Náufragos españoles en tierra maya. Reconstrucción del inicio de la invasión

7/23/2019 Náufragos españoles en tierra maya. Reconstrucción del inicio de la invasión

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@xl Gowiox

Kïxfwond hsoÿd`h hk ulhwwo jo|oWhadkuwxaalñk eh` lklald eh `o lkvolñk

Jì}lad 733<



7

Lkelah

Lkuwdexaalñk……………………………………………………………… 1

Swljhwo sowuh…………………………………………………………+++ ?7

?+ @o Hsoÿo eh` ln`d ]VL……………………………………………… ?1

7+ H` jxked jo|o………………………………………………………++ 75

o, Ihwñkljd eh Onxlòw…………………………………………………++ 55

g, Ndkyo`d Nxhwwhwd……………………………………………………++ 83

8+ @d uwh vloih o Jhdojìwlao9 Mhwkïkehy Nwlio`vo | Adwuì………… 6>

6+ Onxlòw | Nxhwwhwd okuh Adwuì………………………………………… =5

1+ @d hsoÿd`h hk ò Okul`ò…………………………………………+ 175+ H` koxfwonld | o xhwuh eh `d dgwhvlvlhkuh………………………… 1=

Qhnxkeo sowuh……………………………………………………………+ ==

>+ H` adkqxluoedw | h` lkelokd……………………………………………+ =<

=+ Hfhaud adkuhjsdwïkhd………………………………………………++ <7

<+ Ed vhwldkh ehklvhòeo | hqxleluokuh hk h` ulhjsd……………… ??6

Fwo| Idhsm eh Qok Gxhkovhkuxwo | Aowuonhko……………………………??>

Fhwkoked Qovouhw…………………………………………………………++?75

Adka`xldkh………………………………………………………………+?17

Glg`ldnwofêo…………………………………………………………………?15



1

Lkuwdexaalñk



5

H` Huoed eh _xlkuoko Wdd ùùljd hk h` soê hk axokud o x lkuhnwoalñk adk hh uoux sd`êulad h

md| xko hkuleoe sxiokuh adk xk wlujd eh aojgld dalo` vhwulnlkdd hk swlkalso` jheleo o aoxo eh`

ehowwd``d eh` uxwljd eh ò oê kdjgwoeo Wlvlhwo Jo|o+? H xko hkuleoe oswhxwoeo sdw vo`leow x

lehkuleoe adjd ïjglud mluñwlad | dalo` o sowulw eh x mhamd sowulaxòwh9 h` daxsow h` swljhw

uhwwludwld eh` soê eh xwhuh o kdwdhuh2 h` moghw whalgled hsoÿd`h sdw vhy swljhwo hk xh`djhdojhwlaokd2 h` moghw led heh eh `d swljhwd luld aouh`òkd kdjgwoed | fxkeoed hk h` `xnow2

h` moghw led hahkowld eh` swljhw wlud awlulokd eh ò jlo aouñ`lao | `d qxh h eh jxamo ljsdwuokalo

h` moghw led axko eh` jhulyoih koaldko` adk ò sowhio eh` kïxfwond hsoÿd` Ndkyo`d Nxhwwhwd | xko

jxihw swlkalso` eh Amhuxjo` adk qxlhk swdawhowo `d swljhwd mlid jhulyd eh Jhdojìwlao+

Sdw hd h wh`hvokuh dghwvow h` swdahd eh lehkuleoe qxh xwnh o` `xnow foaudw qxh joulyo o klvh` eh ò

aduxjgwh ò lknxòwleoe whnldko` fwhkuh o` hjgouh vlndwdd eh ò n`dgo`lyoalñk jdehwko+ @o

whsxhuo o ò swhnxkuo ´qxlìkh djd4 o haoò whnldko` adgwo hkuled jï o``ï eh ò elqxllaldkh

okuwdsd`ñnlao eh dwehk ìuklad | uojglìk jï o``ï qxh h` ljshwoulvd qxlyï lkhvluog`h eh ò

jdehwklyoalñk hk h` hkuled eh ò hadkdjêo eh jhwaoed xklvhwo`h | eh x sxiokyo | eh x òuwh+

Fxh ò ydko jo|o hk h` xwhuh eh ò shkêkxò h` hahkowld axùxwo` qxh vld h` hkfwhkuojlhkud eh ed

jxked qxh mogêok shwjokhaled sdw jl`hkld hsowoed hkuwh ê+ @d jo|o elkïjlad whfxkeoked

x aosluo`h hk ò aduo dwlhkuo` fxhwdk `d swljhwd lkeênhko hk swhhkalow shws`hid h` owwlgd eh

kovh h}uwoÿo dgwh h` jow qxh uwoêok hwh kxkao vlud kl ljonlkoed+ Eh hd swljhwd adkuoaud

ehuoao h` eh ò swhhkalo eh xk sxÿoed eh mdjgwh hk xko gowaoyo qxh ``hno o Aogd Aoudamh d o

Ux`xj uwo|hked hk d`hoeo joÿoko xko ehahko eh kïxfwond jdwlgxked o x aduo+ Ho swhhkalohaoo lk hjgownd mogwêo eh hw ò hÿo` | ò sxkuo eh òkyo eh ò mluñwlao lkvolñk mlsïklao hk ò

okulnxo fdwjoalñk dalo` jhdojhwlaoko+ Eh `d h}uhkxoed kïxfwond mogwêok eh dgwhvlvlw hk ulhwwo

ed shwdkoih9 Ihwñkljd eh Onxlòw qxh fxh ò `òvh `lknðêulao sowo ò f`duo adjokeoeo sdw Mhwkïk

Adwuì hk uded h` uhwwludwld sdwqxh uwoexaêo eh` jo|o | o uwovì eh ò Jo`lkamh eh` kïmxou` sxhkuh qxh

shwjlulñ ò adjxklaoalñk adk uded Jhdojìwlao+ H` duwd fxh Ndkyo`d Nxhwwhwd qxh shwjokhalñ hkuwh

`d jo|o eh Amhuxjo` h adkvlwulñ o ò wh`lnlñk | o ò axùxwo `dao` | swdawhñ o `d swljhwd jhulyd

mluñwlad adk xko jxihw eh ò ulhwwo+ Ojgo flnxwo lkvluhk ò ed fdwjo d fhkñjhkd sdlg`h eh

oswd}ljoalñk hk `d o`gdwh eh xko kxhvo who`leoe koaldko` qxh fxh fwxud eh` hkaxhkuwd adkqxluoedw

eh` ln`d ]VL+

? _xh ehglhwo ehalwh H` @ludwo` Jo|o



8

Hk ?8?? h` h}shelaldkowld Elhnd eh Klaxho elsxuo hk Sokojï adk Voad Kùÿhy eh Go`gdo | ehaleh

lw o lkfdwjow o` vlwwh| ndghwkoedw eh @o Okul`ò Elhnd Ad`ñk ohkuoed hk Qokud Edjlknd dgwh h`

xahd+ Shwd hk huh vloih koxfwonñ x kovh sdw xko udwjhkuo | `d dgwhvlvlhkuh h hjgowaowdk hk xk

gouh`9 73 jowlkhwd hkuwh `d qxh h adkuogo o` swdsld Klaxho xk jowlkhwd eh So`d `òjoed Ndkyo`d

Nxhwwhwd | xk hjlkowluo eh Halio eh kdjgwh Ihwñkljd eh Onxlòw+ Uded fxhwdk o ouwoaow sdw h` joùlhjsd o ò aduo eh \xaouïk+ Jxwlhwdk ?= hkuwh h``d Klaxho+ Qh o`vowdk `d aì`hgwh Onxlòw |

Nxhwwhwd+ H` swljhwd fxh haòvd eh xk aoalqxh jo|o hk xk sxhg`d oùk kd `dao`lyoed hkuwh Aokaùk |

Obxjo` qxh xk awdkluo `d whflwlñ adk h` kdjgwh eh ]ojokadko+ Ndkyo`d Nxhwwhwd vlvlñ hk Amhuxjo`

ò okulnxo Amoauh“jo` eh ò fxhkuh ax|o wxlko swdgog`hjhkuh adwwhsdkeok o ò ydko owqxhd`ñnlao

`òjoeo D}uokbom+ \ vluo ò osuluxeh eh Nxhwwhwd adjd jowlkd shaoedw | dèoed okeoked h`

ulhjsd h` aoalqxh eh` `xnow `d aoñ adk xko eh x mlio | oê h adkvlwulñ hk xk swlkalso` eh ò ydko2 h

uouxñ h mdwoeñ vlulñ wdsoih eh` `xnow9 h vd`vlñ xk adkvhwd eh ò wh`lnldleoe | h` jxked jo|o sdw

moghwh lkuhnwoed o `d huwoud oùd eh oqxh`ò dalheoe+

Onxlòw vlvlñ damd oÿd hk h` kdwuh eh ò shkêkxò okuh qxh `d whaouowo Mhwkïk Adwuì hk ?8?<+

Nxhwwhwd ehalelñ shwjokhahw hk x kxhvd jxked sowo lhjswh uxvd mlid adk x jxihw jo|o koeo

jhkd qxh huh jouwljdkld ehgh hw adklehwoed adjd h elid h` swdawhoedw eh` jhulyoih jh}laokd

lklald eh ò xùhwldw jhyaò nhkìulao jolvo hk o sdgòalñk xklvhwo`+

Ihwñkljd eh Onxlòw fxh h`hjhkud aòvh hk ò adjxklaoalñk eh ò nhkuh eh Mhwkïk Adwuì adk h`

jxked lkeênhko+ O uwovì eh ì` swljhwd `d hsoÿd`h h adjxklaowdk adk `d jo|o adjhwalowdk |

soauowdk adk h``d+ Mouo Ahkuò hk ò wlghwo eh` Nwlio`vo hk Uogoad udeovêo hwo h` uwoexaudw ùklad+ \o``ê swhalojhkuh osowhah ò aì`hgwh Jo`lkamh qxh mogògo jo|o shwd uojglìk kïmxou`+ \ hk Qok Ixok

eh X`ùo Ihwñkljd | edÿo Jowlko uwloknxòwdk ò adjxklaoalñk eh` kïmxou` o` jo|o | o` hsoÿd` adk

qxh Mhwkïk Adwuì h sxd hk adjxklaoalñk adk uded h` jxked lkeênhko adjd qxheñ elamd+

@o mludwlo eh `d ed fojdd kïxfwond eh` ln`d eh ò Adkqxluo adkuo hk awñklao | edaxjhkud

okulnxd edkeh h ehuo``ñ x oaalñk | x ljsdwuokalo eh` jhidw jded sdlg`h+ Ho lkfdwjoalñk huï

elshwo hk jxamd `lgwd okulnxd | hk edaxjhkud eh owamlvd+ Oehjï eh hd mo| xko fxhkuh jï

qxh kxkao h mo adkxùoed | h h` whadwwled eh `d luld edkeh vlvlhwok `d kïxfwond | eh hshalo`

ljsdwuokalo ò h}s`dwoalñk eh ò jhjdwlo qxh hk ò oauxo`leoe sxheok adkhwvow `d `xnowhÿd+ @o

fdwjo eh xgluhkalo eh huo jhjdwlo -h swdgog`h qxh md| huì `ljluoeo o alhwud whluhwoed whaxhwed

eh `h|hkeo, adkulux|h xko fxhkuh lkoswhalog`h sowo whadkuwxlw ò mludwlo sowo dghwvow `d swdahd



6

eh adkuwxaalñk lehd`ñnlad hk ò ydko sowo adkuow adk duwd sowoelnjo kowwoulvd qxh shwjluo ò

adjsowoalñk adk duwo fxhkuh+

H` huxeld eh hud ed hsoÿd`h qxh shwjokhalhwdk lk klknùk duwd adkuoaud damd oÿd hkuwh `d

jo|o | qxh oswhkelhwdk o swdfxkeleoe ò `hknxo | ò aduxjgwh lkeênhko h leñkhd sowo jduwow o,

ò adjxklaoalñk hkuwh `d ed jxked hk adkuoaud -hd o uwovì eh Onxlòw @o Jo`lkamh oauxokuh hkò wxuo eh Adwuì,2 g, xko fdwjo swdfxkeo eh lkuhnwoalñk eh xk hsoÿd` hk h` ‘Kxhvd Jxked‖ -h` aod

eh Ndkyo`d Nxhwwhwd,2 a, h` jhulyoih+ Hud sxkud adkuluxulvd eh jl huxeld dfwhahwïk hihjs`d adk

h}s`dwoalñk eh` Aowlgh eh lkuhnwoalñk h lehkuleoe òulkdojhwlaoko+ \ daolñk sowo h` huxeld

adjsowoulvd adk duwd fhkñjhkd axùxwo`h daxwwled hk duwo òuluxeh eh` adkulkhkuh+

Jh mh swdsxhud hògdwow huh kxhvd `lgwd dgwh hd vlhid mhamd+ Adjshkeloked ò lkfdwjoalñk

glg`ldnwïflao |o h}luhkuh ixkud o ò lkfdwjoalñk oauxo` whadnleo hk vowlo adjxkleoeh eh` Huoed eh

_xlkuoko Wdd adwwhòaldkïkedò | huxelïkedò hk x hnxwojhkuh adjs`hio adkfwdkuoalñk+

Añjd adlkaleh ò lkfdwjoalñk mluñwlao adk ò hukdnwïflao oauxo` dguhkleo eh xko uhjsdwoeo eh aojsd

hk ò axo` h xñ h` jìuded eh ò mludwlo dwo`9 hkuwhvluo adk lkfdwjokuh aòvh nwogoaldkh eh ljonhk

| dwo`h shqxlo eh duwd whaxwd nhdnwïflad | hjlñulad+

Swdahlñk eh` Eêo eh ò Qokuo Awxy+ Fdud eh` oxudw+

Ql h vhweoe qxh -adjd dslkowo Dauovld Soy, Jì}lad h xk soê daalehkuo` oxkqxh eh ò shwlfhwlo x

mludwlo | x `xamo ò flhgwh eh hwnxlwh adjd xko koalñk mok led lk hjgownd jx| elulkuo o ò eh

axo`qxlhw soê hxwdshd+

Mog`d oqxê eh ‘koalñk‖ hk h` hkuled qxh o huh uìwjlkd `h ljswljlhwo Dwuhno | Nohu+7 H ehalw9 adjd

xko ‘lkuljleoe‖ -onwhnd qxh adjd xko kdalñk, kxhvo hk h` adkalhwud axùxwo` eh` jxked+

Oê ò hshalflaleoe jh}laoko huwlgowêo hk swljhw uìwjlkd hk h` mhamd mluñwlad eh qxh x swdahd |

h` whxùoed flko` hwêok h}swhldkh eh ò `xamo eh` ‘sonokljd‖ qxh lkuhnwñ ò wh`lnldleoe

7 Idì Dwuhno | Nohu9 Jheluoalñk eh` sxhg`d idvhk+ Whvluo eh Daalehkuh Joewle ?<67 ss+?17*?11+ @o koalñk h ‘òhawhuo l`xldkh | ò hawhuo oknxulo eh ò vleo eh xk sxhg`d+ -…, Xko koalñk h xko lkuljleoe xk whshwudwld ehhawhud hk xk hkuled swïaulaojhkuh leìkulad o `d qxh shkojd axoked mogòjd eh ò lkuljleoe eh xko shwdko ehòwaokd d`luowld h ljshkhuwog`h qxh h udeo vleo shwdko`‖ +



>

jhdojhwlaoko adkuwo h` awlulokljd+ Mouo md| shwexwo ho `xamo lkadkalhkuh adkuwo udeo ò

lehd`dnêo eh ò adkahsalñk eh ò dalheoe ihwowqxlyoeo | souwlowao` eh` awlulokljd+ D ho9 h`

jhulyoih axùxwo` jh}laokd adjd xk swdexaud mluñwlad awluo`lyoed adk hh uwofdked qxh uojglìk h

whòaldko hk fdwjo sxnkoy adk ò lehd`dnêo adjxkh eh ò adkahsalñk gxwnxho hxwdsho+ Shwd huo

mhwhkalo h uwokfdwjñ hk xk lknwhelhkuh sdsxòw+Vhojd9 kl ò jx| uoweêo Nxhwwo Awluhwo lklaloeo hk h` Goiêd hk ?<71 kl `d hjgouh lehd`ñnlad

oauxo`h eh ò h`luh ndghwkokuh dk foh eladkulkxo eh ò nhuo hvoknh`lyoedwo eh ò adkqxluo qxh

lklalowo hk nwokeh Mhwkïk Adwuì hk ò hnxkeo eìaoeo eh` ln`d ]VL+ Okuh glhk mo| xk hih

alvl`lyoudwld qxh ouwovlho udeo ò vlalluxeh mluñwlao o `d òwnd eh` ulhjsd | qxh owwokañ eh`

hkaxhkuwd adk `d whlkd lkeênhko jl`hkowld eh` uhwwludwld+ Udeo lklaloulvo sd`êulao adjd uded uwokah

mluñwlad eh ò koalñk huïk lnkoed sdw oqxh`ò owaolao elo`ìaulao+

@o adkqxluo ojìk eh ò nxhwwo sdw h` sdehw | sdw h` dwd uojglìk fxh ò hjswho hvoknh`lyoedwo eh `d

okulnxd awxyoed awlulokd+

Jlhkuwo Sïkfl`d eh Kowvïhy ehhjgowaogo hk ò aduo vhwoawxyoko hk ?873 adk dgihud eh nowokulyow

ò xkleoe eh ò adkqxluo hk jokd eh Aow`d L Mhwkïk Adwuì shwdko`jhkuh ehwwlgogo `d êed`d eh`

Uhjs`d eh` Qd` eh Uhkdamuluòk whsowulhked gowwhuoyd o elhuwo | lklhuwo adk xko `dao hkhwnêo qxh kd

ehiowdk eh osxkuow `d awdkluo+

Jlhkuwo h` nhkhwo` @ïyowd Aïwehko h}swdslogo h` shuwñ`hd hk ?<1= eh jokd eh ò adjsoÿêo

hxwdsho Qo`voedw Ogoao` -soewh eh` Qhawhuowld eh Moalhkeo hk h` wìnljhk eh Fd}, ihfh eh`

lkowqxljd koaldko` whuoxwogo ò soxo okulawluloko jï woelao` qxh daxwwlñ hk Uogoad goid hèh`lwld -md| vlud oê, eh` ndghwkoedw Udjï Nowwled Aokogo`+

@o kdalñk jh}laoko9 sxnko hkuwh ò ln`hlo aouñ`lao | `d êed`d `dao`h2 ehsxì hkuwh xk `lghwo`ljd

ixulalhwd eh lkslwoalñk lnxo`luowlo | x whoaalñk adkhwvoedwo+ Adk uded `d joulah qxh h sdlg`h

onwhnow o aoeo xko eh elamo adkahsaldkh hk ò qxh o uwojd ojgo vok oedsuoked jxamd oshaud

eh `d swlkalsld eh x adkuwowld sowo o` owwlgow o xko alhwuo ad|xkuxwo eh adkvhklhkalo ogokedkow`d+

\ okuh ò adkuokuh lkvowlog`h eh` ljshwld `lgwhaojgluo+

@d hhkalo` eh ò `xamo sdw huog`hahw hk Jhdojìwlao xko koalñk daalehkuo` gooeo hk `d jdwo` hk h`

aoud`laljd | hk `d hadkñjlad hk h` jhwaokul`ljd ulhkh dwlnhk hk ò hvoknh`lyoalñk eh `d whlkd

lkeênhko eh` uhwwludwld+ Ìuo hjshyñ hk h` xwhuh+ Swljhwd hk ò Lò eh Adyxjh` ehsxì hk Ahkuò



=

-Fwdkuhwo Uogoad, ehsxì hk Vhwoawxy hk Uò}aoò hk Amd`xò | hk Uhkdamuluòk ahkuwd axùxwo`h

eh hshalo` ljsdwuokalo+

Hk huh `lgwd jh swdsdknd whhÿow h` swljhw aosêux`d eh ò mludwlo udeo `d mhamd oaohaled hk ò Lò

eh Adyxjh` | x o`whehedwh hk ò ulhwwo flwjh+ Adkdahw hud mhamd swljhwlyd qxh dudwnok ò lklalo`

ljswhlñk eh ò mludwlo jh}laoko qxh h mo eh adkhwvow eh lnxo` jokhwo qxh axoked kd hkfwhkuojdsdw swljhwo vhy o xko shwdko qxh soowï o hw adjsoÿhwo eh wxuo hk kxhuwo vleo+ @o mludwlo eh ò

koalñk jh}laoko hjslhyo adk h` hkaxhkuwd eh `d hsoÿd`h adk `d jo|o+ @o vlalluxeh mluñwlao

eh `d sxhg`d lkeênhko okuh eh huh adkuoaud dk okuhahehkuh jùùls`h eh ò koalñk whfhwled o

whlkd okulnxd qxh adkflnxwowdk xk jdolad axùxwo` elfêal` eh shkhuwow adk h}oauluxe2 hk swljhw `xnow

sdwqxh h aowhalñ eh kdulalo hawluo sdw h``d jljd dgwh x sooed2 hk hnxked sdwqxh huxvd

adkuluxled sdw elvhwd whlkd xko vhah hsowoed hkuwh ê duwo fwokaojhkuh hkhjluoed qxh kd

``hnowdk o adkflnxwow xko dò koalñk oxkqxh mxglhwo o`lokyo | edjlkoalñk eh voud uhwwludwld+

Jì}lad*Uhkdamuluòk h o`lñ hihwalhked swhlñk jl`luow adk Uh}adad | Uoaxgo | huo o`lokyo djhulñ o

`d whlkd eh` ahkuwd eh` xw | eh` xwhuh mouo ò fwdkuhwo eh` jxked jo|o+

Okuh eh hd h` jxked jo|o h huwxauxwñ hk fxkalñk eh whlkd lkehshkelhkuh2 fdwjoalñk dalo` qxh

elflaxùñ jxamd jï ò shkhuwoalñk eh `d hsoÿd`h+ @o axùxwo jo|o uxvd hk `d lklald qxh

jhkaldkok awñklao | edaxjhkud adjd h` Amlòj Goòj axouwd flnxwo dwlnlkowlo d soewh uxuhòwh

`d goòjh lehkulflaoed adk h` ulnwh d ionxow+

H kduog`h qxh hud axouwd souwlowao okahuwo`h h lehkulflaowok adk ho xhwuh eh whfhwhkuh uduìjlad

qxh whxùñ hw h` ionxow2 h` sdehw eh ò vld`hkalo edkdd | dkexòkuh hkuwh h` fd`òih daxwd | mùjhedeh` uwñslad+

@d hsoÿd`h sxh swljhwd h hkfwhkuowdk adk huh h}uwoÿd sxhg`d whflkoeêljd hk owuh s`ïulao

dgwh uded haxùñwlao eh oùdwwh`lhvh | hk alhkalo ouwdkñjlao+ O ò vhy qxh h`vïulad+ _xlyï hud

adkuwouh monok ò hshalflaleoe eh ò alvl`lyoalñk jo|o o jï eh x owaoêjd axùxwo` whshaud eh ò

Hxwdso jdkïwqxlao eh` ln`d ]VL+

@o shwluhkalo eh ò jxùls`laleoe eh whlkd hk ò h`vo eh` ïwho jo|o | ò oxhkalo eh xk sdehw

ihwïwqxlad xkluowld2 oê adjd ò haohy eh` dwd hk adjsowoalñk adk h` qxh mogêo hk h` jxked komxo

eh` ahkuwd jdkuoÿdd fxhwdk foaudwh qxh swdslalowdk ò whluhkalo jo|o okuh h` hjgouh adkqxluoedw

qxh exwñ mouo ò Nxhwwo eh Aouo eh jheloed eh` ln`d ]L]+ H` luyï fxh h` nwxsd jo|o jï woelao`+

Mhwhehwd eh ò wokalo uwoelaldkh eh ò alxeoe eh Amlamìk Luyï whs`hnoed hk ò owexo h`vo eh



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Uo|oo` hk h` xw eh ò Shkêkxò edkeh xglulñ adjd h` ùùljd qxh h khnñ o ò ehosowlalñk eh x

uwoelaldkh | aduxjgwh okahuwo`h o x eldh koaled eh ò h`vo+ @o elkouêo eh `d Aokhb

goòjh d oulnwoed fxhwdk `d ùùljd moòam xlkla |o hkuwoed h` ln`d ]VLLL djhuled sdw `d

lkvodwh+

H` fh`lkd hwshkuhokuh hkuwh wdao | wojo edwoed | lnkoed eh khnwd qxh mogluogo eheh h` ahkuwd ehJì}lad mouo Qxeojìwlao md| hk h}ulkalñk fxh vhkhwoed | hax`sled hk slhewo eheh ò okulnðheoe

d`jhao mouo h` ljshwld jh}lao+ H` ulnwh jêulad h}uhwjlkoed sdw ò alvl`lyoalñk daalehkuo`+

Whswdexaalñk eh xk ionxow hk H` Ahewo`+ Fdud eh` oxudw+

@o Hsoÿo eh flko`h eh` ln`d ]V oxjlñ ljxùïkhojhkuh h` `lehwoynd aouñ`lad | `d nwokeh

ehaxgwljlhkud nhdnwïflad+ Goid ò nxêo eh Logh` | Fhwkoked wh|h eh Aoul`ò | Owonñk h ljsxd

h`ljlkow eh` sokdwojo shklkxòw o jdwd | ixeêd qxh ojhkoyogok adk shwuxwgow adk duwo leho

wh`lnldo h` sokdwojo awlulokd edkeh uhkewêo aogleo x nwok ljshwld sokhxwdshd qxh ax`jlkñ adk h`

`lehwoynd eh Aow`d V hk h` ln`d lnxlhkuh+ Awluñgo` Ad`ñk who`lyñ axouwd vloih o Ojìwlao | huog`halñ

h` adkuwd` eh ò Okul`ò | ò aduo daalehkuo` ahkuwdojhwlaoko o ò oùxwo eh` Nd`fd eh` Eowlìk+ Huo

sdhldkh fxhwdk ò uwlkamhwo eheh edkeh h adkqxluñ Jhdojìwlao hk h` ln`d ]VL+

H` koxfwonld swljhwd eh xk ghwnokuêk eh Ixok eh Voèlvlo qxh moaêo ò uwovhêo eh ò aduo eh Sokojï

moalo ò lò eh Qokud Edjlknd | ehsxì eh xk gouh` dgwhvlvlhkuh eh` ehouwh qxh fxh ``hvoed sdw ò

adwwlhkuh mouo ò aduo kdwuh eh ò shkêkxò eh \xaouïk hk ?8?? | qxh hwo aosluokhoed sdw Elhnd eh

Klaxho2 `d vloih eh Fwokalad Mhwkïkehy eh Añwedgo hk ?8?> eh Ixok eh Nwlio`vo hk ?8?= | eh

Mhwkïk Adwuì hk ?8?< sxlhwdk flk o` olòjlhkud haxòw eh `d whlkd lkeênhko jhdojhwlaokd |

elhwdk slh sowo ò awhoalñk xùhwldw eh ò koaldkh ojhwlaoko+

Huo mludwlo swdlnxlñ adk ò adkflnxwoaldkh koaldko`h+ @o lkuhwvhkalñk lklalo` eh Hsoÿo hk

Jhdojìwlao awhñ xk jdeh`d eh lkuhwwhòalñk hkuwh Hxwdso | Ojìwlao+ Hh jdeh`d huxvd lkuhnwoed

huwxauxwo`jhkuh sdw `d swljhwd hsldeld eh adkh}lñk hkuwh `d hsoÿd`h | `d jo|o+ Hk ìud h



?3

ehflkhk ò fdwjo jljo eh uwogoyñk qxh uxvlhwdk ojgo alvl`lyoaldkh+ H` swljhw aosêux`d eh elamo

adkh}lñk hk uhwwludwld jo|o h hawlglñ adk ò ono eh `d kïxfwond Ihwñkljd eh Onxlòw | Ndkyo`d

Nxhwwhwd ixkud o ò swljhwo mdul`leoeh gì`lao eh `d uwh swljhwd vloihwd Mhwkïkehy Nwlio`vo |

Adwuì hk h` voud uhwwludwld eh `d jo|o+

@d kïxfwond kdjgwoed fxhwdk vhweoehwd swdudulsd mxjokd eh hsoÿd`h qxh adk x oauluxeehflklhwdk h` hsêwlux eh ò hjswho adkqxluoedwo | eh ò whhuwxauxwoalñk eh ò dalheoeh hk

Jhdojìwlao+ Xkd swdslalñ ò adjxklaoalñk adk `d whlkd `dao`h adkhwvñ x hsêwlux eh hjlkowluo

aouñ`lad | shwlulñ hk ò hjswho uwokfdwjoedwo eh ò awluloklyoalñk+ H` duwd fxh xk adkvhwd moalo h`

‘sonokljd‖ | sh`hñ mouo ò jxhwuh adk x lkuhnwoalñk o ò axùxwo lkeênhko+

H` huxeld sxh eh ojgo flnxwo h fxkeojhkuo` sowo hkuhkehw h` ljsoh jxkelo` qxh lnklflañ ò

adkqxluo hsoÿdò adjd swdjdudwo eh ò lkuhwoaalñk axùxwo`2 eh ò lkuhwwhòalñk leldlkawïlao hk flk

eh ò adkflnxwoalñk eh okuhahehkuh sowo kxhvo koaldkh+

@o elfhwhkalo hkuwh Daalehkuh | Jhdojìwlao hwo ogljo`+ Ogljd qxh h xgokñ kd dguokuh adk h`

hkuwhòyojlhkud fêlad*axùxwo` awhoked xko kxhvo sòklalh qxh md| h uwokluog`h+

Shwd jlhkuwo Hxwdso adjhkyogo o gxaow x xkleoe sd`êulao hk fxkalñk eh xko jdkowqxêo

h}sokldkluo qxh uhkeêo o xklw adkn`djhwoed eh jx| elvhwo `hknxo dgwh ò goh eh xk jded eh

swdexaalñk adjùk adk wh`lnlñk eh xk jdkduhêjd mhnhjñklad Jhdojìwlao h lkuhnwogo |

ehlkuhnwogo hk xk jdolad eh jxamd whlkd adk xko o`lokyo ahkuwo` qxh ovokyogo adk xko

edjlkoalñk jl`luow qxh ljsdkêo xk wìnljhk uwlgxuowld sd`luhêuo | oawlflalo`+ Qlk hawluxwo nwojoulao`

sdw `d uokud lk xko mludwlo oaxjxòeo hk edaxjhkud | vd`ùjhkh hawlud9 lk jhjdwlo flio+ \ hk x`xnow duwo jhjdwlo jêulao fxkeoeo hk ò whshulalñk dwo`+ Daalehkuh woaldko`luo | swdnwhluo osxwoed

hk ò vdwïnlkh eh` aojgld hk h` Duwd shwfhaaldkïkedh2 Jhdojìwlao jlud`ñnlao | adkhwvoedwo

wluxo`lyoked h` jded eh hw leìkulao o ê jljo+ H` hkaxhkuwd sdw `d uokud eh huo hkuleoeh sdòwh kd

sdeêo daxwwlw lkd hk owwhgoud aouïwulad | hk jded o`nxkd adjd hk adkulkxleoeh elaxwlvo

ehuhwjlkoeo sdw ò khndaloalñk uwoksowhkuh+

@o dalheoeh lkeênhko qxh awxyowdk x ulhjsd hk h` wlud eh x xklaleoe ehsxì hk ò adkfwdkuoalñk

adk ò Hsoÿo hk uwïklud eh` fhxeo`ljd o` Whkoaljlhkud qxh ogwhvlogo |o x lkuhwì uduo` hk h` fhulamh

eh` elkhwd whxùowdk owaolyokuh | oxudadkxjledwo+

Hsoÿo whyogo ò gùqxheo eh x adkuwlalñk hk ò whnòjhkuoalñk jdwo` eh` awlulokljd2 Jhdojìwlao

`dogo h` adjd swdsdklìkedh adjd o`ljhkud eh` jljd sowo nowokulyow x lehkuleoe+



??

Swljhwo sowuh



?7

?+ @o Hsoÿo eh` ln`d ]VL

Hk ò Hsoÿo swhvlo o` ln`d ]VL h}luêo udeo xko uwoelalñk eh jhulyoih axùxwo` | nhkìulad qxh hk

koelh sowhaêo ehshwuow ò jhkdw lkqxlhuxe+ Ql sowo ò aouo kdgl`lowlo h}luhk jxamd uhuljdkld sowo

`d huwoud sdsxòwh edkeh haohok elamo uwoelalñk hwo lk exeo jxamd jï lkuhko+ Fxh mouo

ehsxì eh ò h}sx`lñk eh ixeêd | jdwd qxh xwnlñ ò dghlñk eh ò ‘`ljslhyo eh oknwh‖ adjd xko

adkelaldkokuh eh` swhulnld dalo`+ Shwd uo` ‘`ljslhyo‖ h whflwlñ hk xk swlkalsld o` mhamd eh sdehw

ehjduwow qxh `d okuhsooed eh xk lkelvlexd hwok awlulokd vlhid+ \ kd o`xeêo swhalojhkuh o

whòaldkh lkuhwìuklao eh jhulyoih+ Mh oqxê xkd eoud eh adkvlvhkalo lkuhwaxùxwo` o swdsñlud eh òkdg`hyo9

Wojlwd LL Wh| eh @hñk | jxhwud hk <83 swdawhñ adk xko swlkaho jdwo o x mlid O`gdoyow Wojêwhy

qxlhk fxhwo xihud eh jxamd whkdjgwh hk ò Whadkqxluo o` sxkud eh moghw led `òjoed H` Ale alhk

oÿd okuh qxh h` `hnhkeowld Wdewlnd Eêoy eh` Vlvow+1

@o hnòw swhhkalo eh `d ixeêd hk Hsoÿo kd huljxògo klknxko ouhkalñk sowulaxòw+ Hk alhwuo

daolñk h` Soso Sox`d LV qxh ahkxwogo dudvdah o Aow`d V | o x mlid Fh`lsh LL `òjñ o `d

hsoÿd`h ‘ò ljlhkuh eh `d lkflh`h | ixeêd‖+ O`fdkd V qxlhk fxhwo h` ogxh`d eh O`fdkd VL hwo

1 Wd|o`` U|`hw9 H` hjshwoedw Aow`d V + Heludwlo` Ixvhkuxe Gowah`dko ?<=> s+?<+



?1

adjùkjhkuh `òjoed sdw `d jdwd Oefxkam*Lgk*Gowgowl|o h ehalw O`fdkd mlid eh jxihw ghwhghwh+

\ Edk Qokamd h` mlid eh` swdsld O`fdkd VL fxh swdawhoed adk xko swlkaho jdwo+ 5

Qh elah qxh hk Aow`d V adwwêo jï oknwh hsoÿdò qxh duwo ado oxkqxh swdahelhwo eh Fòkeh | oê

jljd h whadkdalñ hk ì` xk wolnñk fwokaì swdvhklhkuh kd ñ`d eh `d Sòkuonhkhu lkawxuoed hk ò

who`hyo hsoÿdò | qxlhkh lhjswh h adklehwowdk fwokahh lkd sdw x ehahkehkalo sdw uwh wojoeh ò aoo Vo`dl adjd fxhwdk `d exqxh eh Gdwndÿo eh Gdwgñk | eh Ghww|+8 Sdw x sowuh `d

okuhahdwh eh `d wh|h eh Aoul`ò hwok `òjoed hsoÿd`h eh dwlnhk vllnñulad hud h adk oknwh eh

nded shwd ljxùïkhojhkuh duwd oahkelhkuh jdwd fxh Edk Mhwkoked O`dkd eh Ud`hed+

H` vhweoehwd | jï whsxuoed fxkeoedw eh ò nhkho`dnêo mlsïklao Edk Shewd Adkeh eh Gowah`dko

-jxhwud hk ?156, ì` jljd mlid l`hnêuljd eh` Wh| Ehkl eh Sdwuxno` hawlglñ x aì`hgwh Kdgl`lowld

qxh fxhwo ljswhd mouo ?653 shwd qxh okuh uxvlhwo xko elawhuo alwaxòalñk hk fdwjo eh jokxawlud+

Hk ìuh o fxhwyo wokald vd`xjhk h jhkaldko o Wx| Aosñk qxlhk fxhwo O`jdiowlfh -sxhud jdwd

dgwho`lhkuh ax|d ehlnkoed kd sdeêok hw adjs`huojhkuh awlulokd, | whaoxeoedw eh ljsxhud eh

ò Whlko Xwwoao mlio eh O`fdkd VL+ @o helalñk swêkalsh eh` Kdgl`lowld djluh mogòw eh ò fojl`lo Wx|

Aosñk shwd |o hk ò hnxkeo helalñk eh ?656 h lka`x|h xko kduo -adjlhkyo o show |o ò ‘`ljslhyo eh

oknwh‖, qxh klhno h}swhojhkuh qxh Aosñk fxhh ixeêd+ \ oflwjo qxh h` sooih eh `d swljhwd

jokxawlud qxh moaêo uo` whfhwhkalo mogêo led djluled eheh ò swljhwo helaldkh ljswho+ Shwd fxh

xk `xnow adjùk sdw exs`laoed ò lehkuleoe eh Wx| Aosñk adjd ixeêd | adjd okuhahdw eh ò jï

l`xuwh Aoo hsoÿdò+6

Jowêo Wdly mlio eh ò Whlko Xwwoao | klhuo sdw uokud eh O`fdkd VL h aoñ adk Edk Ndkyo`d SïhyUovhwo+ \ sdw `d Adwwho | Sdwudaowwhwd eld dwlnhk o fojl`lo kdg`h | mouo who`h+

Shwd hk Ojìwlao ò ehahkehkalo jhulyo h adkvlwulñ hk h` sowoelnjo eh ò l`hnluljleoe+ H`

ndghwkoedw eh Axgo Elhnd Vh`ïqxhy whswhhkuokuh who` hk ò lò eld h}swhojhkuh o Adwuì xk

edaxjhkud qxh swdmlgêo hkuwh duwo jxamo ado h` adjhwald h}xo` adk ò jxihwh eh ò ulhwwo+ >

O`dkd Mhwkïkehy Sdwudaowwhwd oadjsoÿokuh eh Adwuì exwokuh h` vloih o Jì}lad eh ?8?< shwdkoih

dgwh h` axo` h` adkqxluoedw uokud sdwflñ o flk eh nokow x okxhkalo sdw x dwênhkh eh mleo`nd | sdw

5 Le+ @da+alu+8 Le+s+?=6 Le+s+73> ‘Lkuwxaaldkh eh Elhnd Vh`ïyqxhy o Mhwkïk Adwuì+‖ Qokulond eh Axgo 71 eh dauxgwh eh ?8?=+ Hk9 Idì @xl Jowuêkhy9 Edaxjhkud adwuhlokd L ?8?=*?87= FAH | XKOJ Jì}lad ?<<1 -?©+ whljswhlñk, ss+58 | +



?5

hkeh sdw x xsxhuo lkf`xhkalo hk `d khndald eh Hsoÿo swdvhkêo eh elamo fojl`lo+ O huh

Mhwkïkehy whno`ñ Adwuì o ò Jo`lkamh hk ò Vl`ò Wlao eh ò Vhwo Awxy+ \ oehjï `d adjlldkñ ixkud

adk Elhnd eh Dweoy | Fwokalad eh Jdkuhid sowo ``hvow ò swljhwo kdulalo | dgwh uded h`hjhkud

eh jo|dw shwxolñk sowo h` Wh| elòsleoedw `d swljhwd uhdwd qxh hkvlogo Jdauhyxjo adjd

whno`d+ Adwuì whnoògo o ò mhwjdo Jo`lkuylk o` mleo`nd hsoÿd` oaod adk h` edg`h hkuled ehwhadweow`h ò gdkeoeh sonoko qxh Logh` | Fhwkoked H` Aouñ`lad swdmlglhwdk uok ewïulaojhkuh+

Aouo Fwokalo Jdkuhlkd mogêo amokahoed Mhwkïkehy Sdwudaowwhwd o dêed eh Adwuì o x ``hnoeo o

Vhwoawxy whadweïked`h h` whaxwwhkuh Wdjokahwd

aouo Sowê ò alxeoe

aouo ò onxo eh` Exhwd

ed vok o eow o ò jow+

Hkuwh duwo ado -sdwqxh mo| jï eh xko lkuhwswhuoalñk eh huh oxkud, h` kdg`h Mhwkïkehy oevlhwuh

swljhwd adk h` hkuled eh `d ed swljhwd vhwd qxh h khahowld dghwvow ò lknxòwleoe | h`

hs`hkedw eh` jxked qxh osowhah o x did adjd xko dsdwuxkleoe+ Huo lkuhwswhuoalñk huï adkflwjoeo

sdw h` swdsld Adwuì qxh adkuhuo qxh adk nhkuh ljsdwuokuh adjd ì` Mhwkïkehy glhk ogwï oswdvhamow

ò dsdwuxkleoe+= Adk h` hkuled eh `d vhwd whuokuh h ulhkh qxh oahsuow qxh h o`xeh

jhuofñwlaojhkuh o` mhamd eh` ehulkd9 adjd ò kouxwo`hyo eh` Exhwd o` ehhjgdaow hk h` jow h ò

``hnoeo -ljsowog`h, eh Adwuì o` kxhvd jxked+

Hk ?863 edk Fwokalad h` Aowehko` eh Jhkedyo | Gdgoel`ò | Dglsd eh Gxwnd uêd jouhwkd eh

Fh`lsh LL hawlgh eheh Amlkamñk o` Wh| qxhiïkedh sdw kd moghw led oejluled hk xko dwehk jl`luow‘sdwqxh kd uhkêo oknwh oyx`‖+ Hk x lkañjdeo aowuo aluogo hk x ehfhko o Edk Shewd Adkeh eh

Gowah`dko sowo ehjduwow añjd uded `d Nwokeh eh Hsoÿo uhkêok okuhahdwh ixeêd h lkflh`h+ @o

aowuo h vd`vlñ xk edaxjhkud aòkehulkd qxh alwax`ñ adk h` uêux`d eh H` ulyñk eh ò kdg`hyo+ \ hk h`ò

h hvlehkalogo qxh l Soamhad Sdwudaowwhwd Hkwêqxhy Jhkedyo | Gdgoel`ò uhkêok oknwh mhgwho

uojglìk ò uhkêo h` swdsld wh|+ Eh huh Ulyñk eh ò kdg`hyo mo| xko adslo hk `d owamlvd eh Ud`hed+ Eh

ìuo h oaowdk uwh jï hk h` ln`d ]L] qxh md| whnxoweo ò Glg`lduhao Koaldko` hk Joewle+

= O`dkd Mhwkïkehy Sdwudaowwhwd mogêo whjouoed x aluo eh` Wdjokahwd elalhked9 ‘\d elnd qxh jlwìl ò ulhwwo wlao |oghd glhk ndghwkow‖+ Mhwkïk Adwuì whsdkelñ adk oejlwog`h onl`leoe9 ‘Ehkd Eld vhkuxwo hk owjo adjd o` soòeêkWdèïk+ _xh hk `d ehjï uhklhked o vxhuwo jhwahe | o duwd aogo``hwd sdw hÿdwh glhk jh ogwì hkuhkehw‖+ V+ GhwkoÈêoy eh` Aoul``d9 Mludwlo vhweoehwo eh ò adkqxluo eh ò Kxhvo Hsoÿo+ Heludwlo` Souwlo Jì}lad ?<=1 aos+ }}}vl ss+=>*<?



?8

@o swdslo uouowogxhò eh Aow`d V O`hiokewo mlio eh Dènhwe Ionh``dk swêkalsh eh @luxoklo koalñ |

awhalñ adjd sonoko+ Qxïwhy eh Ud`hed duwd okuhsooed eh` wh| vêo Fhwkoked eh Owonñk swdaheêo eh ò

Aoo Ljshwlo` Glyokulko eh So`hñ`dnd oê adjd h` Hjshwoedw Fhehwlad LLL -ogxh`d eh Fh`lsh H`

Mhwjdd, hwo jhyaò eh o`hjïk `luxokd sdòad h luo`lokd+ Qh mog`ñ jxamd uojglìk eh` dwlnhk uwd|okd

eh ò Aoo eh Oxuwlo qxh adkhwvogo x owjo swljlulvo9 alkad o`dkewo eh dwd lnxo`h o ò ehUwd|o+

Axoked h adkqxluñ Jì}lad h` nwok mludwlo` eh jhulyoih qxh moglhked aojshoed hkuwh ò kdg`hyo |

h` sxhg`d hsoÿd` | ehsxì whswljled vhwndkyokuhjhkuh sdw adjs`hio woydkh dalo`h | wh`lnldo

hk sowulaxòw mo`ògo hk ò ulhwwo whalìk ehaxglhwuo xk aojsd kxhvd edkeh whsòkuhow adk joulah

elulkud vlhid hulnjo | dgwh uded swhixlald shwd vxhùd fìwwho lehd`dnêo eh` sooed hsoÿd`+

Axoked h adkqxluñ Jì}lad `d hsoÿd`h oevhkhelyd xwnled hk ò aduo eh Amoàmlxmaxhaok

-Vhwoawxy, jduwogok ò foy huxshfoauo shwd vld`hkuo | ehaleleo eh qxlhkh adkuhjsòk o` lkflh` qxh

mo| qxh djhuhw | wheljlw eh x hqxêvdao mludwlo `xalfhwlko+ Eh hkuwoeo ò ojglnðheoe mlsoko h

jdvlñ o dò hk h` kxhvd jxked `hid eh ò vlnlòkalo lkqxlludwlo` hkuwh ed sowïjhuwd d oauluxeh

h}s`laog`h9 hwo alhwud sdw xk òed qxh hkfwhkuogok xk jxked sonokd qxh hk ò Shkêkxò h}luêo |o ò

adkvlaalñk lehd`ñnlao ehflkleo eh qxh h` gïwgowd h` h}uwokihwd adjd whxùowêok aouo`dnoed jdwd |

ixeêd hwok `d hkhjlnd eh ò awlulokeoe qxh hkudkah `lehwogok `d whlkd eh Aoul`ò | Owonñk+ \

oê `d jhdojhwlaokd fxhwdk sxhg`d eh leñòuwo sowo h``d+ Shwd sdw duwd òed h hkadkuwogok

uojglìk `d whalìk ``hnoed hkuwh h` jljd jxked ljsêd qxh `h mogêo led uok ahwaokd sdw kxhvh

ln`d eh edjlkoalñk ïwogh ò swhhkalo fojl`low eh `d ixeêd | xk sooed jï `hiokd eh ln`dnñulad vllnñulad glyokulkd | wdjokd+ Qh adkuwosdkêok ò adkvlaalñk ljshwokuh eh` `êehw eh`

awlulokljd h` Hjshwoedw Aow`d qxh edjlkogo h` jxked hxwdshd adkuwo òwno uwoelalñk eh

shklkxòwh jxùlaxùxwo`luo+ Shwd Adwuì | x mdjgwh xk hnjhkud eh uhjhwowld | hfdwyoed

ovhkuxwhwd oauxogo `hid eh ò jhuwñsd`l fwhkuh o xk jxked qxh hwo khahowld edjlkow eh axo`qxlhw

jokhwo+ @o adklnko wh`lnldo jdwo`h | `hnlòulvo eh ò adwdko mlsoko fxhwdk d`vleoeo adk

fwhaxhkalo | hk x `xnow oedsuogok fdwjo `dao`h eh` adjsdwuojlhkud xk swonjouljd khahowld sowo

``hvow o aogd x swdsñlud+ @o swljhwo ehdghelhkalo fxh ò admogluoalñk adk ò jxihwh uwdslao`h

eh jded kxkao iojï vlud+ H` idvhk Adwuì fxh h` swljhwd hk uwoknwhelw ho kdwjo mhamd qxh

daxwwlñ hk ò lò edkeh vlvlñ lhuh oÿd | uxvd xko mlio adk xko jxihw uoêko mlio o ò qxh goxulyñ adk

h` kdjgwh eh x joewh Aouo`lko | sdklhked o` eh x adkaxglko h` eh x ogxhò jouhwko @hdkdw+ Huh



?6

h xk eoud odjgwdd+ @o swdmlglaldkh hawluo qxh h` ndghwkoedw eh Axgo elhwo o Mhwkïk o` o`lw

moalo \xaouïk fxhwdk wïsleojhkuh d`vleoeo hk oùo jheleo sxh hwo ljswïaulad dgwh``hvow `d xd

aduxjgwh `h|h | awhhkalo eh Hsoÿo fwhkuh o xk jxked qxh osowhaêo okuh x did kd ñ`d adjd

o`xalkokuh lkd qxh `d dg`lnogo adkuokuhjhkuh o hkuwhòyowh adk ì` l mogwêo eh hw adjswhkeled |

jhidw edjlkoed+ @o ojglnðheoe adwuhloko h h}swhogo sxh fwhkuh o xk jxked ljxùïkhojhkuhehhoed | whsxeloed shwd dgwh uded ojglaldkoed sdw x wlqxhyo+

Axoked ``hnowdk o Hsoÿo ò swljhwo kdulalo eh` ehaxgwljlhkud | adkqxluo eh` whlkd jh}laokd

Aow`d V vlluogo ò shkêkxò lgìwlao sdw vhy swljhwo+ Eh jded qxh kl Jì}lad kl h` Shwù h}oùowdk hk

koeo x ljonlkoalñk+ Hk aojgld h` ahkuwd eh x swhdaxsoalñk hk hh uwokah fxh ò vhknokyo eh ò

lkixwlo o ò fh awluloko shwshuwoeo sdw `d uxwad qxh mogêok udjoed Adkuokulkdsò+ Shweêo xk whlkd

ad`do` h` lkflh` ovokyogo wdjslhked ò fwdkuhwo eh x jxked awlulokd+

Adk Aow`d ò Hxwdso sdufhxeo` mogêo hkadkuwoed -udeo swdsdwalñk nxoweoeo9 lnxo` qxh Jhdojìwlao

goid h` ljshwld eh Jdauhyxjo, h` hkxhÿd eh x sduhkuh xkleoe+ Hk x aod lkelshkog`h sowo

hkfwhkuow Ofwlao h` Jheld Dwlhkuh | omdwo ò Kxhvo Lkelo+ Shwd h` Wh| ``hnñ o Yowondyo hk hkhwd eh

?8?< | lnxlñ o Aouo`xÿo edkeh ehjdwñ o `d òwnd eh xk oÿd2 jlhkuwo qxh Adwuì hk x ‘jdehuo‖

hjswho ehhjgowaogo hk ò lò eh Adyxjh`+ Hk jowyd eh ?873 Aow`d huogo eh vxhùo hk Vo`òed`le

ehsxì lwêo o No`lalo+ Whxklñ o ò adwuh hk @o Adwxÿo adjd oaalñk lklalo` eh x whlkoed hk ò

Shkêkxò shwd whnwho o Fòkeh h` 73 eh jo|d eh hh jljd oÿd+ Eh jded qxh eh x vlluo o Hsoÿo

dòjhkuh huxvd hl jhh hk Aoul`ò kxhvh hk Owonñk | edah hk Aouo`xÿo+ \ hk x gwhvh huokalo

hk Aoul`ò ljsòkuñ o x uxudw | adkhihwd shwdko` Oewlokd eh Xuwhamu adjd Whnhkuh | o xko f`duo ehfxkaldkowld gdwndÿdkh+ Amlívwh sdw hihjs`d swdslalñ qxh h ah`hgwowok ò Adwuh hk No`lalo sowo

sdehw haosow adk ò fdwuxko oaxjxòeo hk Aoul`ò eh ò vhkuo eh oùd sxhud qxh who`lyowo

shwdko`jhkuh+ @d aouh`òkd h lkulhwdk jhkdswhaloed | huo``ñ ò whvd`xalñk eh `d Adjxkhwd

adjd whsxhuo o ò lkixulalo eh `d gdwndÿdkh | ò lkelfhwhkalo eh` wh|+ Shwd hk Oxuwlo uojglìk

xwnlhwdk ehñwehkh ljlòwh o ò adjxkleoeh eh Hsoÿo | h` huhwkd wlvo` h` wh| eh Fwokalo

Fwokalad L qxlhk `xamowêo adkuwo Aow`d exwokuh elhy oÿd oswdvhamogo ò whgh`lñk eh ò

Adjxkleoeh sowo ehaòwow ò nxhwwo+ Axoked h` wh| whnwho o Aoul`ò hk ?877 o``hkeh h` daìokd

huogo adkxjoeo ò aoêeo eh Jì}lad*Uhkdamuluòk xk mhamd shweled h lkelfhwhkuh hk gxhko jheleo

sowo h` jdkowao qxh kd ljonlkogo ho nhuo daxwwleo hk whjduo ulhwwo whalìk h}s`dwoeo+



?>

@o o`lokyo eh fojl`lo huogl`lyowdk h` Qxw | h` Huh eh `d h}uhkd huoed nhwjokd shwd Aow`d h

daxsogo eh` swdg`hjo jï nwovh9 Fwokalo+

Exwokuh x swljhwo vlluo o Hsoÿo mogêo jxhwud @h Qoxwonh x gwoyd ehwhamd gdwndÿñk+ \ mogwêo eh

hw whhjsòyoed sdw Jhwaxwlkd Nouulkowo qxh kd hwo x lkadkelaldko` qxh h jokhiogo adk nwok

shwslaoalo sd`êulao sowo ghkhs`ïalud eh `d aouh`òkd shwd qxh o x vhy dfwhaêo o` wh| x gwl`òkuhsòkh eh xklflaoalñk hxwdsho+ Aow`d mogêo led h`hnled Wh| eh Wdjokd -Wh| eh O`hjoklo, |

Hjshwoedw hk Fwokafdwu h` 7= eh ixkld eh ?8?<+ \ h` duwd nwok swdg`hjo lkuhwkd eh x `lehwoynd

aouñ`lad fxh h` aljo awlulokd aoxoed sdw ò Whfdwjo `xuhwoko qxh dg`lnogo o` wh| o ehelaowh o ò

xklflaoalñk eh O`hjoklo qxh h}lnlñ adjd swljhwo jheleo ò flwjo eh xk helaud adkuwo @xuhwd+ Hwo

ehjoloeo sxh ò ojhkoyo h}uhwko eh `d uxwad ò lkuhwko eh` `xuhwokljd | ò lkeha`lkog`h wlvo`leoe

fwokaho sowo qxh h` wh| h daxsowo eh `d swdg`hjo eh lkalhwud whlkd jï o``ï eh` daìokd+ H` 77 eh

ogwl` eh ?87? axoked hjshyogo h` oheld o ò alxeoe eh Jì}lad Fwokalo mogêo ehaòwoed ò nxhwwo o`

hjshwoedw+ H` < eh hkhwd eh ?877 Oewlok Eheh` F`dwlyddk eh Xuwhamu uxudw eh Aow`d | Whnhkuh eh

Hsoÿo fxh h`haud Soso adk h` kdjgwh eh Oewlokd VL shwd jxwlñ xk oÿd | damd jhh ehsxì h` ?5

eh hsulhjgwh eh ?871+ \ `h xahelñ A`hjhkuh VLL -qxh `hnluljñ o` mlid qxh Mhwkïk Adwuì uxvd adk @o

Jo`lkamh, shwdkoih qxh aoxowo o Aow`d V lkflkleoe eh swdg`hjo hk x swdsñlud sd`êulad+

@o jonlo | ò nxhwwo dk lkuokalo eh vlhid axÿd lkuhwadkhauoeo+ Jxamo axùxwo eh ò okulnðheoe

mok swhhkaloed x jluhwldo lkuhwadjxklaoalñk+ Sludklo | dwïax`d oevlwulhwdk swhonld eh nxhwwo

hk ò okulnxo Nwhalo+ Eh flko`h eh` ln`d ]V h adkhwvowdk x sdsxòwh swdfhaêo axoked Aow`d

VLLL eh Fwokalo -?5<1, swhsowogo x h}shelalñk o Luo`lo+ Qh `h oehòkuok ò awhhkalo | h adkhwvomouo md| qxh h mog`ñ hk Ogx`lo eh ò osowlalñk eh uwh d`h ljxùïkhd+ _xh ahwao eh Owhyyd

xwaogok h` alh`d xkd nxhwwhwd o aogo``d+ Hk `d uhjs`d xeogok ò ljïnhkh onwoeo+ Uded h``d

swhonlogo nwokeh jo`h sowo Luo`lo+ \ mxgd xk okuhahehkuh whjdud uojglìk eh jxamo ljsdwuokalo9

Qìkhao h` uwïnlad òulkd koaled hk Añwedgo -m+ h` 1 o+A o` 68 e+A+, | qxh hawlglñ qxh ‘@o owjdkêo

uduo` eh huh jxked huï fdwjoeo eh xko kouxwo` on`djhwoalñk eh eladweokalo‖ swdfhulyñ hk h` oaud LL

eh x uwonhelo Jheho ò osowlalñk eh xk Kxhvd Jxked v+ @lgwd eh ò swdfhaêo+ Axwldojhkuh h`

sïwwofd adwwhsdkelhkuh `d uwoexid Awluñgo` Ad`ñk hk x kduo eh` 5¹+ vloih hk ?837+ Qx mlid Mhwkoked

`d whflhwh hk Vleo eh` O`jlwokuh E+ Awluñgo` Ad`ñk hawluo sdw x mlid+<

< Sxg`laoed sdw h` FAH Jì}lad ?<5>+ Osxe + Idì @xl Jowuêkhy Ds+alu+ s+>5



?=

@o swdfhaêo eh xk ln`d jï uoweh qxh fwo| Ghwkowelkd eh Qomonùk xgwo|ñ adjd awhhkalo

h}luhkuh hk Uhkdamuluòk okuh eh ò ``hnoeo eh `d hsoÿd`h fxhwdk sowhaleo+ Oqxê uojglìk oehjï

eh duwd hl fhkñjhkd swdfìulad eh jo` fowld eh whshkuh osowhalñ hk h` alh`d xko fwokio `xjlkdo

adjd xk òwnd slkd uwloknxòw eh sxkuo shweleo hk h` ahklu | ax|o elowlo osowlalñk exwñ sdw hsoald eh

xk oÿd+

Añelah F`dwhkulkd

\ xko uoweh `h ``hvowdk o Jdauhyxjo xko h}uwoÿo ovh qxh fxh ouwosoeo hk h` ònd sdw xkd shaoedwh+

Uhkêo hk ò fwhkuh xk hshid+ Axoked h` uòudokl ehalelñ dghwvowò ``hvïkedò o` o`ñk khnwd d eh ò

kdamh vld qxh hk h` hshid h whf`hiogo xk alh`d xwaoed sdw ilkhuh nxhwwhwd qxh `xamogok hkuwh ê+

Jo`d oxnxwld sowo h` fxuxwd eh `d whlkd uhkdamao+

@o swdfhaêo aogo`nok hk `h|hkeo eh okulnxd | daxwd aoswlamd axùxwo`+ Vhweoeh sowofwohoeo

adlkalehkuh hk êjgd`d swhvld o nwokeh jo`h qxh ehsxì eh daxwwled h adjs`huok d h

adkhauok hk nwokeh `h|hkeo eh ò kowwoulvo sdsxòw+

Axoked adkf`x|hwdk fovdwog`hjhkuh x slhyo h` hjshwoedw hsoÿd` edjlkogo h` ojs`ld uhwwludwld eh

x whlkd edkeh kd h sdkêo h` d`+ H` 5 eh ondud eh ?871 haxkeoed sdw h` Soso Oewlokd VL -x h}*

uxudw, sdw Fhwkoked Hkwlqxh VLLL Vhkhalo Jl`ïk F`dwhkalo Qlhko @xaao | Gdwgñk h xklhwdk sdw

flk adkuwo Fwokalad9 Hkwlqxh h hkaownogo eh lkvoelw Fwokalo+ Jlhkuwo qxh Shaowo @h|vo |

sowulaxòwjhkuh h` nhkhwo` hsoÿd` Aow`d eh @okkd| ehwwduogok hk Sovêo o `d fwokahh | oswlldkogok

o Fwokalad L oxkqxh fxhwo sowo xko gwhvh wha`xlñk+

@o fdwjoalñk dalo` hxwdsho l huxvd whehflkleo sdw nxhwwo uojglìk adkuñ adk h` nwok luhjo eh

lkuhwwhòalñk eh `d hkòah sd`êulad jouwljdklo`h+ H` ln`d ]VL oxkqxh h``d fxhwo xko swïaulao eh

udeo ò mludwlo uxvd x swdsld hkòah huwouìnlad+ Axoked jxhwh ò Hjshwouwly Logh` eh Sdwuxno`

hk jo|d eh ?81< | Aow`d qxheo vlxed Fwokalad L eheh Sowê `h moah ò dfhwuo eh jouwljdkld eh



?<

Jownowluo eh Fwokalo oxkqxh Aow`d kd oahsuh+ Fwokalad L qxh -lnxo` qxh Mhwkïk Adwuì, jxhwh hk

?85> ehsxì eh moghw whlkoed 17 oÿd mlyd x swdsld hfxhwyd hk h` jljd hkuled+ @o sxiokyo

fwokaho uojglìk h whf`hio hk `d jouwljdkld eh ò kdg`hyo9 h` Exqxh eh Dw`hok aoñ adk ò dgwlko

eh` soso Aouo`lko eh Jìelal hk ?811+

Sdw x sowuh hk h` jxked h}sokldkluo jh}lao swlvñ h` djhuljlhkud uduo` sdw vêo nxhwwhwo qxhadkehkogo o `d sxhg`d djhuled o` fìwwhd luhjo uwlgxuowld+ @o sd`êulao jouwljdklo` l ixnñ

who`jhkuh xk sosh` ljsdwuokuh qxlyï kd ho eh` uded adjsowog`h adk ò hxwdsho+

@o o`lokyo | ò huwouhnlo lnkowdk h` ljshwld eh Aow`d V+ H` jdkowao d|ñ ò aì`hgwh adjxklaoalñk

eh @xuhwd h` ?= eh ogwl` eh ?87? eh ò axo` elawhsñ wduxkeojhkuh jlhkuwo qxh o``hkeh h` jow Mhwkïk

Adwuì swhsowogo ò lkvolñk eh Jì}lad*Uhkdamuluòk+

Shwd sowo Aow`d V ò alwaxkuokalo sd`êulao sdeêok vowlow hkdwjhjhkuh+ Ql hk h` Adkal`ld

haxjìklad eh Uwhkud ah`hgwoed h` ?1 eh elalhjgwh eh ?858 h` dgihulvd fxkeojhkuo` hwo gxaow xk

oaxhwed hkuwh ò ln`hlo aouñ`lao | `d swêkalsh `xuhwokd o` oÿd lnxlhkuh hjshdwogok ò whòaldkh

eh` soso | h` hjshwoedw+ H` soso swdsdkêo xko @lno adkuwo Lknòuhwwo whlkd qxh kd hwo mdul` o Aow`d

jlhkuwo qxh ìuh jheluogo o dò qxh l h` Soso kd qxhwêo o|xeow h vhwêo dg`lnoed o udjow h` sowuled

jï fovdwog`h+ \ ìh hwo ò gùqxheo eh xk oaxhwed adk `d `xuhwokd+

@o `hnluljleoe jxamo vhah whxùo xko l`xlñk fwhkuh o` swonjouljd sd`êulad2 swhvo`hah ò

dsdwuxkleoe hk jheld eh ò alwaxkuokalo who`h+ Adwuì hk Jì}lad kd fxh `hnêuljo d aòwojhkuh

elwlnled sdw ò adwdko hk x oaalñk adkqxluoedwo+ Kd whshuñ ò whnò kl ò aduxjgwh eh ò Hsoÿo

whaoàluwokuh+ Eh mhamd kl `d swdsld `hnlòedwh h oulhkhk huwlauojhkuh o ò kdwjo qxh ljsdkhk+Oê adjd h` Aosluïk mogêo uhkled hk ‘Uhjluluok‖ mlid adk jxihwh eh ò ulhwwo h` Wh| Aow`d swdawhñ

o Edk Ixok eh Oxuwlo -h` fxuxwd vhkahedw eh @hsokud edkeh Ahwvokuh shwelhwo xk gwoyd, ‘adk xko

ouwhvleo mlio eh gxwnxì‖?3 edÿo Gowgowo S`xjghwnhw -d G`djghwn, h` 75 eh fhgwhwd eh ?85> -oÿd eh ò

jxhwuh eh Adwuì,+ Oxkqxh ehsxì ò ehofdwoeo Gïwgowo adkfhowo ewojïulaojhkuh o x mlid o`

axjs`lw ìuh `d 7< oÿd qxh x soewh `hid eh moghw led h` wh| `d fxh hk vhweoe xk jdyd eh axoewo+

Jo udeo lwwhnxòwleoe ulhkh x adjsdkhkeo9 Edk Ixok fxh -adjd Ixoko ò Ghùwokhio uojglìk uoamoeo

eh l`hnêuljo, sowoelnjo eh ò kdg`hyo mlsoko2 h` whlkd eh ò Kxhvo Hsoÿo qxh mouo ?818 fxhwo

ndghwkoed sdw h` swljhw vlwwh| |o hkndweogo hk fdwjo lnklflaoulvo ò owao eh ò Adwdko+ Eh ?815 o

?3 Wd|o`` U|`hw Ds+alu+ s+>6



73

?851 `d lknwhd mogêok led eh 787333 exaoed sdw oÿd+?? @onoao sdw x sowuh dglsd eh So`hkalo

qxh fxh hkvloed o` Shwù vd`vlñ o Hsoÿo hk ?883 adk ed jl``dkh eh exaoed hk jhuo`h swhaldd+ ?7

H vhweoe qxh Hsoÿo fxh swñshwo okuh eh ò ``hnoeo eh Aow`d | qxh sowo ò sd`êulao eh h}soklñk

whnlo klknùk elkhwd fxh xflalhkuh+ @d ed jl``dkh eh @onoao h eld`vlhwdk hkuwh ò aojsoÿo eh

Ownh`lo | ò whoshwuxwo eh ò mdul`leoeh adk Fwokalo+ Oehjï kl `d swìuojd whalgled sdw Aow`dkl h` jdkud oaoed eh ò Lkelo hwok khahowlojhkuh kdulflaoed o` Adkhid eh Moalhkeo | fxh jx|

ogled qxh `d noud eh` Wh| fxhwdk jo|dwh qxh `d lknwhd+ Sowo ò mdul`leoeh adk Fwokalo

Aow`d V udjñ hk swìuojd axouwd jl``dkh eh exaoed hk ?887 axoked ò wlqxhyo eh Ojìwlao sowo

h` jljd oÿd ljsdwuowdk ed jl``dkh+ Adjd lhjswh `d gokad h ``hvogok x uoioeo9 ò Adwdko

sonogo o `d gokqxhwd eh 51( okxo` sowo owwlgo+ Xk swìuojd eh 11<333 adwdko aduñ <63333+ ?1

Omdwo osowhaêo Jì}lad adk x dalheoeh uhdawïulao | x whnêjhkh oawlflalo`h sowo jo|dw

swhdaxsoalñk eh `d awlulokd vlhid aouh`òkd axoked mogêok o`led eheh ?5<7 adk ò h}sx`lñk

ixeêo eh ò uwonhelo wh`lnldo qxh lnklflaowdk `d qxlkah ln`d adk adjxkleoeh ixeêo hk ò alxeoeh

hsoÿdò+?5 Oehjï eh qxh hk h` ln`d ]V mxgd xk ojs`ld jdvljlhkud eh adkvhwlñk eh ixeêd o`

?? Le+ s+?=??7 Le+@da+alu+?1 Le+s+?=5?5 @o h}sx`lñk eh ixeêd adkulux|h xkd eh `d jluhwldd ewojo eh ò mludwlo xklvhwo`+ Hk Hxwdso `d swljhwd hkh}sxòw`d fxhwdk `d lkn`hh hk h` oÿd eh ?7<3+ Eh Fwokalo mxgd xko edg`h h}sx`lñk xko hk ?136 | duwo hk ?1<5+ Eh ò

Nhwjoklo hk xk òwnd shwêded lkuhklvd qxh exwñ eh ?15> o ?185+ Eh Hsoÿo hk ?5<7+ \ eh Sdwuxno` sdw ùùljd hk ?5<6+v+ Idì @xl Jowuêkhy9 Mhwkïk Adwuì FAH | XKOJ Jì}lad ?<<1 -7©+ whljswhlñk, s+63+ Qh sxheh ehalw qxh ò ehHsoÿo fxh uoweêo o jï eh qxh huo h}sx`lñk adkuñ adk xk flùwd adklehwog`h9 h` moghw oahsuoed ò Whlko Logh` o 753 jlàdkvhwd o` awlulokljd | h` whud eh ?63 jl` fxhwdk h}sxòed+ @d ehulkd eh `d ehuhwwoed fxhwdk JoahedkloUxwqxêo h` kdwuh eh Ofwlao | h` ahkuwd | kdwuh eh Hxwdso+ Le+@da+alu+ Hkuwh `d adkvhwd hk Hsoÿo ed ah`hgwleoeh9Fhwkoked eh Wdio oxudw eh @o Ah`hulko -?5<<, | Ixok @xl Vlvh -Vo`hkalo ?5<7, qxh fxhwo ojlnd eh Hwojd ehWduuhweoj | eh` soso Oewlokd VL -Xuwhamu h` uxudw eh Aow`d V,+ Vlvh fxh oê jljd johuwd hk D}fdwe | hk ò Qdwgdko v+Edjêknxhy Dwuly Okudkld9 H` okulnxd wìnljhk9 `d wh|h aouñ`lad | `d Oxuwlo+ O`fonxowo ?<>12 Mludwlo eh Hsoÿo vd`+LLL+ O`lokyo Heludwlo` Joewle ?<=3+ Osxe + Idì @xl Jowuêkhy+ Ds+alu+ s+61+ Vlvh fxh uojglìk adògdwoedw eh UdjïJdwd | adklehwoed swhaxwdw eh Goadk | eh Ehaowuh flnxwo axjgwh eh` shkojlhkud whkoahkuluo xkd eh `d swljhwd hkos`laow h` jìuded lkexaulvd o ò slad`dnêo | o ò fl`ddfêo+ O`nxko eh x dgwo fxhwdk9 Lkuwdexaalñk o ò oglexwêo Elï`dnd | adjd xko jxhuwo eh` nwoed eh x adkvhwlñk awluloko9 Lkuwxaalñk eh ò jxihw awluloko+ v+ @h}lshelo+Elaaldkowld Hkala`dsìelad Gwluïklao+ HXO ?<<8*<6+ Oaod hk elamd ewojo eh h}sx`lñk -| eh shwhaxalñk, xfwled sdw `d ixeêd o `d òwnd eh x mludwlo shh jï eh ò axhkuo h` shwhnwlkd ehulkd eh huh sxhg`d dg`lnoed hk x uwomxjokalomluñwlao o ehowwd`òw lehkuleoe | òyd eh d`leowleoe h}ahsaldko`h sowo sdehw xglulw hk `d adkn`djhwoed edkeh hehulhkhk x sod | oaod hok swhalojhkuh ìuo x mhwwojlhkuo dalo`h slad`ñnlao | huwouìnlao adkehkoeo hk xswdvhwglo` d`leowleoe -qxh h adkvlhwuh hk adjshuhkalo lkvhkalg`h sowo `d koaldko`h, xk h`hjhkud eh ò aoxo eh òwhsx`lñk aoxoeo hk ò heh edkeh h huoaldkok+



7?

sxkud eh qxh o`nxkd ``hnowdk mouo daxsow oùd sxhud hk ò ln`hlo | hk h` Huoed adjd Sog`d |

O`fdkd eh Qokuo Jowêo -soewh h mlid, qxh fxhwdk dglsd eh Gxwnd hkuwh ?5?8 | ?586+ ?8

Shwd o` flko` eh` whlkoed eh Aow`d V | exwokuh h` lnxlhkuh eh x mlid Fh`lsh `d ehwhamd adgwoed sdw

`hnluljoalñk eh mlid eh a`ìwlnd fxh xko koeo ehswhalog`h fxhkuh eh lknwhd+ Eh a`ìwlnd shwd

uojglìk eh duwd shwdkoih eh ò ‘l`hnluljleoe‖ adjd h` swdsld Adwuì eh ò Kxhvo Lkelo+ @o sdgòalñk eh` ‘kxhvd jxked‖ adkuluxêo xk kxhvd fwhkuh eh ljslheoe led`ïuwlao+ \o hk Qhvl`ò

edkeh h mogêo dwnoklyoed xk nwxsd eh swduhuokuh Aow`d mogêo eoed xk hshauoaxòw haowjlhkud+

Xk jx`hwd eh kdjgwh Ix`lokl``d mogêo ``hvoed eh Nlkhgwo o Qhvl`ò ed gowwl`h ``hkd kd eh oahluh kl

eh vlkd lkd eh `lgwd mhwìulad -?88<, jljd qxh h eluwlgx|hwdk hkuwh ò aoo eh Ixok Sdkah eh

@hñk mlid eh` Adkeh eh Gol`hk | h` Jdkouhwld eh Qok Llewd eh` Aojsd+ Adk hud h fdwjowdk

hawludwh swduhuokuh eh nwok whkdjgwh xkd eh h``d fxh Alswlokd eh Vo`hwo+ Damdalhkud jlhjgwd

eh huo dwnoklyoalñk fxhwdk ixynoed sdw ò Lkqxllalñk | jxamd eh h``d fxhwdk qxhjoed hk ò

mdnxhwo+ Oê uhwjlkñ hk ò Shkêkxò h` `xuhwokljd dwnoklyoed+?6

Swñ}ljd o x flk Aow`d slelñ o Fh`lsh LL qxh ljsxlhwo xk uwlgxud dgwh udeo wlqxhyo ojhwlaoko uokud

o adjhwalokuh adjd o sowulaxòwh9?> hjl`ò swljhwlyo dgwh h` mxjx fhadked qxh mogwêo eh hw ln`d

jï uoweh h` òwnd swdahd eh ò lkehshkehkalo+

Okuh `d hjshÿd eh Aow`d V sd`êulad | jl`luowh hk Hxwdso uojglìk okuh x lkelfhwhkalo sdw `d

oxkud ojhwlaokd ``hnñ o Hsoÿo Mhwkïk Adwuì hk ?87= ‘h` l`hnêuljd‖ okuh h` dwehk ljshwlo`

whswhhkuoed hk Axgo sdw Elhnd Vh`ïqxhy+ Shwd hwo h` adkqxluoedw eh `d whlkd jh}laokd qxh

whnwhogo o adgwow `d swlvl`hnld qxh `h adwwhsdkeêok+ Xk mdjgwh jx| wlad | sdehwdd qxhwhaòjogo ò ouhkalñk eh` wh|+ Slelñ sxh oxelhkalo |o qxh h` wh| oê `d mogêo hawlud o Kxhvo Hsoÿo

jhelokuh xk whqxhwljlhkud+ \ adk x adjlulvo lkuhnwoeo sdw h` exqxh eh Gìiow o`jlwokuh eh Aoul`ò |

h` adjhkeoedw jo|dw eh @hñk o`lñ Mhwkïk Adwuì eh` Jdkouhwld eh Nxoeo`xsh mouo Ud`hed edkeh

`d mogwêo eh whalglw h` Wh|+ \o hk h` o`ñk ljshwlo` Adwuì hjgowoyoed sdw h` swdudad`d who` qxh vhêo

sdw swljhwo vhy shwd ehaleled h owwdel`ò+ H` jdkowao `h jokeñ `hvokuowh+ Hkhnxleo Adwuì h}sxd

x hwvlald | adkqxluo | h` vloih o @o Mlgxhwo jï uded `d qxh mogêo sooed hk x oxhkalo eh

Jì}lad+ Eêo jï uoweh -78 eh ix`ld, Adwuì hkvlñ xk hawlud jhidw owulaxòed qxh x elaxwd

edaxjhkud qxh kd h mo mo`òed mouo ò fhamo+ Hk ò oxelhkalo h` wh| vld lkeld eh elvhwd `lkoih |

?8 Wd|o`` U|`hw Ds+alu+ s+=<?6 Le+ s+<6



77

vhuled o x xokyo ahwhjdklo` okljo`h wowd | dgihud swhaldd hk xko h}mlglalñk swhsowoeo sdw h`

vlluokuh+ H alhwud qxh ò vld adk woslehy9 huogo swhdaxsoed sdw x swljhw ouoqxh eh nduo | sdwqxh

mogêo ehofloed o` wh| eh Fwokalo | ìuh mogêo oahsuoed ò nxhwwo+

O woêy eh ò hkuwhvluo h` adkqxluoedw ao|ñ nwovhjhkuh hkfhwjd+ Qx ojlnd `h lkfdwjok o` wh|+ Hk

hfhaud ehglñ moghw swhhkuoed oshaud fxkhud h` Aosluïk sowo qxh x ojlnd h ouwhvlhwok o xnhwlw o`jdkowao xko vlluo o x sdoeo eh hkfhwjd | Aow`d oahsuñ | fxh o` eêo lnxlhkuh ‘jx| oadjsoÿoed eh

kdg`hyo‖ o vlluow`d+ ´@o fxhwyo eh` sdehw49 Adwuì h whaxshwñ swdkud | h lkulñ ‘swlvoed eh x QJ‖?=

whshkulkojhkuh h eogo axhkuo eh` nwoed eh x ljsdwuokalo hk ò adwuh+ Elahk awdkluo flog`h adjd

Ghwko` d Mhwwhwo?< qxh eêo jï uoweh xk edjlknd Adwuì lkvluoed o jlo whnlo h eld h` `xid o

swdsñlud eh ``hnow ehsxì eh` Wh| o ò ln`hlo+ Soñ fwhkuh o `d kdg`h ‘adk x foèo eh `xud o`yoeo‖

adk olwh hshalo`h o ixynow sdw ò mludwlo | h fxh o hkuow ahwao eh` adkeh eh Kood qxh o x vhy

huogo ahwaokd o` hjshwoedw+ H` nhud fxh udjoed adjd onwovld hkuwh `d adwuhokd+ Kd oghjd qxì

shkñ Adwuì dgwh h` jljd+

Uhkêo 51 oÿd | mogêo sooed 75 hk Jì}lad+ Sdw qxlìk ``hvowo foèo eh `xud o`yoeo hk x whuwod o ò

jlo hwo lkalhwud+ Eoud | awdkd`dnêo ùklaojhkuh hÿoòk sowo ho fhamo h` ehahd eh xko dò

shwdko qxh `h mxglhwo led ahwaoko | h Jo`lkuylk+ Qx hkuwoeo o ò aouhewo` eh Ud`hed elhjlkñ xk

gwhvh haïkeo`d sdw ò jhjdwlo mluñwlao+ Mogwï vlud h` lkelokd qxh whnwhogo eh xùwojow hh

hahkowld swdudadòw uok whswhhkuoed sdw `d slkah`h eh` Whkoaljlhkud+ \ oaod hk x ljonlkoalñk

oshòwo o ò lkhwalñk eh wïsleo ljïnhkh whòaldkoeo9 h` swdudad`d lkeênhko xk Jdauhyxjo qxh

ovokyo goid udèd eh uhò oyx` | wdio goèoqxêk duhkled adk vowo ògwoeo | hknouoeo hk dwd h` wh|eh foy ad`dw eh uì | oòwnoeo uojglìk adjd ò eh` Gdwgñk shwd hkjowaoeo hk xk moy eh s`xjo

f`h}lg`h | udwkodòeo adjd l udeo h`ò eh did jokd shwd lkuhkd fxhwo ò dò sxhuo hk hahko

eh xk uhouwd | ouwï ehudkokuh ò jùlao gwxuo` eh uojgdwh amlwljêo uhsdkoyu`h+ Óvokyowêo adk h`

`xud o`nxko ljonhk eh Jowlko4 Qx lkelo `hioko h leo o` Jlau`ïk h` Hwd vld`hkud eh x ixvhkuxe sdwqxh

ovokyowo dgwh fhjlkhleoe eh l`hkald eñal` | ehadkdaled hkuwh wxlko okulnxo | xk ulhjsd alfwoed

eh jokhwo ljsdlg`h+

?> Le+ s+?76?= Idì @xl Jowuêkhy9 Mhwkïk Adwuì Ds+alu+ s+831?< Ghwko` Eêoy eh` Aoul``d Ds+alu+ aos+ a}av2 Mhwwhwo9 Eìaoeo LVo+ `lg+ Lv aos+ L+



71

‘Oehjï adjd uded lkelokd | adk ò ehjhxwo qxh `d aowoauhwlyo qxhwêo vd`vhw sowo jduwow o `d

x|d axïkud mogêo mhamd axïkud uhkêo | axïkud h mogêo hknwokehaled sdw x swdsld hfxhwyd oqxh`

jdyd lk dflald kl ghkhflald qxh uokud oÿd ouwï o`lhwo eh H}uwhjoexwo‖+ 73

7+ H` jxked jo|o

H` jxked jo|o h elvlelñ hk x dwênhkh hk axouwd whlkd awhoed sdw axouwd nwokeh hÿdwh

fxkeoedwh soewh eh ò huklo jo|o9 `+ Goòj Obog -‘ulnwh eh ò kdamh‖, adk x eld uxuhòw Ogl`l} x

jxihw Bmodklbo -‘onxo `ljslo | sxwo‖, | x ehahkehkalo `d }lxh qxh daxsowdk h` uhwwludwld xwhuh

eh ò shkêkxò2 7+ Goòj Bluyh -‘ulnwh eh ò wlo gxhko‖, adk x eld Umdl` x jxihw Bo}o So`xjo

-‘onxo eh` alh`d‖, | x ehahkehkalo `d qxlamh qxh daxsowdk h` uhwwludwld xw mouo Nxouhjoò2 1+

Goòj Bdxuob -‘ulnwh flhwd‖, adk x eld Mobovluy x jxihw Uhyxkxklbo -‘onxo eh ò ovh‖, | x

ehahkehkalo `d luyïh qxh fxkeowdk Amlamìk Luyï shwd qxh h whs`hnowdk o` uhwwludwld xw eh _xlkuoko

Wdd hk `d o`whehedwh eh Uo|oo`2 | 5+ Goòj Lbl -‘ulnwh eh ò huwh`ò‖, adk x eld Klaobuoboam x

jxihw Bobl}obo -‘onxo eh `d wêd‖, | x ehahkehkalo `d adadjh qxh daxsowdk h` uhwwludwld kdwuh eh

ò shkêkxò+

@o xklñk awhoedwo eh` ulnwh | h` onxo+ H` onxo adk x hshalflaleoeh+ H` ulnwh kdauxwkd wlxhÿd flhwd

añjlad+ Kdamh wlo fxwlo | alh`d lkuokalo añjlao | eh` ïkljd eh `d mdjgwh jhyaòed adk h`

onxo dwlnlkowlo+@o xkleoe axùxwo` jhdojhwlaoko h xk mhamd | h fdwydd udjow o `d okulnxd d`jhao adjd

jdexòwh whshaud eh uo` xkleoe+ Sdw hd hkadkuwojd qxh h` sokuhñk eh `d jo|o hwo ljlòw o` eh

`d uoweêd jh}lao+ Mouo omdwo kd qxheo jï qxh oahsuow qxh o sowulw eh` ehowwd``d d`jhao eh` ahkuwd

eh ò aduo eh` Nd`fd h elfxkelñ moalo h` kdwdhuh | moalo h` xwhuh ò uwoelalñk axùxwo` jl`hkowlo qxh

mogwêo eh lnkow huh nwok jdolad eh sxhg`d qxh shwjokhalñ olòed eh` whud eh` jxked mouo h`

ln`d ]VL+

H` sd`luhêjd jo|o ulhkh whswhhkuoulvleoe hk kxhvh swlkalso`h ehleoeh qxh nxoweok xk kdudwld

sowo`h`ljd adk ò duwo swlkalso`h ehleoeh uojglìk eh` xklvhwd eh `d komxo9

73 Idì @xl Jowuêkhy9 Ds+alu+s+5<5



75

Luyojko qxh h xk eld udedsdehwdd hqxlvo`h o Uhyaou`lsdao2 Amooa qxh h kxjhk eh udeo ò onxo

h jx| ahwaokd o U`ï`da2 ]xxjbob -d \xj B“oo}, h ehleoe eh `d gdqxh eh ò onwlaxùxwo eh ò

adjleo | ò ghgleo2 Om Sxb h eld eh ò vleo | eh ò jxhwuh2 Yojok Hb whswhhkuo o ò huwh`ò2

Ogl`l} qxh h eld eh` olwh ulhkh adwwhsdkehkalo adk Hmìaou` qxh h oevdaoalñk eh _xhuyoàñou`

oxkqxh adk sduhwldwleoe xwnlwêo Bxbx`bïk adjd oedsalñk -fhkñjhkd wh`lnldd adjùk o udeoJhdojìwlao, eh ò hwslhkuh hjs`xjoeo2 Umdl` eld eh ò gouo`ò ulhkh x hqxlvo`hkalo hk

Mxluyl`dsdamu`l | hk Solko`2 Moaogluy h xk kxjhk eh` uwogoid eh `d mlòed | uhiled eh `d òyd2

Klbobuoaob h h` f`xled onwoed eh` ulhjsd lkulux|ñ ò wh`lnlñk adjd hihwalald swdudadòw ò flhuo

ò ah`hgwoaldkh+ Uojglìk flnxwok ò ehleoeh fhjhklko swduondkluo eh xk adjs`hid ahwhjdklo`

qxh lka`x|h ò swhhkalo eh hshalh eh vhuo`h d vêwnhkh adkonwoeo hk ax|o lklaloalñk h `h ulÿh

ehkxeo sdw adjs`hud eh xko xhwuh eh oÿl` oyx` | dgwh xk amoajd` xfwhk eh` adwuh eh` mljhk o

axaml``d eh shehwko`+7? @o eldo o ò qxh qxheok adkonwoeo | o x hwvlald hk `d uhjs`d dk

L}amh` L}uobog L}jxbokh h L}goòkbì+

H` jxked jo|o adjd h` eh` whud jhdojhwlaokd h huwxauxwñ goid ò okulnxo uhdawoalo oawlflalo` adk

xko elvllñk huojhkuowlo uojglìk ljlòw ndghwkoeo sdw h` Moòam Mxlkla qxh h hqxlvo`hkalo eh`

Uòudokl jh}lao+ @h lnxh hk ljsdwuokalo ò aouo oahweduo` qxh dwnoklyo h` axùd wh`lnldd ò

hexaoalñk | qxh adkhwvo sowo ê h` adkdaljlhkud eh ò hawluxwo owuh ao`hkeowld ouwdkdjêo |

ouwd`dnêo+ \ moalo ehgoid eh ò slwïjleh dalo` adkulkùok `d nxhwwhwd `d adjhwalokuh | `d

onwlaxùdwh+

Moòam*Xlkla

Qoahweduh

7? Fwo| Idhsm eh Qok Gxhkovhkuxwo9 Mludwlo eh ò adkqxluo eh` Jo|og ?8??*?6<> + Helalñk lkuwdexaalñk so`hdnwofêo |kduo eh Nogwlhò Qd`ê Wdg`heo | Shewd Gwoaojdkuh | Qdo+ Xklvhwleoe Oxuñkdjo eh \xaouïk Foaxùoe eh AlhkaloOkuwdsd`ñnlao Jìwleo ?<<5 ss+ >8 | >6



78

Nxhwwhwd

Adjhwalokuh

Onwlaxùdwh+ Huwoud dalo`h eh `d jo|o+ Jxhd owqxhd`ñnlad eh Amhuxjo`+

Klbobuoaob eld eh` ulhjsd h ox}l`loed sdw xko hwlh eh ehleoeh xgoùhwko | hkuwh h``d axhkuok h`

ulhjsd lnkïked`d hk x wxheo ao`hkeïwlao+ @o fhamo Bouxk = Omox h oalono h lkelao eheh h`

sowoelnjo ouwd`ñnlad eh `d jo|o h` ulhjsd hk qxh h ehwwxjgok ò alxeoeh*huoed+ Xk bouxk

hqxlvo`h o 73 oÿd xk uxk o xk oÿd+ Jheld bouxk dk ?3 oÿd d uxkh2 hk huh ulhjsd h ad`daok ed

eldh hk h` Uhjs`d eh ò Qoglexwêo+

Bouxk:73 uxkh -d oÿd,2 xk uxk ulhkh 73 xlko`h -d jhh,2 xk xlko` ulhkh 73 blkh -d eêo,

‘H` dwehk qxh uhkêok hk adkuow x ado | moahw x oelvlkoaldkh adk huo axhkuo Relah @okeoZ 77 hwo

qxh uhkêok hk h` uhjs`d ed êed`d ehelaoed o ed eh hud aowoauhwh+ O` swljhwd adkfdwjh o ò awxy

eh` aêwax`d owwlgo adkuhkled oedwogok | moaêok hwvlald | oawlflald sowo whjheld eh ò sòno eh x

73 oÿd | hk `d ?3 oÿd qxh foùogok eh `d 73 swljhwd kd moaêok lkd qxhjow`h lkalhkd |

whvhwhkalow`h+ Axjs`led `d 73 oÿd eh` swljhwd adjhkyogok o hnxlwh sdw `d moed eh` hnxked | o

moahw`h x oawlflald | qxluoed oqxh` swljhw êed`d sdkêok duwd sowo vhkhwow`h duwd ?3 oÿd+‖

Eheh `xhnd qxh h` sokuhñk jo|o h vowlog`h kd ñ`d hk fxkalñk eh `d elvhwd nwxsd | whlkd qxh `d

fdwiowdk lkd uojglìk whshaud eh ò fxhkuh añelah | huxeldd eh` uhjo+ H` owqxhñ`dnd UdjïSìwhy Qxïwhy eh` Ahkuwd eh Huxeld Jo|o eh ò XKOJ swhflhwh wh`hvow ò aòlflaoalñk mhamo sdw

Sox` Qamh``mo o swlkalsld eh` ln`d sooed+ \ oê hkxjhwo uwhah ehleoeh ò jo|dwêo eh ò axo`h

ulhkh |o ò xglaoalñk eh x kdjgwh | ouwlgxud kdjgwh qxh hk ò aòlflaoalñk eh Qmh``mo h

whuwlknêo ñ`d o `huwo eh` o`foghud sdw h}lnhkalo eh dwehkoalñk+

?+ Luyojkooi h` eld awhoedw -E, h ljgd`lyoed sdw whsul`h eh ed aoghyo+ Adjd ovh

whswhhkuogo o` alh`d -Luyoj \h, adjd ònowud ò ulhwwo -Luyoj Bog O|lk,+

7+ B“lklam Oio~ -N, eld eh` d` whswhhkuoed sdw xko f`dw eh axouwd sìuo`d qxh o`xeêo o `d

wxjgd eh` xklvhwd+ Eh d` h uwokfdwjo hk ionxow sowo hkuwow hk ò kdamh | h` lkfwojxked+

77 Osxe+ Qd`ê | Gwoaojdkuh Ds+alu+ s+?7> k+?87



76

1+ B“o~ll` ehlnko `d `lkoih eh dwehk elvlkd eh `d mdjgwh -B,+ Mxjoklyoed ulhkh xko slhwko

qxh h xko hwslhkuh aoghyo dgwhmxjoko adk vêwnxò hk xk did mdalad eh whsul` | ad`jl``d+

5+ Ko` eld eh` joêy -H, sdwqxh h` mdjgwh fxh awhoed eh ò joo eh huh nwokd+ O vhah h

whswhhkuoed adk aoghyo eh joydwao | x aogh``d eh h`duh+ Nhwjlko dgwh h` aosowoyñk eh ò

udwuxno qxh h whswhhkuoalñk eh ò ulhwwo+8+ \xj Bljl` souwñk eh ò jxhwuh -O, h `h whswhhkuo adjd hqxh`hud mxjokd+

6+ L} Amh` eldo eh ò `xko -L, eh ò foh eh` hjgowoyd sowuhwo eh ò jhelalko mlòed |

uhiled ò slkuxwo h` onxo h` owad lwl ò vhnhuoalñk ò kdamh+

>+ Eld @ ò kdamh h` lkfwojxked Vhkx ò jxhwuh h` adjhwald ò ehuwxaalñk shwd uojglìk h`

jdjhkud eh awhoalñk añjlao+

=+ So~omuùk -K, qxh ehedgòed dulhkh ò axouwd hqxlko eh` jxked hk x whswhhkuoalñk

s`ïulao sxheh hw h` aosowoyñk eh udwuxno d hjhwnhw eh xko f`dw d eh xk aowoad`+

<+ Hb“ Amxob -J, whswhhkuo o `d adjhwalokuh ‘hadwslñk khnwd‖ eh` ahkuwd eh` jxked souwñk

eh` hnxked jh moah oxudoawlflald sxkyïkedh h` shkh+

?3+ B“x swhleh uded oaud onwoed -A, ulhkh wduwd eh jdkd ox`òedw whswhhkuo ò oknwh

oawlflalo` | huï hkuoed hk h` d`+

??+ Amoob h` eld eh` onxo -G, oùk h vhkhwo hkuwh `d aojshlkd |xaouhad axoked lhjgwok+

?7+ Eld _ eh ò nxhwwo | h` oawlflald+

?1+ Ed eldh whjhwd qxh uwoksdwuok o` eld eh` joêy hk xk ao|xad sdw `d wêd eh` lkfwojxked

`d qxh nowokulyo ò nhwjlkoalñk eh` nwokd+71

@o uhkuoalñk jlulflaoedwo eh jxamd dghwvoedwh eh` jxked okulnxd jo|o `d mo lkexaled o

xsdkhw adkuhkled hshalo`h eh` gowwdqxljd s`ïulad eh ò lnklflaoaldkh axoked hk who`leoe

jxamo vhah kd h}luhk jï o``ï eh` hkaxhkuwd fdwuxlud eh `d êjgd`d qxh mok led adkahgled

sdw hsowoed+ Jh h}s`lad9 Jxamd qxlhwhk vhw sdw hihjs`d xk jhkoih jhuofêlad d xko

lklkxoalñk h}uwhjoeojhkuh adjs`hio hk ò odaloalñk eh ed êjgd`d9 h` joêy nhwjlko dgwh xko

udwuxno+ ´_xì qxllhwdk ehalw `d jo|o adk huo oswd}ljoalñk uok glyowwo | ax|o whswhhkuoalñk

s`ïulao h}aheh udeo sdlgl`leoe eh lkuhwswhuoalñk4



7>

Sòud jo|o+ Ehleoe eh` joêy hjhwnlhked eh` aosowoyñk+ Qx mlid Mxkomsù o o lyqxlhweo, h ]goòkqxì o o ehwhamo

Shwd ñ`d h uwouo eh ed ladkd adkahgled sdw hsowoed | xkled eh fdwjo lkjhelouo9 dgwh ò

udwuxno awhah h` joêy+ \ oê whxùo dòjhkuh qxh h` eld eh` joêy o`ljhkud onwoed | fxkeojhkuo`

eh` lkeênhko ulhkh adjd lkuhwjheloalñk o` mdjgwh sdwqxh x aowkh fxh awhoeo adk joo eh huh

nwokd+ Sdw duwd òed ò udwuxno adk x aosowoyñk whedkehoeo adjd ò ulhwwo | shnoeo o ìuo sdw

whsuoalñk `h lwvh eh êjgd`d | huï whòaldkoeo uojglìk adk ò ehleoe eh ò ulhwwo+ @o xklñk eh

ojgd êjgd`d h` joêy | ò udwuxno ñ`d whsluh s`ïulaojhkuh qxh h` o`ljhkud fxkeojhkuo` awhah

eh ò ulhwwo+ \ ò xklñk owgluwowlo eh ò sòkuo awhalhked eh xk aosowoyñk adjd adkixkud adkahsuxo`

aowhah eh lnklflaoed+ Sxh ìuh h whexah o ò ljgd`lyoalñk ljs`h eh ò sòkuo qxh awhah hk ò

ulhwwo+

H khahowld whfhwlw qxh mo| jo|luo qxh hÿoòk qxh h` sd`luhêjd h xk huoeêd wh`lnldd

adjs`hid | hk adkuokuh aojgld qxh o`ghwno xko lkflkleoe eh hwh dgwhkouxwo`h qxh kd ``hnok ohw ehflkleojhkuh eldh hk h` sokuhñk+ Qlkd qxh fxknhk adjd hkuleoeh lkuhwjhelo o ò qxh

oaxehk `d mdjgwh sowo lnklflaow fhkñjhkd luld | luxoaldkh hshaêflao o ò qxh h h}lnhk

whsxhuo jï d jhkd swhalo dgwh lkqxlhuxeh jêulao adjd ò flhuo ò adhamo h` oawlflald

ahwwd jdkuoÿo ònd h` sowud ò jxhwuh huaìuhwo+ Hud lkvhulnoedwh dghwvowdk qxh eldh

swdslojhkuh uo`h kd h}lulhwdk hk h` jxked jo|o lkd mouo ìsdao uoweêo adjd h` oÿd ?333 e+A

hk oehòkuh huoso qxh h mo ehlnkoed adjd sdua`ïlao9

‘Hk ò alvl`lyoalñk jo|o `d eldh osowhahk uêjleojhkuh moalo ?333 e+A hk Amlamìk Luyï

\xaouïk ehgled o` ljsx`d eh duwo wh`lnldkh jhdojhwlaoko+ O sowulw eh` ln`d ]LLL | mouo ò

adkqxluo x kùjhwd kd aho eh oxjhkuow oê adjd eh swhalowh x adkelalñk+‖75

\ h adjùkjhkuh oahsuoed hkuwh `d oko`luo eh ò wh`lnldleoe eh` jxked jhdojhwlaokd h`

mhamd fhmoalhkuh eh qxh h` axùd hk uded `d whlkd lkeênhko h aowoauhwlyogo sdw x kduog`h

oshwuxwo moalo ò oedsalñk eh ehleoeh eh duwo whnldkh ò qxh hwok oljlòeo sdw ojgd

h}uwhjd adkuhkelhkuh hk x lkvoldkh nxhwwo | adkqxluo+ Sdw huo adkelalñk h o`diñ adk

fwhaxhkalo hkuwh ò swdfhaêo `dao`h sowuh eh` elaxwd jêulad eh `d vhkahedwh+ Shwd sdw huo

71 Udjï Sìwhy Qxïwhy9 ‘Eldh jo|o‖ hk Whvluo Owqxhd`dnêo Jh}laoko vd`+ ]V Kd+ == Jì}lad 733> ss+8>*6875 Aòxeh Fwokîdl Goxehy9 ‘@d eldh jo|o xko osowlalñk uoweêo‖ Whvluo Owqxhd`dnêo Jh}laoko vd` ]V Kd+==Jì}lad 733> s+11 | +



7=

alwaxkuokalo uojglìk h fovdwhaêo hk h` sooed swhmlsïklad ò xkleoe axùxwo` eh` jxked

jhdojhwlaokd+

@o lehkuleoe axùxwo` elkïjlao eh `d jhdojhwlaokd kd dsxd uduo` whluhkalo o ò lkhwalñk eh

sowuh elaxwlvo jlud`ñnlao d sd`êulao eh `d daalehkuo`h+ @d qxh shwjlulñ ò fïal`

whjdehòalñk eh ò swdfhaêo+@o jï kêuleo h}s`laoalñk qxh mh mo`òed dgwh h` `xnow adjùk eh ò mludwldnwofêo qxh ljs`lflao ò

awhhkalo eh `d lkeênhko hk ò ``hnoeo eh `d hsoÿd`h adjd h` whnwhd eh` eld _xhuyoàñou`

-oedsuoed goid ò flnxwo eh Bxbxàïk hk h` swha`ïlad jo|o, h sxheh mo`òw hk jded oahsuog`h |

`òkd hk h` huxeld eh Shewd Gwoaojdkuh | Qdo9

Ehsxì eh ò adkqxluo ‘`d jo|o whhawlglhwdk x sooed o` moahw`d adlkalelw adk xko vhwlñk

kowwoulvo eh adwuh daalehkuo` eh ò mludwlo o sowulw eh` bouùk ?? omox -?81<*?88<, jljd qxh

adlkalelñ adk ò ``hnoeo eh `d hxwdshd‖+

‘Hk kdvlhjgwh eh ?8?3 `d omblkh jo|o fdwjxòwdk `d swdkñulad eh` bouùk ?1 omox qxh

adka`xlwêo hk ò fhamo jo|o eh` jh }x` eh` oÿd ?? l} ixud hk h` jh hk qxh goiogo Bxbxàïk qxlhk

``hnowêo eh` dwlhkuh‖+

‘H` owwlgd eh `d adkqxluoedwh -…, h hkuwhòyñ adk h` jlud eh` hshwoed mdjgwh eld eh` sokuhñk

jhdojhwlaokd‖+ 78

Sowo huog`hahw x adka`xldkh huh oxudw h ox}l`lo adk h` h}ojhk ehuo`òed qxh duwd nwokeh

hshalo`luo mlalhwdk dgwh swdfhaêo jo|o+76

@d jo|o fxkeowdk alxeoeh fogx`do+ Okuh ò h}lnhkalo sowulaxòwh eh x òuluxeh uwdslao`hh oeosuowdk adk nwok h}oauluxe o `d wlndwh eh jdkuoÿo | h`vo adjd kd `d mok `dnwoed ò

dalheoeh aoulyo | jhulyo sduhwldwh+ Ehowwd`òwdk xko jhelalko mhwgdòwlo oadweh o ò

hkfhwjheoeh eh ò ydko uojglìk owuh | alhkalo oejlwog`h+ Xko dalheoe ad`dwleo | wluxo` hkuwh

ò h`vo oùo+ _xh xko joÿoko dghwvñ eh swdkud | adk nwokeh odjgwd ò ``hnoeo eh ghwnokulkh |

kod hsoÿdò qxh h oahwaogok eh`lyïkedh moalo x aduo+

78 @o hkaowkoalñk eh ò swdfhaêo Aokhb hk Aluhl + Ad`haalñk Shklkxòw ALHQOQ* Jlnxh` Ïknh` Sdwwùo Jì}lad 7335ss+?= | 7?76 Whkì Oaxÿo | Eovle Gd``h9 ‘Alkad uh}ud dwoaxòwh jo|o‖+ Hk9 Huxeld eh Axùxwo Jo|o XKOJ vd`+ ]] Jì}lad?<<< s+717



7<

1+@d hsoÿd`h hk ò Okul`ò

@d wh|h aouñ`lad ehlnkoed eh uo` jokhwo sdw h` Soso O`hiokewd VL -Wdewlnd Gdwnlo d Gdwio, h

adkvlwulhwdk hk ò sxkuo eh òkyo eh` awlulokljd hk Hxwdso+ Hd dghehaêo o` mhamd eh moghw h}sxòedò lkf`xhkalo eh duwo awhhkalo wh`lnldo hkaowkoeo hk jdwd | ixeêd+ Eh huh nwok adkn`djhwoed

ljsdlg`h eh hw h}sxòed hk x uduo`leoe qxheñ xko hkdwjh sdgòalñk eh adkvhwd | adk h``d ò

swïaulao wlnxwdo eh ò dghwvokalo eh ò sxkuxo`leoe uhd`ñnlao eh` aoud`laljd+ Eh `d adkvhwd ixeêd

h elid qxh xwnlñ h` owwhgouoed nhkdvì Awluñgo` Ad`ñk qxh h nokñ jluhwldojhkuh ò vd`xkuoe eh ò

whlko Logh` o klvh`h lkdshamoed+ \ adk h` hwwdw mhwheoed eh Ud`djhd eh qxh hkuwh Hxwdso | ò

Amlko kd mogêo jï qxh onxo oòeo sowulñ o x swljhw aì`hgwh vloih uwoou`ïkulad flkokaloed sdw ò

Adwdko oxkqxh `d sduhwldwh `d sonowêo h` aosluo` swlvoed+ Elamd hwwdw swdvhwglo` adkhwvñ mouo ò

fhamo h` kdjgwojlhkud eh ‘lkeld‖ sowo uded `d mogluokuh lkeênhko eh Ojìwlao sdw moghw awhêed h`

o`jlwokuh qxh ehhjgowaogo hk ò Lkelo axoked eld adk x kovh hk ò aduo eh Nxokomokê hk ò



13

@xao|o d Gomojo h` ?7 eh dauxgwh eh ?5<7+ H` hwwdw soo md| o kxhuwd did adjd hkal``d kd oê

sowo h` adkdaljlhkud aowudnwïflad jhelhvo`+

H` nwlhnd Hwouñuhkh uwh ln`d okuh qxh Ud`djhd kd ñ`d h adkvhkalñ ixkud o duwd shkoedwh eh

ò okulnðheoe oahwao eh ò whedkehy uhwwhuwh nxloed sdw dghwvoalñk eh ò `xko lkd qxh aoàx`ñ adk

ljswhldkokuh adwwhaalñk ò alwaxkfhwhkalo eh ò ulhwwo+ \ axoked ln`d ehsxì Ud`djhd ehadkflñ ehelamd aïàx`d | dñ jhelwò eh kxhvd h hqxlvdañ adk xk 13( jhkd `d qxh `h oaowwhñ ehexalw qxh

hkuwh Hxwdso | Olo ñ`d jhelogo h` jow lkjhkd kovhnoked moalo h` Dhuh+7> \ sdw huo wxuo h

hjgowañ Awluñgo` Ad`ñk+

H` o`jlwokuh adkvhkalñ o` Soso o uwovì eh ò swhulnloeo whlko eh Aoul`ò eh qxh ò jonko uowho eh

awluloklyoalñk eh `d o`voih ‘lkeld‖ qxh hwo xko shwò jï hk ò adwdko whnlo glhk vo`êo xko

hshalo` whadjshko sowo x swdjdudw+ H Logh` awhñ sowo Ad`ñk h` lkoxelud sxhud eh vlwwh| o`jlwokuh

| ndghwkoedw vluo`lald | mhwheluowld hk udeo ò ulhwwo ehaxglhwuo+ Hsoÿo h sdkêo o ò aoghyo eh`

ehowwd``d hxwdshd+ O` jljd ulhjsd qxh ah`hgwogo x uwlxkfd ehflklulvd dgwh ò h}sx`lñk eh jdwd |

ixeêd ‘adk h}oùoaldkh ghouo fhulkh eh onwoehaljlhkud | oòweh eh ehuwhyo nxhwwhwo‖7= x

hkvloed Ad`ñk ehaxgwêo h` ‘Kxhvd Jxked+‖

@d hsoÿd`h h ohkuowdk hk ò lò jï nwokeh eh` Aowlgh | ehaxgwlhwdk F`dwleo h` lujd eh

Sokojï | aduhowdk sdw Ahkuwdojìwlao | Qxeojìwlao+ Shwd hk 78 oÿd eh ohkuojlhkud kd kovhnowdk

moalo h` dhuh edkeh `d onxoweogo ò alvl`lyoalñk jh}laoko+ Kd h adkdah mouo md| ò aoxo eh huo

wowhyo+

Jlhkuwo hk Hsoÿo h `lgwñ ò òwno | aoñulao gouo`ò adkuwo `d jdwd qxh hk daoldkh h hkadkuwñ o`d swdsld hsoÿd`h `xamoked eh` goked hkhjlnd adjd o`loed d jhwahkowld uojglìk h xahelhwdk

gouo`ò lkuhulko+7< Mouo qxh ao|ñ Nwokoeo hk ?5<7+ Hkudkah Mhwkoked Adwuì h` qxh mogwêo eh hw

h` adkqxluoedw eh` whlkd eh `d jh}lao uhkêo ñ`d lhuh oÿd+

Hsoÿo adjhkyogo ò moyoÿo eh x hkfwhkuojlhkud adk xk adkulkhkuh olòed qxh koelh kxkao mogêo

ljonlkoed+ Xk adkulkhkuh h}aìkuwlad qxh ``hnñ o adkflnxwow whlkd fogx`dd | qxh mogêo vlvled

osowuoed eh` whud eh` jxked o `d òwnd eh axowhkuo jl` oÿd eheh qxh xko gokeo shwhnwlko eh adwuh

olïulad mogêok ehojgxòed moalo h` huh `xhnd o` xw mouo oùow h` huwhamd eh Ghmhwlkn+ @o

7> V+ Wlamowe @hh Jowb9 Mhwkïk Adwuì+ H` nwok ovhkuxwhwd qxh aojglñ h` ehulkd eh` Jì}lad oyuhao+ Helaldkh G QO+Vhwnowo Gowah`dko 7338 s+757= Le+ s+7=7< Le+s+7?



1?

alvl`lyoalñk ojhwlaoko h ehowwd``ñ sdw x axhkuo | o` jownhk eh uded adkuoaud eh` sòkd xklvhwo`

mouo h` ln`d ]VL+ Qx aduxjgwh x wlud | x `hknxo fxhwdk awhoalñk osowuh adjd l h``d d`d

fxhwok xk uded xklvhwo`+ Eh ò gokeo o` Huoed+ Eh` kdjoeljd o` ljshwld onwêadò jl`luow adjhwalo`+

Adk xko wh`lnlñk swdslo qxh adkvhkalñ o ò o`jo eh xk uhwwludwld jxamd jï voud qxh h` `òjoed

jhdojhwlaokd+ Adk h` adkdaljlhkud eh ò wxheo hk ò fdwjo swhvlo eh al`lkewd eh joehwo sowouwoksdwuow nwokeh slhewo sowo x helflald2 hk fdwjo eh ixnxhuh lkfokul`h2 adjd jdèh

ao`hkeïwlad lk ``hnow o hjs`howò sowo h` uwoksdwuh mxjokd | duwd xd adjd mlalhwdk uded `d

duwd nwokeh sxhg`d eh` jxked+ Jhdojìwlao lnklflañ duwo vllñk elulkuo | swdslo eh ò who`leoe+

@o adkfwdkuoalñk eh huh jxked olòed sdw ln`d adk `d hxwdshd `h mlyd whswhhkuow uok wïsleo

adjd fwêvdòjhkuh h` sosh` eh ò alvl`lyoaldkh owaolao+ Oxkqxh Uhkdamuluòk adk x swdsld

ehowwd``d hwo adkuhjsdwïkho eh `d swñshwd whlkd eh Aoul`ò | Owonñk eh` Sowê eh Fwokalad L eh

ò hs`hkedwdo F`dwhkalo eh `d Jhelal+

@d hsoÿd`h qxh ``hnowdk o Ojìwlao uhkêok leldlkawolo jhelhvo` awlgoeo o exwo shko hk `d

jdèh eh` ehwhamd eh ò Qlhuh Sowuleo xk axhwsd ixwêelad ljshwokuh eheh h` ln`d ]LLL shwd qxh h

whjdkuogo sdw xko sowuh o` Añelnd Ixulklokd eh `d wdjokd sdw duwo o `d vllnded | o `d jdwd+ Qx

hhkalo fxh ‘hulsxòw `d ehwhamd | swhwwdnoulvo eh `d lkelvlexd eh aoeo aòh dalo`‖ | eh

huog`hahw `d swdaheljlhkud sowo `d jlhjgwd eh elamo aòh ehuhwjlkoked oê x shwuhkhkalo

`hno` o aoeo xko+ Xko huwouhnlo ixwêelao lhjswh fovdwog`h o` wh|+13

Axoked Mhwkoked Adwuì idvhk uowojgoko eh ?< oÿd dwlxked eh Jheh``êk sowulñ eh Jdnxhw -ahwao eh

Mxh`vo, o ò Lkelo daalehkuo`h `d hsoÿd`h mogêok hkuoed x who`h hk Qokud Edjlknd `òjoeosdw Ad`ñk @o Hsoÿdò moaêo xk axowud eh ln`d+ Elhnd h` swljdnìklud eh Ad`ñk mogêo mhwheoed h`

o`jlwokuoynd | ehuhkuñ uojglìk h` sxhud eh vlwwh| hk ò lò ehsxì eh xk ndghwkoedw lkuhwlkd eh

osh``led Dvoked+ Shwd oqxh` idvhk no`ïk | shkehkalhwd eh H}uwhjoexwo Mhwkoked adk whadjhkeoalñk

eh Dvoked moalo h` swñshwd mleo`nd Elhnd Vh`ïqxhy eh Axh`òw qxh whxùñ hw h` ndghwkoedw eh

Axgo vld x kxhvd jxked | fxh adkal`loked x el`lnhkuh huwouhnlo eh wlqxhyo | sdehw qxh `d ``hvowo

adjd xk O`hiokewd Jonkd mouo ò adkqxluo eh Jì}lad+

Ehsxì eh moghw uwogoioed hk Oyùo -hk @o Hsoÿdò, exwokuh alkad d hl oÿd hk onwlaxùxwo jlkhwêo

| adjhwald h` wladmdjgwh Mhwkïk Adwuì sowuh moalo Axgo goid h` joked eh Vh`ïqxhy+ \ ìuh `h ahelñ

hk swdslheoe xk voud uhwwludwld qxh lka`xêo jl`òwh eh o`jo | vowlo jlko jx| wlao+ Adk h` nwxhd |



17

eh dgwoeo mxjokleoe Elhnd Vh`ïqxhy Adwuì mogwêo eh ehowwd`òw xko ojluoe êkuljo eh id`ndwld |

gokqxhuh -uojglìk eh nwokeh hjswho, qxh uhwjlkowêo fovdwhalìked`d adk h` uhwahw vloih

swdnwojoed -| hfhaulvd, sowo ehaxgwlw ò aduo eh \xaouïk+ Jlhkuwo uokud Adwuì h soewh

swljhwlyd adk xko lkelo uoêko+ Sdad ehsxì ehhjgowaok hk Axgo swdahehkuh eh Qokud Edjlknd ò

kdjgwoeo Jowaoleo+ @o joewh uwh mlio | xk mlid+ Jxihwh eh o`hnwh ïkljd eh ò swljhwo qxhadkaxwwhk o ò kxhvo ulhwwo hk sd eh jhidw vleo+ Elhnd adknhklo adk ò jo|dw Adwuì adk Aouo`lko

| duwo mhwjoko | ixkud adkaxwwhk o fwhaxhkuh owod+ @o jo|dw h eojo eh ò swdjhuleo eh

Vh`ïqxhy+ Qh elid qxh Adwuì hk xk gokqxhuh dfwhalñ jouwljdkld o Aouo`lko ]xïwhy Jowaoleo qxh hwo

x kdjgwh2 shwd ehsxì h whuwoauñ+

Shwd `d sòkh eh Vh`ïqxhy huogok uwoyoed | oê `h h}lnlñ o Mhwkïk qxh axjs`lhwo x swdjho | o`

flko` h` ndghwkoedw whxùñ hw h` soewlkd eh ò gdeo | ò fdwuxko eh Adwuì h oawhahkuogo sdwqxh h`

soewlkd ljsdwuñ nokoed voaxkd dvlkd | hqxlkd sowo x moalhkeo oehjï eh eow`h h` aownd eh Oàoèh

eh Qokulond+ Hk hnxleo Adwuì lkvlwulñ ed jl` aouh`òkd hk xko hjswho adjhwalo` hk ò qxh uxvd

adjd dald oaulvd o Okewì eh Exhwd+

H` idvhk eh ?< oÿd Mhwkïk qxh ``hnñ hk h` gowad eh xk uo` _xlkuhwd o Qokud Edjlknd -@o Hsoÿdò,

sdw ò ehhjgdaoexwo eh` wêd Dyojo h elulknxlñ adjd xk gxhk nxhwwhwd | adgwñ swhulnld adkuwo `d

lkeld eh Godwxad Oklnxo|onxo h Mlnxh| qxh h mogêok whghòed+ \ o ho heoe hjshyñ o fxknlw

adjd xko xhwuh eh hkadjhkehwd sxh h `h olnkowdk hk swdslheoe o jxamd lkeld+

O`dkd eh Diheo | Elhnd eh Klaxho -oghjd |o qxh adk ìuh ùùljd mogwêok eh koxfwonow Onxlòw |

Nxhwwhwd oÿd jï uoweh, sowuhk o Axgo hk sd eh jï lkeld o hw udjoed sdw ò fxhwyo h lkvluok oònxhwwled Adwuì shwd h` idvhk huï hkfhwjd ulhkh xk uxjdw hk ò slhwko ehwhamo ax|o mlkamoyñk `h

``hno mouo ò sokudwwl`ò | o show eh qxh `d hshwok uwh jhh kd sxheh lw+

Mhwkïk Adwuì soñ lhuh oÿd hk @o Hsoÿdò | mouo `d 76 sxed lw o Axgo o` òed eh Elhnd

Vh`ïyqxhy kdjgwoed sdw Elhnd Ad`ñk mlid eh` O`jlwokuh |o fo``haled h` ndghwkoedw eh ò lò+ Elhnd

Ad`ñk |o hwo xk vhuhwokd eh nxhwwo qxh mogêo vlvled ?> oÿd hk @o Hsoÿdò hwo wlad | ojglaldd+ \

Vh`ïyqxhy ojlnd eh Adwuì lklulñ hk ``hvow o ìuh adklnd+ Hd fxh hk h` oÿd eh ?8?? axoked

Klaxho koxfwonogo |hked eh` Eowlìk moalo @o Hsoÿdò+

13 Le+ s+7=



11

@o oaalñk eh `d hsoÿd`h hk huo lò fxh ehvouoedwo+ Eh vowld jl`h eh lkeld qxh ò sdgògok

qxheowdk xkd axokud2 sdw hd `d vloih o duwo aduo hk gxao eh haòvd+ Qh osonñ h` eld Yhjê eh

oqxh``d lkeld | `d dgwhvlvlhkuh adkdalhwdk o duwd eld eh gdao eh` dglsd O`dkd eh Fxhkjo|dw+

Ql Mhwkïk Adwuì uxvd nwok ojluoe adk h` ndghwkoedw eh Axgo Elhnd Vh`ïyqxhy kd foùowdk ò

hkvlelo h lkuwlno qxh vhêok hk h` idvhk hjswhkehedw xk sh`lnwd sowo h` fxuxwd hihwalald eh adkuwd` |joked kd ñ`d hk ò lò |o ehaxglhwuo lkd hk duwo sdlg`h ulhwwo sdw h}s`dwow+ \ oê uwh

o``hnoed eh` ndghwkoedw ed eh kdjgwh Okudkld Vh`ïyqxhy eh qxlhkh h lnkdwo l oaod fxhwok

sowlhkuh eh oqxì` jï xk Goùoyow Ghwjùehy h ehelaowdk o lkuwlnow adk ouxalo adkuwo Adwuì+ @o

hvlehkalo eh ò ojglalñk eh Mhwkïk ixkud o` whah`d ehshwuoed hk h` ndghwkoedw awhowdk hk ìuh xko

fwokao okljoevhwlñk | xk gxhk eêo ehalelñ sdkhw o Mhwkïk hk swllñk+ Shwd o ho oùxwo h` fxuxwd

adkqxluoedw h mogêo nokoed ò vd`xkuoe eh ò jo|dwêo hsoÿdò eh ò lò hwo jx| sdsxòw | |o

hihwaêo l h qxlhwh xk alhwud `lehwoynd qxh hk sdad eêo mogwêo eh oxjhkuow adk woslehy+ Hk ò aïwah`

Adwuì adkslwo adkuwo Vh`ïyqxhy+ Awluñgo` eh @ond h` oàoleh eh ò swllñk elljxògo kd ñ`d sowo

qxh fxhwok jxamd o vlluow`d lkd qxh flknlñ qxh kd haxamowo qxh xko kdamh h` whd `dnwowo haosowh+

Adwuì hkudkah axhkuo adk h` osd|d eh` a`hwd | `dnwo daxùowh hk xko ln`hlo hk edkeh adkulkùo adk

nwokeh woydkh o fovdw eh xko jhidw dwnoklyoalñk eh `d khndald eh ò lò+ Qh adkfêo | h soho

goid ò owaoeo eh ò ln`hlo+ Hkudkah `d dèoed eh` ndghwkoedw o` joked eh` o`nxoal` Ixok

Haxehwd `d oswhmhkehk eh kxhvd+ @d ``hvok okuh Vh`ïyqxhy ouoed eh jokd sdw ouwï | ìuh dwehko

huo vhy hkaowahòw`d hk xk gowad+ Eh kxhvd h` ouxud Adwuì `dnwo udjow xk gduh whfxnlowh hk duwd

gowad | eh oqxê hk xk hqxlfh ``hnow o ulhwwo sowo hadkehwh duwo vhy hk duwo ln`hlo+ Adjd whxùoed ehhuo jokldgwo qxh eheh `xhnd ehiok hk aòwd o` ndghwkoedw qxh h` whd kd sxheh huow oauxoked d`d

adjlhkyo sdw hkvlow`h jhkoih | ehsxì `h swdsdkh ò sdlgl`leoe eh xk owwhn`d+

Xko kdamh Adwuì ``hno aòkehulkojhkuh o ò aoo eh Vh`ïyqxhy+ Qdwswhkeh o` ndghwkoedw whvloked

axhkuo hk x hawludwld | o jï eh ò dwswho ìuh `d whalgh adk adwuhêo+ @d lkvluo o ò ahko+ Ghghk

vlkd ``hnok o oaxhwed eh ljsdwuokalo | ò dgwhjho uwokaxwwh hk o`hnwêo eh `d vlhid ojlnd+

Ojokhahk o` eêo lnxlhkuh edwjled hk ò jljo aojo+

Ixkud Vh`ïyqxhy | Adwuì fxkeowdk lhuh sdgòaldkh adk aoghahwo hk Gowoado -Qokulond, o dwl`ò eh`

wêd Joaonxoklnxo+ Jï uoweh hk xko daolñk hk qxh Adwuì |hked hk xko aokdo lkeênhko eh ò gdao

eh Gokl moalo Gowxado koxfwono o aoxo eh xko udwjhkuo2 `dnwñ olwh o x hjgowaoalñk vdàoeo | oê



15

owwlgñ mouo ò aduo hk Joaonxoklnxo edkeh x nwlud fxhwdk haxamoed sdw xkd lkeld qxh

el`lnhkuhjhkuh `h elhwdk wxuo swhkelhked xko fdnouo+

Adwuì whxùñ ljsowog`h hk Axgo+ Fxh h` swljhwd hk mo`òw jlko eh dwd | uojglìk h` swljhw nokoehwd

eh ò lò adk nokoed eh udeo aòh ``hvoed eh @o Hsoÿdò+ Sldkhwd aooed | wlad+

@o sdgòalñk lkeênhko fxh jhwjoeo hk nwok jheleo sdw ò vld`hkalo | sdw ò shuh+ Jxamd eh h``dfxhwdk ``hvoed o ò adkqxluo eh Jì}lad+1?

Ehsxì eh `d vloih eh Mhwkïkehy eh Añwedgo -?8?>, | eh Ixok eh Nwlio`vo o` oÿd lnxlhkuh Adwuì

whaoò hk ò lò eh Adyxjh` hk ?8?<2 ehio x khndald hk Axgo o x swljhwo jxihw lkeênhko | o x

mlio jhulyo mx|h uojglìk h sxheh ehalw eh xk swljhw jouwljdkld lkehhoed qxh mogêo exwoed

axouwd oÿd+ Axoked h aoñ adk ò Jowaoleo hk ?8?5 d ?8?8 koaêo x mlio jhulyo uojglìk eh

kdjgwh Aouo`lko qxh jï uoweh -?87<, mogwêo ``hvoed o Hsoÿo sowo hw `hnluljoeo ixkud o x jheld

mhwjokd Jowuêk | @xl+

Mhwkïk Adwuì h |o mhamxwo eh` Kxhvd Jxked+ Qx slqxh | x uo`hkud h ògwowdk o moamoyd hk huh

owelhkuh sokdwojo qxh sdad mdjgwh eh` whud eh` jxked mogêok vlud+ @d uwñslad `d lkeld | ò

lkelo h` Aowlgh ò jlko eh dwd h` uwogoid eh jl`òwh eh o`jo o x hwvlald+ Xk ionxow hwshkuhñ

hkuwh wojo | wxlko hk ò jhjdwlo eh` adkqxluoedw axoked vd`vlñ jxamd ehsxì o Hsoÿo… h` wlud

eh` oawlflald ò jùlao okahuwo` eh dghlvo fokuojondwêo eh aowoad`h uhsdkoyu`h | amlwljêo eh

`d aoalqxh hjshkoamoed eh s`xjo gwl`òkuh goid goèoqxlkh ad`dwled hk h` d` owedwdd+@d foaudwh qxh lnkowdk ò adkqxluo eh Jì}lad fxhwdk ehuhwjlkokuh hk ò awhoalñk eh xk jdeh`d

hshalo` eh lkuhwwhòalñk daldaxùxwo` qxh adkuxvd eheh xk swlkalsld ò hjl`ò eh ò lkehshkehkalo

whshaud eh ò Adwdko hsoÿdò+ Hk swljhw `xnow huxvd h` okuhahehkuh eh ò whòalñk hkuwh Awluñgo`

Ad`ñk | ò whlko Logh` eh edkeh h` o`jlwokuh adklnxlñ ò sdhlñk eh ò lò ehaxglhwuo x

ndghwkouxwo vluo`lalo | mhwheluowlo | h` uoux lkñ`lud eh vlwwh|+ Hk hnxked ò wh`hnoalñk eh `d

1? Vleo eh Mhwkïk Adwuì+ Fwonjhkud okñkljd hawlud dwlnlko`jhkuh hk òuêk+ Hk Idoqxêk Nowaêo Laoygoàhuo Ds+ Alu+ ss+13< | + Ixok Goxuluo Jxÿdy h h` ehaxgwledw eh` edaxjhkud hk ?>=7 mo`òed hk h` Owamlvd eh Qljokao Qoò eh Lkelo`hnoid ‘Whòaldkh | sosh`h udaokuh o hkuwoeo | sdgòaldkh‖+ Ixok Goxuluo Jxÿdy xnlhwh qxh h` edaxjhkud sxheh hw ehAo`vhu eh Huwh`ò ‘awdkluo eh Lkelo‖+ Eh huh awdkluo mo| 73 `lgwd9 Eh whgx nhul Voaaoh Aouwl J adkhwvoed hkh` Ad`hnld eh` Qoawd Jdkuh eh Nwokoeo+



18

oxkud eh Lkelo ehkuwd eh `d lkuhwhh gh`ladd eh Aow`d V qxh adklulhwdk hk ò whuhkalñk eh x

whlkd mhwheoed | eh x oaulvleoe lkahokuh sowo osdehwowh eh `d ehjï hk h` sòkd hxwdshd+

Hk uhwahwd eh ò eìgl` whswhhkuoulvleoe eh ò jdkowqxêo hsoÿdò o jheleo qxh h ehaxgwêo xk kxhvd

uhwwludwld9 aoeo vhy qxh h eogo xk sod o xk kxhvd luld h` adkuwd` ahkuwo` h ehgl`luogo o` ulhjsd hk

qxh oxjhkuogo h` eh` aosluïk eh ò fwonouo+ Oê h` swdahd eh sdehw hk elfhwled qxh daxwwlñ hkuwh Logh`@o Aouñ`lao | Awluñgo` Ad`ñk2 hkuwh ìuh | x mlid Elhnd2 hkuwh ìuh | Voad Kùÿhy eh Go`gdo | Elhnd

eh Klaxho hk ò adkqxluo eh` Eowlìk2 uojglìk hkuwh Elhnd Ad`ñk | Elhnd Vh`ïqxhy hk ò daxsoalñk

eh Axgo2 hk flk hkuwh Elhnd Vh`ïyqxhy | Mhwkïk Adwuì hk ò adkqxluo eh Jì}lad+ Udeo huo

sdsdlalñk oaalehkuoeo eh` adkuwd` elwhaud lgo awhoked ò l`xlñk eh ò lkehshkehkalo+



16

5+ H` koxfwonld | ò xhwuh eh `d dgwhvlvlhkuh

H` mlid eh Awluñgo` Ad`ñk -Elhnd, hwo |o h` ndghwkoedw eh ò Okul`ò hk ?8?? | uhkêo whlehkalo hk @o

Hsoÿdò -Qokud Edjlknd,+ Mogêo hkvloed o Ixok eh Voèlvlo o` Eowlìk hk Sokojï adk dgihud ehad`dklyow | oswhow o `d koulvd sowo hkvlow`d o` uwogoid hk x edjlkld+ Shwd ò adkelaldkh eh vleo

hk ho aduo hwok jï qxh swhaowlo sdwqxh haohogok `d o`ljhkud sowo oalow o ò uwdso | h` hkudwkd

hwo mdul` hk adkvlvhkalo eh `d lkeênhko qxh adkfdwjogok xk adkn`djhwoed h}uwoÿd | h`vïulad+

Swdkud hjshyowdk ò wlvo`leoeh | Voèlvlo sh`hñ adk Voad Kùÿhy eh Go`gdo duwd kovhnokuh adk

êkfxò eh ad`dklyoedw+

@o elsxuo h onxelyñ o` sxkud hk qxh Elhnd eh Klaxho eh` goked eh Voèlvlo h hjgowañ adk wxjgd o

ò lò eh` o`jlwokuh Ad`ñk sowo eow xk lkfdwjh dgwh h` aod | gxaow d`xalñk h` ?8 eh jowyd eh oqxh`

oÿd+ Lgok hkuwh duwd hk ò kod Qokuo @xaêo Ihwñkljd eh Onxlòw h` hjlkowluo eh Halio | h` jowlkhwd

Ndkyo`d Nxhwwhwd eh So`d oxkqxh o`nxlhk elid qxh hwo h}uwhjhÿd | mdjgwh eh owjo | `huwo+ Shwd o

xko idwkoeo eh kovhnoalñk dgwhvlkd xk vld`hkud uhjsdwo` qxh kd ahñ hk lhuh eêo uwo|hked ò

hjgowaoalñk o ò ehwlvo hkuwh ò daxwo aljo eh ò jow hkfxwhaleo+ H` onxoahwd exwñ mouo h`

jheldeêo eh` 77 eh jowyd | ò Qokuo @xaêo hkao``ñ hk xkd had``d edkeh qxheñ hadwoeo sowo ò

gokeo eh` huwlgdw h sowulñ h` so`d eh ò gokeo | h` eh ò gouo|dò | jxwlñ xk jowlkhwd hk h` ehouwh+Kd qxheñ oùhwkoulvo lkd dùow ò gowaoyo eh` huwlgdw edkeh h oswhuxiñ xko vhlkuhko eh mdjgwh

ehhshwoed hkuwh h``d Klaxho Onxlòw | Nxhwwhwd+ @dnwowdk whaouow xko gowwlao eh onxo -xko

owwdgo, | xk axgd ``hkd eh aowkh oòeo shwd qxh hwêo haod o`ljhkud sowo xk eêo+ Xkd oùowdk eheh

ò gdweo | fxhwdk o koed mouo ò òkamo+ \ adk wxlk osowhid eh whjd hkuwowdk hk xko khg`lko hsho |

kd vlhwdk jï ò kod d`vleoeo qxh awxiêo | ojhkoyogo adk ehfdkeowh+ Elhaldamd mdjgwh | ed

jxihwh swdkud lk sok kl onxo eh `d axo`h jxwlhwdk lhuh hk sdad ulhjsd | h` whud ghgêo `d qxh

dwlkogo+ Owwouwoed jow oehkuwd uwdshyowdk adk slhewo kd vllg`h hk ò gwxjo ahwwoeo h` onxo

hkuwogo sdw ò swdo qxh aoeo vhy hwo nd`shoeo sdw fxhwuh dò+ Xko joÿoko ehsxì eh ò shoel`ò

ogwlñ h` eêo | shnñ fxhwuhjhkuh h` d`+ Xk hkfhwjd eh uogowel``d ljswhldkogo adk vñjlud | elowwho

qxh `d dg`lnogo o qxheowh o` gdweh eh ò sdso+ Moalo ò uwh eh ò uoweh nd`shñ xko nwok dò | duwd



1>

mdjgwh xk uo` Ïknh` eh Qokuo Awxy ao|ñ o` onxo | fxh ehsheoyoed sdw `d shah aowklahwd d

ulgxwdkh+

Ixok Qïkamhy eh O`gdwkdy hk ò gdweo ixkud o `d whjd oaxwwxaoed adk ò aowo jhuleo hkuwh `d gwoyd

sdw hkaljo eh ò wdel`ò oxkqxh sowhaêo ehaokow huogo jxhwud+ \o huogo hknowwduoed axoked `d

ehaxgwlhwdk | oê `d ulwowdk o` onxo edkeh h mxkelñ `hkuojhkuh adjd xko haxùxwo sìuwho+ Ihwñkljdeh Onxlòw lkuhkuñ xlaleowh sdw ehhshwoalñk adkuwo xko hsoeo hknouoeo sdw h` joknd hk ò qxl`ò

shwd h `d ljslelhwdk+

O` dauovd eêo swljhwd vlhwdk xko nwok jokamo hk h` mdwlydkuh | shkowdk qxh hwok kxgh+ Sdw ò

joewxnoeo mogêo hkuwoed xk vlhkud jx| fxhwuh eh duovhkud | axoked ojokhalñ `ljsld | aòwd h` eêo

sdw flk vlhwdk ò ulhwwo+ Huogok fwhkuh o` aogd Aoudamh hk h` hsuhkuwlñk eh ò shkêkxò eh \xaouïk+

Huh kdjgwh mogwêo eh whalglw ehsxì huh sxkud hk h` vloih eh Fwokalad Mhwkïkehy eh Añwedgo hk

?8?> hl oÿd jï uoweh+

Shwd `d dgwhvlvlhkuh eh ?8?? h ehjo|owdk hk ò owhko eh ò sò|o+ Axoked ehshwuowdk huogok

wdehoed eh nhkuh jx| h}uwoÿo qxh `d dghwvogo9 wlaojhkuh hjs`xjoed hjgoexwkoed `d wduwd

eh o`jonwh | amosdsduh adk f`hamo | owad wdehò eh o`ndeñk uwhkyoed fxhwuhjhkuh uosowwogd |

okeo`lo adk òkyo hk wluwh | mogòked xko `hknxo h}uwoÿo | ehaleleo+ \ hkhnxleo `d oswhowdk |

`d adkexihwdk sdw xko vhwheo hkuwh ò h`vo mouo eow adk xk aòwd edkeh h h}uhkeêo xko owaolao

alxeoe adk uhjs`d slwojleo`h sòyo | aoo eh slhewo adk oùd uhamd eh shkao adaduhwo+ @o

dwswho uhwjlkñ sdw ehshwuow`d sdw adjs`hud hkuwh h` aòjdw lkoxelud eh xko jxùluxe h}aluoeo qxhogowwduogo ao``h | sòyo okuh x ``hnoeo+

@d ehkxeowdk | `d xkuowdk sdw adjs`hud adk slkuxwo vhnhuo` oyx` lkuhkd | `d hjshyowdk o oaow

xkd sdw xkd eh ò aïwah` qxh `h mxglhwo led ljswdvloeo hk xk axowud fwhkuh o ò sòyo | ò slwïjleh+

Eheh hh axowud `d swlldkhwd sxelhwdk vhw añjd xglhwdk `hkuojhkuh o x adjsoÿhwd mouo ò

aùsxò eh` uhjs`d | o``ê o ò lkuhjshwlh `d oaduowdk dgwh xko slhewo uwloknxòw xihud sdw axouwd

mdjgwh qxh ulwogok eh slh | jokd sowo qxh xk qxlkud hk eladwelo h ogoòkyowo hkehjdkloed |

ohuowo h` uoid ehflklulvd eh x axaml``d eh shehwko`+ @d axouwd hwok oahweduh hjglioed eh khnwd |

eh aogh``hwo hkjowoÿoeo | xk adkixkud eh nhkuh ouovloeo adk glyowwêo wdehogo ò hahko | xgêo xk

aòjdw okahuwo` eh vdah okmhòkuh hkuwh h` ml`d onxed eh` dkled eh amlwljêo | h` whkadw swdfxked



1=

eh nwokeh aowoad`h | uxkbx`h d uojgdwh eh joehwo+ @d swlldkhwd swhhkalowdk oydwoed h` a`êjo}

eh xk haïkeo`d qxh hwo xk wlud iojï vlud hk x vleo shwd qxh sowhaêo adkahkuwow xk fhwvdw

ehflklulvd hk `d mogluokuh eh huo h`vo+

@o ahwhjdklo exwñ mdwo mouo hkuwoeo ò kdamh | Ihwñkljd eh Onxlòw | Ndkyo`d Nxhwwhwd -kd oê h`

aosluïk Elhnd eh Klaxho | `d duwd, h o`vowdk eh h`ò+ Oxkqxh `d mxglhwok ehioed hkaowahòed hk

h` axowud | vlnlòed sdw nxowelo sowo ò swñ}ljo daolñk+ Shwd `d qxh oaogogok eh vhw `d mogêo

``hkoed eh hsokud | sowo h``d axo`qxlhw duwo xhwuh hwo swhfhwlg`h | sdw hd ehalelhwdk lkuhkuow ò fxno

oauxoked hk uduo` l`hkald | aoàxòked qxh `d nxowelokh eh ò hkuwoeo h mxglhwok whòioed hk ò

kdamh lkuhko+ O|xeïkedh hkuwh ê ojgd mdjgwh `dnwowdk haoòw xk jxwd lkuhwldw | oàokyow h`

uhamd eh soio sdw xk ïknx`d sduhwldw+ \ adk jxamd hfxhwyd | lnl`d `d shwfdwowdk | oê sxelhwdk

haosow sdw ò h`vo hk hkuled dsxhud o` aojlkd qxh `d uwoihwo+ Adwwlhwdk aoxuh`dojhkuh exwokuh òkdamh | hk h` eêo ehaokowdk daxùd hk h` mxhad eh xk nwok ïwgd` | oê okexvlhwdk jxamo idwkoeo

mouo qxh haxamowdk qxh `d shwhnxêok+ Sdw hd ehalelhwdk hsowowh | ouhkhwh o ò adkhaxhkalo+

Oê huogo hamoeo x xhwuh+

Ehsxì eh soow ò fwdkuhwo eh hh whlkd qxh `h sowhalñ elogñ`lad Onxlòw ao|ñ hk jokd eh xko

axoewl`ò qxh wdkeogo | fxh adkexaled mouo xk sxhg`d o` xw eh Aoudamh | o` dhuh eh Lò Jxihwh+ Kd

h mo xglaoed elamd sowoehwd shwd hwo ò ydko eh `d uoyh nwxsd jo|o kdwuhÿd+ @d sxhg`d jï

ahwaokd hwok o` kdwuh Obì Amomxoaom Adkl` Haog+ O` xw sdw ò aduo huogok Jda*ml ]ojokokmo

| Sd`h+ @d sxhg`d eh Obì | ]ojokokmo dk `d jhidw xglaoed adk ò lkelaoaldkh qxh h mok eoed

| edkeh sxed moghw sowoed h` hjlkowluo+

Nxhwwhwd hk aojgld adkulkxñ ò mxleo exwokuh jxamd eêo jï adjlhked fwxud sòkuo | woêah sdw h`

aojlkd mouo qxh ``hnñ o xk nwok sxhg`d hk h` xw eh ò shkêkxò9 ò vlhio Amoauh“jo` -Amhuxjo`, qxh

`d owqxìd`dnd eh md| kdjgwok D}uokbom adjd h elid+ Omê `d whalglñ h` moòam xlkla d aoalqxh eh`

whlkd `òjoed Om Koamok Bok ]lx oejlwoed eh whalglw o xk hw uok h}uwoÿd+



1<

D}uokbom o okulnxo Amoauh“jo` edkeh vlvlñ Ndkyo`d Nxhwwhwd+ Wxlko eh ò okulnxo alxeoe+ Fdud eh` oxudw+

@d kïxfwond dgwhvlvlhwdk damd oÿd | jï mouo qxh hk ?8?< ``hnñ Mhwkïk Adwuì o Adyxjh` |

hkvlñ xk sh`duñk o whaouow`d+ Oxkqxh `d kïxfwond adk hnxwleoe d|hwdk ò kdulalo eh ò ``hnoeo eh

Fwokalad Mhwkïkehy eh Añwedvo hk ?8?> | eh Ixok eh Nwlio`vo o` oÿd lnxlhkuh lk sdehw huog`hahw xkadkuoaud hnxwd+ Shwd okuh Adwuì h` h}hjlkowluo Onxlòw vd`vlñ d`êalud | h sduwñ vhuled eh jo|o

h lwwhadkdalg`h okuh x aduhwwïkhd qxh ``hnowdk o o`vow`d+ Huogo wosoed adjd haòvd | hk xk

jdwwo` adkhwvogo o`nxko vlhio mdio axwuleo eh xk jlo`+ Ndkyo`d Nxhwwhwd hk aojgld shwjokhalñ

hkuwh `d jo|o+

Shwd mogêok adwwled xko xhwuh elulkuo exwokuh hd òwnd oÿd+ H` aoalqxh eh` sxhg`d eh Onxlòw

h}uwoÿoed eh `d mïglud | eh` ah`lgoud eh` idvhk `d mogêo udjoed o x hwvlald edjìulad sowo axleow o

x jxihwh sowo adwuow | oaowwhow `hÿo eh` gdqxh+ Om Koamok Bok ]lx hk Amhuxjo` hk aojgld

swdkud kduñ ò jxamo mogl`leoeh ehadkdaleo eh` jowlkhwd eh So`d+ Hk ò shao hk ò jowlkhwêo

hk ò aowslkuhwêo | hk duwd xd+ @d udjñ o x aownd sowo oelhuwow hk owuh eh nxhwwo elulkud shwd

hflaoah o x mhwhehwd+ \ uhwjlkñ aoïked`d adk x mlio jo|dw L}sl`duyojo ‘ò kdg`h ovlydwokuh‖ eh

`lkoih jouhwkd eh Adyxjh`+

Ihwñkljd eh Onxlòw h adkvlwulñ hk ò `òvh `lknðêulao qxh shwjlulñ o Mhwkïk Adwuì adjxklaowh hk

uded h` jxked jo|o+ \ ehsxì adk ò lkuhwvhkalñk eh ò Jo`lkamh hk Amoàmlxmaxhaok -Vhwoawxy,

adk uded h` jxked komxo | sdw hkeh adk udeo Jhdojìwlao+

Ndkyo`d Nxhwwhwd hk aojgld swdawhñ uwh mlid adk x jxihw jo|o adk qxh h lklalñ h` jhulyoih eh

udeo huo sowuh eh` adkulkhkuh+ Qh uouxñ h mdwoeñ h shlkñ | h vlulñ o ò xokyo `dao` adklkulhked

ò aduxjgwh | ò wh`lnlñk jo|o sh`hoked o` òed eh `d nxhwwhwd | hk daoldkh elwlnlhked



53

adjgouh adkuwo `d swdsld hsoÿd`h+ Hud h elid hk ò awñklao adk vlvd whah`d | adk ò vd`xkuoe

eh awhhw qxh `d koulvd kxkao `d mxglhwok mdul`lyoed+

@d ljsdwuokuh ovouowh eh hud kïxfwond eh` lklald eh` ln`d eh ò Adkqxluo jdèhñ `d swljhwd

mhamd eh ò mludwlo jh}laoko ò fdwjo eh lkuhwwhòalñk eh ed jxked adjs`huojhkuh

ehadkdaled hkuwh ê+ Xkd Onxlòw adkhwvñ x aduxjgwh oxk o aduo eh ò haòvluxe òadkvlaalñk eh hvoknh`lyoalñk eh `d koulvd ò ehallñk hshwokyoedwo eh edjlkoalñk eh uded h`

ïjglud whalìk ehaxglhwud+ H` duwd Nxhwwhwd h lkuhnwñ sdw adjs`hud o xko eh ò axùxwo

jhdojhwlaoko eld slh o` fhkñjhkd eh` jhulyoih sh`hñ lka`xd h elid adkuwo `d x|d oaod adk

xk daxwd d lkadkalhkuh ofïk eh oxudkdjêo+

Sowoedio hk ò adkexauo mxjoko9 Onxlòw h` xjld adklkulñ ò haòvluxe sowo o`vow ò vleo mouo ò

og|haalñk eh` hwvl`ljd+ Qhwvl` hkuwh ‘gïwgowd‖ adkhwvogo x axùxwo aouñ`lao mlsoko sowo ehsxì

xjowh o ò flò eh `d adkqxluoedwh edkeh osdwuñ x o|xeo lkvo`xog`h kd ñ`d adjd uwoexaudw+

Jï uoweh uojglìk hwêo h` hnxked whnledw eh xko vl`ò hk xh`d jhdojhwlaokd+ Ndkyo`d Nxhwwhwd h`

ouxud | vo`lhkuh h lkhwuogo vhkuoidojhkuh hk xk whlkd jo|o aoïkedh adk xko swlkalso`

oahkelhked o aosluïk eh xk aoalqxh | nxhwwhoked eh` goked lkeênhko+ Qh mogêo adkvhwuled o ò wh`lnlñk

| o ò axùxwo jo|o h mogêo udwkoed hk xk uwoledw o `d did eh x aduhwwïkhd | mogêo ehosowhaled

ì` | x swdnhklh jhulyo hk h` jxked jl`hkowld eh `d jo|o+

o, Ihwñkljd eh Onxlòw

H` hjlkowluo Ihwñkljd eh Onxlòw jlwñ o` xh`d xko vhy qxh x ojd h` aoalqxh Om Blk Axuy `d ``hvñ

mouo x oèho+ Kd qxhwêo swdvdaow hk jded o`nxkd ò vld`hkalo qxh mogêo dghwvoed eêo okuh+ O ò

vhy `d oèhokd h oejlwogok eh x jokhexjgwh+

@o dgwo eh Elhnd @ñshy Adnd``xed h xko eh ò fxhkuh jï ljsdwuokuh eh ò mludwlo jo|o | hk h`ò

qxheñ ohkuoed h` whòud eh vlvd ad`dwh qxh adkuwlgx|ñ o ò `h|hkeo eh` hjlkowluo hk ò sò|o eh`

Aowlgh+ Om Blk Axuy jxwlñ hk sdad ulhjsd | `h xahelñ h` ihfh Omjo| jhkd ghkhvd`hkuh qxh h`

swljhwd | elsxhud o hkadkuwow jdulvd sowo h`ljlkow o` h}uwoÿd+ Eh jded qxh Ihwñkljd eh Onxlòw

hkuhkelñ qxh ehgêo s`hnowh o ò xjllñk uduo` | o` hwvlald h}shelud sowo x ojd | hk nhkhwo` sowo

axo`qxlhw jlhjgwd eh ò adjxkleoe+ \ oê ‘oshko l o`yogo `d did sowo jlwow o ò jxihwh‖ sowo kd



5?

daoldkow klknùk hkadkd hkuwh `d vowdkh+17 Omjo| qxh uhkêo nwok axwldleoe sdw ò adkexauo eh`

haòvd lehñ hnùk @ñshy xko uwojso sowo swdgow`d+ Hud sowhah xk axhkud adk h` udkd eh ò vlhio

adkhio ïwogh h lkelo adkuhkleo hk @o jl` | xko kdamh adkhio qxh hjshyogok o alwaxòw eh

gdao hk gdao hk h` ln`d eh ò Adkqxluo+ \o qxh Ihwñkljd hk hfhaud goiogo ò vluo o` sod eh ò

ehhkfoeoeo jdyo adk lkelfhwhkalo ljshkhuwog`h h` aoalqxh sxed lk hjgownd dghwvow qxh mogêoxko hk sowulaxòw adk qxlhk h vhêo ‘jï uhkuoed | qxh khahluñ jxamd eh` ox}l`ld elvlkd sowo kd aohw

adjd fòad‖+ @ñshy nxoweñ huo soògwo eh` swdsld aoalqxh9

‘Hkvlì`h xko vhy adk xko lkelo jx| mhwjdo jdyo eh aoudwah oÿd lkexuwloeo eh `d qxh mogêo eh

moahw o shaow o ò jow xko kdamh‖+ \ mh o``ê qxh ‘okuh eh` ojokhahw sowo ò shao h`ò h hamñ hk xko

mojoao | `d `òjogo+ H` h osowuñ o ò sò|o edkeh mlyd `xjgwh | h whaduñ+ H`ò `h `òjogo adk

moònd‖ shwd uojglìk adk swdvdaoedwh ehkxhud9 qxh kd hwo xk mdjgwh eh vhweoe | qxh `h mhwêo x

ehlkuhwì+ @o jdyo uhkêo ?5 oÿd | h` hjlkowluo 13+11 Shwd ì` h oadweogo eh x edg`h swdjho o ò

ln`hlo | o ò adklnko eh ò oxudwleoeh eh @o Hsoÿdò eh kd uhkhw oaahd o jxihw lkflh` | oê

whnwhowdk adkuxwgoed o ò oèho h`ò swdvdaoeo sdw ò h}uwoÿo ehuhwjlkoalñk eh` fxhwhÿd+

Ehsxì ò idvhk fxh djhuleo o xk lkuhwwdnoudwld o dò+ Hkudkah h` aoalqxh ‘mlyd jo|dw huljoalñk

eh Ihwñkljd eh Onxlòw adkflïked`h x aoo | x fojl`lo+‖15 H` h}uwokihwd mogêo oxjled ò oauxoalñk

eh xk hxkxad hk h` mowhj eh` ‘Nwok Aolwd‖ adjd fxh `òjoeo Ux`ùj axoked sdw vhy swljhwo fxh vluo

eheh ò kovh sdw `d hsoÿd`h+ O``ï qxheowêo ò sò|o eh ò uhkuoalñk eh` jo`lnkd hk ò jhjdwlo eh`

hjlkowluo h` jxked eh `d kouxwo`h ax|o mludwlo mogêo uwokaxwwled udeo goid h` sdehw edjlkoedw eh

@xalfhw adjd ehsxì h hÿoòwêo adk lkluhkalo+ Shwd Onxlòw h nxlogo sdw ò adklnko aouñ`laoeh x axùxwo hsoÿdò+ Hwo x mhwhkalo+ \ adkflogo qxh ñ`d adk h`ò sdewêo dgwhvlvlw | hwo `d ùklad

qxh `h eogo xk hkuled o x vleo hk jheld eh sonokd+ \ shkñ qxh uojglìk o Qok Okudkld `d mogêo

ooùoed h` elog`d adk leìkulao uhkuoaldkh+ Ì` hwo xk vlwuxdd awlulokd+ \ oaod dghwvowo adjd aol

axouwd ln`d jï uoweh dghwvñ ^l``loj Swhaduu qxh ‘ò adkulkhkalo h vlwuxe wowo | elfêal` hkuwh

17 Fwo| Elhnd @ñshy Adnd``xed9 Mludwlo eh \xaouïk+ Uo``hwh Nwïflad eh` Ndglhwkd Adkuluxaldko` eh` Huoed ehAojshamh Adjllñk eh Mludwlo Aojshamh ?<85 s+?36+ @o helalñk swêkalsh eh huo dgwo h eh ?6== sxg`laoeo sdw IxokNowaêo Lkfokyñk hk Joewle+ Hk ?=57 Ixud Qlhwwo ò heluo hk Aojshamh goid h` h``d eh ò Ljswhdwo eh Idì Jowêo Shwoùo+11 Sxhud qxh hk ?87< Ihwñkljd eh Onxlòw ehaòwñ hk h` Ixlald eh Whlehkalo os`laoed o Adwuì hw eh ò heoe eh 53 oÿd+V+ h` edaxjhkud Kd+ ?33 ‘O`nxko whsxhuo eh Ihwñkljd eh Onxlòw eh` 8 eh ogwl` eh ?87<‖+ Hk9 Idì @xl Jowuêkhy9Edaxjhkud adwuhlokd LL ?876*?858 haalñk LV Fdked eh Axùxwo Hadkñjlao | XKOJ Jì}lad ?<<5 swljhwowhljswhlñk s+6515 Le+s+?3>



57

o`voih‖+18 \ qxh ñ`d h``d `d hsoÿd`h aouñ`lad | alvl`lyoed sdeêok oxjlwò+ Oxkqxh fxh xko

who`leoe ò lkf`xhkalo hkdwjh qxh ò axùxwo jo|o ljswljlhwo hk ò jhkuo`leoe eh Onxlòw adjd h

ehjduwñ sdw h` haxhud xd eh` uosowwogd adjd ùklad vhuled h` xd eh joaoko owad | f`hamo h`

edjlkld eh ò `hknxo h` eoud eh qxh h` vhuxowld hsoÿd` `h whxùoh lkdsdwuog`h hk x hkaxhkuwd adk

Adwuì h` o`xed lkeênhko eh udjow ulhwwo | ``hvïwhò o ò gdao+ Qh mogêo adjshkhuwoed lk exeo adk h`jxked jo|o+ O` sxkud hk qxh Ghwko` Eêoy hÿoò qxh o` hkadkuwowh adk `d hsoÿd`h mogògo adk

jxamo udwshyo x swdslo `hknxo jouhwko qxh hk gxhko jheleo mogêo d`vleoed hk `d òwnd eêo eh ò

h`vo+ Sdw hd @ñshy Wo|ñk ehaxgwh ò adkfhlñk eh Onxlòw qxh elid qxh okuh ò mhwjdo lkelo eh ò

mojoao hk ò kdamh eh x swxhgo fwhkuh o` jow mxgd xk jdjhkud hk qxh huxvd o sxkud eh fòqxhow+

@ñshy Wo|ñk uojglìk osdwuñ h` eoud eh qxh Mhwkïk Adwuì sowo adjshkow `d hwvlald qxh Onxlòw

mogêo swdsdwaldkoed hk ò adkqxluo adjd uwoexaudw eh` jo|o | adjd dèoed `d mogêo kdjgwoed

whnledw eh ò vl`ò eh Qhnxwo eh ò Fwdkuhwo hk ò swdvlkalo eh Uhshoao sòyo qxh mogwêo adkflwjoed h`

wh| hk h` oÿd eh ?871+16

Damd òwnd oÿd eh Ihwñkljd hk oqxh` jxked fogx`dd | gwxuo`+ _xh oaod mxglhwo oahsuoed |o adjd

x ehulkd mouo h` flk eh x eêo l kd fxhwo sdwqxh ò adkuwlalñk | h` ah`lgoud ljsxhud sdw x axùxwo

aouñ`lao `h mxglhwok o`voed ò vleo sowoeñilaojhkuh eïked`h xk `xnow adjd haòvd+ \ eh huo fdwjo

lwvlñ o ò fojl`lo swlkalso` eh` aoalaoynd moalhked uowho edjìulao eh oaowwhow `hÿo swhkehw h` fxhnd

adk `d jìuded `dao`h `ljslow hjgwow shaow aoyow axleow eh ò jxihwh | sh`how hk ò gouo`ò

adkuwo `d whlkd vhalkd+ Hwo adkalhkuh eh x alwaxkuokalo | huogo hkuhwoed eh qxh moalo h` xw hk

Amoauh“jo` vlvêo x adjsoÿhwd eh ovhkuxwo Ndkyo`d Nxhwwhwd ax|o xhwuh mogêo led dsxhuo o òswdslo sdwqxh oqxì` h mogêo adkvhwuled o ò wh`lnlñk eh `d jo|o+

Onxlòw hkadkuwñ luld goid ò uxuhò eh Omjo| o show eh qxh `d vhalkd eh huh aoalqxh `d

swhldkogok adkuokuhjhkuh sowo qxh oawlflaowo o` h}uwokihwd qxh kd mogwêo eh uwohw koeo gxhkd o ò

adjxkleoe+ Shwd axoked hk alhwuo daolñk Omjo| hkuwñ hk gouo`ò adkuwo duwd aoalqxh wlvo` eh duwd

18 Mludwlo eh ò adkqxluo eh Jì}lad+ Heludwlo` Sdwwùo+ Okduoeo sdw edk @xao Oòjïk adk kduo awêulao |haòwhaljlhkud eh edk Idì Fhwkoked Wojêwhy swñ`dnd kduo | osìkelah sdw Ixok O+ Dwuhno | Jhelko Jì}lad ?<>6hnxkeo helalñk s+?7<16 Lnkoald @ñshy Wo|ñk hawlglñ xko gldnwofêo eh Ihwñkljd eh Onxlòw xsxhuojhkuh gooeo hk Mhwwhwo | hk xk jokxawludokñkljd uluxòed Vleo eh Adwuì eh` Owamlvd Nhkhwo` eh ò Koalñk qxh Idì @xl Jowuêkhy qxlhk whswdexah ò Gldnwofêoehaòwñ qxh ò dgwo okñkljo kd mo sdeled hw mo`òeo hk h` ONK+ Qlk hjgownd ò Vleo eh Adwuì eh oxudw okñkljd ê h}luh| huï uwoexaleo eh` òuêk `hknxo hk qxh fxh hawluo | sxg`laoeo sdw Idoqxêk Nowaêo Laoygoàhuo9 Ad`haalñk eh edaxjhkud

sowo ò mludwlo eh Jì}lad hnxkeo helalñk foaljlòw heludwlo` Sdwwùo udjd L Jì}lad ?<=3 ss+13<*18>+ Huh edaxjhkud



51

whlkd Onxlòw h o`luñ sowo ò nxhwwo | sh`hñ vlaudwldojhkuh owjoed eh wdehò joaoko owad |

f`hamo `d axo` `h uwoid jo|dw oswhaloalñk eh sowuh eh x ojd+ Shwd adwwlñ ò vdy | h ixkuñ xko

adknwhnoalñk eh sxhg`d hkhjlnd sowo ouoaow o Omjo| adk h` swhuh}ud eh qxh `d eldh huogok jx|

hkdioed adkuwo h` h}uwokihwd+1> H` adkahid eh` aoalaoynd qxh lk hjgownd |o lka`xêo ò swhhkalo | h`

vdud eh Onxlòw h whxklñ sowo adklehwow ò hwlo ojhkoyo eh nxhwwo | xkd dslkogok qxh hwokhahowld eow ò aowo o ò ofwhkuo shwd duwd adklehwogok qxh hwo lkelshkog`h oawlflaow o` h}uwokihwd

sowo hvluowò+ Axoked udañ h` uxwkd eh Onxlòw sowo adklehwow h` swdg`hjo elid9

‘\d hshwd adk udeo adkflokyo hk jl Eld o qxlhk oedwd qxh sxh ò ixulalo huï sdw kdduwd mh eh

adkhnxlw vlaudwlo adkuwo kxhuwd hkhjlnd2 | sowo qxh hud ``hnxh o` hfhaud qxh ohnxwd |d adk

o`nxkd kd axgwlwhjd adk ò |hwgo edkeh h` hkhjlnd kd kd lhkuo | sdw oqxh`ò sowuh h eowï

swlkalsld o ò gouo`ò whulwïkedh `d kxhuwd mouo qxh `d adkuwowld mo|ok sooed edkeh |d

huxvlhwh+ Ehsxì `h mowïk wduwd | |d oadjhuhwì sdw ò hsoèo adk qxh h uxwgowïk | kd oglhked

axïkud djd h mok eh ehgowouow | sdkhw hk fxno+‖1= Jlònwdojhkuh fxh oswdgoeo ò swdsxhuo+

Qh ehio vhw hk huh hsldeld qxh ò lkuxlalñk lkeênhko qxh adkuhjsògo ò aduxjgwh eh ò oedsalñk

elvlko hwo swda`lvh |o o` eld h}uwokihwd qxh o uwovì eh Onxlòw osxkuogo o ò vlaudwlo hk axhulñk eh

nxhwwo+

Hk h` hkaxhkuwd elah h` awdkluo qxh Onxlòw owhknñ eh huo jokhwo9

‘Qhÿdwh |o vhl h` hkhjlnd | d vo hw haòvd x|d d hÿdwh eh uded2 oadweod eh `d adkahwuoed

| gxhk ïkljd+‖

Kd dòjhkuh sxh fxh ò ljsouêo qxh h` eld h}uwokihwd ehshwuñ hkuwh `d koulvd lkd qxh hk h`fwondw eh ò gouo`ò hud d|hwdk ò owhkno eh Onxlòw qxh adkuhkêo xk sxkud eh vluo elfhwhkuh | xk

aïàx`d jï swonjïulad eh` fxuxwd+

Hk hnxleo h` goked eh Omjo| flknh lwh whulwoked hk ò gouo`ò mouo soow eh` hadkewlid eh Onxlòw

qxlhk adk `d x|d o`h sdw ò whuonxowelo eoked xk exwd nd`sh dwswhlvd qxh shwjlulñ qxh `d eh

Omjo| owwhjhulhwok eh fwhkuh `d qxh aoxñ nwok ehadkalhwud | sìweleo hkuwh `d hkhjlnd | oê

jxwlhwdk jxamd hk ò uwojso eh Onxlòw qxh oehjï swdsdkêo ò h`ljlkoalñk adkuokuh eh `d

adkuwowld lk hshwow o ouwosow`d vlvd sowo h` oawlflald -wluxo` qxh swdmlgêo x wh`lnlñk aouñ`lao,+ Sdw

fxh ehaxglhwud sdw Ixok Goxuluo Jxÿdy hk h` Owamlvd eh Qljokao Qoò eh Lkelo `hnoid Whòaldkh | sosh`h udaokuh ï

hkuwoeo | sdgòaldkh h` 6 eh hkhwd eh ?>=7+1> Le+ s+?3<1= @da+alu



55

x sowuh Omjo| ê udjñ jxamd swlkalso`h swlldkhwd sowo oawlflaow`d+ \ h` oèd adkulux|ñ xko

nwok vlaudwlo+ H` whlkd eh Omjo| h hknwokehaêo whshkulkojhkuh x swhulnld x `h|hkeo shkhuwogo hk

`d o`whehedwh eh ò h`vo+

Osxkuo Elhnd @ñshy hk x awñklao qxh hk hh jdjhkud eh n`dwlo swhalojhkuh Onxlòw whalglñ xko

aowuo eheh ò lò eh Adyxjh` | hwo ò eh Mhwkïk Adwuì qxh `d `òjogo sowo qxh h whlkuhnwowo adk `dx|d+ Axoked h` kdvlald lkfdwjñ o` aoalqxh eh huo `òjoeo ìuh oswdgñ sdw h` swhulnld eh` nxhwwhwd

| sdw onwoehaljlhkud | oehjï sdw uhkhw xk o`loed hkuwh `d sdehwdd h}uwokihwd qxh owwlgowdk hk

dkah nwokeh kovh o x aduo+ Oxkqxh eheh `xhnd mo| qxlhkh slhkok qxh h` aoalqxh adklkulñ ò

sowuleo eh Onxlòw okuh h` `òjoed eh Adwuì sdw ò axhkuo eh ad`dwh qxh ìuh hkvlñ ixkud adk x aowuo

sowo sonow eh huh jded h` whaouh+1<

_xh Onxlòw adkuñ qxh hk ò flhuo eh uwlxkfd ehsxì eh ò gouo`ò mogêok lyoed jx| oùd o xk shwwl``d

sowo f`hamow`d2 xko aduxjgwh qxh ehio vhw h` dwnx``d eh` uwlxkfd hk ò nxhwwo whxjled hk huo

ahwhjdklo kd h}uwoÿo o duwo hqxlvo`hkalo jhelhvo`h eh` jxked hxwdshd+ Xk swlkalso` hk ò flhuo

glhk ouovloed eh s`xjo o|o` oedwkd | slkuxwo foalo` `h o`lñ o` sod adk ïkljd onwld eh whkadw |

xslaoalo | olìked`d fxhwuhjhkuh eh` gwoyd `h hshuñ9 ‘dghwvo ò sxkuhwêo qxh ulhkhk áwhh qxh

hwwowêok l uh sxlhwok o ul hk vhy eh` shwwd4‖ Eh kxhvd Onxlòw h uxvd qxh ehfhkehw adk ouxalo qxh ò

khahleoe mlyd qxh kxkao `h foùowo9

‘Qhÿdw ux haòvd d| | sdewï elsdkhw o ux vd`xkuoe eh jl shwdko2 shwd kd qxhwwï ò gdkeoe eh ux

adwoyñk shwehw lk aoxo o xk haòvd qxh adk udeo vd`xkuoe uh hwvlwï hk `d qxh jokeowh+‖ H`

swlkalso` uhwjlkñ sdw adkfhow`h qxh `d mogêo hkvloed h` aoalqxh sowo sdkhw`d o swxhgo xko vhy jï+ O`d qxh Onxlòw qxheñ jï oevhwuled+53

H jx| aòwd qxh Mhwkïk Adwuì uhkêo adkdaljlhkud eh ò h}luhkalo eh `d kïxfwond eh \xaouïk+

Fwokalad Mhwkïkehy eh Añwedgo h` wlad moahkeoed ovhalkoed hk Axgo qxh who`lyñ h` swljhw vloih hk

?8?> uxvd lkfdwjoalñk dgwh h` aod+ Uojglìk lkfdwjo -eoud eh nwok ljsdwuokalo, eh ò h}luhkalo eh

xko ulhwwo wlao hk dwd `òjoeo ‘Ax`ùo‖ | huo lkfdwjoalñk swdahelñ eh gdao eh `d jo|o eh Aogd

Aoudamh axoked h hkuhwok eh qxh h` lkuhwì swlkalso` eh `d whalìk ``hnoed hwo dgwh huh jhuo`+

Axoked x fwonouo adkexaleo sdw h` sl`dud Okuñk eh Oòjlkd whnwho o Axgo adk ed whmhkh udjoed

hk ò sxkuo Adudamh `d aì`hgwh jo|o Ix`lokl``d | Jhàmdwhid uojglìk `d mogêok adkflwjoed+ O` oÿd

1< Ixok Jlwo``h Dud9 @o Jo`lkamh woêy eh Jì}lad+ Uxqxhu heludwh Jì}lad 7335 s+?=53 Le+ s+??3



58

lnxlhkuh axoked ``hnñ Ixok eh Nwlio`vo o ò Lò eh Adyxjh` xko lkelo eh Iojolao qxh ixkud o x

jowled mogêo led owwdioeo sdw h` jo` ulhjsd mouo x aduo lkfdwjñ eh `d kïxfwond sxhud qxh |o

mogògo xk sdad eh jo|o | adk hnxwleoe x lkfdwjoalñk fxh o eow o` hsoÿd` sdw jheld eh Ix`lok | eh

Jhàmdw qxh |o mogêok oswhkeled x wxeljhkud+ Sdw ùùljd hk h` S`lhnd eh Lkuwxaaldkh qxh eo

Elhnd Vh`ïqxhy o Adwuì okuh eh sowulw h hshalflao h}swhojhkuh qxh Jhàmdwhid adkdah o `daoalqxh qxh jokulhkhk swlldkhwd o `d ed kïxfwond+ Huh edaxjhkud eh owamlvd huï flwjoed hk

Qokulond eh Axgo h` ixhvh ?1 eh dauxgwh eh ?8?= okuh h` kduowld Vlahkuh @ñshy+ Adslo eh` jljd h

lka`x|h hk h` Ahexòwld adwuhlokd qxh adjslòwdk Ghouwly Owuhono Nowyo | Nxoeo`xsh Sìwhy

Qokvlahkuh+ Uojglìk huï lka`xled huh vo`ldd hawlud hk `d Edaxjhkud adwuhlokd eh Jowuêkhy

oxkqxh hk huo vhwlñk h fhamo h` edaxjhkud h` 71 eh dauxgwh+5?

Shwd Mhwkïk Adwuì mlyd aod djld eh ò Lkuwxaaldkh | kd ñ`d hk `d qxh ouoÿh o` aod eh `d

kïxfwond eh ax|o h}luhkalo hawlglñ qxh h mxgd hkuhwoed o x ``hnoeo o Adyxjh` lkd eh` adkixkud

eh x whadjhkeoaldkh qxh `d dg`lnogok uok ñ`d o ``hnow o \xaouïk moahw o`nxkd ‘whaouh‖ |

whnwhow o Axgo+ \ oê hk ò Aowuo eh` aoglèd -elwlnleo o Aow`d V, edaxjhkud adk hnxwleoe

wheoauoed sdw ì` oxkqxh flwjoed sdw h` whud eh ò owjoeo h elah9

‘Qxsd h` aosluïk qxh xkd hsoÿd`h huogok lhuh oÿd mogêo aoxulvd hk h` \xaouïk hk sdehw eh

alhwud aoalqxh+‖57

Eh `d ed whmhkh jo|o udjoed sdw Mhwkïkehy eh Añwedgo hk sxkuo Aoudamh dgwhvlvlñ Jhàmdw

qxh ehhwuñ eh` goked hsoÿd` hk Ahkuò oswdvhamoked ò adkfxlñk eh ò gouo`ò+ \ eh o``ê h whnwhñ o

x ulhwwo Aoudamh+ Ix`lokl``d adjd ouhulnxo Ghwko` Eêoy eh` Aoul``d mogêo jxhwud+51

Axoked Onxlòw hkadkuwñ o Mhwkïk Adwuì hk Adyxjh` mogêok sooed damd oÿd eh x koxfwonld h` qxh

`d wh`hnowo hkuwh `d jo|o eh xk whlkd ahwaokd o Lò Jxihwh lk klknxko hshwokyo eh vd`vhw o vhw o

`d x|d+ Adwuì qxld oghw sdw gdao eh` kïxfwond hk qxì adkluêo h` jxked eh `d jo|o shwd

Ihwñkljd ñ`d sxed lkfdwjow`h eh ò ado eh ò oèho edkeh mogêo vlvled lk moghw o`led kxkao jï

o``ï eh axouwd `hnxo oedkeh lgo o aoyow | o whadnhw `hÿo lhjswh vlnlòed sdw xko axoewl`ò+ Adwuì `d

5? He+ Ix Jì}lad ?<5< ss+71*5 osxe+ Jlwo``h ds+alu+ s+?>2 Idì @xl Jowuêkhy9 Edaxjhkud adwuhlokd L ?8?=*?87=haaldkh L o LLL Fdked eh Axùxwo Hadkñjlao | XKOJ Jì}lad ?<<1 swljhwo whljswhlñk s+58+ H jx| swdgog`h qxh òfhamo eh ò flwjo olnkoeo sdw Jowuêkhy ho ò adwwhauo hk vluo eh qxh huï aduhioeo kd ñ`d adk h` Ahexòwld adwuhlokd ehOwuhono | Sìwhy lkd uojglìk adk Fwokalad Ahwvokuh eh Qoòyow9 Awñklao eh ò Kxhvo Hsoÿo `lgwd LL aos ?1 | adk^l``loj M Swhaduu9 Mludwlo eh ò adkqxluo eh Jì}lad Os+ Sowuh LL edaxjhkud V+57 Mhwkïk Adwuì9 Aowuo eh` fojdd adkqxluoedw Mhwkïk Adwuì+ Ljswhkuo eh L+ Haoòkuh Jì}lad ?=>3 s+?>51 Mludwlo vhweoehwo eh ò adkqxluo eh ò Kxhvo Hsoÿo+ He+ Souwlo Jì}lad ?<=1 s+6?



56

mogêo o`voed o show eh qxh Ixok eh Nwlio`vo mogêo elamd hk Axgo o x whnwhd eh \xaouïk qxh hwo

fo`d qxh mxglhh kïxfwond+55

Ghwko` Eêoy eh` Aoul``d -aos+ aav, sdw ùùljd elid -`d axo` aluñ Lnkoald @ñshy Wo|ñk hk x hgdyd

gldnwïflad, qxh Ihwñkljd eh Onxlòw qxh hwo gxhk dèoed ‘jxwlñ ux``led eh gxgo‖+ \ huo lkñ`luo

whfhwhkalo kd sxheh hk jded o`nxkd hvluow qxh x `haudwh qxheowok adk exeo whshaud eh ò okuleoeawluloko eh` aì`hgwh uwoexaudw hkuwh ò vouo h`vo eh` jxked jo|o | hk ò adwwhwêo sduhwldwh eh

ò mxhuh eh Adwuì eh ò qxh mlyd sowuh hk ò o`xalkokuh hjswho eh ò adkqxluo eh Jì}lad*

Uhkdamuluòk+

g, Ndkyo`d Nxhwwhwd58

Axoked `d hl kïxfwond hsoÿd`h swlldkhwd eh `d jo|o hk o`nxko oèho eh` xw eh Aogd Aoudamh

`dnwok haosow wdjslhked h` uhamd mx|hwdk sdw axo`qxlhw aojlkd eh ò h`vo sdw hsoald eh xko lhuh

`hnxo+ @o haosoudwlo h dwnoklyñ sdw xnhwhkalo eh Ndkyo`d Nxhwwhwd oxkqxh h` owuêflah swlkalso` | h`

nxêo mxglhwo led Ihwñkljd eh Onxlòw h` eh jo|dw woknd sxh hnùk h elah o jï eh hjlkowluo hwo

o`fìwhy eh jdkuoeo h` qxh sdwuo h` huokeowuh axoked xk nwxsd swlkalso` ehòkuhwd vo o aogo``d+ Mogêok

vlud añjd oawlflaogok o Ixok eh Voèlvlo | oùk ``hnowdk o oghw añjd adjlhwdk x aowkh hk xko

ahwhjdklo hshalo` | oê elihwdk qxh adjêok ‘ò nhkuh mxjoko adjd `d o`voih eh` Eowlìk‖+

Shewd Jïwulw eh Okn`hwêo adkuñ hk x Eìaoeo ò awxeo okìaeduo eh qxh ``hnñ o dêed eh ò joewh eh

Ihwñkljd eh Onxlòw hk Halio h` wxjdw eh qxh `d lkeld h mogêok adjled o x mlid o``hkeh h` jow+ @osdgwh jxihw h ehnowwogo ò vhulexwo axoked vhêo aowkh ooeo | ehaêo ‘Vhe omê sheoyd eh jl mlid9

vhe hk jê ò jï ehnwoaloeo eh ò jxihwh‖+

Hk ò mxleo ``hvogok h` d` o ò hsoèo9 lgok moalo h` sdklhkuh+ Qh sxheh lkfhwlw eh huh eoud eh Qok

Gxhkovhkuxwo qxh ò swljhwo oèho eh `d aosudwh h xglaogo o` xwdhuh eh Aoudamh sxh h` ehulkd

flko` eh ò fxno eh Nxhwwhwd fxh hk ò aduo xwhuh eh ò Shkêkxò hk Amhuxjo`+ \ qxh uo` daxwwêo hk

ò swljhwo mdwo eh ò joÿoko+ @d hl fxnlulvd ouhwwoed | h}moxud udeovêo ``hvogok ò vllñk eh

55 Mhwkïk Adwuì ds+alu+ s+?<58 @o lkfdwjoalñk dgwh ò qxh h goo huh osowuoed swdvlhkh swlkalso`jhkuh eh ò dgwo eh Fwo| Idhsm eh QokGxhkovhkuxwo |o aluoeo -axoked kd h lkelqxh o duwd oxudw, 9 Mludwlo eh ò adkqxluo eh` Jo|og ?8??*?6<> helalñk eh oXklvhwleoe Oxuñkdjo eh \xaouïk Jìwleo ?<<5+ Sowo dghwvoaldkh dgwh huh oxudw | x dgwo v+ lkfwo ùùljd aos+ ‘Edvhwldkh ehklvhòeo | hqxleluokuh hk h` ulhjsd‖+



5>

ò oèho ò oùo slwïjleh edkeh oawlflaogok ò jxamhexjgwh ouovloeo eh jded kxkao vlud `d

‘amoah‖ d oahweduh hjgoexwkoed eh khnwd | adk `d sh`d òwnd ulhd | hkjowoÿoed ò vêauljo

ehkxeo slkuoeo eh oyx` ò nhkuh fwhkuh o ò axo` mogêok sooed qxh h mxglhwdk oejlwoed eh vhw`d

sdw swljhwo vhy | jxhwud eh wlo sdwqxh ‘huo nhkuh lhjswh h huïk eh wlo oê ò jdyo adjd `d

jokahgd+‖

56

Hkadkuwowdk xk owwd|d | ghglhwdk ïvled eh jlulnow ò he2 h ehuxvlhwdk o ehaokow+ Shwd fxh

hkudkah qxh eh kxhvd dk dwswhkeled | ouwosoed+ Uwh eh h``d h goÿogok duwd h mogêo qxluoed ò

gduo | mxêo ehao`yd | swdkud ao|ñ+ @o adkfxlñk eh` jdjhkud shwjlulñ qxh Onxlòw | Nxhwwhwd

`dnwohk haosow oxkqxh aoeo qxlhk uxvd qxh mxlw sdw x òed | oqxê mo| xk mlud hk ò mludwlo eh ojgd

shwdkoih+

Ndkyo`d Nxhwwhwd adwwlñ `d jï qxh sxed ehsxì aojlkñ exwokuh vhlkuh eêo kxkao xsd koeo jï

eh x adjsoÿhwd h}ahsud eh Onxlòw oÿd jï uoweh+ Hk x mxleo h udsñ adk xk ulnwh qxh `dnwñ

hqxlvow h` okljo` onwoed eh `d jo|o ho hshalh eh uñuhj okuh whfhwled+ Adjlñ fwxud

ehadkdaled | |hwgo mouo qxh ``hnñ o xk sxhg`d eh ò aduo qxh vld eh `hid hkuwh ò fdwhuo9 h`

jljd souwñk eh` duwd ò slwïjleh adkuwxaaldkh eh slhewo goiowhqxh uhamd eh so`jo sòyo |

jxamo nhkuh alwaxòked+ ‘@d ehaxgwlhwdk ed jokahgd | ed jdyo qxh sohogok‖ qxh elhwdk ovld

eh lkjheloud | swdkud Ndkyo`d fxh oswhmhkeled sdw nxowelo | adkexaled mouo ò sòyo swlkalso`+

‘Jxamo nhkuh hk udwkd jxihwh | vlhid jlwïgokjh jxamd | mogògok | h whêok eh jê hk uded

jdjhkud+ Ehsxì vlklhwdk axouwd dèoed oedwkoed eh jxamo s`xjo uojglìk x owjo -…, `d

``hvowdk o xko nwok aoo eh goiowhqxh slkuoeo eh vhweh‖ ò ehjï huogok slkuoeo eh gòkad+5>

@oaoo vhweh ulhkh jxamd shuouh hk h` sld eh` o`ñk eh` uhamd axh`nok xko uhò eh nwxhd uhiled ò

sowheh huïk ehadwoeo adk flnxwo eh ad`dwh | eh h`ò axh`nok duwo uhò nwxho glhk gdweoeo+ Xk

nwok osdhkud+ @d vlnlòk ed flò eh alkad dèoed aoeo xko lkjñvl`h | hwld+ O` fdked | adkuwo ò

sowhe mo| xko xhwuh eh uwdkd mhamd eh slhewo adk ed souo ehòkuhwo ògwoeo hk fdwjo eh ulnwh |

huï axglhwud adk xko nwxho uhò uhileo eh s`xjo eh ad`dwh+ \ hkudkah osowhalñ xk mdjgwh elulkud

adk x ìqxlud | glyowwojhkuh ouovloed adk xk nwok shkoamd d owokehò eh òwno s`xjo vhweh | wdio

qxh hkjowaogo x wduwd+ Hwo h` wh| d aoalqxh+ Vhuêo xko òwno aoso gdweoeo | adk jxamd oedwkd

xko adwdko adk oùd fwdkuo` o` sowhahw eh dwd sxwd owal``d eh `d jljd hk ò dwhio | ad`òw adk

56 Qok Gxhkovhkuxwo Ds+alu+s+715> Le+s+7>



5=

axhkuo | xko uog`l`ò sòko uojglìk eh dwd+ Gwoyo`huh eh dwd+ Qokeo`lo eh ml`d eh mhkhqxìk jx|

uhiled | eh fxhwuh uwojo+ @`hvogo hk ò jokd xk ahuwd òwnd eh slhewo vhweh adk s`xjo hk ò sxkuo+ @o

uùklao hwo gòkao | sxwo+ @d dèoed eh lkjheloud mlalhwdk x o`xed o jded eh whvhwhkalo

onoamïkedh udaoked h` xh`d | ``hvïkedh h` sx`now o ò gdao+ Axoked h` aoalqxh daxsñ x l`ò | jlwñ

o` swlldkhwd ìuh mlyd xko whvhwhkalo o x jded9 ehaxgwlìkedh ``hvoked ò elhuwo o` shamd hlka`lkïkedh+ @d okalokd eh` ìqxlud h hkuowdk dgwh ò huhwo uojglìk mogêok hkuwoed o` o`ñk

xko jxihwh glhk vhuleo oedwkoeo adk flko slhewo vhweh | dwd+ Qh elulknxêo xko jdyo qxh hwo

mlio eh` aoalqxh `òjoeo \}sl`dyojo | hwo oadjsoÿoeo eh xk go``hu eh jxamoamo glhk ouovloeo+

Axoked Nxhwwhwd moah x whvhwhkalo ò jdyo kd whswljhk x wll`ò h` aoalqxh jhkd shwd eh

lkjheloud h sxd o mogòw òwnojhkuh adk h` adkahid eh okalokd | Nxhwwhwd d|ñ adkuxwgoed h`

`hknxoih ehadkdaled ``hkd eh lkuhwihaaldkh hkìwnlao | f`xleo+

H` aoalqxh o`h+ H` swlldkhwd h adkexaled o xk nwok sould ‘adk slòuwdkh whedked | huokalo sdw

ehkuwd+‖5= Ìuh fxh h` swljhw hkaxhkuwd adk h` Moòam Xlkla `òjoed Oam Koamok Aok}lxx+

H` adkuxwgoed Nxhwwhwd kd sdewêo ljonlkow qxh \ysl`dyojo mogwêo eh hw x hsdo qxh uhkewêo mlid

jhulyd | qxh x vleo mogwêo eh eow xk vxhàd lkehalg`h+

Ed lwvlhkuh `d oadjdeowdk hk xko huokalo | `h ``hvowdk ulkoio eh onxo sowo qxh h òvowo | wdso

`ljslo adkluhkuh hk xko xhwuh eh uùklao gòkao oehjï eh xko jokuo adwuo sowo xowh eh uosowwogd+

Sdad ehsxì `h ``hvowdk adjleo9 fwlid`h -gx“x` , udwul`ò -alj, folïk adaled fwxuo | xk whfwhad

ehadkdaled+ @`hnñ ò kdamh | sxed ehaokow o x okamo shwd uhjswokd o ò joÿoko lnxlhkuh `d

ehshwuñ h` oihuwhd eh nhkuh qxh o`êo eh ò huokalo qxh mogògok `d dghwvogok adk ouhkalñk | hwhêok gdgojhkuh9 mlòwleoe ñ`d sdw ò elfhwhkalo+ Qh hkuowdk o ò dwl`ò eh ò nwoeo o adkuhjsòw`d |

swdkud uwoihwdk eho|xkd sowo uded hk ulkoio nwokeh d`ò eh ed oo ahuo eh mhkhqxìk sòud eh

gowwd ò ghgleo h lwvlñ hk iêaowo+

Ehsxì ``hnñ xk johuwd adk `d jouhwlo`h khahowld sowo hkhÿow`h o uhihw uhò nwxho adjd

moaêok `d ehjï | oqxê Ndkyo`d hkuhkelñ qxh huogo hk xk luld sowo haòvd+ Oswhkelñ uwogoiñ h

adkfxkelñ hkuwh `d ehjï+ Swdkud adjhkyñ o moahw ojluoe adk duwd haòvd qxh eheh xk swlkalsld h

jduwñ d`êalud | ojlnog`h adk ì` | qxh h `òjogo Om Ylkoa ]lxx+ Ehsxì eh o`nxkd eêo h`

h}uwokihwd slelñ joehwo | mhwwojlhkuo sowo uwogoiowò | hk axouwd eêo okuh ò axwldleoe nhkhwo`

adkuwx|ñ xk gokqxl``d adjd kxkao h mogêo vlud | h `d whno`ñ o x ojlnd+ Swdkud hwêo ò flhuo eh



5<

Bxbx`bïk h` eld eh` vlhkud h` ojlnd hkhÿñ h` axwldd gokqxl``d o `d aosouoah | ìud h `d ``hvowdk

o` Moòam Xlkla -h` ‘Aoòkamldkl‖ adjd ehaêo Ghwko` Eêoy, Om Koamok Bok ]lxx qxh hkuhkelñ qxh h`

h}uwokihwd uhkêo adkdaljlhkud jx| elulkud | qxld oghw axï`h hwok+ Oê qxh dwehkñ qxh `d ``hvowok

okuh ì` | x fojl`lo qxh oweêo eh axwldleoe dgwh uded \ysl`duyojo ò mlio jo|dw+ Nxhwwhwd mogêo

oswhkeled o`nxko soògwo | nlwd eh` jo|o eh x ojlnd Om Ylkoa ]lxx | sxed adkuhuow`hoflwjoulvojhkuh o` aoalqxh qxh `h swhnxkuñ l ì` d`d mogêo adkuwxled h` gokqxl``d+ Adjd adkuhuowo hk

jo|o uded wlhwdk+ Oehjï eh ò swlkaho huogok xko vlhio ndweo xko klÿo duwo idvhk | xk jxamoamd

qxh vhuêo hknoòkoed adk alkuo eh ad`dwh awxyoeo qxh `h xgêok sdw ò sokudwwl`ò adjd alkuxwñk

xko foio vhweh glhk gdweoeo alkuo aowjhê eh ed ehed eh okamd ouoeo o ò fwhkuh | ao|hked o ò

hsoèo xko aojlo lk jokno gwoyo`huh eh dwd ad`òw eh axhkuo eh dwd | xko uog`l`ò+ Hwo h`

mhwhehwd h` Omox no`h` Oam Goòj Aomxh` ]lxx+ @o jdyo jo|dw hwo \ysl`duyojo+5<

@o shqxhÿo \}sl`duyl`l+

H` aoalqxh adkxùñ adk h` adkahid sowo qxh h` h}uwokihwd oelhuwowo o x mhwhehwd hk ò owuh qxh

adkdaêo eh aowslkuhwêo eh nxhwwo eh shao | duwo qxh o hÿo | uwdslhyd Nxhwwhwd sxed lkelaow qxh

adkdaêo+ O sowulw eh hkudkah h` h}uwokihwd axùlvñ ojluoe adk h` Omox no`h` | sdw ìuh adk udeo ò

fojl`lo aoalqxl`+

‘_xh hk Amobuh“jo` mo| jxamo swdshwleoe nwokeh ogxkeokalo eh adjleo | ghgleo | jxamd ouovêd

sowo udeo ò nhkuh‖83 @o dslkldkh dgwh Ndkyo`d Nxhwwhwd dk osoldkoeo | kouxwo`jhkuh elvleleo+

Qok Gxhkovhkuxwo osxkuo qxh hwo mdjgwh lkuwxled+ Mlid eh Edk Ixok eh Nxhwwhwd | eh Edÿo Wdowld

eh Gomojdkeh ojgd mleo`nd+ Hk aojgld Ndkyo`d eh Dvlhed whaòjo sowo h` kïxfwond xk dwlnhk‘mxjlèh | exedd hk axhuldkh wh`lnldo‖ awloed hkuwh goio | vl` nhkuh+ ‘H kd glhk hkhÿoed kl

eduuwlkoed hk ò ado eh kxhuwo okauo fìh aoumñ`lao d sdw vhkuxwo -adjd h ehgh dshamow, ì` hwêo

eh wxlk aouo ì dshamdo o ò jhjo wh`lnlñk amwlsuloko+‖ 8? Huo elfhwhkalo woelao`h eh dslkldkh

mogwêok eh exwow o `d òwnd eh `d ln`d+

5= Le+s+7=5< H` swhflid L} h okuhsdkh o `d osh``led fhjhklkd eh `lkoih+ S“l` qxlhwh ehalw ‘ogwlw `d did huow dgwh ovld‖+ Uyojo hh` kdjgwh eh xk `lkoih eh Adyxjh`+ Ds+alu kduo 73 s+?85+ ‘@o kdg`h adyxjh`hÿo ovlydwokuh‖ sdewêo hw h` lnklflaoed eh`kdjgwh+83 Le+s+168? Ndkyo`d Dvlhed | Voèì9 Mludwlo nhkhwo` | kouxwo` eh ò Lkelo Lò | Ulhwwo Flwjh eh` Jow Daìokd+ 5 vd`+ WhoÒaoehjlo eh Mludwlo Joewle ?=8?*?=88 vd`+ 1 `lg+ }}}ll aos+ lll s+?8> kduo 1=+ Osxe Nogwlhò Qd`ê Wdg`heo | ShewdGwoaojdkuh | Qdo Ds+alu+



83

@o wlo qxh lklalo`jhkuh ehshwuowo Ndkyo`d Nxhwwhwd hkuwh `d jo|o swdkud h uwdañ hk nwok

oejlwoalñk+ Sxh oehjï eh `d adkdaljlhkud ehjduwoed uojglìk hwo haxùdw | adjd hgokluo

ogêo moahw lkuwxjhkud jxlao`h+ @o oejlwoalñk | ò dwswho eh uded ``hnñ o x `êjluh axoked xk

gxhk eêo uhwjlkñ eh adkfhaaldkow xk nojgowwlkd d vlmxhò adwuo sowo x aowd o`xjkd+ @o aoio ò mlyd

adk aosowoyñk eh ~ham -~hham9 owjoel``d, | ò axhweo adk uwlso eh o`nùk noud o`voih -dam, eh òydko+ Sdad ehsxì huh lkuwxjhkud | duwd eh axhweo mogwêok eh hw oedsuoed sdw `d jùlad jo|o

| hjshyowdk o dkow hk ò flhuo | wluxo`h o ò ehleoeh hk sòyo | slwïjleh+

Uxvd qxh moghwh eoed h` aod hk o`nxko joÿoko daldo eh` ulhjsd eh ò h`vo hk h` nwok o`ñk eh `d

owuhokd hk qxh Nxhwwhwd hkhÿowo o swhldkow ò axhweo adkuwo h` elosoñk+ Ed d uwh sdlaldkh

mogwêok led xflalhkuh sowo oadjsoÿow adk `d kxhvd lkuwxjhkud h` ahkahwwd eh `d dkh eh

aowoad`h uxkbx`h | amlwljêo eh `d jo|o+ Oaod `d o`xjkd oevhwulwêok o`nùk wonxhd elulkud qxh

h` johuwd hihaxuowo o` jded okeo`xy | qxheowok dwswhkeled eh` sxkuhd eh ò `lwo xk kxhvd jded

h}uwoÿd | onwoeog`h qxh hkuwogo sdw x dêed+

Soowdk `d jhh | h huwhamowdk ò whòaldkh+ Xk eêo h` Moòam Xlkla swhvld swdudad`d

oaduxjgwoed hk axokud o ò fdwjo eh shulalñk eh ò kdvlo -hk h` oùlsòkd komxo hwok who`lyoed sdw

ò Almxouòkqxh d sheledwo, adkvlkd hk oahsuow o` h}uwokihwd adjd hsdd eh x mlio jo|dw o aojgld

eh xk ‘whaouh‖ d hshalh eh eduh qxh ìuh -okuh ò oxhkalo eh x fojl`lo, ehgêo sonow`h hk fdwjo eh

lhuh oÿd eh uwogoid+ \ ``hnoed h` eêo eh ò gdeo xkd oahweduh adkexihwdk o Ndkyo`d mouo ò hflnlh

eh Luyojko sowo sxwlflaow`d hk ò ‘Aoo eh ò Lnxoko‖ whalkud eh` eld edkeh `d omxjowdk adk

hudwoqxh - sdj,+ Luyojko hwo h` eld swlkalso` eh ò h`luh ehsxì eh Mxkog Bx | swdaheêo eh ò vlhiohulwsh whaudwo eh ò okulnxo Amlamìk Luyï+ Huogo hax`sled hk flko slhewo vhweh | uhkêo jxamd

oedwkd eh dwd | jheêo jï eh jhelo vowo+87 O` eêo lnxlhkuh h ah`hgwowêo ò gdeo hk xko ahwhjdklo eh

jouwljdkld ad`haulvd+ Hk xk nwok sould ahwwoed hkuwh qxlkah jdyd | qxlkah jdyo udjogok eh `d

aogd hsowoed sdw h}d xko òwno axhweo eh mhkhqxìk -khamhk, uhÿleo eh ad`dwh+ Xk oahweduh

swhnxkuo o `d soewh eh h`ò l h axjs`lñ ehgleojhkuh h` ‘whaouh‖+ Qomxjowdk huo vhy o ò huouxo

eh Amooa eld eh ò ``xvlo qxh huogo o wo eh xh`d adk slhwko | jokd awxyoeo adk okuhdihwo |

xko kowly òwno+ Hkuwok `d jùlad qxh |o lka`x|hk ed nojgowwlkd mhamd sdw Nxhwwhwd | xhkok

hkuwh h` uxkbx` amlwljêo | aowoad`h | oê h dwnoklyo eh ò nwok jxùluxe xko shwhnwlkoalñk qxh ``hvo o

`d kdvld mouo h` uhjs`d jo|dw d slwïjleh ax`jlkoeo sdw Bxbx`bïk ò Qhwslhkuh Hjs`xjoeo qxh h



8?

xk kxjhk swdahehkuh eh ò oùlsòklalh ahkuwo` eh `d komxo+ Hk h` ouwld mo| duwd Amooa huo vhy eh slh

duhklhked xko aoògoyo eh slhewo hk ò jokd+ Omê `d oahweduh jhkdwh | h` jo|dw udjok ò

axhweo | ò ouok sdw ojgd aogd ehioked o `d mdjgwh o` lkuhwldw eh` aêwax`d jlhkuwo qxh o ò

jxihwh ò ``hvok okuh L}amh` qxh huï hax`sleo hk slhewo | h xko flnxwo mxjoko adk aoghyo eh

hwslhkuh xko xhwuh eh Almxoañou` d jxihw*hwslhkuh qxh h xko ehleoe fhjhklko | ehòkuh eh h`òosowuok eh` sxgl eh ò jdyo xko adkamo qxh ò swhhwvogo adjd dùhwo | hkudkah ò jhulhwdk

hkuwh ò axhweo joax`lko edkeh ò sowhio h udjok eh ò jokd sowo hw omxjoeo+ Hkuwok golòwlkh

| aokudwh qxh oauùok fwhkuh o `d êed`d h``d sdwuok òwno aoso eh ad`dwh | jxamd aoaogh`h hk

udgl``d | jxÿhao adk dkoio eh iêaowo qxh huïk ``hko eh hjl`ò+ Ehsxì eh xko mdwo duwo

jdyo oaok o ò sowhio eh` owd | ``hvok ò axhweo okuh L}amh` adjd oxnxwld sowo qxh h`ò jljo h

aohk ‘adk jokahgd eh x gxhk onwoed‖81 | ``hvok hk okeo o ojgd êed`d+ Hkhnxleo xk gokqxhuh

ogxkeokuh | `d kdvld ehghk eh adjhw adk qxlhkh -vowld, `d lkvluhk oê qxh ulhkhk qxh whshulw dgwh

vowld jokuh`h+ Mo| jxamo whvhwhkalo o \ysl`duydjo | oaxehk eheh x aoo duwo jdyo qxh

sdwuok whno`d eh ahwïjlao uhò | f`dwh sowo h`ò qxh `d moah whadnhw adk x lwvlhkuh+

O huh sxkud h adkvhklhkuh ehiow mogòw o` swdsld Ndkyo`d Nxhwwhwd ax|o soògwo hnùk ohnxwo fwo|

Idhsm fxhwdk whuhkleo sdw ì` eh xk edaxjhkud hawlud ax|o aowoauhwêulao hwïk dghwvoeo

sduhwldwjhkuh -v+lkfwo aos+ ‘Ed vhwldkh ehklvhòeo | hqxleluokuh hk h` ulhjsd‖,+

‘\ fxljd swhud o ò aoo nwokeh | mogêo hk ò aoo xk nwokeh fhuhid | ah`hgwowdk jxamd ò kxhuwo

hkuwoeo o ò aoo | |d adwwljh uded h` ulhjsd eh jxamo vhwnðhkyo sdw h` moònd qxh eh ò jl shwdko

moaêok+ \ oê qxh fhuhiojd udeo ò oqxh`ò uoweh vêkdh ò kdamh | fxljh adk ò jl jxihw o xosdhkud | md`nxhjh jxamd adk h`ò sdw ò foùo qxh eh ò jxihw uhkêo+ \ fxh eh jxamo fh`laleoe sowo

jê | sowo h`ò‖+85

Sook `d jhh | ``hno h` swljhw awêd | adjd h uwouo eh xk hvhkud jhjdwog`h sxhud qxh adk ì`

osowhah h` swljhw jhulyd eh Jhdojìwlao vo`h jxamd ò shko hnxlw uhklhked ò whfhwhkalo eh`

awdkluo | haxamow ho vdy qxh h xwelñ hkuwh h` ulhjsd eh `d jo|o9

‘Kd koalñ xk klÿd qxh kd h gòkad kl jdwhkd shwd qxh ulhkh `d did aòwd | ulhkh gòkao ò slh` eh`

axhwsd jï qxh hk ò foy+ -…, Fxh jx| nwokeh jowovl`ò | shdw odjgwd sowo udeo ò fojl`lo who` |

sowo jxamo nhkuh eh huh sxhg`d | eh `d sxhg`d eh ahwao | eh `hid qxh vhkêok sdw jlwow o` klÿd jl

87 Jheleo eh `dknluxe hqxlvo`hkuh o =18 jl`êjhuwd | < eìaljo81 Le+s+5?



87

mlid shwd qxh ò joewh uhkêo eh oqxhud jxamo whhwvo sdwqxh uhkêo uhjdw eh qxh `d jlwowo jxamo

nhkuh sdw hh jo` qxh xh`h eow`h o `d klÿd oqxê qxh eêahk`h h` jo` eh` did ao`lhkuh | qxh hk iojï

ehiñ qxh `d jlwhk `d gwxid | `d yomdwlkh | iojï `d jduwñ o `d amoah | om blk kl koadk kl o ò

ho aouhwvo swdawluo eh `d oawlflaoedwh sxh qxh uhjêo jxamd eh h``d+‖88

@o fxhkuh qxh aluojd h ùklao | kdvhedêljo+ Hkuwh duwd oxkud h ò ùklao qxh joulyo fxhwuhjhkuhh` `xnow adjùk eh ò mludwldnwofêo qxh awhh qxh Ndkyo`d Nxhwwhwd fxh xk adkvhwd uduo` o ò

wh`lnldleoe | o ò axùxwo jo|o -sdw uokud xk uwoledw o `d did eh `d hsoÿd`h, sdw h` mhamd eh qxh

swhflwlñ aoowh | vlvlw hkuwh hh nwxsd2 sdw h` mhamd eh moghwh uouxoed mdwoeoed | vhuled o ò xokyo

jo|o2 uojglìk sdw moghw sxhud huo alwaxkuokalo adjd ehflklulvo sowo kd whnwhow adk `d

hsoÿd`h axoked Mhwkïk Adwuì h `d d`laluo2 sdw ùùljd sdw h` mhamd eh moghw -oê `d okduok uojglìk

duwo jxamo fxhkuh, lkaluoed o `d jo|o o ò nxhwwo adkuwo `d hsoÿd`h | oùk sdw moghw sowulalsoed

hk elamo gouo`ò+

Qok Gxhkovhkuxwo whsdwuo h` eoud eh qxh \ysl`duyojo o show eh hw jlhjgwd swlkalso` eh` aoalaoynd

eh Amhuxjo` sdw `d uokud jdeh`d eh xd | aduxjgwh jo|o qxh ehgêo huow ljgxleo hk ìud qxh

adkfdwjowêok h` fdked eh x adkvlaaldkh swhnxkuo o x jowled qxh l hk h` soê eh edkeh ì` swdaheh

h}luhk ò jljo awhhkalo h lehd`dnêo+ O huh sxkud ò mlio eh` aoalqxh osowhah adjd o`nxlhk qxh

whsxelo h` oawlflald mxjokd | ò swïaulao oahweduo`h | qxh swhnxkuo adk fwhaxhkalo o x jowled l

oaod hk Hsoÿo h}lulhwdk d adkhkulwêok uo`h aduxjgwh+

@o whsxhuo o huh oxkud adkuhkleo hk ò fxhkuh ñ`d shwjluh exeow oahwao eh qxh ò dslkldkh qxh ò

fxkeojhkuok hok hk hfhaud eh Ndkyo`d Nxhwwhwd d eh` oxudw qxh whhÿo x mhamd+ Shwd l òwhsxhuo oflwjoulvo whaoh dgwh h` oxudw ò xuokalo eh` mhamd kd ulhkh xko nwok elulkalñk9 mxgd

hsoÿd`h eh swlkalsld eh` ]VLL -| `d qxh h oùk jï sd`ìjlad qxh uo`h fxhwdk jlhjgwd eh ò

ln`hlo aouñ`lao sxhud qxh h` oxudw fxh fwol`h | oaulvd jlldkhwd | hvoknh`lyoedw, qxh adklehwowdk qxh

ò adkvhwlñk eh Nxhwwhwd kd fxh uduo` | qxh uojsdad ò adkvlaalñk eh `d swlkalso`h jo|o whshaud

eh x swdslo awhhkalo wh`lnldo | eh` wìnljhk oawlflalo` fxhwdk jx| ñ`leo+ Eh mhamd h` aod

fhmoalhkuh eh qxh h}luêo ò aduxjgwh wh`lnldo eh ò oahsuoalñk | oedsalñk eh ehleoeh fxhwhÿo hkuwh

uded `d whlkd eh` jxked jhdojhwlaokd osd|owêo huh hnxked aod o`xeled whòulvd o ò

adkvlaaldkh eh `d swlkalso`h9 h``d kd hwêok whoald o oedsuow duwd eldh+

85 Le+ s+5?88 Le+ s+51



81

Hk xk swljhw uìwjlkd uhkhjd qxh \ysl`duydjo whkhnogo eh `d oawlflald | duwo swïaulao wh`lnldo+

\ qxh o` adklehwow qxh hk Hsoÿo kd h}lulhwok uo`h ò swhelsdkêo o oahsuow adjd swhfhwlg`h ò

wh`lnlñk hsoÿdò+ Hk hnxked hkadkuwojd o xk Ndkyo`d Nxhwwhwd aouhqxlyoedw2 qxh kd mo

whkxkaloed eh` uded o x fdwjoalñk aouñ`lao | qxh h hkdwnx``hah eh ò swdmlglalñk qxh huog`hah x

wh`lnlñk whshaud eh` oawlflald | ò ledòuwêo oehjï eh duwo swïaulao+ \ hk uhwahwd h` kïxfwondadklehwo êkuljojhkuh qxh h` oawlflald ê h}luh hk Hsoÿo ñ`d qxh h}swhoed eh duwo fdwjo+

Dghwvhjd h` lnxlhkuh sooih9

‘Oxkqxh sdw hw h`ò qxlhk h`ò ìwoh Rx hsdoZ hk koeo adjsòaêo`h ò huo gïwgowo aduxjgwh eh ò

nhkuh x|o qxh o jl swhnxkudjh jï eh xko vhy l o``ï hk ò Hsoÿo mogêo ò huo aduxjgwh eh `d

oawlflald | eêih`h |d alhk vhah kd oxkqxh sowo jê uhknd |d qxh ê `d mo| oxkqxh eh duwd jded |

jokhwo+86 -…, \ vhwheh vdduwd ò Qokuo Lkqxllalñk adk h` fxhnd | ò sowwl`ò adk h` udwd eh gwdkah

| h` sduwd eh` hulwoed ò aoehko | ò wxheo adk h` oalo` | ò alkuo | h` udwkd eh` slh | jï | jï

vhwheh omdwo `d hd hÿdwh eh` fxhwd | h` fhxed adk qxlhk uok jo` `d sook o`nxkd eh x voo``d

hÿdwh eh ò mdwao | eh` axaml``d exhÿd eh vleo | moalhkeo+‖ 8>

Ndkyo`d `h mogògo o x jxihw eh udeo ò ado gxhko qxh mo| hk Hsoÿo+ \ o h`ò `h nxuogo dêw

oahwao eh ò wh`lnlñk awluloko+ Eh ò aojsoko eh `d uhjs`d+ Ì` h òjhkuo eh qxh kd mo|o axwo sowo

‘awlulokow‖ h` jo|og+ Oejlwo ò nwok jhjdwlo h lkuh`lnhkalo eh x jxihw2 adklehwo xk oalhwud x

ixlald dgwh alhwuo swïaulao jo|o+

Uded hud h shwfhauojhkuh sdlg`h+

H sdw ehjï axwldd qxh mo|o h}luled hk ìsdao uok uhjswoko ò oxeoy dslklñk sdw ehjï jdehwko| sd`ìjlao eh qxh h` oawlflald uxvlhwo hqxlvo`hkalo hk Hsoÿo eh duwo jokhwo+ Hk ò oauxo`leoe huo

leho whaxwwh o hihjs`d adkuhjsdwïkhd eh awxhèoe eh` jxked hxwdshd lnxo`jhkuh oghwwokuh d jï

qxh `d oawlflald okulnxd+

Shwd uokud oqxh`ò dslkldkh adjd ìuo eh kxhuwd eêo huïk fxkeoeo hk hqxêvdad jdvled sdw

fxhwuh soldkh sxh `d oawlflald hk swljhw `xnow lkuhnwogok eh jokhwo fxkeojhkuo` ò okulnxo

wh`lnldleoe2 hwok xk wlud wh`lnldd ahkuwo` ax|d ljgd`ljd sdewêo hw hqxlvo`hkuh o ò adjxklñk eh`

aoud`laljd+ Jlhkuwo qxh ò oaalñk eh ò Lkqxllalñk kd hwo xk wlud wh`lnldd ahkuwo` -oxkqxh h

hjsosowo eh adkvlaaldkh awluloko, lkd jï glhk h` whaxwd eh ò udwuxwo qxh aol uded `d Huoed

86 Le+ @da+alu+8> Le+ s+ 57



85

| adknwhnoaldkh xowdk adjd jheleo eh adoaalñk | lnxhk xoked mouo kxhuwd eêo+ Qdk sxh ed

fhkñjhkd eh kouxwo`hyo jx| elulkuo+

Huh hqxêvdad h fdwjñ sdwqxh h` fhkñjhkd eh` oawlflald h ixynñ eheh xk sxkud eh vluo jdwo` | kd

uhd`ñnlad okuwdsd`ñnlad d mluñwlad+ Qh ixynogo nwdd jded qxì uokuo awxhèoe mxjoko ogwlnogo+ \

eheh ho dò shwshaulvo eheh `xhnd qxh h hqxlsowog`h adk duwo oaaldkh9 | oê flko`jhkuhoawlflald | udwuxwo ehiok xk jljd oèd eh jxhwuh+ Shwd h` swdg`hjo kd hwo h` awljhk qxh osowuh eh

oawlflald | udwuxwo mo uhkled lkflkleoe eh duwo aoxo hk udeo ò axùxwo eh` jxked+ H` swdg`hjo hwo

h` adkuh}ud jdwo` | aêvlad hk h` qxh daxwwêok ho swïaulao+

Adjd fwxud eh oqxh` hqxêvdad | adkfxlñk h shwfl`ñ ò uwojso eh qxh a`ìwlnd | adkqxluoedwh

shkoedwh | ixhah jx| uhjswokd hk h` ln`d eh ò adkqxluo adka`x|hwdk qxh ò h}luhkalo eh `d

oawlflald hk `d whlkd lkeênhko hwo xko swxhgo -lnxo` qxh ò ledòuwêo d ò dedjêo, sowo ixynow`d

ouwooed hqxlvdaoed | `xalfhwlkd+ Adkelaldkh qxh moaêok lkelshkog`h qxh ò hvoknh`lyoalñk

awluloko `d wheljlhwo sloedojhkuh `ìoh awlulokojhkuh+ @o woyñk qxh dghwvogo hud mhamd h

ehfhkelñ ownx|hked qxh ò udwuxwo hk Hsoÿo hwo lnxo` eh awxh` qxh h` oawlflald+ Sdw xsxhud2 shwd ìuh

kd hwo h` sxkud o el`xaleow+

Sdw duwo sowuh huï h` mhamd ojglnxd | foalkokuh eh qxh ò luxoalñk eh Ndkyo`d Nxhwwhwd hk h` jxked

jo|o hwo -´d fxh ñ`d o` swlkalsld4, lkvd`xkuowlo9 mogêo led aoxulvoed | vxhùd haòvd+

Qh elah hk ò fxhkuh qxh aluojd qxh Ndkyo`d Nxhwwhwd swdawhñ adk x jxihw jo|o uwh mlid9 Ndkyo`d

Ixok eh Nxhwwhwd | xko klÿo wxglo edÿo Wdowld qxh hwo h` kdjgwh eh ò joewh eh` kïxfwond+ _xh hk

Hsoÿo uxvd alkad mhwjokd9 Ndkyo`d Ixok Wdowld Jowlo Jokxhò Ghouwly+ Kd ehio eh `òjow òouhkalñk qxh x soewh kdjgwowok o ed eh x mlid adk h` jljd kdjgwh shwd aogh whadweow qxh

uojglìk Mhwkïk Adwuì swdahelñ eh uo` fdwjo | uxvd ed @xlh ed Jowulkh | ed Aouo`lko+

Nxhwwhwd hk Amhuxjo` h vd`vlñ xk swlkalso` lkeênhko | uxvd adjd lwvlhkuh hkuwh duwd o Om Ylkoa

]lx qxlhk fxhwo x adjsoÿhwd eh ahèo o x ``hnoeo o ò alxeoe+ Shwd ljxùïkhojhkuh fxh adjd ò

Jo`lkamh hvoknh`lyoedw h` swljhwd h sxheh ehalw adk hnxwleoe hk ulhwwo jhdojhwlaoko+

H}luh uojglìk h` axwldd eoud whsdwuoed sdw lkeênhko jo|o eh qxh xk oÿd okuh eh qxh ``hnowok ò

swljhwo kod eh Fwokalad Mhwkïkehy eh Añwedgo -?8?>, h ehouñ xko h}uwoÿo shuh9 ao`hkuxwo

ed`dw eh aoghyo | o` uhwahw eêo nwokd khnwd sxwx`hkud2 jo` qxh mogêo hjshyoed hk Jokê Amd`

Adadj | |o hk ulhwwo eh Gh`lah Ulsx2 uojglìk hk duwo ulhwwo jï `hioko adjd Xo}oauxk Yoad`hx



88

_xlamì ]d|ogob Qomaogoiï ]hò}ù | Amxljhboko+ H` okulnxd jxked jo|o eh ò h`vo eh` xwhuh

mogêo hkuwoed hk xko huoso adjsx`lvo | aououwñflao+

Oqxê uhkhjd huh h`daxhkuh uhuljdkld eh` ljsoaud eh `d hsoÿd`h okuh ò huxshfoaalñk eh `d

lkeld9 _xh vhkêok hk xkd oao`h nwokeh+ H` uìwjlkd h xk swìuojd eh` kïmxou` leldjo qxh adjd

`lknxo fwokao whadwwêo h` xwhuh eheh h` ln`d L]+ Qlnklflao o ou` onxo ao``l aoo | huï s`xwo`lyoedhk hsoÿd` o`nd qxh hwo fwhaxhkuh eheh `d swljhwd adkuoaud+ Aoo d helflald d slwïjleh dgwh h`

onxo9 ò nwokeh kovh hsoÿdò+ _xh `d lkvodwh goiowdk o ulhwwo | uwoêok ‘xkd okljo`h nwokeh

eh nwokeh sh`ho | nwokeh fxhwyo‖+ _xh vhkêok ‘sdw aljo eh `d `djd‖ adk òkyo òwno | haxed d

|omxo + _xh ‘adwwhk hk nwokeh | flhwo jokhwo‖+ _xh kd `h hkuwo ò òkyo kl ò f`hamo ‘| uwohk hk ò

x jokd h` wo|d eh `d alh`d uhkled hk xko aoÿo adwuo | duwo jï òwno sdw ò qxh oaok h`

fxhnd | h` wo|d eh` alh`d qxh o` qxh `h aoêo ò jouogo hk h` jljd jdjhkud+‖ 8= _xh `d odjgwoed

jo|o vlhwdk ò ``hnoeo eh Mhwkïkehy eh Añwedgo o ò aduo eh Amojsduñk -ò Gomêo eh ò Joò

Sh`ho adjd h whflwlñ ehsxì, edkeh fxhwdk whalgled sdw `d adxdm `d jï onxhwwled jo|o | qxh

fxhwdk vhkaled+ ‘Qh fxhwdk adk x nwokeh okljo`h hk `d oao`h sowo ehkuwd eh` jow | oê

ehosowhalhwdk hk h` mdwlydkuh‖ -`da+alu ,+ Hkuhwoed Ndkyo`d Nxhwwhwd hk Amhuxjo` h òjhkuñ

sùg`laojhkuh eh ò ehwwduo | moah `do eh ò hvoknh`lyoalñk sowo nwok swdnwhd eh huo ulhwwo+ @d

duwd swlkalso`h `d haxamok adk odjgwd+ \ |o hk x aoo ogdjlko eh `d oawlflald | eh ò

okuwdsdfonlo ‘qxh kl h` jdwd moah sdwqxh h jx| nwokeh sdwqxhwêo+‖8<

O` oÿd lnxlhkuh ``hnñ Ixok eh Nwlio`vo o Ux`xj shwd `d jo|o `d h}sxòwdk ehsxì eh lhuh eêo+

Hkudkah h` Adkahid | swlkalso`h eh vowld sxhg`d adkxùowdk o Nxhwwhwd dgwh h` mhamd | ì` hofhwwñ o ò leho eh qxh `d hsoÿd`h vhkêok o awluloklyow | o lkfxkelw xk jhidw jded eh vleo+

Xk oÿd jï uoweh ``hnowdk dkah kovh o Adyxjh` | h elid qxh o`nxkd adkulkxowdk mouo Amhuxjo`+63

O huo oùxwo mogêok sooed damd oÿd eh ò ``hnoeo eh Ndkyo`d Nxhwwhwd+ Qx mlid | x jxihw

mogêok oswhkeled hk alhwuo jheleo h` aouh`òkd+ Qx xhnwd h` moòam xlkla `d `òjo | `d lkawhso hk

jo|o eh huo jokhwo9 ‐ id ao}ogokdb om amla wxqlko}o kobo` qlhn id`dk amdyad`dk qlhn9 Oqxê mo|

mdjgwh eh ux woyo sxheh lwuh d qxheowuh‖+ Mogêo h}swhoed hud adk fxwlo | oxudwleoe hÿoòked ò

sxhwuo adk x gïax`d+ Nxhwwhwd o`lñ jx| adkuxwgoed o ò ao``h edkeh h udsñ sowo x dwswho adk

axouwd dèoed | ed aogo``hwd dflalo`h eh `d aouh`òkd qxh o` vhw`d `h nwluowdk9

8= Le+ s+5>8< @da+alu+



86

‘¯Ho vd/ edk Ndkyo`d Nxhwwhwd vhkle o kd qxhwhjd mogòwd dk ò ñwehkh eh` hÿdw Aosluïk

Nhkhwo` edk Fhwelkoked eh Adwuì‖+ Uded hud mogêo led h}swhoed adk xk vdyowwñk lkd`hkuh | ò

nhkuh qxh `d wdehogo h mogêo qxheoed jx| odjgwoeo eh qxh mogòwo oê fwhkuh o ò aoo eh` moòam

xlkla+ Oqxê h elah qxh hwo edk Adkwoed eh Owlo Joèdkoed qxlhk `d mxglhwo lkawhsoed hk uo` jokhwo

| huogo ixkud o Ihwñkljd eh Onxlòw qxh mogêo hÿoòed o Ndkyo`d Nxhwwhwd+ Ghwko` Eêoy eh` Aoul``djhkaldko o xk Joèdkoed h` Okamd eh Qoòjokao shwdko swdjlkhkuh qxh oaod fxhwo h` jljd

mdjgwh+ 6?

Ndkyo`d Nxhwwhwd aojlkñ moalo Joèdkoed | Ihwñkljd eh Onxlòw h oehòkuñ sowo udjow`d sdw `d

gwoyd | ehalw`h ‘Glhkovhkuxwoed |d qxh d vxh`vd o vhw edk Ndkyo`d vlvd | gxhkd | okd adjd

omdwo d jlwd‖+ Sowo adkulkxow h whfxnlowdk o ò djgwo eh xko so`jhwo sdwqxh h` d` aoògo |

hkudkah Ihwñkljd eh Onxlòw onwhnñ9 ‘huh aogo``hwd qxh vhl h h` hÿdw o`fìwhy eh ò jdkuoeo edk

Adkwoed eh Owlo o ò ñwehkh eh` hÿdw aosluïk edk Mhwkoked Adwuì qxh oê d dwehko qxh vhknïl

adk ì` o` hwvlald eh` Wh| kxhuwd hÿdw | eh ò owjo hsoÿdò+‖ 67

Nxhwwhwd huogo hkuwh ò hsoeo | ò sowhe | Owlo onwhnñ lwñklad9 ‘´\ h jxamd `d qxh uhkìl sdw

shwehw`d oqxê4‖

Qhnùk Onxlòw h}swhñ `d dèoed uwoêok lkuwxaaldkh eh Adwuì eh ehiow`h `d qxh slelhwo hk aod eh

qxh h khnowo o whnwhow | qxh Nxhwwhwd slelñ sosh` sowo hawlglw+ \ qxh lkuhkuñ xko elax`so mogòked

eh x fojl`lo jo|o qxh kd qxld ogokedkow | oehjï elalhked qxh |o mogêo shweled h` mïglud eh ò

owjo `d qxh swdvdañ xko wlduoeo eh `d dèoed+ Udeovêo oÿoelñ Owlo9 ‘Jlwoe o jl qxh uhknd

uwogoed hk ò jl adul`ò xko sxkuo eh shehwko` eh xko eh ò huo f`hamo+‖61

Nxhwwhwd h fxh ehswlo moalo x aoo edkeh jdkuñ hk añ`hwo eh ljsduhkalo+ @d hsoÿd`h h mogêok ehsheled2 okuh eh

sowulw elhwdk edah aoÿdkoyd eh o`vo qxh whuxjgowdk hk ò oèho eh Amhuxjo` | Ndkyo`d Nxhwwhwd

``dwñ+

Jx| elfhwhkuh fxh ò vhwlñk eh Okudkld eh Qd`ê | Wlgoehkh|wo adkuhjsdwïkho eh ò dgwo eh fwo|

Idhsm eh ò Gxhkovhkuxwo | Aowuonhko qxh vhkljd aluoked+ Duwo vhwlñk | jx| khnoulvo eh ò oauluxe

eh Nxhwwhwd+

63 Le+ ss+8?*876? Le+ s+8167 Le+ s+8161 Le+ s+85



8>

Uojglìk `d mhamd eh huh ljsdwuokuh sooih huïk kowwoed eh duwo jokhwo hk ò Aowuo eh Whòalñk

eh Mhwkïk Adwuì hk ò Awñklao eh Okewì eh Uoslo | hk ò Mludwlo eh Ghwko` Eêoy eh` Aoul``d qxh

huo ùùljo swdkud hwï h}sxhuo+

Ndkyo`d Nxhwwhwd vlvh hk nwokeh oswlhud ehsxì eh ò aowuo qxh `h hkvlowo Mhwkïk Adwuì+ Qx

luxoalñk hwo elfêal` | exedo+Oqxê huïk eh kxhvd x swdslo soògwo hnùk h` awdkluo9

‘\ vhd |d | jêwd`d glhk qxh `d jl mlid moahk jxamd aod eh ò joewh | hk koeo awhhk hk jl -…, |

h` jdyd jl mlid h` jo|dw qxh omdwo ulhkh uwhah oÿd | qxh huï mhamd jï o` ogxh`d h` moòam xlkla qxh

`d qxlhwh jxamd | osïÿo`d hk uded `d x|d2 h` huh jl mlid edk Ndkyo`d qxh jêwojh o jl adk whah`d |

jï aoxuhò qxh hk koeo qxlhwh dlw ò jl soògwo eh eow`h ò jhidw h}s`laoalñk eh udeo ò ado qxh

oqxê oaohahk+‖65

\ oaod huo djgwêo whf`h}ldkh eh Nxhwwhwd eh hw alhwuo mo|ok uouxoed ò adkexauo fojl`low eh

oqxh`ò ydko edkeh h` swhulnld | h` sdehw eh ò joewh lkeênhko mo|o led jo|dw qxh ò eh` soewh

hsoÿd` o elfhwhkalo eh duwo jxamo edkeh h` swdahd daxwwêo o` whvì+ \ qxh shwexwhk fdwjo

okulnxo hk jded owqxhuêslad eh ò adkexauo eh `d jh}laokd `d qxh mowêo hihjs`d adkawhud eh

añjd h mogwêo fdwioed ò uok whaxwwhkuh oauluxe adkuwoaxùxwo` qxh `d huxeldd hÿoòk md| sowo

lkuhkuow ulslflaow ò jhkuo`leoeh `dao`h o `d òwnd eh ò mludwlo koaldko`+

Qhnùk Ghwko` Eêoy axoked Ihwñkljd eh Onxlòw whalglñ eh Mhwkïk Adwuì ‑ qxh huogo hk Adyxjh ‑ ò

aowuo qxh `d adkjlkogo o whlkuhnwowh adk x aduhwwïkhd sowulñ eh lkjheloud sowo Amhuxjo` sowo

moahw sowuêalsh eh huh mhamd o x vlhid adjsoÿhwd eh ehvhkuxwo Ndkyo`d Nxhwwhwd+ Aogh moahw kduowoqxê qxh h` uwo|haud o slh eheh h` kdwuh eh ò Shkêkxò mouo Amhuxjo` kd ehglñ moghw ljs`laoed

jhkd eh xko hjoko eh aojlkd jï duwd alkad eêo qxlyï eh whnwhd mouo Adyxjh`+ \ qxh Adwuì

mogêo dwehkoed o Elhnd eh Dweoy hshwow ñ`d damd eêo hk Aogd Aoudamh sowo whaouow o `d kïxfwond+

Adjdqxlhwo Onxlòw h swhhkuñ hk Amhuxjo` adk ò aowuo+ \ Ndkyo`d Nxhwwhwd `h whsdkelñ oê xko

vhy qxh ò mxgd `hêed9

‘Mhwjokd Onxlòw |d d| aooed uhknd uwh mlid | ulìkhkjh sdw aoalqxh | aosluïk axoked mo|

nxhwwo9 êd vd adk Eld2 qxh |d uhknd ògwoeo ò aowo | mdwoeoeo ò dwhio2 ´qxì elwïk eh jê ehqxh

jh vhok hd hsoÿd`h lw ehuo jokhwo4 H |o vhl hud jl uwh mlilud axïk gdklad dk+ Sdw vleo

vxhuwo qxh jh ehl eho axhkuo vhweh qxh uwoìl sowo h``d | elwì qxh jl mhwjokd jh ò hkvêok



8=

eh jl ulhwwo+‖68 @o jxihw eh Nxhwwhwd qxh haxamogo huh elï`dnd lkuhwvlkd hk jo|o adk ehallñk | oê

`h elid o Onxlòw9

‘Jlwï adk qxh vlhkh huh haòvd o `òjow o jl jowled9 êd vd | kd axwìl eh jï s`ïulao+‖

Shwd Onxlòw vd`vlñ o ò aownoeo sowo ehalw`h o Ndkyo`d ‘qxh jlwoh qxh hwo awlulo kd qxh sdw xko

lkelo kd h shwelhh h` ïkljo2 | l sdw jxihw h mlid `d moaêo qxh ò ``hvoh adklnd l kd `d qxhwêoehiow+‖66

Uojglìk eh jxamd lkuhwì h oqxê h` adkuwosxkuhd hkuwh Onxlòw h \ysl`duyojo9 h`ò `h ehsowo sdao

soògwo shwd hkvhkhkoeo adk ò o`xlñk aòluo eh qxh huogo whsdkelhked uo` ñ`d o xk ljs`h

haòvd oxkqxh fxhwo hsoÿd`+ Sdw x sowuh Ihwñkljd oxkqxh adkuhuowo hk aouh`òkd qxh ò jxihw

hkuhkeêo o ò shwfhaalñk ehiogo vhw uojglìk x ehswhald swdfxked | moaêo h` amokuoih jdwo` eh `d qxh

lnklflaogo ò sìweleo eh ò awlulokeoe+ Nxhwwhwd ao`ògo okuh uo` elfêal` uwokah eh uhklñk kd hwo ò

swljhwo vhy qxh ehgêo oxjlw x solvleoe+

Jlhkuwo uokud Adwuì oluêo sdw swljhwo vhy o xk wlud wh`lnldd eh `d lkeld hk Adyxjh`+ H`

oahweduh jo|dw h moaêo aownd o` flko` eh ò òwno owhkno o x eldh | Mhwkïk slelñ o Jhàmdwhid

qxh |o mogògo o`nd eh hsoÿd` qxh uwoexihh h` elaxwd+ Ehsxì mlyd whxklw o `d swlkalso`h sowo

h}s`laow`h añjd huogok hk xk hwwdw lkfxkeled sdw h` Elog`d o` adkhwvow ho awhhkalo2 qxh oqxh`ò

swìelao h êed`d hwok jo`d+ Qh hkahkelñ hk x h}s`laoalñk | owwhjhulñ adkuwo `d êed`d sowo ehsxì

sdkhw hk x xnow ò awxy | o ò vlwnhk+

Axoked sdw flk Ihwñkljd eh Onxlòw huxvd fwhkuh o Adwuì kd exeñ hk ehalw`h añjd Ndkyo`d Nxhwwhwd

mogêo lkulnoed o `d lkeld o eow nxhwwo o Fwokalad Mhwkïkehy eh Añwedgo+6>

O Nxhwwhwd `h sowhah qxh x xhnwd | x Adkahid slhkok qxh ì` adkdah ò jokhwo eh adkixwow h` owwlgd

eh `d hsoÿd`h+ @d swlkalso`h eh uded h` jo|og h whùkhk exwokuh uwh eêo hk Amhuxjo` sowo

eh`lghwow dgwh ò oaalñk eh `d hsoÿd`h+ Hk uok elfêal` luxoalñk o Ndkyo`d Nxhwwhwd qxh oluh o ò

whxklñk adjd swlkalso` kd `h qxheo oùhwkoulvo | ``hnoed x uxwkd hjslhyo o mogòw dgwh ò wh`lnlñk

aouñ`lao x ìulao | x jluhwld+ @d oahweduh wêhk eh` mhamd eh qxh Ihxawlud lhked xk eld

65 Le++ s+>?68 Ghwko` Eêoy eh` Aoul``d Ds+alu+ss+ 65 68+66 Le+s+686> Ds+alu+s+>3



8<

mxglhwo led oawlflaoed o duwd eld | sowo adjs`huow ò lkadknwxhkalo qxh `d oawlflaoedwh mxglhwok

led `d swdsld mdjgwh eh x sxhg`d 6=

Wdghwu Q Amojghwòlk6< adk goh hk h` huxeld eh ò Whòalñk eh Dvlhed onwhno qxh o`nxkd oÿd

ehsxì Fwokalad eh Jdkuhid h` vlhid mlyd xk whqxhwljlhkud -edaxjhkud qxh dgwhvlvh, o Ndkyo`d

Nxhwwhwd hk Amhuxjo` o` qxh ìuh h khnñ wduxkeojhkuh kd dguokuh ò ojhkoyo eh` Oehòkuoed qxh`h whaxhweo qxh h ò hnxkeo vhy hk qxh h klhno sxh ì` fxh uhulnd eh ò swljhwo swdjdvleo sdw

Adwuì+

O` oÿd lnxlhkuh Fwokalad eh Jdkuhid whnwho adk x mlid -eh` jljd kdjgwh, jdyd osxhud vo`lhkuh

| owwdnokuh | adk aownd eh aosluïk eh Aoul`ò qxh fxkeo alxeoe hsoÿdò hk ]laoòknd | duwo hk

Luyojokbokob+ H` mlid eh Nxhwwhwd Ndkyo`d Nxhwwhwd Bok ]lx qxh o ò oyñk mogògo jx| glhk h`

aouh`òkd elwlnlñ hkudkah ò gouo`ò adkuwo `d hsoÿd`h+ Jdkuhid h` Jdyd adjokeo o `d aosluokh

O`dkd eh Ïvlò | @dwhkyd eh Nded| jlhkuwo ì` oaxeh o Amojsduñk o` `òjoed eh x soewh+ Ïvlò

qxheo hk ]laoòknd | Nded| hk Luyojokbokob+ Hk xk hkaxhkuwd uhkled hk Oaoòk h` idvhk Nxhwwhwd

`dnwo ehwwlgow eh x aogo``d o Jdkuhid h` jdyd shwd ìuh `dnwñ haosow+>3 Uded hud daxwwh hk h` oÿd eh

?811 axoked Ndkyo`d Nxhwwhwd h` vlhid ulhkh 85 oÿd+ Shwd x mlid ax|d kdjgwh eh gouo`ò h Om Bok

Jxok Bogx` -novl`ïk ah`huh qxh nd`sho | sowuh hk ed, huï o` joked eh jl` dèoed jo|o `d

}lxh nwokeh nxhwwhwd+ Jlhkuwo qxh O`dkd eh Ïvlò | Jdkuhid h` jdyd ehalehk hjswhkehw ò

jowamo | ohelow elwhauojhkuh h` whlkd eh Amhuxjo`+ Hk h` aojlkd mo| xko awxhkuo gouo`ò | Nxhwwhwd

h` jdyd aoh adjd swlldkhwd+ @d hsoÿd`h `dnwok edjlkow xko sowuh eh Amhuxjo` kdjgwoeo Alxeoe

Who` eh Aoul`ò jlhkuwo qxh h` moòam xlkla ouwlkamhwoed hk duwd whexaud hkvêo o Ndkyo`d Nxhwwhwd osowòjhkuow adk h` idvhk Jdkuhid o flk eh qxh `lghwh o x klhud+ O` jljd ulhjsd Om Koamok Bok ]lx

ojhkoyo adk adkvdaow o uded `d whlkd alwaxkvhalkd adadjh uoyh amh`h axsx`h ulsùh eh kd

oaahehw o x shulalñk+

Nxhwwhwd `dnwo whaouow o x mlid goid adkelalñk ljsxhuo sdw Jdkuhid eh qxh axo`qxlhw whlkalehkalo eh

sowuh eh` jhulyd `h mogwêo eh aduow ò jxhwuh+ Axoked `d fxh o gxaow o x swllñk Nxhwwhwd kduñ qxh

6= Qok Gxhkovhkuxwo Ds+alu+ s+>56< Adkqxluo | ad`dklyoalñk eh \xaouïk ?8?>*?883+ Swñ`dnd eh I+ Lnkoald Wxgld Joÿì He+ Sdwwùo Jì}lad ?<=7+ Osxe+Nogwlhò Qd`ê hu o`` Ds+alu s+?66 kduo <<>3 Qok Gxhkovhkuxwo Ds+alu+ s+=5



63

x mlid huogo swhd hk ò jljo adkelaldkh qxh ì` 77 oÿd ouwï+ Mogòk òwnojhkuh hk hsoÿd`

okuh `d nxowelo hsoÿd`h qxh kd eok awìelud eh qxh xk jo|o mog`h shwfhauojhkuh x `hknxo+ >?

@o daxsoalñk eh Amhuxjo` exwñ sdad jhh | ò whluhkalo lkeênhko qxh elahk o`nxkd qxh fxh

elwlnleo sdw Ndkyo`d h` vlhid uhwjlkñ sdw h}sxòw o Eïvlò | o Jdkuhid+ \ vd`vlñ h` ulhjsd eh ò soy+

Mouo qxh sooed elhy oÿd moalo ?851 d 58 axoked Ndkyo`d Nxhwwhwd uhkewêo 65 oÿd eh moghwdgwhvlvled o ò nxhwwo eh @o Mlgxhwo udwkowdk ò mxhuh hsoÿdò qxh `dnwowdk ò aoêeo ehflklulvo

eh Xo|jl`*Amhuxjo` okuh ò dfhklvo eh `d aosluokh O`dkd | Jhàmdw Soamhad+ Huh whlkoed jo|o

eh ò h`vo h ehlkuhnwñ | `d jo|o ixkud adk ò fojl`lo Nxhwwhwd h whfxnlowdk hk duwo

adjxkleoeh+>7

Okduo vlvojhkuh Amojghwòlk qxh `d hsoÿd`h ouwlgx|hwdk x h}sx`lñk eh Amhuxjo` o` nhkld jl`luow

eh Nxhwwhwd+ \ qxh udeovêo h` kïxfwond ovhalkeoed hkuwh `d jo|o ``hvogo adkulknhkuh jo|o o @o

Mlgxhwo sowo hvluow ò ad`dklyoalñk hk oqxh``d luld eh Mdkexwo hk h` Vo``h eh` Koad edkeh

ndghwkogo Okewì eh Ahwhyheo moalo ?815+ Hk ò shdw gouo`ò eh huo sòyo o ò qxh uxvd qxh oaxelw h`

sh`lwwdid | uhjlg`h Shewd eh O`vowoed eheh Nxouhjoò osdwuoked xk nwok adkulknhkuh `d hsoÿd`h

udjok h` fxhwuh eh` aoalqxh Adyxjgo hk h` vo``h eh` wêd eh X`ùo+ Slhwehk `d lkeld+ Hk h` vo``h xwaoed

adk x aoeïvhwh hkadkuwowdk h` eh Ndkyo`d Nxhwwhwd ‘vhuled slkuoed | òahwoed ahwhjdklo`jhkuh

adjd xk lkeênhko‖+>1

Ndkyo`d Nxhwwhwd h` jdyd fxkeñ Alxeoe Who` eh Amlamìk Luyï dgwh ò wxlko eh huo okulnxo alxeoe+

Huog`halñ xk aoglèd | olnkñ `duh eh ulhwwo o x sxhg`d jlhkuwo qxh Jìwleo hwo fxkeoeo sdw

Jdkuhid h` jdyd dgwh ò uojglìk okulnxo alxeoe eh Ulmd+>5

Nxhwwhwd h` jhulyd hjshyogo o whnlwhkuwh `d jo|o eh oaxhwed o ò aoxo eh `d hsoÿd`h+

Jdkuhid h` jdyd sdw x sowuh dgulhkh shwjld eh` soewh | ehsxì eh ò fxkeoalñk eh Jìwleo h` 6 eh

hkhwd eh ?857 h aoo adk ò mlio eh xk oahweduh swlkalso` eh Ulmd `òjoeo L} Jxax| Klayojo+ H`

soewh eh h`ò hwo xk Om Amlòk Goòj ò aouo xshwldw eh `d oahweduh | h `òjogo Om Omlòk

Goòj ]lx+ \ axoked ò kdvlo fxh goxulyoeo sdw fwo| Okudkld eh Ghkovleh whalglñ h` kdjgwh eh

Jowêo eh ò Adkahsalñk Jdkuhid+>8

>? Le+ s+ <?>7 @da+ Alu+>1 Amojghwòlk Dsalu+ S+?>= osxe Qd`ê s+?6= kduo ?3=>5 Qok Gxhkovhkuxwo+ Ds+alu+ s+?6<>8 Le+ s+?31



6?

Okuh hk ?878 Mhwkïk Adwuì whnwhogo eh @o Mlgxhwo o Jì}lad*Uhkdamuêuòk o edkeh mogêo led

sowo adjgoulw o Awluñgo` eh D`le qxh h mogêo osdehwoed eh ò whnlñk jouoked o` aoalqxh Om Goòj

@hjslwo+ Huh moòam xlkla jo|o mogêo `dnwoed adkvhkahw adk swhvhkalñk o ahkuhkowh eh shqxhÿd

whlkd eh ò vouo whnlñk sowo qxh adjgoulhwok o `d hsoÿd`h | moaêo xk whaxhkud eh` sosh` qxh ìud

mogêok ixnoed hk h` jo|og | eh ò xhwuh qxh hshwogo o `d lkeld goid x uxuhò+ Awluñgo` eh D`le xñeh xko uwojso sowo jouow o` aoalqxh uok hshauoaxòw adjd oqxh`ò duwo qxh 533 oÿd jï uoweh xowo

hk ò moalhkeo eh Amlkojhao h` idvhk jl`luow Nxoiowed sowo ohlkow o Hjl`lokd Yosouo+ D`le aluñ o`

aoalqxh o alhwud sowoih adk ò swdjho eh soauow xko d`xalñk adkvhklhkuh o ojgd goked | o``ê `d

jouñ+ Eheh ò oyduho eh Amlkojhao Yosouo udeovêo o aogo``d whalglñ xko kxuwleo wïfono qxh `d

fx`jlkñ+ @hjslwo o slh whalglñ ò hjghuleo o aogo``d eh `d hsoÿd`h qxh elsowowdk x owaogxah+

H` aogo``d+ Xk okljo` qxh hjshyñ sdw nwogowh hk ò jhkuh eh `d lkeênhko edkeh h lkflùwñ adjd

ehleoe h}uwokihwo qxh ò wh`lnlñk `dao` shwjluêo oedsuow+

Hk ?878 axoked Adwuì whnwhogo eh @o Mlgxhwo hkuwñ o Uo|oo` edkeh h adkahkuwogo h` whexaud eh

`d luyoh>6 jï whaoàluwokuh | soauñ adk h` moòam xlkla qxh hk hh ulhjsd hwo Aokhb+ Axhkuo

Qokgxhkovhkuxwo qxh o lkuokalo eh `d elï`dnd qxh ojgd uxvlhwok -adk hnxwleoe uwoexaled sdw ò

Jo`lkamh | Ihwñkljd eh Onxlòw swhhkuh, Adwuì whno`ñ xk aogo``d o` moòam xlkla qxh `d

ojglaldkogo adk fhwvdw+ Hk ò swdslo Aowuo eh whòalñk adkuo qxh Adwuì oaahelñ o whnoòw h`

aogo``d sdwqxh ìuh |o huogo mhwled | swdkud o hw lkhwvlg`h ‘sxh h mlkañ xk so`d sdw h` slh‖+ Shwd

Aokhb adkonwoed oahweduh | axwokehwd elid qxh ì` `d sdewêo axwow+

Adnd``xed fxh qxlhk uhwjlkñ sdw oehwhyow huo lkawhêg`h mludwlo+ Elid qxh kd dguokuh ò fh eh` aoalqxhh` aogo``d jxwlñ hk sdad ulhjsd axoked Adwuì kovhnogo moalo Vhwoawxy+ Shwd `d fhwvlhkuh luyoh `h

mlalhwdk xko huouxo ljswhldkokuh qxh gxañ whjheow adk udeo h}oauluxe h` sdwuh eh` mhwjdd okljo`

jï}ljh qxh ò dgwo h who`lyñ axgwlhked h` hqxh`hud eh gowwd sowo adkhwvow ò jhidwh

swdsdwaldkh2 xk swdaheljlhkud lkoxelud hk ò mludwlo eh ò s`ïulao hk ìuo | duwo òuluxeh+

Adkd`leoeo ò huouxo ò ad`daowdk hk ò aljo eh ò slwïjleh swlkalso` edkeh ò oedwowdk adjd o xko

ehleoe eh oùd woknd+>>

>6 Uo|oo` fxh koalñk eh `d luyoh `d ùùljd whghèh jo|o qxh fxhwdk ehawlud adk swd`lileoe sdw h` soewh Ghwkowed eh@lyoko hk ?6119 Mludwlo eh \xaouïk+ Ehvdaldkowld eh Kxhuwo Qhÿdwo eh Lyjo` | adkqxluo hslwluxo + Ljswhkuo eh` JxhdKoaldko` Jì}lad ?=<1>> Uojglìk @lyoko s+??1 | Adnd``xed udjd L aos+]VL s+?5= osxe Qd`ê Ds+alu+s+?3= whsdwuok huh mhamd+



67

Oÿd jï uoweh h` jljd Aokhb whalglñ ò vlluo eh fwo| Gowud`djì eh Fxhko`leo | fwo| Ixok Idhsm eh

Dwgluo hk Uo|oo` vhuled sdjsdojhkuh eh òwno s`xjo fdwjoked xk mo`d nwokeh uùklao eh

o`ndeñk flkd gdweoeo eh ad`dwh adk s`xjo flko okeo`lo | ad`òwh | shaudwo`h | oidwao eh dwd+

@o s`ïulao fxhwdk adwelo`h o` sxkud hk qxh h` aoalqxh shwjlulñ o `d fwol`h qxh ah`hgwohk xko jlo

awluloko adk uded `d lknwhelhkuh eh hh ahwhjdklo`+ \ ì` h swhhkuñ ouovloed adjd qxheo elamd |fòkqxhoed eh jùlad | nxowelo+ Shwd kd sxed hvluow qxh o aoeo oaud eh ò ahwhjdklo aouñ`lao h

wlhwo o aowaoioeo+ Kd oahsuo ò kxhvo wh`lnlñk | ehsleh o `d fwol`h adk xko swdjho ojglvo`hkuh9 qxh

`d luyïh h adkvhwulwêok o` awlulokljd uok ñ`d hk ò fhamo eh` Bouùk = Omox fhamo oalono hk qxh

xsxhuojhkuh h ehwwxjgogok ò alxeoeh jo|o+ @d fwol`h moahk shqxlo eh axïked h axjs`lwêo

uo` ljgñ`lao fhamo `h whsdkehk adkfxojhkuh sdw flk awhhk mo`òw xk oahweduh hkuhkeled hk `d

ao`hkeowld jo|o qxh `h ohnxwo qxh uo` daxwwlwêo sooked xk oÿd | whudwkok ehsxì eh hh ulhjsd o

Uo|oo`+ Hkudkah |o ndglhwko duwd Aokhb xahdw eh` qxh mogêo soauoed adk Mhwkïk Adwuì+ Vok o`

uhjs`d jo|dw | hkaxhkuwok axwldojhkuh hk x aljo o xk aogo``d eh owal`ò | axoked swhnxkuok dgwh

ò aoxo eh uo` jluhwld `d oahweduh `h lkelaok qxh h h` ‘Uyljlkamoa‖ h` aogo``d eh` uwxhkd | eh`

wo|d ò goh eh` ilkhuh qxh elsowo xk owaogxy+ Fwo| Ixok Idhsm eh ò Dwgluo owwhjhulñ h}oshwoed

adkuwo ò huouxo qxh mlyd sd`vd | h` sxhg`d h}oshwoed udjñ o `d fwol`h | `d ``hvñ okuh ò hflnlh eh

Bxbxàïk sowo oawlflaow`d+ Uojglìk h elid qxh ``hnoed o hh sxkud lkuhwvlkd Aokhb | qxh `d

whaouñ sowo qxh sxelhwok lwh eh Uo|oo`+>=

Soñ h` ulhjsd+ Kd fxh lkd mouo ?6<> axoked h` ndghwkoedw eh \xaouïk Jowuêk eh Xwyùo | Ojhyaxo

djhulñ o Uo|oo` ùùljd whexaud eh `d luyïh woelao`h+ _xh h` ghoud fwo| Oewlïk eh Dwdwuly mog`ñ hkjo|o eheh ò nd`huo wdehoeo eh aokdo luyïh shwd `d jo|o jduwogok o `d hsoÿd`h ‘ò sowuh

vhwhkeo | eogok nwok nwluo‖+>< Adjhkyñ ò nxhwwo ehuwx|hwdk ò alxeoe x uhjs`d | x êed`d+ Qh

sòkuñ ò awxy h` eêo eh Qokuo Joulèh Vlwnhk | Jïwulw+ =3

H` aogo``d | ò nxhwwo okulnxo+ Xk fdwjleog`h okljo` hk ò gouo`ò+ Qljxùïkhojhkuh uojglìk xk

êjgd`d xklvhwo` qxh omdwo `d sdehjd dghwvow adjd h` eh Uwd|o qxh sdwuo hk h` vlhkuwh o `d

hkhjlnd d adjd huh ‘uyljlkamoa‖ jo|o flùwoed hk ò wh`lnlñk | hwnxled hk ò aùsleh eh ò

slwïjleh | oùk oê khnoed sdw `d awlulokd sdw led`ïuwlad2 | xko vhy jï elsowoedw eh ò nxhwwo+

>= Qok Gxhkovhkuxwo Ds+Alu+s+?75>< Le+ s+?56=3 Le+ s+?5<



61

Sowo `d shwhnwlkd jo|o eh` sooed ‘fxh goh eh` ilkhuh qxh elsowo xk owaogxy‖ h` wo|d jïnlad qxh

edjlkogok `d awlulokd+

H` sooed hk huo mludwlo9 xko swdvhwglo` adkfxlñk qxh gwl`ò hk ò daxwleoe2 uojglìk xko uhwwlg`h

lkixulalo qxh l`xjlkñ adjd xk wh`ïjsond hk xk lkuokuh h` voud aojsd daxwd eh ò mxjokleoe+

@d uwh vloih o Jhdojìwlao9 Mhwkïkehy, Nwlio`vo | Adwuì



65

Fwokalad Mhwkïkehy eh Añwedgo

Hwo xk wlad moahkeoed eh Axgo qxh hk ?8?> xsd eh` koxfwonld qxh mogêo led o whaoòw o \xaouïk | qxh

o`nxkd dgwhvlvlhwdk o` ehouwh | h hkadkuwogok hk o`nxko oèho eh lkeênhko+ H` sl`dud jo|dw eh x

fwonouo Okuñk eh Oòjlkd mogêo uhkled o`nxko kdulalo eh ò ulhwwo | fxh h` nxêo mouo ``hnow o` Aogd

Aoudamh+ Moglhked o`led eh` Aogd eh Qok Okuñk hk Axgo h` = eh fhgwhwd =? `h udjñ sdw dwswho xko

udwjhkuo qxh exwñ ed eêo adk x kdamh sdw `d qxh soowdk 7? eêo hk oùo jow mouo ``hnow h` 5 eh

jowyd eh ?8?>+ Fwokalad @ñshy eh Nñjowo eh qxlhk h elah adk fwhaxhkalo -oxkqxh o`nxkd `d

klhnxh, qxh uxvd o` swdsld Mhwkïk Adwuì | o Okewì eh Uoslo adjd lkfdwjokuh uhulnd swhhkuh eh

`d mhamd eh ò adkqxluo ohnxwñ qxh Fwokalad Mhwkïkehy eh Añwedgo ehaxgwlñ \xaouïk hk uwhkovêd adk Awluñgo` Jdwokuh | @dsh Damdo eh Aolahed+=7 @d jo|o odjgwoed vlhwdk osowhahw hk

h` mdwlydkuh ò kovh eh Mhwkïkehy eh Añwedgo hk ax|o swdo h shwflògok o adkuwo`xy

oswd}ljoeojhkuh xk ahkuhkow eh mdjgwh+ Kd h sdlg`h adkdahw ò ljswhlñk qxh uo` vllñk hk hh

jdjhkud aoxowo o `d jo|o | ñ`d h sdlg`h ljonlkowò+ @d h}uwoÿd ``hnogok hk oao`h d aoo

adjd kdjgwowdk o x gowad uìwjlkd qxh |o adkdaljd+ Xk nwluhwêd eh ò jxùluxe qxh h ogowwduogo

hk ò sò|o eh` axo` `d odjgwoed hsoÿd`h `dnwowdk elulknxlw o`nd oê adjd ‘adk hadudam‖ |

hkudkah dsuowdk sdw udjow huo vdy adjd kdjgwh eh` `xnow9 Aogd Aoudamh+ Oud`dkewoed hk h`

jdjhkud+ O qxlìk h `h daxwwh shkow qxh h` nwxsd eh lkeênhko qxh hshwogo hk ò sò|o elihwo h`

=? ^l``loj M+ Swhaduu9 Mludwlo eh ò adkqxluo eh Jì}lad+ Heludwlo` Sdwwùo Jì}lad ?<>6 s+?3==7 Fwokalad @ñshy eh Nñjowo9 Mludwlo eh ò adkqxluo eh Jì}lad+ He+ Sdwwùo ?<== s+??



68

kdjgwh eh xk `xnow ehmogluoed | `hiokd eh x oèho+ \ dwswhlvojhkuh axoked `d lkuwxd goiowdk

`d gouh`h | h hkflòwdk moalo `d `xnowhÿd h` aoalqxh eld vdah | `d ouoaowdk+ Shwd `d hsoÿd`h

whsdkelhwdk adk owaogxah okuh ò huxshfoaalñk eh `d lkeld+ \ oùk oê h owjñ ò uwlfxào |

adjgoulhwdk eheh gouh`h | aokdo `d lkeênhko hk whulwoeo | adkulkxñ ò gouo`ò hk ò owhko | mxgd

elshwlñk eh `d nxhwwhwd jo|o | jxamd hsoÿd`h shkhuwowdk mouo ``hnow o ò oèho qxh mogêo ledogokedkoeo+ Mhwkïkehy jljd vld helflald eh ao` | aokud `h aoxowdk odjgwd `d axùlvd vld hkuwh

`d lkeld oedwkd eh dwd | flko wdso eh o`ndeñk+ H` soewh O`dkd Ndkyï`hy aosh``ïk hkuwñ hk xko

sòyxhò | xglñ `d shèoÿd eh xko slwïjleh | hk xk shqxhÿd whalkud qxh ò adwdkogo mo``ñ o`nxko

flnxwo | ‘xko id|xhò‖ eh dwd+=1 Adk swxehkalo Mhwkïkehy dwehkñ h` whnwhd o ò kovh | `d

dèoed ``hvowdk adklnd ed whmhkh ouwosoed hk ò whfwlhno Jhàmdwhid | Ix`lokl``d+ Mhwkïkehy

aduhñ mouo Aojshamh edkeh `d kouxwo`h uojglìk `d whalglhwdk adk mdul`leoe | oê ehalelñ x

whnwhd o Axgo+

Shwd hk ò aowuo eh` aoglèd eh Vhwoawxy o` wh| lka`xleo hk ò Aowuo eh Whòalñk eh Mhwkïk Adwuì -|

qxh jxamd ohnxwok qxh ì` jljd ò hawlglñ, adkuo qxh hk Aojshamh kd mxgd mdul`leoeh | qxh

Mhwkïkehy eh Añwedgo h ehuxvd o``ê | mouo adjhwalñ adk h` aoalqxh qxh fxh kdjgwoed sdw `d

dèoed @ïyowd+ _xh \xaouïk huogo o 63 d >3 `hnxo eh ò Lò Fhwkokelko adjd h `h `òjñ o Axgo+

_xh h` sl`dud Okuñk eh Oòjlkd hwo eh ò vl`ò eh So`d -| eh hud h shwjllg`h xsdkhw qxh adkdalñ o

Ndkyo`d Nxhwwhwd,+ _xh jï oùk kovhnowdk ‘aduo ogoid ?3 `hnxo‖ mouo ‘Joamoadgñk‖ ax|d

aoalqxh hwo ‘Amojsdud‖ -mhwjokd eh Uogaddg h` aoalqxh eh Ahkuò, | qxh o``ê uxvlhwdk xko wxeo

sh`ho adk oèd eh 76 hsoÿd`h jxhwud | jxamd mhwled+=5

Huo fxh ò ‘Gomêo eh ò Joò Sh`ho‖+ Hk h` Lulkhwowld eh ò Owjoeo eh Ixok eh Nwlio`vo | ax|d dwlnlko` hk `hknxo luo`loko h hkaxhkuwo hk ò

Glg`lduhao eh ò Qokuo Ln`hlo eh Qhvl`ò adkuo qxh Fwokalad Mhwkïkehy eh Añwedgo ``hnñ o

Adyxjh`+=8 Huh eoud huï adkflwjoed hk duwd edaxjhkud okulnxd uojglìk eh jxamo ljsdwuokalo |

hawlud hk òuêk=6 qxh okduo qxh Mhwkïkehy eh Añwedgo aoxulvñ o` lkeld Ix`lïk hk Adyxjh`+

=1 Ghwko` Eêoy eh` Aoul``d Ds+alu+ aos+LLs+>=5 Mhwkïk Adwuì9 Aowuo eh` fojdd adkqxluoedw Mhwkïk Adwuì+ Ljswhkuo eh L+ Haoòkuh Jì}lad ?=>3 ss+1 | 5+=8 ‘Lulkhwowld eh ò Owjoeo eh` wh| aouñ`lad o ò lò eh \xaouïk hk @o Lkelo h` oÿd ?8?= hk ò qxh fxh sdw adjokeokuh |aosluïk nhkhwo` Ixok eh Nwlio`vo+ Hawlud sowo x oùhyo sdw h` aosh``ïk jo|dw eh ò elamo owjoeo‖+ Hk9 Idoqxêk NowaêoLaoygoàhuo9 Ad`haalñk eh edaxjhkud sowo ò mludwlo eh Jì}lad+ Sdwwùo Jì}lad ?<=3 udjd L s+7=<+ Huh edaxjhkud hadslo eh` ‘Lulkhwowld eh @xedvlad eh Vowumhjo gd`dÿì Reh o``ê x hawluxwo luo`lokoZ hk Qlwlo hk ò Owoglo Ehlhwuo | Fh`lyhk Shwlo hk ò Lkelo | hk Huldslo‖ Vhkhalo ?877 Kd+=+ H` dwlnlko` shwuhkhalñ o Mhwkoked Ad`ñk | okduoed eh x sxÿd huïhk ò Glg`lduhao eh ò Qokuo Ln`hlo eh Qhvl`ò hu+V uog+??8 Kd+7?+ Kduo eh Jxÿdy o` flk eh ò uwoexaalñk fwokaho eh



66

Qdgwh uded hud lkfdwjh qxh o`nxkd eh h``d dk elfhwhkuh | adkuwoelaudwld uhkhjd ò vhwlñk eh

Fwo| Elhnd @ñshy eh Adnd``xed -?6?1*?668, qxh `dnwñ dwehkow hk h` ln`d ]VLL ò jhidw kowwoalñk eh

`d mhamd eh ò axo` mond o adkulkxoalñk huo êkuhl+

@d swljhwd hsoÿd`h qxh vlhwdk \xaouïk oxkqxh kd oùowdk o ulhwwo fxhwdk Ixok Eêoy eh Qd`ê |

Vlahkuh \ïÿhy Slkyñk hk fhamo uok uhjswoko adjd ?836+ Qo`lhwdk eh @o Hsoÿdò o Nxokoid d Lòeh Slkd qxh oê ò kdjgwñ x ehaxgwledw Awluñgo` Ad`ñk hk x axowud vloih+ Eh o``ê o` sdklhkuh mouo

ò hkuwoeo eh` Nd`fd Exàh ‘ax|o gdao o ò jow h adjd xk wêd‖ qxh huï hkuwh ahwwd oùd+ ‘\

udjoked ò vxhùo eh` Kdwuh ehaxgwlhwdk `d dwlhkuo` eh \xaouïk+‖=> Sdw hd vo`h ò shko adjhkuow h

elid qxh Fwokalad Mhwkïkehy eh Añwedgo |o hk ?8?> mogêo uhkled o`nxko kdulalo eh ò h}luhkalo eh

\xaouïk+

Hk h` Eowlìk ndghwkogo Shewowlo Eïvlò ‘adk foùo eh jokuhkljlhkud | dgwo eh nhkuh aouh`òko‖

hkuwh h``d h sxhehk adjs`huow `d eoud eh Adnd``xed Elhnd eh Klaxho Ihwñkljd eh Onxlòw |

Ndkyo`d Nxhwwhwd `d kïxfwond qxh mogwêok eh owwlgow o ò aduo eh \xaouïk hk ?8??+

Sdw ho luxoalñk Eïvlò shwjlulñ qxh sowulhhk o`nxkd moalo Axgo | hkuwh ìud lgo koeo jhkd qxh

Ghwko` Eêoy eh` Aoul``d+ Shewowlo awxh` jokeñ ehnd`òw o Voad Kùÿhy eh Go`gdo qxh mogêo vlud ò

aduo |xaouhao kd dguokuh qxh hwo x |hwkd | eh qxlhk dshamñ qxh h qxllhwo o`yow adkuwo ì`+

O elfhwhkalo eh Eïvlò Elhnd Vh`ïyqxhy hwo gxhk ndghwkoedw eh Axgo | x hsoÿd`h hwok wlad+ Sdw

huo gxhko oejlkluwoalñk fxh qxh alhk kdg`h hsoÿd`h h mogêok ehaleled lw o vlvlw o Axgo+ Oxkqxh

ò swdjho eh Vh`ïyqxhy h oòwnogok | hud aoxñ qxh swdjdvlhwok ò gùqxheo eh kxhvo ulhwwo

eheh `xhnd adk x okxhkalo+ Kdjgwowdk adjd aosluïk o Fwokalad Mhwkïkehy eh Añwedgo mdjgwhwlad | exhÿd eh lkeld+ Adjswowdk ed kovêd | xk uhwahwd `d dfwhalñ h` ndghwkoedw lhjswh | axoked

fxhwok swljhwd o @o Nxokoio o uwohw`h lkeld o aojgld eh x gowad+ @d alhk kd oahsuowdk huh uwoud

Vh`ïyqxhy edg`ñ ò jokd | oùk oê swhuñ x gowad+ Sowulhwdk adk uwh sl`dud9 Okuñk eh Oòjlkd eh

So`d Ixok Ï`vowhy H` Jokqxl``d eh Mxh`vo | xk Aojoamd eh Uwloko+ Oehjï h` a`ìwlnd O`dkd

Ndkyï`hy | xk vhhedw eh` wh| Ghwkowelkd Lkênxhy d Kùÿhy eh Qokud Edjlknd eh ò Ao`yoeo+

Uhwkox}*Adjsok9 ‘Vd|onh whòuldk hu jhjdlwh dwlnlkox} sdxw hwvlw ã `“mludlwh eh ò Eìadxvhwuh eh `“Ojìwlqxh‖+Udjd ] s+56+=6 ‘Vleo eh Mhwkïk Adwuì+ Fwonjhkud okñkljd+ Hk Nowaêo Laoygoàhuo Ds+alu+ ss+13< | + Huh edaxjhkud fxh ehaxglhwud

sdw Ixok Goxuluo Jxÿdy hk ?>=7+ Mo`òed hk h` Owamlvd eh Qljokao Qoò eh Lkelo `hnoid ‘Whòaldkh | sosh`h udaokuho hkuwoeo | sdgòaldkh‖+ Goxuluo Jxÿdy xnlwlñ qxh h` edaxjhkud sxheh hw eh Ao`vhu eh Huwh`ò awdkluo eh Lkelo ehàxo` mo| 73 `lgwd9 Eh whgx nhul Voaaoh Aouwl JQQ adkhwvoed hk h` Ad`hnld eh` Qoawd Jdkuh eh Nwokoeo+=> @ñshy eh Adnd``xedDs+alu+ s+>8



6>

Mh oqxê hkudkah aogh dghwvow qxh h` ehaxgwljlhkud eh \xaouïk `d mlalhwdk hsoÿd`h eh oàxwklo+

Qo`lhwdk eh` sxhwud eh Iowxad hk ò gokeo eh` kdwuh eh Axgo soowdk sdw @o Mogoko mouo h` Aogd eh

Qok Okuñk hk xk vloih eh jxamd eêo adk udwjhkuo eh ed eêo adk x kdamh vlhked ulhwwo ehsxì

eh 7? eêo+ _xh eheh `d kovêd vlhwdk xk sxhg`d o ed `hnxo eh ò aduo+ \ `d kdjgwowdk H` Nwok

Aolwd+ \ h` 5 eh jowyd ehalelhwdk goiow o ulhwwo shwd h ehuxvlhwdk sdwqxh h oahwaogok alkad aokdo+Hk h`ò 13 lkeld ‘vhuled adk aojlhuo eh o`ndeñk | axglhwuo x sowuh vhwhkeo‖ | sdw h``d `d

uxvlhwdk sdw ‘nhkuh eh jï woyñk qxh `d eh Axgo‖+ Hud h o``hnowdk o ò kovh @o Aosluoko |

xglhwdk+ @d lkeld ‘jlwowdk adk axleoed oqxh` jded eh nhkuh uok h}uwoÿo sowo h``d | ò nwokehyo |

owulflald eh `d kovêd+‖== H` aoalqxh qxh lgo hkuwh h``d swdjhulñ vd`vhw | `d mlyd o` lnxlhkuh eêo adk

?7 aokdo nwokeh sowo ``hvow`d o x sxhg`d+ H` fxh qxlhk mogêo elamd9 ‘adkì} adudam‖ qxh qxlhwh

ehalw9 ‘vhkle o kxhuwo aoo‖ | qxh `d hsoÿd`h awh|hwdk qxh hwo h` kdjg wh eh` `xnow | sdw hd

kdjgwowdk o` luld Aogd d Sxkuo eh Aduñam+=<

@o aduo huogo ``hko eh lkeld+ @d hsoÿd`h kd ogdweowdk ò aokdo lkd qxh fxhwdk hk x gouh`h |

glhk owjoed adk ?8 go``huo | ?3 hadshuo+ Shwd o` soow sdw xk ‘jdkuhalud gwhÿdd‖ h` aoalqxh eld

vdah | hkudkah osowhalñ xko nwok jxùluxe eh lkeld qxh adjhkyowdk o f`hamow | whxùowdk mhwled

?8 dèoed+ @o `xamo swdlnxh omdwo axhwsd o axhwsd | o hsoeo ehhkvolkoeo jxhwhk ?8 jo|o `d

ehjï mx|hk `d hsoÿd`h `dnwok oswhow o ed9 Jhàmdw | Ix`lïk+ Jlhkuwo hud soogo h` a`ìwlnd

O`dkd Ndkyï`hy h lkflùwñ hk xkd oedwoudwld mhamd eh slhewo | hkadkuwñ jxamd êed`d eh gowwd

‘xkd adjd aowo eh ehjdkld duwd eh jxihwh oùd eh axhwsd duwd o` sowhahw eh lkeld qxh

huogok adjhulhked dedjêo‖+ H` axwo adk x oluhkuh wdgñ udeo ò slhyo ixkud o duwo eh dwdgoid+ Ehflklulvojhkuh h uwouogo eh xk jxked jx| elulkud o Axgo+

O aoxo eh ò whfwlhno h hjgowaowdk | hk sdad eêo ``hnowdk o Aojshamh qxh `òjowdk Qok @ïyowd

sdw moghw ``hnoed hh edjlknd+ \ o``ê `d whalglhwdk duwd lkeld qxh o hÿo swhnxkuowdk ‘l vhkêok eh

edkeh o`h h` d`+‖ <3 Xko swhnxkuo qxh jxamd ehsxì mogwêo eh ouwlgxlwh o xko awhhkalo jêulao eh `d

jhdojhwlaokd+

\ qxh `d jo|o uojglìk elihwdk ‘aoulòk aoulòk‖+ Shwd `d hsoÿd`h kd ao|hwdk hk axhkuo eh qxh

swdgog`hjhkuh huxvlhwok o` uokud eh x swdahehkalo sdw gdao eh `d kïxfwond qxh vlvêok hk ò aduo

huh eheh moaêo hl oÿd+ Omê hk Aojshamh `d hsoÿd`h mogêok dghwvoed ò swhhkalo eh xko xhwuh

== Ds+alu+s+>6=< Ds+alu+s+>>



6=

eh awxah+ \ `d aojshamokd h jduwowdk eh soy | `d ``hvowdk o x sxhg`d | o``ê `d aouh`òkd

vlhwdk qxh hk `d oedwoudwld adk flnxwo eh hwslhkuh | duwd êed`d hk `d jxwd | hk xko hshalh eh

oùow mogêo nduo eh oknwh fwhao eh xk oawlflald mxjokd qxh ehsxì h xsd qxh hwo sowo shelw o `d

eldh vlaudwlo adkuwo `d h}uwokihwd+ Qo`lhwdk elhy oahweduh adk aogh``d hkjowoÿoed eh oknwh

hao `d omxjowdk | `h lkelaowdk qxh h fxhwok jlhkuwo qxh `d haxoewdkh eh lkeld ‘elhwdknwokeh l`gd uwdjshul`ò | uxkbx`h | oehjokh jx| gwovd+‖ <?

Exwñ hl eêo x kxhvo sowuleo moalo h` kdwuh | ``hnowdk o Sdudkamïk+ \ o``ê osowhalhwdk ‘jxamd

lkeld eh nxhwwo owjoed adk x oad eh o`ndeñk mouo ò wdel`ò owad | f`hamo òkyo | wdehò

hsoeo o jokhwo eh jdkuokuh qxh ixnogok o ed jokd mdkeo | slhewo+ @o aowo eh gòkad

khnwd ad`dwoed slkuoeo -…, sowhahk ehjdkld slkuoed jx| hjshkoamoed‖+ \ whslulhwdk9

‘aoulòk aoulòk+‖ <7 Owwhjhulhwdk adkuwo h``d | `d wdehowdk eh `d qxh whxùñ xk oèd eh =3

hsoÿd`h mhwled+ H` swdsld Mhwkïkehy eh Añwedgo whalglñ edah f`hamoyd | aosuxwowdk o O`dkd Gduh

| o xk vlhid sdwuxnxì sowo ``hvow`d o oawlflald+ Hk uduo` jxwlhwdk 83 hsoÿd`h | h` whud `dnwñ mxlw

moalo `d kovêd+ ‘Nwluo l`gd | jo|dw shwhaxalñk‖ | h mxkeêok `d gouh`h sdw h` dgwhshd jlhkuwo

qxh duwd koeogok+ O` hjgowaowh udeovêo whalglhwdk nwok eoÿd eheh ò aokdo+ Duwd alkad hsoÿd`h

jxwlhwdk ehsxì eh ò mhwleo+ Eh hh whald adjgouh qxh mogwêo exwoed dòjhkuh xk sdad jï eh

jhelo mdwo h` dèoed Ghwwld o`lñ lkañ`xjh+ Qh adkahkuwowdk hk `d ed kovêd jo|dwh | qxhjowdk

h` jhkdw+ \ hk ho adkelaldkh kovhnowdk uwh eêo sdw ò aduo | moalo h` kdwuh mouo qxh ``hnowdk o`

Huhwd eh @d @onowud jxhwud eh he ‘adk nwlhuo hk ò `hknxo | gdao+‖ <1 Fxhwdk o eow o @o

F`dwleo hk axouwd eêo+ Okuñk eh Oòjlkd whadjhkeñ qxh goiowok adk axleoed sxh ì` mogêo huoed o``ê adk Ixok Sdkah eh @hñk axoked `d lkeld mogêok jouoed o jxamd eh h``d+ \ hk hfhaud o`

ehhjgowaow owwhjhulhwdk `d lkeld sdw jow | ulhwwo mlwlhked o hl+ H` qxh eld ovld eheh `hid eh

qxh vhkêok `d haxoewdkh eh lkeênhko fxh Ghwwld h` ùklad okd eh ò gouo`ò eh ò Gomêo eh ò Joò

Sh`ho+ Shwd o``ê `h udañ o ì`2 h `d ``hvowdk `d lkeld+ @d ehjï mx|hwdk sdw ò aduo hjgowaoed

mouo hkadkuwow gxhko onxo+ Hwo uokuo ò he qxh xk dèoed h ovhkuñ eheh xk kovêd sowo ``hnow okuh

o` gouh` qxh ò oaowwhogo+ Udjñ jxamo h lkf`ñ | jxwlñ+ Eh o``ê kovhnowdk mouo @o Mogoko -Sxhwud

<3 Ds+alu+s+>=<? Le+s+><<7 @da+alu+<1 Ds+alu+s+=?



6<

Aowhko,+ H` aosluïk Fwokalad Mhwkïkehy h qxheñ hk Qokaul Qslwlux sxh o``ê uhkêo x hkadjlhkeo+

Elhy eêo jï uoweh jxwlñ+

H` elfxkeled wxjdw sxh eh qxh h` adkhid | oaalñk eh Ndkyo`d Nxhwwhwd mogwêo led ò aoxo ùklao eh

qxh `d koulvd elhwok nxhwwo o `d hsoÿd`h aowhah eh jxamo goh+ @d jï adkawhud o` whshaud h ò

aluo eh Ghwko` Eêoy

<5

edkeh oaxeh Ihwñkljd eh Onxlòw okuh Adwuì | `h hshuo `d qxh ulhkh uded `dvld eh xko lkuwlno qxh Nxhwwhwd lkulnogo o `d jo|o o nxhwwhow+ Shwd kd sowhalñ qxh Adwuì mlalhwo

aod eh huo ehaòwoalñk+ \ ñ`d h sxheh oahsuow adjd xko eh uokuo vlldkh hqxêvdao eh qxlhkh

``hnok o xk jxked sdw adjs`hud ehadkdaled+ Ql Adwuì ehsxì o` hkuhwowh eh ò khnoulvo eh Ndkyo`d

Nxhwwhwd o whlkuhnwowh adk h``d elnxuoed h}swhñ x ehhd eh moghw qxhwled uhkhw`d hk x jokd

sowo aoulnow`d kd lklkxñ qxh h``d fxhwo sdwqxh mxglhwo udjoed jheleo mdul`h moalo h``d+ Shwd

ehsxì eh hd h fdwjñ ò `h|hkeo khnwo eh` kïxfwond uwoledw+ \ huo awhhkalo l h qxh ljshwñ hkuwh

`d swdsld dèoed eh ò Adkqxluo kd h}swho jï qxh ò adklehwoalñk eh qxh `d lkeld ñ`d hwok

o`voih lk xk hkuled aogo` eh ò mogluoalñk | sdhlñk eh xk uhwwludwld+ \ qxh Nxhwwhwd xk hsoÿd`

`h mogwêo ehshwuoed hd hkuljlhkud edwjled+ Ql kd fxhwdk `d dèoed eh ò adkqxluo hk awhhw

uo`h souwoÿo hkudkah fxhwdk `d awdkluo -Ghwko` hawlglñ x Mludwlo 13 oÿd jï uoweh, qxlhkh h

hkaownowdk eh awhhwò | elfxkelwò+ Adk uokuo hfhaulvleoe qxh oxk jxamd hsoÿd`h -| jh}laokd,

eh md| ò lnxhk whslulhked+

Ixok eh Nwlio`vo

Ixok eh Nwlio`vo hwo dgwlkd eh Elhnd Vh`ïyqxhy h` ndghwkoedw eh Axgo+ @`hno elwhauojhkuh o

Adyxjh` h` 1 eh jo|d eh ?8?= | fxh qxlhk `h eld kdjgwh o ò lò9 Qokuo Awxy eh Sxhwuo @oulko+<8 Hk

udwkd o huh vloih uojglìk o` okuhwldw | o` sduhwldw eheh `xhnd h fdwiowdk jxamo `h|hkeo+ H`

kdjgwh qxh h eld o ò lò whxùñ eh moghw ``hnoed ò fwonouo h` eêo eh ò Qokuo Awxy+ Shwd uojglìk h

<5 Ds+alu+ s+>3<8 Jokxh` Dwdyad | Ghwwo9 Mludwlo okulnxo | eh ò adkqxluo eh Jì}lad+ 5 vd`+ Ulsdnwofêo eh Ndkyo`d O+ Huhvo Jì}lad?==3 s+<6+ Qhÿoò qxh h` luld edkeh okaòwo Adwuì xk oÿd jï uoweh h `òjowêo Qok Ixok Okuh Sdwuoj @oulkoj+ Huh luldh hkaxhkuwo md| hk ò shqxhÿo alxeoe sdwuxowlo eh ò lò+ Adwuì hk x AowuoL s+< hshalflao qxh `h kdjgwowdk o` sxhwud9Qok Ixok eh Sdwuo @oulko | o ò lò Qokuo Awxy+



>3

elid qxh Nwlio`vo h mogêo odjgwoed eh ò owqxluhauxwo | eh xko awxah eh slhewo hkadkuwoeo | qxh

oehjï hwok oedwoeo sdw `d lkeênhko | qxh sdw uded hud shkñ qxh h` kdjgwh qxh `h adwwhsdkehwêo

o huh `xnow hwêo h` eh Kxhvo Hsoÿo+<6 Kd qxheñ hk aòwd sxh l h` kdjgwh eoed o ò lò fxh ñ`d sdw

moghw ``hnoed h` uwh eh jo|d d uojglìk sdw ò shwuxwgoedwo adlkalehkalo eh moghw hkadkuwoed awxah

adjd hk x awluloko Hsoÿo eh o``ê qxh uluxghowo adk h` kdjgwh eh Kxhvo Hsoÿo+

<>

Uojglìk hhgdyñ ò `h|hkeo eh qxh ehsxì Adwuì kdjgwowo o Amoàmlxmaxhaok adjd ò Vhwo Awxy

whsdkelhked o` kdjgwh eoed o ò lò eh Adyxjh` | o ò exeo hk udwkd o ò awxah jo|o+ @d

udsdkêjlad ulhkhk dwênhkh lkdkeog`h hk udeo sowuh+ Nwlio`vo h `òjñ h` wêd qxh hk Ahkuò

ehhjgdao o` jow ixkud o` Xxjoalkuo+ Shewd eh O`vowoed qxh oadjsoÿogo o Nwlio`vo hk ò

kovhnoalñk moalo h` kdwuh ehiñ x kdjgwh d oê `h sxlhwdk duwd o` wêd eh` xw eh Vhwoawxy adk xk

owwd|d adkulnxd qxh ì` jljd goxulyowo adjd Wêd Gokehwo sdwqxh hk x wlghwo sx`xòwdk

ahkuhkowh eh lkeld adk lklnklo ehs`hnoeo+ Nwlio`vo ``hnñ mouo Sïkxad+ Mlyd haoò hk Qok Ixok

eh X`ùo h Lò eh Qoawlflald ojgd ùùljd oê kdjgwoed sdw ì`+ Qok Ixok sdw h` eêo eh` owwlgd X`ùo

sdw ò whfhwhkalo mhamo sdw lkeênhko jh}lao eh xk whlkd eh ax`ùo+ Lò eh Qoawlflald sdw moghw

hkadkuwoed o``ê whud eh huh wluxo`+ Oxkqxh kd hwêo uok fïal` whadkdahw eh xkd uwluh ehsdid

whnoed sdw h` xh`d lk klknxko lkelaoalñk vhwgo` hk h` hkudwkd | qxlyï eheh ò lò okul`òko

adjd hvlehkalo eh uo`h jluhwld wh`lnldd+ Nwlio`vo fxh h` swljhwd qxh adjhwalñ adk oyuhao | ‘h`

swljhwd hk slow xh`d jh}laokd‖+<=

<6

^l``loj M+ Swhaduu Ds+alu+ s+?3<<> Dwdyad Ds+alu+ udjd LV ss+<>*<= whshaud eh` uhjo eh ò awxy aluo o edk Okudkld eh Qoovhewo Nxyjïk9 H` shwhnwlkd

lkelokd Joewle ?8<< qxh adklnkñ hud vhwd ax|o nwofêo jh shwjlud oauxo`lyow 9

Ulhkhk o``ê ò awxy | ò oedwogokAdk nwok vhkhwoalñk | whvhwhkaloEld eh ``xvlo adkulkxd ò `òjogok\ huogo hk xk nwok uhjs`d eh ogulkhkalo9Uded jx| eh dwelkowld ò huljogokAdk nwok d`laluxe | adkulkhkaloElahk qxh hk \xaouïk sdw xd mogêoSdkhwò dgwh h` axhwsd qxh jdwêo+

Hk h` aosêux`d ‘Hfhaud adkuhjsdwïkhd‖ lkfwo s+ <7 vhwhjd añjd mouo ò fhamo ò ln`hlo aouñ`lao whaxhweo | whflhwhañjd xk whghèh eh ò Nxhwwo eh Aouo eh ?=5> jxhwh oaduoed dgwh xko awxy+ H` whghèh jdwêo ljxùïkhojhkuh dgwh xeld Amooa shwd uojglìk -´hwêo adkalhkuh eh h``d4, dgwh Ihxawlud+

<= Le+ s+??3



>?

Sdw fdwuxko dgwh h` vloih eh Ixok eh Nwlio`vo h hawlglñ xk lulkhwowld | oxkqxh huh dwlnlko` hk

hsoÿd` h shwelñ h adkhwvo xko uwoexaalñk o` luo`lokd sxg`laoeo hk Vhkhalo hk ?877 qxh fxh

swdslheoe eh` `huwoed Fhwkoked Ad`ñk mlid jhkdw -| glñnwofd, eh` o`jlwokuh+

Hk ò Aowuo eh` Aoglèd h hÿoò qxh axoked Nwlio`vo oùñ o ulhwwo hk ò lò eh Adyxjh` o`lñ xk

adkulknhkuh eh ?83 lkeld | qxh o` eêo lnxlhkuh `d hsoÿd`h ogokedkowdk h` sxhg`d+ _xh axoked ``hnño Aojshamh `d kouxwo`h jouowdk o xk hsoÿd` | qxh eh o``ê sowulhwdk o` wêd Nwlio`vo edkeh uojglìk

uxvlhwdk xk whalgljlhkud mdul` | qxh kd fxh lkd mouo Qok Ixok -eh X`ùo, edkeh uxvlhwdk jxamd

‘whaouh‖ uokud qxh hkvlowdk xko aowoghò adk h` dwd sowo Elhnd Vh`ïyqxhy+ Eh o``ê h whnwhowêok o

Axgo+

Ixok eh Nwlio`vo |o ``hvogo adklnd lkelaoaldkh swhalo eh gxaow o `d kïxfwond+

@d qxh h whsdwuñ eh x vloih hk h` vo`ldd edaxjhkud Lulkhwowld eh ò Owjoeo… qxh mh aluoed h

eheh `xhnd oxkqxh qxlyï djlulhwo sooih lkadkvhklhkuh `d flehelnkd eh hh hvhkud+ Qh ohnxwo

moghw ``hnoed o Adyxjh` h` uwh eh jo|d | sdw hd h` kdjgwh sxhud o ò lò+ _xh fxhwdk mouo h` duwd

òed eh ò lò | qxh o``ê hkadkuwowdk xko aoo nwokeh ‘xko udwwhal`ò qxh sowhaêo hw eh òwnd eh xko

aoo eh damd so`jd | eh ò oùxwo eh xk mdjgwh‖+ _xh hk uduo` vlhwdk hk Adyxjh` ?5 udwwh+ \ duwd

jx| axwldd eoud9 qxh h``d swhnxkuowdk sdw `d awlulokd ‘qxh Fwokalad Fhwkïkehy aosluïk eh ò duwo

swljhwo owjoeo mogêo ehioed hk ò lò eh \xaouïk‖+ \ qxh h` aoalqxh whsdkelñ qxh xkd vlvêo | h`

duwd mogêo jxhwud+ Adkulkùo elalhked qxh ‘hnxljd ò aduo sowo hkadkuwow o` elamd awlulokd qxh fxh

ehioed oqxê adk xk adjsoÿhwd sowo lkfdwjowh eh ò kouxwo`hyo | adkelalñk eh ò lò+‖ Shwd kd h

vxh`vh o moahw whfhwhkalo o `d sdlg`h adjlldkoed eh Mhwkïkehy | huo lkfdwjoalñk whxùoodjgwdo uokud adjd lkxluoeo+

Hk ò lò eh Adyxjh` swdkud h shwaouowdk `d eh ò owjoeo qxh mogêok ``hnoed o xk jxked jx|

elulkud o` adkdaled hk Axgo sdwqxh adkuowdk ?5 udwwh h ehalw ?5 slwïjleh d uhjs`d qxh h hwnxêok

hk `d aòwd oglhwud o ò h`vo | hk udwkd eh h``d duwd helflald jhkdwh jï ò vlvlhkeo mhamo eh

goiowhqxh | adk uhamd eh so`jo+ Hk sowulaxòw `h `òjñ ò ouhkalñk xko udwwh qxh sowhaêo hw ò jï

oùo eh udeo | o`whehedw eh h`ò jxamd lkeld qxh `d jlwogok adk ouhkalñk jlhkuwo qxh h dêo h`

huwìslud eh uojgdwh aowoad`h | amlwljêo adk qxh fxhwdk whalgled xko aduxjgwh qxh hkuwh duwo

ado hwo hÿo` eh oòwjo+ Ixok eh Nwlio`vo oadjsoÿoed eh` o`fìwhy qxh sdwuogo ò gokehwo xglñ o huo

udwwh | owwlgo ad`dañ ò gokehwo adjd xk nhud eh sdhlñk eh huo ulhwwo sowo h` wh| Aow`d shwd hd

kd lnklflaogo koeo sowo `d lkeênhko+ Shwd ì` adkulkxñ adk x gwhvh ahwhjdklo qxh adjs`huñ



>7

sdklhked xk hawlud edkeh adkuogo elamo sdhlñk dgwh h` jxwd fwdkuo` eh ò adkuwxaalñk qxh

ax`jlkogo ò slwïjleh+<<

Ofxhwo eh ò udwwhal`ò h` sosh` eh udjo eh sdhlñk eh Nwlio`vo2 oehkuwd êed`d mxhd | ahklyo h`

oedwoudwld eh `d lkeênhko+ Qxglhwdk ed okalokd | xkd nxowelo qxheowdk fòkqxhoked ò hkuwoeo+

Hwok `d oahweduh eh` uhjs`d | o` òed eh `d êed`d hk xko hshalh eh oùow ad`daowdk xk lkahkowldadk hudwoqxh | oaud hnxled dfwhalhwdk o Nwlio`vo xko òwno slso eh joehwo adk uogoad+ H` oahweduh

swlkalso` uhkêo ojsxuoed `d ehed eh `d slh | hkudkñ xk aokud fxhwuh ‘aol eh xk uhkdw‖+?33 Sdw x

sowuh `d hsoÿd`h ah`hgwowdk jlo | `d oahweduh h fxhwdk sowo whnwhow jï uoweh adk adjleo sowo

`d vlluokuh9 no``lko jlh` udwul`ò+ O uwovì eh Jhàmdw | Ix`lïk h` aosluïk Nwlio`vo elid o `d

oahweduh qxh h``d kd qxhwêok lkd dwd sowo jo|dw odjgwd eh `d lkeênhko+ Goiowdk eh` uhjs`d |

udeo ò owjoeo fxh lkvluoeo o adjhw hk xk o`ñk eh sowheh eh slhewo | uhamd eh soio2 ofxhwo mogêo xk

sdyd edkeh ghglhwdk onxo fwhao+ Shwd o` eêo lnxlhkuh |o kd osowhalñ xk lkeld jï qxh `d ehiowdk

d`d+ H``d whadwwlhwdk h` sxhg`d | oejlwowdk ò slwïjleh jx| glhk ògwoeo+ @o ao``h huogok

hjshewoeo | añkaovo | xko hnxleo eh duwo ò aoo eh slhewo ulhwwo | uhamd eh so`jo+ Jxamd

axùlvd ad`jhko ahwo | jlh`+ Hk h` aojsd `lhgwh adkhid iogo`êh vhkoed owjoel``d | duwd+ \

okuh ò oxhkalo eh ò sdgòalñk qxh mogêo ehosowhaled hadkelìkedh hk ò fdwhuo sowulhwdk h` vlhwkh

> eh jo|d mouo ``hnow o \xaouïk aoàxòed o xko ?8 jl`ò sdw h` nd`fd | mogwêok eh ``hnow o `d qxh

md| h `òjo Sò|o eh` Aowjhk edkeh hkadkuwowdk uwh sxhg`d nwokeh ahwaokd hkuwh ê adk jxamo

adkuwxaaldkh | slwïjleh+ Adkulkxowdk kovhnoked sdw ò aduo exwokuh uded h` eêo | ò kdamh | o` eêo

lnxlhkuh |o moalo h` ouowehahw vlhwdk xk nwok sxhg`d | kd exeowdk hk ixynow qxh hwo uok sdgòed hljsdwuokuh adjd Qhvl`ò+ _xlyï Ux`xj+ H` edjlknd whnwhowdk o Adyxjh` qxh eh kxhvd huogo

ehmogluoed | h` jowuh vd`vlhwdk o \xaouïk sdw ò gokeo eh` kdwuh | hkadkuwowdk ‘xko jx| mhwjdo

udwwh hk xko sxkuo ò qxh h elah hw mogluoeo sdw jxihwh qxh vlvhk lk mdjgwh‖ -Lò Jxihwh, |

adwwlñ h` wxjdw `hnhkeowld eh qxh ìuo hwok eh ò woyo eh ò Ojoydko+?3? @`hnok o Wêd @onowud

hkuwh Aojshamh | Uogoad eh md|+ @d lkeld eh hd òwh huïk oydwoed | kd mok udjoed xko

sdlalñk eh` uded aòwo fwhkuh o `d h}uwokihwd+ Mdsluoòwld `h dfwhahk adjleo9 xko no``lko adaleo |

jxamo awxeo sowo qxh h ò swhsowhk o x nxud+ Ixok eh Nwlio`vo swhnxkuo l ulhkhk dwd+ @d

lkeênhko h oxhkuok | whnwhok adk xko jïaowo eh joehwo amosoeo eh dwd | `h slehk o `d vlluokuh

<< Lulkhwowld eh ò owjoeo+ Ds+alu+ s+7=5?33 Le+ 7=8



>1

qxh sowuok qxh kd qxhwêok qxh udjowok onxo+ Shwd `xhnd ``hnowdk duwd adk elfhwhkuh oauluxe

elsxhud o` uwxhqxh eh joêy qxh ``hvowdk hk gxhko aokuleoe+ O` eêo lnxlhkuh h onxelyogok ò

mdul`leoeh | ``hnowdk uwh haxoewdkh nxloed sdw ed swlkalso`h o shelw eh kxhvd qxh h jowamohk

eh x aduo | sdw jheld eh` lkuìwswhuh Nwlio`vo lkelañ qxh h lwêok o` eêo lnxlhkuh sxhud qxh kd

qxhwêo nxhwwo+ @d haxoewdkh whnwhowdk sdw ò uoweh hk jheld eh nwlud | l`gled | `d dèoedhsoÿd`h huogok elsxhud o adjgoulw eh lkjheloud l kd fxhwo sdwqxh h` aosluïk swdmlglñ h` ouoqxh+

Qh whulwok `d lkeld shwd vxh`vhk o` eêo lnxlhkuh o shelw ò sowuleo+ Huo vhy sxlhwdk xk omxjhwld

hkuwojgd goked9 l kd h lgok okuh eh adkxjlwh ò whlko mogwêo nxhwwo+ O` aogd eh hud | adjd

kd sowuêok dùowdk xko ``xvlo eh f`hamo | `d hsoÿd`h mlalhwdk dkow ò owul``hwêo qxh aoxñ nwok

odjgwd | ao|hwdk uwh nxhwwhwd jo|o `d ehjï mxêok+ @d hsoÿd`h elhwdk fxhnd o uwh aoo |

jouowdk o duwd hk jheld eh ò adkfxlñk+ @d eh Nwlio`vo uojglìk h ehadkahwuowdk | mxgd xk hwwdw9

xkd adwwlhwdk ehuwï eh` o`fìwhy eh` huokeowuh | duwd eh` aosluïk+ Sowulhwdk sdw flk hh jljd eêo

mouo Amojsduñk ``hnoked o Sxhwud Ehhoed h` 1? eh jo|d+ Eh o``ê o Ahkuò edkeh hkaxhkuwok ahwao

eh ed jl` nxhwwhwd owjoed | elsxhud o sh`how+ Eheh x kovêd `d hsoÿd`h hamok xk shwwd o`

onxo | `d lkeld `d jouok eheh x aokdo+ Adjd whsxhuo dùowdk xk ulwd eh owul``hwêo qxh jouñ o

xk nxhwwhwd | mxgd xko whulwoeo shwd o` lnxlhkuh eêo vd`vlhwdk adk whfxhwyd9 ?33 aokdo | ahwao eh

uwh jl` mdjgwh+ H` aoalqxh hkvlñ xk hjlowld sowo swhnxkuow qxì qxhwêok `d vlluokuh | h` lkuìwswhuh

whsdkelñ qxh okeogok hk gxao eh dwd+ Swdkud `h ``hvowdk alhwuo aokuleoe eh dwd | o` lnxlhkuh eêo h`

aoalqxh | xkd whjhwd h oehòkuowdk mouo ò kovh eh` aosluïk | slelñ o ìuh qxh goiowo o ò aokdo

sowo elo`dnow | Nwlio`vo oahsuñ+ Hk ò aokdo h` aoalqxh mlyd hÿo sowo qxh vlulhhk o` aosluïk adk xkjluhwldd ouxhked9 ‘xk adh`huh | xkd gwoyo`huh eh dwd gdwahnxêh mouo jhelo slhwko adk oedwkd

eh dwd | hk ò aoghyo `h sxd xko adwdko eh dwd‖+ H` adh`huh huogo mhamd adk slhyo eh joehwo

amosoeo eh dwd | uwouogo eh ljxòw xko hshalh eh amo`had d jo`ò adjd ò qxh xogok `d swdsld

hsoÿd`h+ Adjd whsxhuo Nwlio`vo uojglìk dwehkñ qxh vlulhwok o` aoalqxh adk xk ixgñk eh uhwaldsh`d

vhweh ‘ao`yo wdoeo xk o|d xkd o`sownouh | xko ndwwo eh uhwaldsh`d‖+?37 H` aoalqxh eh Uogoad

slelñ qxh ehvd`vlhwo o` whmìk Jhàmdwhid shwd Nwlio`vo kd oahsuñ hk vluo eh qxh `h hwo lkelshkog`h

sowo adjxklaowh oxkqxh fxhwo o klvh` h`hjhkuo`+ Udeovêo lklulñ h` swlkalso` elalhked qxh `h eowêo hk

dwd `d qxh Jhàmdw showo shwd Nwlio`vo kd oahsuñ | ehalelñ whulwowh hkhnxleo vlud `d axo` h` aoalqxh

?3? Le+7==?37 Ds+alu+s+7<8



>5

sowulñ o ò aduo vhuled eh hsoÿd` | h` aosluïk xglñ o x kovh elfwoyoed sxhud qxh h` fojdd

‘amo`had‖ kd hwo xko swhkeo lkeênhko+ Oxkqxh ê h` whud eh` ouxhked+ Xk glyowwd aosluïk whnwhogo o x

kovh2 o did lkeênhko hwêo xk ihfh -moòam xlkla, adk x adwdko edwoeo+ Sowulhwdk eh lkjheloud mouo h`

wêd Ed Gdao qxh goxulyowdk adjd Qok Ghwkogì+ Sdw udeo ò aduo hkadkuwogok oèho | mdjgwh adk

wdehò lkawxuoeo eh dwd | jxihwh hknoòkoeo adk h` jljd jhuo`+ Mouo ``hnow o ò Lò ehQoawlflald edkeh hkadkuwowdk axhwsd eh iñvhkh oawlflaoed hkvxhùd hk jokuo eh ad`dwh xko

slhewo eh oawlflald volio adk oknwh adonxòeo+ Eh` vloih eh Mhwkïkehy h` aosluïk mogêo uwoêed

adklnd o xk lkeld ududkoao qxh o hÿo | o`nxkd uìwjlkd adjxkh h}s`lañ o Jhàmdw oahwao eh`

wluxo` eh` oawlflald | añjd hwo o `d hkhjlnd eh nxhwwo o qxlhkh eogok jxhwuh hk uo` jokhwo | qxh hk

xko ahwhjdklo o swdsñlud adjêok alhwuo sowuh eh x slhwko | gwoyd+ Hud sowhah xko oflwjoalñk

uwlxkfo` eh nxhwwo uhouwo`lyoeo hk xk wluxo` hk jxamd ljlòw o duwo fdwjo axùxwo`h eh ò okulnðheoe

swha`ïlao eh Dwlhkuh shwd uojglìk eh Daalehkuh shwd `d hsoÿd`h eh` ln`d ]VL mogêok shweled ho

jhjdwlo owaolao+ Hk huo aduo qxh jï uoweh hwêo vhwoawxyoko Ixok eh Nwlio`vo | x mxhuh soowdk

jxamd eêo ‘whaouoked‖ slhyo | shsluo eh dwd vod eh oògouwd | duwo eh s`xjo slhewo |

dgleloko wdso eh o`ndeñk | uhileo sosh`h slkuoed | duwo kdvheoeh+ \ whnwhowdk o Axgo+

Mhwkïk Adwuì

@o f`duo hnxêo o ò kovh eh Adwuì hk ax|d jïul` mdkehogo x gokehwo qxh uhkêo fxhnd gòkad |oyx`h adk xko awxy wdio hk h` ahkuwd | ò `h|hkeo9 Ojlal hqxojxw awxahj hu l kd flehj moghjx

vhwh lk mda lnkd vlkahjx+ ‘Qlnojd ò awxy qxh adk huo hÿo` vhkahwhjd‖ hnùk Okewì eh Uoslo+

^l``loj Swhaduu uwoexid ln`d ehsxì adk jo|dw fleh`leoe9 ‘Ojlnd lnojd ò awxy2 | goid huh

lnkd l uhkhjd f h adkqxluowhjd+‖?31 \ Swhaduu dslkñ qxh huo `h|hkeo fxh xnhwleo ‘lk exeo‖ sdw

oqxh`ò duwo qxh h `hêo hk h` `ïgowd eh Adkuokulkd+?35

Adwuì ``hno o Adyxjh` hkuwh h` ?8 | h` 73 eh fhgwhwd eh ?8?< | ehhjgowao hk ò Sò|o eh Qok Ixok+

Mogêo o`led eh Axgo h` ?3 eh fhgwhwd+ Swhaduu whnluwo h` ?= eh fhgwhwd gooed hk @o Aoo | hk

Nñjowo+ Mo| xko sòao adkjhjdwoulvo qxh lkoxnxwñ Ioaqxh`lkh Bhkkhe| hsdo eh` swhlehkuh Idmk

?31 Ìuo h ò uwoexaalñk `luhwo`9 ‘Ojlnd lnojd ò awxy | l uhkhjd fh adk elamo hÿo` vhkahwhjd+‖ ?35 Swhaduu Ds+alu+s+?71



>8

F+ Bhkkhe| hk ?<67+ @o sòao h hkaxhkuwo o` kdwuh eh ò shqxhÿo alxeoe uxwêulao hk Sò|o Oyx` hk h`

mduh` Adyxjh` Aowlgh h lkelao h` `xnow edkeh xsxhuojhkuh slñ ulhwwo sdw swljhwo vhy h`

adkqxluoedw+ @o sòao whswdexah hk vhweoe h` lkuhwhokuh elaxwd qxh Adwuì swdkxkalñ hk Axgo okuh

eh x o`leo | qxh h xko owhkno o x dèoed sowo hkuxlojow`d oùk jï hk ò hjswho eh

adkqxluo2 adkulhkh uojglìk x vllñk eh xk kxhvd jxked sowo `d hsoÿd`h+

?38

Adwuì ``hnñ adk x dkah kovêd | o`whehedw eh >33 hsoÿd`h | xk gxhk kùjhwd eh lkeênhko l`hÿd

uded nxloed sdw h` sl`dud jo|dw Okuñk eh Oòjlkd qxh ``hnogo o \xaouïk sdw uhwahwo vhy+ @h

hnxêok hk ljsdwuokalo `d sl`dud Aojoamd eh Uwloko Qdsxhwuo | H` Jokqxl``d+ Hkuwh `d lkeld

vhkêok uojglìk `d jo|o Ix`lokl``d | Jhàmdwhid `d whmhkh eh Aogd Aoudamh udjoed sdw Fwokalad

Mhwkïkehy eh Añwedgo hk h` swljhw vloih+

@o kovh eh Adwuì sho alhk udkhòeo+ Uwh jï shok >3 | mouo =3 udkhòeo+ @o ehjï dk

aowoghò | ghwnokulkh+ Hkuwh udeo ``hvogok ?6 aogo``d+

Sdw jheld eh Jhàmdw Adwuì uwogñ adkuoaud adk xkd jhwaoehwh qxh ogêok eh `d kïxfwond | hkvlñ

x aowuo | xk sond sowo h` whaouh+ Hk h` edaxjhkud adkdaled adjd S`lhnd eh Lkuwxaaldkh?36 qxh h

xk oaxhwed hkuwh Adwuì | h` ndghwkoedw Vh`ïyqxhy qxh fxh flwjoed hk Qokulond eh Axgo h` ixhvh ?1

eh dauxgwh eh ?8?= okuh h` kduowld Vlahkuh @ñshy adkuo qxh Jhàmdw adkdah o `d aoalqxh qxh ulhkhk

aoxulvd o `d kïxfwond+

Axoked ``hnñ Adwuì o Adyxjh` h ``hvñ ò dwswho eh qxh xkd eh x dkah kovêd h `h mogêo

oehòkuoed lk qxh h shwaouoh+ Hwo h` Qok Qhgoulïk eh Shewd eh O`vowoed adk x sl`dud Aojoamd qxh

mogêo ``hnoed ed eêo okuh+ O`vowoed hwo adkdahedw eh ò wxuo sxhud qxh mogêo vloioed uojglìk hk òh}shelalñk eh Nwlio`vo | hk h` jljd kovêd+ @o ax`so whao|ñ hk h` sl`dud Aojoamd qxh kd uxvd hk

adklehwoalñk ò lkuwxaaldkh swhalo eh Adwuì+ Adk ì` vloiogo uojglìk koeo jhkd qxh Ghwko` Eêoy

eh` Aoul``d+ Shwd h` sh`lwwdid O`vowoed wdgñ hk `d uhjs`d | ouhjdwlyñ o `d koulvd `d qxh `h aduñ

qxh Adwuì `d whswhkelhwo oawhjhkuh hk sùg`lad+ \ x sl`dud fxh hkaowahòed+ Uojglìk O`vowoed mogêo

oswhoed o uwh koulvd qxh fxhwdk `lghwoed elalìked`h sdw jheld eh Jhàmdw -o ò oyñk mogêo

jxhwud h` duwd uwoexaudw Ix`lokl``d, qxh O`vowoed mogêo adjhuled xko foùo sxhud qxh vhkêok eh soy+

Ghwko` dghwvñ qxh O`vowoed ``hnñ swljhwd ‘o Adyxjh`‖ | qxh `d lkeld mx|hwdk2 eh o``ê sowulñ o duwd

?38 v+ Fwokalad @ñsh eh Nñjowo9 Mludwlo eh ò adkqxluo eh Jì}lad He+ Sdwwùo Jì}lad ?<== Aos+ L] ‘Dwoalñk ehAdwuì o `d dèoed‖ s+?= ?36 Ahexòwld adwuhlokd+ Adjslòalñk eh Ghouwly Owuhono Nowyo | Nxoeo`xsh Sìwhy Qokvlahkuh+ Heludwlo` Ix Jì}lad ?<5<s+71



>6

sxhg`d luxoed o xko `hnxo eh aojlkd+?3> _xh fxh o``ê qxh O`vowoed mogêo ‘udjoed‖ 53 no``lko

‘eloehjo h êed`d axhkuo h slkiokul``d eh dwd goid‖ ed lkeld | xko lkelo | qxh vd`vlhwdk o

Adyxjh`+ Shwjokhahk uded elhy eêo hk ò lò | h vxh`vhk o hjgowaow aduhoked adk wxjgd kdwuh h`

5 eh jowyd+

@d jo|o vlhwdk dkehow ò vhò eh `d dkah kovêd qxh h oswd}ljogok o x aduo | ehsxì eholjlòw h` ljsoaud aoxoed sdw uo` hshauïax`d hjshyowdk o ogokedkow ò alxeoe | h whfxnlok hk h`

aojsd+ @o dwswho fxh swhalojhkuh h` kùjhwd eh ò hjgowaoaldkh sxhud qxh h` oÿd sooed mogêok

adkuhjsòed ò uwh eh Ixok eh Nwlio`vo+ Omdwo `h qxheogo aòwd qxh oqxh``d hwo xko lkvolñk+ \ ò

sdgòalñk udeo eh xkd ed jl` mogluokuh qxh hwok swdexaudwh eh jlh` eh oghio shqxhÿd

onwlaxùdwh o`lkhwd | shaoedwh mx|hk adk x fojl`lo+ Voaêo ò shqxhÿo alxeoe adk x uhjs`d

swlkalso` xko nwok slwïjleh fwhkuh o` jow+ Hk h` whalkud xshwldw eh ìuo xk êed`d mxhad hjsduwoed o ò

sowhe onxihwoeo sdw edkeh hkuwogo xk oahweduh sowo mogòw o x sxhg`d adk ò vdy eh` eld+ O` ao`òwh

haxamogo `d wxhnd eh `d fh`lnwhh qxh whyogok sdw onxo eh ``xvlo sowo whjheld eh ò hqxêo |

ghkhflald eh gxhkd axùlvd+ O` slh eh ò slwïjleh huogo ò awxy eh slhewo ao`lyo qxh uokuo lkqxlhuxe

mxglhwo aoxoed o uded `d hsoÿd`h | qxh sdw jxamd ulhjsd h mxglhwo adkvhwuled hk xk hklnjo

uhd`ñnlad+ Uo` awxy ahkuwogo xk aêwax`d eh ao` wdaloeo adk oknwh+ Eh ò aùsleh eh` uhjs`d | axoked

vd`vlhwdk o`nxkd lkeênhko `d hsoÿd`h qxh jlwogok ò awxy vhêok uojglìk hjhwnhw ò vd`xuo eh

mxjd eh adso` eh `d lkahkowld+ H}s`dwowdk ò lò+ Sdw udeo sowuh hkadkuwowdk vhulnld eh xko nwok

alvl`lyoalñk | o sowulw eh o``ê Adwuì adjlhkyo o lklulw hk ò adkvhwlñk eh `d lkeld+ Qh haokeo`lyñ

sdw ò swïaulao wh`lnldo oxkqxh kd mxglhwo vlud oawlflald+ Jokeñ ehwwlgow `d êed`d+ Mlyd ad`daowxko ljonhk eh ò vlwnhk adk h` klÿd | h` soewh D`jhed eld ò swljhwo jlo hk h` uhjs`d lkeld+ Eh ò

oauluxe eh adkvhwlñk sdw fxhwyo o qxh fxh swda`lvh h` aosluïk o` swlkalsld @o Aoo ixynñ qxh uo`

jìuded hwo lkhwvlg`h sxhud qxh mogêo qxh swhelaow | adk h` hihjs`d sdw òwnd ulhjsd+ O` aogd eh

xkd eêo vd`vlñ h` aoalqxh | ò fojl`lo o ò alxeoe+ Okuh h mogêok odjoed o`nxkd hjlowld qxh

hkuwowdk hk adjxklaoalñk o uwovì eh `d uwoexaudwh+ Adwuì dguxvd xko gxhko jxhuwo eh jlh` eh

oghio qxh jokeñ o Aow`d V ixkud adk o`nxkd dgihud eh dwd+

O` uhwahw eêo eh huokalo hk Adyxjh` Adwuì jokeñ moahw oòweh+ Sdw huh whaxhkud adklnkoed hk ò

dgwo eh Ghwko` Eêoy adkdaljd hud eoud swhald9

?3> Ds+alu+s+6?



>>

‘Hwok 83= jï johuwh sl`dud | jowlkhwd qxh hwok ?3<‖ Uduo` 6?>+ ‘?6 aogo``d ?? kovêd nwokeh

| shqxhÿd xk ghwnokuêk o aownd eh Nlkì Kdwuh2 17 go``huhwd ?1 hadshuhwd ulwd eh gwdkah 5

foàdkhuh jxamo sñ`vdwo | sh`duo+ @d owul``hwd hwok9 Jho Gowud`djì eh Xonwh Owghkno

Aouo`ïk+ H` aosluïk eh owul``hwêo hwo Fwokalad eh Dwdyad‖+?3=

Oxkqxh ò uwh fwonouo eh hsoÿd`h eh ?8?> o ?8?< aduhowdk sdw h` kdwuh | h` huh eh ò shkêkxò | oshow eh moghw vlud nwokeh alxeoeh hk ò aduo hkuwh h`ò Ux`xj qxh Ghwko` Eêoy whsdwuñ adjd ‘H`

Nwok Aolwd‖ klknxkd lkaxwldkñ ò ulhwwo oehkuwd+ _xlyï Mhwkïkehy | Nwlio`vo uxvlhwok o`nùk lkfdwjh

eh ò ehaoehkalo | ogokedkd eh ò alxeoeh jo|dwh | eh ò jlnwoaldkh | ad`dklyoalñk xùhwldw eh`

xwhuh eh huo ulhwwo+ Uo` vhy klknxkd kl Adwuì adk x jï eh >33 dèoed dowok shkhuwow ò

adjowao o`hiïkedh eh x kovêd+ Sdw duwo sowuh Adwuì h shwaouñ eh qxh hk oqxh`ò ulhwwo kd mogêo

jï dwd qxh `d shqxhÿd oedwkd adwsdwo`h qxh vhkêok eh duwd whlkd `hiokd2 sdw moghw led

lkfdwjoed o` whshaud | sdw moghw`d adjswdgoed adk x swdsld did+ Hk aojgld xsd sdw hihjs`d

eh` adwhu eh uog`l`ò edwoeo qxh h` aoalqxh eh Uogoad mogêo whnoòed o Nwlio`vo+

@d whlkd jo|o oshko hwok xko sowuh eh` voud uhwwludwld jhdojhwlaokd+ @o adjxklaoalñk hk

oqxh`ò ìsdao hwo udwsh | jx| `hkuo+ Jdauhyxjo jljd kd huxvd hkuhwoed eh ò swhhkalo eh `d

kïxfwond hkuwh `d whlkd jo|o sdw jï qxh shwjokhalhwok damd oÿd hk h``d+ H` sdamuhao d

adjhwalokuh*hsêo eh `d jh}lao kd ``hnogo o` sxhud adjhwalo` eh ]laoòknd hk ò @onxko eh`

Aowjhk eheh moaêo jxamd oÿd edkeh h mxglhwok hkuhwoed eh uo`h xahd+ H` swdahd

h}sokldkluo eh `d uhkdamao ``hnogo ñ`d mouo Axkexoaïk | Ojouluïk hk @o Amdkuo`so edkeh mogêo

xk shqxhÿêljd whexaud eh aljouokh ò ovokyoeo jh}lao h}s`dwoudwlo hk kxhvo ulhwwo sowo hwdjhuleo jï uoweh+

@d hsoÿd`h ehiowdk Adyxjh` o swlkalsld eh jowyd+ \o oghjd qxh xko eh ò kovh hjshyñ o

moahw onxo | hd aoxñ xko jowamo ouwï `d qxh ehsxì o`nxlhk mogwêo eh adklehwow adjd xk jlònwd

sxh nwoalo o h``d ``hnogo o ulhjsd Ihwñkljd eh Onxlòw mdjgwh hexaoed sowo ò aowwhwo ha`hlïulao

qxh swhnxkuñ l h mo`ògo hkuwh awlulokd hk xk aouh`òkd hkudwshaled sdw `d oÿd eh` jxked jo|o+

@o aoxo eh` whuwod fxh qxh ò kovh eh Fwokalad eh Jdwò mogêo shweled h` ndghwko``h | Adwuì mogêo

whalgled ò hÿo`h qxh sheêok ox}l`ld+ Hwo eh kdamh | hshwowdk h` kxhvd eêo+ Jdwò ehhshwoed h

mogêo hamoed o ò jow ojowwoed eh ò alkuxwo sowo whaouow h` uljñk qxh adk h` ojokhahw h vld qxh

?3= Ds+alu+s+67



>=

f`duogo o alhwuo eluokalo+?3< Qhnùk Dwdyad | Ghwwo |o mogêok ``hnoed o Lò Jxihwh | eh o``ê mogêok

sowuled moalo Aogd Aoudamh axoked h d|ñ xk aoÿdkoyd9 hwo ò kovh eh Ixok eh Haoòkuh qxh sheêo

dadwwd sdwqxh h okhnogo | hk h`ò h uwoksdwuogo uded h` sok eh aoyogh sowo ò f`duo+ @d qxh

who`jhkuh dg`lnñ h` whudwkd o Adyxjh`+

Uojglìk h}luh ò kdulalo eh qxh ò whsowoalñk eh ò kovh eh Haoòkuh exwñ axouwd eêo2 qxh h` ?7 ehjowyd eh kxhvd h moaêok o ò vhò shwd qxh mxgd udwjhkuo qxh exwñ eêo | kdamh | qxh o` eêo

lnxlhkuh edjlknd swljhwd eh axowhjo ?1 eh jowyd h whhjgowaogok axoked vlhwdk ``hnow xko

aokdo adk uwh mdjgwh9 Onxlòw | ed oadjsoÿokuh jo|o+??3

Eh ò adkvhwoaldkh eh Adwuì adk Ihwñkljd eh Onxlòw d|ñ qxh Ndkyo`d Nxhwwhwd mogêo lkulnoed o

`d lkeênhko o eow nxhwwo o Fwokalad Mhwkïkehy eh Añwedgo+??? Huo ehaòwoalñk ò haxamogo Okuñk

eh Oòjlkd qxh hwo eh ò Vl`ò eh So`d lnxo` qxh Nxhwwhwd+

Sdw ùùljd mo| xk eoud qxh vo`h ò shko eh hw whfhwled sdwqxh ò fxhkuh eh x swdvhklhkalo | ò fdwjo

hk qxh huï h}swhoed h eh` uded adkflog`h+ Qh uwouo eh ò Aowuo o` Wh| eh` aoglèd eh ò Vl`ò Wlao eh

ò Vhwo Awxy -| qxh |o aluojd adk duwd swdsñlud, flwjoeo sdw `d dèoed eh Adwuì+ Hk h`ò ò

lkfdwjoalñk h fwokao | lk ïkljd eh h`dnlow o` aosluïk+ Sdw hud | sdw hw h` swljhw edaxjhkud qxh h

hkvêo o Hsoÿo flwjoed sdw udeo ò f`duo hk fhamo jx| uhjswoko h qxh x eoud dk eh hkdwjh vo`dw9

Adwuì hawlglñ xko aowuo o `d kïxfwond elax`sïkedh sdw kd moghw led ì` jljd o gxaow`d ‘sdw hw

joò | gwovo ò aduo sowo xwnlw‖+ _xh ò aowuo fxh ``hvoeo sdw ‘xkd lkeld jhkoihwd hk xko aokdo‖

| qxh ñ`d uwh eêo eh sxì fxh qxh Adwuì hkvlñ ‘ed ghwnokulkh | xk gouh` adk axowhkuo dèoed

jï uwh lkeld qxh fxhhk ulhwwo oehkuwd‖+ _xh `d ghwnokulkh hshwowdk hk Aogd Aoudamh ñ`d hleêo ‘adk jxamd uwogoid sdw ò gwovxwo eh` jow‖+??7 H` hkvêd eh ò aowuo o `d kïxfwond moah aod

djld eh ò lkulnoalñk eh Nxhwwhwd qxh mogwêo led xko foùo ljsduhwnog`h+ \ qxh oaod mxglhwo led

jdulvd -| dsdwuxkleoe, sowo qxh h` adkqxluoedw adk uded x owjojhkud | adk ò f`duo eh x dkah

kovh o ad`daow fwhkuh o Amhuxjo` adjhkyowo sdw djhuhw o ò alvl`lyoalñk jo|o+

?3< Dwdyad | Ghwwo Ds+alu+ s+ <6??3 Dwdyad | Ghwwo ds+alu+ ss+<< | ?33??? Ghwko` Eêoy Ds+alu+ s+>3??7 Mhwkïk Adwuì9 Aowuo eh` fojdd adkqxluoedw Mhwkïk Adwuì+ Ljswhkuo eh L+ Haoòkuh Jì}lad ?=>3 s+?=



><

Onxl`ow | Nxhwwhwd okuh Adwuì



=3

H lkelshkog`h hnxlw oqxê ò haxhkalo kowwoulvo eh Lnkoald @ñshy Wo|ñk | x hgdyd gldnwïflad eh

Ihwñkljd eh Onxlòw -oxkqxh onwhnowì kxhvd eoud adwwhòaldkh | adjhkuowld qxh adjs`huowïk

elamd swdsñlud, qxh mok aluoed o`nxkd mludwloedwh | qxh Idì @xl Jowuêkhy lkuhnwñ adjs`hud

adjd ò kduo ? o` edaxjhkud ?33 eh x whadslòalñk ‘O`nxko whsxhuo eh Nhwñkljd eh Onxlòw‖ |

qxh lkuhnwo h` Ixlald eh Whlehkalo mhamd o Mhwkïk Adwuì+

??1

Kd mo| xk uh}ud gldnwïflad jhidw o showeh hw xko whadkuwxaalñk xùhwldw o sowulw eh ò awñklao h}luhkuh whshaud eh` jdjhkud eh`

hkaxhkuwd hkuwh h` kïxfwond | h` adkqxluoedw hk ò Lò eh Adyxjh` hk ogwl` eh ?8?<+

Huoked sxh Mhwkïk Adwuì hk ò lò `h fxh adkflwjoeo ò kdulalo eh qxh hk ulhwwo flwjh vlvêok o`nxkd

hsoÿd`h eheh moaêo jxamd oÿd+ @d swljhwd qxh adklehwñ h` aosluïk adk nwok lkuhwì fxh h` mhamd

hnxwd eh qxh oqxh``d mdjgwh ehsxì eh uokud ulhjsd vlvlhked adk `d jo|o mogòwêok

adwwhauojhkuh x `hknxo qxh l glhk ò mogòwok uojglìk `d whmhkh `òjoed Jhàmdw | Ix`lïk hud

oùk hwok lkaosoah eh moahwò h}s`êaluo hk aouh`òkd+ Sdw hd h ogdañ o hawlglw xko aowuo sowo `d

kïxfwond elalìked`h qxlìk hwo ì` | axï`h x swdsñlud hk huo ulhwwo edkeh hk swljhw `xnow mogwêo eh

`lghwow`d o h``d jljd+ @d swlkalso`h lkeênhko eh ò lò oadkhiowdk o Adwuì qxh hkvlowo gxhkd

whno`d sowo `d aoalqxh qxh haòvlyogok o `d hsoÿd`h dgwh uded lkuhnwoed sdw hshid axhkuo

eh vlewld | ulihwo qxh hwok hk h}uwhjd oswhaloed sdw h``d adjd dgihud axwldêljd | kxkao vlud+

Sowo hd h swhuowdk xkd l`hÿd | xkd eh h``d hadkelñ ò aowuo hkuwh x aogh``d sowo qxh kd h ò

qxluowok exwokuh h` vloih+ O hud hjlowld `d mogwêo eh uwosdwuow sdw jow moalo h` kdwuh mouo Aogd

Aoudamh Elhnd eh Dweoy hk xk ghwnokuêk o swdsñlud sxhud qxh oqxh`ò aduo h adk fwhaxhkalo

gwovo+Huo h ò aowuo qxh whswdexid Ghwko` Eêoy eh` Aoul``d | sduhwldwjhkuh Fwo| Elhnd eh @okeo9 ??5

‘Qhÿdwh | mhwjokd9 oqxê hk Adyxjh` mh ogled qxh huïl hk sdehw eh xk aoalqxh ehuhkled | d

sled sdw jhwahe qxh `xhnd d vhknïl oqxê hk Adyxjh` qxh sowo h``d hkvêd xk kovêd adk dèoed l

`d mxglhwh jhkhuhw | whaouh sowo eow o hd lkeld adk qxlhk huïl | ``hvo h` kovêd eh sòyd damd

eêo sowo d onxoweow+ Vhkêd adk udeo gwhvheoe2 eh jê hwìl glhk jlwoed | oswdvhamoed+ \d qxhed

oqxê hk huo lò adk qxlklhkud dèoed | dkah kovêd2 hk h``d vd| jhelokuh Eld ò vêo eh xk

sxhg`d qxh h elah Uogoad d Sdudkamok hua+‖

@okeo onwhno ò vowlokuh9

??1 Idì @xl Jowuêkhy9 Edaxjhkud adwuhlokd LL ?876*?858 FAH | XKOJ+ Jì}lad ?<<5 swljhwo whljswhlñk ss+65*6=



=?

‘@d eh huo lò jh mok ahwulflaoed qxh mo| hk ho ulhwwo alkad d hl mdjgwh gowgoed | hk uded o

kdduwd jx| hjhiog`h‖ `d qxh ehio vhw qxh ò whad`haalñk eh x vhwlñk mogêo sooed sdw gdao eh

lkeênhko+

Qlnxh9

‘\d | hud mleo`nd qxh adkjlnd vlhkhk o sdgòw | ehaxgwlw huo ulhwwo…‖ Sdw ùùljd9

‘Xk ghwnokuêk hkvêd sowo qxh vhknol hk ì` | ed kod sowo hnxwleoe‖+

_xheogo hk aòwd h` dgihud eh` vloih eh Adwuì+ Dkah kovêd uwlsxòed sdw mleo`nd+ Ed kod sowo

hnxwleoe+ Hwok lkelshkog`h `d uwoexaudwh sowo Adwuì+ Ehiogo vhw o `d ehojsowoed ò fxhwyo

hsoÿdò qxh kd `d ogokedkowêo o x ehulkd+ Koeo hk ò lkuhkalñk eh` hkvêd kl hk h` adkuhkled eh ò

aowuo ehkduo klknxko oswhmhklñk sdw ò h}luhkalo eh xk uhwwlg`h uwoledw hkuwh `d alkad d hl mdjgwh

gowgoed haòvlyoed sdw `d jo|o+

Dweoy ehsoamñ eheh Aoudamh o `d hjlowld moalo ulhwwo oehkuwd o edkeh owwlgowêok hk ed eêo |

hshwowêo damd hnùk ò lkuwxaaldkh hshaêflao eh` Aosluïk | oùk ed jï lk qxh uxvlhwo klknxko

kdulalo eh `d kïxfwond2 sdw `d qxh uxvd qxh whnwhow o Adyxjh`+ Jlhkuwo uokud Ihwñkljd eh Onxlòw

kd dguokuh `d swhhkuh hkvloed sdw x whaouh kd dguhkêo h` shwjld eh x ojd+ Sdw flk `d dguxvd

ehsxì eh x adjs`laoeo woydkh | sdw h` mhamd eh ò huljoalñk qxh h` aoalqxh `h uhkêo+ @d x|d

hwok sdehwdd | okaòed hk dkah kovêd fwhkuh o Adyxjh`+ Ihwñkljd swdjhulñ `hoùoe | o|xeo o ò

nhkuh eh x sxhg`d+ Hwo `d jhidw sowo uded+ Oê qxh aojlkñ moalo h` kdwuh mouo ``hnow hk vowld

‘d`h‖ o ò sxkuo Aoudamh+ Shwd axoked ``hnñ x aduhwwïkhd mogêok sowuled+ O`nxkd elahk qxh Onxlòw whnwhñ ehhshwokyoed adk x ojd | qxh ìuh `d okljñ o hjgowaowh moalo

ò lò+ Duwd qxh hk ``hnoked o ò aduo eh Aoudamh hkadkuwñ lk hjgownd xko aokdo jheld ovhwloeo |

ogokedkoeo qxh whuoxwñ | adk ed oadjsoÿokuh lkeênhko h mlyd o ò jow ljsx`ïkedh

swhaowlojhkuh adk xko exhò eh slso o``ê hkadkuwoeo mouo qxh ò adwwlhkuh | x hfxhwyd `d ``hvowdk

ahwao eh ò kovh hsoÿdò okaòeo fwhkuh o Adyxjh`+

Jlhkuwo uokud o `d elhy eêo Adwuì whalglñ adkuwowloed o Elhnd eh Dweoy qxh whnwhogo lk `d

kïxfwond+ H lkuhkuñ moahwh o ò vhò sowo lw ì` jljd sdw h``d shwd o` o`lw h ovhwlñ h` kovêd eh Ixok

eh Haoòkuh sdwqxh oyduñ adk fxwlo xk uhjsdwo`+ \ hwo koeo jhkd qxh h` gowad qxh uwoksdwuogo h`

??5 Ghwko` Eêoy eh` Aoul``d Ds+alu+ aosêux`d ]]VLL Fwo| Elhnd eh @okeo9 Whòalñk eh ò ado eh \xaouïk Heludwlo`Sdwwùo Glg`lduhao Sdwwùo eh Mludwlo ?1 swljhwo helalñk Jì}lad ?<=< aos+LV ss+< | +



=7

sok eh aoyogh h` o`ljhkud sowo udeo ò f`duo adjd |o h mo elamd+ Oê qxh uded uxvlhwdk qxh whnwhow

o ò lò sowo owwhnòw h` kovêd | sowo hshwow o qxh aojglowo h` ulhjsd+ Fxh hkudkah axoked h vld o `d

`hid qxh ``hnogo xko hjgowaoalñk adk uwh flnxwo eh slh o adkuwo`xy2 ìud vlwowdk moalo h` kdwuh eh ò

sò|o eh Qok Ixok edkeh huogo ò owjoeo | Adwuì hkvlñ o Okewì eh Uoslo o x hkaxhkuwd hk xk gouh`

owjoed+ Axoked h oahwaowdk Uoslo | `d x|d ehhkvolkowdk | xkd eh `d lkeênhko Onxlòw `hmog`ñ oxuoed9

‑ Qdjd awlulokd+

Onxlòw huogo wosoed | x slh` hwo uok daxwo adjd ò eh `d duwd qxh hk aojgld uhkêok uwhkyo

hkwd`òeo hk ò adwdkl`ò+ @d uwh vhuêok ñ`d uosowwogd | hjsxÿogok owad | f`hamo+ Hkhnxleo

swhnxkuñ Onxlòw l hwo jlìwad`h hh eêo sdw adjswdgow qxh kd mogêo shweled h` adkuhd eh` ulhjsd |

sowo moahwh dêw mogòked hsoÿd`+ Qx swhnxkuo uhuljdklo ò d`heoe soehaleo+

Ghwko` Eêoy | h` swdsld Okewì eh Uoslo qxh fxhwdk uhulnd swhhkuh elahk hk aojgld qxh ò aokdo

``hnñ mouo ò sò|o edkeh onxoweogok uded | qxh o` goiow eh ò aokdo `d uwh h sxlhwdk hk axa`l`ò

dgwh ò owhko hk fdwjo whvhwhkalo` | o ò xokyo lkeênhko+ \ qxh Onxlòw swdkxkalñ o exwo shko9

‘Eld h Qokuo Jowêo | Qhvl`ò‖ sdwqxh mogògo |o jx| jo` h` aouh`òkd | sdw ò hjgowoydo

hjdulvleoe eh` hkaxhkuwd+

Mhwkïk Adwuì uojsdad `d whadkdaêo osxkuñ @+Adnd``xed9 hwo jdwhkd uwoqxlòed adjd lkeld haòvd

‘xk whjd o` mdjgwd xko wxlk jokuo x sowuh vhwhkeo axglhwuo adk xk soÿd o jded eh gwonxhwd‖

`d qxh hk jo|o h `òjo xk ‘sx|xu‖ | hk ò jokuo xk gxùd -jdwwo`, adk ‘mdio jx| vlhio‖9 h` `lgwd eh

Mdwo ehmdioed qxh adkhwvogo h` kïxfwond+ _xh okuh Uoslo | x mdjgwh òkyo hk wluwh mogêoelamd9 ‘Qhÿdwh awlulokd d|+‖ _xh Onxlòw h mogêo sxhud hk axa`l`ò adjd `d duwd lkeld axoked

huxvd okuh Adwuì | qxh elid9 ‘|d d|‖+??8 Adwuì `d ogwoyñ+ Qh ehsdiñ eh x aoso ojowl`ò adk

nxowklalñk aowjhê | `d axgwlñ2 shwd qxh Ihwñkljd kd ud`hwogo |o ò wdso hsoÿdò ‘| hkuêo hkfoed adk

h` kxhvd vhuled‖+ @d ``hvowdk o` sxhg`d | jlhkuwo `h elhwdk eh adjhw qxh ì` oshko slañ adk

fwxno`leoe -‘sdw kd huwonow h` huñjond‖, sxh joklfhuñ swhaoxalñk adk adjleo o ò qxh kd huogo

mogluxoed adkuñ añjd | axoked | hk qxì alwaxkuokalo mogêo koxfwonoed | axï` mogêo led x xhwuh |

ò eh Ndkyo`d Nxhwwhwd h` duwd dgwhvlvlhkuh hk jokd eh `d lkeênhko+ Hwo eh Halio -‘ò aoèhwo eh

Okeo`xaêo‖, uhkêo dwehk eh hvoknh`ld+

Adwuì h o`hnwñ hkdwjhjhkuh9 omdwo sdeêo mogòw adk `d lkeld+



=1

Axoked mogêo whnwhoed Onxlòw o x sxhg`d sdwqxh hk Aoudamh |o kd qxheogo koelh hshwïked`d kd

h qxh h mxglhwo hkuhwoed eh ò shwjokhkalo eh Adwuì hk ò lò sdw aoxo eh` ehaoògwd eh Haoòkuh2

fxh qxh h hkadkuwñ hk h` aojlkd adk ahkuhkowh eh shwhnwlkd qxh whnwhogok eh Adyxjh` edkeh

mogêok adkaxwwled adjd uded `d oÿd o hh fojdd okuxowld+ Qñ`d qxh omdwo mogêo xk ouwoaulvd jï9

`d h}uwoÿd | x nwokeh hjgowaoaldkh+Adwuì `h swhnxkuñ l hwo sowlhkuh eh` `lahkaloed Jowad eh Onxlòw o qxlhk mogêo uwouoed hk Hsoÿo+

Ihwñkljd elid qxh hwo x uêd+ _xh `d mogêo ehsheled hk Halio eh edkeh o`lñ adjd huxelokuh wxjgd ‘o

ò Lkelo‖+ _xh ì` sdw huow dwehkoed eh hvoknh`ld kd mogêo qxhwled aoowh | sdw hh jdulvd `d

lkeld `h moaêok gxwò sxh kd adjswhkeêok x adkelalñk+ Adwuì `d axleñ `h mlyd whno`d `h mlyd

ehaokow sowo qxh h hwhkowo+ O` eêo lnxlhkuh `h swhnxkuñ sdw x xhwuh+ ‘Huoked hk h` Eowlìk -elid,

axoked ò ehovhkhkalo eh Elhnd eh Klaxho | Voad Kùÿhy eh Go`gdo h hjgowañ sowo Qokud

Edjlknd adk Voèlvlo qxh lgo adjlldkoed sowo eow axhkuo o` o`jlwokuh eh `d qxh o``ê soogo |

uojglìk sowo ``hvow nhkuh elkhwd | vêvhwh2 qxh ``hnoked ahwao eh Iojolao h shwelñ ò aowoghò hk `d

goid kdjgwoed eh ò Vêgdwo d Aoljokh | elflaxùdojhkuh h oadjdeowdk hk h` gouh` vhlkuh

mdjgwh adk wxlk osowhid eh whjd lk vhò | lk vêvhwh sdw `d axo` jxwlhwdk `xhnd lhuh ``hnoked o

uokuo ò khahleoe qxh ghgêok `d jljd qxh dwlkogok2 qxh `d ehjï elhwdk hk ulhwwo hk xko swdvlkalo

qxh h ehaêo Jo|o ao|hked sdw ehelamo hk sdehw eh xk fhwdy aoalqxh qxh oawlflañ o Voèlvlo | o

duwd axouwd | h `d adjlhwdk moalhked flhuo o x êed`d2 qxh o ì` | o duwd hl qxh qxheowdk `d

sxlhwdk hk hkndweo ehulkïked`d o` jljd oawlflald+‖??6

@d kïxfwond vlhwdk qxh hwo swhfhwlg`h shwehw ò vleo eh xko fdwjo elulkuo | sdw hd fxh khahowldlkuhkuow ò haosoudwlo+ Oqxê `d eoud eh @ñshy Wo|ñk udjoed eh Mhwwhwo hÿoòk qxh kd fxh eh ò

swllñk hk xko amdyo qxh haosowok `d swhd lkd eh xko ioxò eh joehwo edkeh `d mogêok hkahwwoed

| qxh huo ioxò ò sxelhwdk wdjshw adk nwokeh uwogoid o flk eh haosow+ Shwd qxh swdkud ao|hwdk hk

jokd eh duwd aoalqxh qxh whxùñ jï ghkìvd`d qxh h` okuhwldw | hkhjlnd eh` jljd+ Qh `òjogo

Oqxlkhxy | hwo h` ndghwkoedw eh ]ojokadko+ Oqxlkhxy `h shwedkñ ò vleo o aojgld eh x haòvluxe

| oê soowdk x swljhwd eêo hkuwh `d jo|o+ O` sdad ulhjsd jxwlñ h` aoalqxh | `h xahelñ duwd

`òjoed Uo}jow o ax|d hwvlald h qxheñ d`d Ihwñkljd eh Onxlòw sdwqxh Ndkyo`d Nxhwwhwd fxh o

eow o ‘Amhuhjo`‖ edkeh shwjokhalñ goid ò uxuhò eh` aoalqxh ‘Koamhkaoj‖+ Nxhwwhwd o``ê aoñ adk

??8 Fwo| Elhnd @ñshy eh Adnd``xed ds+alu+ s+?38+ ??6 @ñshy Wo|ñk ds+alu+



=5

xko hÿdwo swlkalso` | swdawhñ mlid | oahkelñ o aosluïk eh` aoalqxh sdw moghwh ehuoaoed hk gouo`ò

adkuwo `d hkhjlnd eh` whlkd+ Axoked Onxlòw whalgh ò aowuo eh Adwuì lkfdwjo eh x oxkud o x

adjsoÿhwd eh wxuo Ndkyo`d Nxhwwhwd+ Shwd Nxhwwhwd oexah qxh kd vo o whnwhow adk `d x|d sxhud

qxh h ovhwnðhkyo swdfxkeojhkuh eh uhkhw mdwoeoeo ò kowlah ò dwhio | `d ògld oehjï eh

uhkhw slkuoed h` wduwd | ògwoeo ò jokd+ Ql huo jowao `d ovhwndkyogok fwhkuh o `d hsoÿd`h hkaojgld hwok hÿo`h eh jxamd swhulnld hkuwh `d jo|o sxh ñ`d ò uhkêok `d vo`lhkuh qxh mogêok

uwlxkfoed hk ò nxhwwo+

Onxlòw hk aojgld dghehaêo alhnojhkuh o axo`qxlhw lkeld sowo nowokulyow x vleo oê eh xihud huogo+

Ehiogo eh adjhw l hwo khahowld okuh axo`qxlhw dwehk | oê nokñ ò vd`xkuoe eh x hÿdw+ Qo`lñ

uwlxkfokuh eh ò swxhgo qxh ìuh `h ljsxd xko lkfoxuo kdamh edkeh haxamñ h` aokud eh ò lwhko jo|o

ò oed`hahkuh oelhuwoeo swhvlojhkuh sowo uhkuow o` aì`lgh hjlkowluo+ Ìuo | duwo uwojso uxvd qxh

xfwlw sowo swdgow x mxjlèoe+ Hk ?8?> | o` oÿd lnxlhkuh swhhkalñ h` ehhjgowad eh ò f`duo eh

Fwokalad Mhwkïkehy eh Añwedgo | eh Ixok eh Nwlio`vo+ \ oaod aoàxòwo qxh x aduhwwïkhd

``hnogok adk mxhuh lkxflalhkuh sowo djhuhw o `d onxhwwled jo|o | qxh kd `h adkvhkêo whnwhowh

adk h``d+ Sdw hd uok ñ`d elo`dnñ adk `d whalìk ``hnoed | vd`vlñ o x haòvluxe+ Shwd huh nhud `h

adklnxlñ oùk jï adklehwoaldkh eh sowuh eh x ojd+

Axoked sdw ùùljd fxh whaouoed sdw Mhwkïk Adwuì hk Adyxjh` hk ?8?< Onxlòw xshwñ ò haòvluxe

qxh mxgd eh dsdwuow o `d òwnd eh damd òwnd oÿd+ O` adkqxluoedw `h fxh xjojhkuh ùul` swljhwd

adjd uwoexaudw ehsxì hk elvhwo hjswho lkelshkog`h | qxh ñ`d sdeêo who`lyow h` ùklad hsoÿd`

qxh adkdalñ eh ahwao ò jhkuo`leoe lkeênhko hk `d swljhwd eêo eh ò adkqxluo+ Ehsxì mogwêo ehlkuhwvhklw ò aì`hgwh Jo`lkuylk qxh hk gxhko jheleo `d ehsòyowo eh x aownd sxhud qxh kd ñ`d

mogògo h` jo|o adjd ì` lkd uojglìk h` kïmxou` | adk h``d h ogwlñ xk sxhkuh eh adjxklaoalñk adk

uded h` jxked lkeênhko+ Shwd Adwuì whadjshkñ x hwvlald lkjheloud kdjgwïked`h whnledw eh

Qhnxwo eh ò Fwdkuhwo ax|o sòyo ehsxì vo`leñ h` swdsld wh| eh Hsoÿo hk h` oÿd eh ?871+ Qhnxwo eh

ò Fwdkuhwo hwo Uhshoao Sxhgò `xnow eh whkdjgwh | ljgñ`lad sxhud qxh fxh h` swljhw whlkd vhkaled

sdw Adwuì ehsxì eh ò ehwwduo uwhjhkeo xfwleo hk Uhkdamuluòk hk ?873 | adkdaleo adjd @o Kdamh

Uwluh+ Uhshoao vd`vêo o eow hnxwleoe o` adkqxluoedw ehwwduoed h lkhnxwd hk x mxleo sooked fwhkuh

o `d o`loed uò}aoùhao qxh `d vhêok adk whqxhjdw+ Uhshoao h uojglìk ò alxeoe edkeh Adwuì

hawlglñ x hnxkeo aì`hgwh aowuo eh whòalñk o` wh|+



=8

Qhnxkeo sowuh



=6

H` adkqxluoedw | h` lkelokd



=>

H` adkqxluoedw ad`dklyoedw hvoknh`lyoedw9 daalehkuo`lyoedw+ \ h` lkelokd9 h` aouh`òkd oa`ljouoed

ehsxì ‘h` awld``d‖+ Ed alwaxkuokalo lkelvlexo`h swduduêslao eh ò jhkuo`leoeh hk ò goh eh ò

koaldko`leoe jh}laoko+

Adk `d hsoÿd`h koaled hk Jì}lad h whoflwjñ xko uhkehkalo qxh mogêo gwduoed hk ò jhkuh eh o`nùkadkqxluoedw ehfovdwhaled eh ò Adwdko | qxh h omdkeñ hk oqxh`ò duwo eh `d swljhwd jhulyd9 h`

sdlg`h ogokedkd eh ò uxuhò who`+

@o oauluxe adkalhkuh d lkadkalhkuh eh Mhwkïk Adwuì | ò eh jxamd dèoed sowulalsokuh eh ò

Adkqxluo eh admogluow adk ò jxihwh eh ò ulhwwo ogwêo ò sdlgl`leoe eh ò awhoalñk eh xko sdgòalñk

jhulyo qxh fxh lhjswh hk oxjhkud swdnwhlvd+ Ìuo kouxwo`jhkuh o` whsxelow ojgd sd`d eh x

dwênhkh h` hsoÿd` | h` lkeênhko whaòjogo daxsow xk `xnow eh` kxhvd jxked2 xk hsoald xko

leldlkawolo | sdw hkeh xk adkixkud kdwjoulvd qxh vlhwo sdw x lkuhwhh+ Hk duwd klvh` ò

swhelsdlalñk eh Adwuì dsxhuo o ò eh `d swljhwd ehaxgwledwh eh ò Okul`ò qxh h khnowdk o

awluloklyow sowo sdehw xow o `d kouxwo`h adjd haòvd fovdwhalñ ò hvoknh`lyoalñk eh `d lkeld | ò

ln`hlo h hkfl`ñ adk uded x whaxwd o ò who`lyoalñk eh huo hkdwjh uowho2 oê hjshyowdk o ``hnow o

Jì}lad ò elulkuo ñwehkh wh`lnldo eh hvoknh`lyoedwh hjshyoked sdw `d fwokalaokd+

@d hsoÿd`h koaled hk Jì}lad mlid eh `d swljhwd ad`dklyoedwh qxh oaxjxòwdk fdwuxko

ehjheleo | hk gwhvh ulhjsd whoaaldkowdk adk ehadkalhwud | whah`d axoked hjshyowdk o shwehw

swlvl`hnld uoux | sxhud aòvh hk ò oejlkluwoalñk eh ò ad`dklo `d qxh hjshyowdk o hw

whhwvoed sdw dwehkokyo who`h dòjhkuh o `d shklkxòwh+ @o n`hgo jhulyo | ò aouohjsxiogok ò leho swljhwlyo fokuohoeo adjd whah`d eh ò jxamd jï uoweh sdlg`h lkehshkehkalo+

@o adkqxluo h` jhulyoih h` ehojsowd eh` sxhg`d goid elvleled hk aouo | h` awld``ljd fxh h` shwfl`

lkjheloud eh xk kxhvd jxked sooed sdw ò adkvx`lñk eh ò lkvolñk h` djhuljlhkud | ò

uwokfdwjoalñk+ Uo` shwfl` hwo h` adud eh ò lkvolñk+ \ whaòjñ `hkuo shwd lkf`h}lg`hjhkuh ò

adkflnxwoalñk eh xko kxhvo who`leoe sd`êulao | dalo` ò goh sowo h` xwnljlhkud eh xko kxhvo

koalñk hk h` adkalhwud xklvhwo`+

Jxamd fxhwdk `d okuhahehkuh daldaxùxwo`h | okuwdsd`ñnlad qxh adkflnxwowdk h` whah`d | ò

sdlgl`leoe eh ò oxudkdjêo+ \ ò swljhwo joklfhuoalñk swïaulao eh uo` oslwoalñk h eld

lkjhelouojhkuh adk `d swljhwd mlid jhulyd eh `d nwokeh adkqxluoedwh9 Jowuêk h` mlid eh

Mhwkïk Adwuì uhkled adk ò Jo`lkamh qxh adk x mhwjokd eh lnxo` kdjgwh Jowuêk qxh |o h `h sxheh



==

adklehwow xk awld``d h` hnxked Jowqxì eh` Vo``h qxh sowulalsñ hk ò adkixwoalñk eh ?868+ Whxùoed

eh h``d fxh qxh `d oudwjhkuowok | ehsxì fxhwo ehuhwwoed o Hsoÿo+ H` hnxked Jowqxì eh` Vo``h

koalñ hk Axhwkovoao | fxh o Hsoÿo adk x soewh hk ?853 edkeh hkuwowêo o` hwvlald eh Aow`d V+ Shwd

whnwhñ o Jì}lad hk ?867 ehsxì eh ò jxhwuh eh x soewh | h lkuhnwñ | adjxklañ o fdked adk `d

mlid eh `d adkqxluoedwh hkuwh hud `d mhwjokd O`dkd | Nl` Ndkyï`hy eh Ïvlò | h `h ``hnñ oadklehwow adjd h` owuêflah eh ò adkixwo eh` 68 qxh uxvd sdw dgihud ‘o`yowh adk ò ulhwwo‖+ @d

mhwjokd Nñkyï`hy eh Ïvlò ê fxhwdk ehaosluoed hk ò Sòyo Jo|dw h` 1 eh ondud eh ?866+ ??>

\ mxgd eheh `xhnd duwd okuhahehkuh eh` jljd ulsd oxkqxh vhòed+ Ghwko` Eêoy eh` Aoul``d whsdwuo

qxh ‘h` sxhg`d eh Nxouluïk h qxluñ o `d mlid eh Nl` Ndkyï`hy eh Ghkovleh | dgwh h``d fxhwdk

ehnd`òed sdwqxh hnùk h mo``ñ kd uxvlhwdk ò `hoùoe qxh hwok dg`lnoed o` hwvlald eh x joihuoe2

| adk h``d oixulalowdk | ehuhwwowdk duwo shwdko | duwo qxheowdk adk joò fojo+ Mh qxhwled sdkhw

hud hk huo whòalñk oxkqxh kd mogêo khahleoe sowo qxh h vho dgwh qxì fxh h` ehodlhnd eh

Jì}lad+‖??=

Jxamd lkvhulnoedwh adkuhjsdwïkhd uojglìk mok whjowaoed huh mhamd+ Sdwqxh ‘lhjswh h}lulñ xk

aoèd eh axùlvd swdslald sowo qxh hk ulhwwo jh}laoko h hahklflaowo xk oaud eh whgh`lñk adjd oÿd

jï uoweh daxwwlwêo hk h` Shwù edkeh Ndkyo`d Slyowwd h o`yñ hk owjo adkuwo h` sdehw who`‖ ??<

??> V+ Idì @xl Jowuêkhy9 Mhwkïk Adwuì Ds+alu+s+878??= Ghwko` Eêoy eh` Aoul``d Ds+alu+ s+=5<



=<

Hfhaud adkuhjsdwïkhd

??< Ixok Jlwo``h9 Mhwkïk Adwuì lkvhkudw eh Jì}lad+ Uxqxhu heludwh Jì}lad 733? s+166



<3

@d damd oÿd eh shwjokhkalo eh `d kïxfwond hk ulhwwo jo|o hk ò swljhwo eìaoeo eh` ln`d ]VL

fxh ò huoso qxh ehflklñ adk uduo` swhallñk ò oauluxe eh `d hsoÿd`h fwhkuh o` jxked lkeênhko qxh

hkadkuwowdk hk h` adkulkhkuh+ Huo ed oauluxeh dk swduduêslao9 ò eh` awlulokd qxh whluh | shwluh

hk x ofïk eh edjlkld goid ò gokehwo aouñ`lao eh ò hvoknh`lyoalñk eh `d lkeld qxh huowêowhswhhkuoeo sdw Ihwñkljd eh Onxlòw+ \ ò eh` adkvhwd qxh h xgxjh hk ò h}uwoÿhyo eh ò axùxwo

`dao` awhoked ò shwshaulvo sladdalo` eh` jhulyoih h lka`xd swhelsdklìkedh o `xamow adkuwo x

adknìkhwh shklkxòwh hnùk h ohnxwñ+ Huo oauluxe huowêo whswhhkuoeo sdw Ndkyo`d Nxhwwhwd | h

h` mxjx fhadked d h` mxhvd eh ò hwslhkuh sowo `d hsoÿd`h qxh ogwlwêo o uwovì eh` ulhjsd ò leho

eh xko kxhvo koalñk+

Hk h` 73?< h axjs`lwïk qxlklhkud oÿd eh ò ``hnoeo eh `d hsoÿd`h o Jì}lad+ Elhy oÿd okuh eh

huo fhamo swdvhwglo` uwouojd eh dghwvow qxì lnklflañ ò moyoÿo sldkhwo eh `d kïxfwond hk \xaouïk2

añjd h lkuo`ñ ìuo kd ñ`d hk ò mludwlo hawluo eh oqxh``d mhamd lkd eh qxì jokhwo h adkhwvo

x jhjdwlo hk h` Huoed eh _xlkuoko Wdd | axï` h ò oauluxe eh ò dalheoe | eh `d ndglhwkd

huouo`h fwhkuh o `d jljd+

Huo ùùljo uowho kd sxheh hw h}moxulvo hk ò sïnlko eh huh `lgwd+ _xh hk aojgld h adkfdwjo adk

`dnwow ogwlw xko kxhvo vhwulhkuh eh ò lkvhulnoalñk hukdmluñwlao+

Ulhwwo oehkuwd eh ò Gomêo eh Amhuxjo` o eluokalo eh xk bl`ñjhuwd oswd}ljoeojhkuh huï ò ydko

owqxhd`ñnlao eh D}uokbom whuoxwoeo sowalo`jhkuh ò okulnxo alxeoe eh` a`ïlad -733 o 633 o+ A, qxh

hnùk ohnxwok o`nxkd qxh ò mok h}s`dwoed h ò jljo ò vlhio Amoauhjo` eh ò fxhkuh mluñwlao+Oxkqxh duwd adklehwok qxh mxgd duwo alxeoe ahwaoko ojxwo`òeo adjd ò eh` sdua`ïlad+ Shwd `d

whud owqxhd`ñnlad eh D}uokbom ehjxhuwok qxh ìuo fxh ò alxeoe jï nwokeh h}luhkuh hk ò Gomêo

eh Amhuxjo` hk h` jdjhkud eh ò ``hnoeo eh `d hsoÿd`h |o qxh x woeld mogluoaldko` h swd`dknñ

ehsxì mouo ò aduo+ Swdgog`hjhkuh adkuwxleo hk x dwênhkh o ho eluokalo eh ò aduo adjd

swduhaalñk adkuwo `d mxwoaokh qxh aoeo oÿd oyduok adk vld`hkalo+ Hk hh whaded eh ò h`vo ò alxeoe

qxh hwo jx| ojs`lo | h h}uhkelñ mouo ò lò eh Uojoàog fxh adkuwxleo goid `d souwdkh

owqxluhauñklad eh` Shuìk | hk h` jdjhkud eh ò ``hnoeo eh `d hsoÿd`h uhkêo jl`h eh jdwoeo

whlehkalo`h o`whehedw eh `d nwokeh helflald eh` axùd | oejlkluwoulvd+ @d huxeld qxh h mok

mhamd ehaxgwlhwdk ed uxjgo ljsdwuokuh eh ‘aoòkamldkl‖ `d moòam xlkla d aoalqxh d oahweduh

xswhjd eh ò alxeoe mhamd qxh hÿoò x ljsdwuokalo+ Hk h` lkuhwldw eh ho uxjgo h hkadkuwowdk



<?

kxjhwdd dgihud eh nwok gh``hyo qxh adkflwjok uojglìk ò ljsdwuokalo eh` `xnow+ Qx okulnxd

mogluokuh whfxnloed o``ê h ogouhalhwdk eh onxo adk sdyd sowo aosuow ò ``xvlo | vlvlhwdk eh ò

onwlaxùxwo ò aoyo | ò shao+ Hk h` ahkuwd eh ò alxeoe h sxheh vhw ò hvlehkalo eh uhjs`d soòald

sòyo | sould mxkeled | o` kdwuh eh huh adkixkud sxheh vlluowh ‘ò aosl`ò hsoÿdò‖ qxh fxh

whuoxwoeo moalo ?<=3 sdw h` owqxhñ`dnd Fhwkoked Adwuì omdwo axglhwuo adk xko hkwojoeo eh so`jo+H` ahkuwd eh ò alxeoe huï xglaoed hk xko sòuofdwjo kouxwo`+ H h` luld edkeh vlvlñ Ndkyo`d Nxhwwhwd

adk x jxihw | x ehahkehkalo jhulyo+ Md| qxheok ò wxlko eh xko alxeoe qxh fxh huxaoeo |

slkuoeo eh ad`dwh hk jheld eh ò h`vo adk x whud eh o`gowwoeo d goweo eh hsowoalñk eh ò

swdslheoeh mogluoaldko`h+ Eh ò aosl`ò hsoÿdò eh` kdwuh eh ò sòyo swlkalso` h adkhwvo h` oùow |

h` hsoald eh ò oawluêo uojglìk h sxheh dghwvow h` ouwld gowehoed qxh ò alwaxkeo uhuljdkld eh ò

swljhwo lkhwaldkh owqxluhauñklao | axùxwo`h aouh`òko hk h` hkd eh xko alxeoe lkeênhko+ Hk

?<1> huo alxeoe fxh kdjgwoeo D}uokbom sdw O`ghwud Hao`dko Wojd ehgled o ò ogxkeokalo eh

ïwgd`h eh d} wojdkh hk x hkudwkd jx| oswhaloed sdw hw x mdio o`ljhkud gïlad eh vhkoed+

Omdwo dgwh ò mdio hao eh huh ïwgd` qxh uoslyok ò hkuwoeo o ò ydko ed nwokeh lnxoko h

osowuok eh` sod eh `d vlluokuh adk wxled huwxhkedd qxh oaogo adk h` l`hkald eh` `xnow+ Ql`hkald

qxh vxh`vh o lkuoòwh mouo qxh eh swdkud adjlhkyo xk nwoykled lkadsoed qxh ehsxì eh xkd

lkuokuh ehio vhw o` ovh qxh `d aoxo xk uxaïk eh slad òwnd | vhweh qxh òeho ò aoghyo sowo jlwow

jhidw moalo h` xh`d edkeh jowamok ed vlluokuh+ Ahok `d nwoykled h` uxaïk vxhò+ Okljo`h

dgwhvlvlhkuh eh ò ehfdwhuoalñk+

Oqxê huïk ò wxlko eh ò vlhio alxeoe h`vïulao edkeh Nxhwwhwd h whfxnlowo eh x shwhaxalñk ehduwd jo|o jï mdul`h2 edkeh fxhwo swljhwd haòvd shwd ehsxì sowuh eh` aoalaoynd eh` `xnow sdw

moghw ehsdoed o ò mlio jo|dw eh` aoalqxh+ Edkeh h adkvlwulhwo o ò wh`lnldleoe `dao` | ò

aduxjgwh eh` shqxhÿd whlkd+ Edkeh ohkuowo x who`h | ehsxì `xamowo hk x ehfhko lka`xd

adkuwo x adknìkhwh hsoÿd`h+ @o owqxhd`dnêo adkuhjsdwïkho eh` Lkuluxud Koaldko` eh Okuwdsd`dnêo

h Mludwlo mo uhkled h` axleoed eh x whuoxwoalñk | eh huog`hahw ò mlsñuhl eh qxh ìuo h ò vlhio

Amhuxjo` edkeh vlvlhwo Ndkyo`d Nxhwwhwd -v+ fln+ xswo ss+ 1=1<,+

H` uojoÿd eh ò alxeoe qxh oawheluo x ljsdwuokalo swlvl`hnlo ò mlsñuhl eh qxh fxh ìuo ò heh eh`

sdehw eh Om Koamok Bok ]lx soewh eh Yoyl`*\}sl`duyojo | xhnwd eh Nxhwwhwd+ H` mhamd eh qxh

lkhwuo hk x swdslo owqxluhauxwo h mo|o hknouoed xko aosl`ò eh adkuwxaalñk hsoÿdò ovoò uojglìk

huo mlsñuhl sdwqxh ò lkuhnwoalñk eh Nxhwwhwd o ò axùxwo `dao` eh uded jded mogwêo lnklflaoed h`



<7

adkuoaud qxh fovdwhalhwo ò shkhuwoalñk eh ò wh`lnlñk awluloko+ Oê D}uokbom qxh uxvd xko òwno

haxhkalo eh x adkuwxaalñk uhwjlkñ adk xko aosl`ò hsoÿdò o` kdwuh eh x ahkuwd ahwhjdklo` `d qxh

mogò eh xk ljsdwuokuh swlkalsld eh oahsuoalñk eh ò axùxwo h}uwokihwo+

@o adkqxluo eh ò whnlñk eh` Jo|og fxh ò jï `hkuo o show eh moghw led ò swljhwo ydko

jhdojhwlaoko daxsoeo sdw `d hsoÿd`h+ @d whlkd jo|o hkfwhkuowdk o `d hsoÿd`h mouo h` flkoèh x sdlgl`leoeh | axoked ò fxhwyo eh ò owjo h ljsdkêo qxheogo h` whaxwd eh ò mxêeo ò

jlnwoalñk | h` whfxnld hk ydko osowuoeo eh ò h`vo+ Hwo whghèêo | aosoaleoe eh whluhkalo shwd hwo

uojglìk xko uwoelalñk okahuwo`+ Oê daxwwlñ adk `d luyïh qxh ogokedkowdk Amlamìk Luyï sowo

whfxnlowh hk Uo|oo` hk ò whnlñk eh` Shuìk nxouhjoùhad+ Udeovêo o jheloed eh` ln`d ]L] axoked h

ehouñ ò `òjoeo Nxhwwo eh Aouo `d whghèh jo|o h whfxnlowdk hk ò adjxkleoeh eh Qhÿdw

Ulmdxad | duwo mx|hked eh` oheld eh ò ‘aouo elvlko‖ | eh` hiìwalud ahkuwo`luo sowo shwjokhahw adk

x aduxjgwh | x wlud `lgwh eh` |xnd eh `d moahkeoed+ O ho oùxwo h` lkawhuljd eh êjgd`d

| adkahsud lghwdojhwlaokd h mogêo swdfxkelyoed |o kd hwo h` Amooa o uwovì eh ax|d êed`d `h

mogògok x oahweduh2 hk x `xnow huogo ò ‘awxy sowòkuh‖ h` ïwgd` onwoed eh x dwênhkh

hkwolyoed hk h` jowulwld eh Ihxawlud+ Shwd omê qxheogok ho adjxkleoeh jo|o lkawìulao qxh kd h

mogêok ehioed xg|xnow+

Md| ho adjxkleoeh mok led shkhuwoeo sdw flk sdw ò whòaldkh eh swdexaalñk eh` jxked

jdehwkd qxh dfwhah uwogoid o ò kxhvo nhkhwoaldkh hk `d nwokeh ahkuwd uxwêulad eh` Huoed+ @o

glala`huo ò woeld ò uh`hvllñk ò adjsxuoedwo dk ò mhwwojlhkuo uìaklao | uojglìk `d uo`ljokh

eh osd|d eh ò whòaldkh eh swdexaalñk uwlxkfokuh qxh h lkflùwowdk hk h` jxked eh `d okulnxdwhghèh+

@o mludwlo eh `d kïxfwond eh` ln`d ]VL h adkhwvo md| adjd xk had `hiokd eh` swlkalsld eh ò

shkhuwoalñk eh` jxked mlsokd hkuwh `d jo|o+ H lk `xnow o exeo moglhked sooed sdw `d flùwd

lehd`ñnlad qxh ljsdkh ò mludwlo jdulvd eh dwnx``d | dgwh uded h` swlkalsld eh lehkuleoe jï

lkuhkd qxh o`vonxoweo ò oejlkluwoalñk sùg`lao eheh qxh h` uhwwludwld eh _xlkuoko Wdd h adkvlwulñ

hk h` ùùljd huoed eh ò Whsùg`lao | eheh qxh ò lkexuwlo lk amljhkho eh` uxwljd adkuwx|hwo `d

ljswhldkokuh sd`d eh ehowwd``d eh ò oê `òjoeo Wlvlhwo Jo|o+ @o ono eh Ndkyo`d Nxhwwhwd h

hkhÿo hk ò haxhò swljowlo o sowulw eh` axowud oÿd hk ò adjxkleoeh | alxeoeh eh` Huoed+ Qh

aokuo xk mljkd eh` Huoed ax|o `huwo hvdao `d mhamd eh oqxh`ò mludwlo+ Qh mo adkuwxled hk ò

aosluo` xk jxhd owqxhd`ñnlad eh ò axùxwo jo|o eh ax|d moulo` hjhwnh nlnokuhad hk oùdwwh`lhvh ò



<1

ljonhk eh \ysl`duyojo*Yoyl` x jowled Nxhwwhwd | x swd`h jhulyo+ Eh lnxo` fdwjo hk ò aduhwo eh

Qok Jlnxh` eh Adyxjh` mo| xk adkixkud haxùñwlad eh` jljd uhjo ax|o flnxwo h ehuoaok o

adkuwo`xy eoked ò hsoèo o` jow+ \ huo haxùxwo whsluh h` uhjo hk duwo alxeoeh eh` Huoed+

@o nhuo eh Ndkyo`d Nxhwwhwd h whf`hiñ eh lkjheloud hk ò `luhwouxwo eh` swdsld ln`d eh ò adkqxluo |

kd oê axwldojhkuh ò eh x adjsoÿhwd hk h` koxfwonld Ihwñkljd eh Onxlòw+ Eheh hkudkah hhawlglñ oglhwuojhkuh hk xk udkd qxh ehiñ vhw xko adklehwoalñk nhkhwo` eh Ndkyo`d adk ulkuh eh

mhwdlaleoe+ Eheh Fwokalad eh Uhwwoyo adklehwoed h` swljhw sdhuo eh `hknxo aouh`òko koaled hk

Jì}lad h dghwvo ho adklehwoalñk | hk x sdhjo ìslad Kxhvd jxked | adkqxluo hawlglñ9

Hk Amhuxjo` whleh dwo Nxhwwhwd

qxh oê h `òjo h` duwd qxh mo qxheoed2

eh` nwokeh Koamojaïk h adjsoÿhwd

| adk mhwjoko x|o huï aooed9

huï jx| wlad | hwo jowlkhwd

ondwo h aosluïk jx| ofojoed

aownoed huï eh mlid | moh sxhud

o` xd eh ò ulhwwo eh` axhwsd | nhud+

Woioeo uwoh ò jokd | ò aowo

dwhio | kowlah mdwoeoeo2glhk sxelhwo vhklw l `h onwoeowo

qxh o ì` uojglìk ò aowuo fxhwdk eoeo+

Kd ì l eh vhwnðhkyo h` vhklw sïwo

d sdwqxh o``ï woêah ulhkh hamoeo2

oê qxheo | d`d |d mh vhkled

sdwqxh ì` huï |o hk lkeld adkvhwuled+

Jx| axwldd sdhjo | swljhwlyd eh ò sdhêo hk aouh`òkd hawluo hk Kxhvo Hsoÿo hk hkehaoêògd

shwfhaud+ Adkulhkh aol udeo ò lkfdwjoalñk qxh ehsxì mogwêo eh elvx`nowh dgwh ò moyoÿo eh



<5

Nxhwwhwd | eo ò vdy kowwoulvo o Ihwñkljd eh Onxlòw qxh hk ò swljhwo huwdfo h ojglnxo shwd qxh h

adkflwjo hk ò ùùljo9 ‘oê qxheo | d`d |d mh vhkled‖+

Adjd hawlud eh flko`h eh` ln`d ]VL h` sdhjo adkfxkeh h` sowhkuhad eh ò jxihw eh Nxhwwhwd adk x

soewh Om Koamok Bok ]lx qxh flnxwo adjd x xsxhud mhwjokd+ \ o ò fhamo eh` hawlud |o hwo h`

moòam xlkla eh Amhuxjo` h` mhwjokd eh \ysl`duydjo qxh hwo Oam Goòj Aomxh` ]lxx+ H` whud eh òwhfhwhkalo h adwwhauo | dwswhkeh x sxkuxo`leoe axoked oùk kd alwaxògo klknxko awñklao dgwh `d

xahd eh ò adkqxluo+

Fwokalad eh Uhwwoyo -?878*?633, mlid eh adkqxluoedw hawlglñ hk ?8>> alkad dkhud hk x

aokaldkhwd F`dwh eh vowlo sdhêo+ Qx fojo uwoahkelñ | fxh h`dnloed sdw h` swdsld Jlnxh` eh

Ahwvokuh hk @o Noòuho qxh adklehwñ qxh h` kdvdmlsokd hwo xk nwok sdhuo+ Ql glhk Uhwwoyo h

nxlogo adk ò haxhò hvl`òko x uhjo huogok edjlkoed sdw ò haxhò eh Shuwowao qxh ehuoaogo

lhjswh gh``hyo | awxhèoe eh ò ojoeo adjd uñslad swlkalso`+

Hk h` sdhjo aluoed adkuo ò whlehkalo eh Nxhwwhwd x whòalñk adk Ihwñkljd eh Onxlòw qxh oxkqxh

lk hw kdjgwoed h aòwo ò whfhwhkalo2 x whlehkalo hk Amhuxjo` | x shwuhkhkalo o` huwoud swlkalso`

eh` whlkd2 x dflald eh jowlkhwd hk Hsoÿo | x ehomdnoeo luxoalñk hadkñjlao xko vhy qxh lknwho o`

hwvlald eh` aoalaoynd+ Uojglìk | hud h `d jï ljsdwuokuh sowo kxhuwd flkh moah adkuokalo eh x

fojo | eh` mhamd h}uwodwelkowld eh hw xk adkvhwd moalo h` jo|ljd sxh ‘moh sxhud o` xd eh ò

ulhwwo eh` axhwsd | nhud‖+ H` sdhjo lkfdwjo uojglìk eh` mhamd eh moghw whalgled ò gwhvh aowuo eh

Adwuì qxh sleh ò whlkuhnwoalñk eh `d kïxfwond o ò mxhuh hsoÿdò | sdw ùùljd whnluwo ò swdslo

khnoulvo eh Nxhwwhwd o whnwhow adk x aduhwwïkhd9 ò xsxhuo vhwnðhkyo qxh `h mogwêo aoxoed hòsowhahw uouxoed okuh h``d ixkud adk h` mhamd who` eh jo|dw shd eh qxh ulhkh hsdo h mlid hk hh

whlkd jo|o edkeh hk hfhaud ‘ì` huï |o hk lkeld adkvhwuled‖+

Oahwao eh` fojdd h`dnld eh Uhwwoyo mhamd sdw Ahwvokuh - @o Noòuho `lgwd VL, kd h lkadkvhklhkuh

ehalw qxh ìuh h lkhwuo hk ojs`lo `luo qxh eh adkuhjsdwïkhd shwdkoih mlyd h` Jokad eh @hsokud

hk xko lknhkldo uwojo `luhwowlo sowo dfwhahw x dghqxldo oejlwoalñk | eheh `xhnd adk xul` flk eh

nokow okxhkalo | whadkdaljlhkud+ H` swhaldd owele h adjsdkh eh ò lkuhwvhkalñk eh ò jxo Ao`êdsh

qxh ehaòwo qxh x ‘dflald | adkelalñk h fovdwhahw | o|xeow o `d elvlkd hsêwlux‖+ Huo soògwo |

uded huh sooih eh x Noòuho sdkh Ahwvokuh hk ògld eh ò jxo2 oê adjd h` òwnd aokud qxh `d

adkulkùo | qxh adkulhkh ò jhkalñk eh Uhwwoyo+



<8

Jhelokuh xk h}dwaljd mhamd hk h` aojsd `d shwdkoih Uh`hld oadjsoÿoed eh ‘H`lald Ulwl

Eojñk @oxd | duwd okljdd soudwh‖ vhk hkuwh ò osowuoeo `òjo eh xko mdnxhwo o Ao`êdsh

qxh h swhhkuo wlaojhkuh ouovloeo | hjslhyo x elaxwd qxh kouxwo`jhkuh adkulux|h hk ê jljd

xko slhyo `luhwowlo eh kdudwlo shwfhaalñk+ @o jxo whvhò x lehkuleoe okuh `d odjgwoed soudwh9

‘oghe elawhud soudwh | gh`ò soudwo qxh |d d| xko eh ò kxhvh edkah`ò qxh hk ò oùo |onwoeo axjgwh eh Sowkod ulhkhk x swdswlo | adkdaleo jdwoeo+ Jl kdjgwh h Ao`êdsh2 jl dflald |

adkelalñk h fovdwhahw | o|xeow o `d elvlkd hsêwlux ax|d `dog`h hihwalald h daxsowh hk ò

jowovl``do | iojï adjd ehgh oògoeo alhkalo eh ò sdhêo‖+

Shwd hk h` h`dnld eh` axo` alud fwonjhkud o slh eh sïnlko ?73 h` nwok Ahwvokuh kd h whuwlknlñ o `d

sdhuo lkd qxh lka`x|ñ o jxamd duwd eh dflald elulkud+ \ o`nxkd exedd adjd h` eh Shewd eh

?73 AOKUD EH AO@ÊDSH

O` exàh dk eh jl uhjsòeo `lwoswhuoe soudwh h` dêed ouhkud9dlwìl añjd hk jl vdy | hk ì` whslwoeh jl mhwjoko h` onwoed o`lhkud+Vhwìl añjd d xshkeh | d oejlwo| ad`jo vxhuwo o`jo eh adkuhkudaxoked d eì whòalñk oqxê hk h` xh`deh `d lknhkld qxh |o dk eh` alh`d+Slhkd aokuow eh oqxh``d dòjhkuho qxlhk ò Sowao h` ml`d oùk kd mo adwuoedeh oqxì``d qxh dk elnkd ixuojhkuhe.hk uo` `xnow uhkhw`h hÿoòededkeh o show eh` ulhjsd el`lnhkuhsdw h` òxeog`h dflald oaduxjgwoedvxhuwd vlvok jl` ln`d x whkdjgwhx aòwo dgwo x fojdd kdjgwh+

R…Z \ h` qxh adk ixud uêux`d jhwhahndyow eh oùo | mdkwdo swhhjlkhkaloxk edk O`dkd h hk qxlhk f`dwhaheh` oawd Osd`d ò elvlko alhkalo2

| hk qxlhk adk oùo `xjgwh whsòkehaheh Jowuh h` gwêd | lk lnxo` sduhkaloeh @hlvo ulhkh h` dgwhkdjgwh l`xuwhqxh o Luo`lo mo eoed | oxk o Hsoÿo `xuwh+

Duwd eh` jhjd kdjgwh qxh eh Owoxadaokuñ ò nxhwwo | h` vo`dw eh Hsoÿoh` axo` `d whlkd edkeh mogluo Nòxadsoñ | lkulñ ò hjgwovhaleo oÿo+Kd fxh x vdy kd fxh x oahkud woxadqxh xkd | duwd fxh eh nwoalo huwoÿo| uo` qxh Hwal`R`Zo hk huh mhwjdd olhkudjhwhah huhwkd | oawd jdkxjhkud+Eh` fojdd edk Ixok eh Ql`vo d elndqxh udeo n`dwlo | uded mdkdw jhwhahoê sdw hw`h Fhgd uok ojlndadjd sdw h` vo`dw qxh hk ì` f`dwhah+Qhwïk ehud x dgwo gxhk uhulndhk ò axo`h x lknhkld whsòkehahadk aòwleoe qxh o` lnkdwokuh o`xjgwo

| o` ogld onxed o vhah `h eh`xjgwo

+R…Z Awhyao h` kùjhwd wlad ehuo axhkuooqxh` adk qxlhk ò ulhkh uo` h` alh`dqxh adk fhghd o`lhkud `h xuhkuo| adk vo`dw eh Jowuh oaï hk h` xh`d+O Mdjhwd lnxoò l o hawhglw lkuhkuo| o uokud ``hno eh x s`xjo h` vxh`daxokud h vhweoe qxh o uded h kdudwldh` oùd lknhkld eh edk Elhnd Ddwld+



<6

R… Oqxê duwd hnxked Osd`dZ

\ h` kdjgwh qxh jh vlhkh jï o jokdehud ed qxh o `dow oqxê jh ouwhvdh eh` edaudw fojdd Aojsxyokdo qxlhk sdeìl `òjow hnxked Fhgd+H` oùd lknhkld x|d h` dgwhmxjokdelaxwd kd ehaxgwh xk jxked kxhvdeh uok jhidwh Lkelo | h}ah`hkalo

axokud jhidw qx.h` dwd dk ò alhkalo+R…Z Eh` edaudw Voao l ehalw sxelhwo`d qxh |d lhkud eì` lk exeo awhdqxh axokud oqxê huïl d xshkelhwo9uo` h x alhkalo x vlwuxe | owwhd+\d mh led hk hko`yow`h ò swljhwoeh` oawd adwd | d| ò qxh ehhdhuhwklyow x kdjgwh hk axokud o` xh`delhwh x `xy h` nwok hÿdw eh Eh`d+

R… O adkulkxoalñk xkd eh kxhuwd awdkluoZ Xk adkdaled h` oùd Fhgd ulhkh2´qxì elnd xk adkdaled4 xk vhweoehwdojlnd adk qxlhk ñ`d h hkuwhulhkhqxh h eh udeo alhkalo uhdwhwd+\ h ìuh qxh eh lkexuwlo h ehulhkho kd adjxklaow x glhk hkuhwdElhnd Exwïk hk qxlhk adkulkd exwo| exwowï h` vo`dw hw | adwexwo+

R…Z

Jxhuwo hk xk lknhkld ò h}shwlhkaloqxh hk oÿd vhweh | hk heoe uhjswokomoah x mogluoalñk okê ò alhkaloadjd hk ò heoe joexwo okulnxo | aoko+Kd hkuwowì adk o`nxkd hk adjshuhkaloqxh adkuwoelno xko vhweoe uok `òko| jï l oaod o x dêed ``hnoqxh `d elnd sdw vd @dsh eh Vhno+

R…Z Hk edk @xl eh Nñkndwo d dfwhyadxk vlvd wowd lknhkld lk hnxked2adk x dgwo jh o`hnwd | hkwlqxhyadkd ñ`d |d jo uded h` okamd jxked+\ l sdw `d qxh d qxlhwd o`nd jhwhyadmoahe qxh x oghw oùd | swdfxkedhk vxhuwo oògokyo lhjswh vlvoadkuwo h` `lnhwd ulhjsd | jxhwuh hqxlvo+

Alÿo h` vhweh òxwh` ò vhweh |hewo| oxk ò wdgxuo hkalko oqxh`ò fwhkuheh Ndkyo`d Ahwvokuh Qoovhewo

sxh ò ehghk ahÿlw uok ixuojhkuh+Sdw ì` ò alhkalo jï eh Osd`d jhewo2hk ì` Jowuh kd jxhuwo h` gwêd owelhkuheh x fxwdw adk uo` woyñk jheledqxh sdw ì` h ojoed | h uhjled+Uù qxh eh Ah`leñk adk exàh s`hauwdmhaluh whdkow h` kdjgwh | fojoax|d oejlwog`h | glhk `ljoed jhuwdo òxwd | uwlxkfd uh adkvleo | `òjowhalgh h` joked ò adwdko | ahuwdNdkyo`d Nñjhy eìuo qxh uh ojohk hÿo` qxh jhwhah ux shwdkoh` ixud hÿdwêd eh Mh`ladko+

R…Z Sxh eh xko fìwul` | swhaldo sòkuoeh o``ï uwosxhuo hk h` jo|dw ad`òedqxh hk udeo ò Uho`lo h `hvokuosòkuo qxh |o elamdd fwxud mo eoedao`òwì |d `d qxh ò fojo aokuoeh` l`xuwh edk Shewd eh O`vowoedl`xuwh shwd |o kd jhkd aòwd

sdw x elvlkd lknhkld o` jxked wowd+R…Z Ulhjsd h |o eh ``hnow o` flk sduwhwdeoked swlkalsld o ò jo|dw moyoÿoqxh iojï hjswhkeê ò axo` hshwdqxh mo eh jdvhw o` gòked Osd`d o oÿosxh adk lknhkld wùulad | nwdhwdo ed d`h qxh o`xjgwok vxhuwo Hsoÿokd ñ`d o Hsoÿo jo o` jxked udedslhkd `dow oxkqxh jh foùh h` jded+



<>

O`vowoed l kd h whflhwh o xk mdjñkljd+ \ hkhnxleo ed huwdfo edkeh h jhkaldko o Uhwwoyo ‘h`

kxhvd Osd`d‖ | o` owhqxlshÿd Elhnd Jowuêkhy eh Wlghwo9

Eh ò whnlñk okuïwulao sdewêohuhwklyow lknhkld dghwokd

qxh l wlqxhyo md| xuhkuo | awêo

uojglìk hkuhkeljlhkud dgwhmxjokd+

Jduwow`d sxhed hk jxamd huh eêo

| hk ed d qxlhwd eow ``hko ò jokd9

xkd eh Kxhvo Hsoÿo | kxhvd Osd`d2

eh` Shwù h` duwd xk d` ùklad | d`d+

Fwokalad h` xkd eh Uhwwoyo ulhkh

h` kdjgwh oaï | o``ï uok adkdaled

ax|o vhko aoxeo` kxhvo Mlsdawhkh

mo eoed o` souwld vhkuxwdd kled+

@o jhjo n`dwlo o` duwd lnxo` `h vlhkh

sxh x elvlkd lknhkld mo swdexaled

hk Owhqxlso huhwko swljovhwoqxh ìuh h Elhnd Jowuêkhy eh Wlghwo+

R…Z Hk h``d xk hsê`dnd soudwheh` òwnd aokud jêd omdwo mond| o h``d hkehwhyd `d `ddwhaxokud mogìl dêed | kd `d sond9qxh uded `d lknhkld dk ehxedwho hud eh qxlhk |d jh oulfond2oulfïahh eh``d uded h` xh`d| oxk `d oejlwo sdwqxh dk eh` alh`d+

Hud qxlhwd qxh ehk flk o jl aokud| o kxhvo oejlwoalñk adjlhkyd2| l shkïl qxh hk hud jh oehòkudaxoked d elno qxlìk dk vhwìl qxh d vhkyd+Sdw h``d mouo h` alh`d jh `hvokud| lk h``d jh adwwd | jh ovhwnðhkyd9uo` h @oêkhy uo` h Flnxhwdoelnkd eh huhwko | eh lkahog`h `do+



<=

Jlnxh` eh Ahwvokuh sxh vo`lìkedh eh ò jxo eh ò sdhêo Ao`êdsh sxheh eh ò whnlñk okuïwulao

‘huhwklyow lknhkld dghwokd‖+ Jluhwld eh ò axùxwo+ Adjd x dgwo @d hl `lgwd eh Noòuho fxh

ljswho hk Joewle hk ?8=8 Ahwvokuh eheh `xhnd qxh kd jhkaldko o Mhwkïk Adwuì kl o duwd sxh

h` h`dnld d`d whflhwh qxh ‘Slhkd aokuow eh oqxh``d dòjhkuh o qxlhk ò Sowao h` ml`d oùk kd mo

adwuoed+‖ Uo` vhy kd ``hnñ o oghw h` nwok a`ïlad qxh O`vowoed mogêo jxhwud hk ?85? hk Kxhvo No`lalomd| Nxoeoòiowo Jì}lad+

@o adklehwoalñk `luhwowlo eh ò ono eh `d kïxfwond hsoÿd`h hk ò shkêkxò eh \xaouïk hjshyñ

sxh lkjhelouojhkuh ehsxì eh ò Adkqxluo | hk h` ïjglud eh ò sdhêo | ho lkuhkalñk qxh uxvd xk

ljsoh eh xk gxhk òsd eh ulhjsd mo shwexwoed lk hjgownd huo vhy ehkuwd eh ò kdvh`êulao o `d

òwnd eh ln`d+ Qñ`d jhkaldkd oqxê ò dgwo qxh jh sowhalhwdk eh jo|dw wh`hvokalo sdwqxh h` uhjo h

voud | h}aheh `d swdsñlud eh huh `lgwd+ \ ìo osowhalhwdk uoweêojhkuh eheh swlkalsld eh` ln`d

]] | hk fdwjo eh` ljsdwuokuh xgnìkhwd eh ò kdvhò mluñwlao xk fhkñjhkd hqxlvo`hkuh o` daxwwled o

swdsñlud eh ò flnxwo eh ò Jo`lkamh+?7?

Hk ?<7> Idì Goùoow Sìwhy hawlglñ Damd oÿd hkuwh o`voih2 aol vhlkuh oÿd ehsxì hk ?<57

Ï`vowd Nojgdo Wlaoèh sxg`lañ Klauh*Mo -@lwld eh onxo,2 elhy oÿd ehsxì hk ?<83 Ownhkulko Eêoy

@dyokd sxg`lañ Jo|osok2 | eh o``ê aol alkaxhkuo oÿd ehsxì Hxnhkld Onxlwwh hawlglñ hk ?<<?

Ndkyo`d Nxhwwhwd2 | hk ?<<5 Dul`lo Jhyo Xk ojdw lkjdwuo` Ndkyo`d Nxhwwhwd êjgd`d eh` dwlnhk

eh` jhulyoih jh}laokd2 uojglìk hk h` jljd oÿd Khk ò lkùul` eh Lnkoald Qdòwh2 hk ?<<6 Ndkyo`d

Nxhwwhwd jhjdwlo d`vleoeo uwoxjo eh Jì}lad eh Aow`d Vl`ò Wdly+ Huo kduog`h osdwuoalñk eh

jh}laokd o ò kdvhò mluñwlao ulhkh xk ehowwd``d sowo`h`d hk h` h}uwokihwd l glhk jï whalhkuh | jïhaod9 H` fxuxwd fxh o|hw eh Udwaxoud @xao eh Uhko -hsoÿd`, hk ?<== | Mxwoaïk adwoyñk eh` alh`d

eh Fwokal Slokl -fwokaì, hk ?<<?+?77

@o mludwlo h kowwo dgwh h` d`vled qxh h fxhkuh eh uhwnlvhwoalñk2 oxkqxh hk ìuo sx`x`h ò `h|hkeo |

h` jlud qxh hk jxamo jokhwo adjshkok ò shwhnwlko dghlñk eh` mludwloedw sdw ò vhweoe+

@h|hkeo | jlud qxh dk jxamo vhah fxhkuh eh ò flaalñk `luhwowlo dshwok adjd mlsñuhl owwlhnoeo+

Shwd uojglìk jxamo vhah ìuo adjshkok ò hkdwjh ònxko qxh ehio ò kowwoalñk mluñwlao |

adkuwlgx|hk eh xko jokhwo swlkalso` o ò hwhaalñk eh` helflald eh ò axùxwo+ Hud h souhkuh hk ò dgwo

eh fwo| Idhsm eh Qok Gxhkovhkuxwo | Aowuonhko qxh qxlyï mo|o uhiled hk x mludwlo eh` Jo|og adk h`

?7? V+ jl `lgwd @o adkqxluo eh ò Jo`lkamh he+ Sòkhuo*Adkoax uo*Lkom Jì}lad 733<



<<

ml`d vlwuxo` eh xk xsxhud uh}ud hawlud koeo jhkd qxh sdw Ndkyo`d Nxhwwhwd sowo adkeljhkuow `d

mhamd eh x ehawlsalñk+

Md| qxh ò shwlshalo eh `d kïxfwond eh` ln`d eh ò Adkqxluo mok uhkled qxh soow sdw h` hfxhwyd

eh `d mludwloedwh | sdw elfhwhkuh vlldkh jêulao ò kdulalo eh oqxh``d mhamd f`duok hkuwh h`

adkdaljlhkud ò lnkdwokalo | ò jlulflaoalñk eh `d mogluokuh eh ho sowuh eh ò whnlñk jo|o qxhadkflnxwñ h` Huoed eh _xlkuoko Wdd+ Johuwd heludwh lkvhulnoedwh | sd`êulad uwouok eh elfxkelw

oqxh` swljhw aosêux`d eh ò mludwlo jdehwko eh Jì}lad hk vlwuxe eh xko khahleoe eh lehkuleoe qxh

`d adkuwlÿh o hkuow ò goh sowo xko jhjdwlo `lkoixeo qxh `d lknxòwlah | adk ò adwwhauo

lkuhklñk sheonñnlao qxh mono eh `d alxeoeokd eh` huoed xk whaxwd oaulvd eh` glhkhuow ad`haulvd+

Hfwoêk Vl`òkxhvo h xk sd`êulad fdwjoed oaoeìjlaojhkuh hk x jouhwlo eh kduog`h hklgl`leoe sowo

dghwvow h` ehowwd``d mluñwlad | dalo` eh x huoed qxh mo oauxoed o uwovì eh oùd aownd edkeh mo

lkaleled hk ò jheleo jï}ljo hk qxh `d xd | aduxjgwh | h` osowoud koaldko` `d shwjluh sowo

ljsxòw ò lkvhulnoalñk | ò hexaoalñk eh `d alxeoeokd+

Ixok O+ ]oaxw J+ adjd elwhaudw | heludw eh xko Hkala`dshelo eh _xlkuoko Wdd hk ?3 vd`ùjhkh | adk

xk foaêax`d eh elvx`noalñk adkuwlgx|h hk nwoed ljsdwuokuh o ò elfxlñk eh ò mludwlo eh` Huoed+

Qhÿo`ñ hk hkuwhvluo qxh ò swhdaxsoalñk sdw ò mludwlo eh ò whnlñk adjhkyñ o sowulw eh qxh h`

uhwwludwld h adkvlwulñ hk xk huoed eh ò fhehwoalñk+ Hd daxwwlñ hk ?<>7 axoked Amhuxjo` daxsñ h`

woknd eh ò aosluo` | uhkêo oshko 13333 mogluokuh+ Aol axowhkuo oÿd ehsxì oàokyowêo ò alfwo eh

?83333 axoked h` huoed -qxh hk ?<>5 uhkêo ==333 mogluokuh, wdyo ò alfwo eh` jl``ñk | jheld+ \

dghwvo h` heludw qxh l glhk h` huoed oàokyñ huo alfwo fxh sdw h` ehowwd``d eh `d ahkuwd uxwêuladeh ò `òjoeo Wlvlhwo Jo|o shwd qxh oxkqxh adkahkuwñ jxamo sdgòalñk kd adkflnxwñ sdw x

aowoauhwêulao `d qxh h xko vhweoehwo adjxkleoe+ Shwvlvh sxh hk ò adkalhkalo eh huh dghwvoedw

ò uhl eh qxh `d aojgld adjsx`lvd d owgluwowld hk h` ehowwd``d dalo` eh ò whnlñk dshwok

adkuwoelaudwlojhkuh o ò fdwio eh xko lehkuleoe adjd whf`hid eh `d mhamd swlkalso`h eh` sooed

daldaxùxwo`+ Whflhwh añjd Sdwflwld Eêoy hkuñ ò goh sowo ò huwxauxwoalñk eh ò alxeoe eh

Amhuxjo` qxh aol xk ln`d jï uoweh mogwêo eh adkvhwulwh hk ò aosluo` | qxh adkuwx|ñ hkuwh duwo

jxamo dgwo ò Ovhkleo eh `d Mìwdh o `d òwnd eh ò axo` h on`xulkñ ò jokamo xwgoko+ _xh hd

?77 Afw+ @okah`du Ad~lh9 ‘Ndkyo`d Nxhwwhwd flnxwo mluñwlao | `luhwowlo eh ò Adkqxluo eh Jì}lad‖ Ahkuwh df @oulk Ojhwlaooke umh Aowlgghok+ Uwlkleoe oke Udgond 733>



?33

mìwdh fxhwdk `d eh` 7 eh Ogwl`?71 shwd qxh ehsxì h` nhkhwo` Aïwehko onwhnowêo ò huouxo eh `d

mìwdh koaldko`h qxluïked`h oê x lnklflaoalñk dwlnlko`+

]oaxw fxh adkelaêsx`d eh Aow`d Aoul``d Shwoyo o` qxh whadkdah adjd xk lkuh`hauxo` eh mdked

hkuled ìulad sowo oswhalow `d aojgld mluñwlad | sd`êulad eh ò whnlñk | eh ò koalñk+ Eh x

lkuhwoaalñk uhjswoko adk ì` ]oaxw oahsuo qxh whxùñ x vdaoalñk eh heludw | eh hawludw+ \ oê adk h`swljhw ndghwkoedw eh` huoed heluñ ò swljhwo nhdnwofêo | xko hkala`dshelo eh mludwlo | osxkuo qxh o

show eh `d hfxhwyd qxh h mok mhamd hk uo` hkuled sheonñnlad | eh elvx`noalñk hk ò oauxo`leoe kd

h hkhÿo mludwlo whnldko` hk ò haxhò+

Wojñk Lvïk Qxïwhy Aoojo` swhjloed adjd sdhuo hk elvhwd ahwuïjhkh hawlglñ h` mljkd eh`

Huoed qxh whyo9

Axouwd dk ò xuokalo swlkalso`h qxh lkuhnwok x aokud9 h` ala`ñk ehvouoedw qxh dsò aoeo oÿd2 ò

whfhwhkalo o` lklald eh` jhulyoih hk ò ydko sdw h` jouwljdkld hkuwh Nxhwwhwd | Yo“ol`2 ò Nxhwwo eh

Aouo eh ?=5>2 ò h}s`duoalñk eh` amla`h+

H` helflald eh` M+ Adknwhd eh` Huoed huï slkuoed adk jxwo`h eh H`ld Aowjlamoh` qxh whaxhkuok hk

fdwjo nwïflao ò mludwlo eh` Huoed+ Hk h` sooed ò hadkdjêo h fxkeogo hk `d swdexaud eh ò ed

huoaldkh eh ò ydko ò eh ``xvlo | ò eh hao+ Hk ò swljhwo h dguhkêo h` amla`h eh` ïwgd` eh`

amladyosduh2 exwokuh ò hqxêo h adwuogo ò aodgo+ Sòjo ò `h|hkeo eh ò awhoalñk eh` mdjgwh hnùk

h` Sdsd`*Vxm+ Whflhwh ò fxkeoalñk eh o`nxko alxeoeh okulnxo Adgo Ux`xj h ]souxj+ Adk lwdkêoelhÿo ò oauxoalñk eh `d swljhwd fwokalaokd hk h` owho ò awxy qxh dulhkhk h o ò vhy xko hsoeo+

Eh ò Nxhwwo eh Aouo osowhahk x `êehwh jo|o Ahal`ld Aml | Ioalkud Sou | o``ê o`xeh uojglìk o`

fhkñjhkd lkawìulad eh ò awxy sowòkuh axùd qxh h}luh mouo ò fhamo+ Whflhwh uojglìk h` sxhg`d

okahuwo` eh Amhuxjo` goid h` kdjgwh eh L}souùk oxkqxh owqxhñ`dnd adkuhjsdwïkhd dslkok qxh

oqxh` f`dwhalñ hk D}uokbom+ Huï ò nxhwwo hkuwh nxhwwhwd jo|o | dèoed hsoÿd`h+ Lka`x|h `d

haxed eh `d lhuh jxklalsld eh` Huoed9 Dumdk S+ Gòkad Fh`lsh Aowwl``d Sxhwud Idì Jowêo

Jdwh`d @ïyowd Aïwehko Lò Jxihwh Ghklud Ixïwhy | Adyxjh`+ @o fhamo eh awhoalñk eh` Huoed9 =

eh dauxgwh eh ?<>5 ixkud adk Goio Ao`lfdwklo Qxw hk h` h}uwhjd kdwuh eh` soê+

?71 7 eh ogwl` eh ?=6> * Jì}lad9 Exwokuh o hnxkeo lkvolñk fwokaho eh Jì}lad h` nhkhwo` Sdwflwld Eêoy ehwwduo o òuwdso fwokaho hk ò uhwahw Gouo`ò eh Sxhgò lhked ò shkùùljo gouo`ò fdwjo` hkuwh h` hiìwalud fwokaì qxh swduhnêo o

http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/1867



http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9xico



http://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Segunda_invasi%C3%B3n_francesa_de_M%C3%A9xico&action=edit&redlink=1



http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porfirio_D%C3%ADaz



http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalla_de_Puebla










?3?

Xk sokh` adjs`hud whflhwh ò mludwlo eh Ndkyo`d Nxhwwhwd h` jouwljdkld adk ò mlio eh` aoalqxh

Koamokbok h` jhulyoih x jxhwuh hk Sxhwud Aogo``d hk Mdkexwo edkeh ehfhkeêo `d lkuhwhh eh`

whlkd eh Amhuxjo` adkuwo `d lkvodwh hsoÿd`h+ Sdw ùùljd h` ehswhald qxh `d awdkluo h}swhowok

dgwh x adkexauo+

H` slkudw sòjo uojglìk h` swdahd eh uwokfdwjoalñk eh` haxed eh ò whnlñk eheh x awhoalñk

dwlnlko` sdw xk slkudw luo`lokd eh kdjgwh Nohuokd Jon`ldkl+ Ehsxì `d whudjo Elhnd Wlvhwo | `h

ljswljh jdelflaoaldkh hk `d jxwd eh ò Qhawhuowêo eh Hexaoalñk Sùg`lao+ \ h` ùùljd jdeh`d eh

xul`lyoalñk h}uwodflalo` `d elhÿñ h` ad`djglokd Wñjx`d Sdyd+

H` uhwwludwld eh _xlkuoko Wdd fxh awhoed h` 75 eh kdvlhjgwh eh ?<37 sdw ehawhud eh` Swhlehkuh

Sdwflwld Eêoy jljd qxh ehwdnñ Vhkxulokd Aowwokyo hk ?<?1 shwd qxh vd`vlñ o whuluxlw o x

luxoalñk dwlnlko` h` 76 eh ixkld eh ?<?8+ Hk ?<1? Soaxo` Dwuly Wxgld ehawhuñ ò ehosowlalñk eh`

uhwwludwld qxh elvlelñ hkuwh `d huoed eh Aojshamh | \xaouïk | mouo hkhwd eh ?<18 @ïyowd Aïwehko

`d vxh`vh o lkehshkelyow adjd uhwwludwld+ Exwokuh ò eìaoeo eh `d >3 hk h` h}hkld eh @xl

Hamhvhwwêo Ï`vowhy h` uhwwludwld eh _xlkuoko Wdd oàokyo ò aouhndwêo eh xk huoed jï eh ò

fhehwoalñk+

Owwlgo h` elhÿd eh Elhnd Wlvhwo

H` swdahd mluñwlad eh lehkulflaoalñk nhdnwïflao | axùxwo` eh` uhwwludwld fxh `hkud | oehjï

lkuhwjluhkuh+ H` sooed swhmlsïklad lk hawluxwo o`fogìulao mouo qxh ``hnowdk `d hsoÿd`h qxlhkh

kowwowdk o x jded qxheñ hk h` d`vled sdw hsoald eh ln`d2 ò nxhwwo eh aouo sxd hk ò so`huwo ò

axhulñk lkeênhko shwd hk xk aosêux`d oknwlhkud | ehnwoaloed+ Mouo qxh h fxkeñ eh jokhwo dflalo` ò

swljhwo alxeoe dgwh ò wxlko eh ò vlhio Amoa“uhjo` h` 8 eh jo|d eh ?=<= adk h` kdjgwh eh So|d

Dglsd ò sdgòalñk elshwo hjshyñ o vlvlw h` fhkñjhkd adjxkluowld | `d wlud lehkuluowld eh adwuh

koaldko` lwwxjslhwdk hk h` uhwwludwld axoked h lyñ sdw vhy swljhwo ò gokehwo koaldko` | h aokuñ h`

mljkd hk xko ahwhjdklo sùg`lao+ Dumdk Sdjsh|d Gòkad Kùÿhy eh Aïahwh fxh h` fxkeoedw eh So|d

Dglsd | adjlldkoed sdw Sdwflwld Eêoy sowo adkuwxlw h` fxhwuh hk ò ehhjgdaoexwo eh` Wêd Mdked+

Jo}ljl`lokd eh Moggxwnd | o uwdso `lghwo`h jh}laoko+

http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximiliano_de_Habsburgo





?37

Hwo khahowld xk adkuwd` oexoko` eh ò owjo qxh hkuwogok swdahehkuh eh Lknòuhwwo | qxh ovlvogok ò

`xamo eh `d whghèh lkeênhko+ Shwd ehsxì eh hd ò whnlñk vd`vlñ o` d`vled+ Mouo qxh hk

hsulhjgwh eh ?<88 oyduñ h` mxwoaïk Iokhu qxh owwoñ ò alxeoe eh Amhuxjo` h mlyd vd`vhw ò vluo eh`

ndglhwkd jh}laokd moalo ò ydko+

Huh whaxhkud mluñwlad h}s`laoed o sowulw eh xk fd``hud eh` sdehw `hnlòulvd eh` Huoed adk goh hk h`jxwo` qxh ehadwo x heh h hk h}uwhjd lnklflaoulvd eh ò xwnhkuh sx`lñk lehd`ñnlao qxh edjlko `d

ùùljd ulhjsd eh ò ydko | edkeh h ehuoao hk jded swlkalso` ò vleo | h` wd` ixnoed sdw Ndkyo`d

Nxhwwhwd+?75

@o dslklñk eh` hukñ`dnd Jownowlud Jd`lko hk òwno hkuwhvluo who`lyoeo hk Amhuxjo` h` 7> eh ogwl` eh

733= h whswhhkuoulvo | eh jxamd lkuhwì sowo dghwvow h` sowoelnjo eh ò alhkalo dalo`h eh

kxhuwd eêo whshaud eh ò ono eh Ndkyo`d Nxhwwhwd | duwd uhjo eh mludwlo hk ò shkêkxò+

Jd`lko elulknxh ò kouxwo`hyo eh `d ljonlkowld o swdsñlud eh `d mhamd eh` ln`d ]VL | eh ò

lkf`xhkalo qxh nhkhwok mouo h` swhhkuh+ Oê xgwo|o ò elfhwhkalo h}luhkuh hkuwh ‘`d ljonlkowld

ad`haulvd oxuìkulad‖ qxh adwwhsdkehwêok o ò dslklñk eh `d swdsld oaudwh jo|o | oqxh``d duwd

ljonlkowld qxh dk adkuwxled owulflaldojhkuh | qxh ulhkhk swdahehkalo hk h` elaxwd

nxghwkojhkuo`+ Axoked hk ?<>5 h` vlhid uhwwludwld eh _xlkuoko Wdd oàokyñ h` woknd eh xk huoed jï

eh ò fhehwoalñk `d ndglhwkd whnldko`h h vlhwdk ljsh`led o wouwhow oqxh``d h`hjhkud mluñwlad

lnklflaoulvd qxh oaxÿowok ò lehkuleoe eh ò whnlñk+ Hh swdsñlud h vd`vlñ xko dghlñk hk ò

lkuh`lnhkalo eh qxh h` foaudw eh ehowwd``d jï sdehwdd eh` huoed fxh h` uxwljd eh `d nwokeh ahkuwdeh` kdwuh eh ò shkêkxò edkeh ò sdgòalñk eh awhaljlhkud oah`hwoeêljd elsxd xk adkn`djhwoed

mhamd hk jï eh <3( eh fxhwhÿd | h}uwokihwd lk klknùk lkuhwì kl klknxko fxhwyo sowo ò

ljsòkuoalñk daldaxùxwo` eh ulsd adjxkluowlo+ Hk aojgld moalo h` xw edkeh huï ò aosluo` eh` huoed

| h xglaok ò sdgòaldkh adk xko vlhio mludwlo jo|o | x nwokeh uwoelaldkh h}luh ò h}lnhkalo

adjxkluowlo | h` huwoud nxghwkojhkuo` swdsxnko sdw `hnluljowò oshòked o `d mhamd ljsdwuokuh eh

x mludwlo+ @o mludwlo eh Ndkyo`d Nxhwwhwd vlhkh o axhkud hk swljhw uìwjlkd sdwqxh whaxhweo xko eh

ò fdwjo eh lkuhwwhòalñk eh hsoÿd`h h lkeênhko | sdwqxh ò ehahkehkalo eh` kïxfwond

hfhaulvojhkuh lkoxnxwo ò uwoelalñk eh jhulyoih qxh ljshwowêo ehsxì eh` adkuoaud hk uded h` soê+

?75 Sdehw `hnlòulvd eh` Huoed eh _xlkuoko Wdd+ Jxwo`h ‘Fdwjo ad`dw h mludwlo eh _xlkuoko Wdd‖ | ‘@h|‖+ M+ Adknwhdeh` Huoed Amhuxjo` _xlkuoko Wdd 7338 hnxkeo helalñk+



?31

Jd`lko whflhwh xko sd`ìjlao h}luhkuh hk h` huoed | o klvh` oaoeìjlad qxh uwouo eh el`xaleow adk qxì

goh h adkuwx|hk `d wlud ljonlkowld+ Sowo hud h sdkh h` hihjs`d eh` fhkñjhkd eh ò Awxy

Sowòkuh qxh koalñ hk `d eêo eh ò Nxhwwo eh Aouo eh ?=5> adjd xk ljonlkowld adkuwxled o goh eh

jlud+ Hk aojgld *elah Jd`lko* ò jhjdwlo eh `d mhamd eh Ndkyo`d Nxhwwhwd shwuhkhah o xk

ljonlkowld adkuwxled sdw h` ndglhwkd+Oê sxh kd h}lulñ xko jhjdwlo qxh shwexwowo mouo h` swhhkuh hkuwh ò nhkuh `dao` lkd qxh ìuo h

ehwlvoeo eh ò mludwldnwofêo | adkonwoeo sdw `d lkuhwhh lehd`ñnlad eh `d ndghwkokuh huouo`h

sdwqxh h uwouo eh xk huoed idvhk hk gxao eh olehwd | mìwdh+ H` huoed swdjdvlñ jhelokuh xko

adkvdaoudwlo ò awhoalñk eh xk mljkd whnldko` ax|o `huwo h`haaldkoeo `h adwwhsdkelñ o` hawludw

Wojñk Lvïk Qxïwhy Aojoo` | ò jùlao -adjd adk alhwuo lkf`xhkalo eh` mljkd axgokd, o` adjsdludw

Jowad Wojêwhy Aokx`+ H` mljkd jx| oswhaloed sdw ò alxeoeokêo | qxh jhkaldko `d mhamd eh

Ndkyo`d Nxhwwhwd h eh nwok lkf`xhkalo hk h` adkdaljlhkud sdsxòw eh ò mludwlo+ Uojglìk mo| duwo

lklaloulvo nxghwkojhkuo`h qxh gxaok h` jljd flk+

H` lkvhulnoedw Jd`lko adk xko ljsdwuokuh h}shwlhkalo eh aojsd hk ò adjxkleoe eh Qhÿdw xkd eh

`d whfxnld eh `d whghèh lkeênhko dgwhvlvlhkuh o ò Nxhwwo eh Aouo | edkeh swhvo`haêo h` jlud

eh ò Awxy Sowòkuh ulhkh lkuhwì hshalo` hk h` eoud mludwldnwïflad qxh xsdkh qxh h` hnxked osh``led

eh Ndkyo`d Nxhwwhwd h Owdao d Owdîo qxh adwwhsdkeh o x mhwhkalo jouhwko | qxh adklehwo qxh

oaod ò joewh eh` kïxfwond mxglhwo led xko ixeêo adkvhwo+ \ qxh huo uwoelalñk jouhwko eh

adkvhwlñk eheh h` ixeoêjd mxglhwo swdjdvled xk okuhahehkuh axùxwo` | slad`ñnlad sowo

ehuhwjlkow ò oauluxe eh` swdsld Ndkyo`d okuh ò axùxwo jo|o | adjd whsxhuo o ò ljsdlalñklehd`ñnlao | axùxwo` eh `d hsoÿd`h fwhkuh o xk jxked eh nhkul`h+ Nxhwwhwd hk x whamoyd o x

adknìkhwh hsoÿd`h mogwêo oauxoed adjd xk whlkvlelaoedw eh aduxjgwh oihko o ò uwoelalñk

ixehdawluloko+

Huo vllñk eh` oxkud h eheh `xhnd jx| ouwoaulvo | duhkuo xk hkuwojoed `ñnlad+ Shwd huï

ljsdlgl`luoeo eh xshwow x klvh` mlsduìulad sdw ò oxhkalo uduo` eh eoud qxh adkflwjhk x swdsld

okuhahehkuh+ Sdw hud uhkhjd qxh oahsuow qxh uo` mlsñuhl h lkuhnwo uojglìk ehkuwd eh `d

ljonlkowld adkuwxled | kd oxuìkulad adjd ehjokeowêo Jd`lko hk x aòlflaoaldkh ljonlkowld

adkuwxled huo vhy sdw oaoeìjlad adkuhjsdwïkhd adk goh hk xko mlsñuhl eh` sooed+

Sdw ùùljd ò oswhaloalñk eh Jd`lko dgwh ò dalheoe jo|o adkuhjsdwïkho ehsxì eh moghw

who`lyoed xko uhjsdwoeo eh aojsd jx| òwno hk ò adjxkleoe eh Qhÿdw h eh ljsdwuokalo | sd`ìjlao



?35

dgwh uded fwhkuh o o`nxko sdlaldkh wdxhoxkloko eh ò okuwdsd`dnêo adkuhjsdwïkho+ \ oê axhkuo

añjd hk alhwuo daolñk hk Qhÿdw axoked ì` oejlwogo ò oglexwêo hk h` xd eh xk owqxluwogh eh joehwo

qxh hkojgò udeo ò adkuwxaalñk eh xko aoo jo|o fdwuo`halìkedò dgwh uded adkuwo `d mxwoaokh

adkuokuh eh ò ydko h dwswhkelñ adk ò whsxhuo eh x lkuhw`daxudw9 qxh mxglhwo swhfhwled uhkhw xko

aoo eh jouhwlo` adjd ò eh Amhuxjo` qxh ìo ê dk whluhkuh o mxwoaokh | ala`dkh+O swlkalsld eh `d <3 ao|ñ ò swdexaalñk eh` amla`h+ \o kd mo| jl`so+ @d aojshlkd adkhwvok x

ln`hlo adk x oahweduh jo|o goid `d whud eh xko dwnoklyoalñk uhdawïulad*jl`luow+ Sowo`hòjhkuh o

huo luxoalñk sxelhwdk vhkehw x ulhwwo eh Ux`xj | duwo sowuh qxh h` ehowwd``d eh` uxwljd

ehjokeñ sonoked oùd swhald lkadjsowog`h adk duwd eh` sooed+ Jxamd eh x mlid ulhkhk

lknwhd flid adjd uwogoioedwh hk `d mduh`h eh `d nwokeh ahkuwd uxwêulad+ Kxhvo nhkhwoaldkh

ax|d okuhsooed h ehelaowdk o` axùlvd eh` joêy adk xko swdexaalñk xsheluoeo o `d aojgld

a`ljïulad+ @o hjswho adkuwouok huo jokd eh dgwo | `xhnd ò ehvxh`vh o x adjxkleoeh adk

dgihud eh dguhkhw jokd eh dgwo gowouo hk h` uwogoid+ Mo| xko sìweleo adkuokuh eh ò `hknxo+ Eh ò

`hknxo luyï qxheok uok ñ`d damd mogòkuh+ Qh dghwvo ò sìweleo eh` vhuxowld fhjhklkd+ Oxjhkuo ò

jownlkoalñk+ O ò vhy |o h}luh xk nwxsd eh uwogoioedwh uwl`lknðh eh` jo|o hsoÿd` h lkn`ì+

Jd`lko oahsuo qxh hud eoud eok slh o xk whsòkuhojlhkud eh ò axhulñk lkeênhko hk ò ydko+

Sdw qxì h` soewh eh` jhulyoih hk Jì}lad kd whnwhñ adk Adwuì axoked ìuh whqxlwlñ eh ì` sowo

lkfdwjowh eh` jxked whalìk ehaxglhwud shwd dgwh uded sowo oauxow adjd uwoexaudw hk ò

khndaloaldkh adk `d aoalqxh eh ò whnlñk h xko swhnxkuo hkwowhaleo sdw ò soldkh o `d òwnd eh òmludwlo+ H` swdsld Nxhwwhwd whsdkelñ adk swhuh}ud sdad adkvlkahkuh9 qxh huogo uouxoed | mdwoeoed

o` jded lkeênhko | qxh uhkêo fojl`lo+ Qdgwh h` hnxked ownxjhkud Ihwñkljd eh Onxlòw qxh uwojlulñ

ò d`laluxe eh Adwuì swdsxd qxh ``hvoh adklnd o x fojl`lo+ Adwuì | x mdjgwh | ehsxì `d

awdkluo hkuwh qxlhkh ehuoao edk Okudkld eh Qd`ê | Wlgoehkh|wo qxh hawlglñ x Mludwlo aol ed

ln`d ehsxì | qxh awlulañ adk jo|dw oÿo dghwvowdk hk Nxhwwhwd xko haxï`leo fh awluloko | sdw `d

uokud swda`lvleoe moalo h` jo`+ \ hk h` adkhkd hsoÿd` oxkqxh lk xow oglhwuojhkuh h` uìwjlkd

swdshwñ ò `h|hkeo khnwo eh` uwoledw o `d òwnd eh `d ln`d+

Shwd kxkao h dshowdk duwo woydkh qxh kd dguokuh hw adkawhuo uojglìk dk adjs`hio9 h` jxked

eh ò adjxklaoaldkh nhdnwïflao eh` ln`d eh ò adkqxluo hwo `hkud | elfêal`+ Lw eh xk `xnow o duwd

aowhaêo eh ò h}shauoulvo eh ò jdvl`leoe | eh ò sdlgl`leoe eh` whudwkd hk axo`qxlhw jdjhkud+ Axoked



?38

h vloiogo hk jxamd ‘h qxhjogok ò kovh‖ hwo adk ò leho eh lkuoòwh hk duwo who`leoe hk duwd

jxked+ Ndkyo`d Nxhwwhwd h lkuo`ñ hk ò axjgwh eh xko dalheoe | eh xko axùxwo h}uwoÿo adk xko

wh`lnldleoe jx| `hioko o ò awluloko o` shwuhkhahw o ò aoo eh` moòam xlkla eh xk nwok whlkd jo|o+ \

hjshyñ o vhw h` jxked o sowulw eh` sdehw | eh `d adjs`hid swdudad`d eh xk huoed uhdawïulad |

oawlflalo` o klvh` eh` jï oùd huwoud eh ò slwïjleh dalo`+ Hjshyñ o vhw hk sdao soògwo xk jxkedlkuhnwo` adk xko `ñnlao aòwo -sowo h` adjs`hid axùxwo` `dao`, | adk ò sdlgl`leoe eh lkalelw hk ò

mhamxwo eh ò mludwlo `dao`+ O` jljd ulhjsd kd ehglñ haohow o x aosoaleoe eh odjgwd ò

foalkoalñk sdw xk jxked kxhvd sdw adjs`hud edkeh h` hsêwlux whsdkeêo o duwo woydkh | o duwo

`h|h jx| elulkuo eh ò eh xk awlulokd sdgwh jowlkhwd eh So`d hk xko Okeo`xaêo ehhuwxauxwoeo

sdw ò daxsoalñk haxòw eh `d jdwd | sdw h` òwnd hjshÿd sowo x hwwoelaoalñk+ Xko woyñk jï9 ò

vleo hk xk jxked edkeh h sdeêok who`lyow `lgwhjhkuh `d oaud qxh swdmlgêo fìwwhojhkuh ò jdwo`

lkqxlludwlo` jhelhvo` eh ò swdvlkalo hsoÿdò eh` ln`d ]VL+

H` had eh `d mhamd eh` ln`d eh ò adkqxluo dgwhvlvh hk _xlkuoko Wdd eh jxamo jokhwo

elfhwhkuh+ Xko eh h`ò alhwuojhkuh fxh sdw vêo kowwoulvo ax|d dwlnhk fxhwdk ò awñklao |

edaxjhkud+ Eh huo jhjdwlo h whvluo`lyñ h` ljonlkowld eh` swhhkuh huljxòed sdw ò oaalñk

nxghwkojhkuo` eh` huoed+ Hk h` sxhg`d eh Goaoòw aogh ò ònxko jxùlad`dw | qxh hk h` sooed fxhwo

ohkuojlhkud jo|o md| h hkhÿo ò mludwlo eh Ndkyo`d Nxhwwhwd eheh h` axowud oÿd eh ò haxhò

swljowlo+ \ o``ê vlvh Wojñk Lvïk Qxïwhy oxudw eh` mljkd eh` Huoed+ Hk h` o|xkuojlhkud eh Adyxjh`

ehhjshÿo xk aownd Vh`ld Vlvo qxh h awdkluo eh ò lò+ Hk Md`gd} H`lhahw Iljìkhy+ Hk Sò|o ehÀowjhk h` shwldeluo Idoqxêk Añwedvo+ Uded h``d oaulvd swdjdudwh eh xko hexaoalñk adk goh hk

h` whaxwd mluñwlad eh `d swljhwd ulhjsd qxh ulhkh xko swdfxkeo lkf`xhkalo hk ò whhuwxauxwoalñk

lehd`ñnlao eh kxhuwd eêo+

H` 7 eh jo|d eh 733= whdwehkd jl osxkuh ehsxì eh `d uwogoid | whadwwled eh` eêo+ \ moalhked xk

goòkah kd h elfêal` shwaouowh eh qxh h` ïkljd eh` awdkluo Fwokalad @ñshy eh Nñjowo sowo ehawlglw

ò ``hnoeo eh Adwuì o Adyxjh` fxh xko `h|hkeo eh `h|hkeo hk axokud qxh whslulñ ò ljswhldkh

qxlyï lkf`xleo eh ò fokuoêo eh `d adkqxluoedwh okuh h` kxhvd jxked+ Okuh mogêok alwaxòed hk

Axgo ò kdulalo eh Fwokalad Mhwkïkehy eh Añwedgo qxh lk moghw ``hnoed o ò lò adkdalñ Aoudamh

| Sdudkamok2 eh Ixok eh Nwlio`vo | eh Adwuì+ Qx kowwoalñk ulhkh ò ljswdkuo eh` jluhwld qxh mo| hk



?36

xsdkhw xk jxked eh` qxh koelh okuh mogêo mogòed+ H` jow eh huo òuluxe adk x mhwjdxwo h`

jljd qxh goid ò udwjhkuo okxo`h h ehvouoedw+ \ eh swdkud fwhkuh o ò kovh okaòeo o

eluokalo eh ò sò|o `d lkeld axwuled hjs`xjoed eokyokuh eh x wlud h}uwoÿd o did

hsoÿd`h eh ò wlo o ò ouwdaleoe eh ò ljs`hyo o` oawlflald2 mdwoeoed slkuoed uouxoed adk

oidwao eh dwd hk `d gwoyd adk uosowwogd+ Qh oehòkuo h` ‘aoòkamldkl‖ hjshkoa moed oalaoòeddghwgld | vld`hkud goio eh ò okeo edkeh `d aownok hkudèoed | ogoklaoed sdw x lhwvd+ Elah

@ñshy qxh `d lkeld kd h aokogok eh lw | vhklw vlhked ò kovh | o `d hsoÿd`h gowgxed qxh

udaogok | jhogok x gowgo+ O`vowoed hwo sh`lwwdid uo` vhy ehahkelhkuh eh nded+ @o adjxklaoalñk

swhaowlo h lklalñ o uwovì eh Jhàmdwhid whmìk eh Mhwkïkehy eh Añwedgo hk Aoudamh qxh mogêo

oswhkeled o`nd eh ‘aoul`ò‖ o show eh x adwuheoe eh shaoedw+ Shwd l sdad hsoÿd` oswhkelñ x

axwldleoe kd huxvd edwjleo | okexvd adk `d hsoÿd`h | fxh uhulnd eh `d mhamd+ Mouo Ahkuò

edkeh vld ò jouokyo h qxluñ ò wdso hsoÿdò ò ad`nñ hk xko wojo | mx|ñ sdw ò h`vo

uogoqxhÿo lk exeo adk ò hshwokyo eh whnwhow o Aoudamh+

H` whadwwled sdw h` xw eh ò lò jxhuwo xk hwlo` ehìwulad adk joudwwo`h sd`vdwlhkud | ò sò|o

uxwêulao adk x whuoxwokuh+ @d uxwluo moahk nwxsd eh jdudala`luo ehofdwoed qxh moahk wxnlw

x jïqxlko o `d òwnd eh ò aduo edkeh h` d`hoih h jï vld`hkud+ Qh uwouo eh xko ojs`lo ydko lkaxùo

adk shqxhÿd nwxsd eh shaoedwh ohkuoed eh uwojd hk uwojd+ O` kdwuh huï Sò|o Oyx` | h` vlhid

mduh` Adyxjh` Aowlgh edkeh huï ò sòao adkjhjdwoulvo eh` sxkud eh owwlgd eh Mhwkïk Adwuì+

O` eêo lnxlhkuh 1 eh jo|d mxgd xk fhuhid hk H` Ahewo` o` xw eh ò lò | `hid eh ò aduo+ Flhuo qxh

ehgêo hw jhjdwlo eh ò ``hnoeo eh Ixok eh Nwlio`vo hk ?8?= shwd qxh omdwo sdw adkexaalñk eh òln`hlo aouñ`lao h whuwlknh o ò flhuo eh` eêo eh ò Qokuo Awxy+ \ udeovêo sowo h` axwoud h xk swhuh}ud

dgwh h` qxh oixuo x fl`êslao qxh whaxhweo | oevlhwuh ò lkadkvhklhkalo eh ò whgh`lñk lkeênhko qxh h

lklalowo hk ò Nxhwwo eh Aouo eh jheloed eh` ln`d ]L]+

Jdkuêax`d eh ò aduo xw eh Adyxjh`+ Fdud eh` oxudw+

Hk H` Ahewo` mo| whud owqxhd`ñnlad jx| ljlòwh o `d eh Sxkuo Ahòwolk hk h` h}uwhjd xw edkeh

huï lkuoòed xkd eh `d fowd+ Qdk axwldd whud eh uhjs`d swhmlsïklad hshalh eh jlklouxwo eh

slwïjleh+ Hk h` h}uwhjd kdwuh o xkd sdad bl`ñjhuwd eh ò aduo uojglìk h adkhwvok ò wxlko eh



?3>

Qok Nhwvold+ Hk ho ydko h hkaxhkuwo uojglìk H` Aoul``d Who` xglaoed okuh eh Sxkuo Jdò | jï

swñ}ljd o ò aduo+ Mogêo hk uduo` alkad ohkuojlhkud hk h` ln`d ]VL9 eh xw o kdwuh Sxkuo Ahòwolk |

H` Aowoad`2 Wokamd eh Gxhkovluo2 H` Ahewo`2 Qok Nhwvold2 H` Aoul``d | Sxkuo Jdò+ Eh h``d `d

jï ljsdwuokuh dk H` Ahewo` | Qok Nhwvold ojgd ulhwwo oehkuwd sdw swhvhkalñk adkuwo `d

mxwoaokh okxo`h qxh oyduok eh ondud o kdvlhjgwh+ Md| ò ydko xwgoko huï hk ò aduo Dhuh fwhkuh oulhwwo flwjh edkeh h xglao Sò|o eh` Aowjhk hk xko uwovhêo eh 78 jlkxud hk h` fhww|+ Hk aowoghò

adk gxhk vlhkud h mo aoàxòed xk ulhjsd eh ahwao eh ed mdwo | hk aokdo o whjd jï eh uwh mdwo+

H swdgog`h qxh Nwlio`vo mxglhwo owwlgoed swljhwd o H` Ahewo` | qxh Adwuì moglìkedh xglaoed h`

sxkud qxh md| daxso h` Mduh` Adyxjh` Aowlgh ``hnowo o ò sdgòalñk eh Qok Nhwvold+

Whud owqxhd`ñnlad eh H` Ahewo`+ Fdud eh` oxudw+

Hk H` Ahewo` ò ahwhjdklo eh` 1 eh jo|d h ah`hgwo hk xko jx| ojs`lo soòso adk axsd sowo xko 633shwdko qxh h ò ln`hlo jï ljsdwuokuh eh ò adjxkleoe+ H` hvhkud huï swhleled sdw uwh whlko qxh

hkaoghyok xk adkixkud eh hÿdwo swlkalso`h hknoòkoeo adk mxlsl`h f`dwhoed | jxamo o`moio eh

dwd+

‘F`dwh eh H` Ahewo`‖ Adyxjh` _xlkuoko Wdd

@o ‘f`dwh eh H` Ahewo`‖ nxoweok oùk xko vlhio o`xlñk o ehleoeh fhjhklko eh ò fhwul`leoe

fòkqxhoeo sdw ò hÿdwo swlkalso`h+ \ o flko`h eh` jljd jh h ah`hgwo ò ahwhjdklo eh` owwlgd

eheh Sò|o eh` Aowjhk eh ‘ò jxihwh jï fìwul`h‖ qxh oaxehk o eow nwoalo o ò ehleoe -L}amh`,

udeo adk x ouxhked dwlnlko`h sowo ò daolñk+

Flhuo eh` 1 eh jo|d hk H` Ahewo`+ Fdud eh` oxudw+

Hk duwo hkwojoeo swhvlo o ò ln`hlo h h}sdkhk dgihud êjgd`d | fdudnwofêo eh okulnxd fhuhid eh

ò jljo fhamo2 xk jded eh swhhwvow ò vlhio uwoelaldkh adk whaxwd jdehwkd+



?3=

Flhuo eh` 1 eh jo|d eh H` Ahewo`+ Fdud eh fdud eh` oxudw+

H` oahweduh eh` fhuhid eh ò Qokuo Awxy eh` 1 eh jo|d hk H` Ahewo` o` whfhwlwh h}a`xlvojhkuh o ò

awxy awluloko aokahò sdw adkhaxhkalo ò sdlgl`leoe eh `d lkawhuljd axùxwo`h qxh h fdwiowdk

eheh h` sooed+ \ axoked khahluo moahw xko whfhwhkalo mluñwlao whshaud eh ò awxy uok ñ`d jhkaldko

h` sosh` ixnoed sdw huh êjgd`d exwokuh ò Nxhwwo eh Aouo+ Hk edkeh ò awxy dshwñ adjd ò o`voalñk

eh xkd eh `d `êehwh whghèh+ Eh klknùk jded o`xelñ o` mhamd mluñwlad eh ò ``hnoeo eh Ixok eh

Nwlio`vo hk huh eêo o Adyxjh` hk h` oÿd eh ?8?= axoked `d hsoÿd`h vhk sdw swljhwo vhy ò awxy

jo|o | h awho ò hshaxòalñk `hnhkeowlo eh xko sdlg`h hvoknh`lyoalñk eh `d lkeld jxamd ulhjsd

okuh eh `d vloih hkuwh ?8?> | ?8?<+

@o whfhwhkalo o` êjgd`d eh ò awxy hk huh fhuhid h jhuofñwlao+ \ h xo sowo hÿoòw añjd h` hw

mxjokd ehgh vlvlw adk h` show adkuokuh eh ò oevhwleoeh hk x vleo elowlo+ \ oê ‘uded aownojd

kxhuwo awxy oxk qxlhkh kd dk awh|hkuh‖ sdw hd ehghjd oaduxjgwowkd o h`ò | uwouow eh moahwò

‘jhkd shoeo‖ sdwqxh kd h sdlg`h hvoelwkd+ O huh sxkud h` oahweduh onwhnñ qxh ‘h khahowldoswhkehw o o`hnwowkd adk kxhuwo swdslo awxy‖+ Adka`x|ñ qxh lka`xd ò flhuo | h` vlkd hk edl

jdehwoeo dk adkvhklhkuh+ \ onwhnñ xk amluh sdsxòw | jx| adkdaled whshaud eh `d hfhaud eh`

adkxjd h}ahlvd eh` oàdmd`+

Hk h` vloih eh Adwuì o ò lò hk ?8?< ehsxì eh moghw xgled o` aòxuwd xshwldw eh` uhjs`d jo|dw

edkeh ehsxì eh moghw swhhkaloed xko ahwhjdklo lkeênhko | moghwh mhamd uwoexalw h` adkuhkled eh

`d aokud eh `d oahweduh | eh moghw shwdwoed ì` sdw x sowuh oahwao eh `d sxkud fxkeojhkuo`h

eh` Hvoknh`ld goiñ sdw hao`lkouo oùhwkoulvo eh ò slwïjleh | o` slh eh ìuo hkadkuwñ ò hshalh eh

awxy oedwoeo sdw `d lkeênhko+ Wdehoeo hk aêwax`d adk ao` wdaloeo adk oknwh eh adedwkly adjd |o

mhjd whfhwled hk duwo sowuh+

Awxy jo|o+ Whswdexaalñk eh` Jxhd Owqxhd`ñnlad eh _xlkuoko Wdd

Sowo `d jo|o ò awxy awluloko qxh `h swhhkuowok `d hsoÿd`h hwêo xko whswhhkuoalñk s`ïulao |

shax`low eh x ahlgo onwoeo | x êkuhl añjlao+ Sowo `d hsoÿd`h ò ‘awxy‖ jo|o swdjdvlñ ò

h}ahkuwlaleoe eh ò h}luhkalo eh hvoknh`luo hxwdshd okuhwldwh o x vloih+ Adwuì swhhkuoked x

swdslo awxy h}s`lañ ò whxwwhaalñk eh Awlud | ò o`voalñk eh` o`jo ehsxì eh ò jxhwuh+@o hvd`xalñk lkawìulao eh `d êjgd`d owwdiñ h` whxùoed eh xko ‘awxy sowòkuh‖ hk ò Nxhwwo eh

Aouo eh ?=5>2 xko awxy qxh lkelaogo o `d whghèh qxì moahw hk ò nxhwwo adkuwo `d mlid eh `d

hsoÿd`h+ Xk êjgd`d qxh eh` òed eh ò axùxwo jo|o fxkaldkogo adjd h` Amooa hjsduwoed qxh `d



?3<

hsoÿd`h mo`òwdk hk Adyxjh` | o uwovì eh` axo` xk oahweduh lkflùwoed hk ì` mogògo adjd h` eld+

Omdwo h` axwo aouñ`lad nwovh | hnxwd oxjh eh` jhidw jded | adk ò hs`hkelehy fwonjhkuowlo eh`

elaxwd aouñ`lad h` uhjo eh ò awxy2 ìuo kd h ñ`d shoexjgwh h ljxùïkhojhkuh `lghwoalñk+

Ql Adwuì ``hnñ o Qok Nhwvold okuh soñ sdw o`nxko sdgòalñk aduhwo | kd oghjd adk h}oauluxe hk

axo` vld ‘ò awxy‖ | h` dwïax`d jo|o+ Whshaud eh huh ùùljd x who`leoe fxh o udeo `xah jhkdljs`h qxh ò kowwoeo sdw `d awdkluo+ H jx| aòwd qxh ò nhkuh eh Adyxjh` ogêo shwfhauojhkuh qxh

ehuwï eh` Amooa h lkuwdexaêo xk oahweduh+ Lka`xd ogwêok qxlìk hwo xk oùd oahweduh -xk mojïk,

ljgxled hk ò wh`lnldleoe ogld axwokehwd | whshuoed+ Adkdaêok x vdy+ \ h` ljxòawd hwo xk

adkvhkld wh`lnldd2 h` mojïk h lkvhuêo eh Amooa hwo xk jhelxj aosuogo oê `d hawhud oawd+ @d

ehjï awhêok flwjhjhkuh hk x ehleoeh+

Ql Adwuì hk hfhaud mxglhwo sxhud slh hk ulhwwo sdw Sò|o Oyx` o` kdwuh eh Qok Ixok | adjd goiñ

o`nxkd aogo``d sowo h}s`dwow | swduhnhwh | adk ò dwlhkuoalñk h lkfdwjoalñk `dnwoeo o uwovì eh`

aoudamhkd Jhàmdwhid | axouwd jxihwh udjoeo adjd whmhkh `d jï fïal` h qxh mxglhwok aogo`noed

moalo h` kdwhuh | mxglhwok ``hnoed o Qok Nhwvold h` hnxked ohkuojlhkud owqxhd`ñnlad md| eh

ljsdwuokalo+ Hkuwh sò|o Qok Ixok | h` l`duh eh @o Solñk fwhkuh o @onxko Alhno huï h` mduh` adk ò

sòao qxh adkjhjdwo h` sxkud eh owwlgd+ @o duwo sdlgl`leoe lnxlhked ò lkelaoaldkh eh ò Aowuo |

eh ò Mludwlo eh @ñshy eh Nñjowo | eh Ghwko` h qxh eh moghw ``hnoed eh lkjheloud o xk sdgòed

adk uhjs`d | hk ò aduo h` luld fxhwo `d qxh md| h adkdah adjd Aoul``d Who` qxh huï o` kdwhuh eh

ò lò o sdao eluokalo eh ò Sxkuo Jdò | qxh eh o``ê fxhwok aogo`noked moalo h` Dhuh ulhwwo oehkuwd

mouo eow adk Qok Nhwvold+Md| o h}ahsalñk eh ò alxeoe aduhwo eh Qok Jlnxh` eh Adyxjh` qxh jlwo o ulhwwo flwjh ò lò

shwjokhah hk nwok jheleo ehlhwuo+



??3

Ed vhwldkh ehklvh`oeo | hqxleluokuh hk h` ulhjsd

Fwo| Idhsm eh Qok Gxhkovhkuxwo | Aowuonhko



???

O vhah h kdjgwoed fwo| Idhsm eh Gxhkovhkuxwo+

Hjshahjd sdw moahw o`nxko adklehwoaldkh+

Huxelokuh | ojouhxw eh ò aowwhwo eh mludwlo hk x swljhwd vxh`d swdfhldko`h h foalkok

lkuhkojhkuh adk ò leho eh xk edaxjhkud osñawlfd?78 | swdkxkalok h` uìwjlkd adk uded `d elhkuh+

Mo| xko o`hnwêo nwdhwo hk ò oxkalñk eh` mhamd | whsluhk adk nwok sxiokyo qxh uo` edaxjhkud hfo`d osñawlfd ‘sdw `d axouwd aduoed‖+ Xko hshalh eh `hnluljoalñk swdf hldko` h sdkh hk ixhnd hk

ò oxkalñk eh uo` aod+ \ h` dwnx``d joklflhud ulhkh xko adkaouhkoalñk xguhwwïkho adk h` qxle swd

qxd eh `d mludwloedwh9 ò vhweoe+ Sdw hd h` idvhk ixhy eh` sooed whflhwh h` mhamd adk uokuo o`hnwêo

qxh ehuwdko eh xk uoid o uded `d lkaoxud h lkh}shwud qxh jxhuwok o`nùk lkuhwì sdw uo`h

edaxjhkud+

@o lkjhko jo|dwêo eh ò vhah whxùo qxh kd mo| xk h}ojhk eh wlndw kl alhkuêflad sxg`laoed dgwh

hd osñawlfd+ O `d xjd xko kduo o slh eh sïnlko whflwlhked ò adkelalñk eh` uh}ud shwd adk kxò d

sdao swxhgo dgwh x swhuhkeleo fo`heoe+ \ hk ò jo|dwêo eh `d aod h uwouo eh dslkldkh vhwgo`h

qxh vlgwok hk `d sol``d eh `d uhjs`d eh` oghw sowo adkxjd eh `d kdvlald+

Uo` h h` aod eh ò dgwo Mludwlo eh ò adkqxluo eh` jo|og ?8??*?6<> eh Qok Gxhkovhkuxwo eh ax|o

oxuhkulaleoe h exeo shwd lk qxh h mo|o hògdwoed xk huxeld sdw gwhvh qxh fxhwo hk swdgokyo eh x

?78 Kh~ D}fdwe Ojhwlaok Elauldkow|D}fdwe Ojhwlaok ^wluhw. Umhoxwx Elaaldkowld Oss`h lblshelo9 ‐Osñawlfd-eh` òuêk osdaw|smx | huh eh` nwlhnd ΠσπιϏρφδχ osdbw|smd ¢daxùd²,+ H xk oeihulvd qxh h whflhwh o o`nd qxh hfogx`dd -hk h` hkuled eh fïgxò axhkud, xsxhud d flknled+H` uìwjlkd h xul`lyo hshalo`jhkuh adk whfhwhkalo o `lgwd d oxudwh onwoed qxh kd h lka`x|hk ehkuwd eh` aokdk eh ò

Glg`lo h ehalw ehkuwd eh `d >1 ñ 66 `lgwd oahsuoed adjùkjhkuh sdw aouñ`lad | swduhuokuh whshaulvojhkuh -ehehNìkhl o Osdao`lsl d Whvhòalñk,+H` uìwjlkd osñawlfd -nwlhnd9 οσπιϏρφδχ2 òuêk9 osñaw|smx2 ¢kd*whvhòed², mo led xul`lyoed o uwovì eh `d ulhjsd sowomoahw whfhwhkalo o `d elulkud uh}ud d hawlud wh`lnldd qxh kd mok led lka`xled hk h` aokdk eh ò Uokoam mhgwho eh òQhsuxonlkuo nwlhno kl eh klknxko eh ò elulkuo Glg`lo xul`lyoeo sdw nwxsd eh awlulokd+ Eheh huo shwshaulvo h}luhkadkuwdvhwlo jx| okulnxo hkuwh `d elfhwhkuh nwxsd adkfhldko`h o` hkd eh ò Uwoelalñk Ixehdawluloko2 eoed qxh aoeoxkd eh elamd swlkalso`h nwxsd adkfhldko`h -awlulokd dwuded}d awlulokd dwlhkuo`h ― añsulad hxulqxlokd lwêoadkhudwlokd hua+ ― aouñ`lad wdjokd swduhuokuh | sowoswduhuokuh eh udeo ò uhkehkalo, o uwovì eh `d ln`d movhkled sòkuhoked o`nxko ljsdwuokuh elfhwhkalo adk whshaud eh` aokdk eh `d nwxsd whuokuh | mo led whhwvoked hùìwjlkd eh 'osñawlfd' sowo elulkud nwxsd eh uh}ud | eh hawlud kd lka`xêed hk x swdslo vhwlñk eh` Aokdk Gêg`lad+O`nxko adkfhldkh xul`lyok h` uìwjlkd Shxedhsênwofd fo`d hawlud sowo whfhwlwh o o`nxkd `lgwd eh ò Glg`lo sdwadklehwow foò ò oxudwêo qxh h `h ouwlgx|h d `lgwd Ehxuhwdaokñklad Qhnxked Aokdk+ Hkuwh h``d h xh`hk lka`xlw `deh Udglu Ixelu Swljhwd | Qhnxked Joaoghd Ha`hlïulad Qoglexwlo Gowxa | o`nxkd sooih oelaldko`h eh `d `lgwd eh

Humhw | Eoklh`‖+ @o os`laoalñk eh` uìwjlkd h sxh eh adkuh}ud wh`lnldd+Oaod Qok Gxhkovhkuxwo qxh hwo fwokalaokd mxglhwo uhkled swhhkuh huo adkelalñk eh` uìwjlkd o` ehaòwow moghw uhkled hkx jokd xk edaxjhkud hawlud sdw Ndkyo`d Nxhwwhwd2 | sowo adkjdalñk eh x `haudwh jï eh ed ln`d jï uoweh eh`d axo`h o`nxkd jxwjxwowêok adk ò os`laoalñk eh huh uìwjlkd+



??7

fo`heoe+ Hk aojgld h mo xoed `hnluljoed | heluoed hk ed daoldkh lhked ò jhidw helalñk

lkuwdexaalñk so`hdnwofêo | kduo ò eh Nogwlhò Qd`ê Wdg`heo | Shewd Gwoaojdkuh | Qdo?76+ Qh sxheh

ehalw qxh huo h ò helalñk swêkalsh eh` edaxjhkud oxkqxh hk ?<>8 Jowld Onxlwwh Wdo ?7> lka`x|hwo

hk xk `lgwd xk edaxjhkud sowhaled | ouwlgxêed o Ndkyo`d Nxhwwhwd shwd kd lnxo` o` eh Gxhkovhkuxwo

ax|d dwlnlko` md| `d whnxoweo ò glg`lduhao eh` Ahkuwd eh Huxeld eh Mludwlo eh Jì}lad Aowd -okuhAdkexjh},+

Oxkqxh kd h}luo swxhgo hawluo dgwh ò fo`heoe eh` `lgwd | qxh ò ehkduoalñk h `ljluh o adjhkuowld

eh sol``d aogwêo sdw `d jhkd swhnxkuow hk qxì `xnow d klvh` h xglaowêo ò fo`heoe eh` edaxjhkud |o

qxh ìuh axhkuo adk ed lkuokalo kowwoulvo sowo h}sdkhw `d mhamd mluñwlad eh qxh h daxso9 xko h

`d qxh elah h` oxudw Gxhkovhkuxwo | ò duwo `d qxh hnùk ìuh hawlglñ h` swdsld Ndkyo`d Nxhwwhwd

kïxfwond ovhalkeoed hk Amhuxjo` adjd h mo vlud eheh ?8??+ \ oê swhalow `d qxh h swdslojhkuh

fo`d eh` edaxjhkud+ ´H fo`d qxh Gxhkovhkuxwo `d hawlglñ4 ´H fo`d qxh Nxhwwhwd hawlglñ xk uh}ud

hk h` qxh h goo Gxhkovhkuxwo4 ´H fo`d `d qxh whflhwh Nxhwwhwd aod eh moghw hawlud xk edaxjhkud

d h fo`d `d qxh elah Gxhkovhkuxwo qxh elah Nxhwwhwd4 Ql kd fxhwo fo`d `d qxh elah Gxhkovhkuxwo qxh

elah Nxhwwhwd hkudkah `d ùklad fo`d hwêo qxh h Nxhwwhwd qxlhk `d elah+ \ l hud fxhwo oê qxlhk

elno ò vhweoeh hwêo xk oxkud jhkdw eh ò whfhwhkalo mluñwlao eh` `lgwd+ \ oqxê dshwowêo xko

swhnxkuo eh kd fïal` whsxhuo9 ´sowo qxh mogwêo elamd h` oxudw Gxhkovhkuxwo xk fwokalaokd jlldkhwd

eh` xwhuh eh ò shkêkxò eh \xaouïk qxh wheoauñ x whòud hk h` ln`d ]VLLL qxh `d mhamd

mluñwlad whfhwled qxh sdw `d ehjï dk flh`h hk adjsowoalñk o `d eh duwd awdkluo | edaxjhkud

okuhwldwh | adkuhjsdwïkhd x|d fxhwok eh duwo shwdko | kd x|d4 Kd mogwêo duwo woyñk elulkuo |oqxh `d eoud dk uok vhwêelad adjd `d eh` whud eh `d edaxjhkud | awdkluo qxh ò h}shauoulvo

`luhwowlo eh xsdkhw qxh h` swdsld kïxfwond mxglhwo adkuoed x mludwlo+ O`nd oê adjd qxh Wdglkdk

Awxdh jljd fxhwo who` | whòuowo x koxfwonld adk jo|dw sxkuxo`leoe qxh x awhoedw Eoklh` Ehfdh+

Shwd huo `lahkalo kd ogoulwêo ò who`leoe eh `d kowwoed+

´Sdewêok h}lulw hk h` uh}ud o`nxkd eoud qxh kd fxhwok alhwud4 Huo swhnxkuo qxheo ehgokaoeo adk

duwo qxh glhk fdwjxòeo sdewêo lkqxlwlw l oaod h}luh o`nxko awñklao dgwh h` sooed qxh aowhyao sdw

adjs`hud eh eoud lkalhwud+ H` kdjgwh eh ò jxihw eh Nxhwwhwd hk ò Mludwlo osowhah adjd

?76 Fwo| Idhsm eh Qok Gxhkovhkuxwo Mludwlo eh ò adkqxluo eh` jo|og ?8??*?6<> + Helalñk lkuwdexaalñk so`hdnwofêo |kduo eh Nogwlhò Qd`ê Wdg`heo | Shewd Gwoaojdkuh | Qdo Xklvhwhleoe oxuñkdjo eh \xaouïk Foaxùoe eh AlhkaloOkuwdsd`ñnlao Jìwleo ?<<5+?7> Jowld Onxlwwh Wdo Ndkyo`d Nxhwwhwd9 soewh eh` jhulyoih lghwdojhwlaokd He+ Ix Jì}lad ?<>8+



??1

\ysl`duyojo+ Sdewêo hw fo`d elamd kdjgwh+ Uokud adjd h` eh Yoyl` whfhwled hk duwo sowuh+ ´Sdewêo hw

fo`d qxh @lyoko whsdwuowo oawlflald xsxhuojhkuh daxwwled hk Goaoòw uok uoweh adjd hk ?611

sooih aluoed sdw Gxhkovhkuxwo4

´H exedd qxh h` gowad eh` koxfwonld fxhwo h` Qokuo @xaêo aosluokhoed sdw edk Gò eh… x exhÿd2

qxh vloiowok ?8 jï ed jxihwh2 qxh h` vloih fxhwo adkhaxhkalo eh `d s`hlud hkuwh Hkald | Voèlvlolkfdwjoalñk swdvhklhkuh eh Ihwñkljd eh Onxlòw | qxh uojglìk aluo Udwqxhjoeo2 qxh ò Qokuo @xaêo

qxheñ hadwoeo sdw ò gokeo eh` huwlgdw sowulìkedh h` so`d eh ò gokeo | h` eh ò gouo|dò2 qxh h

mxkelñ sdwqxh ao|hwdk ò owgdòexwo | ò novlo | awxilhwdk `d ljghwko|h2 qxh h` kovêd hkao``ñ hk

@d Oòawokh adjd elihwdk Ghwko` Udwqxhjoeo Jïwulw eh Okn`hwêo | jxamd jï2 qxh edk Elhnd

Sìwhy eh ò So`jo whadkdalñ qxh hwok owwouwoed sdw xko fxhwuh adwwlhkuh jowêuljo2 qxh h` dèoed eh

ò Owjoeo Oeowno Ixok Yhsheo eh Aoely fxh eh `d swljhwd qxh foùowdk2 qxh Ïknh` eh Qokuo Awxy

koaled hk Jowjd`hid hk Ioìk hkfhwjñ eh uogowel``d ao|ñ o` onxo | h shwelñ2 qxh h` dèoed Ixok

Qïkamhy eh O`gdwkdy eh Halio -sdw uokud qxlyï adkdaled eh Onxlòw, hkfhwjd eh fwêd | ao`hkuxwo

ojokhalñ jxhwud hk axa`l`ò lk qxh o`nxlhk h shwaouoh mouo qxh `d ehaxgwlñ Elhnd Sìwhy eh

So`jo2 qxh h` aosluïk Voèlvlo ljslelñ qxh Onxlòw h xlaleowo2 hk flk qxh ò gowaoyo jheêo elhy

vowo eh h`dwo eh` adeouh o ò wdeo | uwh vowo eh jokno2 qxh Goùoyow Eêoy eh ò Wdeo ao|ñ dgwh

xk gouh` aòvïkedh ed hslno2 qxh jhwdehogok `d shah aowklahwd sowhaled o `d ‘shahaokd‖ eh

Luo`lo+ Ehjoloed kdjgwh mhamd | eoud qxh l fxhwok lkvhkuoed eh ò koeo eowêok o` uh}ud xk

vo`dw `luhwowld xshwldw o jxamo awñklao+ Ehjoloed uìwjlkd uìaklad eh ò jowlkhwêo uojglìk sowo

qxh xk axwo fwokalaokd shweled hk ò h`vo eh` jo|og `d xowo adk uokuo foal`leoe | ehhkvdùxwo+@d eoud mluñwlad eh jo|dw ljsdwuokalo qxh whflhwh h` oxudw kd dk fo`d hk jokhwo o`nxko2 `d

sxkud dgwho`lhkuh eh ò mludwlo | eh ò axùxwo jo|o dk uded vhwêelad | osowhahk hk lnxo` jded

hk dgwo | edaxjhkud adkonwoed adjd h` Sdsd`*Vxm h` Wluxo` eh `d Goaogh h` Jokxawlud Aok

Hb?7= h` Amlòj Goòj eh Amxjo|h` | duwd whfhwled sdw h` swdsld oxudw+ Duwd jï osowhahk hk ò

awñklao hsoÿdò adjd ò Whòalñk eh @okeo d ò Mludwlo eh Elhnd @ñshy eh Adnd``xed d ò

Mludwlo eh Vl`ònxulhwwh?7< sowo aluow ò jï ljsdwuokuh+

H` oxudw o x vhy osdwuo eh ò jljo jokhwo qxh osdwuowdk duwd awdkluo hkuwh `d ln`d ]VL o`

]VLLL duwd eoud adkdaled sdw swljhwo vhy hk x dgwo+ Oahwao eh ìud kd h sdlg`h sdkhw hk uhò eh

?7= Idkh Nwoku E+ -uwokawlsalñk | adjhkuowld, H` Jokxawlud Aok Hb LKOM Jì}lad ?<<?+?7< Ixok eh Vl`ònxulhwwh Qdudjo|dw Mludwlo eh ò Adkqxluo eh ò swdvlkalo eh` Luyï+ Adkexjh} Jì}lad ?<=8



??5

ixlald x vhwoaleoe sdwqxh hkudkah huowêojd oxudwlyoed sowo moahw`d uojglìk whshaud eh `d duwd

awdkluo+ \ ò exeo dgwh h` adkixkud eh eoud dwlnlko`h adkuhkled hk udeo ò dgwo eh `d

awdkluo uok ñ`d h sxhehk sdkhw hk uhò eh ixlald o ò `xy eh hvlehkalo adkawhuo swdvhklhkuh eh

edaxjhkud okulnxd swhvld d eh ò hvlehkalo owqxhd`ñnlao+ Shwd klknxko eh huo ed lkuokalo

mouo md| adkuwoelahk ò dwlnlko`leoe eh `d eh Qok Gxhkovhkuxwo+@d ùklad sxh qxh kd h sxheh adjswdgow sdw vêo eh ò adjsowoalñk adk duwo fxhkuh eh edaxjhkud

awñklao d eh ò hvlehkalo owqxhd`ñnlao h qxh h` kïxfwond Ndkyo`d Nxhwwhwd mo|o hawlud o`nd qxh

mo|o ``hnoed o jokd eh duwd | eh` oxudw eh ò Mludwlo eh ò adkqxluo eh` Jo|og+

Qok Gxhkovhkuxwo fxh oswhoed eh `d lkxjld luyïh hk ò oèho eh O`blk ]xklg hk ?6<6 axoked

axjs`êo adk x elfêal` jllñk hvoknh`lyoedwo hk ò ydko | adkdalñ eh ahwao kd ñ`d ò axùxwo eh huh

nwxsd jo|o lkd h` eh duwd jï osowuh eh qxh uxvd hk x jokd añelah lkeênhko | edaxjhkud

hawlud hk hsoÿd` qxh xñ sowo x swdsñlud eh awdkluo | qxh o ò jo|dwêo eh h``d eld fxhnd adjd

mxglhwo mhamd okuh qxh ì` fwo| Elhnd eh @okeo+

Sdw h``d x osdwuoaldkh dk eh nwok vo`dw | hkuwh h`ò h axhkuo ò whhÿo qxh swdsdwaldko dgwh `d

whghèh luyïh eh Uo|oo`+

H` gwl`òkuh | swdfxked huxeld swh`ljlkow eh` `lgwd qxh mlalhwok Qd`ê | Gwoaojdkuh ogwh xko gwhamo

lkallvo | mdkeo qxh vo sdklhked eh wh`lhvh xko kxhvo vllñk dgwh ò fxlñk eh ò axùxwo daalehkuo`

adk ò jhdojhwlaoko eh `d ln`d eh `d nwokeh vloih+ \ ouwoh kxhuwo ouhkalñk adk ò hkxjhwoalñk

eh `d fhkñjhkd qxh h` `lgwd eh` fwokalaokd osdwuo+ Ulhkh h` jìwlud ò Foaxùoe eh Alhkalo

Okuwdsd`ñnlao eh ò Xklvhwleoe Oxuñkdjo eh \xaouïk eh moghw sxg`laoed huh huxeld hnxled ehèdaxjhkud+ @o vllñk eh `d oxudwh eh ò helalñk lkuwdexaalñk so`hdnwofêo | kduo eh huh

ljswhldkokuh uh}ud adjd xko òao ulwoeo o` wêd qxh nhkhwo aêwax`d adkaìkuwlad hk swdnwhlñk

jlhkuwo oùo vowld uwojd dgwh ò xshwflalh h omdkeo o sowulw eh h``d udaoked ò lkuokalo eh ò

vo`ldo hawluxwo eh Qok Gxhkovhkuxwo sooked sdw ò okulnxo | `hnhkeowlo vdy eh` fokuojo eh`

kïxfwond Nxhwwhwd mouo ``hnow o ò sòyo okulnxo eh ò alxeoeh jo|o edkeh `d oahweduh

aoalqxh | aluoelkd eh` adjùk dslkok dgwh ò ``hnoeo eh `d aouh`òkd+

Qdk jxamo ò osdwuoaldkh eh huh edaxjhkud jljo qxh hk`luok x huxeldd+ H` wluxo` eh`

jouwljdkld eh` axo` |o mlaljd xk h}uwoaud adk okuhwldwleoe sdkh eh wh`lhvh xk adjs`hid luhjo

wh`lnldd eh ax|d fxkaldkojlhkud huwxauxwo` ñ`d ogêojd eh x shax`lowleoe eh oshwuxwo fwhkuh o ò

swhhkalo sdw vêo eh ò nxhwwo d eh` adjhwald eh duwo ehleoeh qxh hwok oedsuoeo adk foal`leoe2 shwd



??8

koeo ogêojd eh qxh fwhkuh o` awlulokljd huo wh`lnlñk sxed shwaouowh eh añjd hwo xk jheld sowo

dguhkhw ò xjllñk eh `d koulvd okuh ò lkvolñk+ Uojglìk ehiñ hk aòwd añjd h` jo|o hwo xko dò

`hknxo mogòeo hk ò shkêkxò eh \xaouïk Nxouhjoò | duwo whnldkh ahkuwdojhwlaoko qxh fxknlñ

adjd `lknxo fwokao ln`d ehsxì eh ò ``hnoeo eh `d hsoÿd`h o show eh x vowloaldkh whnldko`h+

Fxh jx| aòwo uojglìk huo fxhkuh o` ehiow adkuokalo eh` sosh` eh `d moòam xlkla | eh ò o`lokyohkuwh `d elulkud whlkd jo|o+ Eh` sosh` eh xk Adkhid eh Okalokd lkuhnwoed sdw xk nwxsd eh

swlkalso`h+ Eh` lnklflaoed eh` adkahsud eh haòvluxe | eh ò shax`low whòalñk qxh `d haòvd

jokuhkêok adk ò ì`luh+ Ogxkeñ hk ehawlsaldkh hukdnwïflao dgwh h` vhuled ò adjleo aoo owjo

jùlao lkuwxjhkud ò jhelalko huaìuhwo+ Whvh`ñ wxuo adjhwalo`h | dgihud eh` adjhwald oê adjd

h` shax`low sosh` eh `d adjhwalokuh+ @o jhkalñk eh `d axouwd nwokeh hÿdwh okuhsooed

fxkeoedwh eh` jxked jo|o adlkaleh hk gxhko jheleo adk ò qxh h adklnko hk h` Sdsd` Vxm hk h`

Uêux`d eh Ududklaosok | h` Uêux`d eh \o} edaxjhkud eh jxamd swhulnld | flogl`leoe2 huog`hah h`

kdjgwh eh x adkdwuh ò adwwhsdkehkalo adk x ehleoeh d souwdkd | ò shwuhkhkalo eh `d nwxsd

jo|okah o aoeo xkd eh elamd axouwd hÿdwh | eldh2 `d êjgd`d | haxed eh aoeo okahuwd+ @o

fdwjo eh ò jhkalñk eh xk ‘@lgwd vloihwd‖ d ‘Ulwo òwno‖ h whvhòedwo eh ò lehkuleoe jo|o+ Sdwqxh o`

hÿoòw qxh hwo xk edaxjhkud qxh alwaxògo sdw uded h` jxked jo|o hkhÿo ò whfhwhkalo ad`haulvo o

xk sooed adjùk | sdw hkeh o xko xkleoe axùxwo` dwswhkehkuh+ _xh huo ulwo òwno ``hnñ o Amhuxjo` |

o jokd eh Ndkyo`d Nxhwwhwd+ \ h` kïxfwond moah vhw ò adkixnoalñk eh `d eldh eh `d hÿdwh

okahuwd adk h` whud eh ò ehleoeh+ Whflhwh ò swdahehkalo eh Bx`xàïk adk ed vhwldkh elulkuo9

xko jhkaldko qxh h` eld vlhkh eh ‘ò ulhwwo eh ò ònxko‖ hk h` oÿd ??33+ @o duwo elah qxh xkd eh `daxouwd okahuwd Goòj Lbl axoked hwo oheloed sdw ‘`d jo`d mdjgwh qxh vlvêok hk ò daxwleoe‖

h adkvhwuêo xahlvojhkuh hk ïnxlò | hk hwslhkuh | qxh o` ‘shwehw o x mli d Goòj Lbl h jxwlñ eh

uwluhyo shwd o` jdwlw ìwoh xko hwslhkuh | qxhwlhked hw ïnxlò sowo udwkow o hw mdjgwh |o kd sxed |

oxkqxh `h koalhwdk s`xjo o ò lhwsh oê h qxheñ sdw lhjswh‖+ @o hwslhkuh hjs`xjoeo+

Hshaêflaojhkuh adk s`xjo eh ïnxlò+ Oê fxh ehlflaoed | h `h mlyd whswhhkuoalñk huouxowlo |

oawlflald mxjokd sdwqxh moglhked led nwok nxhwwhwd adjd ïnxlò ouoaogo o x hkhjlnd

oaïked`h h` adwoyñk+ Sdw ùùljd Nogwlhò Qd`ê | Shewd Gwoaojdkuh o`xehk o` hÿoòjlhkud qxh moah

h` edaxjhkud eh ò fhamo oalono eh` Bouùk = Omox hk ò axo` xsxhuojhkuh `d luyïh mogwêok eh



??6

oahsuow h` awlulokljd+ \ ò shwlshalo | hjgwd``d hk udwkd o uo` fhamo+ H` fhkñjhkd hk udwkd o` sosh`

eh huo fhamo lkslwñ o Gwoaojdkuh duwd `lgwd dgwh swdfhaêo+?13

H lkadkahglg`h ò ‘lkvhkalñk sxwo‖ eh hud eoud | dgwh uded ouwlgxleo o o`nxlhk qxh adkvlvlñ

òwnojhkuh adk `d jo|o adk `d whghèh luyïh | qxh edjlkogo ò `hknxo jo|o+ Ádk qxì dgihud h

who`lyowêo elamo lkvhkalñk4 Shwd l hud fxhwo sdlg`h hkudkah uhkewêojd adk kdduwd o` nwok hawludwùklad | nhklo` sowo ò ìsdao hk axhulñk | xk nwok ljxòedw eh kdvhò mluñwlao aosoy eh awhowò lk

xul`lyow h` oahwvd mluñwlad h}luhkuh dgwh ò ydko+ Mhjd vlud qxh ò adlkalehkalo eh x eoud adk

duwo fxhkuh ljslehk huo sdlgl`leoe+

Ogxkeok ò axwldleoeh hk h` uh}ud eh Qok Gxhkovhkuxwo+ Huh oxudw oflwjo moghw uhkled ixkud o ì` hk

h` jdjhkud eh hawlglw x awñklao xk edaxjhkud eh Ndkyo`d Nxhwwhwd hawlud hk sowuh hk slh` eh

vhkoed | hk sosh` hxwdshd+ _xh Nxhwwhwd oflwjo qxh h` sosh` h `d eld elwhauojhkuh Mhwkïk Adwuì | h`

oehòkuoed eh Aoul`ò edk Fwokalad eh Jdkuhid+ H` swdg`hjo huï hk qxh kl hk ò Aowuo eh

Whòalñk kl hk ò Vhweoehwo Mludwlo eh Ghwko` Eêoy kl hk ò Mludwlo eh Fwokalad @ñshy eh Nñjowo

kl hk ò Awñklao eh Okewì eh Uoslo adkuo uo` ado+ Hk udeo ìuo h elah qxh Adwuì eheh ò lò eh

Adyxjh` hkvêo dèoed | xko aowuo o Ihwñkljd eh Onxlòw | qxh ìuh eêo jï uoweh vo o Amhuxjo` o

hkadkuwowh adk Nxhwwhwd sowo hkhÿïwhò+ Kxkao h mog`ñ eh klknùk foid eh sosh` sowo hawlglw |

jxamd jhkd qxh Adwuì h hkadkuwowo | mogòwo fwhkuh o fwhkuh adk h` kïxfwond+

Hk h` Swhïjgx`d qxh moah Qok Gxhkovhkuxwo | qxh `d heludwh hÿoòk adjd Ixulflaoalñk hk h`

hkaoghyojlhkud h `hh hk hfhaud ò oflwjoalñk hk xko fwoh jï qxh okflgd`ñnlao9 ‘uwdyd eh sosh` qxh

sxed uhkhw eh ò jokd eh edk Mhwkoked eh Adwuì d eh` hÿdw oehòkuoed eh Aoul`ò edk Fwokaladeh Jdkuhid‖+ _xh ‘sxed uhkhw‖ eh Adwuì d eh Jdkuhid+

Oahwao eh qxh whalglhwo sosh`h eh jokd eh Adwuì kd mo| duwd uhuljdkld+ Hk aojgld Dvlhed o`xeh o

xko khnoulvo eh Nxhwwhwd o xklwh o Jdkuhid lk swhalow qxh `d mlalhwo elwhauojhkuh fwhkuh o ì`+

Hk hh jljd sooih -qxh h` hukñ`dnd Jd`lko whflwlñ hk hkuwhvluo adjd vljd | qxh ulhkh dshamo eh

`d dwênhkh kd awlulokd eh ò fojl`lo Nxhwwhwd, Dvlhed adkehko | ehao`lflao ò oauxoalñk eh

Nxhwwhwd adk qxh h klhno o whlkuhnwowh adk `d hsoÿd`h swhflwlhked vlvlw sowo lhjswh adk `d

kouxwo`h9

?13 Shewd Gwoaojdkuh @o hkaowkoalñk eh ò swdfhaêo Aokhb hk Aluhl + Ad`haalñk Shklkxòw adheluoed sdw Alho Lkuluxudeh Axùxwo eh \xaouïk | Jlnxh` Ïknh` Sdwwùo Jì}lad 7335



??>

‘Huh joòvhkuxwoed adjd h ehglhwo eheh x swlkalsld ovhw awloed hkuwh vo}o h vl` nhkuh ì kd glhk

hkhÿoed kl eduuwlkoed hk ò ado eh kxhuwo okauo fìh aoumñ`lao ñ sdw vhkuxwo -adjd h ehgh

dshamow, ì` hwêo eh wxlk aouo ì dshamdo ï ò jhjo wh`lnlñk amwlsuloko+‖ ?1?

Hkhÿoed h ‘eduuwlkoed‖ hkuwh nhkuh kd awluloko kd sxheh o`xelw o duwo qxh kd fxhwo jdwo d ixeêo qxh

hwok ò ùklao swhhkalo axùxwo`h elulkuo hk ho ìsdao | hk ho òuluxeh eh ò shkêkxò lgìwlao+H xko o`xlñk ìuo eh Dvlhed qxh uojsdad h hkaxhkuwo hk klknxko duwo fxhkuh lka`xleo ò eh Qok

Gxhkovhkuxwo+ @d ùklad qxh sdewêo eow slh o xko lkvhulnoalñk eh` nìkhwd | shkelhkuh eh moahwh h

qxh fwo| Idhsm whflhwh qxh `d soewh eh Nxhwwhwd hwok Edk Ixok eh Nxhwwhwd | Edÿo Wdowld eh

Gomojdkeh osh``led ìuh ùùljd sdad aoulyd h alhwud uok sdad adjd h` eh fwo| Ghwkowelkd eh

Qomonùk+ Shwd onwhno qxh uokud edk Ixok adjd edÿo Wdowld hwok ehahkelhkuh eh mleo`nd+

@o dgwo eh Qok Gxhkovhkuxwo aod eh qxh hk hfhaud fxhwo uwxaoeo oê adjd fxkeoeo hk xk edaxjhkud

hawlud sdw Ndkyo`d Nxhwwhwd sdewêo hw qxh uxvlhwo h` flk eh `lgwow ò whsdkogl`leoe eh awlulaow

oglhwuojhkuh o ò Lkqxllalñk sdklhked hk ògld eh duwd |o whadkdaled | oahsuoed adjd xk uwoledw

hkuwh `d adkqxluoedwh | oùk jï exedd eh x swdoslo aoulyo sowo sdehwh h}swhow adjd

jlhjgwd eh xko dwehk ò axo` uojglìk hwo oaxoeo eh eow jo`d uwoud o `d lkeld | eh kd moghw

sdeled awluloklyow mouo hd ulhjsd eh flko`h eh` ]VLL o `d whexaud luyïh ouwlkamhwoed hk `hiokd

whlkd eh` xwhuh eh ò shkêkxò+

Shwd huo huwouonhjo kowwoulvo | sd`êulao kd ulhkh sdw qxì lkvo`leow ò vhwoaleoe eh `d eoud h}sxhud+

\ o `d xjd gxao xk lkuhwuh}ud qxh h}ljo o` oxudw eh x whsdkogl`leoe+

O whxùoed eh huh dflulaoed sòk hkadkuwojd hk Qok Gxhkovhkuxwo o xk oxudw eh adwuh | uhkehkalooglhwuojhkuh awld`ò adjd mogwêo eh hw ehsxì | hk hnd a`ïlad ò dgwo eh Fwokalad Iovlhw

Aòvlihwd+ Sdw h``d fxh qxh h` `lgwd Mludwlo eh ò adkqxluo eh` jo|og kd h sxg`lañ lkd 76< oÿd

jï uoweh eh moghw led hawlud+

Adkuwo ò dslklñk adkhkxoeo hk h` jxked hsoÿd` eh qxh h` kïxfwond Ndkyo`d Nxhwwhwd fxhwo xk

osñuouo | xk uwoledw h` `lgwd eh Gxhkovhkuxwo eld slh sdw swljhwo vhy sowo xko oswhaloalñk elulkuo

ljxùïkhojhkuh eheh ò shwshaulvo lkeênhko awld`ò | sdw flk hukdmluñwlao okuwdsd`ñnlao | vhwoy+

\ h` aì`hgwh kïxfwond `hid eh hw xk uwoledw d axhuldkh sdw h` hul`d h h` awhoedw eh` owqxhulsd eh

whòalñk elulkuo o` eh` adkqxluoedw*hvoknh`lyoedw qxh h lkuhnwo adk ò axùxwo lkeênhko qxh awho `d

?1? Ndkyo`d Dvlhed | Voèìy9 Mludwlo nhkhwo` | kouxwo` eh ò Lkelo lò | ulhwwo flwjh eh` jow daìokd+ 5 vd`+ WhoÒaoehjlo eh Mludwlo Joewle ?=8?* ?=88 vd`+ 1 `lg+]]]LL aos+1+ Osxe Nogwlhò Qd`ê | Shewd Gwoaojdkuh ds+alu+



??=

qxh ehsxì mogwêo eh hw ò adkuokuh swlkalso` eh Jì}lad h` jhulyoih | ò sdlgl`leoe eh ò

oxudehuhwjlkoalñk adjd xk adjs`hid koaldko` kxhvd | o fxuxwd+

s+?8> k+1=



??<

Fhwkoked Qovouhw

Huh oxudw hsoÿd` adkuhjsdwïkhd kxhuwd okuêsdeo hk h` ulhjsd eh` fwokalaokd jlldkhwd hkuwh `d

luyïh vlkd o eow sdw vêo eh x fdwjoalñk fl`dñflao o` uhjo eh` kïxfwond x adjsouwlduo qxh huxvdovhalkeoed hkuwh `d okulnxd jo|o eheh ?8??+ Vlkd o eow sdw xko swhdaxsoalñk mdkeo oxkqxh

haxkeowlo o x lkuhwhh eh goh hk jded glyowwd | oxeoy o huo vlhio uhjïulao ulgxwdkhwo+ Xk

aosêux`d eh xk `lgwd x|d?17 whalglñ uêux`d -adk ofïk sowñelad eh` a`ïlad eh Ghwko` Eêoy eh` Aoul``d,

eh ‘@o vhweoehwo mludwlo eh Ndkyo`d Nxhwwhwd‖ oxkqxh kd mo|o hk Qovouhw xk hkhjlnd qxh h `h

oehòkuowo hk h` uhjo | o qxlhk qxllhh ehjhkulw+ Shwd hk x hawlud ouoao adk lknhkld sdjdehwkd |

`lghwo`leoe h` swdg`hjo eh` koxfwonld eh ?8??+ Adk oòweh eh kduog`h lkehshkehkalo lkuh`hauxo`

adjsowo hkuwh Ndkyo`d Nxhwwhwd | Ihwñkljd eh Onxlòw ed adkahsaldkh eh` jxked xko qxh hwêo

swlvoeo ò eh` swljhwd qxh h klhno o whnwhow adk `d hsoÿd`h axoked `d `òjok ownx|hked qxh

ulhkh hsdo h mlid | ò duwo ò eh Onxlòw qxh hwêo eh aowïauhw sùg`lad+ Nxhwwhwd mogwêo whoaaldkoed

adjd axo`qxlhw alxeoeokd jdehwkd qxh uhklhked vhkuoidd uwogoid hk duwo hjswho | hk duwo alxeoe h

klhno o whnwhow o uwogoiow o x ulhwwo axoked h `òjoed+ \ oê ò vllñk swlvoeo eh Nxhwwhwd h

ohjhiowêo o ò eh axo`qxlhw alxeoeokd jdehwkd+

Shwd eoed h` adkuh}ud edkeh h whuwlhno ò dghwvoalñk hk uo`h uìwjlkd whxùowêo qxh `d sùg`lad dk

`d lkuhwhh awlulokd eh `d adkqxluoedwh jlhkuwo qxh `d swlvoed qxheowêo alwaxkawlsud o` ïjglud

eh` adkvhwd qxh h lkhwuo hk ò axùxwo jo|o+ Sùg`lad h h` lkuhwì daalehkuo`2 swlvoed h h` ehsòkuheh lkuhnwoalñk adk `d lkeênhko ehsxì eh xko khnoulvo o x adjsouwlduo+ Huo swlvoaleoe h

jdehwko | oê `d jhwojhkuh sùg`lad hk xko h}uwosdòalñk jhaïklao shwd `ljluoeo o `d foaudwh hk

ixhnd hwêo owaolad x dgd`hud+ Hk ò addwehkoeo eh huo vllñk h lkux|h swhvhkalñk moalo `d

koaldko`ljd l kd h qxh xko hshaêflao swda`lvleoe o dghwvow adjd adkvhklhkuh ò eld`xalñk

fwdkuhwlyo+ \ oê ò jdehwkleoe eh ò oauluxe eh` kïxfwond oxkqxh fxhwo hk adkuwo eh `d lkuhwhh kd

ñ`d koaldko`h lkd alvl`lyoudwld o ixlald eh ehuhwjlkoed sowoelnjo eh dghwvoalñk hwêo jï ixuo

qxh ò oauluxe eh Onxlòw+ Xk jded ojflgd`ñnlad eh whswdgow ò adkqxluo fxkeoed hk xko oauluxe eh

osowhkuh ehswhald sdw ò vlhio sd`ìjlao shwhkkhjhkuh lkañjdeo sowo axo`qxlhw shwshaulvo eh ulsd

jdwo`+ ´_xì mogwêo led `d swlvoed sowo `d hsoÿd`h eh oqxh`ò ìsdao | `d sùg`lad sowo `d jo|o4



?73

Qovouhw oulhkeh o ò dghwvoalñk eh Uyvhuok Udedwdv eh qxh h` ì}lud eh Adwuì h fxkeñ hk xk f`h}lg`h

edjlkld eh ò adjxklaoaldkh hjshyoked sdw h` xd eh` adkdaljlhkud eh Onxlòw dgwh ò `hknxo

jo|o+ \ oê xko vhy jï whf`h}ldko Qovouhw h` ehulkd eh nwokeh lkuluxaldkh | eh jl``dkh eh

shwdko fxh ehaleled sdw lkalehkuh jhkdwh ‘adjd xko elsxuo lkuhulko hkuwh ojglaldd xko

udwjhkuo jowlko | ò uhwao aosoaleoe eh xshwvlvhkalo eh xk d`d shwdkoih hk ê jljd qxlyï koeonwokeldd‖+

H` moghw uhkled Adwuì xk uwoexaudw eh` jo|o qxh mxglhwo koxfwonoed oÿd mogêo kd h xk lkalehkuh

jhkdw lkd xko adlkalehkalo jo|dw+ Moghw dgwhvlvled Onxlòw d`d hk xko oèho jo|o adjd haòvd

| aokeleoud adkuokuh o` oawlflald ê h nwokeldd2 uokud adjd qxh Adwuì mo|o dgwhvlvled | `dnwoed

o`lokyo adk ududkoad uò}aoùhao amd`xùhao uòmxlao }damljlào amoào | duwd sowo djhuhw o`

ljshwld jh}lao+ Koeo eh hud dk lkalehkuh jhkdwh+

H alhwud qxh Ghwko` hÿoò qxh ‘Nxhwwhwd fxh h` lkvhkudw eh qxh elhhk ò nxhwwo qxh kd elhwdk‖+ Shwd

hud ulhkh vo`lehy ha`xlvojhkuh sowo ò shkêkxò eh \xaouïk | mogwêo qxh aojglow h` oeihulvd eh

lkvhkudw sdw `d vhwgd lkf`xlw | o|xeow9 Nxhwwhwd kd ehuhwjlkñ qxh `d jo|o dsxlhwok whluhkalo o

`d hsoÿd`h+ Dghwvoked ò hvoknh`lyoalñk | h` ehulkd eh duwd whlkd lkeênhko sdw edkeh soogok

`d hsoÿd`h h dwnoklyogo ò whluhkalo+ Hk Ahkuò edkeh daxwwlñ ò swljhwo gouo`ò hk fdwjo hkuwh

lkeênhko | aouh`òkd adk oèd eh xkd jl` lkeênhko jxhwud koeo uxvd qxì vhw ò oauluxe eh

Nxhwwhwd+ Hk Vhwoawxy hkuwñ hk ixhnd ò o`lokyo huwouìnlao eh` aoalqxh ududkoad Axoxmuòhgoko adk

Adwuì sowo qxluowh h` |xnd jh}lao+ O sowulw eh o``ê kd ahñ ò nxhwwo adkuwo Adwuì | x mxhuh shwd

ìuo |o lka`xêo jl`òwh eh o`loed+ H` mhamd eh qxh ò adkqxluo eh `d jo|o fxhwo ò jï uoweêodghehah o duwo woydkh9 ò swljhwo fxh h` ehlkuhwì eh `d adkqxluoedwh sdw ò oxhkalo eh` dwd hk ò

ydko2 ò hnxkeo qxh `d whlkd jo|o kd uhkêok xko dwnoklyoalñk vhwulao` eh` sdehw ax`jlkoeo sdw xk

hjshwoedw sdw hd h` elfêal` djhuljlhkud eh xk shqxhÿd whlkd ehiogo lkuoaud xk adkixkud jo|dw eh

ìud elsxhud o nxhwwhow aoeo vhy+ Kd h vhweoe hkudkah qxh ‘axokud lkuhkuhk edjlkow \xaouïk

mok eh oghw -…, qxh `d swljhwd h adkhnxlw h` osd|d eh Nxhwwhwd d ehuwxlw`d sowo qxh kd lno

elflaxùoked x uowho‖ adjd ohnxwñ Ghwko`+ O `d hsoÿd`h huxshfoaud fwhkuh o` jxked jo|o `h

lwwluñ dgwhjokhwo ò oauluxe eh` aduhwwïkhd oadjdeoed hkuwh `d huwoud oùd eh` whlkd eh Amhuxjo`+

Nxhwwhwd jxwlñ moalo ?816+ H` djhuljlhkud eh `d jo|o eh` xw eh ò shkêkxò daxwwlñ jï eh xk

ln`d jï uoweh+

?17 Fhwkoked Qovouhw Ehslhwuo | `hh +He+ O`fonxowo Jì}lad ?<<=+



?7?

Hk xko oswhaloalñk eh x|d wlhndo dgwh oshaud eh ò axùxwo jo|o Qovouhw uwoh o adòalñk xko

vlhio oflwjoalñk | oê olhkuo qxh ò ouwdkdjêo jo|o hwo jï glhk ouwd`dnêo+ Hwo ojgo ado adjd

hk udeo sowuh+ _xh sowo h``d ‘`d axhwsd ah`huh ehuhwjlkogok fìwwhojhkuh uded `d lkalehkuh eh

ò vleo mxjoko‖+?11 Ql hud fxhwo sdlg`h hwêo swdelnldd+ Bwlabhghwn?15 | duwd |o mogêok mhamd

huo jhuofñwlao | uduo`luowlo dghwvoalñk+ Kd2 `d jo|o adjd duwd sxhg`d jhdojhwlaokd uhkêokxko vllñk kouxwo`jhkuh `ljluoeo dgwh h` adjd xko adowuoeo mlsduìulao2 adk h`ò nxlogok x

ehexaaldkh ao`hkeïwlao owqxluhauñklao | uhd`ñnlao o jï eh o`nxko h}uhkldkh eh duwd dwehk2

shwd hd huï jx| `hid eh qxh `d axhwsd ah`huh ehuhwjlkowok ‘fìwwhojhkuh uded `d lkalehkuh eh

ò vleo mxjoko‖+ Áñjd4

Vd`vlhked o ò vleo eh Nxhwwhwd elah Qovouhw qxh ‘h jx| swdgog`h -…, qxh olulhh o jï eh xk

oawlflald mxjokd | uojglìk qxh sowulalsoh sowo kd ehhkudkow hk gokqxhuh aokêgo`h wluxo`h‖+?18

Qovouhw fwhkuh o x fxhkuh xgwo|ñ lk qxhwhw xk mhamd eh nwok ljsdwuokalo sowo ò oflwjoalñk eh fwo|

Idhsm eh Qok Gxhkovhkuxwo -qxh Qovouhw kd sxed adkxùow, eh moghw uhkled hk x jokd xk hawlud

eh Ndkyo`d Nxhwwhwd9 ìuh ogêo hawlglw | jx| glhk+ Hkudkah hnùk hud huï Nxhwwhwd `hid eh

shwuhkhahw o ‘vo}o h vl` nhkuh | jo` hkhÿoed‖ adjd mogêo dslkoed Dvlhed+

Qogêo hawlglw | adkuhuo xko aowuo o Fwokalad eh Jdkuhid hk ò qxh elah9 ‘Qhÿdw |d ghd ò jokd

eh vxho Jhwahe | adjd d| haòvd kd uhknd `lghwuoe oxkqxh d| aooed h uhknd jxihw h mlid h jh

oaxhwed eh Eld2 h vd hÿdw h `d hsoÿd`h uhkhl gxhk ojlnd hk jl‖+?16

Qovouhw ixyno9 ‘¯H` jo|dw hkhjlnd eh `d lkvodwh hsoÿd`h swhuhkeêo dfwhahwh o ìud adjd xk

ojlnd lkahwd aol xk mhwjokd h}uwovloed sdw ò alwaxkuokalo/‖+?1>

Shwd osowuh eh qxh hud ljs`laohnxlw adklehwoked o Nxhwwhwd adjd uwoledw | jhkulwdd vxh`vh o wh`hvow duwd ehaxgwljlhkud -`d qxh

ljs`lao xko sdlalñk ixuo eheh ò shwshaulvo eh` goked hsoÿd` ùklaojhkuh, lkvd`xkuowld9 h adk

Jdkuhid | kd adk Adwuì adk qxlhk h` kïxfwond jokulhkh xk uwoud elwhaud9 oaod eh` oehòkuoed h`

kïxfwond mxglhwo whalgled duwo ado o jï eh aowuo+ Eheh `xhnd Nxhwwhwd huxvd jx| `hid eh hw

‘h` jo|dw hkhjlnd eh `d lkvodwh hsoÿd`h‖ x sosh` h ehhjshÿñ hk xk hahkowld jx| whexaled+

\ ê fxh xk h}uwovloed+ \ o`vñ ò vleo o exwo shko fwhkuh o` aoalqxh eh Amhuxjo` edkeh swljhwd fxh

?11 Qovouhw Ds+ alu+ s+?85?15 ôùhw Bwlabhghwn9 Jlud | `h|hkeo eh `d oyuhao lkao jo|o | jxlao+ FAH Jì}lad ?<=8 s+?8+ Eh` jljd oxudw9 @o okulnxo axùxwo jh}laoko+ FAH Jì}lad ?<=8 ss+ >= |?68?18 Le+ @da+alu+?16 Osxe+ Qovouhw ds+alu+s+?88?1> Lehj @da+alu+



?77

haòvlyoed | o`nd ehsxì h`hvoed dalo`jhkuh jhelokuh h` jouwljdkld adk L}sl`duyojo+ Shwd uxvd

qxh whshuow ò whnò eh` ixhnd sowo shwjokhahw vlvd | kd h ehgh ehaowuow ò leho eh qxh hk jxamo

jokhwo lhjswh fxh xk whmìk eh ho adjxkleoe hk jheld eh ò h`vo+ Qx oemhlñk | x adkvhwlñk

swdfxkeo o h`ò fxh h` swhald qxh uxvd qxh sonow+ Adk qxì ïkljd dgwhvlvlñ hk ho adkelaldkh h

uhjo eh duwo elals`lko | ìuo ehghk ogdaowh o x huxeld+ Shwd x oauluxe hk koeo jdelflañ òadkqxluo hsoÿdò qxh mxglhwo swdhnxled eh ò jljo jokhwo l h` kïxfwond kd mxglhwo h}luled+ Qx

sdlg`h ògdw eh uwoexaudw | eh adkdahedw eh` jxked lkeênhko fxh eh lkjheloud xs`leo sdw x

adjsoÿhwd Ihwñkljd eh Onxlòw+ \ h` adkdaljlhkud | ò h}shwlhkalo dgwh ò axùxwo lkeênhko qxh ``hnñ

o oljlòw kd soñ eh ò adjxkleoe eh Amhuxjo` | o`nxko duwo sdgòaldkh ahwaoko+

O` jownhk eh `d vhwlaxhud eh ò vhweoe hkuhwo dgwh ò vleo eh Nxhwwhwd hkuwh `d jo|o h dgvld qxh

adk `d qxh oghjd mouo md| ed nwokeh axhuldkh qxheok huog`haleo o x aduo9 xko qxh x

oauxoalñk h xko eh ò ed fdwjo eh whòalñk sdlg`h eh `d hsoÿd`h adk h` jxked jhdojhwlaokd

| ìuo h ò eh ò xgxkalñk hk x axùxwo ò eh ò lehkuleoe adk ò axùxwo lkeênhko+ Xko axhulñk

owqxhuêslao sdw alhwud+ \ ò duwo whxùokuh eh ò swljhwo fxh ò eh` jhulyoih qxh eld slh o` ehowwd``d

eh xko hkuleoe jh}laoko lkehshkelhkuh+

@o sdlalñk eh fwo| Idhsm eh Qok Gxhkovhkuxwo | Aowuonhko eh flko`h eh` ln`d ]VLL h hk jï eh xk

hkuled dsxhuo o ò eh Fhwkoked Qovouhw eh kxhuwd eêo+ Oqxh`ò hawxuñ o` hsoÿd` lkuhnwoed o`

jxked lkeênhko lk ixynow`d+ Ìuo adkulkùo aoàxòked l h` kïxfwond oahsuñ d kd ò jllñk eh `d

adkqxluoedwh+ Ed vhwldkh hfhaulvojhkuh hqxleluokuh hk h` ulhjsd qxh mo daxsoed ò osowlalñk eh

ò kovh hk ò aduo jo|o ò dwnoklyoalñk eh ò Kxhvo Hsoÿo ò elaxlñk eh xk uhjo lkuwlkaoedadk jxamo lkañnkluo oùk kd ehshioeo+



?71

Adka`xldkh

@o adkqxluo eh Jì}lad hjshyñ sdw ò shkêkxò eh \xaouïk+ H` swljhw luld eh huoeêo eh `d

hsoÿd`h fxh ò lò eh Adyxjh` | o``ê h adkdalhwdk aouh`òkd h}uwhjhÿd okeo`xah | duwd adk

`d jo|o+ @o swljhwo ljswhlñk eh `d vlluokuh sdw ò owqxluhauxwo h` vhuled | ò jokhwo eh `dkouxwo`h fxh qxh h hkfwhkuogok o xko dalheoe xshwldw o ò eh Okul`ò2 qxh kd mogêo dwd hk huo

ulhwwo lkd qxh `d uwoêok eh duwo sowuh2 qxh vhkhwogok xk êjgd`d hk fdwjo eh awxy shwd qxh hwok

sonokd+

Qlhuh oÿd okuh eh qxh Adwuì ``hnowo vlvlhwdk ed kïxfwond hsoÿd`h xkd hk ]ojokadko ahwao eh

Lò Jxihwh h` duwd hk Amhuxjo`2 oê h` jxked jo|o xsd eh ò axùxwo mlsoko okuh eh qxh h` jxked

hsoÿd` xslhwo jxamd eh ò axùxwo jo|o+

@o lkuhnwoalñk eh `d kïxfwond o` jxked lkeênhko h hfhauxñ hk ed fdwjo elulkuo qxh whxùowdk

jdexòwh9 xko ò whluhkalo hk adkelaldkh oevhwo sowo lkaxàow h` awlulokljd2 ò duwo hk

luxoalñk eh adkvhwlñk o ò wh`lnlñk | axùxwo `dao`h+

@o lkuhnwoalñk eh Ndkyo`d Nxhwwhwd o ò axùxwo jo|o eld lklald o` jhulyoih gld`ñnlad qxh ljshwñ

ehsxì hk ò jo|dw sowuh eh` adkulkhkuh shwd uojglìk o` lkawhuljd daldaxùxwo`+ Oxkqxh h}lulñ

uojglìk h` okuhahehkuh eh` swdsld Adwuì qxh mogêo uhkled xko mlio adk xko jxihw uoêko+

@d fxkeojhkud lehd`ñnlad axùxwo`h h leldlkawïlad eh` huoed eh _xlkuoko Wdd ùùljd uhwwludwld

-ixkud adk Goio Ao`lfdwklo Qxw, lkuhnwoed o ò koalñk adk woknd huouo` wh`hvok ò mludwlo eh Ndkyo`d

Nxhwwhwd | ò eh `d jo|o adjd `d whfhwhkuh eh lehkuleoe eh jo|dw ljsdwuokalo+Moalo elamd fxkeojhkud h hkflòk ò ouhkalñk | ò oaalñk sheonñnlao eh ò dwnoklyoaldkh sd`êulao

nxghwkojhkuo`h | oaoeìjlao adk goh hk ò mludwldnwofêo awhoeo eheh h` ln`d ]VL | hk ò

hukdnwofêo | owqxhd`dnêo adkuhjsdwïkho+

@o oaalñk eh `d kïxfwond hk vluo eh` wd` ixnoed sdw aoeo xkd adkulux|h h` swljhw aosêux`d eh ò

mludwlo jdehwko eh Jì}lad+

Nxhwwhwd h flnxwo swlkalso` | fxkeoaldko`+ Qx `h|hkeo fxh | vlkd hkuwh Hsoÿo | Jì}lad sdw h` whòud

mluñwlad sdw h` `luhwowld hk ò sdhêo | hk h` hko|d sdw ò oawh whadkvhkalñk eh ò s`ïulao

hadkeleo d eh `d amljh soòalhnd+ Qñ`d adk uo` whòud h sdlg`h adjswhkehw ò h}uhklñk axùxwo`

hsoÿdò x lkuhnwoalñk swdfxkeo adk `d sxhg`d lkeênhko qxh eld slh o ò awhoalñk eh kxhvd

xihud eh ò mludwlo eh xko kxhvo jokhwo eh vhw h` jxked+ Xk fhkñjhkd qxh fxh ehuhwjlkokuh | qxh



?75

mo huoed ljgxêed hk `d dwênhkh jljd eh kxhuwo `luhwouxwo | eh kxhuwo mludwlo hk ò

adklehwoalñk eh Jlnxh` eh Ahwvokuh Qoovhewo qxh vld ò mludwlo eh Nxhwwhwd hk `d vhwd eh

Fwokalad eh Uhwwoyo2 mhamd swdsonoed uojglìk hk ò dgwo eh uded `d awdkluo hsoÿd`h awld``d h

lkeênhko mouo ò kdvhò | h` hko|d fl`dñflad eh koaldko`h | h}uwokihwd eh kxhuwd eêo+

Nxhwwhwd h sldkhwd eh` swdahd qxh awhñ hk Jì}lad xko vhwulhkuh oùhwkoulvo o` awod ad`dklo`ljdhxwdshd edkeh h` hsoÿd` | h` lkeênhko h lkvd`xawowdk sowo awhow xk fhkñjhkd kxhvd uokud dalo`

adjd hslwluxo`+ Nxhwwhwd whswhhkuñ ò duwo aowo eh ò lkvolñk ò mxjoko+ Ì` | x adkdwuh `hnêuljo

dk kxhuwd elïfokd ogxh`d lkoùhwog`h sdw hkaljo eh ò elouwlgo eh` ulhjsd+



?78

Glg`ldnwofêo

Oaxÿo Whkì | Eovle Gd``h9 ‘Alkad uh}ud dwoaxòwh jo|o‖+ Hk9 Huxeld eh Axùxwo Jo|oXKOJ vd`+ ]] Jì}lad ?<<<+

Onxlòw Ihwñkljd eh 9 hk ?87< ehaòwñ hk h` Ixlald eh Whlehkalo os`laoed o Adwuì hw eh ò heoe eh53 oÿd+ v+ h` edaxjhkud Kd+ ?33 ‘O`nxko whsxhuo eh Ihwñkljd eh Onxlòw eh` 8 eh ogwl` eh ?87<‖+Hk9 Idì @xl Jowuêkhy9 Edaxjhkud adwuhlokd LL ?876*?858 haalñk LV Fdked eh AxùxwoHadkñjlao | XKOJ Jì}lad ?<<5 ?©+ whljswhlñk+

Onxlwwh Wdo Jowld9 Ndkyo`d Nxhwwhwd9 soewh eh` jhulyoih lghwdojhwlaokd He+ Ix Jì}lad ?<>8+

Gowiox @xl9 @o adkqxluo eh ò Jo lkamh he+ Sòkhuo*Adkoaxùo*Lkom Jì}lad 733<+

Goxehy Aòxeh Fwokîdl 9 ‘@d eldh jo|o xko osowlalñk uoweêo‖ Whvluo Owqxhd`dnêo Jh}laokovd` ]V Kd+== Jì}lad 733>+

Gwoaojdkuh Shewd9 @o hkaowkoalñk eh ò swdfhaêo Aokhb hk Aluhl`+ Ad`haalñk Shklkxòw adheluoedsdw Alho Lkuluxud eh Axùxwo eh \xaouïk | Jlnxh` Ïknh` Sdwwùo Jì}lad 7335+

Ahexòwld adwuhlokd+ Adjslòalñk eh Ghouwly Owuhono Nowyo | Nxoeo`xsh Sìwhy Qokvlahkuh+ HeludwloÌx Jì}lad ?<5<+

Ahwvokuh eh Qoòyow Fwokalad9 Awñklao eh ò Kxhvo Hsoÿo H+ Sdwwùo Jì}lad ?<=8+

Amojghwòlk Wdghwu Q+ 9 Adkqxluo | ad`dklyoalñk eh \xaouïk ?8?>*?883+ Swñ`dnd eh I+ Lnkoald WxgldJoÿì He+ Sdwwùo Jì}lad ?<=7+

Ad`ñk Mhwkoked9 Vleo eh` O`jlwokuh E+ Awluñgo` Ad`ñk hawluo sdw x mlid Sxg`laoed sdw h` FAHJì}lad ?<5>+

Adwuì Mhwkïk9 Aowuo eh` fojdd adkqxluoedw Mhwkïk Adwuì+ Ljswhkuo eh L+ Haoòkuh Jì}lad?=>3+

Ad~lh @okah`du9 ‘Ndkyo`d Nxhwwhwd flnxwo mluñwlao | `luhwowlo eh ò Adkqxluo eh Jì}lad‖ Ahkuwh df @oulk Ojhwlao oke umh Aowlgghok+ Uwlkleoe oke Udgond 733>+

Eêoy eh` Aoul``d Ghwko`9 Mludwlo vhweoehwo eh ò adkqxluo eh ò Kxhvo Hsoÿo+ Heludwlo` SouwloJì}lad ?<=1+

Edjêknxhy Dwuly Okudkld9 H` okulnxd wìnljhk9 `d wh|h aouñ`lad | `d Oxuwlo+ O`fonxowo ?<>12 Mludwlo eh Hsoÿo vd`+LLL+ He+ Ix Jì}lad ?<5< | O`lokyo Heludwlo` Joewle ?<=3+



?76

Nowaêo Laoygoàhuo Idoqxêk9 Ad`haalñk eh edaxjhkud sowo ò mludwlo eh Jì}lad+ Sdwwùo Jì}lad?<=3+

Nwoku E Idkh+ -uwokawlsalñk | adjhkuowld, H` Jokxawlud Aok Hb LKOM Jì}lad ?<<?+

Mhwwhwo Okudkld eh9 Mludwlo nhkhwo` eh `d mhamd eh `d aouh`òkd hk ò lò | ulhwwo flwjh eh`

jow daìokd+ Oaoehjlo Who` eh ò Mludwlo Joewle ?<15*?<1>+

‘Lulkhwowld eh ò Owjoeo eh` wh| aouñ`lad o ò lò eh \xaouïk hk @o Lkelo h` oÿd ?8?= hk ò qxh fxh sdw adjokeokuh | aosluïk nhkhwo` Ixok eh Nwlio`vo+ Hawlud sowo x oùhyo sdw h` aosh``ïk jo|dw eh ò elamoowjoeo‚+ Hk9 Idoqxêk Nowaêo Laoygoàhuo9 Ad`haalñk eh edaxjhkud sowo ò mludwlo eh Jì}lad+ SdwwùoJì}lad ?<=3 udjd L s+7=<+ Huh edaxjhkud h adslo eh` ‘Lulkhwowld eh @xedvlad eh Vowumhjogd`dÿì Reh o``ê x hawluxwo luo`lokoZ hk Qlwlo hk ò Owoglo Ehlhwuo | Fh`ly hk Shwlo hk ò Lkelo | hkHuldslo‖ Vhkhalo ?877 Kd+=+ H` dwlnlko` shwuhkhalñ o Mhwkoked Ad`ñk | okduoed eh x sxÿd huï hk òGlg`lduhao eh ò Qokuo Ln`hlo eh Qhvl`ò hu+V uog+??8 Kd+7?+ Kduo eh Jxÿdy o` flk eh ò uwoexaalñkfwokaho eh Uhwkox}*Adjsok9 ‘Vd|onh whòuldk hu jhjdlwh dwlnlkox} sdxw hwvlw ã `“mludlwh eh òEìadxvhwuh eh `“Ojìwlqxh‖+ Udjd ]+

Bwlabhghwn ôùhw9 Jlud | `h|hkeo eh `d oyuhao lkao jo|o | jxlao+ FAH Jì}lad ?<=8 s+?8+Eh` jljd oxudw9 @o okulnxo axùxwo jh}laoko+ FAH Jì}lad ?<=8+

@okeo Fwo| Elhnd eh 9 Whòalñk eh o ado eh \xaouïk Heludwlo` Sdwwùo Glg`lduhao Sdwwùo ehMludwlo ?1 ?©+ helalñk Jì}lad ?<=<+

@hh Jowb Wlamowe 9 Mhwkïk Adwuì+ H` nwok ovhkuxwhwd qxh aojglñ h` ehulkd eh` Jì}lad oyuhao+ Helaldkh G QO+ Vhwnowo Gowah`dko 7338+

@lyoko Ghwkowed eh9 Mludwlo eh \xaouïk+ Ehvdaldkowld eh Kxhuwo Qhÿdwo eh Lyjo` | adkqxluo

hslwluxo`+ Ljswhkuo eh` Jxhd Koaldko` Jì}lad ?=<1+

@ñshy Adnd``xed Fwo| Elhnd 9 Mludwlo eh \xaouïk+ Uo``hwh Nwïflad eh` Ndglhwkd Adkuluxaldko` eh`Huoed eh Aojshamh Adjllñk eh Mludwlo Aojshamh ?<85 @o helalñk swêkalsh eh huo dgwo h eh?6== sxg`laoeo sdw Ixok Nowaêo Lkfokyñk hk Joewle+ Hk ?=57 Ixud Qlhwwo ò heluo hk Aojshamh goidh` h``d eh ò Ljswhdwo eh Idì Jowêo Shwoùo+

@ñshy eh Nñjowo Fwokalad9 Mludwlo eh o adkqxluo eh Jì}lad+ He+ Sdwwùo ?<==+

@ñshy Wo|ñk Lnkoald hawlglñ xko gldnwofêo eh Ihwñkljd eh Onxlòw xsxhuojhkuh gooeo hk Mhwwhwo| hk xk jokxawlud okñkljd uluxòed Vleo eh Adwuì eh` Owamlvd Nhkhwo` eh ò Koalñk qxh Idì @xlJowuêkhy qxlhk whswdexah ò Gldnwofêo ehaòwñ qxh ò dgwo okñkljo kd mo sdeled hw mo`òeo hk hÒNK+ Qlk hjgownd ò Vleo eh Adwuì eh oxudw okñkljd ê h}luh | huï uwoexaleo eh` òuêk `hknxo hkqxh fxh hawluo | sxg`laoeo sdw Idoqxêk Nowaêo Laoygoàhuo9 Ad`haalñk eh edaxjhkud sowo ò mludwlo

eh Jì}lad hnxkeo helalñk foaljlòw heludwlo` Sdwwùo udjd L Jì}lad ?<=3 ss+13<*18>+ Huh



?7>

edaxjhkud fxh ehaxglhwud sdw Ixok Goxuluo Jxÿdy hk h` Owamlvd eh Qljokao Qoò eh Lkelo `hnoid Whòaldkh | sosh`h udaokuh ï hkuwoeo | sdgòaldkh h` 6 eh hkhwd eh ?>=7+

Jowuêkhy Idì @xl 9 Edaxjhkud adwuhlokd L ?8?=*?87= haaldkh L o LLL Fdked eh AxùxwoHadkñjlao | XKOJ Jì}lad ?<<1 ?©+ whljswhlñk+

Jowuêkhy Idì @xl 9 Mhwkïk Adwuì

FAH | XKOJ Jì}lad ?<<1+Jowulw eh Okn`hwêo Shewd9 @lgwd eh ò Eìaoeo eh` Kxhvd Jxked+ Uwoexaalñk eh` @ouêk eh OnxulkJl`òwh Aow`d+ Glg`lduhao Hkala`dsìelao Sdsxòw Qhawhuowêo eh Hexaoalñk Sùg`lao Jì}lad ?<58+

Jlwo``h Dud Ixok9 @o Jo`lkamh woêy eh Jì}lad+ Uxqxhu heludwh Jì}lad 7335+

Jlwo``h Ixok9 Mhwkïk Adwuì lkvhkudw eh Jì}lad+ Uxqxhu heludwh Jì}lad 733?+

Kh~ D}fdwe Ojhwlaok Elauldkow|D}fdwe Ojhwlaok ^wluhw. Umhoxwx Elaaldkowld

Oss`h lblshelo+

Dwdyad | Ghwwo Jokxh`9 Mludwlo okulnxo | eh ò adkqxluo eh Jì}lad+ 5 vd`+ Ulsdnwofêo eh Ndkyo`dO+ Huhvo Jì}lad ?==3+

Dwuhno | Nohu Idì9 Jheluoalñk eh` sxhg`d idvhk+ Whvluo eh Daalehkuh Joewle ?<67+

Dvlhed | Voèìy, Ndkyo`d9 Mlqudwlo nhkhwo` | kouxwo` eh òq Lkeloq, lqòq | ulhwwo flwjh eh` jow

daìokd+ 5 vd`q+ Who` Oaoehjlo eh Mlqudwlo, Joewle ?=8?* ?=88+

Sìwhy Qxïwhy Udjï9 ‘Eldh jo|o‖ hk Whvluo Owqxhd`dnêo Jh}laoko vd`+ ]V Kd+ == Jì}lad733>+

Sdehw `hnlòulvd eh` Huoed eh _xlkuoko Wdd+ Jxwo`h ‘Fdwjo ad`dw h mludwlo eh _xlkuoko Wdd‖ |‘@h|‖+ M+ Adknwhd eh` Huoed Amhuxjo` _xlkuoko Wdd 7338 7©+ helalñk+

Swhaduu l``loj9 Mludwlo eh ò adkqxluo eh Jì}lad+ Heludwlo` Sdwwùo+ Okduoeo sdw @xao Oòjïkadk kduo awêulao | haòwhaljlhkud eh Idì Fhwkoked Wojêwhy swñ`dnd kduo | osìkelah sdw Ixok O+Dwuhno | Jhelko Jì}lad ?<>6 7©+ helalñk+

Wdio Fhwkoked eh 9 @o Ah`hulko -?5<<, A`ïlad Aouh`òkd+ Helalñk | kduo eh Ix`ld Ahioedw |Fwoxao helaldkh eh ‘@o `hauxwo‖ Joewle ?<?1+

Wd|o`` U|`hw9 H` hjshwoedw Aow`d V + Heludwlo` Ixvhkuxe Gowah`dko ?<=>

Qoovhewo Nxyjïk Okudkld eh 9 H` shwhnwlkd lkelokd Joewle ?8<<+



Qok Gxhkovhkuxwo Fwo| Idhsm eh 9 Mludwlo eh o adkqxluo eh` Jo|og ?8??*?6<> + Helalñklkuwdexaalñk so`hdnwofêo | kduo eh Nogwlhò Qd`ê Wdg`heo | Shewd Gwoaojdkuh | Qdo+ XklvhwleoeOxuñkdjo eh \xaouïk Foaxùoe eh Alhkalo Okuwdsd`ñnlao Jìwleo ?<<5+

Qovouhw Fhwkoked9 Ehslhwuo | hh +He+ O`fonxowo Jì}lad ?<<=+

Vleo eh Mhwkïk Adwuì+ Fwonjhkud okñkljd hawlud dwlnlko`jhkuh hk òuêk+ Hk Idoqxêk NowaêoLaoygoàhuo Ds+ Alu+ ss+ 13< | + Ixok Goxuluo Jxÿdy h h` ehaxgwledw eh` edaxjhkud hk ?>=7

mo`òed hk h` Owamlvd eh Qljokao Qoò eh Lkelo `hnoid ‘Whòaldkh | sosh`h udaokuh o hkuwoeo | sdgòaldkh‖+ Ixok Goxuluo Jxÿdy xnlhwh qxh h` edaxjhkud sxheh hw eh Ao`vhu eh Huwh`ò ‘awdkluoeh Lkelo‖+ Eh huh awdkluo mo| 73 `lgwd9 Eh whgx nhul Voaaoh Aouwl J adkhwvoed hk hÀd`hnld eh` Qoawd Jdkuh eh Nwokoeo+

Vl`ònxulhwwh Qdudjo|dw Ixok eh9 Mludwlo eh o Adkqxluo eh ò swdvlkalo eh` Luyï+ Adkexjh}Jì}lad ?<=8+

Vlvh Ixok @xl9 Lkuwdexaalñk o ò oglexwêo2 Elï`dnd2 Lkuwxaalñk eh ò jxihw awluloko+ v+ @h}lshelo Hka|ma`dsohelo Gwluokklao Sxg`lmhw Lka+ Woke JaKo``| & Adjsok| Vhwol``hBhkuxab| HXO ?<<8*<6+

Náufragos españoles en tierra maya. Reconstrucción del inicio de la invasión

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