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17. Exportando con Responsabilidad

Ariane van Beuzekom

Consultora CBI

EU market access requirements

Aim of this presentation

Organic Fair Trade CSR Novel Foods

Organic

Organic production

Labelling

Market impact

Organic production Organic production: "a system of managing agricultural holdings that

uses a variety of more environmentally friendly crop farming practices and involves major restrictions on the use of fertilisers and pesticides”

Strict rules for production. Examples for agriculture: Use of organic seeds Soil fertility and biological activity through natural means Use of substances on “positive lists”

Examples processing: Non-agricultural ingredients are limited (Annex VI) GMOs not allowed Irradiation not allowed

Labelling as “organic”

Preconditions: at least 95% of the product's ingredients have

been organically produced; the product complies with the rules of the

official inspection scheme; the product has come directly from the

producer or preparer in a sealed package; the product bears the name of the producer,

and the name or code of the inspection body.

Organic labels

Many organic labels Different requirements Different markets Different certifiers

See document Overview of organic labels for food on the EU market

Organic cotton

Growing without synthetic chemicals In some cases also organic production

process Taken up by big brands

Market impact

Growing niche market For more information, see the CBI

market surveys

FairTrade

Fairtrade criteria

Labelling

Market impact

Fundamental Criteria

A fair and sustainable price, guaranteeing a fair wage covering the costs of sustainable production and living.

This price needs to be at as high as the Fair Trade minimum price and premium where they have been defined by the international Fair Trade associations

Fairtrade organisation

Fairtrade Producer Standards– social, environmental and economic

development (labour conditions) Fairtrade Product Standards

– coffee, tea, rice, bananas, mangoes, cocoa, cotton, sugar, honey, fruit juices, nuts, fresh fruit, quinoa, herbs and spices, wine and footballs

FLO Facts and Figures

FLO is working as per end of 2007 with: 632 Fairtrade Certified Producer

Organisations, representing over 1,4 million farmers and workers, in 58 countries in Africa, Asia and Latin America.

In 2006, consumers worldwide bought 1,6 billion Euros worth of Fairtrade Certified Products, 42 % more than the year before.

FLO Producer Networks

Africa Fairtrade Network (AFN)– Website

Coordinadora Latinoamericana y del Caribe de Comercio Justo (CLAC)– Website

Network of Asian Producers (NAP)

Other Fair Trade - IFAT

Self-Assessment against the Fair Trade organisations standards IFAT Code of Practice 10 standards for Fair Trade support organisations Peer review between trading partners

– share their Self-Assessment reports External verification

– random % of Self Assessment reports reviewed No product standards No specific producer standards http://www.ifat.org/

IFAT

1. Creating opportunities for economically disadvantaged producers

2. Transparency and accountability

3. Capacity building

4. Promoting Fair Trade

5. Payment of a fair price

6. Gender Equity

7. Working conditions

8. Child Labour

9. The Environment

10.Trade Relations

Other Fair Trade

Coming out of the Environmental and Sustainability Movement– FairWild– ISSC MAP– BioTrade

No specific Product Standards No specific Producer Standards

Other Fair Trade Rainforest Alliance

– Have specific product standards

Made-by fashion label– umbrella label – organic cotton– sewing factories have a social code of conduct

(SA8000)– the entire production chain– mainstream markets

CSR

Corporate social responsibility

CSR

Trends and developments

CSR requirements: Social issues

Social accountability Social accountability is the assessment and

ongoing monitoring of working conditions in manufacturing environments.

European buyers are held responsible for the social conditions in the companies abroad they are sourcing from

Where do you find social requirements?

EU buyers’ requirements: Ethical codes of conduct Social label requirements Social management systems

Different approaches: Official (3rd party) audits of signed codes Requests for

certification Informal audits by Quality control staff Code of conduct but no control Nothing……

Contents: ILO Conventions Private sector uses several of the 185 ILO

Conventions Fundamental Conventions are a minimum in

international trade Suppliers should at least be aware and be

working on improvement to the minimum level European buyers often prepared to support

improvement. Suppliers: have an implementation plan

The basis:Fundamental ILO Conventions

Freedom of Association 87 Freedom of Association and Protection of the Right to Orga

nise Convention, 1948. 98 Right to Organise and Collective Bargaining Convention, 19

49 

Abolition of Forced Labour 29 Forced Labour Convention, 1930 105 Abolition of Forced Labour Convention, 1957 

Equality 100 Equal Remuneration Convention, 1951 111Discrimination (employment and Occupation) Convention,

1958  

Elimination of Child Labour 138Minimum Age Convention, 1973 182Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention, 1999

Also important:

Occupational health and safetyILO convention 155 and recommendation 164

Hours of work and overtime

Wages

ILOILO SA8000 ETI MPS

Collective bargaining (fundamental) X X x x Free association (fundamental) X X x x Discrimination (fundamental) X X x x Equal remuneration (fundamental) X X x x Forced labour (fundamental) X X x x Child labour (fundamental) X X x x Minimum wage/living wage X X x x Maternity protection X Harassment or abuse X X Health and safety X X x x Working hours X X x x Vocational Rehabilitation & employment X X x Home Work X X x Regular employment x x Harsh or inhumane treatment x Management systems X Compensation X Pesticides and chemicals x Protection of the environment x

Sainsbury’s Social Principles

“As we broaden our supplier base, especially in developing countries, we are conscious of the need to take some share of the responsibility for social development and for the welfare of employees who produce the goods we sell.”

“In building partnerships with our suppliers, we seek to work with companies who share our values andwho are prepared to commit themselves to this Code.”

Sainsbury’s Social Principles

Fair terms of trading In the conduct of its business, Sainsbury’s will deal

openly and fairly with suppliers, adhere to contract

terms and avoid the exercise of undue pressure.

Protection of childrenIn accordance with relevant ILO conventions, children

may only be employed in circumstances which fully

safeguard them from potential exploitation, which

protect them from moral or physical hazard and long

term damage to health and which do not disrupt their

education.

Sainsbury’s Social Principles

Health and safetyPolicies and procedures for health and safety will be

established which are appropriate to the industry. In the

absence of legal requirements these will reflect a clear

awareness of obvious hazards and a general regard for the

well-being of employees. Such policies and procedures will

apply also to any living accommodation provided in

association with employment.

Sainsbury’s Social Principles

Equal opportunitiesWhilst being sensitive to cultural differences we expect

the development of equal opportunities in employment

without discrimination on grounds of race, religion,

and gender or other arbitrary means.

Freedom of associationEmployees shall be free to join lawful associations;

forced labour or coercion at work is unacceptable.

Sainsbury’s Social Principles

Freedom of employmentEmployees should not be forced into involuntary

labour.

Hours of work and wagesPay will not be lower than that required by local law

or, in the absence of law, that paid generally within

the industry. Wages should always be enough to meet

basic needs and to provide some discretionary income,

as well as having regard to what is needed to maintain

family life above subsistence level.

Meeting buyers’ requirements

Showing compliance

Auditing and Management systems BSCI SA8000 OHSAS 18001 GLOBALGAP

Codes and Labeling Sector codes, corporate codes Ethical Trading Initiative Labels

Business Social Compliance Iniatiative

An auditing system, not a certificate Background: adequate laws are in place - but

not properly implemented and enforced Lack of awareness So far retailers conduct social compliance

audits in their purchasing markets mainly on the basis of different audit systems and criteria

• Lack of credibility • Lack of transparency• Lack of efficiency• High costs • No synergies

• Too many different systems

• More or less similar standards

• Different tools• Different processes

Objectives

• Improve social standards in all supplier countries for all consumer goods

• Provide a predictable monitoring system

• Realise economic advantages for suppliers and members

• International forum for the exchange of knowledge and views

• Cooperation with any other equivalent system

BSCI The BSCI is intended as a sector-solution for retail

but is also open to importers and manufacturers of consumer goods.

All kinds of consumer goods, initial focus on textiles, clothing, shoes and toys.

BSCI membership is open to all European and non-European companies and associations.

Buyers call for BSCI audits, not suppliers

61 members in 10 countries

BSCI Performance level: mainly social requirements and a

few basic environmental requirements

The social requirements are based on relevant ILO Conventions and United Nations human rights: internationally recognised and applied.

Based on the SA8000 management system, two phases of implementation.

– phase 1: comply with basic regulations– phase 2: additional requirements with final level of

SA8000 certification.

BSCIPhase 1: Compliance to basic regulations

National legal requirements, with respect to: – Commercial operators – Working times – Compensation – Social security contributions – Minimum age employees – Ban on forced labour – Disciplinary measures – Freedom of association and collective bargaining – Ban on discrimination – Working conditions – Health and safety

BSCIPhase 2: Compliance to additional requirements on

the SA8000 level

– Policy – Planning and implementation – Management review – Control of subcontractors / suppliers / sub-suppliers – Control of home workers – Compensation – Child labour – Evasion – Outside communication

Standard audit for all products:

Site inspection, inspection of documents and interviews with management and employees

Social audit report: audit result, indication of corrective actions

Based on social performance: corrective action plan

Before final audit: self-audit, based on an assessment list

Audit by SA8000 accredited certifiers on the base of SA8000 certification

Market impact

A rather new initiative → Market impact of BSCI is expected to be substantial

Advantage of BSCI– can be applied to all consumer goods– different certification schemes not necessary– existing schemes may be recognised by BSCI– broad support from the private sector

Disadvantage– Only upon request of a EU trading partner

SA 8000

International management system for improving working conditions

Modelled as ISO standards First auditable social standard and creates a

process that is independent Certification by means of independent

verification Applicable to all industries Performance-based provisions, which set

standards for each of the 9 topics (CoC)

SA 8000 Standards based on ILO and other human rights conventions

9 core areas: – 1. child labour – 2. forced labour – 3. health and safety – 4. compensation – 5. working hours – 6. discrimination – 7. discipline – 8. free association and collective bargaining – 9. management systems

SA 8000

Benefits of adopting SA8000:

improved staff morale more reliable business partnerships enhanced competitiveness less staff turnover better worker-manager communication

SA 8000Market impact The impact of SA8000 is growing in numbers,

amount of countries and amount of sectors

Starting with toy manufacturers, manufacturers of garments, manufacturers of plastics and manufacturers of pharmaceuticals, the system is becoming a multi-sectoral instrument2002: 83 facilities, 31 industries, 30 countries2004: 492 facilities, 51 industries, 40 countries

2007: 1112 facilities, 71 industries, 51 countries

More info: www.sa-intl.org

Ethical Trading Initiative UK multi stakeholder initiative to improve working

conditions at companies operating within the chain

ETI was specifically set up for traders supplying the British market, i.e. Sainsbury’s and Tesco

The ETI promotes the implementation of a code of conduct at the level of suppliers, sub contractors and home workers wherever possible

Not focused on specific products or companies

When joining the ETI, members commit to implement the Base Code in their supply chains and to reporting annually on their progress in doing so

Ethical Trading InitiativeThe ETI Base Code: nine provisions:

1. Employment is freely chosen2. Freedom of association and the right to collective

bargaining is respected3. Working conditions are safe and hygienic4. Child labour shall not be used5. Living wages are paid6. Working hours are not excessive7. No discrimination is practised8. Regular employment is provided9. No harsh or inhumane treatment

General principles concerning implementation

Labels

Fair Trade

Max Havelaar, Utz Kapeh

Rainforest Alliance

FSC

MPS Socially Qualified

Fair Wear

Novel Foods

Legislation

When applicable

Novel Foods Regulation

Regulation (EC) 258/97 lays down the definitions

of novel foods in the EU as well as the procedures

required for foods considered novel

Novel foods: foods with a safe history of food use,

unknown to the EU, prior to the legislation of 15

May 1997

Aim: to protect EU consumers’ health

Novel Foods Scope Products with a new or intentionally modified

primary molecular structure Products consisting of micro-organisms, fungi or

algae Products consisting of, or isolated from plants or

isolated from animals Products whose nutritional value, metabolism or

level of undesirable substances has been significantly changed by the production process

Traditional foods, i.e. food products with a history of safe use from outside the EU

The Regulation does not apply to food additives, flavourings or extraction solvents and not to genetically modified organisms (GMOs): separate legislation

Novel Foods or not? Find out if the food was already consumed in any

of the EU Member States before 1997. If yes: no novel food

Find out if the food is currently consumed. If yes: procedure of notification may apply

If not yet consumed: novel food

Examples: yacon, lucuma, camu camu, baobab

Novel Foods application procedure

Application in the Member State where the product is to be placed on the market for the first time.

Initial assessment by Member State’s competent authority.

Initial assessment forwarded to Member States for comments or objections.

If no objections: no additional assessments required

If objections: additional assessment required.

Novel Foods content application A well-documented history of safe use outside the

EU, indicating absence of toxicity. A safety test on animals or humans may also be necessary.

A description of the production chain addressing the absence of contaminants. Hygiene aspects in the production are also addressed here.

Additional toxicological research may be necessary Potential shifts in nutrition patterns. Will the new

exotic product replace the use of an existing product and what consequences will this have for nutrition patterns?

Novel Foods revision Revision has been adopted Food safety testing procedures simplified Needed: justification as a traditional food and data

of history of safe use Authorisation not for a single applicant but the

whole market Application through EFSA Draft Regulation:

ec.europa.eu/food/food/biotechnology/novelfood/initiatives_en.htm