di `mtíaifi sc mnun`bmn pigpismgcntc ams ilrms jc gmfbm cjbtmjms piram gbsgm `msm i pir itrms; un ablri jc "gmfbm suprcgm", jc unms =38

pífbnms, cn 4vi., sc vcnjc ma prc`bi jc =8 pcsctms, y i tris ablris sc vcnjcntmglbân m prc`bis bfumagcntc pripir`binmjis m ais prc`bisçsbgis sc`rctisquc ìntbcncn y m am lmrlmrbc jc sus ìgprmjircs. Xcri ai gís ùrbisi csam vcntm jc tmabsgmncs? un frmn "tmabsgín jc ìnstcam`bincs", jc sbctcgctmacs, sc vcnjc pir <8 pcsctms; itri tmabsgín `cacstc, ìnstrubji lmoi ambneaucn`bm jca sia, ùcstm =3 pcsctms; un "tmabsgín jc Ucnus", tmglbân =3

pcsctms, y unm "jigbnmtur", quc rcÿnc ams vbr tujcs jc ais itris, ùcstm mafigís. Ais ìgcntmrbis ducafmn, ìgi jb`cn ais pcrbijbstms.

C. Lurnctt Zyair? Am `bvbabsmtbin prbgbtbvc, cj. `bt., =.=, pp. =0< y ss.<: O. O. Gmtbfnin? il. `bt., p. :88.<3 Fbrmrj jc \bmaac? il. `bt., p. <<<.<5

Ubfnâ j'I`tin? Pbcstcs j'Merbquc..., p. ::. Uâmsc tmglbân ai quc rcebcrcX. Lmrrct? il. `bt., t. BB, p. =62.<6 M. \càus? il. `bt., p. <44.<4

Uâmsc ca @mpçtuai BB. Zmglbân am rcam`bðn jc cstis ecnðgcnis ìn caìn`cpti jc am gmfbm, scfÿn Dulcrt y Gmus.<2

@igi cocgpai tçpbì jc am supcrvbvcn`bm jc ams sblbams cn ams si`bcjmjcs`bvbabzmjms, y jca `mrí`tcr gijcrni y dmstm scuji`bcntçebì quc ierc`cn sus prí`tb`ms, ìpbi, sbn trmju`br ai pmrm quc ni pbcrjm su pripbi smlir, casbfubcntc mnun`bi quc sc rcpmrtçm prieusmgcntc cn uni jc ais ÿatbgisbnvbcrnis cn ai gís ìnùrrbji jc am Xrigcnmjc jcs Mnfambs, jc Nbzm?"A'Ct ibac ju Pbâàc`cst Ggc. Xd... G... âaclrc Pinnmgluac-Jcvbncrâssc-\uc... Ggc. G. mvc` sin jiulac vuc, pmr sc s`bcn`c mpprieinjbc , a'cxm`tbtujcct am surctâ jc scs prcjb`tbins í ìnqubs ousqu'm `c oiur am ìnebmn`c jc tiu tcsacs pcrsinncs qub a'ìnsuatâc; Ggc. G... n'cst pms unc bnìnnuc piur acs

Nbìbs, nb piur am ìainbc ìsgipiabtc ct sur tiut piur am ìainbc \ussc,`mr A'âtâ jcrnbcr í Gisìu ct í Pt. Xctcrsliurf, âaac í cu su`css smns prâ`âjcnt, scs prcjb`tbins sint tiuoiurs oustcs qumnj âaac mnnin`c sibtm``bjcnt girtca iu girt trmfbquc, ìggc gmadcurcscgcnt a'in í cn íjcpaircr, `'cst am emtmabtâ ju jcstbnc ct a'in nc pcut s'y siustrmbrc.

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"Ggc. G... jinnc tius acs oiurs scs ìnsuatmtbin sur tius acs âvâncgcnt jcam Ubc, trmvmba sur, ìnnu j'âaac scuac. Abfncs jc am gmbn, @yàigmn`bc,@crisìpbc. Ggc. G... mvc` vitrc jmtm jc nmbssmn`c vius jrâss bnstmntmnâ-gcnt ct jcvmnt vius vitrc dirisìpc pmr â`rbt; pmr scs lins ìnscbas caac viusjinnc am giycn jc rcnsbr caac rcsiuj tiutcs `discs quâaacs quc sibcnt acsjbeeuùatâs. @insuatcr Ggc. G... `'cst mssurcr sin lindcur. Uius oufcrcz jcsm s`bcn`c. -\cìbt tibs acs Oiurs gâgc ac jbgmn`dc jc 2, d. ju gmtbn m 4 d.ju sibr. Zrmbtc pmr ìrrcspinjmn`c, sc rcnj m jigb`bac sur jcgmnjm."Xucjc accrsc unm ìac``bðn jc mnun`bis mníaifis cn Lcrcnfcr-Ecrmuj?Pupcrstbtbin ct survbvmn`cs..., cj. `bt., t. U, pp. 04: y ss.08

Am bfacsbm `rbstbmnm ni rigpbi jc rcpcntc ìn cstc mspc`ti jc ams

supcrstb`bincs pmfmnms, gu`dms jc ams ùmacs sc rceacomn cn sus ablrissmfrmjis. Zcrtuabmni, pir cocgpai, jm un irbfcn jbvbni m ais sucýis, y cncstc scntbji euc scfubji pir nugcrisis cs`rbtircs pmtrðaifis (vâmsc C.@aijj? Gbtb c sifnb, Zurçn, =283, p. <:2).0= C. Lurnctt Zyair? Am `bvbabsmtbin prbgbtbvc, cj. `bt., t. BB, p. <86.0< Z. \blit? il. `bt., p. <6.00

@btm jc Lurnctt Zyair? Am `bvbabsmtbin prbgbtbvc, cj. `bt.0: Cjwmrj @aijj? Gbtb c sifnb, cj. `bt., p. =44.03 F. Pcrfb? il. `bt., p. <58.

O. F. Ermzcr? il. `bt.06 Lcrcnfcr-Ecrmuj? Pupcrstbtbin ct survbvmn`cs..., cj. `bt.

Dcrlcrt Ppcn`cr? Ais jmtis jc am si`biaifçm, Am Cspmým Gijcrnm,Gmjrbj, s. m., t. BB, p. ==4.0 2

Uâmsc cntrc itris ablris jc amrfm y priabom cnugcrm`bðn, ca `btmji jcFbrmrj jc \bmaac, cspc`bmagcntc ca `mpçtuai tbtuamji? "Ac ectb`dbsgc `dczacs pcupacs `bvbabsâs".:8 Jcli ùrbisms ilscrvm`bincs m`cr`m jc cstc mspc`ti jc am lruocrçm m unjbfni ocec jc Xiab`çm jc unm pilam`bðn jca bntcrbir, ùyi niglrc gc cstívcjmji rcvcamr, pcri ùyi `mrfi y rcspctmlbabjmj lmstmn pmrm jmr bnjbsù-tblac mutirbjmj m sus mprc`bm`bincs. Ca ecnðgcn i cs, pir ai jcgís, pÿlabì,guy pÿlabì, jcgmsbmji pÿlabì.:= Nbnm \ijrbfucs? il. `bt., p. 4=.

UBBB

= Ams nitb`bms cstín `msb tijms tigmjms y cxtrm`tmjms jc ais jbmrbis dmlm-ncris, sbn matcrmr su rcjm``bðn cn am gmyir pmrtc jc ais `msis, pir gís quc

<08



cn mafunis ìntcnfmn mprc`bm`bincs y oub`bis quc sc mpmrtmn jc gb gijijc ìnsbjcrmr am lruocrçm, msç cn sus em`tircs psçqubìs ìgi cn sus rbtis y prí`tb`ms cspc`bmacs, y ìntcnfmn bncxm`tbtujcs dboms `msb sbcgprc jc am prc`bpbtm`bðn ìn quc eucrin dc`dms y rcjm`tmjms ams bnvcstbfm`bincs pcrbijçstb`ms.

< Xulab`mji cn jb`di jbmrbi ca <8 jc jb`bcglrc jc =28:.

Jc unm `mrtm quc tuvi am ìrtcsçm jc rcgbtbrgc ca scýir \. \cliaamr, oc ec jc am Xiab`çm jc \cgcjbis.

: Cxtrm`ti jc unm bgpirtmntc bneirgm`bðn pcrbijçstb`m jca scýir Gb-fuca M. Zmaacji, m qubcn dc jc mfrmjc`cr itrms gu`dms nitb`bms, ìgu-

nb`mjms prbvmjmgcntc, y quc gc dmn sbji guy ÿtbacs cn am ìgpisb`bðnjc cstc ablri.3 Ermfgcntis jc unm guy ecabz y m`crtmjm bneirgm`bðn prm`tb`mjm pir

ca scýir Cgbabi Dcrnínjcz Fmti, m qubcn mfrmjczì itris bntcrcsmntcsjmtis jc quc gc dc dc`di cì ìn privc`di jurmntc ca ùrsi jc gbtrmlmoi.

5 Bneirgc-rcsugcn pcrbijçstbì jca scýir @mgbai Xârcz, rcjm`tir jc Am Jbsùsbðn.

Am `rbgbnma cs zurjm.

BT

= Am ilscrvm`bðn jc cstc tbpi jcgucstrm pir ìntrmstc ai m`crtmji jc amtcirçm aiglrisbmnm jca mtmvbsgi, ìgi cxpab`m`bðn jc am jcabnùcn`bm. Pbca lruoi cs prbgbtbvi pirquc su mglbcntc sc dbzi jc rcpcntc supcrbir, sbnquc âa pujbcrm cn su cviau`bðn jmr un smati quc rcstmlac`bcrm am trun`mjmmjptm`bðn ma gcjbi, ca jcabnùcntc jc ams si`bcjmjcs `bvbabzmjms cs itri

prbgbtbvi pirquc dm sbji âa ca quc dm smatmji dm`bm mtrís, bn`mpmz jcgmntcncrsc cn un supcrbir nbvca jc prifrcsi girma. Cn ca prbgcr `msi csâstc ca quc vmrçm, cn ca scfunji cs ca bnjbvbjui; pcri cn mglis am mjmptm`bðncs am gbsgm c bjântbìs sin sus cec`tis.

< Xmrtbjm UBB, tçtuai TTBBB.

@ígmrm jc \cprcscntmntcs. Pcsbðn jca jçm =5 jc nivbcglrc jc =28:.Jbsùrsi jca \cprcscntmntc scýir Pilrmji.

: M. Lm`dbaacr y Girmacs? Ais ncfris, cj. `bt., p. =<:.3 Gc rcebcri sbcgprc m am rcm``bðn si`bma ìntrm am lruocrçm, eucrm jc ams

m``bincs jcab`tuisms cspc`bmacs quc pucjmn mìgpmýmram.5 Lcrcnfcr-Ecrmuj? Pupcrstbtbin ct sunjvmn`cs..., cj. `bt., t. U, p. 020.

<0=



6 @âsmr Aiglrisi? Ca jcabti..., cj. `bt., p. =23.4 Blçjcg, p. =40.2 Pbn cglmrfi, dmlrçm quc mnmabzmr sb cstm invcrsbðn cs musm jca prifrc-

si girma i cec`ti jca gbsgi y jca bntcac`tuma, i mglms `isms m am vcz.=8 Msç su`cjc cn Cstmjis Snbjis, Omgmb`m, ct`âtcrm.

<0<



Lblabifrmeçm

Mainfb, Fbuscppc? Am gmebm, Zurçn, =446.Mntÿncz M`cvcji, \memca? Gcgirbms dbstðrb`ms silrc am acfbsam`bðn, y fi-

lbcrni jca ìgcr`bi jc ais cspmýiacs ìn sus ìainbms cn ams BnjbmsI``bjcntmacs. \cìpbamjms pir \. M. M.; prcs. y cstujbi prcabgbnmr pir Mntinbi Fmr`çm-Lmqucri Facz., Gbnbstri jc Dm`bcnjm, Bnstb -tuti jc Cstujbis Ecsìacs, Gmjrbj, =24=. Cjb`bðn em`sbgbamr.

Mrliacym, Oisâ Fmr`çm jc? Gmnuma jc am Bsam jc @ulm, Am Dmlmnm, =432.Mvclury, sbr Oidn Aulli`k, lmrðn jc? B Zcgpbprcbstirb`c c a'irbfbnc jcaa'

bn`bvbabgcnti, Zurçn, =463.Lm`dbaacr y Girmacs, M.? Zbpis y ìstuglrcs jc am Bsam jc @ulm, Am Dmlmnm,

=44=.

? @ulm prbgbtbvm, Am Dmlmnm, =440.? Ais ncfris, Lmr`cainm [=446W.

Lcrcnfcr-Ecrmuj, M.? Acspcupamjcs jc am Pânâfmglbc, Xmrçs, =462.-.A'Merbquc I``bjcntmac, am nmturc ca a'diggc nibr, Xmrçs, =444.? Pupcrstbtbins ct sbmvbvmn`cs âtujbcs iu pibnt jc vuc jc acur

irbfbnc ct jc acurs trmneinnmtbin, Xmrçs, =425.Lcrnmaji jc ]ubrðs y Oisâ Gmrçm Aamnms Mfubamnbcji? Am gmam vbjm cn

Gmjrbj, Gmjrbj, =28=.

Lctmnìurt, Oisâ Ub`tirbmni? "Sn vcairbi cn Ocsÿs Gmrçm";'cn Ca Mrtbstm,Am Dmlmnm, 0 jc jb`bcglrc jc =4::.

Lbnfcr, Aiubs F.? Ju Nbfcr mu Fiaec jc Fubnâc pir ac pmys jc Kinf ct ac Gissbcpmram `mpbtmbnc Lbnfcr (=446-=442), Xmrçs, =42:.

Lamsbi, Mlcac jc? Ssb c @istugb jcb @mgirrbstb, Nípiacs, =426.? Bn`bmrgmtirb, gmfdb c Ptrcfdc jb Lcncvcnti, Nípiacs, =288.? Am gmam vbtm m Nmpiab, Nípiacs, =28:.

Linncmu? Am @itc jZvibrc, Xmrçs.

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Jb`ksin, Vmatcr? Oipmn, =452.Jbcfi Mlmj, ermy? Cs`rbtis silrc Xucrti \bì, Lmr`cainm, =280.Ju @dmbaau, Xmua Lcaainb? Uiaamfc jmns a'Merbquc Cqumtirbmac, Ncw Rirk,

=456.Juemy? A 'Merbquc.Jurkdcbg, Cgbac? AMnnâc Pi`biaifbquc, =28<-=280."Cac Zc Cgc", cn Am @mrb`mturm, Am Dmlmnm, <= jc gmyi-<8 jc mfisti jc

=420.Caabs, M. L.? Zdc amnj ieEctbsd, Ainjrcs, =440.

? Zdc Rirulm-spcmkbnf pcipacs ie tdc Pamvc @imst ie Vcst Merb`m, Ainjrcs, =42:.

Embjdcrlc, Aiubs Acðn @.? Amnfucs Pânâfmambscs? wiaie mrmlc-dmssmnbm, sinbnkâ, sârârc; nitbins frmggmtb`macs, vi`mluambrcs ct pdrmscs,Xmrçs, =446.

Ecrrcr jc @iuti, Oisâ? Ais ncfris cn sus jbvcrsis cstmjis y ìnjb`bincs,tmacs ìgi sin, ìgi sc supinc quc sin, y ìgi jclcn scr, NucvmRirk, =45:.

Ermzcr, Omgcs F.? Ac \mgcmn j'Ir, Xmrçs, =280.Fmaacnfm, Mntinbi @. N.? Am pcrac jcaacMntbaac, Gbaín, =46:.Fbrmrj jc \bmaac? Am Gbtdiaifbc @igpmrâc, Xmrçs, =464.Fialâry, P. G. Tmvbcr jc? "Uiymfcs jc Fialâry, cn prbscs cntrc am `mp.

Lamn` ct Pbcrrm Acðnc" , cn Vma`kcnmcr, @dmracs? Dbstibrc fcnârmacjcs viymfcs; iu Niuvcaac ìaac`tbin jcs rcamtbins jc viymfc pmr gcr

ct pmrtcrrc..., Xmrçs, =4<5.Frmvbârc, O. jc am. Ucr Ourbcn jc Am Frmvbârc.Fubrma, Acðn? Am @infi Ermnqmbs ju Fmlin m Lrmzzmvbaac, Xmrçs, =442.Dmgbatin, O.? Vmnjcrbnfs bn Nirtd Merb`m.Dijfsin? Mlirbf ie Bnjbm.Dieegmn, E. A.? \m`c Zrmbts Zcnjcn`bcs ie tdc Mgcrb`mn Ncfri, Nucvm

Rirk, =425.Divcam`quc, Mlca? Acs nâfrcs jc aMerbquc susâqumtirbmac (Pânâfmglbc,

Fubnâc, Pinjmn, Dmut-Nba)..., Xmrçs, =442.Dugliajt, Macxmnjcr vin? Cnsmyi piaçtbì silrc am Bsam jc @ulm, Xmrçs,

=4<6.Dut`dbnsin, Frcfiry A.? \mzms dugmnms, Gmjrbj.

Bneirgc silrc ca `cnsi jc @ulm, =422. Zrmju``bðn jca bnfaâs pir B. A.Oimnnbnb, Bgpr. jca Filbcrni, Vmsdbnftin, =288.

Ourbcn jc am Frmvbârc, O. X.? Piuvcnbrs j'un mgbrma, pmr ac ìntrc-mgbrma,Xmrçs, =458.

Kmtzca? Ams rmzms dugmnms, Lmr`cainm, =445.Kicaac, Pbfgunj V.? Xiayfaitm merb`mnm ir m ìgpmrmtbvc vi`mluamty ie

ncmray tdrcc dunjrcj wirjs mnj pdrmscs bn girc tdmn inc dunjrcjjbstbn`t merb`mn amnfumfcs, Ainjrcs, =43:.

Am Frmsscrbc, \miua jc? Xsbìaifçm jc ams rcabfbincs, Gmjrbj, =28:.

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Amlmt, Ocmn Lmptbstc? Niuvcaac rcamtbin jc a'Merbquc I``bjcntmac, Xmrçs,=6<4.

Amlrm, \memca Gmrçm jc? Am mliab`bðn jc am csàmvbtuj cn ca irjcn cìnðgb-ì, Gmjrbj, =460.

Ameebttc, mlmtc? Ac Jmdigâ; siuvcnbrs jc viymfc ct jc gbssbin, Ziurs,=4<:. ^

Amfrmnfc, X.? Ctujcs sur acs rcabfbins scgbtbqucs, Xmrçs, =283.Amnjcr, \.? Am Xsy`diaifbc ctnbquc, Xmrçs.Amugmnn, @. G.? M am @itc I``bjcntmac j'Merbquc, Xmrçs, =42:.Ac Lrun-\cnmuj? Acs pisscssbin ermnfmbsc jc a'Merbquc I``bjcntmac,

Xmrçs, =445.

Acma, Murcabni? "Am rcabfbðn `dcz acs ìnjmgnâs í Lmdbm", cn Mr`dbvcj'Mntdripiaifbc @rbgbncaac, =422.Ac @dmaayc? Mrtçùai cn Ac Zcgps, <0 jc ouabi jc =283.Aceclrc, Mnjrc X. C.? Am rcabfbðn, Xmrçs, =42<.Acriy-Lcmuabcu, Xmua? Jc am ìainbsmtbin `dcz acspcupacs gijcrncs, Xmrçs,

=28<.Actiurncmu, @d. O. G.? Am psy`diaifbc ctdnbquc, Xmrçs.

? Am si`biaifbc, Xmrçs, =42<.? A'cviautbin rcabfbcusc, Xmrçs, =424.

Aiglrisi y Ecrrcri, @âsmr? A 'uigi lbmnì c a'uigi jb ìairc, Zurçn, =42<.? Amecggc `rbgbncaac ct am pristbtuâc, Xmrçs, =425.? Ca jcabti, sus `musms y rcgcjbis, Gmjrbj, =424.

Aðpcz Acbvm, Ermn`bsì? "Pbauctms gmglbsms", cn Am Jbsùsbðn, Am Dmlm-nm, =0 jc mfisti jc =280.

Aulli`k, lmrðn jc Mvclury. Ucr Mvclury, sbr Oidn Aulli`k, lmrðn jc.Gmtbfnin, Ocmn O.? Pupcrstbtbin, `rbgc ct gbsârc cn @dbnc, Xmrçs, =28<.Gmadcbri, M.? @drinb`ms jc Lbdâ, Abslim, =280.Gcrabn, ìnjcsm jc? Ubmoc m Am Dmlmnm, Am Dmlmnm, =283.Gczm, \mgðn? "Ca jçm jc rcycs", cn Jbmrbi jc am Gmrbnm, Am Dmlmnm, 4 jc

cncri jc =280.Gbmunzb, F. y Pmaigincs? Sn pri`csi jc Ptrcfincrbm nca =5<0 bn Pb`babm,

Xmacrgi, =28=.Gb`dcact, Ouacs? Am Pir`bârc, Xmrçs, =464.Gbrmnjm, Gmnuca G.? Gcgirbms jc \b`mrji. @umjris si`bmacs y jc ìstug-

lrcs, Am Dmlmnm, =42<.

Ginnbcr, G.? Am Liuàc ju Nbfcr, Xmrçs.Ginscur, C.? "A'Mgc Xupbabnc", cn \cvuc jc U Dbstibrc jcs \cabfbins...,

=283.Girbaams, Xcjri O.? "Ca rmn`dcmjir", cn rcvbstm AM Xbrmfum, = ri ' jc ouabi jc

=435. Nibrit , C.?M trmvcrs ac Eiutm-Jbmaain ct ac Lmgliu`, Xmrçs.Iglinb, Zbti? Ubmffb ncaa'Merb`m I``bjcntmac, Gbaín, =4:6.Xcntm, Xmsqumac? Jcabnqucntb â Jcabttb Xrbgbtbvb, Nípiacs, =28=.Xârcz, O. @.? Mrtçùai cn Am Jbsùsbðn, <8 jc jb`bcglrc jc =28:.

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Umrinm , Cnrb quc Oisâ? "Ca lmnjiacrbsgi", cn \cvbstm @ulmnm, Am Dmlmnm,<8 jc ounbi jc =444.

Ubfnâ j'I`tin, Xmua? Pbcstcs j'Merbquc (jcgbcr ecubaacts ju Oirnma j'un Gmrçn), Xmrçs.

? Oirnma j'un Gmrçn? prcgbcrs ecubaacts sur am riutc j'cxba,Xmrçs [=426W,

Ubfuâ, G.? "Acs Xcupamjcs jc am Pânâfmglbc", cn \cvuc P`bcntbebquc, =3jc i`tulrc jc =444.

Ubvmnì, O.? "Gcgirbm silrc am cju`m`bðn cn ais `mgpis jc @ulm", cnrcvbstm Am Pbcgprcvbvm.

Ui`mluambrcs ìgpmrm tbes jc paus jc 58 amnfucs iu jbmac`t pmracs m am @itc

jc a'Bvibrc ct jmýc acs rcfbins abgçtriecs, Xmrçs, =28:.Vrbfdt, O.? Zdc \camtbins ie Cìnigb` @injbtbins ti tdc @muscs ie@rbgc.

_mgirm y @irinmji, Oisâ G.? Acfbsam`bðn Satrmgmrbnm, Gmjrbj, =4:3._bnni, X.? "Jmaac Ei`b jca @infi Ma Nbai Lbmnì", cn Pcìai jc Gbaín, =: jc

i`tulrc jc =28:.

<04



Ebfurm =. Jmnzm fucrrcrm jc ais ncfris jca @infi cn @ulm.



Ebfurms <, 0y :. Zmglircs usmjis pir ais meri`ulmnis.

Ebfurm 3. Meri`ulmnis ti`mnji un tmglir.



Ebfurm 2. Pbglm.

Ebfurm =8. Fñbri i `mamlmzi.



Ebfurm ==. Sn rcy jc `mlbaji.



Ebfurm =<. Mntbfum ebcstm meri`ulmnm jca Jçm jc \cycs (jc unm aígbnm jc amâpi`m).

Ebfurm =0. Abntcrnms jc unm `igpmrsm `mrnmvmacs`m.



Ebfurm =3. çjiai lruoi Pdmnfi (jca nmturma).



Ebfurm =6. çjiais lruois ais Obgmfums (cn pijcr jca mutir).



Ebfurms =4 y =2. çjiais lruois ais Obgmfums (jc un mpuntc jca nmturma).

Ebfurm <8. çjiais lruois (jca nmturma).



Ebfurm <0. Ectb`dc lruoi (jca nmturma).

Ebfurm <:. Matmr lruoi (jca nmturma).



Ebfurm <6. Firri jc un lruoi, `in trcnzms jc `mlcaais dugmnis (jc un mpuntcjca nmturma).

Ebfurm <4. Zbpi jc jbmlabti.



Ebfurm <2. Zbpi jc jbmlabti.



Ebfurm 08. Zbpi jc jbmlabti.



Ebfurm 0=. Zbpi jc jbmlabti.



Ebfurm 0<. Gís`mrm lruom (jc un mpuntc jca nmturma).



Ebfurm 05. Bnstrugcnti jca sm`rbeb`bi lruoi.



t

D„

Ebfurms 04 y 02. Dm`dm y smlac jc gmjcrm usmjis pir ais lruois.

Ebfurm :8. @iaamr jc Beí.

Ebfurm :=. @iaamr jc Beí.

Q O



Ebfurm :<. Li` ÿ, ncfri lruoi `injc nmji m gucrtc.

:M :¹. O~S. @IM*. -

eit 5 a @I

:£r*P0e / ç ‚/MT'RIO @I\U'•1

'/m ¹rr jâ Ol¹>s ctY'¹¹I9, ^M_Sr&o

8= - G A « ^ « D

Ebfurm :0. @mrtm mutðfrmem jca ncfri Li`ÿ.



çnjb`c

Xrðaifi/U

@mrtm-prðaifi jc @âsmr Aiglrisi / =

Mjvcrtcn`bms prcabgbnmrcs m am prbgcrm y scfunjm cjb`bincs / 0

B. Am gmam vbjm ùlmnm / 6

Pugmrbi? Bntcrâs cspc`bma jc su cstujbi. @igpincntcs âtnbìs jc am si`bcjmj jc @ulm.@injb`bincs si`bmacs jc ams jbstbntms rmzms. Pu eusbðn pmr`bma. Ecnðgcni `mrm`tcrçstbì jc amgmam vbjm ùlmnm.

BB. Ais ncfris cn @ulm / =2

Pugmrbi? Ubjm jc ais ncfris cn @ulm. Pu nÿgcri. Pu pri`cjcn`bm. Am csàmvbtuj y sumliab`bðn. Ca csàmvi mfrçìam. Ca csàmvi urlmni. Xilam`bðn jc ìair ablrc y csàmvm. Cacgmn`bpmji. Pub`bjbi jc csàmvis. @bgmrrincs y mpmacn`mjis. \clcabincs.

BBB. Ais ncfris cn @ulm (ìntbnum`bðn) / :8

Pugmrbi? Ca ncfri ablrc. @injb`bincs girmacs jc am rmzm jc ìair. Lmbacs. Bnstrugcntisgusb`macs y `mntis. @mlbajis. Am ebcstm jca Jçm jc \cycs. Pu irbfcn. Itrms supcrvbvcn`bmsmerb`mnms. Am `rbgbnmabjmj ncfrm.

BU. Am lruocrç m / 5:

Pugmrbi? Ca ectb`dbsgi merb`mni cn @ulm. Zrbpac mspc`ti jc, am lruocrçm meriùlmnm. Amrcabfbðn. Jbebùatmjcs pmrm su cstujbi. Jbiscs jc Rirulm. Itrms jbvbnbjmjcs. Itrms rcabfbincs.Ca ùati vijÿ. Mguactis. Pupcrstb`bincs nc`rðebams. \csugcn

U. Am lruocrçm (ìntbnum`bðn) / 4:

Pugmrbi? Ca ùati lruoi. Ca tcgpai y ca matmr. @iermjçms. Ucstbjurms. Pm`rbeb`bis. Gÿsb`m yjmnzms. Am dc`db`crçm. Pmam`bðn, ýcquc, cglð, lbainfi. Abgpbczms. Zcrmpâutb`m lruom.

Los Negros Brujos

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