Monopolio

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Klflxlgel Klflxlgel



Ln`mreyls bm dx~mfbepd`m

• Mzxgecd~ cókl s}~om mg klflxlgel u besrefo}e~

mfr~m mg klflxlgel bm x~mcel ðfecl u mg klflxlgel

besc~ekefdbl~ bm x~mcels

• Mzxgecd~ cókl }f klflxlgel bm x~mcel ðfeclbmrm~kefd gd x~lb}cceóf u mg x~mcel

• Clkxd~d~ mg bmsmkxmôl u gd miecemfced bmg

klflxlgel bm x~mcel ðfecl u gd clkxmrmfced

xm~imcrd



Ln`mreyls bm dx~mfbepd`m *clfr&%

• Bmiefe~ gd nðst}mbd bm ~mfrds u mzxgecd~ xl~ t}åsm x~msmfrd

•

d}kmfrd gls nmfmiecels

• Mzxgecd~ cókl gd ~mo}gdceóf bmg klflxlgel

efig}um sln~m gd x~lb}cceóf' mg x~mcel' glsnmfmiecels mclfókecls u gd miecemfced



Cókl s}~om mg klflxlgel

]f klflxlgel ms }fd efb}sr~ed t}m x~lb}cm}f nemf l sm~yecel xd~d mg c}dg fl mzesrm

s}srer}rl mf mg }m jd }f ~lymmbl~ }m

msrä x~lrmoebl bm gd clkxmrmfced xl~nd~~m~ds t}m myerdf gd mfr~dbd bm f}myds

mkx~msds d gd efb}sr~ed&




Fl jdu s}srer}rls cm~cdflsSe }f nemf remfm s}srer}rls cm~cdfls' sm mfi~mfrd d gd

clkxmrmfced bmg x~lb}crl~ bmg s}srer}rl&

Nd~~m~ds d gd mfr~dbd

Gds nd~~m~ds d gd mfr~dbd slf ~msr~eccelfms gmodgms l

fdr}~dgms t}m x~lrmomf d }fd mkx~msd bm clkxmrebl~msxlrmfcedgms&




Nd~~m~ds gmodgms d gd mfr~dbd

Mf }f klflxlgel gmodg gd clkxmrmfced u gd

mf ~d d ms f ~ms ~ fo ds xl~ d clfcms f m}fd i~dft}eced xðngecd' gecmfced o}nm~fdkmfrdg'

xdrmfrm l bm~mcjls bm d}rl~&




Nd~~m~ds fdr}~dgms d gd mfr~dbd

]f klflxlgel fdr}~dg ms }fd efb}sr~ed mf gd t}m

}fd mkx~msd x}m m d ds mcm~ l l m km~cd l d}f x~mcel efim~el~ dg t}m x}mbmf jdcm~gl bls l

käs mkx~msds&

M`mkxgl0 gd besr~en}ceóf bm mfm~oëd mgåcr~ecd



4=

Klflxlgel fdr}~dg

r d y l s x l ~ a e g l y d r e l + j l ~ d %

CX

Cdfrebdb *kegms bm aeglydrels+jl~d%

=

8 4 > 3 2

B

X ~ m c e l * c m



Msr~drmoeds bm ie`dceóf bm x~mcelsbm }f klflxlgel

Besc~ekefdceóf bm x~mcels ms gd x~äcrecd bmymfbm~ beim~mfrms }febdbms bm }f nemf lsm~yecel d x~mcels beim~mfrms *clkl gls

x~mc ls m ds x ppds l ls m ds dm~l fmds &

]f klflxlgel bm x~mcel ðfecl ms }fdmkx~msd t}m bmnm ymfbm~ cdbd }febdb bm s}x~lb}cceóf dg keskl x~mcel d rlbls s}scgemfrms *clkl mg cdsl bm BmNmm~s%&



Klflxlgel bm x~mcel ðfecl

Gd c}~yd bm bmkdfbd bm gd mkx~msd ms gdc}~yd bm bmkdfbd bmg km~cdbl&

Mg efo~msl kd~oefdg fl ms gl keskl t}m mgx~mcel bm km~cdbl&



Klflxlgel bm x~mcel ðfecl

Gd Xmg}t}m~ëd bm ^lnm~rd' ms gd ðfecd x~lymmbl~dbm cl~rms bm cdnmggl mf }fd xmt}môd glcdgebdb&

Dfdgecmkls mg km~cdbl bm cl~rms bm cdnmgl mf msdglcdgebdb&



Bmkdfbd m efo~msl kd~oefdg

Cdfrebdb Efo~msl Efo~mslX~mcel bmkdfbdbd rlrdg kd~oefdg

*X% *T% * ER;X ß T% * EK ; ∉ ER , ∉T%*" xl~ *" cl~rms *"% *" xl~cl~rm% xl~ jl~d% cl~rm dbecelfdg%

d >8 8

n 4: 4

c 49 >

b 42 3m 4> 2

i 48 =






d >8 8 8

n 4: 4 4:

c 49 > 3>

b 42 3 2>m 4> 2 2:

i 48 = =8






d >8 8 8

n 4: 4 4:

c 49 > 3>

b 42 3 2>m 4> 2 2:

i 48 = =8

4:

42

48

9

>



Bmkdfbd m efo~msl kd~oefdg>8

49

42

c

b

Xå~bebd bm efo~msl rlrdg "2

Odfdfced bm efo~msl rlrdg "42 m e f o ~ m s l k

d ~ o e f d g

l ~ c l ~ r m b m c d n m g g l %

48

BEK

Efo~msl kd~oefdg "48

> 3Cdfrebdb *cl~rms bm cdnmggl xl~ jl~d%

X ~ m c

e

* "

x



Efo~msl kd~oefdg u mgdsrecebdb

Mg efo~msl kd~oefdg bm }f klflxlgel bmx~mcel ðfecl msrä ~mgdcelfdbl clf gd

mgdsrecebdb bm gd bmkdfbd l~ s} nemf&




48

>8 Mgäsrecd

Mgdsrecebdb }ferd~ed

Efmgäsrecd

C}~yds bm bmkdfbd u bmg efo~msl kd~oefdg

b

i m e f o ~ m s l k

d ~ o e f d g

l ~ c l ~ r m b m

c d n m g g l %

8= 48

B

EK

Efo~msl rlrdgkäzekl

Cdfrebdb

*cl~rms bm

cdnmggl

xl~ jl~d%

X ~ m c

e

* "

–48

– >8




28

=8

C}~yd bmg efo~msl rlrdg

g * " x l ~ j l ~ d %

Efo~msl

kd~oefdg

cm~l

8 48

48

>8

ERCdfrebdb

*cl~rms

xl~ jl~d%=

E f o ~ m s l r l

r




Gls klflxlgels kdzekepdbl~ms bmgnmfmiecel f}fcd x~lb}ce~äf mf mg ~dfol

efmgäsrecl bm s} c}~yd bm bmkdfbd&

Se gl jecem~df' xlb~ëd cln~d~ }f x~mcel käs dgrl'

x~lb}ce~ }fd cdfrebdb kmfl~ u lnrmfm~ }f

nmfmiecel käs o~dfbm&




• Mzxgecd~ cókl }f klflxlgel bm x~mcel ðfeclbmrm~kefd gd x~lb}cceóf u mg x~mcel



Bmceseóf bm x~lb}cceóf u x~mcel

bm }f klflxlgel

Efo~msl Clsrl

X~mcel Cdfrebdb Efo~msl kd~oefdg Clsrl kd~oefdg*X% bmkdfbd rlrdg * EK ; ∉∉∉∉ ER, ∉∉∉∉T% rlrdg *CK ; ∉∉∉∉CR, ∉∉∉∉T% Nmfmiecel

*" xl~ *T% *ER ; X ßßßß T% *" xl~ cl~rm *CR% *" xl~ cl~rm *ER – CR%cl~rm% *cl~rms xl~ jl~d% *"% dbecelfdg% *"% dbecelfdg% *"%

>8 8

4: 4

49 >

42 3

4> 2

48 =




bm }f klflxlgel

Efo~msl Clsrl



>8 8 8

4: 4 4:

49 > 3>

42 3 2>

4> 2 2:

48 = =8




bm }f klflxlgel

Efo~msl Clsrl



>8 8 8

4: 4 4:

49 > 3>

42 3 2>

4> 2 2:

48 = =8

4:

42

489

>




bm }f klflxlgel

Efo~msl Clsrl



>8 8 8 >8

4: 4 4: >4

49 > 3> >2

42 3 2> 38

4> 2 2: 28

48 = =8 ==

4:

42

489

>




bm }f klflxlgel

Efo~msl Clsrl



>8 8 8 >8

4: 4 4: >4

49 > 3> >2

42 3 2> 38

4> 2 2: 28

48 = =8 ==

4

3

948

4=

4:

42

489

>




bm }f klflxlgel

Efo~msl Clsrl



>8 8 8 >8 +>8

4: 4 4: >4 +3

49 > 3> >2 !:

42 3 2> 38 !4>

4> 2 2: 28 !:

48 = =8 == +=

4

3

948

4=

4:

42

489

>



CR

=8

l r l r d g u c l

s r l r l r d g

* " x

l ~ j l ~ d %

X~lb}cceóf u x~mcel bm }f

klflxlgelNmfmiecel

mclfókecl ; "4>

2>

ER

8 4 > 3 2 =

48

>8

38 E f o ~ m

Cdfrebdb *cl~rms xl~ jl~d%



CK

X~lb}cceóf u x~mcel bm }f

klflxlgel

42

>8

* " x l ~ j l ~

d %

Nmfmiecel ; "4>*"2 z 3 }febdbms%

Nmfmiecelmclfókecl "4>

EK

8 4 > 3 2 =

48

Cdfrebdb *cl~rms xl~ jl~d%

X ~ m c e l u c l

s r

B

CX




• Clkxd~d~ mg bmsmkxmôl u gd miecemfced bmgklflxlgel bm x~mcel ðfecl u gd clkxmrmfced

xm~imcrd



Clkxd~dceóf mfr~m mg klflxlgel bm

x~mcel ðfecl u gd clkxmrmfced xm~imcrd

Clkxmrmfced xm~imcrd• Rlkdbl~ bm x~mcels

Klflxlgel• Mg klflxlgel remfm

efig}mfced sln~m mg x~mcel

• Sm bd c}dfbl EK ; CK

• X ; EK ; CK

• Fl jdu nd~~m~ds d gd

mfr~dbd

• Sm bd c}dfbl EK ; CK

• X 6 EK1 X 6 CK

• Jdu nd~~m~ds d gd mfr~dbd• ^msr~efom gd x~lb}cceóf u

mgmyd mg x~mcel



X

~ m c e l

X

Klflxlgel bm

x~mcel ðfecl0

kmfl~ x~lb}cceófu kdul~ x~mcel

Clkxd~dceóf mfr~m mg klflxlgel bm

x~mcel ðfecl u gd clkxmrmfced xm~imcrd

EK

Cdfrebdb

B

XC

TK TC

Clkxmrmfcedxm~imcrd



Efmiecemfced bmg klflxlgel

X

~ m c e l

CK

Clkxmrmfced xm~imcrd

Mzcmbmfrm bmg

clfs}kebl~

Cdfrebdb8

B

TC

XC

Mzcmbmfrm

bmg x~lb}crl~

Cdfrebdb

miecemfrm



Efmiecemfced bmg klflxlgel

X

~ m c e l

XD

Klflxlgel

Mzcmbmfrm bmg

clfs}kebl~

CK

Cdfrebdb

K

8

BEK

TK TC

XC

Xå~bebde~~mc}xm~dngm

Mzcmbmfrm

bmg x~lb}crl~

Odfdfced bmg

klflxlgel




• Bmiefe~ gd nðst}mbd bm ~mfrds u mzxgecd~ xl~t}å sm x~msmfrd



Nðst}mbd bm ~mfrds

Gd dcreyebdb t}m clfsesrm mf efrmfrd~cdxr}~d~ gls nmfmiecels mclfókecls bm }f

klfl lgel' sm ggdkd nðs }mbd bm ~mfrds&

Ms }f efrmfrl xl~ cdxr}~d~ }fd xd~rm bmg

mzcmbmfrm bmg clfs}kebl~' bmg mzcmbmfrm

bmg x~lb}crl~ l bm gls nmfmiecelsmclfókecls&



Nðst}mbd bm ~mfrds

T}emfms n}scdf lnrmfm~ ~mfrds' gl efrmfrdf bm blsil~kds x~efcexdgms0

Clk ~d bm }f klfl lgel m mk gl' mg efrm~cdknel

bm gecmfceds xd~d rdzes%• Fl od~dfrepd }f nmfmiecel mclfókecl&

C~mdceóf bm }f klflxlgel *m`mkxgl' gds

~msr~eccelfms d dgo}fds ekxl~rdcelfms%

• K}u clsrlsd&



CX

Mt}egen~el mf gd nðst}mbd bm ~mfrds

X ~ m c e l

Klflxlgel

Mzcmbmfrm bmg

clfs}kebl~

CK

Cdfrebdb

K

8

BEK

TK

Gls clsrls bm gd nðst}mbd

bm ~mfrds clfs}kmf mg

mzcmbmfrm bmg x~lb}crl~

Xå~bebde~~mc}xm~dngm




• Mzxgecd~ cókl gd besc~ekefdceóf bm x~mcelsd}kmfrd gls nmfmiecels



Besc~ekefdceóf bm x~mcels

Besc~ekefdceóf bm x~mcels0 gd ymfrd bm }f nemf lsm~yecel d beim~mfrms x~mcels&

'

bmnm0

4& Ebmfreiecd~ u smxd~d~ d beim~mfrms rexls bm clkx~dbl~ms

>& Ymfbm~ }f x~lb}crl t}m fl sm x}mbd ~mymfbm~&

¼Cókl lnremfmf }f nmfmiecel msrds mkx~msds<




Mzcmbmfrm bmg clfs}kebl~

Gd besc~ekefdceóf bm x~mcels ms }f efrmfrl xl~

xd~ m m klflxl l m cdx }~d~ m mzcm mf m

bmg clfs}kebl~&




Besc~ekefdceóf mfr~m }febdbms bm }f nemfCln~d~ d cdbd clkx~dbl~ }f x~mcel beim~mfrm xl~ cdbd

nemf clkx~dbl *m`mkxgl' gls bmsc}mfrls xl~ clkx~ds

mf o~dfbms ylgðkmfms%

Besc~ekefdceóf mfr~m o~}xls bm clkx~dbl~ms

Dgo}fls o~}xls remfmf }fd besxlseceóf besrefrd d xdod~

xl~ mg nemf l sm~yecel *m`mkxgl' gls x~mcels t}m ie`df gdsdm~lgëfmds xd~d gls besrefrls rexls bm yed`m~ls%




Ymdkls cókl gd besc~ekefdceóf bm x~mcels'c}dfbl gd ~mdgepd }f klflxlgel' clfb}cm d

&



]f x~mcel ðfecl bm gls yed`ms då~mls

~ m c e l * " x l

~ y e d ` m %

4=88

4:88

>488

CKMscmbmfrm bmg

clfs}kebl~

Nmfmiecel

mclfókeclCX

"2&:kegglfms

EK

988

Xdsd`m~ls *kegms xl~ dôl%

B

8 = : 48 4= >8

388

588

4>88




m c e l * " x l ~

y e d ` m %

4288

4:88

>488

CX

CKKdul~ nmfmiecel

mclfókecl bmnebl

d gd besc~ekefdceóf

bm x~mcels

4988

EK

988


X

B

8 9 : 48 4= >8

388

588

4>88

2>



Besc~ekefdceóf bm x~mcels xm~imcrd

Oglndg mzr~dm gd rlrdgebdb bmg mzcmbmfrm bmgclfs}kebl~&



Besc~ekefdceóf bm x~mcels xm~imcrd

m c e l * " x l

~ y e d ` m %

4288

4:88

>488

CX

CK

4988

D}kmfrl mf gls

nmfmiecels clfókecls

bmnebl d gd besc~ekefdceóf

bm x~mcels xm~imcrd

988


X

B ; EK

8 9 : 44 4= >8

388

588

4>88

2>

D}kmfrl mfgd x~lb}cceóf



Miecemfced u nðst}mbd bm ~mfrds

clf besc~ekefdceóf bm x~mcels

Clf besc~ekefdceóf bm x~mcels xm~imcrd' gdx~lb}cceóf d}kmfrd jdsrd mg x}frl mf t}m mg

~mcel ms e }dg dg clsrl kd~ efdg1 blfbm gd

c}~yd bmg clsrl kd~oefdg efrm~smcd gd c}~ydbm gd bmkdfbd&

Msrd x~lb}cceóf ms ebåfrecd d gd bm gdclkxmrmfced xm~imcrd&





Gd besc~ekefdceóf bm x~mcels xm~imcrd ggmyd

dg mzcmbmfrm bmg clfs}kebl~ jdsrd cm~l'

xm~l d}kmfrd mg mzcmbmfrm bmg x~lb}crl~

jdsrd eo}dgd~ gd s}kd bmg mzcmbmfrm bmgclfs}kebl~ u mg mzcmbmfrm bmg x~lb}crl~ mf

clkxmrmfced xm~imcrd&





Gd xå~bebd e~~mc}xm~dngm ms cm~l&

Gd besc~ekefdceóf bm x~mcels xm~imcrd glo~d

gd miecemfced&

Nmfmiecels bm gd mzesrmfced bm gls



Nmfmiecels bm gd mzesrmfced bm gls

klflxlgels

Mclflkëds bm mscdgd u bm dgcdfcm^mb}cm mg clsrl rlrdg x~lkmbel u sm x~lb}cm }f

d}kmf l mf m ~dfol m mfms x~l }c ls&

Efcmfreyls xd~d gd efflydceóf

Mg efrmfrl bm dxgecd~ f}myls clflcekemfrls mfmg x~lcmsl bm x~lb}cceóf u lnrmfm~ }fd xdrmfrm&




• Mzxgecd~ cókl gd ~mo}gdceóf bmg klflxlgelefig}um sln~m gd x~lb}cceóf' mg x~mcel' glsnmfmiecels mclfókecls u gd miecemfced



^mo}gdceóf bmg klflxlgel fdr}~dg

Kdzekepdceóf bmg nmfmiecel

Gd ~mo}gdceóf miecemfrm

kd~oefdg

Ie`dceóf bm x~mcels smoðf mg clsrlx~lkmbel

• ^mogd bm ie`dceóf bm x~mcels smoðf mg clsrlx~lkmbel




Kdzekepdceóf bmg nmfmiecelS}xlfod t}m gd clkxdôëd bm ods fdr}~dg fl msrä

~mo} d d u t}m kdz k pd s} mfm c l&

Msrm ~ms}grdbl ms sdresidcrl~el xd~d gd clkxdôëd

bm ods' xm~l ms efmiecemfrm&




Gd ~mo}gdceóf miecemfrm

Se mg ~mo}gdbl~ bmg klflxlgel t}em~m glo~d~ }f}sl miecemfrm bm gls ~mc}~sls' bmnm mzeoe~ dgklflxlgel bmg ods t}m x~lb}pcd gd cdfrebdb bmods d gd t}m mg nmfmiecel kd~oefdg eo}dgd dgclsrl kd~oefdg&

]fd ~mogd bm ie`dceóf bm x~mcels smoðf mg clsrlkd~oefdg bmrm~kefd }f x~mcel eo}dg dg clsrlkd~oefdg&




Gd ~mo}gdceóf miecemfrmGd ~mogd bm ie`dceóf bm x~mcels smoðf mg clsrl

kd~o fd kdz k pd m mzcm mf m l d mf d

efb}sr~ed ~mo}gdbd&

Gd ~mogd bm ie`dceóf bm x~mcels smoðf mg clsrl

kd~oefdg ms miecemfrm' xm~l jdcm t}m mg

klflxlgel fdr}~dg efc}~~e~ mf }fd xå~bebd

mclfókecd&




d y l s x l ~ x e m c ð n e c l %

>8

38

Kdzekepdceófbmg nmfmiecel

EK

4=

Cdfrebdb *kegglfms bm xems cðnecls xl~ bëd%

X ~ m c e l u c l s r l * c m f

8 3 2

48

4:

CX

>4

CK

Ie`dceóf bm x~mcels

smoðf mg clsrl x~lkmbel

Ie`dceóf bm x~mcels

smoðf mg clsrl kd~oefdg




Ie`dceóf bm x~mcel smoðf mg clsrl x~lkmbelGls ~mo}gdbl~ms cdse f}fcd ekxlfmf gd ie`dceóf

m x~mc ls m c mf m' m l d ds clfsmc}mfc ds

xd~d gls nmfmiecels bm gd mkx~msd&

Mf g}od~ bm mggl' s}mgmf ggmod~ d }f dc}m~bl mf

mg t}m sm xm~kerm d gd mkx~msd c}n~e~ rlbls s}s

clsrls u lnrmfm~ }f nmfmiecel fl~kdg&




Ie`dceóf bm x~mcel smoðf mg clsrl x~lkmbel

Gd ie`dceóf bm x~mcels t}m x~mrmfbm c}n~e~ gls clsrls bm

~lb}cceóf }f nmfmiecel fl~kdg' ek gecd bmrm~kefd~

mg x~mcel eo}dg dg clsrl x~lkmbel1 msrd ~mogd rdkneåf sm

clflcm clkl ~mogd bm ie`dceóf bm x~mcels smoðf mg clsrl

x~lkmbel&

Gd mkx~msd lnremfm }f nmfmiecel fl~kdg&

Mg ~ms}grdbl ms efmiecemfrm' xm~l fl rdfrl clkl mg t}m sm

lnrmfb~ëd se fl j}nem~d fefoðf rexl bm ~mo}gdceóf&



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