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TheContributionsofNanoparticles
toChemical
Engineering
nd Food
Industry
ChrisMendez
GilbertoMcKenzie
KennyMoore
http://www.australiantropicalfoods.com/wpcontent/uploads/foodprocessing.jpg
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Processing
Heat/Mass Transfer
anosca e eact on ng neer ng
NanobiotechnologyMolecular Synthesis
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Heat/MassTransfer
Heat
is
transferred
from
product.
Rateofincreaseofproduct
transfercoefficient
between
heatingmediumandthe
Heatfromtheliquidpartof
theproduct
is
transferred
to
Imagesource:
http://www.anl.gov/Media_Center/News
/2004/nanofluidsbig.html37 Y.H. Hui,2006
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Nano u s w t ncrease eat
transferratescanmakeheatexchange
systems
ma er
Lighter
Reducetheamountofenergy
andheat
transfer
fluid
required
forthesystemoperation
resultsinareductionofthermal
conductivitiesfor
nanostructured
materials
Fig. 1.Temperature variation of average phonon intrinsi
mean free path
Occursduringthermaltransport
propertiesofnanostructured materials
and
rain
boundar
scatterin
37 Y.H. Hui,2006
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Heat/Mass
Transfer
Reducedthermalconductivityof
increasingthermaltransportratesin
fluidsby suspendingnanocrystalline
Nanofluids
Exhibitsubstantiall increased
thermalconductivities
Fig. Solids SuspensionImageSource:
http://www.cbd.int/convention/convention.shtml
37 Y.H.Hui,2006
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Nanoscale
Reaction
Engineering
Sizeconstraintsareoftenresponsiblefor
qualitatively
behavior
of
materials
Qualitativelynewmodesofelectricalcurrentandheattransportcanariseifthenanoscalestructureissmallerthanthe
characteristic
length
scale
for
scattering
of
electronsorphonons
u s an a c anges a ep acean a ec thefollowingpropertieswhenthesizeis
comparable
to
the
particle
size:Themodynamic properties
Interfacephenomena
PhasetransitionsImageSource:
http://www.gizmag.com/pictures
/hero//lithium_sulfur_batteries_s
tructurejpg.jpg
37 Y.H. Hui,2006
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Nanoscale
Reaction
Engineering
Manufacturingofnanomaterialswithpredeterminedunct ona ty sasequenceo
macroscale processes
combinedwiththemircroscalecontrolandenergydelivery
Fig. Nanoscale Architectural Engineering for High
Performance Solid Oxide Fuel Cells
Imagesource:
http://www.me.caltech.edu/research/index.html5 Z.Hu,et.al,2009
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Nanoscale
Reaction
Engineering
Tominimizeelectrochemicalreaction
andfoulingoccurrenceduringfood
alongwithcarbonnanotubes
Carbonnanotubes
owe ectont esur aceenergy
Nanoscaleroughnesson
electrochemicalreactions
Nucleationoffoulants
Fig.TypesofCarbonNanotubes
http://coecs.ou.edu/Brian.P.Grady/images/nanotube.jpg 5 Z.Hu,et.al,2009
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Currentnanobiotechnological
researchinvolves
nanospheres coated
w uorescen po ymers
Reaseachers areseekingtodesign
quenchedwhen
they
encounter
specificmolecules
Differentpolymerswoulddetect
Malignobjectscanbedetectedand
removedonce
detected
from
the
foodproductsF g.Nano otec no ogy Processes
ImageSource:http://fctech.blogspot.com/
2009_05_01_archive.html
25 M.Awara,2007
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Nanobiotechnology
sectortargetstheselectionandimprovementofmicroorganisms
Processcontrol Yield Efficiency
SafetyConsistencyofbioprocessedproducts
Nanobiotechnology wouldbeprimarilyusedinfoodfermentation
Microbialcultures
can
be
Fig.ApplicationofNanobiotechnology
Imagesource:
http://www.onlineweblibrary.com/blog/?p=288
molecularapproaches
34 Biotechnologyapplications,2004
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Nanobiotechnology
Foodprocessingindustryisthelargest
consumerofindustrialenzymes
Futureapplicationofnanobiotechnology will
involveenzymeengineering
Changing
the
primary
structure
of
an
enzyme
Changesmayaltertargetspecificity
Acidiccondition
Thermostability
Fig.Energyefficiencyinfood
breakdownwithandwithoutenzymesz
makeenzymestofunctionbestincommercial
foodprocessingsystems
35 R.E.Lyng,2009
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Molecular SynthesisNanostructured materialspromisegreatlyimprovedstructuralpropertiesincomparisonwithconventionalmetal
Forexample
Smalldiameterbundlesofsingle
predicatedand
observed
Theyhavethelargeststrengthtoweightratioofanyknownmaterialwithanelasticmodulus=1Tpa
Whichisabout100timesthatofsteel
and
only
1/6
the
weight
Fig. 1 Carbon Nanotube
Fig.Carbon
nanotube
ImageSource:http://static.guim.co.uk/sys
images/Guardian/Pix/pictures/2008/05/20/nanotu
be.article.jpg
37 Y.H.Hui,2006
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ec ves
industries
industries
Describemethodsto re arenanomaterials
Analyzethe
impacts
of
nanomaterials in
food
nanotechnololgy
Listsafetyissuesoftheuseofnanomaterials
Findsolutions
to
safet
issues
in
food
nanotechnolo
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ApplicationsofNanotechnology
in
Food
IndustriesNanotechnologycanmodifyfoodcontainersanddurability by:
Constructingcontaminationsensors
Implementingantimicrobialpackaging
Improvingfoodstorage
Enhancingnutrient
delivery
Creatinggreenpackaging
Reducingpesticides
Tracking,tracing,
and
protecting
brands
Improvingtexture
Modifyingflavordetection http://lib.bioinfo.pl/app/webroot/img/UserFiles/65944/Image/Figure%
Identifyingandeliminatingbacteria
. .
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Contaminationsensors
Nanosensors
expired
Detectbacteriasuchassalmonellaonthesurfaceoffood
ata
packaging
plant
Reducethechanceofcontaminatedfoodreachinggrocerystoreshelves
Detectpesticidesonfruitandvegetables
BiosensorandEfficiency
Identifyspeciesanddetermineconcentrationsof
multiplepathogens (E.coli &Salmonella)in
twohours
Timereductioninassessingthepresence
ofcontamination
Minimizethechanceofthefinalproduct
beingcontaminated
Figure1.Nanosensor
http://www.blogsforcompanies.com/TTimages/nanosensor_for_asthma_detection.jpg
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Temperatureandmoisturecontrol
Addingchemicals(salt,sugar,carbon
dioxide
ornatural
acids
Removingoxygen
Metaloxidesmagnesium
oxide
and
zinc
oxide
Silverionsmigrateslowlyandreactwith
SprayCoater
Equipment http://projects.cbe.ab.ca/glendale/sh
barriersforsafetyandshelflifeextensionowcase/fuelingplanet/images/food_packaging_1.jpg
27 A.L. Brody,2008
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Im rovin FoodStora e
Theuseofnanocla s canim rovefood
storage
Nanoclays
permeability
Keepoxygensensitivefoodsfresher
manufacturers
Nanoparticles oflayered mineral
.
BayerPolymersusesnanoclay composite
interiorcoating
for
paperboard
cartons
to
Nylonfoodfilms
http://www.wipak.com/food/readymeal/enGB liddin files 81216326313859034 de
_ _
fault/food29.jpg
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Enhancing
Nutrient
DeliveryImplementnanoencapsulates
Takestheprocessofmicro
Improvessolubilityofvitamins,
antioxidants,healthyomegaoil
,
NutrientDelivery
Addnanonutrientparticles
Fullysolubleandinvisibleinwater
andoil
Opensthedoorforpotential
nutraceutical beverages.
www.wheeliewizzard.com/sponsors.html
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Creatin GreenPacka in
*1
Greenpackagingisenvironmentallyfriendly
packagingmaterial
which
is
Meetsmarketcriteriaforperformanceandcost
, , ,
andrecycled
using
re
newable energy
Madefrommaterialshealthyinallprobableendoflife scenarios
Designedtooptimizematerialsandenergy
Example
ofGreen
packaging
materialsincludebiode radablebioplastics madefromplantbasedmaterials Imagesource:http://popsop.ru/wp
content/uploads/sainsburysnatureplus_
review.
*1.http://www.itwpackagingsolutions.com/
Portals/27/recycle.jpg8 E.Nord
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ReducingPesticides
Agriculturebenefitsfromnanotechnologywhen
o ssa ura e nano ersarep an e alongwithseeds
Releasingpesticidesandherbicides
unnecessary
Eliminatingchemicalleachinginto
Results:
seasepreven on
Enhancingtheabilityofplantsto
absorbnutrients
n e gurea ove,aco on rea coa e w
theNRL film(A)waswovenintoafabric(B).On
contactwithapesticidesolution,thefabric
developeda
yellow
color
(C)
characteristic
of
g seases
Withstandenvironmentalpressuresandsystemsforprocessing,storageandpackaging
egra a on.www.physorg.com/news4416.html
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Tracking,
Tracing
and
Protecting
Brands Imp ementnano arco es n oo pro ucts
orpharmaceuticalproducts
Composed
from
nano
particles
that
conta ns veran go str pes
Varythestripesinwidth,length,and
amount
Formthousandsofcombinations
Ensuresecurityagainstcounterfeiters
Createbarcodesreadonlywitha
modifiedmicroscope
Readatacentrallocationandknown
onlybyafewmembersofthecompany
Figure.Nanobarcodes
Ima esource:
23 R.Roberts
http://www.studybusiness.com/HTML/Bio/images/02008042004BIO01K.jpg
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mprov ng ex ure
withtheuseof Nanoemulsions
nanocrystals lipids
forbetterlowfatfoods
AdvantagesofNanoemulsions
Containvarietyofrheologicalproperties(viscous,plastic,orelasticsolids)
rea e en re y rom oo gra eingredients
Easyto
prepare
W/O/Wsystemsreduceoverallfatcontent(SeeFigure1).
Figure1. Schematicrepresentationofthe
formationofWater/Oil/Wateremulsions.
ImageSource:http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/
28 D.J.McClements,2007
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Nanoparticles areusedtochangeafoodscolor,flavor,smellandnutrient
content.
Allowsforcompletetailoringoffoodtotheconsumerspreferences
Nanocapsules containingflavors andcolorsareaddedtocolorlessdrinks,t enmicrowave tore easet epreferredflavors.
http://www.massbayguides.com/Images/foodDrink%20co
A i itytoa so etectw atingre ientsoneisallergictoandthenblockthatingredient.
py.g
9 G.Miller,2008
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Identifying
and
Eliminating
Bacteria Removecampylobacter
Bacteriacommonandbenignin
Affectedmanycountriesin1990s(SeeFigure1)
Enrich the chicken feed with nano
carbohydrate
particles
that
binds
withthebacterium'ssurfacetoremoveit
Combinenano particleswithsensorstoidentifyandremoveother
bacteria
bacterialdiseaseinhumansFigure1.
ImageSource:
http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/eid/vol7no1/images/engbe2b.jpg
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FoodProcess
Materials
Nano articles
Nano-emulsions
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Nanoparticles
anothermaterial
Toxictohumantissueandcellculturesintest
tube
studies Essentialingredientsforavarietyofchemical
reactions
Haveeasyaccesstoourbodycells,tissues,andor ans
Structure
Maximumfeaturesizeof100nm
Largesurfaceareaandchemicalreactivity,biologicalactivity,andcatalyticbehavior18
Imagesource:
http://www.nanogloss.com/category/nanoparticle
Chemicalproperties
Oftenalimitingstepinachemicalreaction
Highlyreactiveheterogeneouscatalystsifsize
s/
ecreases
orme a c
nanopar c es 18 G.MillerandR.Senjen,2008
36 Nanoscalematerials
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ver anopar c es
ShapeandPreparation
Preparedbyconfinedarcplasmamethodininertatmosphere
Highpurity
Welldispersed
uas sp er ca s ape
Structure&Size
Sizedistributionrangesfrom5to65nm
Averageparticle
size
of
26
nm
Image source:http://formulafunction.com/images/silver%20thumb.jpg
Specificsurfacearea23.81m2 g(calculatedfromtheBETadsorption
equation)
10 M.Zhou,Z.Wei,et.al,2009
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pp ca ono ver anopar c es
Companiesapplysilvernanoparticles tofood
plasticstoragebags,refrigerators,choppingboard,
,
. .
Functions:
Eliminatebacteriafromanyfoodpreviously
s ore n e ns .e. .co
Coatpackaging
materials
and
inner
surfaces
of
fridgesanddishwashers
ncorporate ntop ast c oo
Increasetheefficacyofcertainnutraceuticals or
healthagents
http://www.gizmodiva.com/entry_images/0608/03/samsung_fridge.jpg
18 G.MillerandR.Senjen,2008
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SilicaNano articles
Properties
, ,
solubleindilutehydrofluoricacid
Puresilicaiscolorlesstowhite
Doesnotabsorbinfraredandultravioletlight
Maybetransportedthroughthetissuesinblood,
lymph,fatsandtransfats
Inorganic
material
and
amorphous
structure ThebondanglesaroundOSiOare109degrees
Applications
Usedasafoodadditive
GenerallyRegardedAsSafebytheFDA(depending
onwhatitismadeof 31
Imagesource:
http://www.semiconductor.net/photo/101/
101522six0011lowk1a.gif
20 S.M.Bennet,200131 Silicondioxide:propertiesandapplications
d l
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TitaniumDioxideNanoparticles
Properties
Anatase,rutile,andbrookite formscrystallineforms Rutile isthemoststableform
Derivedfrom
ilmenite or
leuxocene ores
Highdensity(4g/cm^3),refractiveindex,anddielectricconstant(85) 29
Commonfood
whitener
and
brightener
additive,
usedincheesesandsauces OxygenSensor:sensetheamountofreducing
spec espresen nana mosp ere AntimicrobialCoatings:itsphotocatalyticactivity
resultsinthincoatingsexhibitingdisinfectingproperties
under
UV
radiation Imagesource:
Antiripeningagentinfruitsandvegetables;breaksdownethylenegas
Possiblycarcinogenictohumansifinhaled18
. . _
\Ti/O2Ti113463677.jpg
29 Titaniumdioxide,200218 G.MillerandR.Senjen,2008
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Zinc Oxide Nano articles
PhysicalProperties
CrystalStructure:Hexagonalwurtzite
Mostlystableat298K
Bondingbetweenatomsislargelyionic
Strongpiezoelectricity
Anti acteria an UVprotectionproperties
Highrefractiveindex
ro uct ono n
Zincores
are
reduced
by
heating
with
a
carbon
additive
Applications
Added into various roducts:
Plastics,ceramics,glass,cement,rubber,lubricants
ProtectsrubberfromfungiandUVlight
http://www.nanophase.com/UserFiles/image/Pla
stics%20%20bottles.jpg
Inhibitspathogens
(E.
Coli)
in
food
packaging 19 J.Byrne,2009
21 Z.L.Wang,2004
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Iron Nano articles
Physical
Properties Highreactivitywithwaterandoxygen
g sur aceareame a nanos ruc ureparticle
Scaletypicallyof2040nm33
Arrangeintwostablecrystalstructures
FCC(austenite):stablebetweenBCCtemperatures
BCC
(ferrite):
stable
at
temperature
of
1,665Kor
above
at
1,184K
30
repara on
Decomposingironpentacarbonyl
Requireenergy
in
the
form
of
heat,
an
,andremovalofcarbonmonoxide26
.
producedthroughthe
sonochemical decompositionofiron
pentacarbonyl.
33 IronNanoparticles
30Structures
of
iron
and
steel
26 C.E.Marshman,K.P.Velikov,2009
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ApplicationsofIronNanoparticles
Addedtobeveragessuchas
juices,tea,&chocolatemilk
Addedtofooddirectly
Disadvantages/Issues:Colorand
offflavorproductioninthe
presenceof
oxygen,
light,
and
hightemperature.
https://reader009.{domain}/reader009/html5/0506/5aee38232
18 G.MillerandR.Senjen,2008
l
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Nanoemulsions
Characteristics
Groupofdispersedparticles
Definedasoilinwateremulsions
Averagedroplet
size
is
between
100
500
nm
Madefromsurfactants
Highersurfaceareaandfreeenergythan
Nontoxic
and
non
irritant
Formulatedasfoams,creams, liquids,andsprays
Broadspectrumactivityagainstbacteria(e.g.Salmonella),envelopedviruses(e.g.,HIV),fungi(e.g.,Dermatophytes),and
22
http://www.pharmainfo.net/pharmastudent
magazine/nanoemulsions0
. ., .
22 P.V. Kamat,2008
13 A.K.Singh,2008
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Pre arationofNanoemulsions
Highpressurehomogenization
Producenanoemulsions of
article
size
upto1nm
Dispersionofoilyphaseandaqueousphaseforcedthroughasmallorificeat500to5000
Applyintense
turbulence
and
hydraulic
shear
togetfineparticlesofemulsion.
Microfluidization
Highpressurepositivedisplacementpump
(500to
20000psi) Imagesource:
orces epro uc roug m croc anne s
Fineparticlesareproduced
Bulkemulsiongoesthroughafilterundernitro entoremovelar edro lets
. .
sArticle/001077.jpg
22 P.V.Kamat,2008
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Nanocomposites
Itsphasesmayhaveone,two,orthreedimensionsoflessthan100nanometers
Have
three
main
components Matrix:supportsthereinforcementand
impartsphysicalandmechanicalproperties
Reinforcement
Interfacial
regions:
communicates
betweenthematrixandreinforcementwithbehaviorthatcontrolsthe
Extremelyhighsurfacetovolumeratio(750m2/g
Hi hl reactive
Composedofdifferentcompositionsforvariouspurposes
Usedforfoodpackagingpurposes
http://www.nrccnrc.gc.ca/obj/nrc
cnrc/images/photos/200307pnc_te2_e.jpg
27 A.L.Brody,2008
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Pol merCla Nanocom osites
Plasticsthathomo enousl dis erseasmall
percentageofnanoclay particles
Agglomeratedbundlesintheirnaturalstate
boundbyVander Waalsforces
Examples:Silicatesarelayeredtoathickness
ofapproximatelyonenanometer,forming
stackswithinterlayergaps,knownas
Donotinterferewithtransparencyofpackaging
materials
.
nanoparticles (darksheetsshownembedded
inthepolymerfilm).
Imagesource:
Nanometerlengthscaleminimizeslight
scattering
Decreaseenvironmentalwaste
. .
416196C2187DB0F711AD/0/1007packaging.pdf
Naturalbio
based
polymers
27 A.L.Brody,2008
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Products
Deliver
Formulation
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anopar c e u r en e very
Delivervitaminsandnutrientstothe
body
throughthestomachintothe
bloodstreamviadiffusionthrough
intestinalwall
Currentresearch
shows
potential
for
vitaminregulationviananosenors
detectvitaminandnutrientlevels
withinthebody.
Releasenanoca sules withnutrients onlywhenthereisadeficiencyinthe
body.
. .
thesmallstuff/
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Nanoparticles andAgriculture
Newtechnologyenablesananosized
treatmentoffoodcrops
Nanoca sules containin esticidesreleasepesticideonlywheninsects
digestit
Prevents contamination of cro s
by
not
being
absorbed
by
the
plant
aplantisdeficientinnutrientsto
dispensers
, ,
andnutrientstotheindividualplant,
optimizingcropgrowthonawhole.
. .
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NanogeneticManipulation
Newtechnologyenablesmanipulationof
thegeneticsofplantsandcropsusing
nanoparticles,
nanofibers and
nanocapsules.
Nanoparticles deliverforeignDNAand
chemicalstotheplantcell.
Carry
more
genes
and
chemicals
that
triggergeneexpressionthanprevious
methodssuchasviralvectors.
Effectivelyoffersgreatercontroloverthe
releaseofDNAatatargetreleasesite.
optimizationofcropsforcolor,taste,and
nutrients.http://www.celsias.com/media/uploads/ad
min/corn_field.jpg
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Flavour Detection
tastebudthatperceiveaflavor
Recognizeoneofthefivemainflavors
bitter,
salty,
sweet,
sour
and
umami Employnanosensors inproductstodetecta
personsindividualprofile
Developcompoundscalledbitterblockers
pec a ze mo ecu est attr c t e
tongueinto
not
tasting
the
bitterness
naturallyinherentinfoods
UseNanospheres
Hydrophobic
Maskunwanted
taste
by
preventing
Figure1.Nanospheres (blue)containinganactiveingredient(purple)are
encapsulatedwithotheringredientssuchasflavours withinamicrosphere
(yellow).Uponexposuretowater themicrospherereleasesitscontents,
andover
an
extended
period
of
time
the
nanospheres release
the
encapsulatedactiveingredientviamoleculardiffusion.
n erac on e ween eac vemo ecu eandtheoralmucosalsurface
ImageSource:http://www.foodtechinternational.com/papers/
images/applicationnano/fig1lge.jpg
1 A.Shefer,2005
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Greatl im rove ualit safet and
shelflifeoffood.
Useofnanosenors infoodpackaging
can be used to detect differentorganismswithinthefood.
Smalldivingboardnanocantilevers
frequencies
when
contaminants
stick
tothem,suchasE.Coli.
acontaminant,theybendandtheir
electricalresistancechanges.
,
caneasilydetectthepresenceof
contaminantsatamuchcheaperand
more efficient manner than
laboratorytesting. http://www.microsystem.re.kr/data/tech/bashirnanocant.jpg
14 B.V.Goethem,2008
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Anotheruseofthenanocantilevers
arewithcalorimetricliddevices.
Flexible
lid
on
top
of
tiny
box
contains
markermoleculesthatproduce
visiblecolors.
Anor anismbindstothelid,o ensit,
andreleasesacolorspecifictothat
organism.
Allowsforeas identificationof
compositionoffoodproductandhow
itchangesduringitsshelflife.
effectivethanlaboratorytestingsince
ithastheabilitytorelayinformation
onlocation.
http://nextbigfuture.com
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-
Artificialequivalenttoanappleswax
coating.
Invisible
and
edible
coating
as
thin
as
5nm.
Usedonwidevarietyoffood
includin meats,cheeses,fruitsand
vegetables,bakerygoodsandfast
food.
Allowsfor rotectiona ainst
moistureandgasexchange.
Allowsfordeliveryofflavors,colors,
browningagents.http://jcarrot.org/wpcontent/uploads/cheese.gif
18 G.MillerandR.Senjen,2008
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ano- a n
Tec no og ca a vancement nt e
deliveryoffood
Nanoenabledradiofrequency
identificationtags
(RFID)
are
small,
flexibleandcanbeprintedonthin
labels
Allowsfornearlyinvisibletagsand
thereforelowering
production
costs
Barcodereadbymicroscope
Allowsfortrackingandcounterfeit
identification
Give each item or allet a uni ueidentitycodeallowingittotrackwhere
theproducthasbeen
. . .
,
silverand
platinum 24 Roleofnanotechnology,2009
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Food
Safety
&
Biosecurity
Nanosensors
Nanotracers
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Food Safety
Nanosensors Nanotracers
Combination
of
biology
and
Tracingofselectedorganisms
nanotechnology
Detectionoftraceamountsof
harmfulcontaminants
Easiertospot
Great
potential Increasedsensitivity
32 A.Baeumner,2004
Nanosensors
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Nanosensors
Detectsgases romspo e oo
Producesapackingcolorchangewhen
foodbecomesexpired
Detectsbacteria
Morefrequenttestingatlowercosts
store
shelves Findspesticidesinfruitandvegetables
g. po e eese
Imagesource:
http://fc06.deviantart.com/fs49/f/2009/213/8/a/
queijo_podre___rotten_cheese___by_claudio_bo
pas. pg
3 J.Byrne,2009
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Nanosensors
Difficultbutcrucialtodetect
Toughesthurdlesindetection
Spee
an
sensitivity
USDepartmentofAgricultures
ResearchService(ARS)andthe
Un vers tyo eorg a
Highlysensitive
nanorod
based
biosensorenablingrapid
etect on
g. mageo a a mone a acter a
Imagesource:http://www.azonano.com/
news.asp?newsID=9169
3 J.Byrne,2009
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Biosensor
Detectpathogensatminutelevelsof
500cellspermilliliter
,
$20,000perinstrument
Estimateof$1,000to$5,000fora
osensor
Allowfor
frequent
testing
at
a
much
lowercostthanisincurredbysending
Figure1.Abiosensorthatdetectsviruses
Imagesource:
samplestoalabforanalysis
Timereductionincompletingassessment
. . .
biosensor.jpg
8 E.Nord
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Nanotracers Reactto h sicalchan esinthe
surroundings(e.g.temperatureorpH)
Beatracerforphysicalchangesor
release a tracer com ound to measureotherproperties
Fluorescentorganicdyeparticles
Dyelights
up
when
antibodies
are
attachedFig.Fluorescentandradioactive
ons s so sur acemo e
nanoparticles
Serveas
a
carrier
for
chemical
tracer
nanoparticles
ImageSource:Newfunctionaltracersbasedonnanotechnology
compoun ,e.g.a uoresc ng ye,
sequenceormagneticcompound
Serveasacarrierforradioactivenuclides
4Newfunctionaltracersbasedonnanotechnology
Nano articles:Biolo icalEffects
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Needfullstudiesofitsshortandlon
termeffectsofinhumanhealth
Nanoparticles navigatethroughthe
heart lun s nerves and brain
Possibletoxicology
Generationofreactiveoxygen
response Mitochondrialperturbation
ccumu a ono
reticuloendothelial cellsinorgans
causesdysfunction
Accumulationinneuronaltissue
canpossiblycauseDNAdamage
2 R.V.Bhat,2009
18 G.Miller
and
R.
Senjen,
2008
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Potent a o og ca targetso eng neere
nanomaterials
Plasmamembranes
Mitochondria
Nucleus
Generalmethodsfordamage
DNAdamage
Ionchannelblockage
Oxidativestress
Damage
to
membrane
lipids,
nucleic
Image Source:,
Physicaldisruption
Poreformation
http://cble.chem.uu.nl/biolip/resources/E
wardplaatje01.jpg
Proteinaggregation
2 R.V.Bhat,2009
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Accumulationofnanoparticles results
ingastrointestinalinflammation
EngineeredNanomaterials (ENM)can
causeotherfoodcomponentsto
Lectin (usedfor
nano encapsulate
coatings)canbecomecytoxic and
Carbonnanotubes havesimilar
fiberlengthstoasbestoscausing
granulomatous inflammation
inmiceindicatedENM
Image source: www.bbc.co.uk/gcsebitesize
2 R.V.Bhat,2009
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Fulltoxicologicaleffectsareunknown
Anothernewchallenge
Previously,foodadditiveapproval
systemshavenotconsiderparticlesize
Expertsconc u ecurrent
regulationsare
not
intended
for
use
atnanoscale
FoodandDrugAdministration(FDA)
neglectsnanomaterial tobenew
chemicals Imagesource:http://www.aandl U.S.legislationdoesnotrecognize
nanoparticlestoxicityrisks
a s.com mages a _ ome_ . pg
2 R.V.Bhat,2009
F d S f t R d ti
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FoodSafetyRecommendations
eg s er,eva ua e,au or ze,an res r c wherenanotechnologyhasbeenimplemented
Avoidthereleaseofmanufactured
environmentuntilmoreisknownabouttheirenvironmental
impacts
Treat manufacturednanoparticles andnanotubes asiftheywerehazardous
Usemandatorylabelinginfoodpackagestoprovideinformationrelevanttofoodsafetyandpublichealth
Ima e source:
http://www.nanoceo.net/files/FoEnanofood.jpg
18 G.MillerandR.Senjen,2008
TheContributions
of
Nanoparticles in
the
Food
Industry
and
Chemical
Engineering
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GilbertMcKenzie
ChrisMendez
HildaMera
KennethMoore
Nanotechnologyiscurrentlyusedinfoodindustriestoenhancenutrientdelivery,improvefoodpackaging, detectfoodspoilage,andprotectconsumersfromcontractingdiseases.
References
. . , , .
/ / )
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