Peces, Moluscos, Decápodos, Tortugas Del Golfo de Guinea

8/20/2019 Peces, Moluscos, Decápodos, Tortugas Del Golfo de Guinea

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FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS

FAO SPECIES IDENTIFICATION SHEETS FOR FISHERY PURPOSES

_________ FAO REGIONAL OFFICE FOR AFRICA - RAFR

FIELD GUIDE TO THE

COMMERCIAL MARINERESOURCES OF THE GULF OFGUINEA



RAFR/FI/90/2

FAO SPECIES IDENTIFICATION SHEETS FOR FISHERY PURPOSES

FIELD GUIDE TO THE COMMERCIAL MARINE RESOURCES OF THE GULF OF GUINEA

by

Wolfgang Schneider Marine Resources Service

Fishery Resources and Environment DivisionFisheries Department, FAO

Prepared and published with the support of theFAO Regional Office for Africa (RAFR)

FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS

Rome, 1990



FOREWORD

Despite the long tradition of fisheries in the Gulf of Guinea, the identification of speciesentering the coastal marine landings in this area still poses considerable problems, in particular tostatistical/biological data collectors and to operators in the fish marketing sector. In fact, thelarge variety of species landed, coupled with technical difficulties in their identification, make it

practically impossible to estimate the actual fishing effort exercised on most individual species.Correct identification of species on landing places is hampered by the lack of training in this fieldand by the unavailaility of up-to-date documentation designed to guide the non-specializedfishery worker in this complex task. Furthermore, even in cases of correct identifications, thenames applied to a species often lead to misinterpretations and confusions, because of thepersistence of obsolete scientific nomenclature, the availability of several local names for eachspecies, and the application of the same name to many species.

Having in mind the necessity of upgrading the quality of raw data by species used in thevarious sectors of fisheries, and to standardize species nomenclature throughout the Gulf ofGuinea, the FAO Regional Office for Africa (RAFR) decided to promote and support thepreparation and diffusion of this field guide, which is intended to be widely distributed amonginstitutions and individual fishery workers operating in this area. It is the 8th field guidepublished within the FAO Species Identification Sheet series.

The production of this document was possible thanks to the initiative and personaldedication of Dr. W.Q.-B. West, Senior Regional Fisheries Officer, RAFR. It is based on Dr. W.Schneider's compilation of the information presently available on the species fished in the Gulf ofGuinea (mainly from the FAO Species Identification Sheets for Fishery Purposes for the E.C. Atlantic), his personal field experience on board the research vessel DR F. NANSEN off West Africa, and the contributions of a large number of fishery institutions and individual workers inthe countries concerned, who provided useful first-hand information on their respective workingáreas.

R.T. N'Daw Assistant Director-General

FAO Regional Representative for Africa Accra

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PREPARATION OF DOCUMENT

The present field guide has been prepared at FAO headquarters (FIRM) with the support of the FAORegional Office for Africa (RAFR).

In order to obtain first-hand information on all species believed to be of interest to fisheries in the Gulf ofGuinea, an illustrated questionnaire was sent to fisheries institutions in the countries concerned. The new

information on size, fishing gear, habitat and species distribution retrieved from the completedquestionnaires were incorporated into the final document.

This guide is designed as a practical tool for all fisheries workers in the Gulf of Guinea, particularly thosewho are confronted with the daily task of collecting fisheries statistics and other data by species on landingplaces and in fish markets. It includes those marine and brackish-water species of bony fishes, sharks, batoidfishes, lobsters, shrimps, crabs, bivalves, gastropods, cephalopods and sea turtles considered as regularcomponents of landings in this area.

Correct identification of species entering the catches is of significant importance for the improvement ofthe quality of statistical data utilized by the Fisheries Divisions and other relevant institutions in the countriesconcerned, in order to facilitate an adequate planning of fisheries development and management of theliving marine and brackish-water resources. Because of the great species diversity characteristic of this area,the considerable difficulties in separating similar species, and in establishing meaningful species groupings,and the unavailability of proper taxonomic literature, it is essential to provide national fishery workers withpractical and reliable guidance in this field. Our leading idea was to achieve a compact and easilymanageable booklet that would be at the reach of fishery workers at all levels. Consequently, the guide hadto be based largely on illustrations, while the text was kept as succinct as possible. This obviously impliescertain limitations of the guide as a means of scientific identification of all species. It is therefore stronglyrecommended, in case of doubt, to consult the regional set of FAO Species Identification Sheets for theEastern Central Atlantic, which is more comprehensive in species coverage and gives a much more detailedaccount of the diagnostic characters of each species.

Acknowledgements

The author wishes to extend his gratitude to the following persons who provided valuable informationon size, distribution and habitat of species caught in the Gulf of Guinea and the fishing gear commonly used:T. Ajayi (Lagos), K. Amegavie (Lomé), A.D. Apanpa (Lagos), F.X. Bard (Abidjan), J. Konan (Abidjan), J.B.A.Kothias (Abidjan), G. Mensah (Cotonou), J.C. Njock (Yaoundé), D.W. Ofosi-Adu (Tema), E. Ossinga (Accra), B.Satia (Libreville) and J. Tobor (Lagos).

The author is grateful to the illustrator, P. Lastrico (FAO, Rome) who prepared most of the drawings forthis field guide and to Ms M. Kautenberger-Longo (FAO, Rome) who skillfully assisted with the typing andpage composition of the document, and to W. Fischer (FAO) for the use of his vast knowledge and experiencein the planning and preparation of the field guide.

Special thanks are due to W.Q.-B. West (RAFR, Accra) whose dedication, energy and constant supportmade this field guide possible.

Technical editor : W. FischerSenior Fishery Resources Officer

Marine Resources Service

Fishery Resources and Environment Division

FAO, Rome

Illustrator : P. Lastrico (FAO)

Page composition : M. Kautenberger-Longo (FAO)



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Schneider, W.

FAO species identification sheets for fishery purposes. Field guide to thecommercial marine resources of the Gulf of Guinea. Prepared andpublished with the support of the FAO Regional Office for Africa.

Rome, FAO. 1990. 268 p.

Summary

This field guide includes the marine and brackish-water species of bonyfishes, sharks, batoid fishes, lobsters, shrimps, crabs, cephalopods,bivalves, gastropods and sea turtles of present or potential interest tothe fisheries of the countries bordering the Gulf of Guinea. Each majorresources group is introduced by a general section on technical terms,followed by an annotated and illustrated list of the more importantspecies which includes FAO names, size, fishing gear and habitat. Tofacilitate the identification, the chapters "Bony fishes", "Sharks" and"Batted fishes" are preceded by an illustrated guide to the differentfamilies.

A composite index of scientif ic and vernacular family and species namesis also provided.


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TABLE OF CONTENTS

PageINTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................. xiBONY FISHES .................................................................................................................................................1

TECHNICAL TERMS .................................................................................................................................1GUIDE TO FAMILIES ................................................................................................................................3

Families Acanthuridae - Surgeonfishes, doctorfishes ...........................................................................31,39 Albulidae - Bonefishes ..............................................................................................................3,39 Ariidae - Sea catfishes ..............................................................................................................6,40 Ariommatidae - Driftfishes, ariommas .....................................................................................35, 41 Aulopodidae - Flagfishes ...........................................................................................................8,42 Balistidae - Triggerfishes, durgons ..........................................................................................38,42 Batrachoididae - Toadfishes ....................................................................................................9,43 Belonidae - Needlefishes .......................................................................................................12,44 Bothidae - Lefteye flounders ..................................................................................................36, 46 Branchiostegidae - Tilefishes .................................................................................................19,48 Carangidae - Jacks, pompanos, runners, bumpers, scads, etc. .............................................19, 48 Centracanthidae - Picarels, bonnetmouths ............................................................................21,56 Centrolophidae - Ruffs, barrelfishes, blackfishes ...................................................................35,56

Chlorophthalmidae - Greeneyes ...............................................................................................8,57 Citharidae - Flounders ............................................................................................................35,57 Clupeidae - Sardines, sardinellas, etc .......................................................................................3, 57 Coryphaenidae - Dolphinfishes, "dolphins" ............................................................................21,59 Cynoglossidae - Tonguefishes, tonguesoles ..........................................................................37,59 Dactylopteridae - Flying gurnards ..........................................................................................17,61 Diretmidae - Diretmids ............................................................................................................13, 61 Drepanidae - Sicklefishes .......................................................................................................27,62 Elopidae - Ladyfishes ...............................................................................................................3,62 Emmelichthyidae - Rubyfishes, redbaits, rovers ....................................................................21,63 Engraulididae - Anchovies ........................................................................................................4,63 Ephippididae - Spadefishes ....................................................................................................26,63 Exocoetidae - Flyingfishes .....................................................................................................12, 64 Fistulariidae - Cornetfishes, flutemouths ................................................................................16,67 Gempylidae - Snake mackerels, telfishes, escolars ...............................................................33,67 Gerreidae - Mojarras ..............................................................................................................22,68 Grammistidae - Soapfishes ....................................................................................................18,69 Haemulidae - Grunts, margates, pigfishes, porkfishes ...........................................................22,69 Hemiramphidae - Halfbeaks ...................................................................................................12,72 Holocentridae - Squirrelfishes, soldierfishes ..........................................................................13,73 Istiophoridae - Billfishes, marlins, spearfishes, sailfishes .......................................................34,74 Kuhlidae - Daras .....................................................................................................................18,75 Kyphosidae - Sea chubs ........................................................................................................26,75 Labridae - Wrasses, hogfishes, razorfishes ...........................................................................29,76 Lampridae - Ophas .................................................................................................................15,77 Lethrinidae - Emperors, scavengers ......................................................................................23,77 Lobotidae - Tripletails .............................................................................................................22,78 Lophiidae - Anglerfishes ...........................................................................................................9,78 Lutjanidae - Snappers ............................................................................................................22,79

Macroramphosidae - Snipefishes ...........................................................................................15,80 Macrouridae - Grenadiers ......................................................................................................11,80 Megalopidae - Tarpons ............................................................................................................3,81 Merlucciidae - Hakes ..............................................................................................................10,82 Monodactylidae - Moonies, fingerfìshes .................................................................................26,82 Moridae - Moras .....................................................................................................................10,82 Mugilidae - Mullets .................................................................................................................28,83 Mullidae - Goatfishes, red mullets .........................................................................................25,84 Muraenesocidae - Pike congers ..............................................................................................5.85 Muraenidae - Morays ...............................................................................................................5,85 Ophichthidae - Snake eels, snapper eels, worm eels .............................................................4,87 Ophidiidae - Cuskeels, brotulas .............................................................................................10, 89 Percophidae - Flatheads ........................................................................................................30,89

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Page

Platycephalidae - Spiny flatheads .................................................................................16,90 Polynemidae -Threadfins ..............................................................................................28,90 Pomacanthidae - Angelfishes.........................................................................................27,91 Pomatomidae - Bluefishes ...........................................................................................19,91 Priacanthidae - Bigeyes, glasseyes ...............................................................................18,91

Psettodidae - Spiny turbots ...........................................................................................35,92 Rachycentridae - Cobias ...............................................................................................19,92 Scaridae - Parrotfishes .................................................................................................29,92 Sciaenidae - Croakers, drums, meagres, etc..................................................................24,94 Scombridae - Mackerels, tunas, bonitos, etc ..................................................................32,98 Scorpaenidae - Scorpionfishes, rockfishes, rosefishes ................................................16,101 Serranidae - Groupers, seabasses, hinds, etc..............................................................17,104 Soleidae - Soles ..........................................................................................................36,107 Sparidae - Porgies, seabreams, pinfishes ...................................................................23,112 Sphyraenidae - Barracudas, sennets ..........................................................................28,119 Stromateidae - Harvestfishes, butterfishes ..................................................................34,120 Synodontidae - Lizardfishes ..........................................................................................8,120 Tetraodontidae - Puffers .............................................................................................37,121 Trachichthyidae - Slimeheads .....................................................................................13,122

Trachinidae - Weeverfishes .........................................................................................30,123 Trichiuridae - Cutlassfishes, frostfishes, etc .................................................................33,125 Triglidae - Searobins,gurnards ....................................................................................17,126 Uranoscopidae - Stargazers ........................................................................................30,128 Xiphiidae - Swordfishes ...............................................................................................34,128 Zeidae - Dories ...........................................................................................................13,129

SHARKS ...........................................................................................................................................131 TECHNICAL TERMS ...................................................................................................................131 GUIDE TO FAMILIES ..................................................................................................................132

Families Alopidae - Thresher sharks ........................................................................................134,137 Carcharhinidae - Requiem sharks ..............................................................................135,137 Ginglymostomatidae - Nurse sharks ..........................................................................133,142 Hemigaleidae - Weasel sharks ..................................................................................135,143 Lamnidae - Mackerel sharks ......................................................................................134,143 Leptochariidae-Barbeled houndsharks .......................................................................135,144 Scyliorhinidae - Catsharks .........................................................................................134,144 Sphyrnidae - Hammerhead sharks .............................................................................136,146 Squalidae - Dogfish sharks ........................................................................................132,147 Squatinidae - Angel sharks ........................................................................................133,151 Triakidae - Hound sharks ...........................................................................................135,152

BATOID FISHES ...............................................................................................................................153 TECHNICAL TERMS ...................................................................................................................153 GUIDE TO FAMILIES ..................................................................................................................154

FamiliesDasyatidae - Stingrays ..............................................................................................155,157 Mobulidae - Mantas, sea-devils .................................................................................156,158

Myliobatidae - Eagle rays ..........................................................................................155,159 Pristidae - Sawfishes ................................................................................................154,160 Rajidae - Rays, skates ..............................................................................................155,161 Rhinobatidae - Wedgefishes .....................................................................................154,164 Rhinopteridae - Cownose rays ..................................................................................156,165

CHIMAERAS .....................................................................................................................................167 TECHNICAL TERMS ..................................................................................................................168 GUIDE TO FAMILIES .................................................................................................................167



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Page

LOBSTERS ................................................................................................................................................169TECHNICAL TERMS ...........................................................................................................................169GUIDE TO FAMILIES ..........................................................................................................................169

FamiliesPalinuridae - Spiny lobsters ...............................................................................................169,171 Scyllaridae - Slipper lobsters .............................................................................................170, 172 Callianassidae - Ghost shrimps ................................................................................................ 170

SHRIMPS AND PRAWNS ..........................................................................................................................173TECHNICAL TERMS ...........................................................................................................................173

Sub-order CarideaFamilies

Crangonidae - Crangonidshrimps .............................................................................................174Hippolytidae - Cock shrimps .....................................................................................................174Nematocarcinidae - Spider shrimps ..........................................................................................175Palaemonidae - River prawns, spider prawns ..........................................................................175Pandalidae - Pandalid shrimps .................................................................................................176Pasiphaeidae - Glass shrimps ..................................................................................................177

Sub-order PenaeoideaFamilies

Aristeidae - Aristeidshrimps ......................................................................................................177Penaeidae - Penaeidshrimps ....................................................................................................178Sicyonidae - Rock shrimps .......................................................................................................179Solenoceridae - Steenoceridshrimps ........................................................................................180

CRABS .......................................................................................................................................................181TECHNICAL TERMS .............................................................................................................................181

FamiliesCalappidae - Box crabs .............................................................................................................182Gecarcinidae - Land crabs ........................................................................................................183Geryonidae - Deep-sea crabs, geryons .....................................................................................183Grapsidae - Lightfoot crabs, marsh crabs, matchbox crabs .....................................................183

Homol

idae - Homolid crabs, paromteas ....................................................................................185Majidae - Spider crabs ..............................................................................................................185Ocypodidae - Ghost crabs, fiddler crabs ...................................................................................185Portunidae - Swimming crabs ....................................................................................................186Xanthidae - Mud crabs ..............................................................................................................189

STOMATOPODS ........................................................................................................................................191TECHNICAL TERMS ............................................................................................................................191

Most common species .....................................................................................................................191

CEPHALOPODS ........................................................................................................................................193TECHNICAL TERMS ............................................................................................................................193

Cuttlefishes ........................................................................................................................................195Families

Sepiidae-Cuttlefishes ................................................................................................................195Sepiolidae - Bobtail squids, Mickey mouse squids ....................................................................195

Squids .................................................................................................................................................199Families

Loliginidae-Inshore squids ........................................................................................................199Ommastrephidae- Flying squids ...............................................................................................200Onychoteuthidae- Hooked squids .............................................................................................203Thysanoteuthidae- Rhombted squids .......................................................................................204

Octopuses ..........................................................................................................................................205Families

Octopodidae- Octopuses ..........................................................................................................205



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Page

BIVALVES ................................................................................................................................................ 207TECHNICAL TERMS ................................................ ........................................................ .................. 207

Families Arcidae - Ark clams ................................................................................................................. 208

Cardiidae - Cockles ................................................................................................................. 208Carditidae - Cardita dams ................: ..................................................................................... 209Donacidae - Bean, dorax or wedge clams ............................................................................... 209Garidae - Garies, sanguin clams ............................................................................................. 210Glycymeridae - Bittersweet clams ........................................................................................... 210Hiatellidae - Saxicaveclams, Panopes .................................................. .................................. 211Mactridae - Mactra surf clams ................................................................................................. 211Mytilidae - Sea mussels .......................................................................................................... 212Ostreidae - Oysters ................................................................................................................. 212Petricolidae - Rock boring clams, angel wings ........................................................................ 212Pholadidae - Boring pholad clams, barneas ............................................................................ 213Pinnidae - Penshells ................................................................................................................ 213Solenocurtidae -Tagelusclams ................................................................................................ 214Solenidae - Razor clams, knife clams ................................................... .................................. 214

Tellinidae -Tellìn clams ............................................................................................................ 215Veneridae - Venus clams .............. ....................................................... ................................... 215

GASTROPODS ......................................................................................................................................... 217TECHNICAL TERMS ................................................ ........................................................ .................. 217

FamiliesCassidae - Helmet shells ......................................................................................................... 218Crepidulidae - Slipper and boat shell ....................................................................................... 218Cymatiidae -Tritonshells .......................................................................................................... 218Fissurellidae - Keyhole limpets ................................................................................................ 218Haliotidae - Abalones, Ormers ................................................................................................ 219Melongenidae - Whelks, crown conchs ................................................................................... 219Muricidae - Rock and murex shells ....................................................... .................................. 219Nassariidae - Nassa snails, bullias .......................................................................................... 221Naticidae - Moon snails, Baby's cars ....................................................................................... 221Neritidae - Nerites ................................................................................................................... 223Patellidae -True limpets ........................................................................................................... 223Strombidae - Stromb conchs ................................................................................................... 223Volutidae - Volutes .................................................................................................................. 223

SEA TURTLES .......................................................................................................................................... 225TECHNICAL TERMS ................................................ ....................................................... ................... 225

FamiliesCheloniidae ............................................................................................................................. 226Dermochelyidae ...................................................................................................................... 228

INDEX ........................................................................................................................................................ 229

LIST OF PLATES ...................................................................................................................................... 266

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INTRODUCTION

In the tropical regions of the Atlantic, a stratum of warm (T > 24°C) tropical surface water of usually lowsalinity overlies a cold water mass of south Atlantic central water; both water masses are separated by adiscontinuity layer (thermocline, halocline). As the warm water layer is much thinner in the eastern Atlantic(30 to 40 m) than in the western Atlantic (up to 150 m), the Gulf of Guinea thermocline is always close to thesurface. The seasonal vertical oscillations of this thermocline result in equatorial and coastal upwellings; this

has a major impact on the regional fisheries, and the location of upwelling zones affects the distribution andabundance of fishery resources in the area. Recent studies indicate that this upwelling phenomenon is mainlylinked to zonal winds outside (west of) the Gulf of Guinea; the energy of these winds is transmitted to theGulf via equatorial waves (Picaut, 1984).

The major surface current. systems that directly affect the hydrography of the Gulf of Guinea are theBenguela, the South Equatorial and the Guinea Currents. The latter flows eastward from Senegal to theBight of Biafra and is fed by the Equatorial Counter Current and a branch of the Canary Current (Figs. 1 and2). The Equatorial Undercurrent transports cold Atlantic central water to the Gulf which replaces the warmlayers of tropical surface water during seasonal upwellings.

As the Gulf of Guinea is under inf luence of both, the northern and southern climate, four marine seasonscan be evidenced in the surface-water layer: a long, warm season from February to May, a long, cold seasonfrom June to October, a short, warm season from November to mid-December, and finally, a short, cold

season from mid-December to January. The long, cold season features an upwelling along the equator("equatorial divergence") and along the north and south coasts of the Gulf of Guinea. These seasonalvariations are characterized by the shift of position of two active oceanic fronts which define the northernand southern limits of the extensions of the warm water layer. The upwelling follows them in the direction ofthe poles. The areas swept by the passage of these fronts are called alternation zones. One of these, to theNorth, extends from Cape Verga (Guinea) to Cape Blanc (Mauritania). Its southern counterpart stretches fromCape Lopez (Gabon) to Cape Frio (Angola). During the northern winter, the northern front is located aroundCape Verga, the southern front around Cape Frio (Fig. 1). During the southern winter these frontal zones areshifted, the first up to Cape Blanc, the second as far as Cape Lopez (Fig.2). At the same time, upwelling is alsoobserved between Cape Palmas (Côte d'ivoire) and Cotonou (Benin).

Fig.1 Surface currents and surface temperatures

in January (modified from Wauthy, 1983)

Fig.2 Surface currents and surface temperatures

in July (modified from Wauthy, 1983)

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The location of these fronts and alternation zones corresponds to changes in the distribution of speciesand species assemblages. In fact, Cape Verga, Cape Palmas, Cape St. Paul and Cape Lopez are importantbiogeographic limits. Those sections of the Gulf of Guinea which are permanently covered by a layer of warmsurface water (Grain Coast and Bight of Biafra), have a coastal fauna that is intertropical (equatorial) innature, and are characterized by slight seasonal variations in the hydroclimate, a moderate productivity(except in estuaries), and the presence of a large number of species ("multispecies nature"). The coastaltropical fauna is gradually replaced by a more sub-tropical one toward the extreme positions of thealternation zones (Cape Verga and Cape Lopez).

Another feature of the fauna of the Gulf of Guinea is the bipolar concent ration of fishery resources.There are two areas of high production that correspond to the northern and southern alternation zones, inaddition to the Côte d'Ivoire/Ghana section which benefits from seasonal upwelling. The migration of someimportant fish stocks is clearly correlated with the shift of these fronts.

The Gulf of Guinea is a traditional fishing ground for its bordering countries, especially as far as artisanalfisheries are concerned. In the past decades, industrial fisheries have gradually developed, including someforeign long-distance fleets operating under licence agreements. The total marine catch from the Gulf ofGuinea (Côte d'Ivoire to Gabon) reported to FAO in 1988 totalled 630 315 metric tons, of which only 1 772 twere taken by foreign fleets. The shares in the 1988 landings of the countries bordering the Gulf of Guineawere as follows: Ghana, 302 935 t; Nigeria, 157 039 t; Cameroon, 62 529 t; Côte d'Ivoire, 60 764 t; Gabon,10 000 t; Togo, 14 755 t; Benin, 9 693 t and Equatorial Guinea, 36 000 t.

Principal References

FISCHER, W. & G. BIANCHI (eds), 1984. FAO species identification sheets for fishery purposes. EasternCentral Atlantic. (Fishing area 34 and part of 47). FAO, Rome. Vols. 1-7:pag.var.

INGHAM, M.C., 1970. Coastal upwelling in the northwestern Gulf of Guinea. Bull.Marine Sci., 20(1):1-34

LONGHURST, A.L., 1962. A review of the oceanography of the Gulf of Guinea. Butt.lnst.fr.Afr.noire, Ser.A,24(3):633-63

PICAUT, J., 1984. On the dynamics of thermal variations in the Gulf of Guinea. Océanogr.trop., 19(2):127-53

TROADEC, J.-P. & S. GARCIA (eds), 1980. The fish resources of the Eastern Central Atlantic. Part 1: Theresources of the Gulf of Guinea from Angola to Mauritania. FAO Fish.Tech.Pap., (186.1):166 p.

WAUTHY, B., 1983. Introduction à la climatologie du Golfe de Guinée. Océanogr.trop., 18(2):103-38

Preparation and Format

Each of the major commercial groups is introduced by a schematic illustration showing the main parts of atypical representative and some measurements and technical terms of general use to fishery workers Inorder to facilitate identification, the chapters on bony fishes, sharks and batoid fishes are preceded by anillustrated guide to the different families. The arrangement of families within a resource group and of

genera and species within a family is strictly alphabetical (by scientific name).

The information by species contains valid scientific names, synonyms or other scientific names still in use,FAO names (English, French and Spanish), size (maximum size and/or common size), fishing gear and habitat.Each species is represented by a line-drawing, on which the most important diagnostic characters areindicated. Furthermore, the identification of many species is facilitated by the presentation of colourillustrations.

In view of the numerous languages and dialects spoken in the area and of the fact that for many speciesunequivocal names are not yet available, it was decided not to incorporate any local/national names, but toleave a space for this information to be filled in by users. After the document has been used in the field forsome time, an addendum to the field guide, giving local/national names, is planned by RAFR.

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pelvic fin

upper jaw

1

BONY FISHES

TECHNICAL TERMS

Principal Measurements Used

(shortest distance between the points marked)

General Nomenclature of the External Morphology

1st dorsal finopercle

2nd dorsal fin

pre-

o ercle

caudal fin(lower lobe)

operclepectoral fin anal fin

eye

standard length

fork length

total length

head length

pre-orbitallength

postorbital

1st dorsal

fin base

interdorsal space

depth of body

length of caudalpeduncle

length of pectoral fin anal fin base

2nd dorsal fin base

length depth of 2nd

nape

nos-

premaxilla

chin

dorsal fin

membrane (upper lobe)

caudal peduncle

sub-opercle

lower jaw

anus

lateral linebranchio-

stegal rays

suborbital

plate

inter

caudal fin

maxilla

trils

opercular

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most common types of caudal fin

2

BONY FISHES

Details

(all schematic examples)

incisor-like

terminal

protrusible

subterminal

mouth

inferior

retracted

protracted

canine-like

soft rays(segmented,

usuallybranched

example of a continuous dorsalfin of a spiny-rayed fish

adipose fin

posteriormarginsmooth

posteriormargin spiny

finlets

gill arch (upper part)

gillfilaments

cycloid ctenoid

gilirakers

schematic examples of "normal" scales

gill arch (lower part)

first left gill arch

rounded truncate emarginate lunate forked pointed

pointed and

separated from thedorsal and anal fins

cardiform

teeth

molar-like

spines(unsegmented,

always

unbranched)



3

BONY FISHES GUIDE TO FAMILIES

GUIDE TO THE IDENTIFICATION OF FAMILIESOCCURRING IN THE GULF OF GUINEA

The purpose of this guide is to ensure the correct identification of all families that may enter the catches in the Gulf ofGuinea. in order to avoid erroneous identification, it was necessary to include also certain families of no interest tofisheries, but which might be confused with important ones.

Apart from the identification of famil ies, this guide often allows the identification of genera, some of which areillustrated in the case of high pteymorphic families.

Note :

Page numbers are given for those families that are treated in more detail. All features utilized in this guide apply onlyto species occurring in the Gulf of Guinea.

To 90 cm; coastal marine waters, estuaries andfreshwater; mainly pelagic.

MEGALOPIDAE

To 250 cm; in coastal marine waters, estuaries andfreshwater; pelagic. A single species in the area.

ELOPIDAE Ladyfishes page 62

Tarpons page 81

Tarpon atlanticus

page 39

HERRINGS AND ALLIES - Clupeiformes

Fin-spines absent; a single dorsal fin located abovemiddle of body; pelvic fins in abdominal position;lateral line absent; a row of scutes along ventralprofile (except in Engraulididae); colour silvery.

Bonefishes

To 80 cm; mainly in coastal marine waters, sometimesentering estuaries; demersal.

Pterothrissus belloci

To 60 cm, but most species less than 25 cm; in coastalmarine waters, estuaries and freshwater; mainlypelagic.

CLUPEIDAE Sardines, sardinellas, etc. page 57

TARPONS AND ALLIES - Elopiformes

Fin-spines absent; a single-dorsal fin located abovemiddle of body; pelvic fins in abdominal position;cteour silvery.

ALBULIDAE

shortsmall scales

long

large scales

very small scales

large mouth

notch

scutes

2 supramaxillae

short

Ethmalosa fimbriata

Albula vulpes

Elops



4


EELS - Anguilliformes

Body very elongate; fin-spines absent; pelvic finsabsent; usually scaleless.

CONGRIDAE Conger eels

scutes Ilisha africana To over 200 cm, but usually not exceeding 60 cm; marine,from the shore to about 2000 m depth; benthic. Severalspecies taken occasionally.

gill slit

Snake eels,snapper eels,

worm eels

To 245 cm; marine, from shallow coastal waters tobelow 750 m depth; occasionally in estuaries; mostbenthic, some pelagic. Several species occurring incatches.

opercle smooth

OPHICHTHIDAE page 87

Sardinella

ENGRAULIDIDAE Anchovies page 63top of head

To 12 cm; coastal marine waters, to 400 m depth; off-bottom to pelagic. A single species in the area.

Echelus other genera

types of tail

long

1 supramaxilla

maxilla

scutes

pectoral fin present

buccal fold

posterior nostril

medianpore

posterior nostril on lip

2 last rays longer

top of head

2 fleshy flaps

no scutes

pectoral fin present or absent

Pellonula leonensis

scutes

Engraulis encrasicolus



Echidna peli Lycodontisteeth on roof of mouth

5


MURAENESOCIDAE

To 200 cm; marine, from shallow coastal waters to atleast 200 m depth; benthic. A single species in the area.

Pike congers page 85 conspicuouslower jaw bands

longer

uppertooth

teeth serrated,resembling those

of sharks

Gymnothorax maderensis

MORINGUIDAE

To at least 50 cm; marine, mostly inshore waters;benthic (burrowing) by day, but pelagic at night; astrong sexual dimorphism.

Channomuraena vittata

Spaghetti eels

MURAENIDAE Morays page 85

lower jawprojecting

To over 200 cm; marine, from shallow coastal waters tobeyond 500 m depth; benthic.

mature adults

False morays

To about 50 cm; marine, from the shore to at least 350m depth; benthic.

nape region elevated

gill opening round

both nostrilstubular

juveniles and immature adults

jaws arched, teethalways visible

XENOCONGRIDAE

lateral line poresrestricted to head

gill opening small, rounded

Muraena

teethblunt

Enchelycore nigricans

teethIongand

pointed

post. nostril inside mouth, onupper lip or just above mouth

2 widely diverging rowsof vomerine teeth

large teeth alongmidline of palate

large gill slits

pectoral fins present

head elongate

anterior

nostriltubular

pectoral fins absent

anterior

nostriltubular

pectoral fins

present or absent

next page



6


HETERENCHELYIDAE HeterenchelidsSea catfishesARIIDAE page 40

To about 150 cm; in marine coastal waters andestuaries; benthic; burrowing in mud or sand.

eyes small

pectoral fins absent

dorsal and anal fins covered by thick skin

SPINY EELS - Notacanthiformes

Body very elongate; snout projecting; either a seriesof spines along back, or a single short-based and soft-rayed dorsal fin; anal fin long.

To over 120 cm; in coastal marine waters, estuaries andfreshwaters; benthic.

top of head

exposed headshield

Arius

barbels

ARGENTINES AND ALLIES - Salmoniformes

A diverse assemblage of famil ies characterized by theinclusion of the maxilla in the gape of mouth; finspines absent; adipose fin often present.

NOTACANTHIDAE Spiny eels

To 45 cm; marine, from coastal waters to below 800 mdepth; benthic.

spines

To about 30 cm; marine, from 80 to about 400 m depth;benthopelagic and pelagic. A single species present inthe area.

ARGENTINIDAE Argentines

smallmouth

a single dorsal fin

HALOSAURIDAE Halosaurs

adipose fin

To about 55 cm, marine, from about 400 to below3000 m depth; benthic.

CATFISHES - Siluriformes

Barbels present around mouth; a strong spine usuallypresent at front of dorsal and pectoral fins; anadipose fin often present; scales absent, but a bonyhead shield often present.

To about 20 cm; marine, from the surface to below 2000 mdepth; epipelagic to mesopelagic and bathypelagic.

pectoral finslow on body

BATHYLAGIDAE

Glossanodon polli

Deep-sea smelts

previous page



7

BONY FISHES

GUIDE TO FAMILIES

GONOSTOMATIDAE Bristlemouths

To about 25 cm; mostly in deep water (usually below200 m), but some species coming up to about 50 m at

night; mesopelagic to bathypelagic.

photophores

LANTERNFISHES AND ALOES - Myctophiformes

Fin-spines absent; adipose fin present; light organs(photophores) sometimes present.

MYCTOPHIDAE Lanternfishes

To 30 cm, but most species less than 10 cm; from thesurface (at night). to below 2000 m depth; mesopetagicto bathypelagic. Many genera and species, mainly ofpotential interest.

photophores

PARALEPIDIDAE Barracudinas

To 50 cm; marine, from the surface to below 800 m;mesopelagic to bathypelagic. Many species occasionallytaken.

dorsal fin far back

mouth largeDiplophos

Triplophos

adipose fin

Ichthyococcus

ASTRONESTHIDAE Snaggletooths

To about 20 cm; marine, from about 150 to below 2000 mdepth; mesopetagic.

often ventral adipose fin

ALEPOCEPHALIDAE Slickheads

To about 55 cm; oceanic waters, most species below1000 m depth; benthopelagic to pelagic.

head usuallyscaleless

Several other genera occur in the area.

ALEPISAURIDAE Lancetfishes

To over 200 cm; marine, from about 40 m (mainly atnight) to great depths; pelagic. Two species occasionallytaken in offshore waters.

adipose keel

pectoral fins lowon body

dorsal fin far backParalepis

ventral adipose fin Lestidiops

adipose fin absent

palatineteeth



ANOTOPTERIDAE Dagger tooths

8


To at least 45 cm; marine, pelagic. A single species in thearea.

NEOSCOPELIDAE Neoscopelids

To about 30 cm; marine, from the surface to below 500 mdepth; pelagic or benthopelagic.

photophorespresent or

absent

AULOPODIDAE Flagfishes page 42

To 45 cm; marine; from about 75 to at least 300 m

depth; benthic. A single species in the area.

2 supra maxiliae

maxilla

Teethrecurved

SYNODONTIDAE Lizardfishes page 120

To 55 cm; marine, from shallow waters to below 500 mdepth; benthic.

8 or 9 rays

CHLOROPHTHALMIDAE Greeneyes page 57

To 30 cm; marine, from about 75 m to abyssal depths;benthic.

Bathypterois sp.

Chlorophthalmus atlanticus

TOADFISHES - Batrachoidiformes

Head large and depressed, body compressed; twodorsal fins, the first with 2 or 3 spines; pelvic fins underthroat; gill, openings restricted to sides of head; one toseveral lateral lines on body.

Saurida brasiliensis

long

Trachynocephalus myops

external

ray

Saurida Synodus, Trachinocephalus

pelvic fins

adipose fin

Aulopus cadenati

head lizard-like

needle-liketeeth

8 or 9 rays

adipose fin

Synodus saurus



gill opening Lophiodes kempi dorsal view Dibranchus atlanticus

9


BATRACHOIDIDAE Toadfishes page 43

To about 45 cm; in coastal marine waters to at least 250 mdepth; also in estuaries and freshwaters; benthic. Twospecies in the area.

9 rays

first dorsal fin with 2 or 3spines lateral lines

gillopening

8 rays

Lophius vaillanti

gill opening small

CLINGFISHES - Gobiesociformes

A sucking disc under anterior part of body (formed bypectoral and pelvic fins); a single dorsal fin withoutspines.

GOBIESOCIDAE Clingfishes

To 15 cm, but most species less than 8 cm; littoral marine,also in estuaries and freshwater.

no spines

sucking disc

ANGLERFISHES AND ALLIES - Lophiiformes

Body globose or depressed; first spine of dorsal finmodified to form a "fishing pole", gill openings smalland circular, usually located below or behind pectoralfins.

LOPHIIDAE Anglerfishes page 78

ANTENNARIIDAE Frogfishes

To 28 cm; marine, from coastal and surface waters tobelow 100 m depth; mostly benthic.

gill opening

OGCOCEPHAUDAE Batfishes

To 15 cm; marine, from 100 to 300 m depth; benthic. A single species in the area. (Probably anotherundescribed species which is larger and occurs atdepths between 1250 and 2350 m).

gill opening

To about 100 cm; marine, from coastal waters to below800 m depth; benthic.

8 rays

6 rays

pectoralfin



10

BONY FISHES

GUIDE TO FAMILIES

HIMANTOLOPHIDAE Footballfishes

To about 60 cm; marine, from near the surface to below500 m depth; pelagic.

gill opening

CUSKEELS, BROTULAS ANDALLIES - Ophidiiformes

No sharp spines in fins; pelvicfins absent in some species;when present, these fins areplaced anterior to pectoral fins,sometimes far forward onunderside of head; they are

always close together andfilamentous, each with no morethan 22 rays; caudal fin separateor joined to dorsal and anal fins;snout without barbels (exceptfor a single species).

OPHIDIIDAE Cuskeels, brotulas page 89(including Brotulidae)

To 150 cm; but most around 30 cm; marine, from theshore to 8000 m depth; benthic.

Brotula barbata

Other poorly known genera occur in the area.

CARAPIDAE Pearlfishes

To about 20 cm; marine from shallow coastal waters tothe continental slope; mostly benthic, living in seacucumbers, clams, sea urchins, tunicates and starfish, but Ispecies free-living.

MERLUCCIIDAE Hakes page 82

To 130 cm; marine, from coastal waters to about 1000 mdepth; benthopelagic or pelagic. A single, species in thearea.

V-shaped ridge onupper side of head

Merluccius

MORIDAE Moras page 82

To over 50 cm; marine, from 200 to below 1000 m depth;benthopelagic.

Antimora rostrata

pelvic fins closetogether when

present

underside of head

no pelvicfins

CODS, HAKES AND ALLIES -Gadiformes

No sharp spines in fins(except in dorsal fin of somemacrourids); pelvic finsbelow or anterior topectoral fins and widely

separated from each other,usually entire, but reducedto filaments in some species;barbels often present onchin (on snout of a singlespecies).

pelvic fins widelyseparated

underside of head



Atherina

11


Main genera occurring in the area:

Brosmiculus imberbis

Laemonema

Brosmiculus

smooth spine fossa

light organ

anus

terminalscute

spinousridge

spine smoothor serrated

Coelorinchus

ventral view

Malacocephalus

serrated

light organ.spinoustubercle

pelvic fir fossa anus

mouthsmall

anus

underside

BREGMACEROTIDAE Codlets

ventral view

Malacocephalus, Nezumia

Nezumia

To 10 cm, but usually smaller; marine in oceanic watersfrom the surface to below 1000 m depth; pelagic.

MACROURIDAE Grenadiers page 80

To about 60 cm; marine, from about 250 to below 2000 mdepth; benthopelagic. Several species taken in bottomtrawls.

Trachyrincus

SILVERSIDES AND ALLIES - Atheriniformes

Small fishes; 2 well separated dorsal fins, the first spiny,but often inconspicuous; a silvery stripe on sides.

ATHERINIDAE Silversides

To about 15 cm, but usually smaller; coastal marinewaters, estuaries, coastal lagoons and freshwater.

first dorsal fin spiny,

fossanaked

strong, keeled scutes

first dorsal finwith a single ray

notch

dorsal fin high

pelvic finsbelow head

Bregmaceros

large mouth



12


FLYINGFISHES AND ALLIES - Beloniformes

Either snout beak-like with upper and/or lower jawsgreatly prolonged (except in 2 genera), or with enlarged,wing-like pectoral, and sometimes also pelvic fins; lateralline near ventral profile of body; a single dorsal fin

consisting of soft rays; pelvic fins abdominal.

EXOCOETIDAE Flyingfishes page 64

To 40 cm; marine; pelagic in surface waters. Capable of jumping out of the water and gliding for long distances;several species taken accidentally in trammel nets anddrifting set nets.

Fodiator acutus

high, middlerays longest

Parexocoetus brachypterus

Exocoetus

Hirundichthys

2 unbranched rays

Prognichthys gibbifrons

HEMIRAMPHIDAE Halfbeaks page 72

To about 40 cm; marine, coastal and offshore waters,estuaries and freshwater, near the surface.

nostrils in an open pit

lateral line low on body

To about 130 cm; marine coastal and offshore waters,estuaries, coastal lagoons and freshwater; pelagic, closeto the surface.

1 unbranched ray

Cypselurus

scalespreorbital ridgewell developed

top of headlateral view of head

no scales

Hyporamphus picarti

caudal fin

no preorbital

ridge

top of headlateral view of head

Hemiramphus brasiliensis

caudal fin

Euleptorhamphus velox

pectoral fins long

BELONIDAE

Oxyporhamphus micropterus

Needlefishes page 44

both jawsprolonged, toothed

keel

Platybelone argalus



vertical bars

13

BONY FISHESGUIDE TO FAMILIES

mucouscavities

and crests

opercular spine 6 widely spacedstrong spines

12-17 rays

Ablennes hians

Tylosurus

SCOMBERESOCIDAE Sauries

To 50 cm; marine, pelagic in surface waters. A singlespecies possibly present in the area.

finlets

SQUIRRELFISHES AND ALLIES - Beryciformes

Head spines and/or crests well developed; fin-spineswell developed except in Diretmidae; scales heavy andstrongly ctenoid (rough).

HOLOCENTRIDAE Squirrelfishes, page 73 soldierfishes

To at least 45 cm; marine, from shallow coastal waters tobelow 200 m depth; benthic.

DIRETMIDAE Diretmids page 61

To about 40 cm, but usually smaller; marine, from about400 to below 1000 m depth; benthic. Three species takenoccasionally.

dorsal fin long,without spines

no spines

no keel 21-25 rays

Strongylura senegalensis

lateralkeel

preopercularspine 3 spines

ventral keel with 9-16 scutes

Nannichthys simulans

eye large

ventral keel ofscutes

Diretmoides

first dorsal fin long,with 10 or 11 spines soft dorsal

fin short,with 13 rays

Diretmus argenteus

often withpreopercular

spine

1 spine and 7 soft rays

TRACHICHTHYIDAE Slimeheads page 122

To about 60 cm; marine, from about 100 to 1000 m depth,rarely below 600 m; benthic. Three species takenoccasionally.

DORIES AND ALLIES - Zeiformes

Body usually compressed and deep; jaws greatlydistensible; prominent spines in anterior part of dorsalfin.

ZEIDAE Dories page 129

To about 65 cm; marine, coastal waters to about 600 mdepth; benthic to benthopelagic.

4 spines

9 rays

next page



Zenion hololepis

1 spine

6 rays

2 spines

Grammicolepis

14

BONY FISHES

GUIDE TO FAMILIES

spinousbony plates

CAPROIDAE Boarfishes

To about 30 cm; marine, from 65 to about 600 m depth;benthic to benthopelagic. Two species occasionally takenin trawls.

scutes

mouthverysmall

scales stronglyspinulated

Zeus faber

large

bonyplates

Zenopsis conchifer

no bonyplates orscutes

Cyttopsis roseus

ZENIONTIDAE Zeniontids

Body rather elongate, always scaled; eyes very largeabout half of head length; insertions of pelvic finsbehind bases of pectorals. A single species in the area.

GRAMMICOLEPIDAE Grammicolepids

To about 20 cm; marine, from about 200 to below 500 mdepth; benthopelagic.

Capros aper

Antigonia capros

5-7 spines

scales linear, elongatedvertically in all species

previous page



15


OPAHS AND ALLIES - Lampridiformes

Body shape highly variable with the families; nospines in fins; jaws protrusible.

LAMPRIDAE Opahs page 77

To 185 cm; marine, from the surface to about 200 mdepth; pelagic. A single species.

pectoral fin badehorizontal

TRACHIPTERIDAE Ribbonfishes

To about 200 cm; marine, from about 180 to nearly

1000 m depth; pelagic. A single species.

upperlobe of

caudal fin

turnedupward

Trachypterus tachypterus

ATELEOPODIDAE Ateleopids

To 180 cm; marine, from 200 to 600 m depth;benthopelagic. Several genera and species present inthe area.

dorsal fin short

anal and caudalfind fused

PIPEFISHES AND ALLIES - Gasterosteiformes

Body elongate, snout tube-like; scales sometimesmodified to form series of body plates.

SYNGNATHIDAE Pipefishes

To about 30 cm; in freshwater, estuaries, coastallagoons, littoral pools and coastal marine waters toabout 90 m depth; mostly benthic (at least one speciespelagic).

body encased in numerous joined bony r idge d

Syngnathus

Hippocampus

MACRORAMPHOSIDAE Snipefishes page 80

To about 15 cm; marine, from 25 to 600 m depth;benthopelagic. A single species in the area.

Macrorhamphosus scolopax

AULOSTOMIDAE Trumpetfishes

To 75 cm; marine, in shallow and clear coastal waters;often drifting head down. A single species in the area.

Aulostomus strigosus

Lampris guttatus

mouthinferior



16


Cornetfishes,FISTULARIIDAE flutemouths page 67

To 200 cm; marine, shallow coastal waters.

The most important genera:

firstsuborbitary

bone pointed

firstsuborbitarybone wideposteriorly

Fistularia

SCORPIONFISHES AND ALLIES - Scorpaeniformes

Cheeks with a bony strut (posterior extension ofsuborbital bone to preopercle); usually welldeveloped spines on head and prominent spines indorsal fin; pectoral fins usually rounded; membranesbetween lower rays often incised; caudal fin rarelyforked.

PLATYCEPHALIDAE Spiny flatheads page 90

To 20 cm; marine, from 20 to about 200 m depth; asingle species in the area.

head spiny

Grammoplites gruveli

Remarks : do not confuse with Percophidae.

Scorpionfishes,SCORPAENIDAE rockfishes, page 101

rosefishes

To over 50 cm; marine, from the coastline to below600 m depth; benthic; often with venimous spines.

11-16 dorsal spines

dorsal fin continuous,notched

Helicolenus

scales normal

Scorpaena

Setarches

scales tubular

Pontinus, Scorpaena

lateral lines

Helicolenus

8 lower raysfree for

about 113 oftheir length

Scorpaena

lower rayssometimes

free, but onlyat their tips

all raysunbranched

spinysuborbital

ridge

preoperclespiny

caudal finusuallyrounded3 spines

Pontinus

pectoral fins



17

BONY FISHES GUIDE TO FAMILY

TRIGLIDAE Searobins, gurnards page 126

To about 45 cm; marine, from the coastline to about 200 mdepth; benthic.

3 lowermost rays free

PERISTEDIIDAE Armoured searobins

To 35 cm; marine, from about 50 to 500 m depth;benthic. A single species in the area.

spiny scutes

CYCLOPTERIDAE (including Liparididae)

Lumpfishes, snailfishes

To about 30 cm, but usually smaller; marine, from thecoastline to below 1400 m depth; benthic tobenthopelagic.

FLYING GURNARDS - Dactylopteriformes

Greatly enlarged pectoral fins; head encased in a bonyshield with a spiny crest from nape to below base offirst dorsal fin.

DACTYLOPTERIDAE Flying gurnards page 61

To at least 45 cm; marine, in shallow coastal waters;benthic. A single species.

spiny ridge

dorsal view

PERCH-LIKE FISHES - Perciformes: Percoidei

Shape extremely variable; either 2 dorsal fins, or 1 dorsalfin with the anterior elements being sharp spines; pelvicfins with 1 spine and 5 soft rays, placed well forward onventral surface of body; maxillary bone not included ingape of mouth but dorsal to the tooth-bearingpremaxilla.

SERRANIDAE (including subfamily page 104 Anthiinae)

Groupers, hinds, hamlets, seabasses, combers, creolefishes

To over 300 cm; marine, from the coastline to depthsbelow 300 m; also in the lower reaches of estuaries;mostly benthic.

deep occipitalgroove

no deepoccipitalgroove

Lepidotrigla Chelidonichthys

long spine pectoral fin

Trigla lyra

rostral spines barbel 2 lowermostrays free

Dactylopterus volitans

Peristedion cataphractrum



Serranus

9 spines

18


3 spines

14-16 rays

8-10 rays

11 spines

Cephalopholis

3 spines14-18 rays

7-8 rays

11 spines

Epinephelus

3 spines

16 rays

Anthias anthias

GRAMMISTIDAE Soapfishes page 69

To about 32 cm; marine, from shallow coastal waters toabout 50 m depth; benthic.

3 spines

KUHLIIDAE Daras page 75

To 20 cm; marine, coastal waters to about 20 m depth.

A single species in the area.

11 spines + 1

16 rays

Parakuhlia macrophthalmus

PRIACANTHIDAE Bigeyes, glasseyes page 91

To 40 cm; marine, from the coastline to about 200 m

depth; benthic.

no spines Rypticus

10-11 rays

crest insteadof spines

11-12 spines

Mycteroperca rubra

11-13 rays

8-9 rayons

3 spines

10 spines

Polyprion americanus

13-15 rays

7-8 rays



10 spines

19


eye large RACHYCENTRIDAE Cobias page 92

To 200 cm; marine, pelagic in offshore waters (near thesurface) but also over shallow reefs and occasionally inestuaries. A single species.

mouthoblique

7 to 9 short separate spines

pelvic fins united tobody by a membrane

3 spines

Priacanthus

2 spines

APOGONIDAE Cardinalfishes

To about 20 cm, but most species smaller than 12 cm;marine, from the coastline to about 1000 m depth; also

in brackish waters and freshwater; mostly benthic.6 or 7 spines

BRANCHIOSTEGIDAE Tilefishes page 48

To 70 cm; marine, from about 20 to 200 m depth;benthic. A single species in the area.

1 or 2 spines

Branchiostegus semifasciatus

POMATOMIDAE Bluefishes page 91

To 110 cm; marine, surface waters; pelagic. A singlespecies in the area.

ECHENEIDIDAE Remoras, shark-suckers, disc fishes

To about 100 cm; marine, pelagic and attached to largermarine organisms (sharks, turtles, marine mammals,etc.).

The most important genera

sucking disk

Echeneis naucrates

(see Plate IV, 29)

Remora

CARANGIDAE page 48

Jacks, pompanos, runners, bumpers, scads,pilotfishes, rudderfishes, lookdowns, moonfishes,

amberjacks, leatherjacks

To about 140 cm; marine, from the coastline to below200 m depth; a few species entering brackish waters;benthic, coastal-pelagic or oceanic-pelagic.

anal fin

2 spines separatedfrom anal fin

(often hidden under skin)

Rachycentron canadum

eye large

opercularspine

2 spines Apogon

predorsalridge

6 spines

eyesmall

7 or 8 spines + 1

pointedteeth 2 spines

7-8 rays

Pomatomus saltatrix



Hemicaranx bicolor

6 or 7 spines

6 spines

4 or 5 spines

pelvic finslonger thanpectorals

20

BONY FISHES

GUIDE TO FAMILIES

Naucrates ductor

Seriola

2 keels

23-56 scutes

Caranx

no keels

41-53 scutes

1 double-rayed finlet

Elagatis bipinnulata

simple finlet

scutes

Decapterus

enlarged scales

scales similar to scutes

2 keels

Uraspis helvola

Campogramma glaycos

Trachinotus

keel

scutes

Trachurus

scutes

enlarged scales

Selar crumenophtalmus

scouts



first dorsal fin notvisible in adults

21


bony ridgein male

2 keels

scutes

Alectis (adult)

6-12 weak scutes

Chioroscombrus chrysurus

Lichia amia

Selene dorsalis

BRAMIDAE Pomfrets

Coryphaena

To about 100 cm; marine, mostly epi- or mesopelagic tobelow 300 m depth; one genus (Eumegistus), possibly

deep benthic.

maxillascaled

Several other genera occur in the area.

Brama

ventralprofile

stronglyconvex

CENTRACANTHIDAE Picarels, page 56 bonnetmouths

To 30 cm; marine, to about 200 m depth; benthic.

upper jaw(premaxilla)protrusible

11-13 spines

8 spines

operclewithoutspines

Spicara

EMMELICHTHYIDAE Rubyfishes, redbaits, page 63 rovers

pelvic fins short

To 30 cm; marine, from about 100 to 300 m depth;bentho-pelagic. A single species in the area.

Dolphinfishes,CORYPHAENIDAE "Dolphins" page 59

To 200 cm; marine, oceanic-pelagic, but sometimesapproaching the coast.

maxilla distinctlyscaly

supramaxilla(mouth protracted)

next page



Apsilus fuscus

11 spines

22


median keel (in individualsof 30 cm and longer)

Erythrocles monodi

GERREIDAE Mojarras page 68

To 25 cm; coastal marine waters to about 60 m depth; alsoestuaries, coastal lagoons and freshwater; benthic.

LUTJANIDAE Snappers page 79

To 80 cm; mostly marine, from the coastline to 450 mdepth; some species enter estuaries and even rivers; a fewmay enter hypersaline lagoons; benthic.

no scalesbetweeneye andmouth

LOBOTIDAE Tripletails page 78

To over 100 cm; marine, oceanic-pelagic, drifting near thesurface. A single species in the area.

12 spines

3 spines

Lobotes surinamensis

HAEMULIDAE Grunts, margates, page 69 ( = POMADASYIDAE) pigfishes, porkfishes

To 80 cm; mostly marine, from the coastline to about200 m depth, and in brackish waters; benthic.

11 to 13 spines

scales oncheek

nomolars

hind margin ofsuborbital bone

concealed

2 pores

groove

Brachydeuterus Pomadasys Plectorhynchus,Parapristipoma

underside of head

head almostentirely scaly

9 spinesscaly sheath

mouthwhen

protracted

concave

axillary process

13 to 19 rays

scaly sheaths

molarsabsent

Lutjanus

3 spines7 to 13 rays

scales on cheek

2 pores

pit

6 pores

previous page



23


SPARIDAE Porgies, seabreams, pinfishes page 112

To 75 cm; marine, from the coastline to about 150 mdepth; occasionally entering estuaries; benthic.

Brachydeuterus auritus

noscaleshere

Pomadasys

17 to 19 rays

Plectorhynchus

14 or 15 rays

Parapristipoma

maxillahidden

preopercularmargin smooth

canines

7 to 9 rays

Pagrus

11 or 12 rays

Sparus aurata

Diplodus

molars

LETHRINIDAE Emperors, scavengers page 77

To 50 cm; marine, in coastal waters to about 50 m depth. A single species in the area.

molars

incisors

9 soft rays

cheek andpreoperclescaleless Lethrinus atlanticus

axillaryscale

10 spines



24


11-12 spines

4-8 fang-like canines

lateral teeth pointed

molars

lateral teeth pointed

Pagellus

4-6 rows ofpointed

teeth

Sarpa salpa

Boops boops

one row ofincisors

13-15 spines

Dentex

scales

incisors

at least 8canine

like teeth

Oblada melanura

anterior limitof scalation

Lithognathus mormyrus

Spondyliosoma cantharus

SCIAENIDAE Croakers, drums, meagres, page 94 weakfishes, stardrums

To 200 cm; marine, from the coastline to about 350 mdepth; also in estuaries, and some species in freshwater;benthic.



25

BONY FISHESGUIDE TO FAMILY

lateral line extending tohind margin of caudal fin

(family character)

1 barbel

2 spines(family character)

Umbrina

8-10 spines

Argyrosomus

10-11 spines

Pseudotolithus

mouth inferior,horizontal

lower jawprojecting

Sciaena umbra

top of head

mouthstronglyoblique

Pteroscion peli

simple arborescent tubular arborescentappendices appendices appendices

Sciaena, Pteroscion Pseudotolithus Argyrosomus

Umbrina

Miracorvina Pentheroscion Atractoscion

swimbladder (internal character)

Pseudotolithus Pentheroscion(Fonticulus)

Miracorvina

anal fin

MULLIDAE Goatfishes, red mullets page 84

To 55 cm; marine, from the coastline to about 100 mdepth; occasionally in estuaries; benthic. A single speciesin the area.



8 spines

1 spine + 8 rays

26

BONY FISHES

GUIDE TO FAMILIES

mouth verticalno spines

2 spines

Pseudupeneus prayensis

MONODACTYLIDAE Moonies, fingerfishes page 82

To 20 cm; in coastal marine waters, estuaries andfreshwater. A single species in the area.

8graduating

spines

Psettias sebae

PEMPHERIDIDAE Sweepers

To about 15 cm; marine, from the coastline to about 80 mdepth; some enter river estuaries; mostly benthic.

4 or 5 spines

3 spines

BATHYCLUPEIDAE Bathydupeids

To about 20 cm; marine, mostly between 350 and 800 m,but occasionally at lesser depth; oceanic mesopelagic.

1 spine

KYPHOSIDAE Sea chubs page 75

To 76 cm; marine, shallow coastal waters (usually less than50 m), on seagrass beds and reefs, or pelagic amongfloating sargassum weeds.

teeth

EPHIPPIDIDAE Spadefishes page 63

To about 30 cm; marine, in shallow waters (to about 30 m

depth); benthic.

9 spines

Chaetodipterus goreensis

palate

bases ofteethplaced

horizontally

11 spines

incisor-like hockey-stick shaped teeth

3 spines Kyphosus



27


DREPANIDAE Sicklefishes page 62

8 to 15 spines

To about 40 cm; marine, from about 20 to 50 m depth. Asingle species in the area.

8-9 spines

Pomacanthus paru

POMACENTRIDAE Damselfishes gregories,majors, sergeants, chromis

Drepane africana

To 25 cm; marine in coastal waters, usually at less than15 m depth; also in estuaries; mostly benthic. Severalspecies taken occasionally.

CHAETODONTIDAE Butterflyfishes

To about 20 cm; marine, usually in shallow waters butoccasionally extending to about 100 m depth; benthic.

12 to 14 spines

10-14 spines

a singlenostril

vertical barthrough

eye usually

present

jaws stronglyprotrusible

2 spines

mouth small,protrusible

pelvic axillaryprocess

3 spinesChaetodon

CIRRHITIDAE Hawkfishes

To about 9 cm; marine, in shallow waters, usually less than20 m depth; benthic.

10 spines

cirri

POMACANTHIDAE Angelfishes page 91

To 40 cm; marine, from the coastline to about 50 mdepth; benthic.

3 spines



28


CEPOLIDAE Bandfishes

To 70 cm; marine, to below 200 m; benthic.Occasionally taken in bottom trawls. A single species in

the area.

snoutblunt

BARRACUDAS - Perciformes: Sphyraenoidei

Body elongate, generally silvery on sides; head andsnout both very long; teeth. strong; 2 dorsal fins.

SPHYRAENIDAE Barracudas, sennets page 119

To 200 cm; marine, from the coastline to about 100 mdepth; ranging from just off the bottom to pelagic.

mouth large, teeth pointedanal fin longCepola pauciradiata

MULLETS - Perciformes: Mugiloidei

Body elongate; head flattened, mouth small; pectoralfins high on body; 2 dorsal fins, sides silvery; no lateralline.

MUGILIDAE Mullets page 83

To about 120 cm; freshwaters, estuaries, brackish andhypersaline lagoons and coastal marine waters at shallowdepths (less than 20 m); mostly benthic in their foodhabits, but usually found near the surface.

THREADFINS - Perciformes: Polynemoidei

Snout conical, projecting beyond mouth; pectoral finsin two parts, the lower with 3 or more free filamentousrays.

POLYNEMIDAE Threadfins page 90

To about 200 cm; marine coastal waters (usually less than30 m depth), estuaries, coastal lagoons and freshwater;benthic.

5 spines

lower jaw protruding

1 spine

2 spines Sphyraena

often anadiposeeyelid

4 spines

no lateral line

1 spine

mouthsmall

pectoralfin highon body

3 spines

adipose tissue partiallycovering pupil

underside of head

adipose tissue notextending unto eye

underside of head

large axillary scale

small axillary scale

upperlip thin

Mugil

9 or 10 short,free rays Galeoides decadactylus

maxillapad

Liza

4 or 5free rays Polydactylus quadrifilis



29


snoutpointed

lateral lineregularly curved

Bodianus

lateral line abruptly curved,but continuous

12 spines

4 or 5 very longfree rays

8 spines

Pentanemus quinquarius

WRASSES AND ALLIES - Perciformes: Labroidei. Welldeveloped teeth, coalesced into plates in theparrotfishes; scales usually large and cycloid (smooth);body compressed; usually colourful species.

LABRIDAE Wrasses, hogfishes, razorfishes page 76

To 50 cm; marine, from the coastline to about 120 mdepth; benthic.

(adults)

Thalassoma pavo(male)

SCARIDAE Parrotfishes page 92

To 60 cm; marine, in shallow waters rarely below 60 mdepth; benthic.

teethfused

3 spines

fused at fused, but contours of entirely fusedbases teeth visible

Nicholsina Sparisoma Scarus

teeth

WEEVERFISHES AND ALLIES - Perciformes: Trachinoidei

A diverse assemblage of famil ies diff icult to characterizeas a group; this suborder must be regarded asprovisional.

19-21 spines lateral lineregularly curved

Acantholabrus palloni

9 spines

snoutpointed

9 spineslateral line

abruptly curved

scales large

canine-liketeeth

(feature ofthe family)

Caris lulls

snoutsteep and

blunt

9 spines lateral line interrupted

Xyríchtys novacula

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30

BONY FISHES

GUIDE TO FAMILIES

PERCOPHIDAE Flatheads page 89

To at least 30 cm; marine, from about 100 to 400 m depth;

benthic. 6 spines

head not spiny

Remarks : do not confuse with Platycephalidae.

TRACHINIDAE Weeverfishes page 123

To about 45 cm; marine, in coastal waters to about 200 mdepth; benthic.

BLENNIIDAE Combtooth blennies

To 20 cm; marine coastal waters (usually at less than 20 mdepth), estuaries and coastal lagoons; benthic; a fewspecies to 400 m depth.

tentacle at hindtip of maxilla

pelvic fins under throat Bembrops

fewer spines than soft rays some rays ofcaudal finbranched

2 spines

TRIPTERYGIIDAE Threefin blennies

no scales

venimousopercular

spine

5-7 venimousspines

21-32 rays

1 or 2 spines25-32 rays

Trachinus

To about 15 cm; marine, in shallow coastal waters; benthic.

CLINIDAE Clinids

To about 20 cm; marine, usually in shallow waters, but afew species in deeper water (to below 100 m); benthic.

more spines than soft rays all caudal fin raysunbranched

Echiichthys Trachinus

URANOSCOPIDAE Stargazers page 128

To about 40 cm; marine, from the coastline to below 200 m

depth; benthic.

Uranoscopus

BLENNIES AND ALLIES - Perciformes: Blennioidei

Dorsal fin long; pelvic fins reduced, with 1 hiddenspine and 2 to 4 soft rays, located ahead of pectoralfins; tentacles often present on head; two anal-finspines (one of them sometimes difficult to see).

SANDLANCES - Perciformes: Ammodytoidei

Body very elongate; dorsal fin long; lateral line high onbody, close to dorsal profile; teeth absent; pelvic finsusually absent.

AMMODYTIDAE Sandlances

To about 30 cm; marine, from the coastline to about 50 mdepth; benthic, burrowing in sand, or pelagic; a cold-water group rarely entering the Gulf of Guinea from thenorth.

cirres

mouthlarge,

vertical

eyes on topof head

cleithral spinepelvic fins

before pectorals only 2 spines

pelvic fins under throat

previous page



31


DRAGONETS - Perciformes: Callyonimoidei

A sharp preopercular spine; a small gill opening onupper part of head; size usually under 30 cm.

CALLIONYMIDAE Dragonets

To about 30 cm; marine, from coastal waters to about650 m depth; benthic. A single species in the area.

gill openingreduced to asmall pore

preopercularspine

GOBIES AND ALLIES - Perciformes: Gobioidei

Usually small fishes with pelvic fins either very closetogether, or united into a single cup-like structure.

GOBIIDAE Gobies

To about 36 cm, but most species less than 10 cm; marineand brackish waters, occasionally freshwaters; usually invery shallow waters, but a few species to below 150 mdepth; benthic.

1 spine and 8-17 rays

To about 30 cm; adults generally in freshwater, butentering brackish and coastal marine waters andhypersaline lagoons; benthic.

1 spine and

8-10 rays

Several genera occur in the area.

PERIOPHTHALMIDAE Mudskippers

To 25 cm; littoral; amphibious in shallows and on exposedintertidal mud flats of estuarine mangrove swamps. Asingle species in the area.

Periophthalmus papilio

MICRODESMIDAE Wormfishes

To 28 cm; marine, in shallow coastal waters (less than 40 mdepth); benthic, burrowing.

dorsal fin continuous

no spines

SURGEONFISHES - Perciformes: Acanthuroidei

Small scales; a strong, movable, forward-projectingspine mid-laterally on caudal peduncle.

ACANTHURIDAE Surgeonfishes, page 39 doctorfishes

To about 45 cm; marine, in shallow waters, usually at lessthan 50 m depth; benthic.

ELEOTRIDAE Sleepers, sleeper gobies

Synchiropus phaeton

6-8 spines

pelvic fins underthroat

pelvic finsfused into asucking disc

1 spine and 8-17 rays

dorsal fin continuous

Gobius

15-21rays

Gobioides

A large number of other genera occur in the area.



Scomber Sarda sarda

8 or 9 spines

32


sharp peduncular spine

8 f inlets

7 finlets

Auxis

3 spines Acanthurus monroviae

3 spines Acanthocybium solandri

snout long snout short

maxilla hidden maxilla visible

Acanthocybium Scomberomorus

Prionurus biafarensis

TUNAS AND ALLIES - Perciformes: Scombroidei

Finlets frequently present at posterior ends of dorsaland anal fins; 1 to 3 keels on either side of caudalpecuncle (except in most species of Gempylidae).

SCOMBRIDAE page 98

Mackerels, tunas, wahoos, bonitos, ceros, albacores

To over 300 cm; marine, from surface waters to below100 m depth; pelagic.

Scomberomorus tritor

adiposeeyelid

5 finlets

5 finlets

Scomber japonicus

Euthynnus alletteratus

14-16 spines

2 keels Katsuwonus pelamis

median keel

2 keels

margin. straight, 20-22 spines



33


dorsal fin black, 12-14 spines dorsal fin low

2 finlets

corseletcovered

with scales

no scales

pelvic fins well

developedscaly keel

first dorsal fin low

Ruvettus pretiosus

Orcynopsis unicolor4-6 finlets

pelvic fins welldeveloped lateral line

sinuous

corseletof largerscales

Snake mackerels,GEMPYLIDAE escolars, oilfishes page 67

To about 300 cm; marine, from the surface (at night) tobelow 200 m depth; pelagic.

Lepidocybium flavobrunneum

TRICHIURIDAE Cutlassfishes, frostfishes, page 125 scabbardfishes. hairtails

To 250 cm; marine, from the surface (mainly at night) tobelow 1500 m depth; benthic and pelagic.

spiny part half thelength of soft part

pelvic fins reduced

small scales; nocolour markings

Thunnus

notch

2 lateral lines

pelvic fins reduced Diplospinus multistriatus

5 to 7 finlets spiny part slightlyshorter than soft part

Benthodesmus tenuis

notch

Gempylus serpens

pelvic fins absent in adults

fleshyappendix pelvic fins welldeveloped

lateral line straight

2 free spines

dorsal fin black

Nesiarchus nasutus

9 spines

crest

pelvic fins with asingle spine

resembling a scale

Aphanopus carbo

Trichiurus lepturus

2 finlets

pelvic finreduced to asingle spine

Nealotus tripes

pelvic fins rudimentary (adults)

2 finlets

3 spines,no notch

Prometichthys prometeus

pelvic finsabsent

caudal fin absent

Lepidopus caudatus



34

BONY FISHES

GUIDE TO FAMILIES

SWORDFISHES AND ALLIES - Perciformes: Xiphioidei

Upper jaw prolonged, sword-like.

XIPHIIDAE Swordfishes page 128

To 450 cm; marine, from surface waters to below 800 mdepth; pelagic. A single species.

teeth absent

pelvic finsabsent

ISTIOPHORIDAE Billfishes, marlins, page 74spearfishes, sailfishes

To 400 cm; marine, pelagic oceanic, usually above thethermocline.

LOUVARS - Perciformes: Luvaroidei

Head large with a steep dorsal profile; origin of dorsalfin behind pectoral fins; pelvic fins under throat.

LUVARIDAE Louvars

To about 190 cm; marine, from the surface to below150 m depth; pelagic oceanic. A single species.

mediankeel

anus far forward

HARVESTFISHES AND ALLIES - Perciformes:

StromateoideiShape variable; snout blunt and thick; toothedsaccular outgrowths (pharyngeal sacs) present in thegullet immediately behind the last gill arch; teethsmall, approximately uniserial.

TETRAGONURIDAE Squaretails

To about 30 cm; marine, in surface waters to below1000 m depth; mesopelagic to epipelagic.

strong scales ingeodesic pattern

box-like mouth

STROMATEIDAE Harvestfishes, page 120butterfishes

To about 50 cm; marine, from near the surface to about200 m depth; pelagic. A single species in the Gulf ofGuinea.

usually 3spines

pelvic finsabsent

section flat scales absent

1 keel

Xiphias gladius

Luvarus imperialis

sectionrounded

2 keels

pelvic fin

Istiophorus albicans

longshorter

keels

profilenearly flat

rounded

profile

steep

Tetrapturus

Makairamouthsmall

3 spines Stromateus fiatola



35


CENTROLOPHIDAE Ruffs, barrelfishes, page 56blackfishes

To about 120 cm; marine, from near the surface tobelow 200 m depth; pelagic.

7-9 spines

5-7 weak,graduating

spines

Schedophilus pemarco

NOMEIDAE Man-of-war fishes

To 100 cm; marine, from near the surface (especially theyoung) to below 200 m depth; usually, pelagic, but somespecies may be deep benthic.

Psenes

ARIOMMATIDAE Driftfishes, ariommas page 41

FLATFISHES - Pleuronectiformes

Flattened body shape; eyes present on one side of bodyonly.

CITHARIDAE Flounders page 57

To 25 cm; marine, to about 300 m depth; benthic. Asingle species in the Gulf of Guinea.

Citharus linguatula

PSETTODIDAE Spinyturbots page 92

To 60 cm; marine, from coastal waters to about 150 mdepth. A single species in the Gulf of Guinea.

spinousrays

Hyperoglyphe moselii

To about 25 cm; marine, from the surface (the young) tobelow 500 m depth; mostly benthic to benthopelagic.

10-12 spines

maxilla hidden

3 spines

2 fleshy

keels

Ariomma

about 10 thin spines1 spine

1-3 spinesCubiceps

1-2 spines Nomeus gronovii

mouth Iarge,teeth strong

Psettodes belcheri



36


BOTHIDAE Lefteye flounders page 46

To about 75 cm; marine, from the coastline to below200 m depth; benthic.

gillrakersgillrakers

female

male

first gill arch

Syacium Citharichthys

female

Bothus podas africanus

Arnoglossus

Citharichthys stampfili

Monolene

2 series of teethon lower jaw

male

elevated arch

mouthverylarge

Chascanopsetta lugubris

SOLEIDAE Soles page 107

To about 70 cm; marine, from the coastline to below100 m depth; some species in estuaries and freshwater;benthic.

caudal findistinct

eyes onright side

snout

rounded

Arnoglossus, Citharichthys,Bothus, Syacium,

Chascanopsetta Monolene

pelvic fins, ventral view (arrows show towards head)mouth

inferior

no free preopercularmargin

dorsal, analand caudal

fins confluent

caudal finmore or less

separated

male

1 series of teethon lower jaw

female

Syacium micrurum Synaptura Other genera



caudal fins

pectoral finsunequal, that ofblind side less

developed

37


lateral tines lateral linesabsent

mouth

Vanstraelenia chirophthalmus Microchirus

mouth

pelvic fin pelvic fin

Cynoglossus Symphurus

PUFFERFISHES AND ALLIES - Tetraodontiformes

Pelvic fins absent or strongly reduced; a small mouthwith strong teeth frequently coalesced into a bitingplate; a small gill opening; skin thick or rough,sometimes with prickles, spines or scaly plates.

TETRAODONTIDAE Puffers page 121

To about 100 cm; coastal marine waters, estuaries, brackishand hypersaline lagoons and occasionally freshwater; fromthe coastline to about 180 m depth; benthic.

CYNOGLOSSIDAE Tonguetishes, page 59 tonguesoles

To about 60 cm; marine, from shallow coastal waters toabout 300 m depth; benthic.

anterior nostrilenlarged

anterior nostrilnormal

blind side of head

Pegusa Dicologoglossa

2 tooth-plates ineach jaw

no typical scales, but oftenspiny prickles

Dicologoglossa

body inflatable

opening

eyes andmouthsmall

no free preopercularmargin Lagocephalus, Sphoeroides Ephippion

nasal papilla

eyes onleft side pectoral fins absent

Sphoeroides Lagocephalus Lagocephaluslagocephalus laevigatus



38


BALISTIDAE Triggerfishes, durgons page 42

To about 50 cm; from the coastline to about 100 m depth;mostly benthic.

8 teeth ineach jaw

MONACANTHIDAE Filefishes, leatherjackets

To about 60 cm; marine, from the coastline to about100 m depth; mostly benthic. Two species caughtoccasionally.

OSTRACIIDAE Trunkfishes, boxfishes, cowfishes

To about 35 cm; marine, from the coastline to about100 m depth; benthic. Many genera and speciescaptured occasionally for ornamental purposes.

MOLIDAE Malas, ocean sunfishes, headfishes

To about 400 cm; marine, from the surface to about360 m depth; pelagic oceanic. Three species caughtoccasionally.

3 spinesvisible

skin thick, withconspicuous plate-

like scalesno spiny

dorsal fin

rigid shell withscaly plates

about 15 teethin each jaw

first spineprominent

second spineminute

6 or fewerteeth in

each jaw

skin rough, withminute scales

DIODONTIDAE Porcupinefishes, spiny puffers, burrfishes

To about 100 cm; from the coastline to about 100 mdepth; benthic to pelagic. Four species capturedoccasionally for ornamental purposes.

a singletooth-platein each jaw spines

next page



39

BONY FISHES

Acanthurus monroviae Steindachner, 1876 ACANTHURIDAE

FAO names : En - Monrovia doctorfish;Fr - Chirurgien chas-chas; Sp - Navajón.

Size: 50 cm.

Fishing gear : traps, fixed bottom nets, setnets, trawls and line gear.

Habitat : on rocky and coral bottoms from 0to 60 m.

Loc.name(s):

Prionurus biafraensis (Blache & Rossignol, 1961)

Synonyms: Xesurus biafraensis Blache & Rossignol,1961.

FAO names : En - Biafra doctorfish; Fr - Chirurgienbiafra; Sp - Navajón de Biafra.

Size: 20 cm, common to 15 cm.

Fishing gear : gill nets, bottom trawls.

Habitat : demersal, in coastal waters.

Loc.name(s) :

Albula vulpes (Linnaeus, 1758)

FAO names : En - Bonefish; Fr - Banane de mer;Sp - Macabí.

Size : 70 cm, common to 35 cm.

Fishing gear : purse seines, beach seines.

Habitat : sandy and muddy bottoms in coastalwaters, estuaries and bays.

Loc.name(s) :

Pterothrissus belloci Cadenat, 1937

FAO names : En - Longfin bonefish; Fr - Bananegisu; Sp- Macabí badejo.

Size : about 45 cm.

Fishing gear : bottom trawls, set nets.

Habitat : found from 70 to 500 m depth, morecommon on the continental slope.

Loc.name(s) :

caudal peduncle spinesurrounded by a bright

orange-yellow spot

(see Plate 1, 1)

2 pale barson head

13 spines

ALBULIDAE

dorsal fin short

snout conical, extending

beyond lower jaws;mouth subterminal

mouthsubterminal

sides silvery

dorsal fin long

previous page



40

BONY FISHES

Arius gigas Boulenger, 1911

FAO names : En - Giant sea catfish; Fr - Mâchoirongéant; Sp - Bagre gigante.

Size : more than 120 cm.Fishing gear : artisanal fishing gear.

Habitat : known only from northern affluents ofthe Gulf of Guinea. Probably found in rivers,estuaries and adjoining coastal waters.

Loc.name(s) :

Arius heudeloti Valenciennes, 1840

Synonyms: Arius mercatoris Poll, 1946.

FAO names : En - Smoothmouth sea catfish;Fr - Mâchoiron banderille; Sp - Bagre bocalisa.

Size : about 70 cm, common to 35 cm.

Fishing gear : bottom trawls, bottom setgillnets, surrounding purse seines, longlines.

Habitat : known only from northern affluentsof the Gulf of Guinea. Probably found in rivers,estuaries and adjoining coastal waters.

Loc.name(s) :

Arius latiscutatus Günther, 1864

Synonyms: Arius gambensis Cadenat, 1950;Tachysurus gambensis Fowler, 1936; Tachysuruslagoensis Fowler, 1936.

FAO names : En - Rough-head sea catfish;Fr - Mâchoiron de Gamble; Sp - Bagre deGambia.


Fishing gear : bottom trawls, bottom setgillnets, surrounding purse seines.

Habitat : coastal marne and brackish waters,

common during winter.Loc.name(s) :

ARIIDAE

dental plates onroof of mouth

base of supra-occipitalprocess moderately wide dorsal view of head


base of supra-occipitalprocess moderately narrow

dorsal view of head

dental plates on

roof of mouthbase of supra-

occipital processwide

dorsal view of head



dorsal view of head

41

BONY FISHES

Arius parkii Günther, 1864

Synonyms: Arius capellonis Steindachner, 1867; Ariusheudeloti [Boulenger, 1911] (non Valenciennes, 1840);Tachysurus capellonis [Fowler, 19361; Tachysurusheudelotii [Fowler, 1936]; Arius granulatus Peters, 1868.

FAO names : En - Guinean sea catfish; Fr - Mâchoiron deGuinée; Sp - Bagre de Guinea.


Fishing gear : bottom trawls, set gillnets, purse seines.

Habitat : shallow coastal waters and estuaries, prefersbrackish and marine areas,

Loc.name(s) :

Ariomma bondi Fowler, 1930

Synonyms: Paracubiceps ledanoisi Belloc, 1937;Cubiceps nigriargenteus Ginsburg, 1954; Ariommaaledanoisi (Belloc, 1937).

FAO names : En - Silver-rag driftfish; Fr - Ariommegrise ; Sp - Arioma lucia.

Size : 30 cm, common to 20 cm.Fishing gear : bottom trawls.

Habitat : deep waters (100-300 m), mostly onmuddy bottoms.

Loc.name(s) :

Ariomma melanum (Ginsburg, 1954)

Synonyms: Paracubiceps multisquamis Marchal,1961; Ariomma mult isquamis (Marchal, 1961)

FAO names : En - Brown driftfish; Fr - Ariommebrune; Sp - Arioma parda.


Fishing gear : bottom trawls.

Habitat : deep waters, from 200 to 600 m, on thecontinental shelf, usually on soft bottoms.

Loc.name(s) :

ARIIDAE


base of supra-occipital process wide

with median keel

dorsal view ofhead

dorsal view of head

ARIOMMATIDAE

fleshy keel

scales large, 30-40 on lateral line

scales small, 50-65 on lateral line



42

BONY FISHES

Aulopus cadenati Poll, 1953

FAO names : En - Guinean flagfin; Fr - Limbertguinéen; Sp - Lagarto real de Guinea.


Fishing gear : trawls.

Habitat : benthic on outer continental shelf andupper slope, from 100 to 270 m (16 - 14.5°C).

Loc.name(s) :

Abalistes stellatus (Lacepède, 1798)

FAO names : En - Starry triggerfish; Fr - Balisteétoilé; Sp - Pejepuerco estrellado.

Size: 60 cm.

Fishing gear :

Habitat : on muddy and sandy bottoms, to 50 mdepth.

Loc.name(s) :

Balistes capriscus Gmelin, 1788

Synonyms : Balistes carolinensis Gmelin, 1788;Balistes forcipatus Gmelin, 1788

FAO names : En - Grey triggerfish; Fr - Baliste cabri;Sp - Pejepuerco blanco.


Fishing gear : bottom trawls, traps, handlines, beachseines.

Habitat : on sandy and rocky bottoms, to 60 m depth.

Loc.name(s) :

Balistes punctatus Gmelin, 1788

Synonyms: usually misidentified as Balistes forcipatusGmelin, 1788.

FAO names : En - Bluespotted triggerfish; Fr - Baliste àtaches bleues; Sp - Pejepuerco moteado.

Size: about 60 cm, common to 25 cm.

Fishing gear : bottom trawls, traps, bottom set nets,

handlines, beach seines.

Habitat : shallow coastal waters, mostly on sandybottoms; a solitary species.

Loc.name(s) :

AULOPODIDAE

adipose fin

2 supramaxillae

deep groove

BALISTIDAE

caudal peduncleflat, wider than high

colour usually olivegreen, with bluish spots

3 irregular barson back and sides

(see Plate I, 2)

dark spots

yellow blotch(in live fish)

(see Plate I, 3)

next page



43

BONY FISHES

Balistes vetula Linnaeus, 1758

FAO names : En - Queen triggerfish; Fr - Balisteroyal; Sp - Pejepuerco cachúo.


Fishing gear : bottom trawls, traps, Iines.

Habitat : adults near the bottom, especially aroundcoral reefs and sand and vegetated grounds.

Loc.name(s) :

Canthidermis maculatus (Bloch, 1786)

FAO names : En - Rough triggerfish; Fr - Balisterude; Sp - Calafate áspero.

Size : more than 50 cm.


Habitat : coastal waters, but often found welloffshore.

Loc.name(s) :

Melichthys niger (Bloch, 1786)

FAO names : En - Black triggerfish; Fr - Balistenoire; Sp - Calafate negro.


Fishing gear : bottom trawls, traps, lines.

Habitat : in shallow coastal waters to about 30 mdepth.

Loc.name(s) :

Batrachoides liberiensis (Steindachner, 1867)

Synonyms: Batrachus liberiensis Steindachner,1867; Batrachoides beninensis Regan, 1915.

FAO names : En - Hairy toadfish; Fr - Crapaud poilu;Sp - Sapo peludo.

Size: at least 25 cm, perhaps a total length of 46 cm.

Fishing gear : bottom trawls, beach seines andother artisanal fishing gear.

Habitat : bottom-living, especially in littoral andcoastal waters to about 30 m; also in brackishwaters.

Loc.name(s) :

BALISTIDAE

2 bluelines

all fins dark

colour usually dark with

elongate white spots

bluish

band (inlive fish)

body blackish

BATRACHOIDIDAE

frontal region (dorsal view)

short filaments

usually 4 browncrossbars

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44

BONY FISHES

BATRACHOIDIDAE

Halobatrachus didactylus (Schneider, 1801)

Synonyms : Batrachus didactylus Schneider, 1801.

FAO names : En - Lusitanian toadfish; Fr - Crapaudlusitanien; Sp - Sapo lusitánico.

Size : 45 cm.

Fishing gear : bottom trawls, artisanal fishing gear.

Habitat : bottom-living, especially in shallow coastalwaters, to about 50 m depth,

Loc.name(s) :

Perulibatrachus elminensis (Bleeker, 1861)

Synonyms: Batrachus elminensis Bleeker, 1863;Parabatrachus elminensis (Bleeker, 1863);Batrachus budkeri Roux, 1957.

FAO names : En - Guinean toadfish; Fr - Crapaudguinéen; Sp - Sapo guineano.


Fishing gear : artisanal fishing gear, trawls.

Habitat : bottom-living, in coastal waters.

Loc.name(s) :

Perulibatrachus rossignoli (Roux, 1957)

Synonyms : Batrachus rossignoli Roux, 1957.

FAO names : En - Rossignol toadfish; Fr - Crapaudde Rossignol; Sp - Sapo de Rossignol.

Size : at least 30 cm (possibly 40 cm).

Fishing gear : artisanal fishing gear, trawls.

Habitat : bottom-living on the continental shelf.

Loc.name(s) :

Ablennes hians (Valenciennes, 1846)

frontal region (dorsal view)pectoral fin

pulled forward

axillary

pore

small dark spots on head and body

pectoral finpulled forward

axillarypocket


a network of brown lines on body


pectoral finpulled forward

axillarypocket

dark spots and vermiculationson head and body

FAO names : En - Flat needlefish; Fr - Orphie plate; Sp - Agujónsable.

Size : about 105 cm, common to 90 cm.Fishing gear : purse seines, lines, set nets.

Habitat : mainly in offshore surface waters, but also in brackishwaters of estuaries and in backwaters of rivers.

Loc.name(s) :

BELONIDAE

anterior dorsal and anal fin rayselongate, forming a falcate lobe

dark blue line with 12-14 dark spots



45

BONY FISHES

Platybelone argalus annobonensis Collete & Parin, 1970

FAO names : En - Keeltail needlefish; Fr - Orphiecarène; Sp - Agujón de quilla.

Size : standard length at least to 38.2 cm and body

length (without beak and caudal): 25.6 cm. Commonstandard-length to 80 cm.

Fishing gear : cast nets, trolling gear, trammelnets.

Habitat : pelagic in surface waters.

Loc.name(s) :

Strongylura senegalensis (Valenciennes, 1846)

Synonyms: often misidentified as Strongylura marina(Waldbaum, 1792).

FAO names : En - Senegal needlefish; Fr - Aiguillettesénégalaise; Sp - Agujón senegalés.


Fishing gear : cast nets, trolling gear, purse seines, lines.

Habitat : coastal and brackish waters.

Loc. name(s) :

Tylosurus acus rafale Colette & Parin, 1970

FAO names : En - Agujon needlefish; Fr - Aiguillevoyeuse; Sp - Marao ojón.

Size : 140 cm.

Fishing gear : no exact data available.

Habitat : pelagic, inhabiting offshore waters, but alsofound in coastal waters.

Loc. Name(s) :

Tylosurus crocodilus crocodilus (Peron & LeSueur, 1821)

Synonyms: Tylosurus raphidoma (Ranzani, 1842).

FAO names : En - Hound needlefish; Fr - Aiguillecrocodile; Sp - Marao lisero.

Size : 100 cm.

Fishing gear : cast nets, trolling gear, purse seines, setnets, lines.

Habitat : pelagic in nearshore surface waters.

Loc.name(s) :

BELONIDAE

dark blue band

strongly flattened;with large keels

12-16 rays

14-17 rays no keels

caudal fin forked

20-26 rays black keel

pectoral and pelvic fins short

21-33 rays black keel

lower lobe ofcaudal fin longer



46

BONY FISHES

Arnoglossus capensis Boulenger, 1898

Synonyms: Arnoglossus entomorhynchus Stauch,1967?

FAO names : En - Cape scaldfish; Fr - Arnoglossedu cap; Sp - Peludilla del Cabo.

Size: 20 cm.

Fishing gear : beach seines, trawls.

Habitat : very little information available; taken atdepths between 70 and 200 m on sandy or muddybottoms.

Loc.name(s) :

concave space

between eyes62-66 scaleson lateral line

BOTHIDAE

eyed side brownish;faint brown markings

Arnoglossus imperialis (Rafinesque, 1810)

Synonyms: Arnoglossus biachei Stauch, 1965.

FAO names : En - Imperial scaldfish; Fr - Arnoglosseimpérial; Sp - Serrandel imperial.

Size: 25 cm.

Fishing gear : bottom and pelagic trawls, beachseines.

Habitat : on mud, sand, shell and corals, takenbetween 40 and 200 m depth.

Loc.name(s) :

eyes separatedby a bony ridge

female blackspot male

58-63 scaleson lateral line

3 more or less well defined

spots on lateral line

elongated in males

(see Plate I, 4)

eyed side greyish or brownish,with irregular dark markings

Bothus guibei Stauch, 1966

FAO names : En - Guinean flounder;Fr - Rombou de Guinée; Sp - Lenguadode Guinea.

Size: 28 cm.

Fishing gear : bottom trawls, beachseines, hook-and-line, hand-held fishingpoles.

Habitat : bottom-living between 15 and

40 m depth.

Loc.name(s) :

female

anterior profile

of head rounded

eyed side marbled,brownish or greenish

male

Bothus podas africanus Nielsen, 1961eyes widely separated

FAO names : En - Wide-eyed flounder; Fr - Romboupodas; Sp - Podas.

Size : 45 cm.

Fishing gear : bottom trawls, beach seines, dipnets,set bottom nets, dredges.

Habitat : bottom-living on sand, mud shells andcorals, from 15 to 200 m depth.

Loc.name(s) :

female

spine on snoutmale

anterior profilealmost vertical

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47

BONY FISHES

Chascanopsetta lugubris Alcock, 1894

Citharichthys stampflii (Steindachner, 1894)

Monolene mertensi (Poli, 1959)

Synonyms: Leaps mertensi Poll, 1959

FAO names : En - Merten's moonflounder;Fr - Monolène de Mertens; Sp - Monolena deMertens.

Size : 8 cm.


Habitat : muddy bottoms from 100 to 700 mdepth.

Loc. name(s) :

mouth very large, extending to behind level of eyes

lateral line withoutdistinct anterior curb

FAO names : En - Pelican flounder; Fr - Perpeirepélican; Sp - Lenguado pelícano.



Habitat : on the continental shelf from 120 to 600 mdepth.

Loc.name(s) :

BOTHIDAE

FAO names : En - Smooth flounder; Fr - Perpeire

lisse; Sp - Lenguadoliso.Size : 15 cm.

Fishing gear : bottom trawls, beach seines.

Habitat : coastal waters to 50 m depth, also inestuaries; enters freshwater.

Loc. name(s) :

concave

2 rows ofteeth in

lower jaw dark spots

eyes very small

102-106 rays

no pectoral fin

on blind side

about 80 scaleson lateral line

Monolene microstoma (Cadenat, 1937)

FAO names : En - Small mouth moonflounder;Fr - Monolène à petite bouche; Sp - Monolenabocachica.

Size: 20 cm.


Habitat : muddy bottoms from 25 to 400 m

depth.

Loc.name(s) :

eyes large,maxilla

shorter thaneye diameter

77-83 scales on lateral line

102-112 rays

no pectoral fin

on blind side

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Syacium micrurum Ranzani, 1840

48

BONY FISHES

Synonyms: Syacium guineensis (Bleeker, 1853).

FAO names : En - Channel flounder; Fr - Fausselimande paté; Sp - Lengúado pate.


Fishing gear : bottom trawls, set bottom nets,beach seines, lines.

Habitat : sand and mud bottoms from 15 to 200 mdepth.

Loc.name(s) :

lateral line almost straight BOTHIDAE

male

one row of teeth in lower jaw

female

Branchiostegus semifasciatus (Norman, 1931)

Synonyms: Latilus semifasciatus Norman, 1931.

FAO names : En - Zebra tilefish; Fr - Tile zèbre;Sp - Blanquillo cebra.


Fishing gear : bottom trawls, longlines.

Habitat : sandy muddy bottoms from 100 to 300 mdepth.

Loc.name(s) :

Alectis alexandrinus (Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1817)

Synonyms: Scyris alexandrins (Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire,

1817); Hynnis goreensis Cuvier, 1833FAO names : En - Alexandria pompano; Fr - Cordonnierbossu; Sp - Jurel de Alejandria.

Size : at least 90 cm, common to 45 cm.

Fishing gear : bottom and pelagic trawls, boat seines,purse seines, lines.

Habitat : adults demersal in shallow waters (to 70 mdepth), forming small schools.

Loc.name(s) :

young of 16 cm (standard length)

Alectis ciliaris (Bloch, 1788)

Synonyms: Alectis crinitus (Mitchill, 1826).

FAO names : En - African pompano; Fr - Cordonnierfil; Sp - Pámpano de hebra.

Size : perhaps a total length of 130 or 150 cm.

Fishing gear : bottom and pelagic trawls, boatseines, purse seines, lines.

Habitat : adults usually near the bottom to about60 m depth; young normally pelagic and drifting.Usually solitary.

Loc.name(s) :

predorsal crestBRANCHIOSTEGIDAE

16-20 violet-

grey crossbars

(see Plate I, 5)

dorsal spines not

visible in adults

CARANGIDAE

20-22 rays

keels

(see Plate I, 6 & 7)

dorsal spines notvisible in adults

18-19 rays

scutes



49

BONY FISHES

Campogramma glaycos (Lacepède, 1801)

Synonyms: Campogramma lirio Dollfus, 1955;Campogramma vadigo (Risso, 1810); Solagmedensafricana (Delsman, 1941).

FAO names: En - Vadigo; Fr - Liche lirio; Sp - Lirio.Size : at least 50 cm, rarely exceeding 40 cm.Fishing gear : bottom and pelagic trawls.

Habitat : adults demersal or pelagic in coastalwaters.

Remarks : presence in the Gulf of Guinea to beconfirmed.

Loc.name(s)

Caranx crysos (Mitchill, 1815)

Synonyms : Caranx fusus Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1817.

FAO names : En - Blue runner; Fr - Carangue coubali;Sp - Cojinua negra.


Fishing gear : bottom and pelagic trawls, ringnets,purse seines, set nets, line gear.

Habitat : usually close inshore, but also in deeperwaters (over 100 m depth).

Loc.name(s) :

mouth large

6 or 7 spines

CARANGIDAE

distinctdark lobes

(see Plate I, 8)

46-56 scutes

breastentirelyscaled

black spot

(see Plate II,9)

Caranx hippos (Linnaeus, 1766)

FAO names : En - Crévalle jack ; Fr - Caranguecrevalle; Sp - Jurel común.

Size : common to 75 cm, might exceed 100 cm.

Fishing gear : trawls, purse seines, set nets, lines.

Habitat : pelagic to demersal, forming schools incoastal waters and estuaries.

Loc.name(s) :

Caranx latus Agassiz in Spix & Agassiz, 1831

FAO names : En - Horse-eye jack; Fr - Caranguemayole; Sp - Jurel ojón.

Size : at least 80 cm.

Fishing gear : no exact information available.

Habitat : coastal waters along sandy beaches; alsobrackish waters and rivers.

Loc.name(s) :

profileblunt 23-27 scutes

median plateof scales

no scales

(see Plate II, 10)

ventral view

breast scalelessexcept fora

median plateof scales

32-39 scutes

breast scaleless



50

BONY FISHES

Caranx lugubris Poey, 1860

Synonyms: Caranx ascensionis [Bloch & Schneider,1801] (non Osbeck)

FAO names : En - Black jack; Fr - Carangue noire;

Sp - Jurel negro.Size : 99 cm.


Habitat : usually trawls, purse seines, lines. In clearwaters, from 25 to at least 65 m depth.

Loc.name(s) :

Caranx senegallus Cuvier, 1833

Synonyms: Caranx africanus Steindachner,

1883

FAO names : En - Senegal jack; Fr - Caranguedu Sénégal; Sp - Jurel senegalés.


Fishing gear : trawls, purse seines, lines.

Habitat : coastal waters from the surface to atleast 90 m depth.

Loc.name(s)

Chloroscombrus chrysurus (Linnaeus, 1776)

FAO names : En - Atlantic bumper; Fr - Sapater ;Sp - Casabe.

Size : common to 25 cm.

Fishing gear : bottom trawls, beach seines, setnets.

Habitat : coastal waters, forming schools; also inestuaries and mangrove-lined lagoons; the youngoccur at times far offshore.

Loc.name(s)

Decapterus macarellus (Cuvier, 1833)

FAO names : En - Mackerel scad; Fr - Comètemaquereau; Sp - Macarela caballa.

Size: about 35 cm; common to 20 cm.

Fishing gear : pelagic and bottom trawls.

Habitat : offshore waters between 40 and 200 mdepth, occasionally on outer reefs; schooling.

Loc.name(s) :

CARANGIDAE

26-32 scutes

breast scaleless

(see Plate II,11)

40-45 scutes

elongated rays

black spot

6-12 weak scutes

body laterally compressed

finlet

23-32 weak scutes

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51

BONY FISHES

Decapterus punctatus (Cuvier, 1829)

Synonyms: Decapterus sanctaehelenae (Cuvier,1833).

FAO names : En - Round scad; Fr - Comète quiaquia;

Sp - Macarela chuparaco.Size: at least 25 cm, common to 15 cm.

Fishing gear : bottom trawls, purse seines.

Habitat : demersal in coastal waters to about 100 mdepth; also pelagic, more common in winter.

Loc.name(s) :

"Decapterus" rhonchus (Goeffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1817)

Synonyms: Caranx rhonchus Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire,

1817; Caranx angolensis Fowler, 1919.

FAO names : En - False scad; Fr - Comète coussut;Sp - Macarela real.

Size : at least 45 cm, common to 30-36 cm.

Fishing gear : bottom trawls, purse seines, set nets.

Habitat : frequently near the bottom, between 30and 60 m depth; also pelagic and near the surface attimes.

Loc.name(s) :

Elagatis bipinnulata (Quoy & Gaimard, 1825)

FAO names : En - Rainbow runner; Fr - Comètesaumon; Sp - Macarela salmón.

Size : possibly to 120 cm, common to 80 cm.

Fishing gear : purse seines, trolling lines and otherline gear.

Habitat : warm coastal surface waters; alsoestuaries.

Loc.name(s) :

Hemicaranx bicolor (Günther, 1860)

FAO names : En - Two-colour jack; Fr - Caranguebicolore; Sp - Casabe bicolor.

Size : 70 cm; common to 30 cm.

Fishing gear : bottom trawls, purse seines, bottomset nets, line gear.

Habitat : mainly coastal, entering brackish water;apparently in mid-water or near the bottom than

at the surface; not forming large schools.

Loc name(s) :

CARANGIDAE

finlet

10-14 small black spots on lateral line

30-38 scutes

(see Plate II,12)

black spot

finlet

24-32 scutes

(see Plate II,13)

1 double-rayed finlet

2 light blue bands

1 olive-yellowish band

distal part black

no keels

anterior arch oflateral line shortand pronounced

young of 17.5 cm(standard length)

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gill chamber

52

BONY FISHES

CARANGIDAE

Lichia amia (Linnaeus, 1758)

Synonyms: Hypacanthus amia (Linnaeus, 1758).

FAO names : En - Leerfish; Fr - Liche né-bé;

Sp - Palometón.

Size: at least 180 cm, common to 100 cm.

Fishing gear : trawls, purse seines, beach seines,Iine gear.

Habitat : pelagic in coastal waters and estuariesto 60 m depth; regularly caught but not veryabundant.

Loc.name(s) :

Naucrates ductor (Linnaeus, 1758)

FAO names : En - Pilotfish; Fr - Poisson-pilote;Sp - Pez piloto.


Fishing gear : pelagic trawls.

Habitat : mainly pelagic; often associated withlarge sharks, rays, turtles, ships and floating logs.

Loc.name(s) :

Selar crumenophthalmus (Bloch, 1793)

Synonyms : Trachurops crumenophthalmus(Bloch, 1793).

FAO names : En - Bigeye scad; Fr - Selarcoulisou; Sp - Chicharro ojón.


Fishing gear : bottom trawls, purse seines, setgillnets, line gear.

Habitat : shallow coastal waters, more regularlyfound during the hot season.

Loc.name(s) :

black spot

lateral line wavy

black spot

(see Plate II, 14)

usually 6-7 black crossbars in life

4 or 5 spinesgroove

fleshy keel

scales slightly enlarged

scutes

gill filaments

gill arch

small papilla

large papilla

groove



53

BONY FISHES

CARANGIDAE

Selene dorsalis (Gill, 1863)

Synonyms : Vomer gibbiceps Gilchrist & Thompson,1914; often misidentified as Vomer setapinnis (Mitchill,1815).

FAO names : En - African moonfish; Fr - Musso africain;Sp - Jorobado africano.

Size : common to 20 cm, never reaching large sizes.

Fishing gear : bottom trawls, purse seines, set nets, linegear.

Habitat : coastal waters to 60 cm depth; forms schools;regularly found in winter (May-October).

Loc.name(s) :

Seriola carpenteri Mather, 1971

FAO names : En - Guinean amberjack; Fr - Sérioleguinéenne; Sp - Medregal de Guinea.


Fishing gear : pelagic and bottom trawls, purse seines,set gillnets.

Habitat : adults pelagic and demersal in coastal waters,from the surface to at least 200 m depth.

Remarks : this species is often confused with Seriola

dumerili.

Loc.name(s) :

Seriola dumerili (Risso, 1810)

Synonyms : Seriola rhombica Smith, 1959.

FAO names : En - Greater amberjack; Fr - Sériolecouronnée; Sp - Pez de limón.

Size : to 90 cm, common to 80 cm.

Fishing gear : pelagic and bottom trawl, line gear.

Habitat : adults pelagic, not common in coastal waters.


Loc.name(s) :

8 spines

weak scutes

pelvic fin small

(see Plate II, 15)young of 5.5 cm

(standard length)

7 or 8 spines

groove

adults with 22

or 23 gillrakersno scutes

(see Plate II,16)

6 or 7 spines

groove

adults with 1119 gillrakers

no scutes



(see Plate III,19)

54

BONY FISHES

Trachinotus goreensis Cuvier, 1832

Synonyms : Trachinotus myrias Cuvier, 1832.

FAO names : En - Longfin pompano; Fr – Pompaneautacheté; Sp - Pámpano cojonovo.


Fishing gear : bottom and pelagic trawls, purseseines.

Habitat : coastal waters to 60 m depth and estuaries.

Loc.name(s) :

verticalblackblotch

elongated raysCARANGIDAE

rounded snout

3-5 spots

young of 13 cm(standard length)

Trachinotus maxillosus Cuvier, 1832

FAO names : En - Galloon pompano; Fr - Pompaneauchevron; Sp - Pámpano galonero.


Fishing gear : bottom and pelagic trawls, purseseines, beach seines.

Habitat : shallow coastal waters and estuaries.

Loc.name(s) :

(see Plate Ill, 17)

profile steep lobe usuallylonger than head

Trachinotus ovatus (Linnaeus, 1758)

Synonyms : Caesiomorus glaucus Fowler, 1936.

FAO names : En - Pompano; Fr - Palomine;Sp - Pámpano blanco.


Fishing gear : bottom and pelagic trawls, purseseines, beach seines, line gear.

Habitat : clear coastal waters, forming schools.Loc.name(s) :

Trachinotus terai a Cuvier, 1832

FAO names : En - Terai pompano; Fr - Pompaneauné-bé; Sp - Pámpano terayo.

Size : 68 cm.

Fishing gear : bottom and pelagic trawls, purseseines.

Habitat : coastal waters; often present in estuariesand occasionally even in rivers.

Loc.name(s) :

3-5 oval blotches black spot

body slenderblack spot

(see Plate III,18)

lobe shorter than head



front view of head(see Plate III, 21)

55

BONY FISHES

Trachurus trachurus (Linnaeus, 1758)

Synonyms : Trachurus capensis Castelnau,1861.

FAO names : En - Atlantic horse mackerel;Fr - Chinchard d'Europe; Sp - Jurel.

Size : about 40 cm (fork length), commonto 25 cm.

Fishing gear : pelagic and bottom trawls,purse seines.

Habitat : sandy bottoms from 100 to 200 mdepth; sometimes pelagic; forms schools.

Loc.name(s) :

Trachurus trecae Cadenat, 1949

FAO names : En - Cunene horse mackerel;Fr - Chinchard cunène; Sp - Jurel cunene.


Fishing gear : pelagic and bottom trawls,purse seines.

Habitat : coastal waters from 20 to 100 mdepth; sometimes pelagic, forms schools.

Loc.name(s) :

Uraspis helvola (Forster, 1801)

CARANGIDAE

end of accessory lateral line

scales as large as scutes scutes

lateral line

end of accessory lateral line

scales smaller than the scutes

lateral line

scutes

(see Plate III, 20)

scutes

Synonyms : formerly identified as Uraspis secunda

(Poey, 1860); Uraspis cadenati Blache & Rossignol,1961.

FAO names : En - Cotton mouth jack; Fr – Carangue-coton; Sp - Jurel volantín.



Habitat : an oceanic species, pelagic in surface watersas well as demersal; solitary or forming small schools.

Loc.name(s) :

2 keels

palate

mouth black tongue

floor

white

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56

BONY FISHES

Spicara alta (Osorio, 1917)

Synonyms: Smaris macrophthalmus Cadenat, 1937.

FAO names : En - Bigeye picarel; Fr - Picarel à grosyeux; Sp - Chucla ojona.



Habitat : trawlable grounds from 100 to 300 mdepth, mainly taken by industrial fisheries, butpresently discarded.

Loc.name(s) :

Spicara nigricauda (Norman, 1931)

Synonyms : Coleosmaris nigricauda Norman,1931; often misidentified as Spicara melanurus(Valenciennes, 1830).

FAO names : En - Blacktail picarel; Fr - Picarelqueue noire; Sp - Chucla rabo negro.

Size : 20 cm.


Habitat : continental shelf from 50 to 100 mdepth.

Loc.name(s) :

Hyperoglyphe moselii (Cunningham, 1910)

Synonyms : Palinurichthys pringlei Smith, 1949;Palinurichthys matthewsi Smith, 1960.

FAO names : En - African barrelfish; Fr – Rouffeafricain; Sp - Rufo africano.


Fishing gear : bottom trawls (bycatch).

Habitat : waters of the continental slope.

Loc.name(s) :

Synonyms : Palinurichthys pemarco Poll, 1959.

FAO names : En - Pemarco blackfish; Fr - Roufferayé; Sp - Rufo pemarco.



Habitat : shelf and slope waters from 100 to 500 mdepth.

Loc.name(s) :

mouth stronglyprotractile

CENTRACANTHIDAE

anal fin short,

with 8 rays

(see Plate III, 22 & 23)

black saddle

anal fin long,with 15 or 16 rays

profilesteep

8 weak spines CENTROLOPHIDAE

Schedophilus pemarco (Poll, 1959)5-7 weak spines

increasing in length blue lines

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57

BONY FISHES

Chlorophthalmus atlanticus Poll, 1953

FAO names : En - Atlantic greeneye; Fr - Eperlan dularge de l'Atlantique; Sp - Ojiverde del Atlántico.

Size : to about 25 cm, common to 20 cm.


Habitat : demersal, on the continental shelf.

Loc.name(s) :

Citharus linguatula (Linnaeus, 1758)

Synonyms: Citharus macrolepidotus (Bloch, 1787).

FAO names : En - Spotted flounder; Fr - Feuille;Sp - Solleta.

Size : 25 cm.

Fishing gear : bottom trawls, occasionally inbeach seines.

Habitat : soft bottoms from the coastline to about300 m depth.

Loc.name(s) :

Ethmalosa fimbriata (Bowdich, 1825)

Synonyms: Ethmalosa dorsalis (Valenciennes, 1847).

FAO names : En - Bonga shad; Fr - Ethmalosed'Afrique; Sp - Sábalo africano.


Fishing gear : purse seines, beach seines, gillnets.

Habitat : coastal marine waters, estuaries, lagoonsand even rivers.

Loc.name(s) :

Ilisha africana (Bloch, 1795)

Synonyms : Clupea africana Bloch, 1795.

FAO names : En - West African ilisha ; Fr - Aloserasoir; Sp - Sardineta africana.


Fishing gear : trawls, purse seines, beach seines.

Habitat : coastal marine waters and estuaries; maybe demersal.

Loc.name(s) :

eye large, green

CHLOROPHTHALMIDAE

adipose fin

20 or 21 lowergillrakers on first arch

origin of dorsalfin in front of

upper eye

no spines

CITHARIDAE

anus oneyed side

black spot

black spot

mouthterminal

CLUPEIDAE

anal fin short

(see Plate III, 24)

mouth directed upwards

pelvic fins small

anal fin very long



58

BONY FISHES

Pellonula leonensis Boulenger, 1916

Synonyms : Microthrissa miri Daget, 1954.

FAO names : En - Guinean sprat; Fr - Spratelle deGuinée; Sp - Sardinita de Guinea.

Size : 9 cm.

Fishing gear : purse seines (poli nets), beach seines.

Habitat : mainly in freshwaters, but also in estuariesand lagoons of moderate salinity; reproductionoccurs in rivers and lakes, and may be also in estuariesand coastal lagoons.

CLUPEIDAE

no scutes before pectoral fins

Remarks : another species, Pellonula vorax Günther, 1868, is often found with young Sardinella maderensis inestuaries and lagoons. P. vorax has scutes before pectoral fins.

Loc.name(s) :

Sardinella aurita Valenciennes, 1847

Synonyms : Alosa senegalensis Bennett, 1831.

FAO names : En - Round sardinella; Fr - Allache;Sp - Alacha.


Fishing gear : purse seines (poli nets), gillnets,beach seines, midwater trawls.

Habitat : upwelling areas (cold and saline waters).

Loc.name(s) :

Sardinella maderensis (Lowe, 1839)

Synonyms : Pellonula modesta Fischer, 1885;Sardinella granigera Valenciennes, 1847;Sardinella eba Valenciennes, 1847; Sardinellacameronensis Regan, 1917.

FAO names : En - Madeiran sardinella; Fr - Grandeallache; Sp - Machuelo.


Fishing gear : ringnets, purse seines (poli nets),

beach seines, cast nets, midwater trawls.

Habitat : warm coastal waters, from the surface to50 m depth, sometimes in estuaries and lagoons.

Loc.name(s) :

Sardinella rouxi (PolI, 1953)

Synonyms : Harengula rouxi Poll, 1953.

FAO names : En - Yellowtail sardinella; Fr - Sardinelleà queue jaune; Sp - Alacha rabo amarillo.


Fishing gear : beach seines, purse seines, giIInets.

Habitat : littoral and coastal waters, often caughttogether with young S. maderensis.

Loc.name(s) :

black spot onmargin of opercle

black spot

behind opercle

grays

(see Plate IV, 25)

black spotcaudal fin dark grey,

tips almost black

more than

70 gillrakers rays white onblack background

7 rays

(see Plate IV, 26)

black spot

34-40 gillrakers 7 rays caudal fin

pale yellow



Coryphaena equiselis Linnaeus, 1758

Synonyms : Coryphaena equisetisLinnaeus, 1758.

FAO names : En - Pompanodolphinfish; Fr - Coryphène dauphin;Sp - Dorado.


Fishing gear : floating longlines, purseseines, trolling.

Habitat : a pelagic species, occasionallyfound in coastal waters.

59

BONY FISHES

toothpatch

Coryphaena equiselis Coryphaena hippurus

dorsal surface of tongue

CORYPHAENIDAE

pectoral fins long (more

than half the head length)

58-66 rays

concaveCoryphaena equiselis

Remarks : another species, C. hippurus Linnaeus, 1758, has an oval patch of teeth on the tongue, and 52 to 59 dorsalfin rays.

Loc.name(s) :

Cynoglossus browni Chabanaud, 1949

FAO names : En - Nigerian tonguesole; Fr - Languenigérienne ; Sp - Lengua nigeriana.



Habitat : coastal waters on muddy and sandybottoms to about 30 m depth.

Loc.name(s) :

Cynoglossus cadenati Chabanaud, 1947

FAO names : En - Ghanian tonguesole; Fr - Sole-langue du Ghana; Sp - Lengua de Ghana.


Fishing gear : bottom trawls, beach seines, bottom

set nets.

Habitat : sandy and muddy bottoms from 10 to 30 mdepth.

Loc.name(s) :

Cynoglossus canariensis Steindachner, 1882

Synonyms : Cynoglossus lagoensis Regan, 1915.

FAO names : En - Canary tonguesole, Fr – Sole-langue canarienne; Sp - Lengua de Canarias.


Fishing gear : bottom trawls, bottom set nets.

Habitat : on sandy and muddy bottoms from 15 to300 m depth.

Loc.name(s) :

115-125 rays CYNOGLOSSIDAE

12 rays

2 lateral lines on eye side; none on blind side

96-99 rays

109-115 rays

10 rays

2 lateral lines on eyed side; none on blind side

87 or 88 rays

3 lateral lines

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body fairly deep, dorsal and ventral profiles convex

60

BONY FISHES

Cynoglossus monodi Chabanaud, 1949

FAO names : En - Guinean tonguesole; Fr - Sole-langue de Guinée; Sp - Lengua de Guinea.


Fishing gear : bottom trawls, beach seines, bottomset nets.


Loc.name(s) :

Cynoglossus senegalensis (Kaup, 1858)

Synonyms : Cynoglossus goreensis Steindachner, 1882.

FAO names : En - Senegalese tonguesole; Fr - Sole-langue sénégalaise; Sp - Lengua del Senegal

Size: about 40 cm, common to 25 cm.

Fishing gear : bottom trawls, beach seines, bottom setnets.


Loc.name(s) :

Symphurus ligulatus (Cocco, 1844)

Synonyms : ? Symphurus vanmellae Chabanaud,1952.

FAO names : En - Elongate tonguesole; Fr - Plagusielongue; Sp - Pelada tirrena.

Habitat : on mud bottoms of the continental slope.

Remarks : according to some authors S. vanmellae isthe metomorphosed stage of S. ligulatus.

Loc.name(s) :

Symphurus nigrescens Rafinesque, 1810

FAO names : En - Spotted tonguesole; Fr - Plagusiesombre; Sp - Pelada.

Size : to 12 cm.

Fishing gear : bottom trawl, dredges.

Habitat : on mud or sand bottoms of thecontinental slope and shelf, from 20 to 1140 mdepth.

Loc.name(s) :

CYNOGLOSSIDAE

12-14 rays of scales between lateral lines

snoutlong

(see Plate IV, 27)

2 lateral lines on eyed side, 1 on blind side

15-20 rows of scales between lateral lines

2 lateral lines on eyed side, 1 on blind side

more than 95 dorsal raysno lateral lineon eyed side

Size : to 10 cm.


mouthalmost

terminal

pelvic fin separated from anal fin

body elongate, dorsal andventral profiles almost parallel

90 or fewer scales

mouthalmost

terminal

less than 95 dorsal rays


no lateral lineon eyed side

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61

BONY FISHES

Symphurus normani Chabanaud, 1950

FAO names : En - Norman's tonguesole;Fr - Plagusie de Norman; Sp - Pelada deNorman.

Size : 70 cm.


Habitat : on mud and sand bottoms from50 to 80 m depth.

Loc.name(s)

Dactylopterus volitans (Linnaeus, 1758)

more than 95 scales CYNOGLOSSIDAE

mouthalmost

terminal


no lateral lineon eyed side

bony shield

Synonyms: Cephalacanthus volitans (Linnaeus,1758).

FAO names : En - Flying gurnard; Fr - Poule demer; Sp - Alón.


Fishing gear : bottom trawls, bottom set nets, lines.

Habitat : demersal on shallow sandy and muddybottoms.

Loc.name(s) :

Diretmoides parini Post & Quéro, 1981

FAO names : En - Parin's spinyfin; Fr - Dirette deParin; Sp - Malcarado de Parin.

Size : 40 cm.

Fishing gear : trawls (bycatch).

Habitat : mesopelagic; young near the surface,aged adults often descend below 1000 m depth.

Loc.name(s) :

Diretmoides pauciradiatus (Woods, 1973)

FAO names : En - Longwing spinyfin; Fr - Dirette aile longue;Sp - Malcarado alón.

Size : 14 cm.


Habitat : mesopelagic; young near the surface, aged adultsoften descend below 1000 m depth.

Loc.name(s) :

DACTYLOPTERIDAE

pectoral finsvery long

dorsal view

27 or 28 rays DIRETMIDAE

21 or 22 rays

24 or 25 rays

18-20 rays



62

BONY FISHES

DIRETMIDAE

Diretmus argenteus Johnson, 1863

FAO names :

En - Silver spinyfin ; Fr - Diretteargentée; Sp - Malcarado plateado.

Size : 15 cm.


Habitat : mesopelagic; juveniles from near surfaceto about 250 m depth; adults mainly in a depthrange from 500 to 700 m.

Loc.name(s) :

Drepane africana Osorio, 1892

FAO names : En - African sicklefish; Fr - Forgeron ailé;Sp - Catemo africano.


Fishing gear : bottom trawls,. beach seines, purse seines.

Habitat : sandy and muddy bottoms from 20 to 50 mdepths.

Loc.name(s) :

spiny scutes

body disc-like

often about 8narrow dark bands

DREPANIDAE

8 or 9 spines

(see Plate IV, 28)pectoral fins very long

Elops lacerta Valenciennes, 1846

FAO names : En - West African ladyfish; Fr - Guinéecopace; Sp - Malacho copace.


Fishing gear : purse seines, beach seines, encircling

gillnets.

Habitat : shallow coastal waters in summer,estuaries throughout the year.

Loc.name(s) :

ELOPIDAE

scales larger, 72-85 on lateral line

17-19 gillrakers

(see Plate IV, 30)



(see Plate IV, 32)

63

BONY FISHES

Elops senegalensis Regan, 1909

FAO names : En - Senegalese ladyfish; Fr - Guinéedu Senegal; Sp - Malacho senegalés.

Size : 90 cm, common to 60 cm.Fishing gear : beach seines, purse seines and bottomtrawls

Habitat : shallow coastal waters in summer,estuaries and lagoons throughout the year.

Loc.name(s) :

Erythrocles monodi Poll & Cadenat, 1954

FAO names : En - Atlantic rubyfish; Fr - Poissonrubis; Sp - Pez rubí.



Habitat : continental shelf from 100-300 m depth.

Loc.name(s) :

(see Plate IV, 31)

Engraulis encrasicolus (Linnaeus, 1758)

Synonyms : Anchoa guineensis Rossignol & Blache,1961; Engraulis guineensis (Rossignol & Blache, 1961).

FAO names : En - European anchovy; Fr - Anchoiscommun; Sp - Anchoa europea.


Fishing gear : purse seines (poli nets), beach seines.

Habitat : coastal pelagic, but may descend to 400 mdepth (cold waters).

Loc.name(s) :

Chaetodipterus goreensis (Cuvier, 1831)

Synonyms: Ephippus goreensis Cuvier, 1831.

FAO names : En - African spadefish; Fr - Chèvrede mer; Sp - Paguala africana.


Fishing gear : set nets, seines, trawls.

Habitat : sandy and muddy bottoms of estuaries.

Loc.name(s) :

scales smaller, 92-100 on lateral line

ELOPIDAE

mouth stronglyprotractile

11-15 gillrakers

11 spines

EMMELICHTHYIDAE

maxilla scaly 1 medio-lateral keeladults of 30 cm and

larger (standard length)

ENGRAULIDIDAE

no lateral line

mouth inferior,maxilla very long

no scutes silvery stripe

3rd to 5th or 6thspine elongate

6 or 7 crossbars, one of

them crossingthe eye

EPHIPPIDIDAE

pectoral fin short

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64

BONY FISHES

Chaetodipterus lippei Steindachner, 1895

Synonyms : often confused with Chaetodipterusgoreensis (Cuvier, 1831).

FAO names : En - West African spadefish; Fr - Chèvrede mer noire; Sp - Paguala negra.



Habitat : on sandy or muddy bottoms in coastalwaters from 10 to 45 m depth.

Loc.name(s) :

Cypselurus cyanopterus (Valenciennes, 1846)

Synonyms : Cheilopogon cyanopterus (Valenciennes,1846).

FAO names : En - Marginated flyfish; Fr - Exocetcodène; Sp - Volador bordiblanco.

Size : 35 cm standard Iength.

Fishing gear : purse seines, drift nets, pelagic trawls.

Habitat : pelagic in coastal waters.

Loc.name(s) :

Cypselurus melanurus (Valenciennes, 1846)

Synonyms: Cypselurus lutkeni (Jordan & Meek,1896).

FAO names : En - Atlantic flyingfish; Fr - Exocetatlantique; Sp - Volador atlántico.

Size : 26 cm standard length.

Fishing gear : purse seines, driftnets, pelagic trawls.

Habitat : pelagic, mainly in coastal surface waters.

Loc.name(s) :

Cypselurus milleri Gibbs & Staiger, 1970

FAO names : En - Guinean flyingfish; Fr - Exocet deGuinée; Sp - Volador de Guinea.



Habitat : pelagic in oceanic and coastal surfacewaters.

Loc.name(s) :

only 3rd spine elongate EPHIPPIDIDAE

33-41 predorsal scales

EXOCOETIDAE

triangularblack spot



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66

BONY FISHES

Fodiator acutus (Valenciennes, 1846)

FAO names : En - Sharpchin flyingfish; Fr - Exocetbécune; Sp - Volador picudo.

Size : 15 cm.Fishing gear : purse seines, driftnets, pelagictrawls.


Loc.name(s) :

Hirundichthys affinis (Günther, 1866)

FAO names : En - Fourwing flyingfish; Fr - Exocethirondelle; Sp - Volador golondrina.


Fishing gear : purse, seines, driftnets, pelagictrawls.

Habitat : pelagic in coastal surface waters.

Loc.name(s) :

Hirundichthys speculiger (Valenciennes, 1846)

FAO names : En - Mirrorwing flyingfish; Fr - Exocetmiroir; Sp - Volador espejo.



Habitat : pelagic in coastal surface waters


Loc.name(s) :

Parexocoetus brachypterus (Richardson, 1846)

FAO names : En - Sailfin flyingfish; Fr - Exocetvoilier; Sp - Volador aletón.


Fishing gear : purse seines, driftnets, pelagictrawls.


Loc.name(s) :

snout longer thaneye diameter

EXOCOETIDAE

pointed

short

narrow white margin

broad white margin

very long, middle rays longest

black spot



67

BONY FISHES

Prognichthys gibbifrons (Valenciennes, 1846)

FAO names : En - Bluntnose flyingfish; Fr - Exocet jibeux; Sp - Volador jorobada.


Fishing gear : purse seines, driftnets, pelagictrawls.


Loc.name(s) :

Fistularia petimba Lacepède, 1803

Synonyms: Fistularia serrata Cuvier, 1817; Fistulariavillosa Klunzinger, 1871.

FAO names : En - Red cornetfish; Fr - Cornette rouge;Sp - Corneta colorada.


Fishing gear : bottom trawls, gillnets, Iine gear.

Habitat : demersal in coastal waters from 10 to 40 mdepth.

Loc.name(s) :

Fistularia tabacaria Linnaeus, 1758

FAO names : En - Bluespotted cornetfish;Fr - Cornette à taches bleues; Sp - Corneta.


Fishing gear : bottom trawls, artisanal gear,set gillnets.

Habitat : rocky, coralline and vegetatedbottoms throughout the year.

Loc.name(s) :

Lepidocybium flavobrunneum (Smith, 1849)

Synonyms : Xenogramma carinatum Waite,1904; Nasogrammus thompsoni Fowler,1923.

FAO names : En - Escolar; Fr - Escolier noir;Sp - Escolar negro.


Fishing gear : longlines, pelagic trawls(bycatch).

Habitat : oceanic, in surface and mid-waters,to depths of at least 200 m.

Loc.name(s) :

2 unbranched rays

EXOCOETIDAE

FISTULARIIDAE

crest with forwardpointing spines

bony plates dorsal fin

sector of back in front of dorsal fin

smooth crestblue spots

(see Plate V, 33)

8 or 9 spines16-18 rays

GEMPYLIDAE

lateral line wavy

caudal keels

4-6 finlets



68

BONY FISHES

Promethichthys prometheus (Cuvier, 1832)

FAO names : En - Promethean escolar; Fr - Escolier

clair; Sp - Escolar prometeo.Size : 50 cm, common to 40 cm.


Habitat : benthopelagic from 100 to 800 m depth.

Loc.name(s) :

Ruvettus pretiosus Cocco, 1829

Synonyms: Ruvettus tydemani . Weber, - 1913;

Ruvettus whakari Griffin, 1927.

FAO names : En - Oilfish; Fr - Rouvet; Sp - Escolarclavo.

Size : 200 cm.


Habitat : benthopelagic, mainly in coastal waters,sometimes oceanic, to depths of at least 200 m.

Loc.name(s) :

Eucinostomus melanopterus (Bleeker, 1863)

Synonyms: Gerres melanopterus Bleeker, 1863.

FAO names : En - Flagfin mojarra; Fr - Blanchedrapeau; Sp - Mojarrita de ley.


Fishing gear : beach seines, set nets, handlines,bottom trawls.

Habitat : sandy and muddy bottoms in coastal waters,rarely beyond 25 m depth.

Loc.name(s) :

Gerres nigri Günther, 1859

Synonyms : Gerres octatis Bleeker, 1863.

FAO names : En - Guinean striped mojarra;Fr - Friture rayée; Sp - Mojarra guineana.


Fishing gear : trawls, artisanal fishing gear.

Habitat : coastal waters, estuaries and coastallagoons.

Loc.name(s) :

membrane black, 17-19 spines

GEMPYLIDAE

18-21 rays

2 finlets

pelvic fins reduced to 1 spine

13-15 spines15-18 rays

2 finlets

belly keeled between pelvic and anal fins

black spot

GERREIDAE

7 rays

longitudinal bands, often also crossbars

8 rays

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69

BONY FISHES

Rypticus saponaceus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801)

FAO names : En - Greater soapfish; Fr - Grandsavon; Sp - Jabonero.


Fishing gear : hook-and-line, traps, beach seines,bottom trawls.

Habitat : shallow waters (to 50 m depth), onchalky and rocky bottoms mixed with sand, oftenaround coral reefs.

Loc.name(s) :

Rypticus subbifrenatus Gill, 1861

FAO names : En - Spotted soapfish; Fr - Savontacheté; Sp - Jabonero machado.

Size : 13 cm.

Fishing gear : no information available.

Habitat : coastal waters.

Loc.name(s) :

Brachydeuterus auritus (Valenciennes, 1831)

Synonyms : Otoperca aurita (Valenciennes, 1831).

FAO names : En - Bigeye grunt; Fr - Lippu pelon;Sp - Burro ojón.


Fishing gear : bottom trawls, beach seines, purseseines, set nets.

Habitat : coastal waters from 10 to 100 m depth, butmore common between 15 and 40 m.

Loc.name(s) :

Parapristipoma humile (Bowdich, 1825)

Synonyms : Pristipoma humilis Bowdich, 1825;Pristipoma viridens Cuvier, 1830; Diagrammaaeneum Peters, 1869; Diagramma (Diagramella)macrops Pellegrin, 1912; Genyatremus latifrons Troschel, 1866; Genyatremus angustifrons Troschel,1866; Parapristipoma latifrons [Fowler, 1936];Parapristipoma macrops [Poll, 1954].

FAO names : En - Guinea grunt; Fr - Grondeurbouche d'or; Sp - Burro boca de oro.



Habitat : sandy bottoms, from the coastline to 100 mdepth.

Loc.name(s) :

3 spines, 23-25 rays, heightregularly increasing backwards

GRAMMISTIDAE

colour grey-brown with pale spots1 spine, 15 rays

4 spines

head with red-brown spots

black spot onmargin of opercule

background colour of body paleolive green to pale red brown

HAEMULIDAE( = POMADASYIDAE)

(see Plate V, 34)

13 spines

15 rays

colour uniform violet brown

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70

BONY FISHES

Parapristipoma octolineatum (Valenciennes, 1833)

Synonyms : Pristipoma octolineatum Valenciennes,1833; Diagramma octolineatum (Valenciennes, 1833)

FAO names : En - African striped grunt; Fr – Grondeur

rayé; Sp - Burro listado.


Fishing gear : bottom trawls, trammel nets, lone gear.

Habitat : rocky bottoms to about 60 m depth.

Loc.name(s) :

Plectorhynchus macrolepis (Boulenger, 1899)

Synonyms : Diagramma macrolepis Boulenger,1899.

FAO names : En - Biglip grunt; Fr Diagramme àgrosses lèvres; Sp - Burro labiogrueso.


Fishing gear : bottom trawls, set gill nets, lines.

Habitat : shallow coastal waters, estuaries andcoastal lagoons.

Loc.name(s) :

Plectorhynchus mediterraneus (Guichenot, 1850)

Synonyms : Diagramma mediterraneurn Guichenot,1850; Parapristipoma mediterraneum (Guichenot,1850).

FAO names : En - Rubberlip grunt; Fr – Diagrammegris; Sp - Burro chiclero.


Fishing gear : bottom and pelagic trawls, bottom setnets, lines.

Habitat : rocky, sandy and sandy/muddy bottoms to60 m depth.

Loc.name(s) :

Pomadasys incisus (Bowdich, 1825)

Synonyms : Pomadasys bennetti Lowe, 1841.

FAO names : En - Bastard grunt; Fr - Grondeurmétis; Sp - Ronco mestizo.


Fishing gear : bottom trawls, beach seines, set nets.

Habitat : hard bottoms from 1 to 50 m depth.

Loc.name(s) :

13 spines HAEMULIDAE( = POMADASYIDAE)

14 or 15 rays

4 longitudinalblue bands

14 spines

(see Plate V, 35)

lips very thick

16 rays

7 rays

(see Plate V, 36)

12 spines

18 or 19 rays

8 or 9 rays

black spot

(see Plate V, 37)

12 or 13 rays



71

BONY FISHES

Pomadasys jubelini (Cuvier, 1830)

FAO names : En - Sompat grunt; Fr - Grondeursompat; Sp - Ronco sompat.


Fishing gear : bottom trawls, beach seines,purse seines, lines.

Habitat : sandy and muddy bottoms in coastalwaters and estuaries, most common between20 and 50 m depth.

Loc.name(s) :

Synonyms : Pomadasys perotoei (Cuvier, 1830).

FAO names : En - Parrot grunt; Fr - Grondeurperroquet; Sp - Ronco loro.


Fishing gear : bottom trawls, beach seines,purse seines, lines.

Habitat : sandy and muddy bottoms in coastalwaters; also in estuaries.

Loc.name(s) :

Pomadasys rogerii (Cuvier, 1830)

5 rows of scales

above lateral line

HAEMUUDAE( = POMADASYIDAE)

round spots

maxilla8 or 9 rays

Pomadasys peroteti (Cuvier, 1830)

(see Plate V, 39)

7 rows of scalesabove lateral line

maxilla narrowand sickle-shaped

9 or 10 rays

Synonyms : Pomadasys suillus (ou P. suillum)(Valenciennes, 1833).

FAO names : En - Pigsnout grunt; Fr - Grondeurnez de cochon; Sp - Ronco trompudo.


Fishing gear : pelagic and bottom trawls, beachseines, set nets.

Habitat : demersal and pelagic in coastal waters

to 60 m depth; also in estuaries.

Loc.name(s) :

oblique or horizontalbroken lines

chin with3 pores

yellow spot

10 rays

(see Plate V, 40)

very broad



72

BONY FISHES

Euleptorhampus velox Poey, 1868

FAO names : En - Flying halfbeak; Fr - Demi-becvolant ; Sp - Agujeta voladora.


Fishing gear : pelagic trawls, beach seines, purseseines.

Habitat : pelagic in coastal and oceanic waters.

Loc.name(s) :

Hemiramphus balao Le Sueur, 1825

FAO names : En - . Balao halfbeak; Fr - Demi-becbalaou; Sp - Agujeta balajú.


Fishing gear : pelagic. trawls, beach seines, purseseines.

Habitat : coastal surface waters, forming largeschools.

Loc.name(s) :

Hemiramphus brasiliensis (Linneaus, 1758)

FAO names : En - Ballyhoo half beak; Fr - Demi-becBrésilien; Sp - Agujeta brasileña.


Fishing gear : pelagic trawls, beach seines, purseseines, set nets, line gear.

Habitat : coastal pelagic, forming schools.

Loc. name(s) :

Hyporhamphus picarti (Valenciennes, 1846)

Synonyms : Hyporamphus unifasciatus (nonRanzani, 1842) [Fowler, 1936].

FAO names : En - African halfbeak; Fr – Demi-bec africaine; Sp - Agujeta africana.


Fishing gear : pelagic trawls, beach seines, purseseines, set nets.

Habitat : pelagic in coastal waters, formingschools; often enters estuaries.

Loc.name(s) :

lower jaw very long

HEMIRAMPHIDAE

21-25 rays

very long, 19-24 rays

11-15 rays

upper lobe bluishviolet, tip red

10-13 rays

upper jaw very short

upper lobeyellow-orange

tip of beak red

12-14 rays

upper jawscaled

(see Plate VI, 41)

preorbital creststrongly developed

13-17 rays

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73

BONY FISHES

FAO names : En - False halfbeak; Fr - Faux demi-bec; Sp - Falsa agujeta.


Fishing gear : purse seines, driftnets.

Habitat : pelagic in inshore waters.

Loc. name(s) :

Oxyporhamphus micropterus similis (Bruun, 1935) HEMIRAMPHIDAE

pectoral fins relatively long, but not reaching to origin of dorsal fin

mouth terminal

Holocentrus ascensions (Osbeck, 1765)

FAO names : En - Squirrelfish; Fr - Marignan coq;Sp - Candil gallito.

Size : at least 34.5 cm standard length.

Fishing gear : traps, set nets, trawls.

Habitat : coral reefs in coastal waters; also in offshorewaters to 90 m depth; a nocturnal species.


Loc.name(s) :

Myripristís jacobus Cuvier, 1829

FAO names : En - Blackbar soldierfish; Fr - Marignanmombin; Sp - Candil colorado.

Size : 21.6 cm.


Habitat : coral reefs in coastal waters; also inoffshore waters to 90 m depth; a nocturnal species.

Loc.name(s) :

Sargocentron hastatus (Valenciennes, 1829)

Synonyms : Adioryx hastatus (Valenciennes, 1829);Holocentrus hastatus Valenciennes, 1829.

FAO names : En - Red squirrelfish; Fr - Marignanrouge; Sp - Candil africano.



Habitat : rocky and coralline bottoms from theshoreline to 200 m depth.

Loc.name(s) :

11 spinesHOLOCENTRIDAE

14-16 rays

preopercularspine longer thanopercular spine

broadrectangularblack bars

10 spines

1 spine, 12-15 rays

no spines

black spot

10 or 11 spines(see Plate VI, 42)

opercular spine 13 rays

preopercular spine as long or

shorter than opercular spine

scalesveryrough

colour: red with white

and yellow stripes

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74

BONY FISHES

Istiophorus albicans (Latreille, 1804)

Synonyms: Histiophorus albicans (Latreille, 1804);Histiophorus americanus Cuvier, 1832; Makaira

albicans Latreille, 1804.

FAO names : En - Atlantic sailfish; Fr - Voilier del'Atlantique; Sp - Pez vela del Atlántico.


Fishing gear : surface longlines; trolling, driftnets.

Habitat : pelagic in surface waters; strongly migratoryduring winter.

Loc.name(s) :

Makaira indica (Cuvier, 1832)

Synonyms : Makaira marlina Jordan & Hill, 1926;lstiompax marlina (Jordan & Hill, 1926); Istiompaxindicus (Cuvier, 1832).

FAO names : En - Black marlin; Fr - Makaire noire;Sp - Aguja negra.


Fishing gear : surface longlines, trolling, driftnets.

Habitat : pelagic in surface waters above thethermocline, mainly oceanic and strongly migratory.

Loc.name(s) :

Makaira nigricans Lacepède, 1802

Synonyms : Makaira ampia (Poey, 1860).

FAO names : En - Blue marlin; Fr - Aguja azul;Sp - Makaire bleu .



Habitat : pelagic in oceanic surface waters, usuallyfound above the thermocline; highly migratory.

Loc.name(s) :

Tetrapturus albidus Poey, 1860

Synonyms: Makaira albida (Poey, 1860);Lamontella albida (Poey, 1860).

FAO names : En - White marlin; Fr - Makaireblanc; Sp - Aguja blanca.



Habitat : pelagic in surface waters, above thethermocline.

Loc.name(s) :

lateral line simple

pectoral fin rigid, not foldable against body

lateral line reticulated

small black spots

anus far from anal fin

dorsal fin very high

ISTIOPHORIDAE



75

BONY FISHES

Tetrapturus pfluegeri Robins & de Sylva, 1963

Synonyms: Tetrapturus belone (non Rafinesque,1810) [Fowler, 1936].

FAO names : En - Longbill spearfish; Fr - Makaire

bécune; Sp - Aguja picuda.Size : to 200 cm, common to 180 cm standardlength.

Fishing gear : longlines, driftnets.

Habitat : pelagic in oceanic surface waters, usuallyabove the thermocline; highly migratory.

Loc.name(s) :

Parakuhlia macrophthalmus (Osorio, 1894)

FAO names : En - Dara; Fr - Crocro à gros yeux;Sp - Dara.


Fishing gear : beach seines, set nets, hook-and-line.

Habitat : rocky and sandy bottoms to about 30 m.Present throughout the year.

Loc.name(s) :

Kyphosus incisor (Cuvier, 1831)

FAO names : En - Yellow sea chub; Fr - Calicagère jaune; Sp - Chopa amarilla.


Fishing gear : set nets, hook-and-tine.

Habitat : rocky bottoms in shallow coastal waters.


Loc.name(s) :

Kyphosus sectatrix (Linnaeus, 1758)

FAO names : En - Bermuda sea chub;Fr - Calicagère blanche; Sp - Chopa blanca.


Fishing gear : set nets, hook-and-line.

Habitat : shallow coastal waters.

Loc.name(s) :

ISTIOPHORIDAE

anus near anal fin

11 spines + 1 KUHLIIDAE

dorsal fin deeply incised

mouthoblique

16 rays

19-22 gillrakerson lower limb

of first gill arch

all fins yellowish to bright orange

11 spines, 13-15 raysKYPHOSIDAE

16-18gillrakers onlower limb offirst gill arch


11 spines, 11-13 rays




76

BONY FISHES

LABRIDAE

Acantholabrus palloni (Risso, 1810)

FAO names : En - Scale-rayed wrasse; Fr - Roucaou;Sp - Tae rocas.



Habitat : in coastal waters near rocky or sandybottoms, from 30 to 500 m depth; solitary.

Loc.name(s) :

Bodianus scrofa (Valenciennes, 1839)

FAO names : En - Barred hogfish; Fr - Pourceau;Sp - Vieja.


Fishing gear : bottom trawls, hook-and-line.

Habitat : prefers rocky bottoms from 20 to 100 mdepth.

Loc.name(s) :

Bodianus speciosus (Bowdich, 1825)

Synonyms: Diastodon speciosus Bowdich, 1825.

FAO names : En - Blackbar hogfish; Fr - Pourceaudos noir; Sp - Vieja lomonegro.


Fishing gear : bottom trawls, bottom set nets, lines.

Habitat : rocky and coralline bottoms from 3 to 70 mdepth. Present throughout the year, but fished mainlyduring the warm season.

Loc.name(s) :

FAO names : En - Rainbow wrasse; Fr - Girelle;Sp - Doncella julia.

Size: 30 cm, common between 18 and 25 cm.Fishing gear : bottom trawls, bottom set nets, lines.

Habitat : most common on rocky bottoms andalong vegetated grounds, from 1 to 120 m depth.

Loc.name(s) :

19-21 spines

lateral line regularly curved

dark brown blotchon caudal peduncle

profilealmoststraight

black spot

12 spines46-50 small scales on lateral line

dark bars

33 or 34 largescales onlateral line

12 spines black-violet bar

orange dotson cheeks

Loris julis (Linnaeus, 1758)

(see Plate VI, 44)

(see Plate VI, 43)

black spoton marginof opercle

9 spines

lateral lineabruptly curved

73-80 small scales on lateral line

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77

BONY FISHES

Thalassoma pavo (Linnaeus, 1758)

FAO names : En - Ornate wrasse; Fr - Girelle

paon; Sp - Fredi.Size : 25 cm, common to 18 cm.

Fishing gear : bottom trawls, beach seines, lines.

Habitat : coastal waters near rocky andvegetated bottoms, from 1 to 150 m depth, butusually at less than 50 m; solitary or in smallgroups.

Loc.name(s) :

Xyrichthys novacula (Linnaeus, 1758)

Synonyms : Xyrichthys psittacus (Linnaeus, 1758);Hemipteronotus novacula [Randall, 1965].

FAO names : En - Pearly razorfish; Fr - Donzellelame; Sp - Doncella cuchilla.


Fishing gear : hook-and-line, bottom trawls.

Habitat : clear waters on sandy bottoms, oftenassociated with vegetated grounds or. corals.

Loc.name(s) :

Lampris guttatus (Brünnich, 1788)

Synonyms : Lampris regius (Bonnaterre, 1788);Lampris luna (Gmelin, 1789).

FAO names : En - Opah; Fr - Opah; Sp - Opa.


Fishing gear : floating longlines, purse seines.

Habitat : from the surface to depths of about

200 m; an inhabitant of temperate water, butwandering far north in summer months.

Loc.name(s) :

Lethrinus atlanticus Valenciennes, 1830

FAO names : En - Atlantic emperor; Fr - Empereuratlantique; Sp - Emperador atlántico.


Fishing gear : bottom trawls, beach seines, purseseines, hook-and-lines.

Habitat : coastal waters to 50 m depth, abundantduring the winter months.

Loc.name(s) :

8 spines LABRIDAE

male

27.29 small scales onabruptly curved lateral line

female

9 spines red bar

lateral lineinterrupted

LAMPRIDAE

pectorals sickle-shaped,their bases horizontal

body pink to purple with

white spots; all fins scarlet red

10 spinesLETHRINIDAE

9 rays

no scales on cheek

colour pink and olive green

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78

BONY FISHES

LOBOTIDAE

Lobotes surinamensis (Bloch, 1790)

FAO names : En - Atlantic tripletail; Fr - Croupiaroche; Sp - Dormilona.


Fishing gear : purse seines, set gillnets, lines.

Habitat : pelagic, often floating horizontally nearthe surface.

Loc.name(s) :

Lophiodes kempi (Norman, 1935)

Synonyms: Chirolophius kempi Norman,1935.

FAO names : En - Longspine African angler;Fr - Baudroie épineuse; Sp - Rape espinoso.


Fishing gear : bottom trawls.Habitat : demersal between 50 and 400 mdepth.

Loc.name(s) :

Lophius vaillanti Regan, 1903

FAO names : En - Shortspine African anglerfish;Fr - Baudroie africaine; Sp - Rape africano.


Fishing gear : bottom trals.

Habitat : demersal, between 200 and 300 mdepth.

Loc.name(s) :

12 spines

dorsal view

(see Plate VI, 45)

LOPHIIDAE

8 rays

gill opening extendingto before pectoral fin 13-16 rays

6 rays

lateral view (Lophiodes)

no fleshy appendix

frontalridge

smooth

gill opening restrictedto behind pectoral fin

dorsal view

9 rays

lateral view (Lophius)19-24 rays

8 rays



79

BONY FISHES

Apsilus fuscus Valenciennes, 1830

FAO names : En - African forktail snapper; Fr - Vivaneaufourche (d'Afrique); Sp - Pargo tijera.


Fishing gear : bottom trawls, handlines, set nets.

Habitat : coralline and rocky bottoms from 15 to 100 mdepth.

LUTJANIDAE

(see Plate VI, 46)caudal fin forked

Lutjanus agennes Bleeker, 18634 horizontal rows of scales, except on caudal peduncle

FAO names : En - African red snapper; Fr - Vivaneauafricain rouge; Sp - Pargo colorado africano.


Fishing gear : longlines, handlines, bottom set nets,bottom trawls.

Habitat : rocky bottoms, sometimes enters estuariesand lagoons.

Loc.name(s) :

Lutjanus dentatus (Duméril, 1860)

FAO names : En - African brown snapper;Fr - Vivaneau brun (d'Afrique); Sp - Pargomarrón africano.


Fishing gear : handlines, longlines, bottom setnets, bottom trawls.

Habitat : rocky bottoms, also in estuaries.

Loc.name(s) :

(see Plate VI, 47)

5-7 rows of scales tips of anal andcaudal fins black

scale rows oblique

9 or 10 rows of scales

(see Plate VII, 48)

6 rows of scales

Lutjanus endecacanthus Bleeker, 1863

FAO names : En - Guinea snapper; Fr - Vivaneaude Guinee; Sp - Pargo de Guinea.

Size : 20 cm (largest known specimen).

Fishing gear : handlines, bottom set nets.

Habitat : rocky bottoms and coral reefs, also inbrackish lagoons and sometimes in rivers.

Loc.name(s) : colour brown to dark brown



continuous ridge

Lutjanus fulgens (Valenciennes, 1830)

80

BONY FISHES

FAO names : En - Golden African snapper;Fr - Vivaneau doré; Sp - Pargo doradoafricano.


Fishing gear : handlines, bottom trawls.

Habitat : rocky bottoms at medium depths(around 60 m).

Loc.name(s) :

LUTJANIDAE

4 o 5horizontal

rows of scales

blackmargin

yellow horizontal lines

5-7 rows of scales

(see Plate VII, 49)

Lutjanus goreensis (Valenciennes, 1830)

FAO names : En Gorean snapper; Fr - Vivaneaude Gorée; Sp - Pargo de Gorea.


Fishing gear : handlines, longlines, bottom setnets, bottom trawls.

Habitat : rocky and other hard bottoms, juvenilesin estuaries.

Loc.name(s) :bright blue line

Macroramphosus scolopax (Linnaeus, 1758)

Synonyms : Macroramphosus gracilis (Lowe, 1839).

FAO names : En - Longspine snipefish; Fr - Bécasse de mer;Sp - Trompetero.



Habitat : demersal to about 500 m depth; forms schools; juveniles in oceanic surface waters.

Loc.name(s) :

Coelorinchus coelorhincus (Risso, 1810)

(see Plate VII, 50)

MACRORAMPHOSIDAE

MACROURIDAE

Synonyms : Coelorhynchus coelorhynchus (Risso, 1810); Coelorhinchus lavilie Risso,1809.

FAO names : En - Hollowsnout grenadier;Fr - Grenadier raton; Sp - Granaderoacorazado (= Ratón).



Habitat : from 140 to 630 m depth.

Loc.name(s) :

fossa

spinous ray smooth

anus

underside

terminal

scutes7 rays

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81

BONY FISHES

Malacocephalus laevis (Lowe, 1843)

FAO names : En - Softhead grenadier; Fr - Grenadierbarbu; Sp - Abámbolo de bajura.

Size : about 55 cm, common to 30 cm.Fishing gear : bottom trawls.

Habitat : upper continental shelf from 250 to 750 mdepth.

Loc.name(s) :

Malacocephalus occidentalis Goode & Bean, 1885

Synonyms : Ventrifossa occidentalis (Goode & Bean,

1885); Macruoplus violaceus (non Zugmayer, 1911).

FAO names : En - Western softhead grenadier;Fr - Grenadier scie; Sp - Abámbolo.



Habitat : warm to temperate waters on thecontinental slope, depth range from 140 to about580 m.

Loc.name(s) :

Nezumia aequalis (Günther, 1878)

FAO names : En - Smooth grenadier; Fr - GrenadierIisse; Sp - Grenadero liso.



Habitat : common at depths from 200 to 1000 m.

Loc.name(s) :

Tarpon atlanticus (Valenciennes, 1846)

Synonyms : Megalops atlanticus Valenciennes,1846.

FAO names : En - Atlantic tarpon; Fr - Tarponargenté; Sp - Tarpon.


Fishing gear : purse seines, beach seines, castnets, hook-and-line.

Habitat : pelagic; the young are found in shallowbrackish and fresh waters.

Loc.name(s) :

spinous ray smooth

MACROURIDAE

9 rays

spinous ray denticulated

blackridges 8 rays

spinous ray denticulated

spiny tubercle

scaled ridges

8 or 9 rays

MEGALOPIDAE

large scales

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82

BONY FISHES

Merluccius polli Cadenat, 1950

Synonyms: ? Merluccius cadenati Doutre, 1960.

FAO names : En - Benguela hake; Fr - Merlu d'Afrique

tropical; Sp - Merluza de Benguela.Size : 90 cm, common to 65 cm.


Habitat : demersal from 150 to 600 m depth.

Loc.name(s) :

Psettias sebae (Cuvier, 1831)

Synonyms : Psettus sebae (Cuvier, 1831).

FAO names : En - African moony; Fr - Breton africain;Sp - Ramball.


Fishing gear : cast nets, set gillnets.

Habitat : mainly estuaries and mangroves.

Loc.name(s) :

Antimora rostrata (Günther, 1878)

Synonyms : Antimora australis Barnard, 1925.

FAO names : En - Blue antimora; Fr - Antimorebleu; Sp - Mollera azul.

Size: at least 60 cm.

Fishing gear : trawls, deep-set bottom longlines.

Habitat : benthopelagic, from 350 to 3000 m depth.

Loc.name(s) :

Gadella imberbis (Vaillant, 1888)

Synonyms : Brosmiculus imberbis Vaillant, 1888.

FAO names : En - Beardless codling; Fr - Gadelleimberbe; Sp - Gadela imberbe.


Fishing gear : as bycatch in deep-water shrimp trawls.

Habitat : benthopelagic, on the upper continentalslope.

Loc.name(s) :

8 to 12gillrakers

on first arch

MERLUCCIIDAE


white edge

belly steel grey to black

8 spines MONODACTYLIDAE

(see Plate VII, 51)

MORIDAE

protrudingand pointed

mouthinferior

roof ofmouthdark

no barbets

light organ (a dark plate in front of anus)



9 rays

83

BONY FISHES

Laemonema laureysi Poll, 1953

FAO names : En - Guinean codling; Fr - Lémonème deGuinée; Sp - Lemonema de Guinea.

Size : 30 cm.


Habitat : benthopelagic, from 220 to 550 m depth.

Loc.name(s) :

Liza dumerilii (Steindachner, 1870)

Synonyms : Mugil hoefleri Steindachner, 1882;

Mugil canaliculatus Smith, 1935.FAO names : En - Grooved mullet; Fr - Mulet bouri;Sp - Liza acanalada.


Fishing gear : bottom trawls, beach seines,trammelnets, hook-and-line.

Habitat : coastal waters and estuaries.

Loc.name(s) :

Liza falcipinnis (Valenciennes, 1836)

FAO names : En - Sicklefin mullet; Fr - Mulet àgrandes nageoires; Sp - Liza aletona.


Fishing gear : bottom trawls, beach seines,trammel nets, lines.

Habitat : coastal marine and brackish waters.

Loc.name(s) :

Liza grandisquamis (Valenciennes, 1836)

FAO names : En - Largescaled mullet; Fr - Muletécailleux; Sp - Liza escamuda.



Habitat : shallow coastal waters, estuaries and

brackish lagoons, including mangroves.

Loc.name(s) :

MORIDAE

pelvic fins with 2 rays

5-8 mucus canals MUGILIDAE

predorsal scales

9 rays

axillary scale rudimentary

11 rays

scales large, 25-29transverse rows



84

BONY FISHES

Mugil bananensis (Pellegrin, 1928)

FAO names : En - Banana mullet; Fr - Mulet banane;Sp - Liza banana.




Loc.name(s) :

Mugil cephalus Linnaeus, 1758

Synonyms : Mugil ashanteensis Bleeker, 1863.

FAO names : En - Flathead grey mullet; Fr - Muletcabot; Sp - Pardete.


Fishing gear : bottom trawls, beach seines, cast nets,hook-and-line.

Habitat : coastal waters, estuaries and lagoons.

Loc.name(s) :

Mugil curema Valenciennes, 1836

Synonyms : Mugil brasiliensis Günther, 1861 (nonSpix); Mugil metzelaari Chabanaud, 1976.

FAO names : En - Curema mullet; Fr - Mulet curème;Sp - Liza curema.


Fishing gear : bottom trawls, beach seines,trammelnets.

Habitat : costal waters estuaries and lagoons.

Loc.name(s) :

Pseudupeneus prayensis (Cuvier, 1829)

FAO names : En - West African goatfish; Fr - Rouget-barbet du Sénégal; Sp - Salmonete barbudo.


Fishing gear : bottom trawls, bottom set gillnets,hook-and-line.

Habitat : sandy and muddy bottoms from 1 to 60 m

depth, most common between 20 and 45 m.

Loc.name(s) :

MUGILIDAE

11-12 rows of scales

8 rays


8 rays

(see Plate VII, 52)


9 rays

1 spine onhead margin

of opercle8 spines

MULLIDAE

3 or 4 red tines

1 pair ofmental barbels

(see Plate VII, 53)

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85

BONY FISHES

Cynoponticus ferox Costa, 1846

Synonyms : Muraenesox ferox (Costa,1846); Phyllogramma regani Pellegrin,

1934.FAO names : En - Guinea pikeconger; Fr - Murénésoce de Guinée;Sp - Murenocio de Guinea.

Size : 200 cm.


Habitat : sandy and muddy bottoms,from 10 to 100 m depth.

Loc. Name(s) :

MURAENESOCIDAE

teeth on midline

jaw teeth

roof of mouth

large teeth

large gill openings pectoral fins present

MURAENIDAE

Channomuraena vittata (Richardson, 1844)

FAO names : En - Broadbanded moray; Fr - Murèneanneau; Sp - Morena franjeada.

Size : 120 cm.

Fishing gear : hook-and-line, traps.

Habitat : an insular demersal species, to 40 m

depth; not common.Loc.name(s) :

Echidna peli (Kaup, 1856)

FAO names : En - Pebbletooth moray; Fr - Murèneserpent; Sp - Moreneta.

Size : 90 cm.

Fishing gear : bottom trawls, fish traps, hook-and-

line.Habitat : rocky bottoms in shallow waters.

Loc.name(s) :

Enchelycore nigricans (Bonnaterre, 1788)

pale-edged yellowish bars alternating with dark brown bars

vertical fins confined to tip of tail

pores on laws bordered with white

teeth blunt, molar-like

colour dark, with small, irregular pale spots, disappearing with age

reticulated colourpattern in young

colour uniform chestnut brown in adults

FAO names : En - Viper moray; Fr - Murènenoire; Sp - Morena negra.

Size : 100 cm.


Habitat : rocky and coralline bottoms to12 m depth.

Loc.name(s) :

jawsarched,teeth

fang-like

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86

BONY FISHES

MURAENIDAE

Gymnothorax maderensis (Johnson, 1862)

FAO names : En - Sharktooth moray; Fr - Murène deMadère; Sp - Morena de Madeira.

Size : 100 cm.

Fishing gear : hook-and-line, deep traps.

Habitat : deep waters around islands.

Loc.name(s) :

Lycodontis afer (Bloch, 1795)

FAO names : En - Dark moray; Fr - Murèneobscure; Sp - Morena oscura.


Fishing gear : bottom trawls, traps, hook-and-line.

Habitat : rocky bottoms from 10 to 45 m depth.

Loc.name(s) :

Lycodontis mareei (Poll, 1953)

FAO names: En - Spotjaw moray; Fr - Murène cobra,Sp - Morena boca manchada.

Size : 40 cm.


Habitat : in coastal waters between 15 and 25 mdepth.

Loc.name(s) :

Lycodontis vicinus (Castelnau, 1855)

colour pale yellowish to brown,covered with spot and reticulations

upper tooth shark-like serrated teeth

colour dark brown or greenish with irregularyellow spots and blotches; fins edges with black

pores on both jaws rimmed with white

colour uniform brown

Synonyms : Gymnothorax vicinus (Castelnau, 1855)

FAO names : En - Purplemouth moray; Fr - Murène jaune; Sp - Morena amarilla.

Size : 122 cm.

Fishing gear : bottom trawls, hook-and-line, fishtraps and other artisanal fishing gear.

Habitat : rocky bottoms and coral reefs, also onvegetated grounds to 40 m depth.

Loc.name(s) :

small brown spot

2 types of coloration: one with distinct marbling, theother almost uniform brown with small dark specks



87

BONY FISHES

MURAENIDAE

Muraena helena Linnaeus, 1758

FAO names : En - Mediterranean moray; Fr - Murène

de Méditerranée; Sp - Morena mediterránea.

Size : 130 cm.


Habitat : rocky bottoms from 15 to 50 m depth.

Loc.name(s) :

Muraena melanotis (Kaup, 1859)

colour yellowish brown, with large pale blotchesincluding a rosette pattern of small brown dots

(see Plate VII, 54)

FAO names : En - Honeycomb moray; Fr - Murène àpois; Sp - Morena de lunares.

Size : 80 cm.


Habitat : rocky bottoms from the coastline to 45 mdepth.

Loc.name(s) :

gill opening surrounded by a black blotch

pale round blotches

(see Plate VII, 55)

Muraena robusta Osorio, 1909

FAO names : En - Stout moray; Fr - Murènerobuste; Sp - Morena robusta.

Size : 140 cm.


Habitat : rocky bottoms from the coastline to 45 mdepth.

Loc.name(s) :

Echelus myrus (Linnaeus, 1758)

large dark blotches on light background

gill openingsurrounded

by a blackishblotch

(see Plate Vlll, 56)

FAO names : En - Painted eel; Fr - Serpenton miro;Sp -Tieso miro.


Fishing gear : hook-and-line.

Habitat : taken occasionally on muddy and sandybottoms in estuaries and coastal lagoons from 3 to12 m depth; buries in sand with only the headprotruding.

Loc.name(s) :

2 supra-

orbital pores

no infra-orbital pores

OPHICHTHIDAE

white sensorial papillae on dark background



88

BONY FISHES

Echiophis creutzbergi (Cadenat, 1956)

Synonyms : Mystriophis creutzbergi Cadenat,1956.

FAO names : En - Spoon-nose eel; Fr - Serpentontiyeux; Sp - Tieso culebrón.

Size : 170 cm.


Habitat : littoral and coastal waters and lagoons,to 40 m depth.

Loc.name(s) :

Myrichthys pardalis (Valenciennes, 1835)

eyes small, abovemidpoint of mouth

3 preopercular poresOPHICHTHIDAE

brown black spots on pale background

tipwithout

fins

FAO names : En - Leopard eel; Fr - Serpentonleopardo; Sp - Tieso leopardo.

Size : 65 cm.

Fishing gear : trawls, traps.

Habitat : deep waters on rocky and muddybottoms.

Loc.name(s) :

Mystriophis rostellatus (Richardson, 1844)

FAO names : En - African spoon-nose eel;Fr - Serpenton gris; Sp - Tieso gris.

Size : 140 cm.


Habitat : lagoons and coastal waters to 40 mdepth.

Loc.name(s) :

Ophichthus ophis Linnaeus, 1758

FAO names : En - Spotted snake eel; Fr - Serpentontacheté; Sp - Tieso pintado.

Size : 140 cm.


Habitat : coastal waters to 50 m depth.

Loc.name(s) :

eyes small, almost on top of head, above anterior half of mouth

colour pale yellowish orange,with large brown spots

pale ocellated spots on belly

medianfrontalpore

tip without fins

median supratemporal pore

gill opening pectoral fin

2 preopercular pores

tip without fins


colour back grey brown

large black spots on pale background

tip without fins

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55-62 pored scales on lateral line

89

BONY FISHES

Ophisurus serpens (Linnaeus, 1758)

FAO names : En - Serpent eel; Fr - Serpenton à nez

long; Sp - Tieso trompudo.



Habitat : buries in sand, to 300 m depth.

Loc.name(s) :

Brotula barbata (Bloch in Bloch & Schneider, 1801)

FAO names : En - Bearded brotula; Fr - Brotulebarbé; Sp - Brótula de barbas.



Habitat : adults living on sandy and muddybottoms of the continental shelf, down to at least650 m depth.

Loc.name(s) :

Bembrops greyi Poll, 1959

FAO names : En - Roundtail duckbill; Fr - Platête deGuinée; Sp - Pez palo guineano.



Habitat : soft bottoms of the continental shelf from

250 to 420 m depth.

Loc.name(s) :

Bembrops heterurus (Miranda Ri beiro, 1915)

FAO names : En - Squaretail duckbill; Fr - Platêtecommun; Sp - Pez paio común.



Habitat : soft bottoms, from 100 to 390 m depth.

Loc.name(s) :

upper jaw very long

OPHICHTHIDAE


tip without fins

12 barbets

OPHIDIIDAE

a single continuous fin

(see Plate VIII, 57)

PERCOPHIDAE

no spines on headcaudal fin rounded

48-52 pored scales on lateral line

caudal fin nearly truncate

no spines on head

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90

BONY FISHES

Grammoplites gruveli (Pellegrin, 1905)

Synonyms : Platycephalus gruveli Pellegrin, 1905.

FAO names : En - Guinea flathead; Fr - Platycéphalede Guinée; Sp - Chato de Guinea.



Habitat : soft bottoms, from 20 to 200 m depth.

Loc.name(s) :

Galeoides decadactylus (Bloch, 1795)

FAO names : En - Lasser African threadfin; Fr - Petitcapitaine; Sp - Barbudo de diez barbas.


Fishing gear : bottom trawls, beach seines, gillnets.

Habitat : sandy and muddy bottoms in shallowcoastal waters; also in estuaries.

Loc.name(s) :

PLATYCEPHALIDAE

head spiny

short

lateral line high on body

9 or 10 short free rays

POLYNEMIDAE

anal fin short

a dark spot in life

Pentanemus quinquarius (Linnaeus, 1758)

FAO names : En - Royal threadfin; Fr - Capitaine royal;Sp - Barbudo real.


Fishing gear : bottom trawls, beach seines, gillnets.

Habitat : sandy and muddy bottoms to 50 m depth.

Loc.name(s) :

Polydactylus quadrifilis (Cuvier, 1829)


anal fin long

5 long free rays, 4of which longer

than body


FAO names : En - Giant African threadfin;Fr - Gros capitaine; Sp - Barbudo giganteafricano.


Fishing gear : bottom trawls, beach seines,gillnets.

Habitat : sandy bottoms to 50 m depth; alsoin estuaries.

Loc.name(s) : 4 or 5 free rays, slightlylonger than the upper

rays of pectoral fin



short

91

BONY FISHES

Pomacanthus paru (Bloch, 1787)

FAO names : En - French angelfish; Fr - Demoisellechiririte; Sp - Cachama negra.



Habitat : coastal waters, to 40 m depth, on coralreefs.

Loc.name(s) :

mouth smallprotrusible

Synonyms : Priacanthus cruentatus (Lacepède, 1802)

FAO names : En - Glasseye; Fr - Beauclaire de roche ;Sp - CataIufa de roca .



Habitat : coral reefs and rocky bottoms, in shallowwaters, but also recorded from greater depths, to300 m; solitary and nocturnal.

Loc.name(s) :

POMACANTHIDAE

preopercular spine long

Pomatomus saltatrix (Linnaeus, 1766)

Synonyms : Pomatomus saltator (Linnaeus,1766); Temnodon saltator [Valenciennes,1833].

FAO names : En - Bluefish; Fr - Tassergal;Sp - Anchova de banco.


Fishing gear : purse seines, set gillnets, lines.

Habitat : pelagic in oceanic and coastalwaters.

Loc.name(s) :

strong teeth

7 or 8 low spinesPOMATOMIDAE

2 spines connected to the rays

pectoral fins yellowish; bluish at base

Heteropriacanthus cruenatus (Lacepède, 1802)


PRIACANTHIDAE

mouth

oblique

large eyes

usuallydark spots

preopercularspine welldeveloped

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92

BONY FISHES

10 spines

PRIACANTHIDAE

Priacanthus arenatus Cuvier, 1829

FAO names : En - Atlantic bigeye; Fr - Beauclaire

soleil; Sp - Catalufa toro.Size : 40 cm, common to 30 m.

Fishing gear : bottom trawls, set nets, traps,

hook-and-line.

Habitat : rocky bottoms from 2 to 100 m depth. Found more commonly in winter; mainly active

at night.

Loc.name(s) :

Psettodes belcheri Bennett, 1831

FAO names : En - Spottail spiny turbot; Fr - Turbotépineux tacheté; Sp - Lenguado espinudo dealtura.



Habitat : sandy and rocky bottoms to 150 mdepths; also in estuaries.

Loc.name(s) :

Rachycentron canadum (Linnaeus, 1766)

mouth

oblique

large eyes

dark red blotches along lateral line

preopercularspine

rudimentarylong

(see Plate Vlll, 61)colour uniform bright red

spiny rays

PSETTODIDAE

28-32 scales aroundcaudal peduncle

mouth verylarge, teeth

strong

1 spineand 5rays

(see Plate Vlll, 62)

numerous darkspots on caudalfin developed

FAO names : En - Cobia; Fr - Mafou; Sp - Cobia.


Fishing gear : bottom trawls, handlines, longlines, setgillnets.

Habitat : mainly pelagic, also found in shallow coralreef areas.

Loc.name(s) :

7-9 free predorsal spines

RACHYCENTRIDAE

black band

2 distinct narrow yellow bands

Nicholsina usta (Valenciennes, 1839)

FAO names : En - Emerald parrotfish; Fr - Perroquetémeraude; Sp - Loro jabonero.


Fishing gear : trawls, gillnets.

Habitat : vegetated bottoms, from 20 to 50 m

depth.Remarks : specimens from the Gulf of Guineabelong to the subspecies collettei Schultz, 1968.

Loc.name(s) :

4 predorsal scales

teeth fusedonly at

their bases

SCARIDAE

1 row ofscales on

cheekback marbled

brown, belly pale

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93

BONY FISHES

Scarus hoefleri (Steindachner, 1882)

FAO names : En - Guinean parrotfish; Fr - Perroquetde Guinée; Sp - Loro de Guinea.


Fishing gear : bottom set gillnets, bottom trawls,traps, driftnets.

Habitat : rocky bottoms in shallow coastal waters.

Loc.name(s) :

3 irregular dark barsSCARIDAE

7 predorsal scalesfemale

(initial phase)

spines with flexible tips

upperdentalplates

overlappinglower plates

(see Plate VIII, 63)3 or 4 rows of

scales on cheekmale (terminal phase)

Sparisoma cretense (Linnaeus, 1758)

Synonyms : Euscarius cretensis (Linnaeus, 1758).

FAO names : En - Parrotfish;Fr - Perroquet vieillard; Sp - Loroviejo.

Size : 50 cm, common to 30 cm.Fishing gear : bottom trawls,bottom set nets.

Habitat : shallow waters offrocky shores.

Remarks : presence in the Gulfof Guinea to be confirmed.

Loc.name(s) :

Synonyms : Sparisoma flavescens [Cadenat, 1950].

FAO names : En - Redfinparrotfish; Fr - Perroquet basto;Sp - Loro basto.


Fishing gear : bottom trawls,bottom set nets.

Habitat : a coastal species foundin coral reefs and on rocky

bottoms.

Remarks : presence in the Gulf ofGuinea to be confirmed.

Loc.name(s) :

red and yellow spots andbands on green background

whitish spots along sides

colour marbled brown

colour dull green

lowertoothplatesover-

lappingupperplates

sharp spines

5 or 6

predorsalscales

1 row of scaleson cheek

Sparisoma rubripinne (Valenciennes, 1839)

female (initial phase)

4 or 5 predorsal scales

lowertoothplates

overlappingupperplates

1 row of scales on cheek

black spot

sharp spines

male (terminal phase)



94

BONY FISHES

Argyrosomus hololepidotus (Lacepède, 1802)

FAO names : En - Southern meagre; Fr – Maigreafricain; Sp - Corvina africana.


Fishing gear : bottom trawls, longlines, set nets,beach seines, ringnets.

Habitat : found on muddy bottoms from about 15to 150 m depth.

Loc.name(s) :

Argyrosomus regi u s (Asso, 1801)

SCIAENIDAE

3 upper pores

inside of mouth

orange yellow

black spot 7 rays

Synonyms : Sciaena aquila (Lacepède, 1803); Argyrosomus regium (Asso, 1801).

FAO names : En - Meagre; Fr - Maigrecommun; Sp - Corvina.


Fishing gear : bottom trawls, purse seines,line gear.

Habitat : demersal, from 15 to 300 m depth;also found in estuaries.

Loc.name(s) :

Atractoscion aequidens (Cuvier, 1830)

inside of mouthorange yellow

7, rarely 8 rays

3 to 5 pores

top of head

FAO names : En - African weakfish; Fr - Teraglin;Sp - Corvinata prieta.



Habitat : on mud and sandy mud bottoms fromabout 15 to 200 m depth.

Loc.name(s) :

Miracorvina angolensis (Norman, 1935)

FAO names : En - Angola croaker; Fr - Courbine del'Angola; Sp - Corvina de Angola.

Size : 75 cm, common to 40 cm.Fishing gear : bottom trawls.

Habitat : on sandy and rocky bottoms from 50 to atleast 300 m depth; apparently not abundant.

Loc.name(s) :

no upper porestruncate to

forked in adults

black spot

eyes large,3.6 to 3.8times in

head length

edged with blackacutely rhomboidal

to pointed

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95

BONY FISHES

SCIAENIDAE

Pentheroscion mbizi (Poll, 1950)

FAO names : En - Blackmouth croaker;Fr - Courbine à bouche noire; Sp – Corvinabocanegra.



Habitat : continental shelf and upperslope, from 50 to at least 350 m depth.

Loc.name(s) :

Pseudotolithus (Pseudotolithus) brachygnathus Bleeker, 1863

Pseudotolithus (Fonticulus) elongatus (Bowdich, 1825)

Synonyms : Corvina nigrita Cuvier, 1830.

FAO names : En - Bobo croaker; Fr - Otolithe bobo;Sp - Corvina bobó.


Fishing gear : bottom trawls, set nets, beach seines,line gear.

Habitat : found in brackish waters and estuaries.

Loc.name(s) :

Pseudotolithus (Pinnacorvina) epipercus Bleeker, 1863

FAO names : En - Guinea croaker; Fr - Otolitheguinèen; Sp - Corvina de Guinea.


Fishing gear : bottom trawls, line gear.

Habitat : muddy bottoms, from the coastline toabout 70 m depth.

Loc.name(s) :

soft part black-edged

inside of mouthand opercle black

pectoralfins long

9 rays

FAO names : En - Law croaker; Fr - Otolithe gabo;Sp - Corvina reina.


Fishing gear : bottom trawls, bottom set nets, linegear.

Habitat : on sandy and muddy bottoms to-about 75 mdepth; also in estuaries.

Remarks : often confused with Pseudotolithus Senegalensis .

Loc.name(s) :a black spot at

base of pectoral fin

25-27 rays

oblique lines

7 rays

dark spots

29-34 rays

(see Plate IX, 64)

pointed

6 rays

2nd spine strong and long

35-39 rays

S-shaped

7 rays

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96

BONY FISHES

Pseudotolithus (Hostia) moorii (Günther, 1865)

FAO names : En - Cameroon croaker; Fr - Otolithecamerouonais; Sp - Corvina de Camerún.



Habitat : muddy bottoms from about 15 to 70 mdepth.

Loc.name(s) :

FAO names : En - Cassava croaker; Fr - Otolithesénégalais; Sp - Corvina casava.


Fishing gear : bottom trawls, set nets, seines, linegear.

Habitat : in shallow waters, on muddy, sandy or rockybottoms.

Loc.name(s) :

Pseudotolithus (Pseudotolithus) typus Bleeker, 1863

FAO names : En - Longneck croaker; Fr - Otolithenanka; Sp - Corvina bosoro.


Fishing gear :

Habitat : muddy and sandy bottoms, to about 150 mdepth; often found in estuaries.

Loc.name(s) :

7 or 8 spines in anterior part of dorsal fin

eyes small

25-27 rays

SCIAENIDAE

pointed

7 rays

Pseudotolithus (Pseudotolithus) senegalensis (Valenciennes, 1833) 10 spines in anterior part of dorsal fin

28-33 rays

inside of gillcover black

oblique lines

7 rays

pectoral fin long

(see Plate IX, 65)

distancebetween eyesmaller thaneye diameter

9 spines in anteriorpart of dorsal fin

28-32 rays

7 rays

(see Plate IX, 66)easily distinguished from P. senegalensis by its more

elongated body and more slender, slightly upturned head

Pteroscion peli (Bleeker, 1863)

FAO names : En - Boe drum; Fr - Courbine pélin;Sp - Bombache boé.



Habitat : coastal waters to about 200 m depth, butmore common between 30 and 60 m.

Loc.name(s) :

eyes large

mouthstronglyoblique

9 rays



97

BONY FISHES

Sciaena umbra Linnaeus, 1758

FAO names : En - Brown meagre; Fr - Corb commun;Sp - Corvallo.


Fishing gear : bottom trawls, gillnets, beach seines.

Habitat : sandy and rocky bottoms from 20 to 180 mdepth; very active at night.


Loc.name(s) :

Umbrina canariensis Valenciennes, 1843

FAO names : En - Canary drum; Fr - Ombrine bronze;b - Verrugato de Canarias.


Fishing gear : bottom trawls, artisanal fishing gear,mainly hook-and-line.

Habitat : sandy mud bottoms from 15 to 75 m depth.

Loc.name(s) :

SCIAENIDAE

no mental barbel

pelvic and anal fins black

lower partof caudalfin black

27-31 rays

mental barbel

opercular membrane dark brown

oblique lines

Umbrina cirrosa (Linnaeus, 1758)

FAO names : En - Shi drum; Fr - Ombrine côtière;Sp - Verrugato común.


Fishing gear : bottom trawls, beach seines, set nets.Habitat : sandy mud bottoms from 30 to 70 m depth.


Loc.name(s) :

Umbrina ronchus Valenciennes, 1843

Synonyms: Umbrina fusca Dardignac, 1961

FAO names : En - Fusca drum; Fr - Ombrine fusca;Sp - Verrugato fusco.


Fishing gear : bottom trawls, Iine gear.

Habitat : on rocky and sandy bottoms, from 20 to200 m depth.

Loc.name(s) :

(see Plate IX, 67)

23-25 rays

opercularmembranedeep black

25-27 rays

black

2nd spine about halfthe length of third

black



98

BONY FISHES

Umbrina steindachneri Cadenat, 1950

Synonyms : Umbrina cirrosa (non Linnaeus, 1758)[Bellemans et al., 1988]:

FAO names : En - Steindachner's drum; Fr - Ombrine

de Steindachner, Sp - Verrugato de Steindachner.

Size : 45 cm.

Fishing gear : bottom trawls, gillnets and beachseines.

Habitat : sandy mud bottoms; caught at a depth of30 m.

Remarks : obviously a rare species, often confusedwith Umbrina cirrosa.

Loc.name(s) :

Acanthocybium solandri (Cuvier, 1831)

FAO names : En - Wahoo; Fr - Thazard-bâtard;Sp - Peto.


Fishing gear : seines, hook-and-line, sportfishinggear.

Habitat : found in coastal surface waters, moreabundant during thé warm season.

Loc.name(s) :

Auxis rochei (Rossi, 1810)

Synonyms : Auxis thynnoides Bleeker, 1855; Auxis maru Kishinouye, 1923.

FAO names : En - Bullet tuna; Fr - Bonitou;Sp - Melvera.

Size : to 40 cm fork length, common to 35 cm.

Fishing gear : beach seines, purse seines (poli),drift nets, trolling lines, liftnets.

Habitat : a cosmopolitan species, found in

warm waters.

Loc.name(s) :

ground colour golden-yellow withundulating blue lines bordered by black

SCIAENIDAE

29 to 31 rays

mental barbes

(see Plate IX, 68)

24-26 spines

SCOMBRIDAE

vertical bars

10 or 11 spines

dark bars

pectoral fins not reaching vertical from

beginning of scaleless area above corselet

Auxis thazard (Lacepède, 1800)

Synonyms : Auxis tapeinosoma Bleeker, 1854.

FAO names : En - Frigate tuna; Fr - Auxide; Sp - Melva.


Fishing gear : beach seines, purse seines, driftnets,

trolling lines, liftnets.Habitat : coastal waters.

Loc.name(s) :

10-12 spines(see Plate IX, 69)

spots

pectoral fins reaching anterior margin

of scaleless area above corselet

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99

BONY FISHES

Euthynnus alletteratus (Rafinesque, 1810)

FAO names : En - Little tunny; Fr - Thoninecommune; Sp - Bacoreta.


Fishing gear : purse seines (poli), trolling lines,set gillnets.

Habitat : pelagic, mainly in coastal waters.

Loc.name(s) :

Katsuwonus pelamis (Linnaeus, 1758)

SCOMBRIDAE

spots

(see Plate IX, 70)several typical spots (not always evident)

Synonyms : Euthynnus pelamis (Linnaeus, 1758).

FAO names : En - Skipjack tuna; Fr - Bonite à ventrerayé; Sp - Listado.


Fishing gear : purse seines (poli), pole-and-linegear, longlines, artisanal gear.

Habitat : found in deep coastal and in oceanicwaters.

Loc.name(s) :

Orcynopsis unicolor (Geoffroy St. Hilaire, 1817)

FAO names : En - Plain bonito; Fr - Palomette;Sp - Tasarte .


Fishing gear : pole-and-line, purse seines, setgilInets.

Habitat : found in cold coastal and offshore waters.


Loc.name(s) :

Sarda sarda (Bloch, 1793)

FAO names : En - Atlantic bonito; Fr - Bonite à dosrayé; Sp - Bonito atlàntico.

Size : 70 cm, common to 50 m.

Fishing gear : gillnets, purse seines, trolling lines.

Habitat : coastal pelagic, migratory, in cold andwarm waters.

Loc.name(s) :

14-16 spines

4-6 black bands on lower sides

1st dorsal fin black with 12-14 spines

lateral lineundulating

fin profile straight, 20-23 spines

5-11 dark oblique lines

(see Plate IX, 71)

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Scomber japonicus Houttuyn, 1782

Synonyms : Scomber colias Gmelin, 1789.

FAO names : En - Chub mackerel; Fr - Maquereauespagnol; Sp - Estornino.


Fishing gear : purse seines, trolling lines, gillnets,beach seines, mid-water trawls.

Habitat : coastal pelagic in cold waters, usually takenbetween 15 and 40 m depth.

Loc.name(s) :

Scomberomorus tritor (Cuvier, 1831)

Synonyms : Cybium tritor Cuvier , 1831.

FAO names : En - West African Spanish mackerel;Fr - Thazard blanc; Sp - Carite pintado.

Size : to at least 100 cm, common to 75 cm.Fishing gear : purse seines, set gillnets, longlines.

Habitat : found in warm waters, sometimes entersestuaries.

Loc.name(s) :

Thunnus alalunga (Bonnaterre, 1788)

Synonyms : Germo alalunga [Jordan & Evermann,1896]; Thunnus germo [Kishinouye, 1923].

FAO names : En - Albacore; Fr - Germon; Sp - Atúnblanco.


Fishing gear : longlines, trolling lines, purse seines.

Habitat : oceanic below the thermocline, perferstemperatures between 17° and 20°C.

Loc.name(s) :

Thunnus albacares (Bonnaterre, 1788)

Synonyms : Neothunnus macropterus [Kishinouye,1923].

FAO names : En - Yellowfin tuna; Fr - Albacore;Sp - Rabil.


Fishing gear : purse seines, longlines, pole-and-line,set gillnets.

Habitat : offshore waters.

Loc.name(s) :

(see Plate X, 72)

SCOMBRIDAE

8-10 spines

pate undulating lines

dark rounded spots onsilvery yellow background

only 2 lateral keels;no median keel

15 to 19 spines, anterior part black

(see Plate X, 73)

about 3 rows of elongated dark spots

white margin

maximum body depth

anal

pinnules

dark

only in large adults

yellow

yellow

usually 20 broken vertical striationsonly large adults

100

BONY FISHES



pectoral fins not reaching origin of anal fin

101

BONY FISHES

Thunnus obesus (Lowe, 1839)

Synonyms : Parathunnus sibi [Jordan & Hubbs,1925].

FAO names : En - Bigeye tuna; Fr - Thon obèse ;

Sp - Patudo.


Fishing gear : pole-and-line, purse seines, longlines,set giIInets.

Habitat : mainly an offshore species, but also takenby artisanal fisheries.

Loc.name(s) :

Helicolenus dactylopterus (Delaroche, 1809)

Synonyms : Helicolenus maderensis Goode & Bean,1896.

FAO names : En - Rockfish; Fr - Rascasse de fond;Sp - Gallineta.

Size : 38 cm.

Fishing gear : bottom trawls, bottom set longlines.

Habitat : on soft bottoms of the continental shelf andslope (20 to 600 m depth).

Loc.name(s) :

Pontinus accraensis Norman, 1935

FAO names : En - Ghanean rockfish; Fr - Rascassede Accra; Sp - Rascacio de Accra.

Size : about 40 cm.


Habitat : demersal on the continental shelf andslope, from 70 to 500 m depth.

Loc.name(s) :

FAO names : En - Offshore rockfish; Fr - Rascasse dularge; Es - Rascacio de fuera.

Size : 35 cm.


Habitat : benthic on hard-bottom, from 100 to 450 mdepth.

Loc.name(s) :

maximumbody depth

SCOMBRIDAE

pinnules bright yellowedged with black

pectoral fins shorter than in T. alalunga

SCORPAENIDAE

11 or more rays (thelast one double)

colour bright red8 or 9 rays free along distal third

10 rays

all rays unbranched

body dark red with dark spots pectoral fins reaching

origin of anal fin

Pontinus kuhlii (Bowdich, 1825)

(see Plate X, 74)

all rays unbranched

9-11 rays



102

BONY FISHES

Scorpaena angolensis Norman, 1935

FAO names : En - Angola rockfish; Fr - Rascassede l'Angola; Sp - Rascacio de Angola.

Size : 25 cm .

Fishing gear : bottom trawls, bottom setlonglines.

Habitat : demersal in coastal waters, from 20 to60 m depth.

Loc.name(s) :

Scorpaena elongata Cadenat, 1943

dark spotson yellow-chestnut

background

SCORPAENIDAE

(see Plate X, 75)

underside of headwithout scales

body reddish brown with dark spots 8 free rays pectoral fins extendingbeyond origin of anal fin

FAO names : En - Slender rockfish; Fr - Rascasserose; Sp - Gallineta rosada.

Size : 55 cm.


Habitat : demersal on soft bottoms, between 75and 800 m depth.

Loc.name(s) :

Scorpaena laevis Troschel, 1866

Synonyms : Scorpaena senegalensis Steindachner,1882.

FAO names : En - Senegalese rockfish; Fr - Rascassedu Sénégal; Sp - Rascacio del Senegal.

Size : 35 cm.

Fishing gear : bottom set longlines.

Habitat : demersal on rocky bottoms, in shelf waters,to 100 m depth.

Loc.name(s) :

Scorpaena maderensis Valenciennes, 1833

FAO names : En - Madeira rockfish; Fr - Rascasse deMadère; Sp - Rascacio de Madeira.

Size : 15 cm


Habitat : demersal, in shallow coastal waters,between 20 and 40 m depth.

Loc.name(s) :

skin flaps on head,but not on lower jaw

tentacle aboveeye branched

no black spot

no occipitalgroove

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103

BONY FISHES

Scorpaena normani Cadenat, 1943

FAO names : En - Norman's rockfish; Fr - Rascasse deNorman; Sp - Rascacio de Norman.

Size : about 20 cm.


Habitat : continental shelf, from 50 to 300 m depth.

Loc.name(s) .

Scorpaena scrofa Linnaeus, 1758

FAO names : En - Red scorpionfish; Fr - Rascasserouge; Sp - Cabracho.



Habitat : demersal on rocky, sandy or muddybottoms, from 20 to 200 m depth.

Loc.name(s) :

Scorpaena stephanica Cadenat, 1943

FAO names : En - Spotted-fin rockfish; Fr - Rascasseà nageoires tachetées; Sp - Rascacio del Cabo.

Size : about 40 cm.


Habitat : on sandy, muddy and rocky bottomsbetween 75 and 200 m depth.

Loc.name(s) :

SCORPAENIDAE

underside of headwithout scales colour yellowish

occipital groove

often a black blotch

skin flapsalso presenton lower jaw

black blotch

lower side of head

without scales black spots on pale yellow background

Setarches guentheri Johnson, 1862

FAO names : En - Deepwater scorpionfish;Fr - Rascasse serran; Sp - Rascacio serrano.

Size : 24 cm.

Fishing gear : bottom trawls, bottom setlonglines on the continental edge and slope.

Habitat : demersal, between 180 and 700 mdepth.

Loc.Name(s) :

top of headwithout scales

lateral line coveredwith normal scales

2nd preopercular spineequal to, or longer

than the other 2 spines

20-25 rays

colour grey or pink

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steel blue dots on red background

104

BONY FISHES

Anthias anthias (Linnaeus, 1758)

FAO names : En - Swallowtail seaperch; Fr - Barbier-hirondelle; Sp - Tres colas.



Habitat : around rocks, and specially in coral reefs to300 m depth.

Loc.name(s) :

SERRANIDAE

body usuallyred, belly pink;with yellow andsilvery mottlings

very long

10 spines

(see Plate X, 76)

Centrarchops chapini Fowler, 1923

FAO names : En - Barred seabass; Fr - Mérou barré;Sp - Cherna rayada.



Habitat : demersal in coastal waters.

Remarks : recently placed in the familyDinopercidae.

Loc.name(s) :

Cephalopholis nigri (Günther, 1859)

Synonyms : Petrometopon nigri (Günther, 1859).

FAO names : En - Niger seabass; Fr - Mérou duNiger; Sp - Cherna del Niger.



Habitat : on sandy and rocky bottoms to about 75 mdepth.

Loc.name(s) :

Cephalopholis taeniops (Valenciennes, 1828)

FAO names : En - Bluespotted seabass; Fr - Mérouà points bleus; Sp - Cherna colorada.



Habitat : rocky bottoms coral reefs and sandybottoms between 3 and 75 m depth.

Loc.name(s) :

2 spines

dark bars

9 spines

hexagonal spots 8 rays

colour dark brown, with dark barsmore distinct posteriorly; belly reddish

9 spines (see Plate X, 77)

blue line below eye 9 or 10 rays



105

BONY FISHES

Epinephelus aeneus (Geoffroy St. Hilaire, 1809)

Synonyms : Serranus aeneus (Geoffroy St. Hilaire,1809).

FAO names : En - White grouper; Fr - Mérou blanc;

Sp - Cherna de ley.


Fishing gear : bottom trawls, handlines, longlines,trammel nets.

Habitat : mainly on sandy and muddy bottoms fromthe coastline to about 100 m depth.

Loc.name(s) :

Epinephelus costae (Steindachner, 1878)

Synonyms : identified as Epinephelus alexandrinus (non Valenciennes, 1828) by many authors.

FAO names : En - Golden grouper; Fr - Méroubadèche; Sp - Falso abadejo.


Fishing gear : bottom trawls, trammel nets, line gear.

Habitat : on rocky and sandy bottoms from 10 to 75 mdepth.

Loc.name(s) :

Epinephelus goreensis (Valenciennes, 1830)

FAO names : En - Dungat grouper; Fr - Méroudungat; Sp - Mero de Gorea.


Fishing gear : bottom trawls, bottom set longlines,hook-and-line.

Habitat : on rocky bottoms from the coastline toabout 100 m depth.

Loc.name(s) :

Epinephelus guaza (Linnaeus, 1758)

Synonyms : Epinephelus gigas (Brünnich, 1768).

FAO names : En - Dusky grouper; Fr - Mérou noir;Sp - Mero.


Fishing gear : bottom trawls, line gear,trammelnets.

Habitat : on rocky and sandy bottoms from thecoastline (juveniles) to 150 m depth (adults).

SERRANIDAE

14-16 rays

2 or 3 obliquewhite lines

(see Plate X, 78)

often diffuse bars

yellow blotch in large adults,

disappears after death

dark lines

15-17 rays

(see Plate X, 79)darker longitudinal lines

a black maxillary groove

15-17 rays

body very robuste

often difuse spots (see Plate XI, 80)

Epinephelus marginatus

14-16 rays

yellow-whitespots or bars

8 rayswhite

margin

(see Plate XI, 81 & 82)

Remarks : according to Heemstra & Randall (in press), the name guaza Linnaeus, 1758 is doubtful and hence, cannotbe used as a valid name for any species. Furthermore, two species were so far lumped under the name E. guaza,namely E. marginatus (Lowe, 1834) and Epinephelus haifensis Ben-Tuvia, 1953, both occurring in the area. E.haifensis is distinguished from E. marginatus in having 9 anal fin rays (instead of 8) and being dark brown, withoutlight blotches on body.

Loc.name(s) :

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107

BONY FISHES

Serranus accraensis (Norman, 1931)

Synonyms : Neanthias accraensis Norman, 1931;Novanthias accraensis (Norman, 1931).

FAO names : En - Ghanean comber; Fr - Serranganéen; Sp - Serrano ganes.

Size : to at least 16 cm.


Habitat : on the continental shelf between 25 and150 m depth.

Loc.name(s) :

Serranus cabrilla (Linnaeus, 1758)

Synonyms: Paracentropristis cabrilla Linnaeus,1758.

FAO names : En - Comber; Fr - Serran chèvre ;Sp - Cabrilla.


Fishing gear : bottom trawls, handlines, trammel-nets.

Habitat : on rocky and sandy bottoms to 400 m.

Loc.name(s) :

Serranus sanctaehelenae (Boulenger, 1895)

Synonyms: Paracentropristis heterurus (Cadenat,1937).

FAO names : En - St. Helena comber; Fr - Serran deSt. Helène; Sp - Serrano de St. Helena.

Size : 15 cm.


Habitat : on hard substrate, in shallow watersfrom 15 to 40 m depth.

Loc.name(s) :

Bathysolea lactea Roule, 1916

Synonyms : Bathysolea albida (Roule, 1916).

FAO names : En - Rock sole; Fr - Sole laiteuse;Sp - Lenguado lechoso.

Size : 15 cm.


Habitat : on muddy bottoms of the continentalslope.

Loc.name(s) :

dark edge

SERRANIDAE

5 or 6 indistinct dark bars

often 7 to 9 dark bars

3 dark longitudinal lines

(see Plate XI, 84)

eyed side uniformly yellow-white

SOLEIDAE

lateral line visible in postero-

dorsal region of head

all pectoral fin rays oneye side unbranched



108

BONY FISHES

Bathysolea profundicula (Vaillant, 1888)

FAO names : En - Deepwater sole; Fr - Sole desprofondeurs; Sp - Lenguado de fondo.

Size : about 21 cm.


Habitat : on muddy bottoms of the continentalslope.

Loc.name(s) :

Dicologoglossa cuneata (Moreau, 1881)

Synonyms : Solea cuneata Moreau, 1881.

FAO names : En - Wedge sole; Fr - Céteau; Sp - Acedia.



Habitat : on sandy and muddy bottoms between 10and 400 m depth.

Loc.name(s) :

Dicologoglossa hexophthalma (Bennett, 1831)

FAO names : En - Ocellated wedge sole; Fr - Céteauocellé; Sp - Acedia ocelada.

Size : about 20 cm.


Habitat : demersal in shallow waters, occasionallyup to 150 m depth.

Loc.name(s) :

lateral line visible in postero-

dorsal region of head

SOLEIDAE

eyed side pinkish brown all pectoral fin rays ofeyed side unbranched

lateral line describingan angular S on head origin of

fin above

upper eye

small blue spots

black spot

(see Plate XI, 85)

Heteromycteris proboscideus (Chabanaud, 1926)

FAO names : En - True sole; Fr - Céteau trompue;Sp - Acedia trompuda.

Size : 10 cm.


Habitat : a littoral species, also found in brackishwaters.

Loc.name(s) :

eyed side reddish brown with bars and 6 dark spots

pectoral fins absent on both sides

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alternating dark and light crossbars

109

BONY FISHES

dark rays regularly spaced on dorsal and anal fins

Microchirus boscanion Chabanaud, 1926

FAO names : En - Lusitanian sole; Fr - Solelusitanienne; Sp - Lenguado lusicánico.



Habitat : demersal on sandy bottoms of thecontinental shelf.

Loc.name(s) :

Microchirus frechkopi Chabanaud, 1952

FAO names : En - Frechkop's sole; Fr - Sole deFrechkop; Sp - Lenguado de Frechkop.

Size : 20 cm.


Habitat : demersal on sandy and muddy bottomsof the continental shelf.

Loc.name(s) :

SOLEIDAE

small black bars on body

eyed side with dark ocelli at bases of vertical fins

light longitudinal lines

Microchirus ocellatus (Linnaeus, 1758)

Synonyms : Monochirus ocellatus (Linnaeus,1758).

FAO names : En - Four-eyed sole; Fr - Soleocellée; Sp - Tambor real.



Habitat : demersal, on sandy and muddybottoms, from 40 to 300 m depth.

Loc.name(s) :

Microchirus wittei Chabanaud, 1950

FAO names : En - Banded sole ; Fr - Sole fasciée;Sp - Tambor de bandas .

Size : 15 cm.


Habitat : demersal, on sandy and muddy bottoms.

Loc.name(s) :

4 ocellilarge dark spot on lateral line

eyed side reddish to brownish

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anterior nostril of blind side enlarged, forming a rosette

110

BONY FISHES

Monochirus hispid u s Rafinesque, 1814

Synonyms : Monochirus atlanticus Chabanaud,1940.

FAO names : En - Whiskered sole; Fr - Solevelue; Sp - Spoldado.



Habitat : demersal on sandy and muddybottoms, from 10 to 250 m depth.

Loc.name(s) :

Pegusa cadenati Chabanaud, 1948

FAO names : En - Cadenat's sole; Fr - Sole deCadenat; Sp - Sortija de Cadenat.

Size : 18 cm.


Habitat : in shallow waters on sandy bottoms, from10 to 30 m depth.

Loc.name(s) :

Synonyms : Solea lascaris (Risso, 1810).

FAO names : En - Sand sole; Fr - Sole-pole; Sp - Sortija.



Habitat : on different types of bottoms from 5 to300 m depth, more common between 10 and 50 m.

Loc.name(s) :

Pegusa triophthalmus (Bleeker, 1863)

Synonyms : Pegasus triophthalma (Bleeker, 1863)

FAO names : En - Cyclope sole; Fr - Sole-pole à troistaches; Sp - Sortija tres ojos.

Size : 28 cm.


Habitat : on sandy bottoms between 10 and 30 mdepth.

Loc.name(s) :

SOLEIDAE

body with irregular dark spots and bars

Pegusa lascaris (Risso, 1810)

eyed side covered withsmall brown or black dots

(see Plate Xl, 86)

anterior nostril of blind sideenlarged forming a rosette

anterior nostril of blind side

enlarged, forming a rosette black spot surrounded by yellow

3 round spots on lateral line



111

BONY FISHES

Synaptura cadenati Chabanaud, 1848

FAO names : En - Guinean sole; Fr - Sole-ruardon du Golfe; Sp - Lenguado de Cadenat.

Size : 35 cm.


Habitat : on sandy and muddy bottoms fromthe coastline to 50 m depth.

Loc.name(s) :

Synaptura lusitanica Capello, 1868

FAO names : En - Portuguese sole; Fr - Sole-ruardon commune; Sp - Lenguado portugués.

Size : 35 cm.


Habitat : on sandy and muddy bottoms from thecoastline to 6Óm depth.

Loc.name(s) :

Synapturichthys kleinii (Risso, 1826)

FAO names : En - Klein's sole; Fr - Sole tachetée;Sp - Lenguado manchado.

Size : about 40 cm.


Habitat : on sandy and muddy bottoms from 20to 120 m depth.

Loc.name(s) :

Vanstraelenia chirophthalmus (Regan, 1915)

Synonyms : Vanstraelenia insignis Chabanaud,1950; Xenobuglossus elongatus Chabanaud, 1950.

FAO names : En - African solenette; Fr - Sole-pole;Sp- Lenguadillo africano.

Size : 20 cm.


Habitat : inhabits sand or mud bottoms between15 and 100 m depth.

Loc.name(s) :

SOLEIDAE

small white spots

blackish spots

eyed side brownish with dark and white spotsblack spot

diffuse black spots

interorbital space narrow



112

BONY FISHES

SPARIDAE

Boops boops (Linnaeus, 1758)

Synonyms : Box boops (Linnaeus,1758).

FAO names : En - Bogue; Fr - Bogue;Sp - Boga.

Size : 25 cm, but rarely exceeding18 cm.

Fishing gear : bottom trawls, purseseines, beach seines, line gear; usedas bait in tuna fisheries.

Habitat : demersal on all types ofbottom, but also semi-pelagic;occurs from the coastline in 100 mdepth.

Loc.name(s) :

Dentex angolensis Poll & Maul, 1953

13-15 spines

brown spot

body fusiform

3-5 golden horizontal lines

(see Plate XII, 87)

jaws with teeth

eyes large, inlive fish yellow

Synonyms : Dentex polli Roux, 1954.

FAO names : En - Angola dentex; Fr - Dentéangolais; Sp - Dentón angolés.


Fishing gear : bottom trawls, bottom lines.

Habitat : on different types of bottoms on thecontinental shelf and slope (100-300 m depth).Found together with Dentex macrophthalmus.

Loc.name(s) :

Dentex barnardi Cadenat, 1964

9 or 10 lowergillrakers

small dark spot

profilestraight

(see Plate XII, 88)

large space

dark red spot

FAO names : En - Barnard dentex; Fr - Dentéaustral; Sp - Chacarona sureña.



Habitat : on trawlable bottoms between 40

and 100 m depth.

Loc.name(s) :large

black spot

red, narrowlyedged with

black

14-16 lowergillrakers

body reddish with silvery hues

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113

BONY FISHES

Dentex canariensis Steindachner, 1881

Synonyms : Dentex nufar Valenciennes, 1830(sensu Poll, 1971).

FAO names : En - Canary dentex; Fr - Denté à tacherouge; Sp - Chacarona de Canarias.


Fishing gear : bottom trawls, bottom set gillnets,hook-and-line.

Habitat : on different types of bottoms of thecontinental shelf.

Loc.name(s) :

the 2 first dorsal

spines small

SPARIDAE

10-13 lowergillrakers dark

spot

(see Plate XII, 89)

Dentex congoensis Poll, 1954

eye large

FAO names : En - Congo dentex; Fr - Dentécongolais; Sp - Dentón congolés.

Size : 50 cm, common to 40 cm. .


Habitat : found on same types of bottoms as Dentexmacrophthalmus and D. angolensis, to 400 m

depth; common between 150 and 200 m depth.Loc.name(s) :

12-14 lower gillrakers

(see Plate XII, 90)

Dentex gibbosus (Rafinesque, 1810)

Synonyms : Dentex filosus Valenciennes, 1843.

FAO names : En - Pink dentex;Fr - Gros denté rose; Sp - Samade pluma.


Fishing gear : bottom trawls,bottom set gillnets, hook-and-line.

Habitat : on rocky and sandybottoms from 30 to 200 mdepth; juveniles in shallower

waters, adults on the conti-nental slope.

Loc.name(s) :

head of a large adult

2 firstspinesveryshort

all teethcaninelike

black blotch at origin of lateral line

dark red blotch

caudal fin dark red, narrowly edged with black

soft portionbordered with red

and 2 yellow stripes

profile

rounded

spacenarrow

3rd and 4th spinesvery long in juveniles

small black spot

(see Plate XII, 91)

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see Plate XIII, 94

114

BONY FISHES

Dentex macrophthalmus (Bloch, 1791)

FAO names : En - Large-eyedentex; Fr - Denté à gros yeux;Sp - Cachucho.


Fishing gear : bottom trawls,bottom set gillnets, hook-and-line.

Habitat : on sandy and rockybottoms of the continentalslope.

Loc.name(s) :

jaws wi thteeth

Dentex maroccanus Valenciennes, 1830

FAO names : En - Morocco dentex;Fr - Denté du Maroc; Sp - Samamarroquí.


Fishing gear : bottom trawls, linegear.

Habitat : on different types ofbottoms between 20 and 500 m

depth. Commonly caught togetherwith D. macrophthalmus.

Loc.name(s) :

jaws withteeth

Diplodus bellottii (Stei ndachner, 1882)

Synonyms : Diplodus senegalensis

Cadenat, 1964.FAO names : En - Senegal seabream;Fr - Sparaillon africain; Sp - Raspallónsenegalés.

Size : 18 cm, but rarely exceeding15 cm.

Fishing gear : bottom trawls, gillnets,beach seines, line gear.

Habitat : found in coastal watersbetween 30 and 50 m depth.


Loc.name(s) :

jaws wi thteeth

eyes verylarge

17-20 lower gillrakers

9-12 lowergillrakers

a row of molar teethbehind the incisors

black spotat origin oflateral line

dark longitudinal line

SPARIDAE

lower margin white

(see Plate XII, 92)

red margin

(see Plate XIII, 93)



jaws with teethDiplodus sargus capensis (Smith, 1846)

115

BONY FISHES

Diplodus cervinus cervinus (Lowe, 1838)

FAO names : En - Zebra seabream;

Fr - Sar à grosses lèvres; Sp - Sargobreado.


Fishing gear : bottom trawls,bottom set gillnets, lines.

Habitat : on sandy and rockybottoms from 30 to 80 m depth.


Loc.name(s) :

no molarsbehind theincisor teeth

a dark barthrough eye

jaws with

teeth

lips thickand whitish

Diplodus puntazzo (Cetti, 1777)

FAO names : En - Sharpsnoutseabream; Fr - Sar à museau pointu;Sp - Sargo picudo.


Fishing gear : trawls, trammelnets,lines.

Habitat : on rocky bottoms to 150 mdepth.

Loc.name(s) :laws with teeth incisors

forwardpointing

SPARIDAE

5 dark bars


6 or 7 very dark vertical barsalternating with 7 paler bars


9 alternating dark and light bars

Diplodus sargus cadenati de la Paz, Bauchot & Daget, 1974

Synonyms : Diplodus sargus typicus Cadenat, 1964.

FAO names : En - White seabream;Fr - Sar commun du Maroc; Sp - Sargomarroquí


Fishing gear : trawls, trammelnets,beach seines, hook-and-line.

Habitat : on rocky bottoms from thecoastline to 100 m depth. Verycommon throughout the yearsometimes in large schol.


Loc.name(s) :




(see Plate XIV,100)

Diplodus vulgaris (E.Geoffroy St. Hilaire, 1817)

116

BONY FISHES

FAO names : En - Common two-banded seabream; Fr - Sar à tête noire;Sp - Sargo mojarra.


Fishing gear : bottom trawls,trammelnets, beach seines, hook-and-line.

Habitat : on rocky bottoms at less than50 m depth.


Loc.name(s) :

SPARIDAE

several golden lines

jaws wi th teeth

broad black baronnape, from dorsal fin toinsertion of pectorals (see Plate XIV, 98)

Lithognathus mormyrus (Linnaeus, 1758)

Synonyms : Pagellus mormyrus (Linnaeus, 1758).

FAO names : En - Striped seabream;Fr - Marbré; Sp - Herrera.


Fishing gear : bottom trawls, beach

seines, trammel nets, hook-and-line.

Habitat : on sandy, muddy andvegetated bottoms, to about 50 mdepth.

Loc.name(s) :

Oblada melanura (Linnaeus, 1758)

canines

molars

jaws wi th teeth

snout relatively long and pointed14 or 15 green to brown bars

(see Plate XIV, 99)

conical teeth incisor-like teeth

FAO names : En - Saddled seabream; Fr - Oblade;Sp - Oblada.


Fishing gear : bottom trawls, beach seines,trammel nets, line gear.

Habitat : on rocky or vegetated bottoms to

about 30 m depth.

Loc.name(s) :

half of upper jaw

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117

BONY FISHES

Pagellus acar ne (Risso, 1826)

FAO names : En - Axillary seabream;Fr - Pageot acarné; Sp - AIigote.


Fishing gear : bottom trawls, beachseines, Iine gear.

Habitat : demersal on various types ofbottoms, from 40 to 100 m depth.


Loc.name(s) :

pointed teeth SPARIDAE

molars

jaws wi th teeth

blackish-red spot 9 or 10 rays

Pagellus bellottii Steindachner, 1882

Synonyms : Pagellus coupei Dieuzeide, 1960.

FAO names : En - Red pandora; Fr - Pageot àtache rouge; Sp - Breca colorada.


Fishing gear : bottom trawls, lines.

Habitat : on hard and sandy bottoms to 100 mdepth, forming schools. The most commonspecies of seabream, fished throughout the year.

Loc.name(s) :

Pagellus bogaraveo (Brünnich, 1768)

Synonyms : Pagellus centrodontus Delaroche, 1809.

FAO names : En - Blackspot seabream; Fr - Doraderose; Sp - Goraz.



Habitat : on various types of bottoms (sand, rock,mud) to 700 m depth.


Loc.name(s) :

Pagrus auriga Valenciennes, 1843

Synonyms : often misidentified as Pagrus

caeruleostictus (Valenciennes, 1830)

FAO names : En - Redbanded seabream; Fr - Pagrerayé; Sp - Pargo sémola.


Fishing gear : bottom trawls, bottom set gillnets,

hook-and-line.

Habitat : on rocky and sandy bottoms to 170 mdepth.

Loc.name(s) :

dark red spot at originof lateral line and

margin of opercule

(see Plate XIV, 101)

blue spots arrangedin horizontal lines

10 rays

(see Plate XIV, 102)

large black spot

inside ofmouth

orange-red fins more or less bright pink

(see Plate XV, 103)

first 2 spines short anterior dorsal

spines elongate,

particularly in young

margin of opercle very dark

4 or 5 dark, reddishbrown bars

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Pagrus caeruleostictus (Valenciennes, 1830)

118

BONY FISHES

numerousblue spots

SPARIDAE

Synonyms : Sparus caeruleostictus (Valenciennes,1830); Sparus ehrenbergii Valenciennes, 1830.

FAO names : En - Bluespotted seabream; Fr - Pagre à

points bleus; Sp - Pargo zapata.



Habitat : on hard bottoms as well as on mud and sandto 150 m depth (common between 30 and 50 m).

Loc.name(s) :

Pagrus pagrus africanus (Akazaki, 1962)

Synonyms : Sparus pagrus africanus Akazaki,

1962; Pagrus pagrus Linnaeus, 1758 (p.p.); Pagrusvulgaris Valenciennes, 1830 (p.p.).

FAO names : En - Southern common seabream;Fr - Pagre des tropiques; Sp - Pagro sureño.


Fishing gear : bottom trawls, bottom set nets,lines.

Habitat : demersal, on hard bottoms as well as onsand and mud, to 200 m depth.

Loc.name(s) :

a single red spot inpectoral fin axil

Sarpa salpa (Linnaeus, 1758)incisives

Synonyms : Boops salpa (Linnaeus,1758).

FAO names : En - Salema; Fr - Saupe;Sp - Salema.


Fishing gear : bottom trawls, beachseines, trammelnets, lines.

Habitat : on rocky, sandy andvegetated bottoms in coastal waters.

Loc.name(s) :

half of upper jaw

(inner view)

snout blunt

small black spot

3rd to 5th anterior dorsalspines filamentous in young

(see Plate XV, 104)

sometimes smallblue dots,

especially in young

first ray filamentous

10 or 11 orange-golden lines

(see Plate XV, 105)

black edge

canines

11 or 12 spines

Sparus aurata Linnaeus,1758

FAO names : En - Giltheadseabream; Fr - Dorade royale;Sp - Pargo dorado.


Fishing gear : bottom trawls,beach seines, lines.

Habitat : on coastal waters onsandy and vegetated bottoms.

Remarks : presence in the Gulf of Guinea to be confirmed.

Loc.name(s) :

molars

golden band

between eyes

large blackblotch at originof lateral line

jaws with teeth reddish area



Spondyliosoma cantharus (Linnaeus, 1758)

119

BONY FISHES

Synonyms : Cantharus cantharus (Linnaeus, 1758).

FAO names : En - Black seabream;

Fr - Dorade grise; Sp - Pargo chopa.Size : 60 cm, common to 30 cm.

Fishing gear : bottom and pelagictrawls, beach seines, lines.

Habitat : demersal from 100 to 150 mdepth.

Loc.name(s) :

Sphyraena afra Peters, 1844

4-6 rows of pointed teethSPARIDAE

lower jaw(lateral view)

more or less brokenyellow-golden

longitudinal lines(see Plate XV, 106)

Synonyms : Sphyraena piscatorum Cadenat, 1964;Sphyraena piscatorium Williams, 1968; also citedincorrectly as Sphyraena jello (non Cuvier) althoughthis species does not occur in the eastern Atlantic.

FAO names : En - Guinean barracuda; Fr - Bécuneguinéenne; Sp - Espetón de Guinea.


Fishing gear : bottom trawls, set gillnets, handlines, trolling gear

Habitat : found in coastal waters and estuaries.

Loc.name(s) :

scales small, 122 to 140 pores on lateral line

SPHYRAENIDAE

sides with about 20 dark chevrons

Sphyraena barracuda (Walbaum, 1792)

Synonyms : Sphyraena picuda Bloch & Schneider,

1801.

FAO names : En - Great barracuda; Fr - Barracuda;Sp - Picuda barracuda.


Fishing gear : bottom trawls, bottom set nets,purse seines, trolling gear, hooks..

Habitat : very little information available;

apparently a migratory species.

Loc.name(s) :

Sphyraena guachancho Cuvier, 1829

scales large, less than 90 pores on lateral line

maxilla extending beyondanterior margin of eye

origin of first dorsal finbehind origin of pelvic fins

several irregulardark spots

Synonyms : Sphyraena dubia Bleeker, 1863;Sphyraena guaguanche Poey, 1860.

FAO names : En - Guachanche barracuda; Fr - Bécuneguachanche; Sp - Picuda guaguanche.


Fishing gear : trawls, bottom set nets, handlines.

Habitat : estuaries and muddy bottoms in turbidcoastal waters from 3 to 100 m depth.

Loc.name(s) :

scales medium-sized, 102119 pores on lateral line

yellow horizontal band onsides in fresh specimens

pectoral fins slightlybefore first dorsal fin chevrons last rays longer



120

BONY FISHES

Sphyraena sphyraena (Linnaeus, 1758)

Synonyms : Sphyraena spet Lacepède, 1803;Sphyraena vulgaris Cuvier, 1829 (in part);Sphyraena bocagei Osorio, 1891; Sphyraenasphyraena bocagei [Cadenat, 19641.

FAO names : En - European barracuda; Fr – Bécuneeuropéenne; Sp - Espetón.

Size : 165 m, common to 50 cm.

Fishing gear : trawls, set gillnets, seines, beachseines, handlines, hook-and-line.

Habitat : in coastal and offshore waters.

Loc.name(s) :

Stromateus fiatola Linnaeus, 1758

Synonyms : Stromateus fasciatus (Risso, 1826);Stromateus microchirus (Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1833);Stromateus capensis Pappe, 1866.

FAO names : En - Butterfish; Fr - Fiatole; Sp - Palometafiátola.


Fishing gear : bottom trawls, purse seines.

Habitat : pelagic, schooling in coastal waters, between10 and 70 m depth.

Loc.name(s) :

Saurida brasiliensis Norman, 1935

Synonyms : Saurida parri Norman, 1935.

FAO names : En - Brazilian lizardfish; Fr - Lagartobrasileiro; Sp - Anoli brésilien.



Habitat : demersal on the continental shelf from 18 to410 m depth.

Loc.name(s) :

Synodus saurus (Linnaeus, 1758)

Synonyms : Saurus griseus Lowe, 1938; Synoduscinereus Hildebrand, 1948.

FAO names : En - Atlantic lizardfish; Fr - Anoli del'Atlantique; Sp - Pez de San Francisco.


Fishing gear : bottom trawls, bottom set nets,

trammelnets, hook-and-line.Habitat :


Loc.name(s) :

SPHYRAENIDAE

scales small, 120 to 150 pores on lateral line

inside ofmouth whitish

maxilla not extending toanterior margin of eye

tips of pectoral fins not extending

beyond pelvic fin origin

STROMATEIDAE

mouthsmall

pelvic finsabsent

no predorsal or preanal spines (see Plate XV, 107)

SYNODONTIDAE

rays more or lessequal in length

brown spots

inner rays longest

base of anal finshorter than that

of dorsal fin

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121

BONY FISHES

Synodus synodus (Linnaeus, 1758)

Synonyms : Synodus meleagrides (Valenciennes,1847); Synodus atlanticus Johnson, 1863; Synodusnicholsi Breder, 1927.

FAO names : En - Diamond lizardfish; Fr - Anolicommun; Sp - Lagarto diamante.


Fishing gear : bottom trawls, artisanal gear.Habitat : demersal in coastal waters to 90 m depth.


Loc.name(s) :

Trachinocephalus myops (Forster, 1801)

Synonyms : Trachinocephalus hypozona (Ogilby,1897).

FAO names : En - Bluntnose lizardfish; Fr - Anoliserpent; Sp - Lagarto ñato.


Fishing gear : bottom trawls, bottom set nets,beach seines, hook-and-line.

Habitat : on sandy and rocky bottoms to 150 mdepth.

Loc.name(s) :

Ephippion guttifer (Bennett, 1831)

Synonyms : Hemiconiatus guttifer Bennett, 1831

FAO names : En - Prickly puffer; Fr - Compère àpoints blancs; Sp - TamboriI de tierra.


Fishing gear : bottom trawls, bottom set nets,beach seines.

Habitat : common in shallow coastal waters; also in

estuaries.Loc.name(s) :

Lagocephalus laevigatus (Linnaeus, 1766)

Synonyms : Lagocephalus pachycephalus Jordan &Rutter, 1897.

FAO names : En - Smooth puffer; Fr - Compèrelisse; Sp -TamboriI mondeque.


Fishing gear : hook-and-line, set nets, beach

seines.

Habitat : common in coastal waters, on sand andbottoms.

Loc.name(s) :

SYNODONTIDAE

black area 4 large red saddle-like spots

snoutveryshort

dark spot

(see Plate XV, 108)

mouthstrongly

obliqueinner rays longest

colour metallic grey, with yellowand blue longitudinal bands

base of anal finlonger than that

of dosal fin

white spots

TETRAODONTIDAE

10 rays

11-14 rays light coloured

small prickles

light colour

(see Plate XVI, 109) colour greenish

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body and head pinkish

122

BONY FISHES

Lagocephalus l agocephalus (Linnaeus, 1758)

FAO names : En - Rabbit puffer; Fr - Compère lièvre;Sp - Tamboril liebre.

Size : max. 60 cm.


Habitat : an oceanic species, pleagic in surfacewaters as well as demersal.

Loc.name(s) :

Sphoeroides marmoratus (Lowe, 1839)

Synonyms : Sphoeroides sprengleri (not Bloch, 1758).

FAO names : En - Guinean puffer; Fr - Compère deGuinée; Sp - Tamboril de Guinea.


Fishing gear : bottom trawls, beach seines, hook-and-line.

Habitat : inhabits shallow waters, from 5 to 45 mdepth.

Loc.name(s) :

Sphoeroides pachygaster (Müller & Troschel, 1848)

Synonyms : Sphoeroides cutaneous Günther, 1870.

FAO names : En - Blunthead puffer; Fr - Compèreémoussé; Sp - Tamboril ñato.

Size : 34 cm.


Habitat : from 20 to 200 m depth; on sandy, muddyand rocky bottoms.

Loc.name(s) :

Gephyroberyx darwini (Johnson, 1866)

Synonyms : Trachichthys darwini Johnson, 1866.

FAO names : En - Darwin's slimehead; Fr - Hoplostètede Darwin; Sp - Reloj de Darwin.



Habitat : demersal between 100 and at least 1000 mdepth.

Loc.name(s) :

TETRAODONTIDAE

13-16 rays black,except base

small prickles

prickles onlower and

upper partsof body

lower lobe longerthan upper one

black spots dorsally

12-14 black spots ventrally

two dusky barson caudal fin

body smooth, no prickles coloration: brown dorsally,pale to whitish ventrally

eye small

TRACHICHTHYIDAE

concave

9 strong scutes



(see Plate XVI, 110)

123

BONY FISHES

Hoplostethus cadenati Quéro, 1974

FAO names : En - Black slimehead; Fr - Hoplostètenoir; Sp - Reloj negro.

Size : 30 cm.


Habitat : demersal between 20 and at least 500 mdepth.

Loc.name(s) :

Hoplostethus mediterraneus Cuvier, 1829

FAO names : En - Mediterranean slimehead;Fr - Hoplostéte argente; Sp - Reloj mediterraneo.



Habitat : found on the edge of the continentalshelf and on the slope, apparently demersal; fromabout 100 to 800 m depth.

Loc.name(s) :

Trachinus araneus Cuvier, 1829

FAO names : En - Spotted weever; Fr - Vivearáignée; Sp - Araña.


Fishing gear : bottom trawls, artisanal gear.

Habitat : shallow waters to about 100 m depth,burrowing in the sand.

Loc.name(s) :

Trachinus armatus (Bleeker, 1862)

FAO names : En - Guinean weever; Fr - Viveguinéenne; Sp - Araña de Guinea.


Fishing gear : bottom trawls, trammelnets, lines,traps, beach seines.

Habitat : on vegetated grounds or burrowing in

sand or mud, between 15 and 150 m depth.

Loc.name(s) :

convex

TRACHICHTHYIDAE

body and headgreyish black

12-16 weak scutes

convex

body and headpale pinkish 11-14 strong scutes

irregular black spots

TRACHINIDAE

28 rays

29 or 30 rays

black plate above pectoral fins

29 or 30 rays

29 or 30 raysirregular undulating lines

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irregular brownvermiculations

124

BONY FISHES

Trachinus collignoni Roux, 1957

FAO names : En - Sailfin weever; Fr - Vive peigne;Sp - Araña aletona.

Size : 15 cm.


Habitat : on soft bottoms in littoral and shallowcoastal waters.

Loc.name(s) :

Trachinus lineolatus Fischer, 1885

FAO names : En - Striped weever; Fr - Vive rayée;Sp - Escorpión rayado.



Habitat : on soft bottoms in littoral and shallowcoastal waters.

Loc.name(s) :

Trachinus pellegrini Cadenat, 1937

FAO names : En - Cape Verde weever; Fr - Vive duCap Vert; Sp - Araña de Cabo Verde

Size : to at least 20 cm, common to 15 cm.

Fishing gear : bottom trawls, beach seines and otherartisanal gear.

Habitat : on sandy and muddy bottoms in littoraland coastal waters to about 150 m depth.

Loc.name(s) :

Trachinus radiatus Cuvier, 1829

Synonyms : Trachinus pardalis Bleeker,1862.

FAO names : En - Starry weever; Fr - Vive àtête rayonnée; Sp - Víbora.



Habitat : on rocky and sandy bottoms indeep waters. Abundant in the warmseason.

Loc.name(s) :

TRACHINIDAE

very long

network of dark lines

12-14 yellow or orange oblique lines

26 rays

27 or 28 rays


yellow band

soft rays of dorsal fin about

twice as long as those of anal fin

top of head

yellow spots and plates

radiating bony crests

width of interorbital space about half of eye diameter

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125

BONY FISHES

Trachinus vipera Cuvier, 1829

Synonyms : Echiichthys vipera (Cuvier, 1829).

FAO names : En - Lesser weever; Fr - Petite vive;Sp - Salvariego.


Fishing gear : bottom trawls, traps, lines, beachseines.

Habitat : on sandy bottoms in littoral and shallowcoastal waters.

Loc.name(s) :

Aphanopus carbo Lowe, 1839

Synonyms : Aphanopus microphthalmus Norman,1939; Aphanopus acus Maul, 1948.

FAO names : En - Black scabbardfish; Fr - Sabrenoir; Sp - Sable negro.



Habitat : benthopelagic from 20 to 1600 m depth.

Loc.name(s) :

pelvic fins absent, but one spine and one soft ray present in juveniles

no spines

TRACHINIDAE

small dark dots following scale rows

24-26 rays

TRICHIURIDAE

Benthodesmus tenuis (Günther, 1877)

FAO names : En - Frostfish; Fr - Sabre fleuret;Sp - Cintilla.

Size : to 122 cm standard length, common to90 cm standard length.

Fishing gear : trawls, longlines (bycatch).

Habitat : benthopelagic, mostly over thecontinental slope; ranges from about 200 to800 m depth.

Loc.name(s) :

Lepidopus caudatus (Euphrasen, 1788)

Synonyms : Lepidopus lex Phillipps, 1932.

FAO names : En - Silver scabbardfish; Fr - Sabreargenté; Sp - Pez cinto.


Fishing gear : trawls, longlines.Habitat : benthopelagic, from 400 to 600 m depth.

Loc.name(s) :

spiny part half the length of soft part

notchsoft part ofdorsal fin

pelvic fin muchreduced, represented

by a flat spine

very small

black spot

pelvic fin represented by a single spine, resembling a scale



transverse crests spiny scales in lateral line

126

BONY FISHES

Trichiurus lepturus Linnaeus, 1758

Synonyms : Trichiurus haumela (Forsskål, 1775).

FAO names : En - Largehead hairtail; Fr - Poissonsabre commun; Sp - Pez sable.


Fishing gear : bottom trawls, longlines, gillnets,purse seines, traps, handlines.

Habitat : benthopelagic (to 350 m depth), but alsofound on muddy bottoms in coastal waters andestuaries.

Loc.name(s) :

Chelidonichthys capensis (Cuvier, 1829)

TRICHIURIDAE

pelvic fins absent

TRIGLIDAE

Synonyms : Trigla capensis Cuvier, 1829.FAO names : En - Cape gurnard; Fr - Grondin duCap; Sp - Rubio del Cabo.



Habitat : on sandy and muddy bottoms from thecoastline to at Ieast 100 m depth.

Loc.name(s) :

Chelidonichthys gabonensis (Poll & Roux, 1955)

snout elongate scales in lateral

line not modified

15-19 gillrakers onfirst arch

right pectoralfin bent forwardshowing inner

surface

Synonyms : Trigla gabonensis Poll & Roux, 1955;Chelidonichthys senegalensis Puyo, 1957.

FAO names : En - Gabon gurnard; Fr - Grondin duGabon; Sp - Rubio del Gabón.



Habitat : on sandy bottoms of the continental shelfto about 200 m depth.

Loc.name(s) :

Chelidonichthys (Trigloporus) lastoviza (Bonnaterre, 1788)

snout elongate

scales in lateralline not modified

5-8 gillrakers

on first arch breast and belly entirely scaled

Synonyms : Trigloporus lastoviza (Bonnaterre, 1788); Trigla lastoviza Bonnaterre, 1788.

FAO names : En - Streaked gurnard;Fr - Grondin camard; Sp - Rubio.



Habitat : on sandy and rocky bottoms,

to 150 cm depth.

Loc.name(s) :

frontalprofilesteep

dark spots

pectoral fins long




127

BONY FISHES

Chelidonichthys lucerna (Linnaeus, 1758)

Synonyms : Trigla lucerna Linnaeus, 1758.

FAO names : En - Tub gurnard; Fr - Grondin perlon;Sp - Bejel.



Habitat : on sandy, muddy and gravel bottoms,from 20 to 200 m depth.

Remarks : presence to be confirmed.

Loc.name(s) :

Lepidotrigla cadmani Regan, 1915

Synonyms : Lepidotrigla laevispinnis Blache &

Ducroz, 1960.

FAO names : En - Scalebreast gurnard; Fr - Grondinécailleux; Sp - Cabéte escamudo.



Habitat : on sandy and muddy bottoms from 30 to400 m depth.

Loc.name(s) :

Lepidotrigla carolae Richards, 1968

FAO names : En - Carol's gurnard; Fr - Grondin deCarole; Sp - Carolina.



Habitat : on sandy and muddy bottoms, from 10 to300 m depth.

Loc.name(s) :

Trigla lyra Linnaeus, 1758

FAO names : En - Piper gurnard; Fr - Grondin lyre;Sp - Garneo.



Habitat : found on the continental shelf and theupper slope.

Loc.name(s) :

scales absent here

TRIGLIDAE

scales in lateral line not modified

1st spine smooth

breast scaled

1st spinedenticulated

breast without scales

long spine

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128

BONY FISHES

Uranoscopus albesca Regan, 1915

FAO names : En - Longspine stargazer;Fr - Uranoscope miou; Sp - Miracielo

espinón.Size : 35 cm.


Habitat : burrowing in sandy and muddybottoms from 30 to 350 m depth.

Loc.name(s) :

Uranoscopus cadenati Poll, 1959

FAO names : En - West African stargazer;Fr - Uranoscope boeuf; Sp - Miracieloafricano.

Size : 35 cm, possibly up to 50 cm.

Fishing gear : bottom trawls, bottom setnets.

Habitat : burrowing in sandy and muddybottoms from 30 to at least 300 m depth.

Loc.name(s) :

Uranoscopus polli Cadenat, 1953

FAO names : En - White-spotted stargazer;Fr - Uranoscope à points blancs; Sp - Miracielomoteado.

Size : 35 cm.


Habitat : demersal between 25 and 50 m depth,burrowing in muddy and sandy bottoms.

Loc.name(s) :

Xiphias gladius Linnaeus, 1758

FAO names : En - Swordfish; Fr - Espadon;Sp - Pez espada.


Fishing gear : longlines, harpoons, trollinggear, drift gillnets.

Habitat : pelagic, from the surface to about800 m depth; strongly migratory.

Loc.name(s) :

humeral spine very long

URANOSCOPIDAE

roundedtentacle

narrowlong

tentacle

very longtentacle

XIPHIIDAE

a single strong keel

pelvic fins absent

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1 spine and 6 rays

(see Plate XVI,114)

129

BONY FISHES

ZEIDAE

Cyttopsis roseus (Lowe, 1843)

FAO names : En - Rosy dory; Fr - Saint-Pierrerosé; Sp - San Pedro rosado.



Habitat : near the bottom, on the continentalshelf to a depth of 600 m.

Loc.name(s) :

Zenopsis conchifer (Lowe, 1852)

Synonyms : Zeus conchifer (Lowe, 1852); Zeus

ocellatus Storer, 1859.

FAO names : En - Silvery John dory; Fr - SaintPierre argenté; Sp - San Pedro plateado.


Fishing gear : bottoms trawls.


Loc.name(s) :

no plates or scutes

2 or 3 scutesbetween

pelvic fins

1 or 2 spines

9 or 10 rays

mouth

nearlyvertical

bony plates

3 spines

(see Plate XVI, 113) 1 spine and 5 rays

Zeus faber Linnaeus, 1758

FAO names : En - John dory; Fr - Saint-Pierre;Sp - Pez de San Pedro.


Fishing gear : bottoms trawls.

Habitat : demersal from 60 to 250 m depth.

Loc.name(s) :

plates ofspiny scutes

4 spines



underside of head dorsal fin

131

SHARKS

TECHNICAL TERMS AND PRINCIPAL MEASUREMENT USED

(Straight-line distances)

eye with

nictitatinglower eyelid

first dorsal fin

precaudal pitterminal lobe

fin spine

second dorsal fin

spiracleinterdorsal space keel

upperlobe

snout

nostril

internasalspace

head

length of(preoral)

snout

caudalpecuncle

apex

labialfolds

insertion of fininner margin

of free rear tip

clasper(male sex organ)

anal fin

lowerlobe

subterminal

notch

innercorner

pelvic fin

caudal fin

mouth

gill

slits

Fear margin

pectoral fin

length of pectoral fin

gill slits

trunk

total length

tail

(caudal fin depressed to body axis)

width of mouth anterior margin

labial fold

originheight

of fin

posterior margin

insertion

labial groove or furrow

base

free rear tip

length of inner margin

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132

SHARKS

GUIDE TO FAMILIES

The purpose of this guide is to ensure correct identification of all shark families occurring in the Gulf of Guinea. It alsoallows the identification of genera in the case of polymorphic families.

Note:

Page numbers following the names, where present, lead to information on species of interest to fisheries.

All distinctive characters used here apply only to species occurring in the Gulf of Guinea.

FRILLED AND COW SHARKS - Hexanchiformes

Six or seven pairs of gill slits

HEXANCHIDAE Sixgill and Sevengill sharks,Cowsharks

To at least 482 cm; continental shelf and slope to about

1900 m depth; demersal or pelagic.

DOGFISH SHARKS AND ALLIES - Squaliformes

Anal fin absent; mouth ventral; snout short .

ECHINORHINIDAE Bramble sharks

To 310 cm; continental shelf and slope, from 20 to 900 mdepth; demersal. A single species.

SQUALIDAE Dogfish sharks page 147

To about 180 cm; continental shelf and slope, from 50to 2700 m depth; predominantly demersal.

Examples:

similar

secondary cuspson inner margin

upper tooth lower tooth

lower lateral tooth

spines without grooves

keel

7 gill slits

Heptranchias perlo

precaudal pit

denticulationson inner margin

primarycusplet

Squalus blainvillei

blade-like

lower lateral tooth secondarycusps

6 gill slits

Hexanchus griseus

upper teeth lower teeth

grooved spines,

Etmopterus


bony plates

Echinorhinus brucus

snout very longgrooved spines

Deania



Dalatias lichaGinglymostoma cirratum

133

SHARKS


grooved spines

pectoral fins angular

OXYNOTIDAE Centrines

To 150 cm; in offshore waters from 40 to 720 mdepth; demersal. A single species.

dorsal fins high, triangular

Centrophorus

keelpelvic fin

Oxinotus centrina

upper and lower toothgrooved spines

Centroscyllium fabricii


grooved spines

pectoral fins rounded Centroscymnus

ANGEL SHARKS - Squatiniformes

Body flattened; gill slits ventro-lateral; anal fin

absent, mouth terminal.

SQUATINIDAE Angel sharks page 151

To 188 cm; continental shelf and slope from 30 to

500 m depth; demersal.

lobe of pectoral fin

pectoral fin

mouthterminal

pelvic fin

upper teeth lower teethnostril

spiracle

grooved spines gill slitsdorsal view

underside of head Squatina

Scymnodon obscurus NURSE AND WHALE SHARKS - Orectolobiformes

Mouth in front of eyes; nostrils with barbels.

GINGLYMOSTOMATIDAE Nurse sharks page 142

upper and lower teeth

no spines

To about 430 cm; coastal waters, demersal. A singlespecies.



Galeus polli

134

SHARKS

RHINIODONTIDAE Whale sharks

To 12 m; coastal and oceanic waters; pelagic. A singlespecies.

LAMNIDAE Mackerel sharks page 143

To at least 650 cm; coastal and oceanic waters; pelagic.

margins serrated

MACKEREL SHARKS ANDALLIES - Lamniformes

No nictitating eyelid;intestinal valve of ring

type.

Rhiniodon typus

intestinal valve of ring type(schematic, characteristic for

the order)


Carcharodon carcharias

margins smooth

ODONTASPIDIDAE Sand tiger sharks

To 318 cm; common along the coast and off bays,mainly demersal. A single species.

gill slits high

eye large

Eugomphodus taurus

PSEUDOCARCHARIIDAE Crocodilesharks

To 110 cm; coastal and oceanic waters. Amonogeneric family with a single species.

keel

lower precaudal pit

Pseudocarcharias kamoharai

ALOPIIDAE Thresher sharks page 137

To at least 550 cm; coastal and oceanic waters; pelagic.


Isurus

GROUND SHARKS AND ALLIES - Carcharhiniformes

Nictitating membrane present on eyes; intestinal valveof scroll or spiral type.

SCYLIORHINIDAE Catsharks page 144

To 160 cm; coastal waters and on the slope to 720 mdepth; usually demersal.

9 to 11 greyish brown bars and spots

Alopias

underside of head

ridges



Mustelus

135

SHARKS

underside of head

Galeorhinus galeus Mustelus mustelus

dorsal view of head

Scyliorhinus

LEPTOCHARIIDAE Barbeled page 144 houndsharks

To 80 cm, coastal waters, particularly around river mouths, to 75 m depth. A single species.

anteriornasalfolds

formingminutebarbell

labialfurrows

very long

underside of head

upper and lower

lateral teeth

Leptocharias smíthií

TRIAKIDAE Hound sharks page 152

To 167 cm; coastal waters to at least 350 m depth;

bentho-pelagic and demersal.

anteriornasal folds

short

underside of head

HEMIGALEIDAE Weasel sharks page 143

To 138 cm; coastal waters to 100 m depth. A singlespecies.

intestinal valve of spiral type

Paragaleus pectoralis

CARCHARHINIDAE Requiem sharks page 137

To about 650 cm; coastal and oceanic waters, fromthe surface to about 800 m depth; pelagic ordemersal.

dorsal margin undulated

precaudal pit

(Family characters)

rolled unrolled

intestinal valve of scroll type

(Family characters)

toothcompressed,

blade-like

secondarycusps

upper teeth

G. galeus M. mustelus

teeth low withrounded cusps,

forming a pavement

labialfurrowsshort



Prionace glauca

136

spiracle

labial furrows very long

underside of head

labial furrowswell developed

underside of head

preanal crestsvery long

underside of head

gillrakersabsent

gilirakers short

lateral keel

Galeocerdo cuvier

Prionace Carcharhinus

gillrakers

almost as large as first dorsal

underside of head

Negaprion brevirostris

labialfurrows

short andrudimentary

preanal ridgesabsent or very short

Carcharhinus

SPHYRNIDAE Hammerhead sharks page 146

origin of seconddorsal fin behindthat of anal fin

To 300 cm; coastal and oceanic waters, near thesurface; pelagic.

eyenostril

lateral expansion

gill slitscorner of mouth

anal finunderside of head

Rhizoprionodon acutus

lateral keel

lateral expansion

Sphyrna

SHARKS

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underside of head upper and lower tooth

137

SHARKS

Alopias superciliosus (Lowe, 1839)

FAO names : En - Bigeye thresher; Fr - Renard àgros yeux; Sp - Zorro ojón.


Fishing gear : longlines, drift gillnets, hook-and-line.

Habitat : oceanic, but also found in coastal watersover the continental shelves; occurs up to 500 mdepth.

Loc.name(s) :

Alopias vulpinus (Bonnaterre, 1788)

FAO names : En - Thresher shark; Fr - Renard;Sp - Zorro.

Size : possibly to over 600 cm, common to 490 cm.

Fishing gear : longlines, hook-and-line, driftinggillnets.

Habitat : pelagic in offshore and coastal waters, upto 400 m depth.

Loc.name(s) :

Carcharhinus altimus (Springer, 1950)

Synonyms : Carcharhinus radamae Fourmanoir,1961.

FAO names : En - Bignose shark; Fr - Requinbabosse; Sp - Tiburón baboso.


Fishing gear : deep-set longlines, bottom trawls.

Habitat : deeper areas of the continental shelfbetween 80 and 430 m depth.

Loc.name(s) :

Carcharhinus amboiensis (Müller & Henle, 1839)

Synonyms : Carcharhinus henlei Bleeker, 1855;Carcharis brachyrhynchos Bleeker, 1859;Triaenodon obtusus Day, 1878.

FAO names : En - Pigeye shark; Fr - Requinbalestriné; Sp -Tiburón baleta.

Size : to 280 cm.

Fishing gear : longlines.Habitat : coastal waters from 0 to 60 m depth.

Loc.name(s) :

ALOPIIDAE

grooves

eyes large,directedupwards

eyes small,no grooves

on head

snout long

CARCHARHINIDAE

strong interdorsal ridge

underside of head upper and lower tooth near centre

no interdorsal ridge

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underside of head upper and lower

138

SHARKS

CARCHARHINIDAE

Carcharhinus brachyurus (Günther, 1870)

Synonyms : Charcharias lamiella Jordan &Gilbert, 1882; Eulamia ahenea Stead, 1938;

Carcharhinus improvisus Smith, 1952.

FAO names : En - Copper shark; Fr - Requincuivre; Sp - Tiburón cobrizo.

Size : about 290 cm.


Habitat : coastal and offshore waters.

Loc.name(s) :

Carcharhinus brevipinna (Müller & Henle, 1839)

Synonyms : Carcharhinus maculipinnis (Poey,1865); Aprionodon caparti, Poll, 1951.

FAO names : En - Spinner shark; Fr - Requintisserand; Sp -Tiburón aleta negra.


Fishing gear : longlines, hook-and-line, bottom

set nets, pelagic trawls.

Habitat : offshore waters, probably also incoastal areas.

Loc.name(s) :

Carcharhinus falciformis (Bibron in Müller & Henle, 1839)

FAO names : En - Silky shark; Fr - Requinsoyeux; Sp - Tiburón jaquetón.


Fishing gear : floating longlines, also in bottomset nets.

Habitat : coastal and oceanic waters.

Loc.name(s) :

normally withoutinterdorsal ridge

pointed

underside of head

upper andlower tooth

white bandno interdorsal ridge

pointed

very similar

smooth


rounded posterior lobe long and slender



139

SHARKS

CARCHARHINIDAE

Carcharhinus galapagensis (Snodgrass & Heller, 1905)

FAO names : En - Galapagos shark; Fr - Requin

vde Galapagos; Sp - Tiburón de Galápagos.




Loc.name(s) :

rounded

almost straight,tip pointed

Carcharhinus leucas (Valenciennes in Müller & Henle, 1839) long

underside of head

FAO names : En - Bull shark; Fr - Requinbouledogue; Sp - Tiburón sards.


Fishing gear : longlines.

Habitat : mainly in coastal waters, also inestuaries and hypersaline waters.

Loc.name(s) :

snout very short

no interdorsal ridge

upper andlower tooth

triangular

Carcharhinus limbatus (Valenciennes in Müller & Henle, 1839)

FAO names : En - Blacktip shark;Fr - Requin bordé; Sp - Tiburónmacuira.


Fishing gear : longlines, hook-and-Iine, bottom set nets.

Habitat : pelagic, in coastal andoffshore waters.

Loc.name(s) :

origin of dorsalfin above or

slightly behindpectoral fininsertions


persistant black spot

underside of headupper and lower tooth

(near centre)



140

SHARKS

Carcharhinus Iongimanus (Poey, 1861)

Synonyms : Carcharhinus maou (Lesson,1830).

FAO names : En - Oceanic whitetip shark;Fr - Requin océanique; Sp - Tiburón oceánico.

Size : possibly to 350 cm.

Fishing gear : floating longlines, handlines,pelagic trawls.

Habitat : pelagic in warm oceanic waters,sometimes entering coastal waters.

Loc.name(s) :

Carcharhinus obscurus (LeSueur, 1818)

FAO names : En - Dusky shark; Fr - Requinsombre; Sp - Tiburón arenero.

Size : 364 cm.

Fishing gear : longlines, hook-and-line, bottom

set nets.Habitat : benthopelagic off the edge of thecontinental shelf.

Remarks : presence in the Gulf of Guinea to beconfirmed

Loc.name(s) :

Carcharhinus plumbeus (Nardo, 1827)

Synonyms : Carcharhinus milberti Müller & Henle,1841.

FAO names : En - Sandbar shark; Fr - Requin gris;Sp - Tiburón trozo.


Fishing gear : longlines, hook-and-line, bottomset nets.

Habitat : coastal waters on sandy or muddybottoms; often near estuaries.

Loc.name(s) :

conspicuously large, rounded CARCHARHINIDAE

pectoral fins verylong and rounded

triangular

underside of head

upper and lower tooth

underside of head


very high, triangular

teeth finely denticulate

underside of head





141

SHARKS

Carcharhinus signatus (Poey, 1868)

snout narrow, pointed andconspicuously elongate

Synonyms : Hyporion signatus Poey, 1868;Hyporion bigelowi Cadenat, 1956.

FAO names : En - Night shark; Fr - Requin de nuit;Sp - Tiburón de noche.

Size : 280 cm, common to. 150 cm.

Fishing gear : longlines, pelagic trawls.

Habitat : between 200 and 300 m depth.

Loc.name(s) :

Galeocerdo cuvier Peron & LeSueur, 1822

FAO names : En - Tiger shark; Fr - Requin tigrecommun; Sp - Tintorera.

Size : at least 650 cm, probably 740 cm, commonto 400 cm.

Fishing gear : longlines, hook-and-line, bottomset nets, occasionally With bottom trawls.

Habitat : coastal and offshore waters near the

surface; also in estuaries.

Loc.name(s) :

Negaprion brevirostris (Poey, 1868)

FAO names : En - Lemon shark; Fr - Requincitron; Sp - Tiburón galano.


Fishing gear : longlines.

Habitat : demersal in coastal waters;occasionally enters estuaries.

Loc.name(s) :

CARCHARHINIDAE

body fusiform,rather robust


snout very short dark bars or spots

spiraclevery small


snout very short

no interdorsal ridge 2nd dorsal fin

almost as largeas 1st dorsal fin

nictitatingmembrane

smooth



142

SHARKS

CARCHARHINIDAE

Prionace glauca (Linnaeus, 1758)

FAO names : En - Blue shark; Fr - Peau bleue;Sp - Tiburón azul.


Fishing gear : longlines, hook-and-line, bottomset nets, pelagic and bottom trawls.

Habitat : pelagic, usually offshore, but also incoastal waters.

Loc.name(s) :

Rhizoprionodon acutus (Rüppell, 1837)

Synonyms : Scoliodon terraenovae (Richardson,1836).

FAO names : En - Milk shark; Fr - Requin à museau

pointu; Sp - Cazón picudo.


Fishing gear : longlines, hook-and-line, bottom setnets, bottom trawls.

Habitat : shallow coastal waters.

Loc.name(s) :

Ginglymostoma cirratum (Bonnaterre, 1788)

FAO names : En - Nurse shark; Fr - Requin-nourrice; Sp - Gata nodriza.

Size : over 400 cm, common to 340 cm.

Fishing gear : line gear, bottom set nets,bottom trawls.


Loc.name(s) :

snout longno interdorsal

ridge

a weak keel on

caudal peduncle

nictitating

membrane

very long

underside of headupper and lower tooth

preanal ridges long

mouth

beforeeyes

underside of head upper and lower lateral tooth

GINGLYMOSTOMATIDAE

barbets

barbets

oro-nasal groove

mouth

underside of head upper and lower teeth

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teeth of left side

143

SHARKS

Paragaleus pectoralis (Garman, 1906)

Synonyms : Paragaleus gruveli Budker,1935.

FAO names : En - Atlantic weasel shark;Fr - Milandre jaune; Sp -Tiburón comadreja.


Fishing gear : longlines, hook-and-line,bottom set gillnets, bottom trawls.


Loc.name(s) :

Carcharodon carcharías (Linnaeus, 1758)

FAO names : En - Great white shark; Fr - Grandrequin blanc; Sp - Jaquetón blanco.

Size : to 640 cm, maybe to 800 cm, common to400 cm.

Fishing gear : longlines, hook-and-line,bottom set gillnets, drift gillnets.

Habitat : coastal and offshore waters, oftenentering shallow bays.

Loc.name(s) :

Isurus oxyrinchus Rafinesque, 1809

FAO names : En - Shortfin mako; Fr - Taupebleu; Sp - Marrajo dientuso.


Fishing gear : drifting longlines, gillnets,hook-and-line.

Habitat : oceanic in surface waters, down toat least 152 m.

Loc.name(s) :

yellow bands

HEMIGALEIDAE

secondary cusps

mouthshort

underside of headupper and lower teeth (left side)

LAMNIDAE

spiracle very smallvery small

gill slits long prominent keel

anterior intermediate lateral posterior

underside of headanterior lateral

teeth of left side

posterior

snout long and pointed

very small

as long as head

prominent keel


underside of head

position of teeth

anterior lateral posterior

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dorsal view of head underside of head

Isurus paucus Guitart Manday, 1966

Synonyms : Isurus alatus Garrick, 1966;?Lamiostoma belyaevi GIikman, 1964.

FAO names : En - Longfin mako; Fr - Petit

taupe; Sp - Marrajo carite.Size : 417 cm, common to 250 cm.

Fishing gear : drifting longlines, hook-and-line, gillnets.

Habitat : oceanic.

Loc.name(s) :

Leptocharias smithii (Müller & Henle, 1839)

Galeus polli Cadenat, 1959

Synonyms : ? Pristiurus atlanticus Vaillant,1888.

FAO names : En - African sawtail catshark;Fr - Chien râpe; Sp - Pintarroja africana.



Habitat : demersal between 200 and 270 mdepth.

Loc.name(s) :

144

SHARKS

rounded

very small

LAMNIDAE

pectoralfin long


anterior lateral

teeth of left side

posterior

LEPTOCHARIIDAE

snout long

FAO names : En - Barbeled houndshark; Fr - Emissoleà grandes lèvres; Sp - Tiburón barbudo.

Size : about 80 cm.

Fishing gear : hook-and-line, bottom set gillnets,bottom trawls.

Habitat : in coastal waters, common around rivermouths, to 75 m depth.

Loc.name(s) :

slightly smallerthan first dorsal fin

barbel long,slender

stronglyasymmetric

upper lateral tooth

very long

underside of head

dark spots

SCYLIORHINIDAE

equal, rounded

eyes elongate,lateral

angular

bases very long



145

SHARKS

Scyliorhinus canicula (Linnaeus, 1758)

FAO names : En - Smalispotted catshark;Fr - Petite roussette; Sp - Pintarroja.

Size : 100 cm, common between 60 and

70 cm.

Fishing gear : bottom and pelagic trawls,bottom set nets.

Habitat : coastal waters on sandy ormuddy bottoms to 400 m depth.

Loc.name(s) :

Scyliorhinus cervigoni Maurin & Bonnet, 1970

FAO names : En - West African catshark;Fr - Roussette thalassa; Sp - Alitán africano,

Size : to about 76 cm.

Fishing gear : bottom and pelagic trawls,bottom set nets.

Habitat : demersal between 45 and 500 mdepth, on the continental shelf and upper

slope, on rocky and muddy bottoms.Remarks : this species has been confusedwith S. stellaris.

Loc.name(s) :

Scyliorhinus stellaris (Linnaeus, 1758)

FAO names : En - Nursehound; Fr - Grande

roussette; Sp - Alitán.

Size : 162 cm, common to about 125 cm,


Habitat : common on hard bottoms incoastal waters to 63 m depth.

Loc.name(s) :

numerous dark brown andoften white round spots

SCYLIORHINIDAE

eyes elongate, dorsal

bases very long

nasal flap

lower labial furrows

underside of head

dark spots large and tew

body tapering strongly totail

anterior nasalflaps reaching

mouth

underside of head

rather large dark spots

eyeselongate,

lateral

anterior nasal flap

dorsal view of head

underside of head



concave

146

SHARKS

median indentationSPHYRNIDAE

Sphyrna couardi Cadenat, 1950

FAO names : En - Whitefin hammer-head; Fr - Requin-marteau aile blanche;Sp - Cornuda aliblanca.



Habitat : pelagic in coastal waters.

Loc.name(s) :

Sphyrna lewini (Griffith & Smith, 1834)

Synonyms : Sphyrna diplana Springer, 1941.

FAO names : En - Scalloped hammerhead;Fr - Requin-marteau halicorne; Sp - Cornudacomún.


Fishing gear : pelagic longlines, bottom setlonglines, bottom set nets, bottom andpelagic trawls.

Habitat : estuaries and coastal waters.

Loc.name(s) :

underside of head

margin nearly straight apart from median indentation

underside of head

wide

narrow

hind border of eye

underside of head

narrow

wide

Sphyrna mokarran (Rüppell, 1837)

FAO names : En - Great hammerhead; Fr - Grandrequin-marteau; Sp - Cornuda gigante.

Size : at least to 550 cm, common to 400 cm.

Fishing gear : longlines, hook-and-line, pelagic andbottom trawls, bottom set nets.


Loc.name(s) :



147

SHARKS

Sphyma zygaena (Linnaeus, 1758)

no indentationSPHYRINIDAE

FAO names : En - Smooth hammerhead;

Fr - Requin-marteau commun; Sp - Cornudacruz.

Size : 400 cm.

Fishing gear : drifting longlines, handlines,bottom trawls.

Habitat : littoral and coastal waters.

Loc.name(s) :

underside of head

Centrophorus granulosus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801)

FAO names : En - Gulper shark; Fr - Squale-chagrin commun; Sp - Quelvacho.



Habitat : benthic.

Loc.name(s) :

Centrophorus lusitanicus Bocage & Capello, 1864

FAO names : En - Lowfin gulper shark; Fr – Squale-chagrin à longue dorsale; Sp - Quelvàcho lusitanico.


Fishing gear : bottom nets, bottom set nets, hook-and-line.

Habitat : benthic in deep waters.

Loc.name(s) :

Centrophorus squamosus (Bonnaterre, 1788)

FAO names : En - Leafscale gulper shark; Fr - Squale-chagrin de l'Atlantique; Sp - Quelvacho negro.

Size : to at least 158 cm.

Fishing gear : bottom trawls, line gear, bottom set

nets.Habitat : deep waters from 400 to 500 m.

Loc.name(s) :

lateral view

SQUALIDAE

no cusp

dermal dentides

cusp

lateral view

dermal denticles 1st dorsal fin long and narrow

higher

lateral view

dermal denticles



148

SHARKS

Centrophorus uyato (Rafinesque, 1810)

FAO names : En - Little guiper shark; Fr - Petitsquale-chagrin; Sp - Galludito.

Size : to about 100 cm, common to 80 cm.

Fishing gear : bottom trawls, bottom set nets,hook-and-line.

Habitat : from 50 to 1400 m depth.

Loc.name(s) :

Centroscyllium fabricii (Reinhardt, 1825)

FAO names : En - Black dogfish; Fr - Aiguillat noir;Sp - Tollo negro merga.



Habitat : deep waters, from 180 to 1600 m depths.

Loc.name(s) :

Centroscymnus coelolepis Bocage & Capello, 1864

FAO names : En - Portuguese dogfish; Fr - Pailonacommun; Sp - Pailona.


Fishing gear : bottom trawls, deepwater set nets,line gear.

Habitat : from 270 to 3600 m depth; common onthe upper continental slope.

Loc.name(s) :

Centroscymnus crepidater (Bocage & Capello, 1864)

FAO names : En - Longnose velvet dogfish;Fr - Pailona à Ion nez; Sp - Sapata negra.


Fishing gear : bottom trawls, deepwater setnets, line gear.

Habitat : from 270 to 3600 m depth; commonon the upper continental slope.

Loc.name(s) :

lateral view

SQUALIDAE

dermal denticles

underside of head larger than 1st dorsal fin

dermal denticle

underside of head very small spines

dermal denticles

underside of head

spines very small

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gill slits short

149

SHARKS

Dalatias licha (Bonnaterre, 1788)

Synonyms : Scymnorhinus licha (Bonnaterre,1788).

FAO names : En - Kitefin shark; Fr - Squale liche;Sp - Carocho.



Habitat : continental shelf and upper slope, to1000 m depth.

Loc.name(s) :

Deania calcea (Lowe, 1839)

FAO names : En - Birdbeak dogfish ; Fr - Squalesavate; Sp - Tollo pajarito.


Fishing gear : pelagic trawls.

Habitat : continental slope from 460 to, 1430 m

depth.


Loc.name(s) :

Deania profundorum (Smith & Radcliffe, 1912)

Synonyms : Deania cremouxi Cadenat, 1960.

FAO names : En - Arrowhead dogfish; Fr - Squale-savate lutin; Sp - Tolloflecha.

Size : 76 cm.


Habitat : demersal, on the upper continental slope,at depths from 275 to 1800 m.

Loc.name(s) :

SQUALIDAE

underside of head lips fringed

spines absent

dermal denticle

snout extremely longunderside of head

no keel

dermal denticle

snout very long keel

Etmopterus polli Bigelow, Schroeder & Springer, 1953

FAO names : En - African lantern shark; Fr - Sagreà menton lisse; Sp - Tollo lucero africano.

Size : about 24 cm.


Habitat : upper continental slope, from 300 to1000 m depth.

Loc.name(s) :

pointed

dermal denticles (dorsal view)

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150

SHARKS

Etmoptertis pusillus (Lowe, 1839)

Synonyms : Centrina nigra Lowe, 1839; Etmopterusfrontimaculatus Pietschmann, 1907.

FAO names : En - Smooth lantern shark; Fr - Sagre

nain; Sp - Tollo lucero liso.

Size : 47 cm, possibly larger, between 50 and 1000 mdepth.


Habitat : demersal on the continental shelf from 270to 1000 m depth.

Loc.name(s) :

Etmopterus spinax (Linnaeus, 1758)

truncate SQUALIDAE

dermal denticles (dorsal view)

gill slits longer

FAO names : En - Velvet-belly; Fr - Sagrecommun; Sp - Negrito.


Fishing gear : bottom and pelagic trawls, bottomset nets, hook-and-line.

Habitat : demersal in deep waters, from 100 to1000 m depth.

Loc.name(s) :

Squalus blainvillei (Risso, 1826)

FAO names : En - Longnose spurdog;Fr - Aiguiltat coq; Sp - Galludo.


Fishing gear : bottom trawls, bottom setgillnets, hook-and-line.

Habitat : demersal between 300 and 600 mdepth.

Loc.name(s) :

Squalus megalops (MacIeay, 1881)

Synonyms : Squalus acutipinnis Regan, 1921.

FAO names : En - Bigeye spurdog; Fr - Aiguillat àgros yeux; Sp - Galludo ojón.

Size : about 71 cm.


Habitat : demersal between 16 and 250 m depth;gregarious.

Loc.name(s) :

pointed

dermal denticles (lateral view)

gill slits very short black

long, ungrooved spines

lateralkeels

eyes largeblack spots

snoutsubangular

concave

underside or headdermal denticle



dark spots on

body and fins

151

SHARKS

Squalus mitsukurii Jordan & Snyder, 1903

FAO names : En - Shortspine spurdog; Fr - Aiguillat

épinette; Sp - Galludo espinilla.

Size : 110 cm.


Habitat : demersal on the continental shelf.

Loc.name(s) :

Squatina aculeata Duméril, 1829

FAO names : En - Sawback angelshark; Fr - Angede mer épineux; Sp - Angelote espinudo.



Habitat : demersal between 20 and 500 m depth.

Loc.name(s) :

Squatina oculata Bonaparte, 1840

FAO names : En - Smoothback angelshark;Fr - Ange de mer ocellé; Sp - Pez angel.



Habitat : continental shelf and slope from 20to 500 m depth.

Loc.name(s) :

SQUALIDAE

snoutparabolicrounded

underside or headdermal denticle

SQUATINIDAE

prominent flap

frontal view

dermal denticles

prominent flap

frontal view



dorsal view of head

152

SHARKS

TRIAKIDAE

Galeorhinus galeus (Linnaeus, 1758)

FAO names : En - Tope shark; Fr - Requin-

hâ; Sp – Cazón.

Size : 195 cm, common between 100 and120 cm.


Habitat : demersal and benthopelagic,from coastal waters to 300 m depth.

Loc.name(s) :

no interdorsal crest

dorsaI view of head

very similar

Mustelus mustelus (Linnaeus, 1758)

FAO names : En - Smooth-hound; Fr - Emissolelisse; Sp - Musola.


Fishing gear : bottom trawls, bottom set nets,line gear.

Habitat : demersal, from 5 to 350 m depth.

Loc.name(s) :

interdorsalridge

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154

BATOID FISHES

GUIDE TO FAMILIES

The purpose of this guide is to ensure correct identification of all families (and their respective genera) occurring inthe Gulf of Guinea.

Note:

Page numbers following the family names, when present, lead to information on species of interest to fisheries.

All distinctive characters used here apply only to species occurring in the Gulf of Guinea.

PRISTIDAE Sawfishes page 160

Total length to 600 cm; coastal marine and brackishwaters, rarely in freshwaters; usually to 10 m depth;demersal.

pectoral fin

dorsal fins

dorsal view

lateral view

PLATYRHINIDAE Thornback guitarfishes

Total length to about 1 m; mainly coastal waters, butalso offshore around islands, to 300 m depth; demersal. A single species.

snout short, blunt

margins of disc rather thin

mouth straight

sawspiracle

pelvic f in

Pristis

RHINOBATIDAE Guitarfishes page 164

Total length to 200 cm; coastal marine waters to 90 mdepth; demersal.

RHYNCHOBATIDAE Wedgefishes

Total length to 300 m; coastal marine waters to 35 mdepth; demersal. A single species.

pectoral fin

TORPEDINIDAE Electric rays

Total length to 180 cm; coastal waters to 570 m depth;usually demersal.

underside of head

Zanobatus schoenleinii

spiracle pectoral fin

pelvic fin

dorsal fins

eye

dorsal view

caudal finsimple

snoutelongate Rhinobatos

disc truncate oremarginate anteriorly

with thick, fleshymargins

electricorgans

pelvic fin dorsal fins caudal finbilobed

snoutelongate

tail short and robust

Rhynchobatus luebberti

dorsal view

Torpedo



155

BATOID FISHES

GUIDE TO FAMILIES

RAJIDAE Rays and skates page 161

Total length to 230 cm; littoral waters to beyond 1000 mdepth; demersal.

disc rhomboidalor subcircular

GYMNURIDAE Butterfly rays

Disc width to 400 cm; from coastal waters to 60 m depth;demersal.

disc lozangic,wider than long

pelvic finsbilobed

tail slenderand very short

Gymnura

tail distinctlyseparatefrom disc

2 dorsal fins

dorsal view

DASYATIDAE Stingrays page 157

Total length to 300 cm; coastal waters to at least 300 mdepth; demersal.

tail longerthan disc

tail about aslong as disc

MYLIOBATIDAE Eagle rays page 159

Total length to 370 cm; coastal waters to 100 m depth;demersal.

nasalcurtainfringed

underside of head head distinct

subrostral lobe

dorsal fin

caudal tin

Raja

dorsal fin absent

Taeniura

one or morevenomous stings

disc oval

Dasyatis

no spines

Urogymnus asperimus

barbed spine

a single series usually 7 series

Aetobatus narinarum Myliobatis aquila,Pteromylaeus bovinus

arrangement of teeth in upper jaw



Manta birostris

156

BATOID FISHES

GUIDE TO FAMILIES

subrostral lobe

underside of head dorsal view of head

Myliobatis aquila

subrostral lobe

underside of head dorsal view of head

Pteromylaeus bovinus

RHINOPTERIDAE Cownose rays page 165

Length of disc to 200 m; coastal waters to about 30 mdepth.

subrostral lobe

underside of head

subrostral lobesseparated by a notch

a singledorsal fin

spine

Rhinoptera marginata

MOBULIDAE Mantas and Sea-devils page 158

Width of disc to 700 cm; shallow coastal waters; pelagic.

cephalic fin

dorsal fin

dorsal view

cephalic fin

dorsal fin

lateral view

frontal view

mouthventral

underside of head

mouthterminal

underside of head

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157

BATOID FISHES

DASYATIDAE

Dasyatis centroura (Mitchill, 1815)

Synonyms : Dasyatis aspera (Cuvier, 1817); Dasyatishastata (DeKay, 1842).

FAO names : En - Roughtail stingray; Fr - Pastenagueépineuse; Sp - Raya-látigolija.

Size : over 300 cm (total length).

Fishing gear : bottom trawls, trammel nets, bottom setlonglines, hook-and-line.

Habitat : Usually in coastal waters, to 300 m depth;demersal, mostly on soft bottoms.

Loc.name(s) :

Dasyatis margarita (Günther, 1870)

FAO names : En - Daisy stingray; Fr - Pastenaguemarguerite; Sp - Raya-látigo margarita.

Size : 200 cm (total length), common to 60 cm.Fishing gear : bottom trawls, trammelnets, bottomset longlines, hook-and-line.

Habitat : shallow coastal waters to 60 m depth,enters estuaries and lagoons.

Loc.name(s) :

Dasyatis pastinaca (Linnaeus, 1758)

Synonyms : Trygon pastinaca (Linnaeus, 1758).

FAO names : En - Common stingray; Fr - Pastenaguecommune; Sp - Raya-látigo común.

Size : 250 cm (total length), common to 80 cm.

Fishing gear : bottom trawls, trammelnets, bottomset longlines, hook-and-line.

Habitat : shallow coastal waters to 60 m depth.

Remarks : presence in Gulf of Guinea to beconfirmed.

Loc.name(s) :

large tuberclesor spines

length oftail twice

that of disc

no skin folds behind sting

posteriorsmargin ofpelvic fin

nearlystraight

pearl-like tubercular thorn

area of close-set spinules

length oftail 1.5timesthat ofdisc

colour uniformly greenish grey

skin fold

previous page



branchial filters

158

BATOID FISHES

DASYATIDAE

Taeniura grabata (E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1817)

FAO names : En - Round stingray; Fr - Pastenague africaine;Sp - Chupare redondo.

Size : 250 cm (total length).


Habitat : on soft bottoms in coastal waters.

Loc.name(s) :

Manta birostris (Donndorff, 1798)

FAO names : En - Giant Atlantic manta; Fr - Mante

atlantique; Sp - Manta atlántica gigante.Size : 700 cm (disc width).

Fishing gear : trammelnets, purse seines, longlines,driftnets, pelagic trawls.

Habitat : pelagic, in shallow coastal waters.

Loc.name(s) :

disc rounded

mouth terminal

MOBULIDAE

mouth inferior

Mobula coilloti Cadenat & Rancurel, 1960

FAO names : En - Greater Guineanmobula; Fr - Diable géant de Guinée;Sp - Diablo gigante de Guinea.

Size : about 250 cm (disc width).

Fishing gear : trammelnets, purseseines, driftnets, longlines, pelagictrawls.

Habitat : pelagic, feeding onplanktonic organisms.

Loc.name(s) :

lateral

margins offused lobes

posterior margins

widely rounded



dorsal fin

159

BATOID FISHES

MOBULIDAE

Mobula rochebrunei (Vaillant, 1879)

FAO names : En - Lesser Guinean mobula;Fr - Petit diable de Guinée; Sp - Diablitode Guinea.

Size : 130 cm (disc width).

Fishing gear : trammelnets, purse seines,longlines, drifnets, harpoons.

Habitat : pelagic, in coastal waters.

Loc.name(s) :

Aetobatus narinari (Euphrasen, 1790)

lateralmarginsof lobes

not fused

mouth inferior

branchial filters

whitish, yellowishor bluish spots

MYLIOBATIDAE

Synonyms: Stoasodon narinari Euphrasen, 1790.

FAO names : En - Spotted eagle-ray; Fr - Aigle de merléopard; Sp - Chucho pintado.

Size : 280 cm (disc width), 370 cm (total length).

Fishing gear : bottom trawls, trammel nets, purse seines,longlines, hook-and-line.

Habitat : shallow coastal waters, usually formingschools.

Loc.name(s) :

Myliobatis aquila (Linnaeus, 1758)

Synonyms : Myliobatis cervus Smith, 1934.

FAO names : En - Common eagle-ray; Fr - Aigle commun;Sp - Aguila marina.


Fishing gear : bottom trawls, trammelnets, purse seines,longlines, hook-and-line.


Loc.name(s) :



24-32 pairs of rostral teeth

160

BATOID FISHES

MYLIOBATIDAE

Pteromylaeus bovinu s (E. Geoffroy St. Hillaire, 1817)

Synonyms : Myliobatis bovina E. Geoffroy St. Hilaire, 1817.

FAO names : En - Bull ray; Fr - Aigle-vachette; Sp - Chuchovaca.


Fishing gear : bottom trawls, trammelnets, purse seines,longlines, hook-and-line.

Habitat : a pelagic species feeding on the bottom, formsschools.

Loc.name(s) :

Pristis microdon Latham, 1794

Synonyms : Pristis perotteti Müller & Henle, 1841.

FAO names : En - Largetooth sawfish; Fr - Poisson-scie grandent; Sp - Pejesierra.


Fishing gear : bottom trawls, longlines,trammelnets, drift gillnets.

Habitat : demersal in inshore coastal waters toabout 45 m depth, also in estuaries, lagoons andeven freshwaters.

Loc.name(s) :

Pristis pectinata Latham, 1794

7-9 transverse bands

dorsal fin

PRISTIDAE

lateral view


underside of head

FAO names : En - Smalltooth sawfish;Fr - Poisson-scie tident; Sp - Pejepeine.


Fishing gear : bottom trawls, longlines,trammelnets, drift gillnets.

Habitat : coastal waters to 100 m depth;also in estuaries, lagoons and evenfreshwaters.

Loc.name(s) :

dorsal view

underside of head

next page



upper side of disc entirely spiny

161

BATOID FISHES

Pristis pristis (Linnaeus, 1758)

FAO names : En - Common sawfish; Fr - Poisson-scie commun; Sp - Pez sierra común.


Fishing gear : bottom trawls, longlines,trammelnet, drift gillnets.

Habitat : demersal in littoral and coastal watersto 60 m depth.

Loc.name(s) :

Raja alba Lacepède, 1803

PRISTIDAE

dorsal view


underside of head

RAJIDAE

Synonyms : Raja marginata Lacepède, 1803; Raja bicolor Risso, 1826. '

FAO names : En - White skate; Fr - Raie blanche; Sp - Rayabramante.


Fishing gear : bottom trawls, longlines, trammelnets.

Habitat : on different types of bottoms, from 40 to 400 mdepth.

Loc.name(s) :

Raja clavata Linnaeus, 1758

snout elongate and pointed

colour of upper side white

FAO names : En - Thornback ray; Fr - Raie bouclée;Sp - Raya de clavos.


Fishing gear : bottom trawls, longlines, trammelnets.

Habitat : from shallow coastal waters to 300 mdepth.

Loc.name(s) :

light bands

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162

BATOID FISHES

distinctlyconcave

RAJIDAE

Raja doutrei Cadenat, 1960

FAO names : En - Violet skate; Fr - Raie violette;Sp - Raya violeta.



Habitat : Rather deep waters, from 300 to 600 m.

Loc.name(s) :

Raja leopardus v. Bonde & Swart, 1923

FAO names : En - Leopard ray; Fr - Raie léopard;Sp - Raya Ieopardo.



Habitat : deep waters, from 150 to 300 m.

Loc.name(s) :

colour uniform dark brownviolet on both sides

tailshorter

than disc

Raja maderensis Lowe, 1839

tail scarcelylonger than disc

distinctlyconvex

FAO names : En - Madeiran ray; Fr - Raie deMadeire; Sp - Raya de Madeira.



Habitat : deep waters, from 200 to 500 m.

Loc.name(s) :



colour: upper side dark, sometimes with darker spots, underside lighter

163

BATOID FISHES

Raja miraletus Linnaeus, 1758

FAO names : En - Brown ray; Fr - Raie miroir;Sp - Raya de espejos .


Fishing gear : bottom trawls, longlines,trammelnets.

Habitat : demersal, from 50 to 300 m depth,more common between 50 and 150 m depth.

Loc.name(s) :

Raja radula Delaroche, 1809

FAO names : En - Rough ray; Fr - Raie-rape; Sp - Rayaáspera.


Fishing gear : bottom trawls, trammelnets, beachseines.


Loc.name(s) :

Raja straeleni Poll, 1951

FAO names : En - Spotted skate; Fr - Raie tachetée;Sp - Raya manchada.



Habitat : deep waters, from 100 to 300 m depth.

Loc.name(s) :

orange

RAJIDAE

black

light blue

eye spot round,but surroundingpigmented area

irregular

upper side of disc almost entirely spiny



164

BATOID FISHES

RAJIDAE

Raja undulata Lacepède, 1802

Synonyms : ? Raja picta Lacepède, 1800

FAO names : En - Undulate ray; Fr - Raie brunette;Sp - Raya mosaico.



Habitat : demersal, on sandy bottoms, to 300 mdepth.

Loc.name(s) :

Synonyms : Rhinobatos congolensis Giltay,1928; Rhinobatas rasus Garman, 1908.

FAO names : En - Blackchin guitarfish;Fr - Poisson-guitare fouisseur; Sp - Guitarrabarbanegra.


Fishing gear : bottom trawl, trammelnets,longlines.

Habitat : shallow coastal waters; demersal,rather inactive.

Loc.name(s) :

Rhinobatos albomaculatus Norman, 1930

sinuous darkbands bearing

small white spots

upper side brown, with smalllight spots circled with black

RHINOBATIDAE

FAO names : En - Whitespotted guitarfish;Fr - Poisson-guitare à lunaires; Sp - Guitarrapecosa.


Fishing gear : bottom trawls, trammelnets,hook-and-line.

Habitat : shallow coastal waters to about 35 mdepth; demersal.

Loc.name(s) :a b

shorter than

Rhinobatos cemiculus E. Geoffroy St. Hilaire, 1817

anterior nasalvalves not

extending tointernasal space

underside of head

groove narrower

a b

distances more or less equal

colour uniform brown, generally ablackish spot on underside of snout



165

BATOID FISHES

anterior nasalvalves extending

to internasal space

Rhinobatos rhinobatos (Linnaeus, 1758)

FAO names : En - Common guitarfish;Fr - Poisson-guitare commun ; Sp - Guitarracomún.


Fishing gear : bottom trawls, trammelnets,longlines.

Habitat : shallow coastal waters, to 90 mdepth.

Loc.name(s) :

underside of head

groovewider

a b

shorter than

RHINOBATIDAE

RHINOPTERIDAE

Rhinoptera marginata (E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1817)

Synonyms : ? Rhinoptera peli Bleeker, 1863.

FAO names : En - Lusitanian cownose ray;Fr - Mourine lusitanienne; Sp - GavilánIusitanico.

Size : 200 cm (disc width).

Fishing gear : bottom trawls, trammelnets,longlines, hook-and-line.

Habitat : demersal, on soft bottoms in shallowcoastal waters, forming schools.

Loc.name(s) :



Hydrolagus

167

CHIMAERAS

TECHNICAL TERMS AND PRINCIPAL MEASUREMENTS USED

total length

frontaltentaculum

finspine

length of 2nd dorsal base

lateral linecanals

first dorsal fin

snout

nostrilmouth

head

gill

opening

second dorsal fin

clasper

pelvic fincaudal filament

anal fincaudal fin

pectoral tin prepelvic tentaculum

diagram of a male chimaera

(Chimaera)

CHIMAERAS - Chimaeriformes

Four pairs of gill openings hidden by a pair of softgill covers, thus appearing as a single gill openingon each side of head; no spiracles.

CHIMAERIDAE Shortnose chimaeras

To 150 cm from 90 to 1100 m depth, dernersal.

RHINOCHIMAERIDAE Longnose chimaeras

snout short,rounded or

conical

To 130 cm; from 200 to 470 m depth, demersal. Asingle species.

anal fin

Chimaera monstrosa

snout elongate

Neoharriotta pinnata

no anal tin

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169

LOBSTERS

TECHNICAL TERMS AND PRINCIPAL MEASUREMENTS USEDAND ILLUSTRATED GUIDE TO FAMILIES

rostrum

antennularflagella

antennularplate

antennalpeduncle

leg 1

leg 2

3 firstpairs of

legswith

pincers

antennularpeduncle

leg 3

frontal horn

eyeleg 4

length ofcarapace

lengthof

cara-pace

leg 5

antennalflagellum

bodylength

lengthof tail

lengthof tail

trans-verse

groovesabdominalsegments

tailfan

Family NEPHROPIDAE (True lobsters)

Median rostrum well developed; first 3 pairs ofwalking legs ending in true pincers; pincers offirst pair usually enlarged. A single species in thearea: Nephropsis atlantica, on which scarcely anyinformation is available.

Family PALINURIDAE (Spiny lobsters)No distinct median rostrum; each eye protected by a

strong spiny frontal projection of the carapace(frontal horns); legs without true pincers (except 5thleg in females which ends in a small pincer).

tailfan

telsun uropods

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170

LOBSTERS

leg 2

leg 3

leg 4

carapace

abdomen

leg 1

antennules

4th segment

3rd segment

2nd segment

1st segment

4 or morepairs ofpincers

eye

antenna

leg 5

Family POLYCHELIDAEEyes small and lacking pigment; soft-bodied deep-sea lobsters; carapace without a rostrum; telsonpointed; first 4 or 5 of all legs with pincers, first pairenlarged; antennae cylindrical, shorter than body; sofar of no interest to fisheries, but Stereomastissculpta talismani (Bouvier, 1917) is an importantbycatch in deep-sea trawls.

first pair of pereiopodsasymmetrical with large chelae

tail fan

Family SCYLLARIDAE (Slipper lobsters)Body strongly flattened, antennae transformed intobroad plates, lacking flagella; legs without pincers. Sofar there is no established fishery for any of the speciesoccurring in the area, though Scyllarides herklotsii, whentaken as bycatch, is sold in local markets. Three otherspecies, Scyllarus carpati Holthuis, 1952, Scyllarusparadoxus Miers, 1881, and Scyllarus posteli Forest, 1963are very small (up to 9 cm), and hence of no significantinterest to fisheries.

tufts of hair

Family CALLIANASSIDAE (Ghost shrimps)

Elongate body with a thin integument; carapace and abdomen smooth, some pleura of the latter with tufts of hair. Abdomen shorter than carapace; eyes small, placed close to each other; first pair of pereiopods asymmetrical withlarge chelae; second pair of pereiopods small, also chelate; the following legs are simple. Ghost shrimps of thegenus Callianassa burrow in the mud of estuaries, sometimes in freshwater. One species Callianassa turnerana (totalbody length 5.5 to 14.5 cm), is of considerable importance locally in artisanal fisheries. This species swarms every 3to 5 years in estuaries and is caught in enormous quantities with baskets.



colour greenish, white bands on hindmargins of abdominal segments

171

LOBSTERS

4 spines on antennular plate

PALINURIDAE

Panulirus argus (Latreille, 1804)

FAO names : En - Caribbean spiny lobster;Fr - Langouste blanche; Sp - Langostacomun.


Fishing gear : in the Western Atlantic, thespecies is caught mainly with traps.

Habitat : shallow waters, but may be foundup to 90 m depth.

Remarks : only two records from IvoryCoast; probably introduced.

Loc.name(s) :

Panulirus regius De Brito Capello, 1864

Synonyms : Panulirus rissonii (Desmarest,1825).

FAO names : En - Royal spiny lobster;Fr - Langouste royale ; Sp - Langosta real.


Fishing gear : lobster pots, bottomtrawls, bottom set nets.

Habitat : shallow coastal waters from 5to 40 m depth on rocky and sandybottoms.

Loc.name(s) :

yellow-whitetail with 4

distinct spots

transversegroovescomplete

dark red or brownstripe along

posterior margin

antennular flagella longer

than antennular peduncle

legs lackingpincers

(except 5thpair in

females) buthaving claws

frontal horns short,smooth; rostrum absent

anterior part of carapace(dorsal view)

transversegrooves

complete,covered

with shorthair on allsegments



172

LOBSTERS

SCYLLARIDAE

Scyllarides herklotsii (Herklots, 1851)

FAO names : En - Red slipper lobster;Fr - Cigale rouge ; Sp - Cigarra roja.


Fishing gear : bottom trawls, bottomset nets.

Habitat : on sandy and rocky bottomsfrom 5 to 7 m depth, but also beyond200 m.

Loc.name(s) :

separate dark red spots

1st abdominal segment

median dorsalridge indistinct

or absent

colour reddish brown to dark red

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types of spined telsons

173

SHRIMPS AND PRAWNS


TECHNICAL TERMS

antennal flagellum

longitudinal suture

rostrum carapace

transverse suture 1 to 6 abdominalsegments

flagella

antennulaantennal scale

antenna

dorsolateralgroove

dorsal keel

thirdmaxilliped

petasma

telson

pleopods (abdominal legs)

uropod

pereiopods (thoracic or walking legs)

epigastric tooth

cervical groovehepatic spine

dactyl

rostraI teeth,

prododus carpus

enodopod

postorbital spine

antennal crest.

basis

coxa

ischium merus

orbito-antennalgroove

branchio- cardiacgroove

epipod

podobranch

spinesmovable

exopod

endopod

branchiostegal spinehepatic crest anthrobranch

carapace, lateral view pleurobranch

pereiopod with branchiae

spinesfixed

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174

SHRIMPS AND PRAWNS

Sub-order CARIDEA

Pleuron of second abdominal segment over-

lapping those of first and third segments. First 2pairs of thoracic legs, or only the second, ending ina pincer; the last 3 pairs with a simple claw. Eggscarried by the female.

2nd segment

abdomen

CRANGONIDAE

Pontocaris lacazei (Gourret, 1887)

FAO names : En - Hardshell shrimp;Fr - Crevette-crâne ; Sp - Camarónblindado.

Size : 5.5 cm.

Fishing gear : bottom trawls (asbycatch).

Habitat : from 50 to 680 m depth,common between 200 and 400 m.

Loc.name(s) :

Exhippolysmata hastatoides (Balss, 1914)

Synonyms : Hippolysmata hastatoides [Holthuis, 1947].

FAO names : En - Companion shrimp;Fr - Bouc compagnon; Sp - Camaróncompañero.

Size : about 7 cm.

Fishing gear : beach seines.

Habitat : coastal marine waters andestuaries, to about 15 m depth, onsandy and muddy bottoms.

Loc.name(s) :

rostrum flattened,ending in 2 smallsubmedian teeth

antennalscales

characteristic

false pincers(incomplete)

median ridges presenton segments 2 to 4

5 longitudinalrows of teeth body depressed

HIPPOLYTIDAE

7 or 8 ventral teeth 18-20 teeth

1st thoracic leg veryrobust, with pincers

2nd thoracic leg with amultiarticulated carpus

colour whitish



colour whitish

175

SHRIMPS AND PRAWNS

NEMATOCARCINIDAE

Nematocarcinus africanus Crosnier & Forest, 1973

Synonyms : Nematocarcinuscursor non A. Milne Edwards,1881 [Holthuis, 1951].

FAO names : En - African spidershrimp; Fr - Crevette-araignéed'Afrique; Sp - Camarón arañaafricano.

Size : 10.4 cm.


Habitat : muddy bottoms of the

continental shelf.

Loc.name(s) :

Nematopalaemon hastatus (Aurivillius, 1898)

Synonyms : Palaemon (Nema-topalaemon) hastatus (Aurivillius,

1898).FAO names : En - Estuarine prawn;Fr - Bouquet étier; Sp - Camarónestuarino.

Size : 7.5 cm.

Fishing gear : seines, bottom trawls.

Habitat : sandy and muddy bottomsin estuaries and coastal marinewaters, to 50 m depth.

Loc.name(s) :

carpus

unsegmented

spine

colour reddish-pink

pincer

pincer thoracic legsvery long

PALAEMONIDAE

isolated tooth

3-11ventralteeth

basal ridge of rostrumwith 7-11 teeth

small pincer

large pincer



colour reddish pink;eggs bright blue

176

SHRIMPS AND PRAWNS

Heterocarpus ensifer A. Milne Edwards, 1881 PANDALIDAE

Synonyms : Heterocarpus carinatus (Smith,1882).

FAO names : En - Armed nylon shrimp;

Fr - Crevette nylon armée; Sp - Camarónnailón armado.

Size : 14.2 cm.


Habitat : on soft bottoms of thecontinental shelf; to 3000 m depth.

Loc.name(s) :

8-10ventral

teeth

17-19 dorsal teeth 7 longitudinal ridges, 3 at each

side, and one on midline of back

carpus

pluriarticulate

colour nacreouspink with red spots

Parapandalus narval (Fabricius, 1787)

Synonyms : Parapandalus pristis (Risso, 1816).

FAO names : En - Narval shrimp; Fr - Crevettenarval; Sp - Camarón narval.

Size : 14.5 cm

Fishing gear : bottom trawls, pots.

Habitat : on sandy and muddy bottoms, oftennear rocky areas, from 10 to 900 m depth, morecommon between 200 and 400 m.

Loc.name(s) :

anterior margin ofrostrum smooth

more than 40 close-set teeth

on ventral margin of rostrum

carpus pluri-articulate

all thoracic legs

lacking epipodite

transparent whitish,with bright red and

yellow stripes

Plesionika martia (A. Milne Edwards, 1883)

FAO names : En - Golden shrimp;Fr - Crevette dorée; Sp - Camarón deoro.

Size : 16.9 cm.

Fishing gear : bottom and pelagictrawls.

Habitat : muddy bottoms, commonfrom 300 to 700 m depth.

Loc.name(s) :

5-10 teeth restricted tobasal part of rostrum

42-52 ventralteeth

carpus pluri-

articulate



177

SHRIMPS AND PRAWNS

Glyphus marsupialis Filhol, 1884

FAO names: En - Kangaroo shrimp;Fr - Camarón canguro; Sp - Sivadekangourou.

Size : 16.7 cm.


Habitat : on sandy and muddybottoms, from 500 to 1 100 m depth.

Loc.name(s) :

Aristeus varidens Holtuis, 1952

PASIPHAEIDAE

exopodits usually present

fingers long

rostrum short

first 2 pairs of thoraciclegs large and strong

Sub-order PENAEOIDEA

Pleuron of second abdominal segment overlappingthat of third segment only; pincer of 3 first pairs ofthoracic legs equal or subequal. Eggs shed directlyinto the water. Never many spines on body.

pleuron of1st segmentoverlapping

that ofsecond

colour uniform bright red

2nd segment

postorbital spine absent

abdomen

carapace weakly keeled

ARISTEIDAE

FAO names : En - Striped red shrimp;Fr - Gambon rayé; Sp - Gamba Iistada.

Size : 20 cm (females), 12 cm (males).


Habitat : on muddy bottoms, from 300to 600 m depth.

Loc.name(s) :

female

carapus slightly shorterthan, or as long as merus

colour nacreous whitewith blue-violet spots



178

SHRIMPS AND PRAWNS

postorbital spine absentcervical groove ARISTEIDAE

Plesiopenaeus edwardsianus (Johnson, 1867)

FAO names : En - Scarlet shrimp;Fr - Gam bon écarlat; Sp - Gambacarabi nero.

Size : 33 cm (females), 19 cm(males).


Habitat : on muddy bottoms,from 400 to 900 m depth.

Loc.name(s) :

Parapenaeopsis atlantica Balss, 1914

carapace strongly keeled

exopodite of 2ndmaxilliped feathery

carpus longercolour bright red

rostrum long, usuallywith 10 teeth ondorsal margin

end of longitudinal suture

PENAEIDAE

FAO names : En - Guinea shrimp; Fr - Crevetteguinéenne; Sp - Camarón guineo.

Size : 17 cm (males), 12 cm (females).


Habitat : estuaries, lagoons and coastalmarine waters between 10 and 40 m depth.

Loc.name(s) :

exopoditespresent on basesof all thoracic legs

colour pink-orange, rostrum orange4th leg shorter than 5th

Parapenaeus longirostris (Lucas, 1846)

FAO names : En - Deepwater rose shrimp;Fr - Crevette rose du large; Sp - Gamba dealtura.

Size : 19 cm.


Habitat : sandy and muddy bottoms from

150 to 600 m depth.Loc.name(s) :

4 pairs of mobile

spines ontelson

rostrum short, 8 teethon dorsal margin

end of longitudinal suture

no exopodites onbases of thoracic legs

colour pink-orange, rostrum red

nomobile

spine; 2fixed

spines ontelson



179

SHRIMPS AND PRAWNS

Penaeus (Melicertus) kerathurus (Forsskål, 1775)

Synonyms : Penaeus trisulcatus (Leach, 1814); Penaeus caramote Risso, 1816.

FAO names : En - Caramote prawn;Fr - Caramote; Sp - Langostino.

Size : 23.5 cm (males), 18 cm(females).


Habitat : coastal waters, on sandyand muddy bottoms.

Loc.name(s) :

Synonyms : Penaeus brasiliensis Latreille,1817; also misidentified as P. (Melicertus)duoarum Burkenroad, 1939.

FAO names : En - Pink shrimp (southern);Fr - Crevette rose (du sud); Sp - Camarónrosado (sureño).

Size : 23 cm (males), 17 cm (females).

Fishing gear : in lagoons with artisanalgear: pots, stow-nets, conical nets, "azui"trawls, beach seines; at sea with bottomtrawls (double rig).

Habitat : coastal marine waters, estuariesand lagoons. Lives on muddy bottoms byday and migrates upwards at night.

Loc.name(s) :

Sicyonia carinata (Brünnnich, 1768)

Synonyms : Sicyonia sculpta H.Milne Edwards,1830.

FAO names : En - Mediterranean rock shrimp;Fr - Boucot de Mediterranee; Sp - Camarón depiedra.

Size : 8 cm, common between 3 and 6 cm.

Fishing gear : bottom trawls, dredges.


Loc.name(s) :

segment 4rounded,

withoutspines

colour dark olive-green to bronze-green with brown spots

a single tooth on ventral margin of rostrumPENAEIDAE

colour variable, with cross bars on abdomen

Penaeus (Farfantepenaeus) notialis Pérez-Farfante, 1967

nodorsolateral

grooves

2 teeth on ventral margin of rostrum

colour uniform lemonyellow, pink or brownish red

a dorso-lateralgroove at each

side of mid-dorsal keel

SICYONIDAE

rostrum straight

body stout, rigid



colour orange to light pink

180

SHRIMPS AND PRAWNS

rostrum bent upwards, 6 dorsalteeth, of which 3 are locatedon the carapace behind orbit

(the last two strongest)

SICYONIDAE

Sicyonia galeata Holthuis, 1952

FAO names : En - Tufted rock shrimp;Fr - Sicyonie huppée; Sp - Camarónpenachudo.

Size : 6.2 cm.

Fishing gear : bottom trawls (asbycatch).

Habitat : on muddy or sandy bottomsfrom 15 to 70 m depth.

Loc.name(s) :

Solenocera africana Stebbing, 1917

Synonyms : often misidentified orsynonymized with S. membranacea (Risso, 1816).

FAO names : En - African mud shrimp;Fr - Solénocère d'Afrique; Sp - Gambade fango.

Size : 14 cm.


Habitat : on sandy and muddy bottoms,more abundant from 50 to 100 m depth

(immature) but may descend beyond300 m depth,

Loc.name(s) :

integument calcified

grooves

tubercles

body stout, rigid

sharp spineson segments

4 and 5

colour greyish brown

SOLENOCERIDAE

the 4 antennular flagella joined, forming a tube

cross section

orbitalspine

present postorbital spine present

antennule

antenna

cervical groove long

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ventral view

181

TRUE CRABS


PARTS OF A TRUE CRAB (Callinectes sp.)

outer orbital tooth

anterolateral teeth

lateral spine

Upper side

abdomen of female

cheliped

walking legs 1 to 4

groove coveredby abdomen

first pair ofpleopods

innerorbitalangle

dactyle

hand

palm

eye

antennule(folded) antenne

frontal

margin

Carapace

coxa merus

merus

carpus

abdomen

(folded under thorax)

abdomen of male

ischiumcarpus

telson

propodus

dactyle

thoracicsternites

thoracicsternitesIV to VIII

Thoracic sternum of male after removal of

abdomen, showing first pair of pleopods(copulating organs)

o r b i t

m a r g i

n p o

s t e r o l

a t e r a l

m a r g i n

a n t e r o l a t e r a l

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182

TRUE CRABS

MOST COMMON EDIBLE FAMILIES AND SPECIES

In view of the large number of species used as human food, and of the fact that many edible species are not yetexploited, it is not possible at present to establish a complete list of species of interest to fisheries.

Calappa gallus (Herbst, 1803)

FAO names : En - Yellow box crab; Fr - Migraine jaune;Sp - Calapa amarilla.

Size : 8 cm (width of carapace).

Fishing gear : bottom trawls (bycatch),

Habitat : coastal waters to 200 m depth; burrows in sandor muddy sand.

Loc.name(s) :

colour orange to brownish orange withbrownish red spots; underside yellow

Calappa pelii Herklots, 1851

Calappa rubroguttata Herklots, 1851

FAO names : En - Spotted box crab; Fr - Migrainemaculée; Sp - Calapa manchada.

Size : 10.8 cm (width of carapace).

Fishing gear : bottom trawls, beach seines, bottom setnets.

Habitat : burrows in sand or gravel, from the coastline to90 m depth.

Loc.name(s) :

depressionbehind orbits

CALAPPIDAE

dorsal crest ofleft cheliped

surface finelygranulated

(without ridges)

granulated ridges

FAO names : En- Spiny box crab; Fr - Migraineépineuse; Sp - Calapa espinuda.

Size : 6 cm (width of carapace).

Fishing gear : bottom trawls (bycatch).Habitat : burrows in sand or sandy mud between12 and 400 m depth, common between 50 and150 m depth.

Loc.name(s) :

high dorsal crest

colour reddish or brownish

surfacegranulated

without crests

posterior teeth

high dorsal crest

posterior teeth

colour yellowish, with red spots and longitudinal bands

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183

TRUE CRABS

GECARCINIDAE

Cardlosoma armatum (Herklots, 1851)

FAO names : En - Lagoon land crab; Fr - Tourlourou

des lagunes, Sp - Moro de laguna.Size : 12 cm (carapace width of adult males).

Fishing gear : baited traps, nooses, digging by hand.

Habitat : a terrestrial species living in burrows inmarshy grounds.

Loc.name(s) :

front without teeth,

slightly broader than orbits

lateral teeth absent

4 spiny crests on all claws

Geryon maritae Manning & Holthuis, 1981

Synonyms : Geryon quinquedens (non S.I. Smith,1879) [Monod, 19561.

FAO names : En - West African geryon; Fr - Géryonouest-africain; Sp - Gerio cangrejo de Guinea.

Size : 16 cm and 9.5 cm (carapace width of males andfemales, respectively).

Fishing gear : bottom trawls, crab pots.

Habitat : muddy bottoms from 100 to 940 m depth.

Loc. name(s) :

Goniopsis pelli (Herklots, 1851)

Synonyms : Goniopsis cruentata (non Latreille, 1802)[Monod, 1956].

FAO names : En - Purple mangrove crab; Fr - Anglettede mangroves; Sp - Abuete real.

Size : 4.9 cm (width of carapace).

Fishing gear : various types of artisanal gear.

Habitat : brackish waters on muddy bottoms, often inmangroves.

Loc.name(s) :

colour orange-brownish oryellowish with blue and red hues

5 anterolateral

teeth indistinct4 frontaI teeth

GERYONIDAE

all claws flattened

body smooth

colour brownish or yellowish

front straight, its width morethan half that of carapace

GRAPSIDAE

distinct whitelateral band

teeth absent

colour of carapace purple

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body reddish brown to dark brown; fingers of chelipeds yellowish

184

TRUE CRABS

Grapsus grapsus (Linnaeus, 1758)

FAO names : En - Lightfoot crab; Fr - Anglette

commune; Sp - Abuete negro.

Size: 8.7 cm (carapace width).Fishing gear : cast nets.

Habitat : near the waterline on rocks; very activeon land.

Loc.name(s) :

Pachygrapsus transversus (Gibbes, 1850)

FAO names : En - African matchbox crab; Fr - Angletteafricaine; Sp - Abuete cajeta.

Size : 1.8 cm (carapace width).

Fishing gear : caught mainly by hand, cast nets.

Habitat : on rocks along the coast, just below the surface.Loc.name(s) :

Sesarma angolense de Brito Capello, 1864

FAO names : En - Angola marsh crab; Fr - Angletteangolaise; Sp - Abuete de Angola.


Fishing gear : caught by hand.

Habitat : swamps and mangroves, makes burrows inmuddy ground.

Loc.name(s) :

width of front halfof that carapace

GRAPSIDAE

carapace reddishbrown to nearly black,

marbled with white

body shape circular

no spinesor spinules

teeth

colour brown variegated with green and yellow

lateral margin of carapacetoothless behind the

extraorbital tooth



185

TRUE CRABS

eyestalks very longHOMOLIDAE

Paramola cuvieri (Risso, 1816)

FAO names : En - Paromola; Fr - Paromole;Sp - Paromola.

Size : 21.5 cm (carapace length).


Habitat : from 10 to 1000 m depth, morecommon between 80 and 350 m.

Loc. name(s) :

colour light red or orange yellowish,

fingers of chelipeds black

Maja squinado (Herbst, 1788)

FAO names : En - Spinous spider crab; Fr - Araignéeeuropéenne; Sp - Centolla europea.

Size : 22 cm (carapace width).

Fishing gear : bottom trawls, trammelnets.

Habitat : shallow rocky bottoms to 75 m depth.

Loc.name(s) :

Ocypode africana De Man, 1881

FAO names : En - African ghost crab; Fr - Ocypodeafricain; Sp - Capuco africano.


Fishing gear : caught by hand, baited traps, cast nets,nooses.

Habitat : sandy beaches above the tide mark.

Loc.name(s) :

last pair smaller, ending in false pincers

long frontal teethMAJIDAE

anterolateralspines

legs smooth

colour reddish brown

no long tufts of hair

OCYPODIDAE



186

TRUE CRABS

Ocypode cursor (Linnaeus, 1758)

Synonyms : Ocypode (h)ippeus Olivier, 1807.

FAO names : En - Tufted ghost crab; Fr - Ocypodepénicillée; Sp - Capuco de mechón.


Fishing gear : caught by hand, baited traps, cast nets,nooses.

Habitat : sandy beaches, burrowing above the waterline.

Loc.name(s) :

Uca tangeri (Eydoux, 1835)

FAO names : En - West African fiddler crab; Fr - Gélasimeafricain; Sp - Violinista africano.


Fishing gear : caught by hand.

Habitat : swamps and mud flats near river mouths

Loc.name(s) :

Callinectes amnicola (De Rocheburne, 1883)

tufts of hair OCYPODIDAE

eyes minute

in males, one cheliped very large,length of pincer twice that of carapace

females with2 small,equal

chelipeds

PORTUNIDAE

Synonyms : Callinectes latimanus Rathbun, 1897.

FAO names : En - Bigfisted swimcrab;Fr - Crabe bicorne; Sp - Cangrejo tijerón.

Size : 15 cm (carapace width)

Fishing gear : hand nets, square nets,crab pots, hook-and-line.

Habitat : estuaries, lagoons and rivers.

Loc.name(s) :

gonopods

9 anterolateral teeth

thoracic sternum

lateral spinetwice or morethe length of

preceding spine

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body and legs purple red with lighter markings

187

TRUE CRABS

PORTUNIDAE

Callinectes marginatus (A. Milne Edwards, 1861)

FAO names : En - Marbled swimcrab;Fr - Crabe marbré; Sp - Cangrejo jaspeado.



Habitat : brackish waters of estuariesand lagoons.

Loc.name(s) :gonopods

thoracic sternum

gonopods

thoracic sternum

inner surface of palmof left cheliped


lateral spine twice thelength of preceding spine

lateral spine 3 times longerthan preceding spine

chelipeds unequal

colour marbled

Callinectes pallidus (De Rocheburne, 1883)

9 anterolateraIteeth

Synonyms : Callinectes gladiator Benedict, 1893.

FAO names : En - Gladiator swimcrab;

Fr - Crabe gladiateur; Sp - Cangrejogladiador.



Habitat : sandy and muddy bottoms inbrackish and marine waters at lessthan 30 m depth.

Loc:name(s) : colour dark brown, nearly black

Cronius ruber (Lamarck, 1818)

FAO names : En - Red swimcrab; Fr - Craberouge; Sp - Cangrejo colorado.

Size: 8.2 cm (carapace width).

Fishing gear : hand nets, crab pots.

Habitat : intertidal zone to 38 m depth; ondifferent types of bottoms, especiallythose with seaweeds, sea squirts, etc.

Loc.name(s) :

4 frontal teeth

9 antero-lateralteeth

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188

TRUE CRABS

PORTUNIDAE

Liocarcinus corrugatus (Pennant, 1777)

Synonyms : Portunus corrugatus (Pennant, 1777);Macropipus corrugatus (Pennant, 1777).

FAO names : En - Wrinkled swimcrab; Fr - Etrille ballant;Sp - Cangrejo de arrugas.

Size : 6 cm (carapace width), common to 2.5 cm.

Fishing gear : bottom trawls (bycatch), beach seines(bycatch).

Habitat : from the littoral zone to 60 m depth, on roughbottoms.

Loc.name(s) :


numerous strong granular and hairy ridges

3 frontaI teeth

colour yellowish brown, marbled brownish red

Portunus hastatus (Linnaeus, 1767)

Synonyms : Neptunus hastatus (Linnaeus, 1767).

FAO names : En - Lancer swimcrab; Fr - Etrillenageuse; Sp - Jaiba cornuda.


Fishing gear : lobster pots, beach seines (bycatch).

Habitat : sandy and muddy bottoms, from thecoastline to 55 m depth.


Loc.name(s) :

Portunus validus (Herklots, 1851)

8 anterolateral

teeth2 anterodorsaI

spines

surface ofcarapacegranular


6 fronta I teeth

Synonyms : Neptunus validus (Herklots,1851).

FAO names : En -Smooth swimcrab;Fr - Etrille lisse; Sp - Jaiba satinada.


Fishing gear : beach seines,trammel nets, bottom trawls (bycatch).

Habitat : from the coastline to 50 mdepth. More common in the warmseason.

Loc.name(s) :

carapacesmooth,without

transversecrests

a single anterodorsal spine

lateralspinelong

carapace brownish to greyish green;upper side of chelipeds and otherlegs marbled with purple or blue

white spots

strongly widened (paddleshaped) claws and propodes



carapace reddish brown, fingers of chelipeds dark with light tips

189

TRUE CRABS

XANTHIDAE

Menippe nodifrons Sti mpson, 1859

FAO names : En - Lumpy stone crab; Fr - Crabe caillouguinéen; Sp - Cangrejo jorobado.


Fishing gear : bottom trawls (bycatch), beach seines(bycatch).

Habitat : littoral and sublittoral zone to 20 m depth, onrocky bottoms.

Loc.name(s) :

5 roundedanterolateral

teeth

a dozen lumpy elevations

body reddish, legs banded,

fingers of pincers black


median incision

Panopeus africanu s A. Mi lne Edwards, 1867

FAO names : En - African mud crab; Fr - Crabe caillouafricain; Sp - Cangrejo de piedra africano.


Fishing gear : collected by hand in the intertidal zone.Habitat : intertidal and subtidal zone to 4 m depth,estuarine and marine, burrowing in mud or understones.

Loc.name(s) :rows of small granules



antennule

eye carapace

191

STOMATOPODSTECHNICAL TERMS AND GENERAL REMARKS

thoracic

segments

walking legs

lateral view of a mantis shrimp

abdominal segments

antenna

gill

raptorial clawpleopods

tail fan

uropods

FAO names : En - Mantis shrimps; Fr - Squilles; Sp - Galeras.Size : to 27 cm.Fishing gear : bycatch in the trawl fisheries for shrimp and the trap fisheries for lobsters.Habitat : coastal (sometimes estuarine) waters to 300 m depth.Loc.name(s) :

bodysmooth,

markedwithalternatingdark and

light bands

spines on last abdominalsegment and telson

MOST COMMON SPECIES

ridges

bright red spots (live specimens)

ridges

2 brown eye spotsencircled by white

Lysiosquilla hoevenii Squilla aculeata calmani Squilla cadenati Squilla mantis

(Herklots, 1851) Holthuis, 1959 Manning, 1970 (Linnaeus, 1758)

En - Lizard mantis En - Guinean mantis shrimp En - Angolan mantis shrimp En - Spottail mantis shrimp

Fr - Squille-lézard géante Fr - Squille de Guinée Fr - Squille angolaise Fr - Squille ocelléeSp - Galera gigante Sp - Galera de Guinea Sp - Galera de Angola Sp - Galera oceladaSize : 27 cm Size : 15 cm Size : 17 cm Size : 15 cmLoc.name(s) : Loc.name(s) : Loc.name(s) : Loc.name(s) :

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193

CEPHALOPODS

TECHNICAL TERMS AND PRINCIPAL MEASUREMENTSAND GUIDE TO MAJOR TAXONOMIC GROUPS

SQUIDS (Teuthoidea)

Gladius (or internal shell) chitinous, flexible, pen-shaped; 8 arms and 2 non-retractile tentacles.

suckers

funnel groove

funnel

mantle

photophores

tentacle

photophores

fin

arms

carpus (fixingapparatus)

manus

dactylus

eye

head

fin length

tail

composite diagram illustratingbasic squid (teuthoid) features

mantle length

modifiedportion

lamellae

rachis

normal suckers

vane

gladius of squid example of hectocotylized armin male (Illex)

arm I (dorsal)

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194

CEPHALOPODS

CUTTLEFISHES (Sepioidea)

Sepion (internal shelf) large, chalky, rigid; 8 arms and 2 retractile tentacles.

2 rows

tentacular club

4 rowsstalk

hectocotylus

pocket

mantlefunnel

fin

spine

striations

outer cone

inner cone

spine

(or rostrum)

ventral view dorsal view

ventral viewdiagram of basic cuttlefish features

mantle length

OCTOPUSES (Octopoda)

Internal shell reduced or absent; 8 arms, no tentacles.

mantlehead

eyeweb

arms

dorsal

suckers

hectocotylus

ligula

ventral

ligulalength

outer gilllamellae(internal)

funnel

aperturesuckers

total length

diagram of basic octopus features (lateral view)

diagram of hectocotylusshowing ligula measurement



tentacular club

dorsal view

195

CEPHALOPODS

SEPIOIDEA - CUTTLEFISHES

Sepion (internal shell) large, chalky, rigid; 8 arms and 2 retractile tentacles.

anterior limit

of striations

SEPIIDAE

Sepia bertheloti Orbigny, 1838

FAO names : En - African cuttlefish ; Fr - Seiche africaine;Sp - Jibia africana.

Size : females 13 cm, males 17.5 cm (mantle length).


Habitat : benthic; captured from 20 to 140 m depth.

Loc.name(s) :

Sepia elegans Blainville, 1827

FAO names : En - Elegant cuttlefish; Fr - Seicheélégante; Sp - Castaño.

Size : 9 cm (mantle length).

Fishing gear : bottom trawls.Habitat : demersal, from 30 to 430 m depth;spawns in shallow inshore waters throughout theyear.

Loc.name(s) :

cuttlebone

elongate

tubercles

8 rows ofsuckers of

aboutequal size

round,light-

colouredpatches

tentacular club

dorsal view

mottleddarkandlight

8 rows ofsuckers

cuttlebone

3 large suckers

colour spotted



colour marbled: black bands on light background

196

CEPHALOPODS

8 rows of suckersof about equal size

SEPIIDAE

Sepia elobyana Adam, 1941

FAO names : En - Guinean cuttlefish; Fr - Seichede Guinée; Sp -Sepia guineana.


Fishing gear : probably taken as bycatch inbottom trawls, together with other cuttlefish.

Habitat : unknown.

Loc.name(s) :tentacular club

reticulate pattern of ridges

dorsal view

5 or 6 rowsof suckers

swimmingkeel not

beyond baseof club

mediansuckers

moderatelylarger

Sepia officinalis hierredda Rong, 1837

FAO names : En - Common cuttlefish; Fr - Seichecommune; Sp - jibia.

Size : 40 cm mantle length, 3.5 kg.

Fishing gear : bottom trawls; artisanal gear(spears, pots, traps), often with the use of light.

Habitat : demersal, on sandy to muddy bottoms,from the surface to 200 m depth.

Loc.name(s) :

tentacular dub

cuttlebone

spine (characterof the genus)

dorsal view



197

CEPHALOPODS

SEPIIDAE

Sepia orbignyana Ferussac, 1826

FAO names : En - Pink cuttlefish; Fr - Seiche rosée;Sp - Jibia rosada.



Habitat : coastal, from 50 to 450 m depth.

Loc.name(s) :

Sepiella ornata (Rang, 1837)

Synonyms : Sepia ornata Rang, 1837.

FAO names : En - Ornate cuttlefish; Fr - Sepiaornée; Sp - Sepita manchada.



Habitat : demersal, ranging from 20 to 150 mdepth.

Loc.name(s) :

strong,prominent

spine

cuttlebone

swimming keelbeyond base of club

3 largemediansuckers

5 rows of suckersdorsal view

colour mottled

tentacular club

no spine(character ofthe genus)

cuttlebone

series oflightly

colouredspots

colourmarbled

glandular pore

ventral view ofmantle and fins position of

gland

dorsal view



dorsal view

198

BONY FISHES

SEPIOLIDAE

all arms, except fourth pair united by a web

Heteroteutis dispar (Rüppell, 1845)

FAO names : En - Odd bobtail; Fr - Sépiole différente;Sp - Globito aberante.

Size: 2 cm.

Fishing gear : pelagic trawls (bycatch).

Habitat : exact information not available.

Loc.name(s) :

Neorossia caroli (Joubin, 1902)

Synonyms : Rossia caroli Joubin, 1902.

FAO names : En - Carol bobtail; Fr - Sépiole carolette;Sp - Globito carolino.

Size : 5.5 cm.



Loc.name(s) :

dorsal view ventral view

only third and fourth pairs united by a web



ventral view of mantledorsal view

199

CEPHALOPODS

TEUTHOIDEA - SQUIDS

Gladius (or internal shell) chitinous, flexible, pen-shaped; 8 arms and 2 non-retractile tentacles.

buccal lappet without suckers

LOLIGINIDAE

Alloteuthis africana Adam, 1950

FAO names : En - African squid; Fr - Casseronafricain; Sp - Calamarín africano.

Size : males 19 cm, females 9 cm (mantlelength).


Habitat : continental shelf; spawning on thebottom.

Loc.name(s) :

schematic view of oral sideshowing bases of arms and

buccal membrane

bodyending in a

long tail,gladius

long

maledorsal view

female

dorsal view

buccal lappetwith suckers

Loligo vulgaris Lamarck, 1798

FAO names : En - European squid;Fr - Encornet; Sp - Calamar.

Size : males 42 cm, females 32 cm(mantle length).


Habitat : benthopelagic, between20 and 250 m depth, migratingtoward the coast for spawning.

Loc.name(s) :

schematic view of oral sideshowing bases of arms and

buccal membrane

lateral finslozangic



female (dorsal view)

200

CEPHALOPODS

LOLIGINIDAE

Lolliguncula mercatoris Adam, 1941

FAO names : En - Guinean thumbstall; Fr - Calmardoigtier de Guinée; Sp - Calamar dedal de Guinea.

Size : males 3.5 cm, females 5 cm (mantle length).


Habitat : coastal waters, on sandy and muddybottoms, at less than 50 m depth.

Loc.name(s) :

Illex coindetii (Verany, 1837)

FAO names : En - Shortfin squid; Fr - Encornetrouge; Sp - Pota voladora.


Fishing gear : bottom trawls.Habitat : mostly on sandy bottoms in coastalwaters, but may also descend to 1000 m depth.

Loc.name(s) :

buccal lappetswithout suckers

fins terminal, ellyptic

funnel groove smooth

(without foveola)

OMMASTREPHIDAE

ventral viewof head

8 rows ofsuckers

funnel

mantle

funnel-

lockingcartilage

distal end oftentacular club

funnel-locking ┴ - shaped

(family character)

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dorsal view

201

CEPHALOPODS

OMMASTREPHIDAE

Ommastrephes bartrami (Le

Sueur, 1821)

FAO names : En - Flying squid; Fr - Encornet volant;Sp - Pota saltadora.

Size : females 50 cm (mantle length), malessomewhat smaller.

Fishing gear : of potential value; caught elsewherewith squid jigs and dipnets (use of light).

Habitat : oceanic, near the surface at night.

Loc.name(s) :

Ommastrephes pteropus Steenstrup, 1855

FAO naives : En - Orangeback squid; Fr - Encornetdos orange; Sp - Pota naranja.

Size : females 37 cm (mantle length), males smaller.

Fishing gear : of potential value; caught elsewherewith squid jigs and dipnets (use of light).

Habitat : oceanic.

Loc.name(s) :

golden orsilvery band

on midventral line

ventral view

foveola

lateral

pockets

funnel groove withfoveola and lateralpockets (character

of the genus)

largeluminous

plate

mid-dorsal

line darker

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dorsal view

202

CEPHALOPODS

OMMASTREPHIDAE

Ornithoteuthis antillarum Adam, 1957

FAO names : En - Bird squid ; Fr - Encornet oiseau; Sp - Potapajarito.

Size : 20 cm mantle length.

Fishing gear : squid jigs, dipnets, bottom trawls (during theday), midwater trawls (at night).

Habitat : oceanic, from the surface to about 1100 m depth.

Loc.name(s) :

Todarodes sagittatus sagittatus (Lamarck, 1799)

FAO names : En - European flying squid;Fr - Toutenon commun; Sp - Pota europea.



Habitat : from the surface to 1000 m depth,migrates towards the coast in large schools.

Loc.name(s) :

foveola with7-11 folds

funnel groovewith foveola

a band of luminous

tissue, usually pink,along ventral mid-line

dorsal view

mantledrawn into apointed tail

foveola

funnel groove with foveola

4 rows ofsuckers



ventral view

203

CEPHALOPODS

OMMASTREPHIDAE

funnel groovewithout foveola

Todaropsis eblanae (Ball, 1841)

FAO names : En - Lesser flying squid; Fr - Encornetsouffleur; Sp - Pota costera.

Size : males 16 cm, females 24 cm (mantle length).


Habitat : coastal waters, near sandy and muddybottoms, from 20 to 650 m depth (at temperaturesranging from 9 to 18°C).

Loc.name(s) :

Ancistroteuthis lichtensteini (Orbigny, 1839)

FAO names : En - Angel squid; Fr - Cornet archange;Sp - Luria paloma.


Fishing gear : pelagic trawls (bycatch).

Habitat : pelagic, from the surface to about 250 mdepth.

Loc.name(s) :

4 rows ofsuckers

distal end of tentacular club

dorsal view

ONYCHOTEUTHIDAE

luminous organsabsent from

intestinal tract

hooks

tentaclesvery long



dorsal view

204

CEPHALOPODS

ONYCHOTEUTHIDAE

Onychoteuthis banksi (Leach, 1817)

FAO names : En - Hooked squid ; Fr - Cornetcrochu ; Sp - Luria ganchuda.


Fishing gear : of potential value; could becaught with jigs and liftnets (use of light)).

Habitat : oceanic, from 150 to 800 m depth.

Loc.name(s) :

Thysanoteuthis rhombus Troschel, 1857

FAO names : En - Rhomboid squid; Fr - Chipilouacommun; Sp - Chipirón volantín.

Size : 100 cm, common to 60 cm mantle length.

Fishing gear : of potential value; could becaught with set nets and drifting jigs.

Habitat : pelagic, often seen in small schools insurface waters; lower limits of its depthdistribution unknown.

Loc.name(s) :

viscera(after removal of ventral

portion of mantle)

hooks

rachis of gladius witha strong crest shining

through the mantlealong ventral midline

dorsal view

THYSANOTEUTHIDAE

eyes open

mantle thick, muscular,fins broad and

lozangic, occupyingentire length of mantle

luminousorgans

intestinal

tract



205

CEPHALOPODS

OCTOPODA - OCTOPUSES

Internal shell reduced or absent; 8 arms, no tentacles.

OCTOPODIDAE

Octopus defilippi Verany, 1851

FAO names : En - Lilliput longarm octopus; Fr - Poulpe àlongs bras; Sp - Pulpito patilago.



Habitat : benthic, on sandy to muddy bottoms from 6 to60 m depth.

Loc.name(s) :

Octopus macropus Risson, 1826

FAO names : En - White-spottedoctopus; Fr - Poulpe tacheté; Sp - Pulpopatudo.

Size : 100 cm total length, common to80 cm.

Fishing gear : bottom trawls, artisanalfishing gear (spears, hooks, lures, traps).

Habitat : rocky and coralline bottomsfrom 1 to 20 m depth.

Loc.name(s) :

Octopus vulgaris Cuvier, 1797

FAO names : En - Common octopus;Fr - Pieuvre; Sp - Pulpo común.

Size : females 115 cm, males 130 cm(total length), common to 2.5 kg (freshweight).


Habitat : indifferent habitats from thecoastline to 200 m depth.

Loc.name(s) :

arms extremelylong and slender

ligulashort

tip of hectocotylizedarm 3 of male

1 st (dorsal)pair of armslongest and

stoutest

ligula

long

tip ofhectocotylized arm

(in males)

Colour blue-green, with large whitespots dorsally on mantle, head and

arms; becomes brick red when disturbed

arms about equally

long and thick

ligulashort

colour variable, usually marbledwith brown, white and beige

tip of 3rdhectocotylized arm

(in males)



207

BIVALVES

(Class Bivalvia - pelecypods, clams, oysters, etc.)

TECHNICAL TERMS AND GENERAL REMARKS

Bivalve Features

dorsal border

cardinal shelf

ligament

height posteriorborder

ventral border

width

escutcheonligament

umbo

cardinal tooth

lateral tooth

anterior border

left valve

right valveumbo

lunule

thickness(degree ofinflation)

Glossary of Bivalve Terms

Beak (or umbo - plural: umbos or umbones) : the first formed part of a valve, usually above the hinge.

Bifid : split in two (as in the tooth in the hinge).

Byssus : clump of horny threads spun by the foot and attached to the hard bottom.

Cardinal tooth : hinge tooth situated near the umbo.

Concentric : sculpturing running parallel to the growth margin of the valves.

Escutcheon : a smooth, long surface on the upper margin of the valve behind the horny ligament.

Gape : opening or gap at either end of the closed valves.

Hinge : top interlocking margin of the valves, usually with teeth.

Lateral tooth : hinge tooth situated before or behind the cardinal teeth and at greater distance from the umbo.

Ligament : an external or internal horny band, usually behind the beaks, holding the valves together or ajar.

Lunule : an arrow-shaped or heart-shaped impression on the valves just in front of the beaks.

Pallial sinus : an embayment or U-shaped curve in the pallial line.

Periostracum : an outer layer of thin or thick chitinous material covering the outer shell.

Radial : sculpture or colour rays running from the beaks to the lower margins of the valves, crossing the concentricsculpturing one of the main shelly halves of a bivalve.

Siphon : slits allowing the enterance of water (inhalant, ventral siphon) or its exit (exhalant, dorsal siphon).

Valve : one of the main shelly halves of a bivalve.

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208

BIVALVES

shell obliquely

globose

colourwhitish, withbrown hairy

periostracum

Anadara senegalensis (Gmelin, 1791)

shell squarish, oblongARCIDAE

25-31ribs

withsmall,strongbeads

dorsalhingestright

withmanyfine

teeth

valves gaping ventrally

Arca noae Linnaeus, 1758

colouryellowish,

withbrownstripes

FAO names : En - Senegal ark; Fr - Archedu Sénégal ; Sp - Arca de Senegal.Size : 2.5 cm.Habitat : intertidal.Loc.name(s) :

FAO names : En - Noah's ark; Fr - Arche deNoé ; Sp : Arca de Noé.Size : 10 cm.Habitat : offshore.Loc.name(s) :

shell oblong, not very inflated

25-30 ribs alternating

with much finer ones

hind endobliquelytruncate

shell thickand heavy colour white, with

a brownish, blackperiostracum

colour whitish

10-15 strong,rounded ribs

Noetia gambiensis (Reeve, 1844)

FAO names : En - Gambia ark; Fr - Archede Gambie; Sp - Arca de Gambia.Size : 4 cm.Habitat : intertidal.Loc.name(s) :

shell rotund, thin

colourusually purewhite, rarelyrose-tinted

Cardium costatum Linnaeus, 1758FAO names : En - Costate cockle; Fr - Bucarde àcôtes; Sp - Berberecho acostillado.Size : 11 cm.Habitat : offshore waters.Loc.name(s) :

Senilia senilis (Linnaeus, 1758)

FAO names : En - Heavy African ark; Fr - Archeépaisse d'Afrique; Sp - Arca gruesa africana.Size : 10 cm.Habitat : intertidal.Loc.name(s) :

FAO names : En - Gaping cockle; Fr - Bucardebaillante; Sp - Arca boquiabierta.Size : 4 cm.Habitat : mostly offshore, but also in inshorewaters.Loc.name(s) :

16 or 17 very strong,sharp, thin ribs

CARDIIDAE

25 strong,

rounded ribs

shell oval,rounded

sharp points

colouryellowish

Cardium ringens Bruguière, 1789



hinge with 2strong teeth

shellthick,

obliquelyoblong

209

BIVALVES

shell

thick,obliquely

ovate

CARDITIDAE

25 or 26 flat,strong ribs

23-25 ribs, the posterior ones beaded

colour whitish,with variegationsof brownish red

colour

whitish withbrownish

redvariegations

Cardita ajar Bruguière, 1792

FAO names : En - Ajar cardita; Fr - Carditeajar; Sp - Cardita ajar.

Size : 4 cm.Habitat : intertidalLoc.name(s) :

posteriorpart long

Cardita tankervillei Wood, 1828

FAO names : En - Tankerville's cardita; Fr - Carditede Tankerville; Sp - Cardita de Tankerville.

Size : 5.5 cm.Habitat : intertidal.Loc.name(s) :

fine granulations in concentric rows

DONACIDAE

shell solit,wedge-

shaped

ventral margin concave white, with violet rays

colour variable fromwhite to violet and rose

Donax pukhellus Hanley, 1843

FAO names : En - Beautiful donax; Fr - Flionmignonnet; Sp - Coquina bonita.Size : 1.5 cm.Habitat : found on beachesLoc.name(s) :

hinge andumbonesprominent

shell triangular, thick

FAO names : En - Rugose donax; Fr - Flionrugueux; Sp - Coquina rugosa.Size : 6 cm.Habitat : abundant on beaches.Loc.name(s) :

outersurfacesmooth

white rays

ligamentexternal

colour white and violet,periostracum olive

Galatea paradoxa (Born, 1778)

FAO names : En - Common galatea clam; Fr - Donacepeigne; Sp - Almeja galatea.Size : 9 cm.Habitat : common in estuaries.Loc.name(s) :

Donax rugosus Linnaeus, 1758

lphigenia delesserti (Berbardi, 1860)

FAO names : En - Delessert's false donax; Fr - Flionde Delessert; Sp - Coquina de Delessert.Size : 3 cm.Habitat : common in infralittoral sandy bottoms.Loc.name(s) :

periostracum olive brown white to purple



210

BIVALVES

shell triangular, ovate, anterior fourth twisted

internal colour pale violet, periostracum olive brown

Iphigenia laevigata (Gmelin, 1791)

FAO names : En - Smooth false donax; Fr - Flionlisse; Sp - Coquina lisa.Size: 7 cm.Habitat : offshore, in sandy bottoms.Loc.name(s) :

2 strong radial ridges

colour yellow, with rays of rosy violet

Gari bornii (Gmelin, 1791)

FAO names : En - Faeroe gary; Fr - Psammobieboréale; Sp - Gario boreal.Size : 6 cmHabitat : in infralittoral sandy or muddy bottoms.Loc.name(s) :

shell round, slightly

truncate at one end

rather smoothDONACIDAE

shell white, periostracum olive brown

Iphigenia rostrata Römer, 1869

FAO names : En - Rostrate false donax; Fr - Donace àrostre; Sp - Coquina rostrata.Size : 8 cm.Habitat : offshore, in sandy bottoms

Loc.name(s) :

numerous five

concentric cords

GARIDAE

GLYCYMERIDAE

colour brown-red, with finewhite rays and scratches

Glycymeris vovan Lamy, 1912

FAO names : En - : Vovan bittersweet; Fr - Amandevovan; Sp - Almendra vovania.Size : 7 cmHabitat : subtidal, in mud.Loc. name(s) :



211

shell oblong, thin HIATELLIDAE

posterior end pointed

colour yellowish white

anterior end rounded

fine reticulations

Panopea cancellata Swerby, 1873

FAO names: En - Cancellate panope; Fr - Panopée quadrilée; Sp - Panopea cuadrilla.Size : 12 cm.Habitat : offshore, in sand.Loc.name(s) :

umbones prominent shell thin,oval oblong

MACTRIDAE

hingewith a

smallinternalligament

posterior endwith rounded,

concentric ridges

outer surface smoothshell oval

finebeads atanterior

end

colour translucent white narrow brown rays colour pale lilac

Labiosa vitrea Gray, 1837

FAO names : En - Glassy mactra; Fr - Mactrevitreuse; Sp - Mactra vítrea.Size : 5 cm.Habitat : offshore, in sand.Loc.name(s) :

exteriorsmoothish,

withconcentric

cords

Mactra glabrata (Linnaeus, 1758)

FAO names : En - Smooth mactra; Fr - Mactre lisse;Sp - Mactra Iisa.Size : 5 cm.Habitat : intertidal, in sandy bottoms.Loc. name(s) :

radial rib

shell triangular,thin, inflated

periostracum olive

colour lilac grey, with a few brown rays

Mactra largil l ierti PhiIippi, 1849

FAO names : En - Largilliert's mactra ; Fr - Mactre deLargilliert; Sp - Mactra de Largilliert.Size : 8 cm.Habitat : offshore waters, in sandy bottoms.Loc.name(s) :

Mactra nitida Gmelin, 1791

FAO names : En - Polished mactra; Fr - Mactrepolie; Sp - Mactra pulida.Size : 4 cm.Habitat : intertidal, in sandy bottoms.Loc.name(s) :

colour greyish white

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212

BIVALVES

shell high, obliquely oval

radial rib

colour whitish

umbones at anterior end

colour white with rose, periostracum shiny brownish red

Modilus nitens Carpenter, 1857

FAO names : En - Shiny mussel; Fr - Modiole lisse;Sp - Mejillón liso.Size: 8 cm.Habitat : shallow waters.Loc.name(s) :

hinge with manyround denticles

MACTRIDAE

Mactra rostrata Spengler, 1802

FAO names : En - Rostrate mactra; Fr - Mactreà rostre; Sp - Mactra puntiaguda.Size : 6 cm.Habitat : offshore waters, in sandy bottoms.Loc.name(s) :

MYTILIDAE

outer surfacerather smooth

um bones toward anterior end shell thin, elongate

shell white, periostracum olive brown

Modiolus rhomboideus Reeve, 1857

FAO names : En - Rhomboid mussel; Fr - Modiolelosangique; Sp - Mejillón romboidal.Size : 5 cm.Habitat : offshore waters.Loc.name(s) :

6-8 internal denticles on each sideOSTREIDAE

edges

jagged

borders undulated

lower valve attachedto rocks, upper valve

smaller and flattercolour bluish black

colour dark brown

Ostrea cucullata Born, 1778

FAO names : En - Cuculate rock oyster; Fr - Huître platede l'Angola; Sp - Ostión cucullado.Size : 8 cm.Habitat : intertidal zone, attached to rocks.Loc.name(s) :

Ostrea denticulata Born, 1778

FAO names : En - Denticulate rock oyster; Fr - Huîtreplate de Guinée; Sp - Ostión denticulado.Size : 20 cm.Habitat : intertidal zone, fixed to rocks.Loc.name(s) :

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213

BIVALVES

radial beaded ribs

shell elongate fragile,

with 2 teeth in each valve

PETRICOLIDAE

colour white

anterior end

truncate

valves gape at both ends

colour white

FAO names : En - Truncate barnea; Fr - Pholadetronquée; Sp - Barnea troncada.Size : 5 cm.Habitat : intertidal zone, common in peat and claybottoms.Loc.name(s) :

Petricola pholadiformis Lamarck, 1818

FAO names : En - False angel wing; Fr - Fausse

aile d'ange; Sp - Falso ala de angeSize : 4 cmHabitat : intertidal zoneLoc.name(s) :

PHOLADIDAE

vertical bars supporting

the ridges on the umbones

colour white

Pholas campechiensis (Gmelin, 1791)

FAO names : En - Campechee pholad; Fr - Pholade deCampeche; Sp - Ala de angel campechano.Size : 9 cmHabitat : infralittoral zone, burrows in mud bottoms.Loc.name(s) :

Talona explanata (Spengler, 1792)

Barnea truncata Say, 1822

ventralborder

indented

shell thin,very elongate

shell thin, elongate

FAO names : En - Talona pholad; Fr - Pholade taloné;Sp -Talona.Size : 6 cm.Habitat : subtidal zone, in mud bottoms.Loc.name(s) :

colour white

shell fragile

colour translucent brown colour translucent reddish

15-20 rows ofsmall, sometimestubular, spines

PINNIDAE

6-8 rowsof large,tubularspines

Atrina chautardi Nicklés, 1953

FAO names : En - Chautard's pen shell ; Fr -Jambonneau

de Chautard ; Sp - Pina de Chautard.Size : 20 cm.Habitat : in sandy bottoms.Loc.name(s) :

Pinna rudis (Linnaeus, 1758)

FAO names : En - Rough pen shell; Fr - Jambonneau

rude; Sp - Pina áspera.Size : 40 cm.Habitat : infralittoral zone, buried in sand.Loc.name(s) :



oblique wavy striae

214

BIVALVES

shell thin, but solid

2 teeth in each valve

ligament long, external

SOLECURTIDAE

outer

surface

rathersmooth

2 white rays colour rose

shell whitish, periostracum olive-brown

Solecurtus strigilatus (Linnaeus, 1758)

FAO names : En - Rasp tagelus; Fr - Solecurte rosé;Sp - Mango de cuchillo.Size : 8 cm.Habitat : infralittoral zone, in sandy bottoms.Loc.name(s) :

shell thin and fragile

hinge teeth

small, central

colour translucent with a

glossy brown periostracum

Cultellus tenuis Griffith & Pidgeon, 1834

FAO names : En - African knife shell; Fr - Petitcouteau africain; Sp - Navaja africana.Size: 7 cm.Habitat : offshore waters, in sandy bottoms.Loc.name(s) :

shell solid

Tagelus adansonii (Sosc, 1801)

FAO names : En - Adanson's tagelus ; Fr - Tagelusd'Adanson; Sp - Tagelo de Adanson.Size : 7 cm.Habitat : estuaries, in muddy bottoms.Loc.name(s) :

colour lilac with brown spots

Ensis goreensis Clessin, 1888

FAO names : En - Goree razor clam; Fr - Couteaude Gorée; Sp - Navaja de Gorea.Size : 7 cm.Habitat : subtidal, in sandy bottoms.Loc.name(s) :

colour white and rosy violet inalternating, concentric zones

SOLENIDAE

shell thin fragile, arching

3 teeth at endof left valve

Solen guinensis Hanley, 1842

FAO names : En - Guinea razor shell; Fr - Couteau

de Guinée; Sp - Longueirón de Guinea.Size : 8 cm.Habitat : intertidal zone, in sandy bottoms.Loc.name(s) :

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large radialgroove nearer tothe anterior end

ligament external

215

BIVALVES

valves unequalin shape

right valve with a deepindentation at top edge TELLINIDAE

colour pure whitecolour white

Apolymetis papyracea (Gmelin, 1791)

FAO names : En - Paper tellin; Fr - Tel line papier;Sp - Telina papírácea.Size : 9 cm.Habitat : intertidal zone, in sandy bottoms.Loc.name(s) :

FAO names : En - Hyalinetellin; Fr - Telline hyaline;Sp - Telina hialina.Size : 7 cm.Habitat : intertidal zone, in sandy bottoms.Loc.name(s) :

Tellina hyalina Gmelin, 1791 *

shell oval-round, solid,

slightly inflated

weak ridge nearposterior edge

outer surface glossy shell elongate oval

finegrowthlines

colour white

strong

growth lines

colour white to yellowish

Tellina strigosa Gmelin, 1791 *

FAO names : En - Thin tellin; Fr - Telline jaunâtre;Sp - Telina delgada.Size : 7 cm.Habitat : intertidal zone, in sandy bottoms.Loc.name(s) :

posteriorend pointed

Tellina senegambiensis Salisbury, 1934

FAO names : En - Senegambian tellin; Fr - Telline deSénégambie ; Sp - Telina de Senegambia.Size : 7 cm.Habitat : intertidal zone, in sandy bottoms.Loc.name(s) :

* A similar species, Tellina madagascariensis Gmelin, 1791, found from Congo to Angola, may also occur in thesouthern part of the Gulf of Guinea. It is distinguished from T. hyalina and T. strigosa by its rose colour and greaterlength (9 cm).

shell solid, roundly oval, inflated

3 cardinal teeth in each valve

VENERIDAE

shell heavy,subtriangular

outersurfacesmooth

colour white, rarely brown-tinted

Pitar tumens (Gmelin, 1791)

FAO names : En - Swollen venus; Fr - Venusbombée; Sp - Almeja bombacha.Size : 6 cm.Habitat : intertidal zone, in sandy bottoms.Loc.name(s) :

Tivela tripla (Linnaeus, 1771)

FAO names : En - Triple venus; Fr - Vénus triple;Sp - Tivela triple.Size : 3 cm.Habitat : offshore waters, in sandy bottoms.Loc.name(s) :

concentricgrowth lines

strong,

irregular

colour yellowishwith faint

brownish rays

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216

BIVALVES

VENERIDAE

shell elongate,solid, shiny

fine concentric ridges, especially

strong at the longer, posterior end

Venerupis corrugata (Gmelin, 1791)

FAO names : En - Corrugated venus; Fr - Clovisse ridée;Sp - Margarita arrugada.Size : 4 cm.Habitat : intertidal zone, in sandy bottoms.Loc.name(s) :

colour yellowish

Venus foliaceolamellosa Ramer, 1865

FAO names : En - Plicate venus; Fr - Praire ondulée;Sp - Venus plegada.Size : 7 cm.Habitat : in sandy bottoms.Loc.name(s) :

colour yellowish or clear brown

Venerupis dura (Gmelin, 1791)

FAO names : En - Durable venus; Fr - Clovissedurable; Sp - Margarita dura.Size : 7 cm.Habitat : offshore to 40 m depth, in sandy bottoms.Loc.name(s) :

shell oval, hard

Venus verrucosa Linnaeus, 1758

FAO names : En - Warty venus; Fr - Prairecommune; Sp - Escupiña grabada.Size : 5 cm.Habitat : intertidal zone, in sandy bottoms.Loc.name(s) :

colour dirty

white withnetworks of

brown

spots and lines

sometimes present

small beaded,

concentric ridges

large, flutedconcentric

lamellae shell oval, solid

colour yellowish, rarely with brown

strong, warty

concentric ridges

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217

GASTROPODS

(Class Gastropoda - univalves, conches, whelks, etc.)

TECHNICAL TERMS AND GENERAL REMARKS

Gastropod Features

apex

spines

spiral cords

axial ribs

suture

columellar folds

umbilicus

posterior canal

aperture

outer lip

nodules

callus of columella

body whorl

siphonal canal

Glossary of Gastropod Terms

Aperture : the opening in the last whorl, providing an outlet for the head and foot.

Axial sculpture : ribs or growth lines that run parallel to the outer lip.

Operculum : a "trapdoor" grown on the posterior upper part of the foot of a snail. It may be hard and shelly orpliable and made of chitinous, or horny, material.

Periostracum : an outer layer of thin or thick chitinous material covering the outer shell. Sometimes with bristles orhairs.

Radula (plural - radulae) : microscopic hard teeth on a moveable ribbon in the mouth of molluscs, other than bivalves.

Spiral sculpture : cords or threads that encircle the whorls parallel to the sutures.

Spire : the whorls at the top, narrow end, where growth began.

Suture : continuous line on shell surface where the whorls join.

Umbilicus : a central cavity at the base or bottom of the shell.

Whorl : a turn or coil of a snail shell. The body whorl is the last and largest.

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218

GASTROPODS

Even though the gastropod. fauna taken in the various fishing operations is highly diversified, the present guideshows only edible species that are known to be found in markets, or those that may be considered of definitypotential interest to fisheries.

Cassis tessellata (Gmelin, 1791)

FAO names : En - Tessellate helmet; Fr - Casque àdamier; Sp - Casco teselado.

Size : 26 cm

Habitat : in sandy bottoms from 1 to 50 m depth;rather common

Loc.name(s) :

Crepidula goreensis (Gmelin, 1791)

CASSIDAE

2 or 3 spiralrows of

knobs onshoulder

colour light tan

with brown spots

FAO names : En - Goree slipper shell; Fr - Crépidulesandale; Sp - Concha sandalia.

Size : 4 cm.

Habitat : attached to other shells.

Loc.name(s) :

Charonia nodifera (Lamarck, 1816)

FAO names : En - Knobby triton; Fr - Triton noueux;Sp - Tritón buido.

Size : 30 cm


Loc.name(s) :

Fissurela nubecula (Linnaeus, 1758)

CREPIDULIDAE

exterior smooth

colour white, rayedor speckled in brown

CYMATIIDAE

oneroundedvarix per

whorl

nodular spiral cords

colour brown, marbled with tan

FISSURELLIDAE

FAO names : En - Cloudy keyhole limpet; Fr - Fissurelle

nuageuse; Sp - Fisurela nebulosa.Size : 2.5 cm.

Habitat : on rocks exposed by the low tide.

Loc.name(s) :

orifice small

and ovalnumerousfine radial

riblets

colour rose orviolet withwhite rays



219

GASTROPODS

interior iridescent, exterior rough

HALIOTIDAE

Haliotis tuberculata Linnaeus, 1758 5 or 6 natural holes

FAO names : En - Tuberculate abalone; Fr - Ormeautuberculeux; Sp - Oreja de mar.

Size : 8 cm.

Habitat : on rocks offshore.

Loc.name(s) :

colour brownish grey

MELONGENIDAE

light spiral bands

Pugilina morio (Linnaeus, 1758)

FAO names : En - Giant hairy melongena; Fr - Mélongènenoire; Sp - Melongena negra.

Size : 15 cm.

Habitat : in mangrove areas.

Loc.name(s) :

colour dark brown,periostracum thick

MURICIDAE

Murex angularis Lamarck, 1822

FAO names : En - Angular murex; Fr - Rocheranguleux; Sp - Cañailla africana.

Size : 5 cm.

Habitat : common among offshore rocks.

Loc.name(s) :

7-11 varicesper whorl

bearing abouta dozen equalsized, tubular

spines

colour yellow tobrownish-black

Murex cornutus Linnaeus, 1758

FAO names : En - Horned murex; Fr - Rocher cornu;Sp - Cañailla cornuda.

Size : 15 cm.

Habitat : among offshore rocks.

Loc.name(s) :

last whorlwith tworows of

long, thinspines

siphonal canal long

colour yellowish brown



colour greyish, aperture white

with 3 black spots on columella

220

GASTROPODS

spines longest at top

MURICIDAE

Murex duplex Röding, 1789

FAO names :

En - Duplex murex;

Fr - Rocher duplex;

Sp - Cañailla espinuda.

Size : 20 cm.

Habitat : offshore, among rocks.

Loc.name(s) :

Thais coronata (Lamark, 1816)

FAO names : En - Crowned rock shell; Fr - Ovarquecouronnée; Sp - Púrpura coronada .

Size : 4 cm.

Habitat : common in mangrove areas.

Loc.name(s) :

Thais haemastoma (Lama rck, 1822)

FAO names : En - Red-mouthed rock shell; Fr - Ovarquebouche de sang; Sp - Boca roja.

Size : 6 cm.

Habitat : subtidal zone, on rocks.

Loc.name(s) :

Thais nodosa (Linnaeus, 1758)

FAO names : En - Nodose rock shell; Fr - Ovarque noueux;Sp - Púrpura nudosa.

Size : 5 cm.

Habitat : below the intertidal zone, on rocks.

Loc.name(s) :

umbilicus deep

6-8 varices

per whorl

mouth withrose border

siphonal canal broad

3 spiral rows of large,rounded knobs

axial lamellae

colour dirty grey

sometimes with noduleson shoulder and with

fine spiral threads

colour greyish brown,aperture salmon-pink

5 spiral rows oflow, rounded

nodes



221

GASTROPODS

NASSARIIDAE

Bullia miran (Bruguière, 1789)

FAO names : En - Miran bullia; Fr - Bullie de miran;Sp - Bulia de Mirán.

Size : 2.5 cm.

Habitat : intertidal zone, in sandy mud bottoms.

Loc.name(s) :

Natica adansoni Blainville, 1825

FAO names : En - Collar moon snail; Fr - Natice àcollet; Sp - Nática engolada.

Size : 3 cm.

Habitat : below the intertidal zone, on sand.

Loc.name(s) :

Natica fulminea (Gmelin, 1791)

FAO names : En - Flamed moon snail; Fr - Naticeflammée; Sp - Nática flamante.

Size : 3.5 cm.

Habitat : intertidal zone, on sand.

Loc.name(s) :

darker bandbelow the suture

shell solid, smooth

colour grey

aperture onethird of shell

umbilicus with a brown callusalmost completely filling it

NATICIDAE

FAO names : En - Adanson's moon snail;Fr - Natice d'Adanson; Sp - Nática de Adanson.

Size : 3 cm.


Loc.name(s) :

colour marbledbrown, with ayellow band

below

Natica collaris Link, 1807

spiral row of spots

axial brown lines

umbilicus deep,with a smallwhite callus

colour yellowish

zig-zag lines ofbrownish yellow

umbilicus roundedwithout a callus inside

colour whitish



shell tan-coloured

222

GASTROPODS

NATICIDAE

Natica marochiensis (Gmelin, 1791)

FAO names : En - Morocco moon snail; Fr - Naticedu Maroc; Sp - Nática marroquí.

Size : 2.5 cm.

Habitat : intertial zone, on sand.

Loc.name(s) :

Natica tigrina (Röding, 1798)

FAO names : En - Tiger moon snail; Fr - Naticetigrée; Sp - Nática atigrada.

Size : 3.5 cm.


Loc.name(s) :

Natica turtoni E.A. Smith, 1890

FAO names : En - Turton's moon snail; Fr - Naticede Turton; Sp - Nática de Turton.

Size : 3 cm

Habitat : .intertidal zone, on sand.

Loc.name(s) :

Sinum concavum (Lamarck, 1822)

FAO names : En - Concave baby's car; Fr - Naticeconcave; Sp - Sigarita cóncava.

Size : 4.5 cm.Habitat : intertidal zone, in sandy bottoms.

Loc.name(s) :

spiral, broken rows of dark

brown dots and dashes

umbilicus almost coveredby a long, white callus

colourgreyishbrown

brown spots in spiral rowsor tiny dots all over

umbilicus deep with ayellowish callus at centre

aperturevioletwithin

spiral rows of brown dashes

umbiclicus verylarge, with a large

white callus

aperturevioletbrownwithin

colour whitish

animal much

larger than shell



223

GASTROPODS

spiral striae

NERITIDAE

Nerita senegalensis (Gmelin, 1791)

FAO names : En - Senegal nerite; Fr - Nérite duSénégal; Sp - Nerita senegalesa.

Size : 5 cm.

Habitat : intertidal zone, on rocks.Loc.name(s) :

Patella safiana Lamarck, 1819

FAO names : En - Safian limpet; Fr - Patelle safian;Sp - Lepada safiana.

Size : 11 cm.

Habitat : intertidal zone, fixed to rocks.

Loc.name(s) :

Strombus lat u s Gmelin, 1791

FAO names : En - West African stromb; Fr - Strombed'Afrique occidentale; Sp - Cobo de Africa occidental.

Size : 14 cm.


Loc.name(s) :

Cymbium cymbium (Linnaeus, 1758)

FAO names : En - Pig's snout volute; Fr - Volutetrompe de cochon; Sp - Voluta trompa de cerdo.

Size : 15 cm.

Habitat : offshore waters, on sand.

Loc.name(s) :

parietal wallpustulose, white,with 2 or 3 teeth colour blackish

PATELLIDAE

shell oval

slightlyelevatednarrowerin front,

but shapeand

sculpturevariable

about100 fine

radialriblets

colour grey,interior bluish grey

STROMBIDAE

3 spiral rows oftubercles; the topone having knobs

apex mammilliate

shell maculated inbrown, rose and white

top of shell flattish VOLUTIDAE

outersurfaceglossysmooth

shell subcylindrical

colour paleyellowish brown



colour orange, per ī ostracum brown

224

GASTROPODS

dished-out apexVOLUTIIDAE

Cymbium glans (Gmelin, 1791)

FAO names : En - Elephant's snout volute; Fr -Volutetrompe d'éléphant; Sp - Voluta trompa de elefante.

Size : 35 cm.


Loc.name(s) :

Cymbium pepo (Lightfood, 1786)

FAO names : En - Neptune's volute; Fr - VoluteNeptune; Sp - Voluta de Neptuno.

Size : 27 cm.


Loc.name(s) :

shell thin,but strong,cylindrical

colour greyish

brown, glossy

apex hardly visible

shell globular

aperture very large

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225

SEA TURTLES

TECHNICAL TERMS AND PRINCIPAL MEASUREMENTS

(Straight-line distances)

head length prefrontalscales

precentral scute

central (neural)scutes (C1-C5)

lateral (costal)scutes (L1-L5)

totallength

marginalscutes

postcentral scutes

carapace width

dorsal view of a juvenile sea turtle (Family CHELONIIDAE)

axillaryscutes

mentonian scute

intergular scute

1: gular; 2: humeral;3: pectoral; 4: abdominal;5: femoral; 6: anal scutes

♀ claw ♂ claw

dorsalridges

inframarginalscutes and

pores

marginalscutes

♀ claw♂ claw

dorsal view of a sea turtle(Family DERMOCHELYIDAE)

tail

interanalscute

ventral view of a juvenile sea turtle(Family CHELONIIDAE)

♀

♂

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lower jaw head carapace plastron

Caretta caretta (Linnaeus, 1758)

FAO names : En - Loggerhead turtle;Fr - Tortue caouane; Sp - Tortugacahuama.

Size : 125 cm (carapace length),common to 110 cm.

Habitat : enters brackish waterestuaries, but also found in the opensea; migratory.

Remarks : adults, nestlings and eggsprotected by law in many countries.

Loc.name(s) :

more than one pairof prefrontal scales

Chelonia mydas (Linnaeus, 1758)

226

SEA TURTLES

CHELONIIDAE

2 claws

5 lateral scutes

3 inframarginal

scutes without pores

FAO names : En - Green sea turtle; Fr - Tortueverte; Sp - Tortuga blanca.

Size : 105 cm (carapace length), common to 90 cm.

Habitat : shallow coastal waters over vegetatedbottoms.

Remarks : adults, nestlings and eggs are protectedby law in many countries.

Loc.name(s) :

1 pair ofprefrontal scales

1 claw

4 lateral scutes

4 inframarginalscutes without pores



head carapace plastron

227

SEA TURTLES

CHELONIIDAE

Eretmochelys imbricata (Linnaeus, 1758)

FAO names : En - Hawksbill turtle; Fr - Tortuecaret; Sp - Tortuga de carey.

Size : 90 cm (carapace length), common to 80 cm.

Habitat : coastal waters, including shallowvegetated bottoms as well as bays and lagoonswith muddy and coralline bottoms lackingextensive beds of submarine vegetation.

Remarks : adults, nestlings and eggs areprotected by law in some countries.

Loc.name(s) :

2 pairs of prefrontal scales

head

Lepidochelys olivacea (Eschscholtz, 1829)

FAO names : En - Olive ridley turtle; Fr - Tortueolivâtre; Sp - Tortuga golfina.

Size : 75 cm (carapace length).

Habitat : shallow coastal waters as well as in theopen sea forming schools.

Remarks : adults, nestlings and eggs areprotected by law in many countries.

Loc.name(s) :

more than 1 pair of prefrontal scales

2 claws

4 lateral scutes

imbricated (overlapping) scutes 4 inframarginalscutes without pores

carapaceplastron

1 claw

5 or more lateral scutes

4 inframarginalscutes with pores



228

SEA TURTLES

DERMOCHELYIDAE

Dermochelys coriacea coriacea (Linnaeus, 1758)

FAO names : En - Leatherback turtle; Fr - Tortueluth; Sp - Tortuga laúd.

Size : ca 260 cm (carapace length), common to180 cm.

Habitat : pelagic and highly migratory.

Remarks : adults, hatchlings and eggs areprotected in some countries.

Loc.name(s) :

no scales dorsal ridges

head carapace plastron

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229

INDEX OF SCIENTIFIC AND VERNACULAR NAMES

EXPLANATION OF THE SYSTEM

Type faces used:

Italics : Valid scientific names (genera and species)

Italics : Synonyms

* Italics : Misidentifications (preceded by an asterisk)

ROMAN (saps) : Family names

Roman : International (FAO) names of species

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230

Page

A Abalistes stellatus ............................................... 42

Abámbolo ............................................................... 81 Abámbolo de bajura ................................................ 81 Ablennes hians ..................................................... 44 Abuete cajeta ........................................................ 184 Abuete de Angola ................................................. 184 Abuete negro ........................................................ 184 Abuete real ........................................................... 183 Acanthocybium solandri ...................................... 98 Acantholabrus palloni .......................................... 76ACANTHURIDAE ...............................................31,39 Acanthurus monroviae ......................................... 39acarne, Pagellus .................................................. 117accraensis, Neanthias ........................................... 107accraensis, Novanthias ......................................... 107

accraensis, Pontius ............................................ 101accraensis, Serranus .......................................... 107 Acedia .................................................................. 108 Acedia ocelada ..................................................... 108 Acedia trompuda ................................................... 108aculeata calmani, Squilla .................................... 191aculeata, Squatina .............................................. 151acus, Aphanopus .................................................. 125acus rafale, Tylosurus .......................................... 45acutypinnys, Squalus ............................................ 150acutirostris, Parepinephelus .................................. 106acutus, Fodiator ..... ............................................... 66acutus, Rhyzopryonodon ................................... 142

Adanson's moon snail ........................................... 221 Adanson's tagelus ................................................. 214adansoni, Natica ................................................. 221adansonii, Tagelus .............................................. 214 Adioryx hastatus ..................................................... 73aeneum, Diagramma ............................................... 69aeneus, Epinephelus .......................................... 105aeneus, Serranus .................................................. 105aequalis, Nezumya ................................................ 81aequidens, Atractoscion ....................................... 94 Aetobatus narinari .............................................. 159afer, Lycodontis .................................................... 86affinis, Hirundichthys ........................................... 66afra, Sphyraena .................................................... 119

African barrelfish ..................................................... 56 African brown snapper ............................................ 79 African cuttlefish ................................................... 195 African flyingfish ...................................................... 65 African forktail snapper ........................................... 79 African ghost crab ................................................. 185 African halfbeak ...................................................... 72 African knife shell ................................................. 214 African lantern shark ............................................. 149 African matchbox crab .......................................... 184 African moonfish ..................................................... 53 African moony ......................................................... 82 African mud crab ................................................... 189 African mud shrimp ............................................... 180

African pompano ..................................................... 48

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African red snapper ................................................. 79 African sawtail catshark ......................................... 144

African sicklefìsh ...................................................... 62 African solenette .................................................... 111 African spadefish ..................................................... 63 African spider shrimp ............................................. 175 African spoon-nose eel ............................................ 88 African squid .......................................................... 199 African striped grunt ................................................. 70 African weakfish ....................................................... 94africana, Alloteuthis ............................................. 199africana, Clupea ...................................................... 57africana, Drepane ................................................... 62africana, llisha ........................................................ 57africana, Ocypode ................................................ 185africana, Solagmedens ............................................ 49

africana, Solenocera ............................................ 180africanus, Bothus podas ....................................... 46africanus, Caranx ..................................................... 50africanus, Nematocarcinus ................................. 175africanus, Pagrus pagrus .................................... 118africanus, Panopeus ............................................ 189africanus, Sparus pagrus ....................................... 118agennes, Lutjanus ................................................. 79 Aguila marina ......................................................... 159 Aguja azul .............................................................. . 74 Aguja blanca ............................................................ 74 Aguja negra ............................................................ 74 Aguja picuda ........................................................... 75 Agujeta africana ....................................................... 72 Agujeta balajù .......................................................... 72 Agujeta brasileña ..................................................... 72 Agujeta voladora ...................................................... 72 Agujón de quilla ....................................................... 45 Agujon needlefish .................................................... 45 Agujón sable ............................................................ 44 Agujón senegalés .................................................... 45ahenea, Eulamia .................................................... 138 Aigle commun ........................................................ 159 Aigle de mer léopard .............................................. 159 Aigle-vachette ........................................................ 160 Aiguillat à gros yeux ............................................... 150 Aiguillat coq ........................................................... 150

Aiguillat épinette .................................................... 151 Aiguillat noir ........................................................... 148 Aiguille crocodile ...................................................... 45 Aiguille voyeuse ....................................................... 45 Aiguillette sénégalaise ............................................. 45ajar, Cardita .......................................................... 209 Ajar cardita ............................................................ 209 Ala de angel campechano ..................................... 213 Alacha ..................................................................... 58 Alacha rabo amarillo ................................................ 58alalunga, Germo .................................................... 100alalunga, Thunnus ............................................... 100alatus, Isurus ......................................................... 144alba, Raja .............................................................. 161

albacares, Thunnus ............................................. 100



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Albacore ................................................................. 100 Albacores .................................................................. 32albesca, Uranoscopus ..........................................128albicans, Histiophorus ...............................................74

albicans, Istiophorus ..............................................74albicans, Makaira ......................................................74albida, Bathysolea ..................................................107albida, Lamontella .....................................................74albida, Makaira .........................................................74albidus, Tetrapturus ...............................................74albomaculatus, Rhinobatos ..................................164 Albula vulpes ..........................................................39ALBULIDAE ..........................................................3,39 Alectis alexandrinus ...............................................48 Alectis ciliaris ..........................................................48 Alectis crinitus ...........................................................48ALEPISAURIDAE .......................................................7ALEPOCEPHALIDAE .................................................7

Alexandria pompano .................................................48alexandrinus, Alectis ..............................................48

* alexandrinus, Epinephelus ......................................105alexandrinus, Scyris ..................................................48 Aligote ....................................................................117 Alitán ...................................................................... 145 Alitán africano .........................................................145 Allache ......................................................................58alletteratus, Euthynnus ..........................................99 Alloteuthis africana ...............................................199 Almeja bombacha ...................................................215 Almeja galatea ........................................................209 Almendra vovania ...................................................210

Alón ..........................................................................61 Alopias superciliosus ...........................................137 Alopias vulpinus ...................................................137ALOPIIDAE ..................................................... 134,137 Alosa senegalensis ...................................................58 Alose rasoir ...............................................................57alta, Spicara ............................................................56altimus, Carcharhinus ..........................................137 Amande vovan ........................................................ 210 Amberjacks .............................................................. 19amboiensis, Carcharhinus ....................................137americanus, Histiophorus ..........................................74americanus, Polyprion ..........................................106amia, Hypacanthus ...................................................52

amia, Lichia .............................................................52AMMODYTIDAE .......................................................30amnicola, Callinectes ............................................186ampia, Makaira .........................................................74 Anadara senegalensis ..........................................208 Anchoa europea ........................................................63 Anchoa guineensis ....................................................63 Anchois commun ...................................................... 63 Anchova de banco ....................................................91 Anchovies ...................................................................4 Ancistroteuthis lichtensteini ................................203 Ange de mer épineux .............................................. 151 Ange de mer ocellé ................................................. 151 Angel sharks ............................................................ 133

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Angel squid ............................................................. 203 Angelfishes ............................................................... 27 Angelote espinudo .................................................. 151 Anglerfishes ................................................................ 9

Anglette africaine .................................................... 184 Anglette angolaise .................................................. 184 Anglette commune .................................................. 184 Anglette de mangroves ........................................... 183 Angola croaker .......................................................... 94 Angola dentex ......................................................... 112 Angola marsh crab .................................................. 184 Angola rockfish ....................................................... 102 Angolan mantis shrimp ............................................ 191angolense, Sesarma ............................................. 184angolensis Caranx .................................................... 51angolensis, Dentex .............................................. 112angolensis, Miracorvina ......................................... 94angolensis, Scorpaena ......................................... 102

Angular murex ........................................................ 219angularis, Murex ................................................... 219angustifrons, Genyatremus ....................................... 69annobonensis, Platybelone argalus ....................... 45 Anoli brésilien ......................................................... 120 Anoli commun ......................................................... 121 Anoli de l'Atlantique ................................................ 120 Anoli serpent ........................................................... 121ANOTOPTERIDAE ..................................................... 8ANTENNARIIDAE ...................................................... 9anthias, Anthias .................................................... 104 Anthias anthias ..................................................... 104 Antigonia capros ..................................................... 14antillarum, Ornithoteuthis .................................... 202 Antimora australis ..................................................... 82 Antimora rostrata .................................................... 82 Antimore bleu ............................................................ 82aper, Capros .............................................................. 4 Aphanopus acus ..................................................... 125 Aphanopus carbo .................................................. 125 Aphanopus microphthalmus .................................... 125 Apogon .................................................................... 19APOGONIDAE ......................................................... 19 Apolymetis papyracea .......................................... 215 Aprionodon caparti .................................................. 138 Apsilus fuscus ........................................................ 79aquila, Myliobatis .................................................. 159

aquila, Sciaena ......................................................... 94 Araignée européenne .............................................. 185 Araña ...................................................................... 123 Araña aletona ......................................................... 124 Araña de Cabo Verde ............................................. 124 Araña de Guinea ..................................................... 123araneus, Trachinus ............................................... 123 Arca boquiabierta .................................................... 208 Arca de Gambia ...................................................... 208 Arca de Noé ............................................................ 208 Arca de Senegal ..................................................... 208 Arca gruesa africana ............................................... 208 Arca noae .............................................................. 208 Arche de Gambie .................................................... 208



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Arche de Noë ...........................................................208 Arche du Sénégal ....................................................208 Arche épaisse d'Afrique ...........................................208ARCIDAE ................................................................208

arenatus, Priacanthus .............................................92argalus annobonensis, Platybelone .......................45argenteus, Diretmus ................................................62 Argentines ...................................................................6ARGENTINIDAE .........................................................6argus, Panulirus .....................................................171 Argyrosomus hololepidotus ...................................94 Argyrosomus regium ..................................................94 Argyrosomus regius ................................................94ARIIDAE .................................................................6,40 Arioma lucia ...............................................................41 Arioma parda .............................................................41 Ariomma bondi ........................................................41 Ariomma ledanoisi .....................................................41

Ariomma melanum ...................................................41 Ariomma multisquamis ...............................................41 Ariommas ..................................................................35ARIOMMATIDAE ..................................................35,41 Ariomme brune ..........................................................41 Ariomme grise ...........................................................41ARISTEIDAE ...........................................................177 Aristeus varidens ...................................................177 Arius capellonis .........................................................41 Aries gambensis ........................................................40 Arius gigas ...............................................................40 Arius granulatus .........................................................41 Arius heudeloti ........................................................40* Arius heudeloti ...........................................................41

Arius latiscutatus .....................................................40 Arius mercatoris .........................................................40 Aries parkii ...............................................................41armatum, Cardiosoma ...........................................183armatus, Trachinus ................................................123 Armed nylon shrimp .................................................176 Armoured searobins ..................................................17 Arnoglosse du cap .....................................................46 Arnoglosse impérial ...................................................46 Arnoglossus blachei ...................................................46 Arnoglossus capensis .............................................46 Arnoglossus entomorhynchus ....................................46 Arnoglossus imperialis ...........................................46 Arrowhead dogfish ...................................................149*ascensionis, Caranx ..................................................50ascensionis, Holocentrus ........................................73ashanteensis, Mugil ...................................................84aspera, Dasyatis ......................................................157ASTRONESTHIDAE ....................................................7 Ateleopids ..................................................................15ATELEOPODIDAE ....................................................15 Atherina ....................................................................11ATHERINIDAE ..........................................................11 Atlantic bigeye ...........................................................92 Atlantic bonito ............................................................99 Atlantic bumper ..........................................................50 Atlantic emperor ........................................................77

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Atlantic flyingfish .................................................... 64 Atlantic greeneye ................................................... 57 Atlantic horse mackerel .......................................... 55 Atlantic lizardfish .................................................. 120

Atlantic rubyfish ...................................................... 63 Atlantic sailfish ....................................................... 74 Atlantic tarpon ........................................................ 81 Atlantic tripletail ...................................................... 78 Atlantic weasel shark ........................................... 143atlantica, Nephropsis ......................................... 169atlantica, Parapenaeopsis ................................. 178atlanticus, Chlorophthalmus ............................... 57atlanticus, Dibranchus ........................................... 9atlanticus, Lethrinus ............................................ 77atlanticus, Megalops .............................................. 81atlanticus, Monochirus .......................................... 110atlanticus, Pristiurus ............................................ 144atlanticus, Synodus .............................................. 121

atlanticus, Tarpon ................................................ 81 Atractoscion aequidens ....................................... 94 Atrina chautardi .................................................. 213 Atún bianco .......................................................... 100AULOPODIDAE ................................................. 8, 42 Aulopus cadenati ................................................. 42AULOSTOMIDAE .................................................. 15 Aulostomus strigosus .......................................... 15aurata, Sparus .................................................... 118auriga, Pagrus .................................................... 117aurita, Sardinella .................................................. 58aurita, Otoperca ..................................................... 69auritus, Brachydeuterus ...................................... 69australis, Antimora ................................................. 82

Auxide .................................................................... 98 Auxis maru ............................................................. 98 Auxis rochei ......................................................... 98 Auxis tapeinosoma ................................................. 98 Auxis thazard ....................................................... 98 Auxis thynnoides .................................................... 98 Axillary seabream ................................................. 117

BBacoreta ................................................................ 99Badèche créole ................................................... 106Bagre bocalisa ....................................................... 40Bagre de Gambia .................................................. 40

Bagre de Guinea ................................................... 41Bagre gigante ........................................................ 40Balao halfbeak ....................................................... 72balao, Hemiramphus ...........................................72Baliste à taches bleues .......................................... 42Baliste cabri ........................................................... 42Saliste étoilé .......................................................... 42Baliste noire .......................................................... 43Baliste royal ........................................................... 43Baliste rude ........................................................... 43Balistes capriscus ............................................... 42Balistes carolinensis .............................................. 42Balistes forcipatus ................................................. 42Balistes punctatus ............................................... 42



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Balistes vetula .........................................................43BALISTIDAE .......................................................38,42Ballyhoo halfbeak .....................................................72Banana mullet ...........................................................84

Banane de mer .........................................................39Banane gisu ..............................................................39bananensis, Mugil ...................................................84Banded sole ............................................................109Bandfishes ................................................................28banksi, Onychoteuthis ..........................................204barbata, Brotula ......................................................89Barbeled houndshark ..............................................144Barbeled houndsharks ............................................135Barbier hirondelle ....................................................104Barbudo de diez barbas ............................................90Barbudo gigante africano ..........................................90Barbudo real .............................................................90Barnard dentex .......................................................112

barnardi, Dentex ....................................................112Barnea troncada .....................................................213Barnea truncata .....................................................213Barracuda ...............................................................119barracuda, Sphyraena ..........................................119Barracudas ...............................................................28Barracudinas ...............................................................7Barred hogfish ..........................................................76Barred seabass .......................................................104Barrelfishes ...............................................................35bartrami, Ommastrephes ......................................201Bastard grunt ............................................................70Batfishes .....................................................................9BATHYCLUPEIDAE .................................................26Bathypterois ..............................................................8Bathyclupeids ...........................................................26BATHYLAGIDAE ........................................................6Bathysolea albida ...................................................107Bathysolea lactea ..................................................107Bathysolea profundicula ......................................108Batrachoides beninensis ...........................................43Batrachoides liberiensis .........................................43BATRACHOIDIDAE ..............................................9,43Batrachus budkeri .....................................................44Batrachus didactylus .................................................44Batrachus elminensis ................................................44Batrachus liberiensis .................................................43

Batrachus rossignoli ..................................................44Baudroie africaine .....................................................78Baudroie épineuse ....................................................78Bearded brotula ........................................................89Beardless codling .....................................................82Beauclaire de roche ..................................................91Beauclaire soleil ........................................................92Beautiful donax .......................................................209Bécasse de mer ........................................................80Bécune européenne ................................................120Bécune guachanche ...............................................119Bécune guinéenne ..................................................119Bejel .......................................................................127belcheri, Psettodes .................................................92

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belloci,Pterothrissus ............................................. 39bellottii, Diplodus ................................................ 114bellottii, Pagellus ................................................. 117

*belone, Tetrapturus ................................................. 75

BELONIDAE ...................................................... 12,44belyaevi, Lamiostoma ............................................ 144Bembrops greyi ..................................................... 89Bembrops heterurus ............................................. 89Benguela hake ........................................................ 82beninensis, Batrachoides ........................................ 43Bennett's flyingfish .................................................. 65bennetti, Pomadasys ............................................... 70Benthodesmus tenuis ......................................... 125Berberecho acostillado .......................................... 208Bermuda sea chub .................................................. 75bertheloti, Sepia .................................................. 195Biafra doctorfish ...................................................... 39blafraensis, Prionurus .......................................... 39

biafraensis, Xesurus ................................................ 39bicolor, Hemicaranx .............................................. 51bicolor, Raja .......................................................... 161bigelowi, Hyporion ................................................. 141Bigeye grunt ............................................................69Bigeye picarel ......................................................... 56Bigeye scad ............................................................ 52Bigeye spurdog ..................................................... 150Bigeye thresher ..................................................... 137Bigeye tuna ........................................................... 101Bigeyes ................................................................... 18Bigfisted swimcrab ................................................ 186Biglip grunt ..............................................................70

Bignose shark ....................................................... 137Billfishes ................................................................. 34bipinnulata, Elagatis ............................................. 51Bird squid ..............................................................202Birdbeak dogfish ................................................... 149birostris, Manta ................................................... 158blachei, Arnoglossus ............................................... 46Black dogfish ......................................................... 148Black jack ................................................................ 50Black marlin ............................................................ 74Black scabbardfish ................................................ 125Black seabream .................................................... 119Black slimehead .................................................... 123Black triggerfish ...................................................... 43

Blackbar hogfish ..................................................... 76Blackbar soldierfish ................................................. 73Blackchin guitarfish ............................................... 164Blackfishes .............................................................. 35Blackmouth croaker ................................................ 95Blackspot seabream .............................................. 117Blacktail picarel ....................................................... 56Blacktip shark ........................................................ 139blainvillei, Squalus .............................................. 150Blanche drapeau ..................................................... 68Blanquillo cebra ...................................................... 48BLENNIIDAE .......................................................... 30Blue antimora ..........................................................82Blue marlin .............................................................. 74



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Blue runner ................................................................... 49Blue shark ................................................................... 142Bluefish ......................................................................... 91Bluefishes ..................................................................... 19Bluespotted cornetfish ................................................... 67

Bluespotted seabass ................................................... 104Bluespotted seabream .................................................118Bluespotted triggerfish ................................................... 42Blunthead puffer .......................................................... 122Bluntnose flyingfish ....................................................... 67Bluntnose lizardfish ..................................................... 121Boarfishes ..................................................................... 14Bobo croaker ................................................................. 95Boca roja ..................................................................... 220bocagei, Sphyraena ..................................................... 120bocagei, Sphyraena sphyraena ................................... 120Bodianus scrofa .......................................................... 76Bodianus speciosus .................................................... 76Boe drum ...................................................................... 96

Boga ........................................................................... 112bogaraveo, Pagellus .................................................. 117Bogue ......................................................................... 112Bombache boé .............................................................. 96bondi, Ariomma ........................................................... 41Bonefish ........................................................................ 39Bonefishes ......................................................................3Bonga shad ................................................................... 57Bonite à dos rayé .......................................................... 99Bonite à ventre rayé ...................................................... 99Bonito atlàntico ..............................................................99Bonitos .......................................................................... 32Bonitou .......................................................................... 98Bonnetmouths ............................................................... 21boops, Boops ............................................................ 112Boops boops ............................................................. 112boops, Box .................................................................. 112Boops salpa ................................................................ 118bornii, Gari ................................................................. 210boscanion, Microchirus ............................................ 109BOTHIDAE .............................................................. 36,46Bothus guibei .............................................................. 46Bothus podas africanus .............................................. 46Bouc compagnon ........................................................ 174Boucot de Méditerranée .............................................. 179Bouquet étier ............................................................... 175bovina, Myliobatis ........................................................ 160

bovinus, Pteromylaeus ............................................. 160Box boops ................................................................... 112Boxfishes ...................................................................... 38Brachydeuterus auritus .............................................. 69brachygnathus, Pseudotolithus (Pseudotolithus) ..... 95brachypterus, Parexocoetus ....................................... 66brachyrhynchos, Carcharis .......................................... 137brachyurus, Carcharhinus ........................................ 138Brama ........................................................................... 21Bramble sharks ........................................................... 132BRAMIDAE ................................................................... 21BRANCHIOSTEGIDAE ............................................ 19,48

Branchiostegus semifasciatus ................................... 48

Page

brasiliensis, Hemiramphus ...................................... 72* brasiliensis, Mugil ....................................................... 84

brasiliensis, Penaeus ................................................ 179brasiliensis, Saurida ............................................... 120Brazilian lizardfish .................................................... 120

Breca colorada ......................................................... 117Bregmaceros ............................................................ 11BREGMACEROTIDAE ............................................... 11Breton africain ............................................................ 82brevipinna, Carcharhinus ...................................... 138brevirostris, Negaprion .......................................... 141Bristlemouths ............................................................... 7Broad banded moray .................................................. 85Brosmiculus imberbis ................................................. 82Brotula barbata ......................................................... 89Brótula de barbas ....................................................... 89Brotulas ...................................................................... 10Brotule barbé .............................................................. 89BROTULIDAE ............................................................ 10

Brown driftfish ............................................................ 41Brown meagre ............................................................ 97Brown ray ................................................................. 163browni, Cynoglossus ............................................... 59brucus, Echinorhinus ............................................. 132Bucarde à côtes ....................................................... 208Bucarde baillante ...................................................... 208budkeri, Batrachus ..................................................... 44Bulia de Mirán .......................................................... 221Bull ray ..................................................................... 160Bull shark ................................................................. 139Bullet tuna .................................................................. 98Bullia miran ............................................................. 221Bullie de miran ......................................................... 221Bumpers ..................................................................... 19Burrfishes ................................................................... 38Burro boca de oro ....................................................... 69Burro chiclero ............................................................. 70Burro labiogrueso ....................................................... 70Burro listado ............................................................... 70Burro ojón ........................................ ......................... 69Butterfish .................................................................. 120Butterfishes ................................................................ 34Butterfly rays ............................................................ 155Butterflyfishes ............................................................. 27

CCabete escamudo .................................................... 127Cabracho ................................................................. 103Cabrilla .................................................................... 107cabrilla, Paracentropristis ......................................... 107cabrilla, Serranus ................................................... 107Cachama negra ......................................................... 91Cachucho ................................................................ 114Cadenat's sole ......................................................... 110cadenati, Aulopus .................................................... 42cadenati, Cynoglossus ............................................ 59cadenati, Diplodus sargus .................................... 115cadenati, Hoplostethus ......................................... 123cadenati, Merluccius .................................................. 82



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cadenati, Pegusa .....................................................110cadenati, Squilla ......................................................191cadenati, Synaptura .................................................111cadenati, Uranoscopus ...........................................128

cadenati, Uraspis .........................................................55cadmani, Lepidotrigla ..............................................127

* caeruleostictus, Pagrus .............................................117caeruleostictus, Pagrus ..........................................118caeruleostictus, Sparus .............................................118Caesiomorus glaucus ..................................................54Calafate áspero ...........................................................43Calafate negro .............................................................43Calamar .....................................................................199Calamar dedal de Guinea ..........................................200Calamarín africano ....................................................199Calapa amarilla .........................................................182Calapa espinuda ........................................................182Calapa manchada .....................................................182

Calappa gallus .........................................................182Calappa pelli ............................................................182Calappa rubroguttata ..............................................182CALAPPIDAE ...........................................................182calcea, Deania ..........................................................149Calicagère blanche ......................................................75Calicagère jaune ..........................................................75Callianassa ...............................................................170Callianassa turnerana .............................................170CALLIANASSIDAE ...................................................170Callinectes amnicola ...............................................186Callinectes gladiator ..................................................187Callinectes latimanus .................................................186Callinectes marginatus ............................................187Callinectes pallidus .................................................187CALLIONYMIDAE .......................................................31caimani, Squilla aculeata ........................................191Calmar doigtier de Guinée ......................................... 200Camarón araña africano ............................................175Camarón blindado .....................................................174Camarón canguro ......................................................177Camarón compañero .................................................174Camarón de oro .........................................................176Camarón de piedra ....................................................179Camarón estuarino ....................................................175Camarón guineo ........................................................178Camarón nailón armado ............................................176

Camarón narval .........................................................176Camarón penachudo .................................................180Camarón rosado (sureño) ..........................................179cameronensis, Sardinella .............................................58Cameroon croaker .......................................................96Campechee pholad ....................................................213campechiensis, Pholas ...........................................213Campogramma glaycos .............................................49Campogramma lirio .....................................................49Campogramma vadigo .................................................49canadum, Rachycentron ...........................................92Cañailla africana ........................................................219Cañailla cornuda ........................................................219Cañailla espinuda ......................................................220

Page

canaliculatus, Mugil .................................................... 83canariensis, Cynoglossus ........................................ 59canariensis, Dentex ................................................ 113canariensis, Umbrina ............................................... 97

Canary dentex .......................................................... 113Canary drum ............................................................... 97Canary tonguesole ..................................................... 59cancellata, Panopea ............................................... 211Cancellate panope .................................................... 211Candil africano ........................................................... 73Candil colorado .......................................................... 73Candil gallito ...............................................................73Cangrejo colorado .................................................... 187Cangrejo de arrugas ................................................. 188Cangrejo de piedra africano ......................................189Cangrejo gladiador ................................................... 187Cangrejo jaspeado ................................................... 187Cangrejo jorobado .................................................... 189

Cangrejo tijerón ........................................................ 186canicula, Scyliorhinus ............................................ 145cantharus, Cantharus ............................................... 119Cantharus cantharus ................................................ 119cantharus, Spondyliosoma .................................... 119Canthidermis maculatus .......................................... 43caparti, Aprionodon .................................................. 138Cape gurnard ........................................................... 126Cape scaldfish ............................................................46Cape Verde weever .................................................. 124capellonis, Arius ......................................................... 41*capellonis Tachysurus ............................................... 41capensis, Arnoglossus ............................................. 46capensis, Chelidonichthys ..................................... 126

capensis, Diplodus sargus ..................................... 115capensis, Stromateus ............................................... 120capensis, Trachurus ................................................... 55capensis,Trigla ......................................................... 126Capitaine royal ........................................................... 90capriscus, Balistes ................................................... 42CAPROIDAE .............................................................. 14capros, Antigonia ..................................................... 14Capros aper .............................................................. 14Capuco africano ....................................................... 185Capuco de mechón .................................................. 186Caramote ................................................................. 179caramote, Penaeus .................................................. 179

Caramote prawn ....................................................... 179CARANGIDAE ...................................................... 19,48Carangue bicolore ...................................................... 51Carangue coton .......................................................... 55Carangue coubali ....................................................... 49Carangue crevalle ...................................................... 49Carangue du Sénégal ................................................. 50Carangue mayole ....................................................... 49Carangue noire ...........................................................50Caranx africanus ........................................................ 50Caranx angolensis ...................................................... 51

* Caranx ascensionis ..................................................... 50Caranx crysos ........................................................... 49Caranx fucus .............................................................. 49



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Caranx hippos ....................................................................49Caranx latus .......................................................................49Caranx lugubris .................................................................50Caranx rhonchus .................................................................51

Caranx senegallus .............................................................50CARAPIDAE .......................................................................10carbo, Aphanopus ...........................................................125CARCHARHINIDAE ...................................................135,137Carcharhinus, altimus .....................................................137Carcharhinus amboiensis ...............................................137Carcharhin us brachyurus ..............................................138Carcharhin us brevipinna ................................................138Carcharhinus falciformis .................................................138Carcharhinus galapagensis ............................................139Carcharhinus henlei ...........................................................137Carcharhinus improvisus ...................................................138Carcharhinus leucas ........................................................139Carcharhin us limbatus ...................................................139

Carcharhinus longimanus ...............................................140Carcharhinus maculipinnis .................................................138Carcharhinus maou ............................................................140Carcharhinus milberti .........................................................140Carcharhinus obscurus ...................................................140Carcharhinus plumbeus ..................................................140Carcharhinus radamae ......................................................137Carcharhinus signatus ....................................................141carcharias, Carcharodon .................................................143Carcharis brachyrhynchos .................................................137Carcharodon carcharias ..................................................143CARDIIDAE .......................................................................208Cardinalfishes ......................................................................19Cardiosoma armatum ......................................................183Cardita ajar .......................................................................209Cardita de Tankerville ........................................................209Cardita tankervillei ...........................................................209Cardite ajar ........................................................................209Cardite de Tankerville ........................................................209CARDITIDAE .....................................................................209Cardium costatum ...........................................................208Cardium ringens ..............................................................208caretta, Caretta .................................................................226Caretta caretta ..................................................................226Caribbean spiny lobster .....................................................171carinata, Sicyonia ............................................................179carinatum, Xenogramma ......................................................67

carinatus, Heterocarpus .....................................................176Carite pintado ....................................................................100Carocho .............................................................................149Carol bobtail .......................................................................198Carol's gurnard ..................................................................127carolae, Lepidotrigla ........................................................127caroti, Neorossia ..............................................................198caroti, Rossia .....................................................................198Carolina .............................................................................127carolinensis, Balistes ...........................................................42carpati, Scyllarus .............................................................170carpenteri, Seriola ..............................................................53Casabe ................................................................................50Casabe bicolor .....................................................................51

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Casco teselado ............................................................218Casque à damier ..........................................................218Cassava croaker ............................................................96Casseron africain .........................................................199

CASSIDAE ...................................................................218Cassis tessellata ........................................................218Castaño ........................................................................195Catalufa de roca .............................................................91CataIufa toro ..................................................................92cataphractrum, Peristedion .........................................17Catemo africano .............................................................62Catsharks .....................................................................134caudatus, Lepidopus .................................................125Cazón ...........................................................................152Cazón picudo ...............................................................142cemiculus, Rhinobatos ..............................................164Centolla europea ..........................................................185CENTRACANTHIDAE ..............................................21156

Centrarchops chapini ................................................104Centrina nigra ...............................................................150centrina, Oxinotus ......................................................133Centrines ......................................................................133centradontus, Pagellus .................................................117CENTROLOPHIDAE .................................................35,56Centrophorus granulosus .........................................147Centrophorus lusitanicus ..........................................147Centrophorus squamosus .........................................147Centrophorus uyato ...................................................148Centroscyllium fabricii ...............................................148Centroscymnus coelolepis ........................................148Centroscymnus crepidater ........................................148centroura, Dasyatis ....................................................157Cephalacanthus volitans ................................................61Cephalopholis nigri ....................................................104Cephalopholis taeniops .............................................104cephalus, Mugil ............................................................84Cepola pauciradiata .....................................................28CEPOLIDAE ..................................................................28Cernier commun ...........................................................106Ceros ..............................................................................32cervigoni, Scyliorhinus ..............................................145cervinus cervinus, Diplodus .....................................115cervinus, Diplodus cervinus .....................................115cervus, Myliobatis .........................................................159Céteau ..........................................................................108

Céteau-ocellé ...............................................................108Céteau-trompue ...........................................................108Chacarona de Canarias ...............................................113Chacarona sureña ........................................................112Chaetodipterus goreensis ...........................................63Chaetodipterus lippei ...................................................64Chaetodon ....................................................................27CHAETODONTIDAE .....................................................27Channel flounder ............................................................48Channomuraena vittata ...............................................85chapini, Centrarchops ...............................................104Charcharias lamiella .....................................................138Charonia nodifera .......................................................218Chascanopsetta lugubris ............................................47



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Chato de Guinea .............................................................. 90Chautard's pen shell........................................................ 213chautardi, Atrina ........................................................... 213Cheilopogon cyanopterus ................................................. 64Cheilopogon nigricans ...................................................... 65Chelidonichthy capensis ............................................. 126Chelidonichthys gabonensis ....................................... 126Chelidonichthys lucerna .............................................. 127Chelidonichthys senegalensis ........................................ 126Chelidonichthys (Trigloporus) lastoviza .................... 126Chelonia mydas ............................................................ 226CHELONIIDAE ........................................................ 225,226Cherna ............................................................................ 106Cherna colorarla ............................................................. 104Cherna de ley ................................................................. 105Cherna del Niger ............................................................ 104Cherna rayada ................................................................ 104Chèvre de mer .................................................................. 63

Chèvre de mer noire ......................................................... 64Chicharro ojón .................................................................. 52Chien râpe ...................................................................... 144Chimaera monstrosa .................................................... 167CHIMAERIDAE .............................................................. 167Chinchard cunène ............................................................ 55Chinchard d'Europe .......................................................... 55Chipiloua commun .......................................................... 204Chipirón volantín ............................................................ 204Chirolophius kempi ........................................................... 78chirophthalmus, Vanstraelenia ................................... 111Chirurgien biafra ............................................................... 39Chirurgien chas-chas ........................................................ 39CHLOROPHTHALMIDAE ............................................. 8,57

Chlorophthalmus atlanticus .......................................... 57Chloroscombrus chrysurus .......................................... 50Chopa amarilla ................................................................. 75Chopa bianca ................................................................... 75Chromis ............................................................................ 27chrysurus, Chloroscombrus ......................................... 50Chub mackerel ............................................................... 100Chucho pintado .............................................................. 159Chucho vaca .................................................................. 160Chucla ojona .................................................................... 56Chucla rabo negro ............................................................ 56Chupare redondo ........................................................... 158Cigale rouge ................................................................... 172Cigarra roja ..................................................................... 172

ciliaris, Alectis ................................................................ 48cinereus, Synodus .......................................................... 120Cintilla ............................................................................. 125cirratum, Ginglymostoma ............................................ 142CIRRHITIDAE .................................................................. 27cirrosa, Umbrina ............................................................. 97

* cirrosa, Umbrína ............................................................... 98Citharichthys stampflii ................................................... 47CITHARIDAE .............................................................. 35,57Citharus linguatula ......................................................... 57Citharus macrolepidotus ................................................... 57clavaca, Raja ................................................................. 161Clingfishes .......................................................................... 9

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CLINIDAE ........................................................................ 30Clinids .............................................................................. 30Cloudy keyhole limpet ...................................................... 21Clovisse durable ............................................................ 216Clovisse ridée ................................................................ 216Clupea africana................................................................ 57CLUPEIDAE ................................................................. 3,57Cobia ............................................................................... 92Cobias ............................................................................. 19Cobo de Africa occidental ............................................... 223Codlets ............................................................................. 11coelolepis, Centroscymnus ........................................ 148Coelorhinchus laville ........................................................ 80coelorhincus, Coelorinchus .......................................... 80coelorhynchus, Coelorhynchus ........................................ 80Coelorhynchus coelorhynchus ......................................... 80Coelorinchus coelorhincus ............................................ 80coilloti, Mobula ............................................................. 158

coindetii, lllex ........................................... .................... 200Cojinua negra ............................................ ..................... 49Coleosmaris nigricauda ............................. ...................... 56colias, Scomber .............................................................. 100Collar moon snail ............................................................ 221collaris, Natica .............................................................. 221collettes, Nicholsina usta .............................................. 92collignoni, Trachinus ................................................... 124Comb grouper ................................................................. 106Comber ........................................................................... 107Combers ........................................................................... 17Combtooth blennies .......................................................... 30Comète coussut ................................................................ 51Comète maquereau .......................................................... 50

Comète quiaquia .............................................................. 51Comète saumon ............................................................... 51Common cuttlefish .......................................................... 196Common eagle-ray ......................................................... 159Common cuttlefish .......................................................... 196Common galatea clam .................................................... 209Common guitarfish ......................................................... 165Common octopus ........................................................... 205Common sawfish ............................................................ 161Common stingray ........................................................... 157Common two-banded seabream .................................... 116Companion shrimp ......................................................... 174Compère à points blancs ................................................ 121Compère de Guinée ....................................................... 122Compère émoussé ......................................................... 122Compère lièvre ............................................................... 122Compère lisse ................................................................. 121Concave baby's car ........................................................ 222concavum, Sinum ......................................................... 222Concha sandalia ............................................................. 218conchifer, Zenopsis ...................................................... 129conchifer, Zeus ............................................................... 129Conger eels ....................................................................... 4Congo dentex ................................................................ 113congoensis, Dentex ..................................................... 113congolensis, Rhinobatos ................................................ 164CONGRIDAE ..................................................................... 4



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Copper shark .............................................................. 138Coquina bonita ............................................................ 209Coquina de Delessert .................................................. 209Coquina lisa ................................................................ 210Coquina rostrata ......................................................... 210Coquina rugosa ........................................................... 209Corb commun ............................................................... 97Cordonnier bossu .......................................................... 48Cordonnier fil ................................................................ 48coriacea coriacea, Dermochelys .............................. 228coriacea, Dermochelys coriacea .............................. 228Coris julis .................................................................... 76Cornet archange ......................................................... 203Cornet crochu ............................................................. 204Corneta ......................................................................... 67Cometa colorada ........................................................... 67Cornet fishes ................................................................. 16Cornette à taches bleues .............................................. 67

Cornette rouge .............................................................. 67Cornuda aliblanca ....................................................... 146Cornuda común .......................................................... 146Cornuda cruz .............................................................. 147Cornuda gigante .......................................................... 146cornutus, Murex ........................................................ 219coronata, Thais ......................................................... 220corrugata, Venerupis ................................................ 216Corrugated venus ....................................................... 216corrugatus, Liocarcinus ........................................... 188corrugatus, Macropipus ............................................... 188corrugatus, Portunus ................................................... 188Corvallo ........................................................................ 97Corvina ......................................................................... 94

Corvina africana ............................................................ 94Corvina bobó ................................................................ 95Corvina bocanegra ........................................................ 95Corvina bosoro .............................................................. 96Corvina casava ............................................................. 96Corvina de Angola ........................................................ 94Corvina de Camerún ..................................................... 96Corvina de Guinea ........................................................ 95Corvina nigrita ............................................................... 95Corvina reina ................................................................ 95Corvi nata prieta ............................................................ 94Coryphaena equiselis ................................................. 59Coryphaena equisetis ................................................... 59Coryphaena hippurus .................................................... 59

CORYPHAENIDAE .................................................. 21,59Coryphène dauphin ....................................................... 59costae, Epinephelus ................................................. 105Costate cockle ............................................................ 208costatum, Cardium .................................................... 208Cotton mouth jack ......................................................... 55couardi, Sphyrna ....................................................... 146coupei, Pagellus .......................................................... 117Courbine à bouche noire ............................................... 95Courbine de l'Angola ..................................................... 94Courbine pélin ............................................................... 96Couteau de Gorée ....................................................... 214Couteau de Guinée ..................................................... 214

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Cowfishes ......................................................................38Cownose rays ..............................................................156Cowsharks ...................................................................132Crabe bicorne ..............................................................186Crabe caillou africain ...................................................189Crabe caillou guinéen ..................................................189Crabe gladiateur ..........................................................187Crabe marbré ...............................................................187Crabe rouge .................................................................187CRANGONIDAE ..........................................................174Crapaud de Rossignol ....................................................44Crapaud guinéen ...........................................................44Crapaud lusitanien .........................................................44Crapaud poilu ................................................................43cremouxi, Deania .........................................................149Creole fish ...................................................................106Creolefishes ...................................................................17crepidater, Centroscymnus .......................................148

Crepidula goreensis ...................................................218Crépidule sandale ........................................................218CREPIDULIDAE ..........................................................218cretense, Sparisoma ....................................................93cretensis, Euscarius .......................................................93creutzbergi, Echiophis .................................................88creutzbergi, Mystriophis .................................................88Crevalle jack ..................................................................49Crevette-araignée d'Afrique .........................................175Crevette-crâne .............................................................174Crevette dorée .............................................................176Crevette guinéenne ......................................................178Crevette narval ............................................................176Crevette nylon armée ...................................................176

Crevette rose (du sud) .................................................179Crevette rose du large .................................................178crinitus, Alectis ...............................................................48Croakers ........................................................................24Crocodile sharks ..........................................................134crocodilus crocodilus, Tylosurus ...............................45crocodilus,Tylosurus crocodilus ................................45Crocro à gros yeux ........................................................75Cronius ruber ............................................................187Croupia roche ...............................................................78Crowned rock shell ......................................................220

* cruentata, Goniopsis ...................................................183cruenatus, Heteropriacanthus ....................................91cruentatus, Priacanthus .................................................91

crumenophthalmus, Selar ...........................................52crumenophthalmus, Trachurops ....................................52crysos, Caranx ............................................................49Cubiceps ......................................................................35Cubiceps nigriargenteus ................................................41Cuculate rock oyster ...................................................212cucullata, Ostrea .......................................................212Cultellus tenuis .........................................................214Cuna lucero .................................................................106cuneata, Dicologoglossa ..........................................108cuneata, Solea ............................................................108Cunene horse mackerel ................................................55curema, Mugil ..............................................................84



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Curema mullet ............................................................... 84*cursor, Nematocarcinus................................................175cursor, Ocypode .......................................................186Cuskeels .......................................................................10

cutaneous, Sphoeroides ..............................................122Cutlassfishes .................................................................33cuvier, Galeocerdo ....................................................141cuvieri, Paramola .......................................................185cyanopterus, Cheilopogon .............................................64cyanopterus, Cypselurus ............................................64Cybium tritor ................................................................100Cyclope sole ................................................................110CYCLOPTERIDAE ........................................................17CYMATIIDAE ..............................................................218cymbium, Cymbium ...................................................223Cymbium cymbium ....................................................223Cymbium glans ..........................................................224Cymbium pepo ...........................................................224

CYNOGLOSSIDAE ..................................................37,59Cynoglossus browni ....................................................59Cynoglossus cadenati .................................................59Cynoglossus canariensis ............................................59Cynoglossus goreensis ..................................................60Cynoglossus lagoensis ..................................................59Cynoglossus monodi ..................................................60Cynoglossus senegalensis .........................................60Cynoponticus ferox .....................................................85Cypselurus cyanopterus .............................................64

*Cypselurus exsiliens ...................................................... 65Cypselurus lineatus ....................................................... 65Cypselurus lutkeni ......................................................... 64Cypselurus melanurus ................................................ 64

Cypselurus milleri ........................................................ 64Cypselurus nigricans .................................................. 65Cypselurus pinnatibarbatus ........................................ 65Cyttopsis roseus ........................................................ 129

DDACTYLOPTERIDAE .............................................. 17,61dactylopterus, Helicolenus .......................................101Dactylopterus volitans ................................................61Dagger tooths .................................................................8Daisy stingray .............................................................157Dalatias licha .............................................................149Damselfishes ................................................................27Dara ..............................................................................75

Daras ............................................................................18Dark moray ...................................................................86Darwin's slimehead .....................................................122darwini, Gephyroberyx .............................................122darwini, Trachichthys ..................................................122DASYATIDAE ...................................................... 155,157Dasyatis aspera ..........................................................157Dasyatis centroura ....................................................157Dasyatis hastata .........................................................157Dasyatis margarita ....................................................157Dasyatis pastinaca ....................................................157Deania calcea ............................................................149Deania cremouxi .........................................................149

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Deania profundorum .................................................. 149decadactylus, Galeoides ..............................................90Decapterus macarellus ................................................50Decapterus punctatus ..................................................51

"Decapterus" rhonchus ...............................................51Decapterus sanctaehelenae ...........................................51Deep-sea smelts ..............................................................6Deepwater rose shrimp ................................................178Deepwater scorpionfish ................................................103Deepwater sole ............................................................ 108defilippi, Octopus ....................................................... 205Delessert's false donax ................................................ 209delesserti, Iphigenia ................................................... 209Demi-bec africaine .........................................................72Demi-bec balaou ............................................................ 72Demi-bec Brésilien ......................................................... 72Demi-bec volant ............................................................. 72Demoiselle chiririte .........................................................91

dentatus, Lutjanus ....................................................... 79Denté à gros yeux ........................................................ 114Denté à tache rouge .....................................................113Denté angolais ............................................................. 112Denté austral ................................................................112Denté congolais ........................................................... 113Denté du Maroc ...........................................................114Dentex angolensis ...................................................... 112Dentex barnardi .......................................................... 112Dentex canariensis ..................................................... 113Dentex congoensis .................................................... 113Dentex filosus .............................................................. 113Dentex gibbosus ........................................................ 113Dentex macrophthalmus ............................................ 114

Dentex maroccanus ................................................... 114*Dentex nufar ................................................................ 113Dentex polli .................................................................. 112denticulata, Ostrea ..................................................... 212Denticulate rock oyster .................................................212Dentón angolés ............................................................112Dentón congolés .......................................................... 113DERMOCHELYIDAE ........................................... 225,.228Dermochelys coriacea coriacea ................................ 228Diable géant de Guinée ................................................158Diablito de Guinea ........................................................159Diablo gigante de Guinea ............................................. 158Diagramma aeneum .......................................................69

Diagramma (Diagramella) macrops ................................69Diagramma macrolepis ..................................................70Diagramma mediterraneum ............................................70Diagramma octolineatum ................................................70Diagramme à grosses lèvres ..........................................70Diagramme gris ..............................................................70Diamond lizardfish ........................................................121Diastodon speciosus ......................................................76Dibranchus atlanticus ....................................................9Dicologoglossa cuneata ............................................ 108Dicologoglossa hexophthalma .................................. 108didactylus, Batrachus .....................................................44didactylus, Halobatrachus .............................................. 44DINOPERCIDAE ............................................................. 104



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DIODONTIDAE .......................................................... 38diplana, Sphyrna ...................................................... 146Diplodus bellotti ..................................................... 114Diplodus cervinus cervinus ................................... 115

Diplodus puntazzo ................................................. 115Diplodus sargus cadenati ...................................... 115Diplodus sargus capensis ..................................... 115Diplodus sargus typicus ............................................ 115Diplodus senegalensis .............................................. 114Diplodus vulgaris ................................................... 116Diplophos ................................................................... 7DIRETMIDAE ............................................................13,61Diretmids ........................................................................ 13Diretmoides parini .................................................... 61Diretmoides pauciradiatus ....................................... 61Diretmus argenteus .................................................. 62Dirette aile longue ..................................................... 61Dirette argentée ......................................................... 62

Dirette de Parin .......................................................... 61Disc fishes .................................................................. 19dispar, Heteroteutis ................................................ 198ditobo, Promicrops ................................................... 106Doctorfishes ............................................................... 31Dogfish sharks ......................................................... 132Dolphinfishes ............................................................. 21"Dolphins" .................................................................. 21Donace à rostre ........................................................ 210Donace peigne ......................................................... 209DONACIDAE ........................................................... 209Donax pulchellus .................................................... 209Donax rugosus ....................................................... 209Doncella cuchilla ........................................................ 77Doncella julia .............................................................. 76Donzelle lame ............................................................ 77Dorade grise ............................................................ 119Dorade rose ............................................................. 117Dorade royale ........................................................... 118Dorado ....................................................................... 59Dories ........................................................................ 13Dormilona ................................................................... 78dorsalis, Ethmalosa .................................................... 57dorsalis, Selene ........................................................ 53doutrei, Raja ........................................................... 162Dragonets .................................................................. 31Drepane africana ...................................................... 62

DREPANIDAE ....................................................... 27,62Driftfishes ................................................................... 35Drums ........................................................................ 24dubia, Sphyraena ..................................................... 119ductor, Naucrates ..................................................... 52dumerili, Seriola ....................................................... 53dumerilii, Liza ........................................................... 83Dungat grouper ........................................................ 105

*duoarum, Penaeus (Melicertus) ................................ 179duplex, Murex ......................................................... 220Duplex murex ........................................................... 220dura, Venerupis ...................................................... 216Durable venus .......................................................... 216Durgons ..................................................................... 38

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Dusky grouper ......................................................... 105Dusky shark ............................................................. 140

EEagle rays ................................................................. 155eba, Sardinella ............................................................ 58eblanae, Todaropsis ................................................ 203Echelus myrus ........................................................... 87ECHENEIDIDAE ......................................................... 19Echeneis naucrates ................................................... 19Echidna peli ................................................................ 85Echiichthys vipera ..................................................... 125ECHINORHINIDAE ................................................... 132Echinorhinus brucus ............................................... 132Echiophis creutzbergi ............................................... 88edwardsianus, Plesiopenaeus ................................ 178ehrenbergii, Sparus ................................................... 118Elagatis bipinnulata .................................................. 51

Electric rays .............................................................. 154elegans, Sepia ......................................................... 195Elegant cuttlefish .......................................................195ELEOTRIDAE ............................................................. 31Elephant's snout volute ............................................. 224elminensis, Batrachus ................................................. 44elminensis, Parabatrachus .......................................... 44elminensis, Perulibatrachus ..................................... 44elobyana, Sepia ....................................................... 196elongata, Scorpaena ............................................... 102Elongate tonguesole ....................................................60elongatus, Pseudotolithus (Fonticulus) ................... 95elongatus, Xenobuglossus ......................................... 111ELOPIDAE ............................................................... 3,62

Elops lacerta .............................................................. 62Elops senegalensis ................................................... 63Emerald parrotfish .......................................................92Emissole à grandes lèvres ........................................ 144Emissole lisse ........................................................... 152EMMELICHTHYIDAE ............................................. 21,63Emperador atlántico .................................................... 77Empereur atlantique .................................................... 77Emperors .................................................................... 23Enchelycore nigricans .............................................. 85Encornet ................................................................... 199Encornet clos orange ................................................ 201Encornet oiseau ........................................................ 202Encornet rouge ..........................................................200Encornet souffleur ..................................................... 203Encornet volant ......................................................... 201encrasicolus, Engraulis ............................................ 63endecacanthus, Lutjanus .......................................... 79ENGRAULIDIDAE .................................................... 4,63Engraulis encrasicolus ............................................. 63Engraulis guineensis ................................................... 63ensifer, Heterocarpus .............................................. 176Ensis goreensis ....................................................... 214entomorhynchus, Arnoglossus ..................................... 46Eperlan du large de l'Atlantique ...................................57EPHIPPIDIDAE ...................................................... 26,63Ephippion guttifer ................................................... 121



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Ephippus goreensis ..................................................... 63Epinephelus aeneus ................................................ 105

*Epinephelus alexandrinus .......................................... 105Epinephelus costae ................................................. 105

Epinephelus gigas ..................................................... 105Epinephelus goreensis ............................................ 105Epinephelus guaza .................................................. 105Epinephelus haifensis ............................................. 105Epinephelus itajara .................................................. 106Epinephelus marginatus ......................................... 105epipercus, Pseudotolithus (Pinnacorvina) ............... 95equiselis, Coryphaena ............................................... 59equisetis, Coryphaena ................................................. 59Eretmochelys imbricata .......................................... 227Erythrocles monodi ................................................... 63Escolar ........................................................................ 67Escotar clavo ............................................................... 68Escolar negro .............................................................. 67

Escolar prometeo ........................................................ 68Escolars ...................................................................... 33Escolier clair ................................................................ 68Escolier noir ................................................................. 67Escorpión rayado ....................................................... 124Escupiña grabada ...................................................... 216Esonue grouper ......................................................... 106esonue, Promicrops ................................................... 106Espadon .................................................................... 128Espetón ..................................................................... 120Espetón de Guinea .................................................... 119Estornino ................................................................... 100Estuarine prawn ......................................................... 175

Ethmalosa dorsalis ...................................................... 57Ethmalosa fimbriata .................................................. 57Ethmalose d'Afrique ..................................................... 57Etmopterus frontimaculatus ....................................... 150Etmopterus polli ...................................................... 149Etmopterus pusillus ................................................ 150Etmopterus spinax .................................................. 150Etrille ballant .............................................................. 188Etrille lisse ................................................................. 188Etrille nageuse ........................................................... 188Eucinostomus melanopterus .................................... 68Eugomphodus taurus .............................................. 134Eulamia ahenea ......................................................... 138Euleptorhampus velox .............................................. 72

European anchovy ....................................................... 63European barracuda .................................................. 120European flying squid ................................................ 202European squid ......................................................... 199Euscarius cretensis ..................................................... 93Euthynnus alletteratus .............................................. 99Euthynnus pelamis ...................................................... 99Exhippolysmata hastatoides ................................... 174Exocet africain ............................................................. 65Exocet atlantique ......................................................... 64Exocet bécune ............................................................. 66Exocet bouledogue ...................................................... 65Exocet codène ............................................................. 64

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Exocet de Bennett .........................................................65Exocet de Guinée .........................................................64Exocet hirondelle ..........................................................66Exocet jibeux ................................................................67

Exocet miroir .................................................................66Exocet voilier ................................................................66Exocet volant ................................................................65EXOCOETIDAE .......................................................12,64Exocoetus obtusirostris .............................................65Exocoetus volitans .....................................................65explanata, Talona .........................................................213*exsiliens, Cypselurus ......................................................65

Ffaber, Zeus ................................................................. 129fabricii, Centroscyllium ............................................. 148Faeroe gary ................................................................. 210falciformis, Carcharhinus .......................................... 138

falcipinnis, Liza ............................................................ 83Falsa agujeta ................................................................. 73False angel wing .......................................................... 213False halfbeak ............................................................... 73False morays ................................................................... 5False scad ..................................................................... 51Falso abadejo............................................................... 105Falso ala de ánge ........................................................ 213fasciatus, Stromateus .................................................. 120Fausse aile d'ange ....................................................... 213Fausse limande paté ...................................................... 48Faux demi-bec ............................................................... 73ferox, Cynoponticus ........................................................ 85ferox, Muraenesox .......................................................... 85Feuille ........................................................................ .. 57fiatola, Stromateus .................................................... 120Fiatole ......................................................................... 120Filefishes ....................................................................... 38filosus, Dentex ............................................................. 113fimbriata, Ethmalosa ................................................... 57Fingerfishes ................................................................... 26Fissurella nubecula ................................................... 218Fissurelle nuageuse ..................................................... 218FISSURELLIDAE ........................................................ 218Fistularia petimba ........................................................ 67Fistularia serrata ............................................................ 67Fistularia tabacaria ...................................................... 67

Fistularia villosa ............................................................. 67FISTULARIIDAE .......................................................16,67Fisurela nebulosa ........................................................ 218Flagfin mojarra .............................................................. 68Flagfishes ........................................................................ 8Flamed moon snail ...................................................... 221Flat needlefish ............................................................... 44Flathead grey mullet ...................................................... 84Flatheads ...................................................................... 30flavescens, Sparisoma ................................................... 93flavobrunneum, Lepidocybium ................................... 67Flion de Delessert ........................................................ 209Flion lisse .................................................................... 210



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Flion mignonnet ........................................................209Flion rugueux ............................................................209Flounders ....................................................................35Flutemouths ................................................................16

Flying gurnard .............................................................61Flying gurnards ...........................................................17Flying halfbeak ............................................................72Flying squid ..............................................................201Flyingfishes .................................................................12Fodiator acutus .........................................................66foliaceolamellosa, Venus ........................................216Footballfishes ..............................................................10forcipatus, Balistes ......................................................42Forgeron ailé ...............................................................62Four-eyed sole ..........................................................109Fourwing flyingfish ......................................................66Frechkop's sole .........................................................109frechkopi, Microchirus ............................................109Fredi ...........................................................................77French angelfish .........................................................91Frigate tuna ................................................................98Friture rayée ...............................................................68Frogfishes .....................................................................9frontimaculatus, Etmopterus ......................................150Frostfish ....................................................................125Frostfishes ..................................................................33fulgens, Lutjanus ......................................................80fulminea, Natica ......................................................221furcifer, Paranthias .................................................106Fusca drum .................................................................97fusca, Umbrina ............................................................97

fuscus, Apsilus .........................................................79fusus, Caranx ..............................................................49

GGabon gurnard ..........................................................126gabonensis, Chelidonichthys .................................126gabonensis, Trigla .....................................................126Gadela imberbe ..........................................................82Gadella imberbis ...................................................... 82Gadelle imberbe ..........................................................82galapagensis, Caracharhinus .................................139Galapagos shark .......................................................139Galatea paradoxa ....................................................209galeata,Sicyonia ......................................................180

Galeocerdo cuvier ...................................................141Galeoides decadactylus ...........................................90Galeorhinus galeus .................................................152Galera de Angola ......................................................191Galera de Guinea ......................................................191Galera gigante ..........................................................191Galera ocelada .........................................................191Galeras .....................................................................191galeus, Galeorhinus ................................................152Galeus polli .............................................................144Gallineta ...................................................................101Gallineta rosada ........................................................102Galloon pompano ........................................................54Galludito ...................................................................148

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Galludo ......................................................................150Galludo espinilla ........................................................151Galludo ojón ..............................................................150gallus, Calappa ........................................................182

Gamba carabinero .....................................................178Gamba de altura ........................................................178Gamba de fango ........................................................180Gamba listada ............................................................177gambensis, Arius ........................................................ 40gambensis, Tachysurus .............................................. 40Gambia ark ................................................................208gambiensis, Noetia ..................................................208Gambon écarlat .........................................................178Gambon rayé .............................................................177Gaping cockle ............................................................208Gari bornii ................................................................210GARIDAE ..................................................................210Gario boreal ...............................................................210Garneo ......................................................................127Gata nodriza ..............................................................142Gavilán lusitanico .......................................................165GECARCINIDAE .......................................................183Gélasime africain .......................................................186GEMPYLIDAE ........................................................33,67Genyatremus angustifrons .......................................... 69Genyatremus latifrons ................................................. 69Gephyroberyx darwini .............................................122Gerio cangrejo de Guinea ..........................................183Germo alalunga .........................................................100germo, Thunnus .........................................................100Germon .....................................................................100

GERREIDAE ..........................................................22,68Gerres melanopterus .................................................. 68Gerres nigri ............................................................... 68Genres octatis ............................................................ 68Geryon maritae ........................................................183Géryon ouest-africain..................................................183*Geryon quinquedens ................................................183GERYONIDAE ...........................................................183Ghanean comber .......................................................107Ghanean rockfish .......................................................101Ghanian tonguesole .................................................... 59Ghost shrimps ............................................................170Giant African threadfin ................................................ 90Giant Atlantic manta ...................................................158

Giant hairy melongena ...............................................219Giant sea catfish ......................................................... 40gibbiceps, Vomer ........................................................ 53gibbifrons, Prognichthys .......................................... 67gibbosus, Dentex .....................................................113gigas, Arius ............................................................... 40gigas, Epinephelus ....................................................105Gilthead seabream .....................................................118Ginglymostoma cirratum .........................................142GINGLYMOSTOMATIDAE .................................133,142Girelle ......................................................................... 76Girelle paon ................................................................ 77Gitano ........................................................................106

glabrata, Mactra .......................................................211



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gladiator, Callinectes .................................................. 187Gladiator swimcrab .................................................... 187gladius, Xiphias ........................................................ 128glans, Cymbium ....................................................... 224

Glasseye ......................................................................91Glasseyes .................................................................... 18Glassy mactra ............................................................211glauca, Prionace ...................................................... 142glaucus, Caesiomorus ..................................................54glaycos, Campogramma ............................................49Globito aberante ........................................................ 198Globito carolino .......................................................... 198Glossanodon polli ........................................................6GLYCYMERIDAE ...................................................... 210Glycymeris vovan .................................................... 210Glyphus marsupialis ................................................ 177Goatfishes ................................................................... 25Gobies ......................................................................... 31

GOBIESOCIDAE ...........................................................9GOBIIDAE ................................................................... 31Gobioides ................................................................... 31Gobius ........................................................................ 31Golden African snapper ...............................................80Golden grouper .......................................................... 105Golden shrimp ........................................................... 176

*Goniopsis cruentata ................................................... 183Goniopsis pelli ......................................................... 183GONOSTOMATIDAE .....................................................7Goraz ......................................................................... 117Gorean snapper ........................................................... 80Goree razor clam ....................................................... 214Goree slipper shell ..................................................... 218goreensis, Chaetodipterus ........................................63goreensis, Crepidula ................................................ 218goreensis, Cynoglossus ...............................................60goreensis, Ensis ...................................................... 214goreensis, Ephippus .....................................................63goreensis, Epinephelus ........................................... 105goreensis, Hynnis ........................................................48goreensis, Lutjanus ...................................................80goreensis, Trachinotus ..............................................54grabata, Taeniura ..................................................... 158gracilis, Macroramphosus ............................................80GRAMMICOLEPIDAE .................................................14Gra m micolepids ......................................................... 14

Grammicolepis ........................................................... 14GRAMMISTIDAE .................................................... 18,69Grammoplites gruveli ................................................90Granadero acorazado ( = Ratón) .................................. 80Grand requin blanc .................................................... 143Grand requin-marteau ................................................146Grand savon ................................................................ 69Grande allache ............................................................ 58Grande roussette ....................................................... 145grandisquamis, Liza ...................................................83granigera,Sardinella .....................................................58granulatus, Arius .......................................................... 41granulosus, Centrophorus ...................................... 147GRAPSIDAE .............................................................. 183

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grapsus, Grapsus ..................................................... 184Grapsus grapsus ...................................................... 184Great barracuda ......................................................... 119Great hammerhead .................................................... 146

Great white shark ....................................................... 143Greater amberjack ........................................................ 53Greater Guinean mobula ............................................ 158Greater soapfish ........................................................... 69Green sea turtle .......................................................... 226Greeneyes ...................................................................... 8Gregories ..................................................................... 27Grenadero liso .............................................................. 81Grenadier barbu ........................................................... 81Grenadier lisse ............................................................. 81Grenadier raton ............................................................ 80Grenadier scie .............................................................. 81Grenadiers ................................................................... 11Grey triggerfish ............................................................. 42

greyi, Bembrops ......................................................... 89griseus, Hexanchus .................................................. 132griseus, Saurus .......................................................... 120Grondeur bouche d'or ................................................... 69Grondeur métis ............................................................. 70Grondeur nez de cochon .............................................. 71Grondeur perroquet ...................................................... 71Grondeur rayé .............................................................. 70Grondeur sompat .......................................................... 71Grondin camard .......................................................... 126Grondin de Carole ...................................................... 127Grondin du Cap .......................................................... 126Grondin du Gabon ...................................................... 126

Grondin écailleux ........................................................ 127Grondin lyre ................................................................ 127Grondin perlon ............................................................ 127gronovii, Nomeus ....................................................... 35Grooved mullet ............................................................. 83Gros capitaine .............................................................. 90Gros denté rose .......................................................... 113Groupers ...................................................................... 17Grunts .......................................................................... 22gruveli, Grammoplites ................................................ 90gruveli, Paragaleus ..................................................... 143gruveli, Platycephalus ................................................... 90Guachanche barracuda .............................................. 119guachancho, Sphyraena .......................................... 119

guaguanche, Sphyraena ............................................. 119guaza, Epinephelus .................................................. 105guentheri, Setarches ................................................ 103guibei, Bothus ............................................................ 46Guinea croaker ............................................................. 95Guinea flathead ............................................................ 90Guinea grunt ................................................................ 69Guinea pike conger ...................................................... 85Guinea razor shell ...................................................... 214Guinea shrimp ............................................................ 178Guinea snapper ............................................................ 79Guinean amberjack ...................................................... 53Guinean barracuda ..................................................... 119Guinean codling ........................................................... 83



244

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Guinean cuttlefish ........................................................... 196Guinean flagfin ................................................................. 42Guinean flounder .............................................................. 46Guinean flyingfish ............................................................. 64Guinean mantis shrimp ................................................... 191Guinean parrotfish ............................................................ 93Guinean puffer ................................................................ 122Guinean sea catfish .......................................................... 41Guinean sole .................................................................. 111Guinean sprat ................................................................... 58Guinean striped mojarra ................................................... 68Guinean thumbstall ......................................................... 200Guinean toadfish .............................................................. 44Guinean tonguesole ......................................................... 60Guinean weever ............................................................. 123Guinée copace ................................................................. 62Guinée du Sénégal ........................................................... 63guineensis, Anchoa .......................................................... 63

guineensis, Engraulis ....................................................... 63guineensis, Syacium ......................................................... 48guinensis, Solen ........................................................... 214Guitarfishes .................................................................... 154Guitarra barbanegra ....................................................... 164Guitarra común ............................................................... 165Guitarra pecosa .............................................................. 164Gulper shark ................................................................... 147Gurnards .......................................................................... 17guttatus, Lampris ........................................................... 77guttifer, Ephippion ........................................................ 121guttifer, Hemiconiatus ..................................................... 121Gymnothorax maderensis ............................................. 86Gymnothorax vicinus ........................................................ 86

Gymnura ........................................................................ 155GYMNURIDAE ............................................................... 155

Hhaemastoma, Thais ......................................................220HAEMULIDAE .............................................................22,69haifensis, Epinephelus .................................................105Hairtails .............................................................................33Hairy toadfish ....................................................................43Hakes ...............................................................................10Halfbeaks ..........................................................................12HALIOTIDAE ..................................................................219Haliotis tuberculata ......................................................219

Halobatrachus didactylus ..............................................44HALOSAURIDAE ...............................................................6Halosaurs ...........................................................................6Hamlets ............................................................................17Hammerhead sharks ......................................................136Hardshell shrimp .............................................................174Harengula rouxi ................................................................58Harvestfishes ....................................................................34bastata, Dasyatis ............................................................157hastatoides, Exhippolysmata ......................................174hastatoides, Hippolysmata ..............................................174hastatus, Adioryx ..............................................................73hastatus, Holocentrus .......................................................73hastatus, Nematopalaemon .........................................175

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hastatus, Neptunus ...................................................... 188hastatus, Palaemon (Nematopalaemon) ..................... 175hastatus, Portunus .................................................... 188hastatus, Sargocentron ............................................... 73

haumela, Trichiurus ..................................................... 126Hawkfishes .................................................................... 27Hawksbill turtle ............................................................. 227Headfishes ..................................................................... 38Heavy African ark ........................................................ 208helena, Muraena ........................................................... 87Helicolenus dactylopterus ........................................ 101Helicolenus maderensis ............................................... 101helvola, Uraspis ........................................................... 55Hemicaranx bicolor ..................................................... 51Hemiconiatus guttifer ................................................... 121HEMIGALEIDAE .................................................. 135,143Hemipteronotus novacula .............................................. 77HEMIRAMPHIDAE ................................................... 12,72

Hemiramphus balao .................................................... 72Hemiramphus brasiliensis .......................................... 72henlei, Carcharhinus .................................................... 137Heptranchias perlo .................................................... 132herklotsii, Scyilarides ......................................... 170,172Herrera ........................................................................ 116HETERENCHELIDAE ..................................................... 6Heterenchelids ................................................................. 6Heterocarpus carinatus ................................................ 176Heterocarpus ensifer ................................................. 176Heteromycteris proboscideus .................................. 108Heteropriacanthus cruenatus ..................................... 91Heteroteutis dispar .................................................... 198heterurus, Bembrops .................................................. 89

heterurus, Paracentropristis ......................................... 107heudeloti, Arius ............................................................ 40*heudeloti, Arius ............................................................. 41*heudelotii, Tachysurus .................................................. 41HEXANCHIDAE .......................................................... 132Hexanchus griseus .................................................... 132hexophthalma, Dicologoglossa ................................ 108hians, Ablennes ........................................................... 44HIATELLIIDAE ............................................................ 211hierredda, Sepia officinalis ....................................... 196HIMANTOLOPHIDAE ................................................... 10Hinds ............................................................................. 17(h)ippeus, Ocypode ..................................................... 186Hippocampus

............................................................... 15Hippolysmata hastatoides ............................................ 174HIPPOLYTIDAE .......................................................... 174hippos, Caranx ............................................................. 49hippurus, Coryphaena ................................................. 59Hirundichthys affinis ................................................... 66Hirundichthys speculiger ............................................ 66hispidus, Monochirus ................................................ 110Histiophorus Albicans .................................................... 74Histiophorus americanus ............................................... 74hoefleri, Mugil ................................................................ 83hoefleri, Scarus ............................................................ 93hoevenii, Lysiosquilla ............................................... 191Hogfishes ....................................................................... 29



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Hollowsnout grenadier ................................................ 80HOLOCENTRIDAE ................................................ 13,73Holocentrus ascensionis ..........................................73Holocentrus hastatus .................................................. 73hololepidotus, Argyrosomus .................................... 94hololepis, Zenion ......................................................14HOMOLIDAE ............................................................ 185Honeycomb moray ...................................................... 87Hooked squid ............................................................ 204Hoplostéte argentè ................................................... 123Hoplostète de Darwin ............................................... 122Hoplostète noir ......................................................... 123Hoplostethus cadenati ............................................ 123Hoplostethus mediterraneus .................................. 123Horned murex ........................................................... 219Horse-eye jack ............................................................ 49Hound needlefish ........................................................45Hound sharks ...........................................................135

Huître plate de Guinée .............................................. 212Huître plate de l'Angola ............................................. 212humile, Parapristipoma ............................................69humilis, Pristipoma .....................................................69hyalina, Tellina ..................................................... :. 215Hyaline tellin ............................................................. 215Hydrolagus .............................................................. 167Hynnis goreensis ........................................................48Hypacanthus amia ......................................................52Hyperoglyphe moselii ............................................... 56Hyporamphus unifasciatus ..........................................72Hyporhamphus picarti .............................................. 72Hyporion bigelowi ..................................................... 141Hyporion signatus ..................................................... 141

hypozona, Trachinocephalus .................................... 121

IIchthyococcus .............................................................7Ilisha africana ............................................................ 57Illex coindetii ........................................................... 200imberbis, Brosmiculus ................................................. 82imberbis, Gadella ......................................................82imbricata, Eretmochelys ......................................... 227Imperial scaldfish ........................................................ 46imperialis, Arnoglossus ............................................46imperialis, Luvarus ................................................... 34improvisus, Carcharhinus .......................................... 138incisor, Kyphosus .....................................................75Indica, Makaira .......................................................... 74incisus, Pomadasys .................................................. 70indicus, Istiompax .......................................................74insignis, Vanstraelenia .............................................. 111Iphigenia delesserti ................................................ 209Iphigenia laevigata .................................................. 210Iphigenia rostrata .................................................... 210Istiompax indicus ........................................................74Istiompax marlina ........................................................74ISTIOPHORIDAE ................................................... 34,74Istiophorus albicans ................................................. 74Isurus alatus ............................................................. 144Isurus oxyrinchus ................................................... 143

Page

Isurus paucus .......................................................144itajara, Epinephelus ............................................. 106

JJabonero .....................................................................69Jabonero machado .....................................................69Jacks ..........................................................................19 jacobus, Myripristis ..................................................73Jaiba cornuda ...........................................................188Jaiba satinada ...........................................................188Jambonneau de Chautard .........................................213Jambonneau rude .....................................................213 japonicus, Scomber ................................................100Jaquetón blanco ........................................................143*jello, Sphyraena ......................................................119Jibia ..........................................................................196Jibia africana ............................................................195Jibia rosada ..............................................................197

John dory ..................................................................129Jorobado africano .......................................................53 jubelini, Pomadasys ..................................................71 julis, Coris .................................................................76Jurel ............................................................................55Jurel común ................................................................49Jurel cunene ...............................................................55Jurel de Alejandria ......................................................48Jurel negro ..................................................................50Jurel ojón ....................................................................49Jurel senegalés ...........................................................50Jure] volantín ..............................................................55

Kkamoharai, Pseudocarcharias ............................... 134Kangaroo shrimp ...................................................... 177Katsuwonus pelamis ................................................ 99Keeltail needlefish ...................................................... 45kempi, Chirolophius ................................................... 78kempi, Lophiodes ..................................................... 78kerathurus, Penaeus (Melicertus) ......................... 179Kitefin shark ............................................................. 149Klein's sole ............................................................... 111kleinii, Synapturichthys ......................................... 111Knobby triton ............................................................ 218kuhlii, Pontinus ...................................................... 101KUHLIIDAE .......................................................... 18,75

KYPHOSIDAE .............. ............. ............. ............. . 26,75Kyphosus incisor ..................................................... 75Kyphosus sectatrix .................................................. 75

LLabiosa vitrea ..........................................................211LABRIDAE ............................................................29,76Iacazei, Pontocaris ..................................................174lacerta, Elops ............................................................62lactea, Bathysolea ...................................................107Ladyfishes ....................................................................3Laemonema laureysi .................................................83Laeops mertensi .........................................................47



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laevigata, lphigenia .............................................. 210laevigatus, Lagocephalus .................................... 121laevis, Malacocephalus .......................................... 81laevis, Scorpaena ................................................. 102

laevispinnis, Lepidotrigla ........................................ 127Lagarto brasileiro ................................................... 120Lagarto diamante ............ ............. .............. ............ 121Lagarto ñato ........................................................... 121Lagarto real de Guinea ............................................. 42Lagocephalus laevigatus ..................................... 121lagocepahlus, Lagocephalus ............................... 122Lagocephalus, lagocepahlus ............................... 122Lagocephalus pachycephalus ................................. 121lagoensis, Cynoglossus ............................................ 59lagoensis, Tachysurus .............................................. 40Lagoon land crab .................................................... 183lamiella, Charcharias .............................................. 138Lamiostoma belyaevi .............................................. 144

LAMNIDAE ......................................................134,143Lamontella albida ..................................................... 74LAMPRIDAE ....................................................... 15,77Lampris guttatus ............. ............. ............. ............ . 77Lampris luna ............................................................. 77Lampris regius .......................................................... 77Lancer swimcrab . ............. ............ ............. ............. 188Lancetfishes ............................................................... 7Langosta comun ..................................................... 171Langosta real ............. ............. ............. ............. ..... 171Langostino .............................................................. 179Langouste blanche ................................................. 171Langouste royale .................................................... 171Langue nigérienne .................................................... 59Lanternfishes .............................................................. 7Large-eye dentex ........... ............ ............ ............. ... 114Largehead hairtail ................................................... 126Largescaled mullet ............. .............. ............. ........... 83Largetooth sawfish ... ............. ............. .............. ...... 160Largilliert's mactra .................................................. 211largillierti, Mactra ........... ............. ............. ............ 211lascaris, Pegusa ................................................... 110lascaris, Solea ........................................................ 110lastoviz, Chelidonichthys (Trigloporus) .............. 126lastoviza, Trigla ...................................................... 126lastoviza, Trigloporus ......... ............. ............. .......... 126latifrons, Genyatremus ....... ............ ............. ............. 69

latifrons, Paraprístipoma ........................................... 69Latilus semifasciatus ................................................ 48latimanus, Callinectes ............................................. 186latiscutatus, Arius .................................................. 40latus, Caranx ........................................................... 49latus, Strombus .................................................... 223laureysi, Laemonema ............................................. 83laville, Coelorhinchus ............................................... 80Law croaker .............................................................. 95Leafscale gulper shark ............. .............. ............. ... 147Leatherback turtle ................................................... 228Leatherjackets .......................................................... 38Leatherjacks ............................................................. 19ledanoisi, Ariomma ................................................... 41

Page

ledanoisi, Paracubiceps ..............................................41Leerfish ...................................................................... 52Lefteye flounders ........................................................36Lemon shark ............................................................. 141

Lemonema de Guinea ................................................ 83Lémonème de Guinée ................................................ 83Lengua de Canarias ................................................... 59Lengua de Ghana .......................................................59Lengua de Guinea ......................................................60Lengua del Senegal .................................................... 60Lengua nigeriana ........................................................59Lenguadillo africano ................................................. 111Lenguado de Cadenat ..............................................111Lenguado de fondo ................................................... 108Lenguado de Frechkop .............................................109Lenguado de Guinea .................................................. 46Lenguado espinudo de altura ...................................... 92Lenguado lechoso .................................................... 107

Lenguado liso ............................................................. 47Lenguado lusicánico .................................................109Lenguado manchado ................................................ 111Lenguado paté ............................................................ 48Lenguado pelícano ..................................................... 47Lenguado portugués ................................................. 111leonensis, Pellonula ................................................. 58Leopard eel ................................................................88Leopard ray .............................................................. 162Ieopardus, Raja .......................................................162Lepada safiana ......................................................... 223Lepidochelys olivacea ............................................227Lepidocybium flavobrunneum .................................67Lepidopus caudatus ............................................... 125Lepidopus lex ........................................................... 125Lepidotrigla cadmani .............................................. 127Lepidotrigla carolae ................................................ 127Lepidotrigla laevispinnis ............................................127Leptocharias smithii ............................................... 144LEPTOCHARIIDAE ........................................... 135,144lepturus, Trichiurus ................................................ 126Lesser African threadfin .............................................. 90Lesser flying squid .................................................... 203Lesser Guinean mobula ............................................ 159Lesser weever .......................................................... 125Lestidiops ...................................................................7LETHRINIDAE ....................................................... 23,77

Lethrinus atlanticus .................................................. 77leucas, Carcharhinus .............................................. 139lewini, Sphyrna .......................................................146lex, Lepidopus .......................................................... 125liberiensis, Batrachoides .........................................43liberiensis, Batrachus ................................................. 43licha, Dalatias ......................................................... 149licha, Scymnorhinus .................................................. 149Liche lirio .................................................................... 49Liche né-bé .................................................................52Lichia amia ................................................................52lichtensteini, Ancistroteuthis .................................203Lightfoot crab ............................................................ 184ligulatus, Symphurus ............................................... 60



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Lilliputlongarm octopus ............................................. 205limbatus, Carcharhinus .......................................... 139Limbert guinéen .......................................................... 42lineatus, Cypselurus ................................................... 65lineolatus, Trachinus .............................................. 124

linguatula, Citharus .................................................. 57Liocarcinus corrugatus .......................................... 188LIPARIDAE ................................................................ 17lippei, Chaetodipterus .............................................. 64Lippu peton ............ ............. ............. ............. ............. 69Lirio ............................................................................ 49lirio, Campogramma ................................................... 49Listado ..............................................................................99Lithognathus mormyrus .............................................. 116Little gulper shark ..................................................... 148Little tunny .................................................................. 99Liza acanalada ... ............. ............ ............. ............. ..... 83Liza aletona ................................................................ 83Liza banana ................................................................ 84

Liza curema ................................................................ 84Liza dumerilii ............................................................ 83Liza escamuda .... ............ ............. ............ ............. ..... 83Liza falcipinnis .......................................................... 83Liza grandisquamis ............... ............ ............. .......... 83Lizard mantis ............................................................ 191Lizardfishes .................................................................. 8Lobotes surinamensis .............................................. 78LOBOTIDAE ........................................................ 22, 78Loggerhead turtle . ............. .............. ............. ............ 226LOLIGINIDAE .......................................................... 199Loligo vulgaris ........................................................ 199Lolliguncula mercatoris ........ ............. ............. ....... 200

Longbill spearfish ............ ............. ............. ............. .... 75Longfin bonefish ......................................................... 39Longfin mako ............................................................ 144Longfin pompano ........................................................ 54longimanus, Carcharhinus ..................................... 140longirostris, Parapenaeus ...................................... 178Longneck croaker ....................................................... 96Longnose chimaeras ............ ............ ........... ............ . 167Longnose spurdog .................................................... 150Longnose velvet dogfish ........................................... 148Longspine African angler ............................................ 78Longspine snipefish .................................................... 80Longspine stargazer ................................................. 128Longueirón de Guinea ............ ............ ............ .......... 214

Longwing spinyfin ....................................................... 61Lookdowns ................................................................. 19LOPHIIDAE ............................................................. 9,78Lophiodes kempi ...................................................... 78Lophius vaillanti ....................................................... 78Loro basto ..... ............. .............. ............. ............. ........ 93Loro de Guinea ........................................................... 93Loro jabonero ...... ............. ............. ............. ............. ... 92Loro viejo ............ ............ ............. ............. ............. .... 93Louvars .................. ............. ............. ............. ............. 34Lowfin gulper shark ............. ............. ............. ........... 147lucerna, Chelidonichthys ....................................... 127lucerna, Trigla .......................................................... 127

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luebberti, Rhynchobatus .....................................154lugubris, Caranx ................................................... 50lugubris, Chascanopsetta .................................... 47Lumpfishes ............................................................. 17Lumpy stone crab ..................................................189

luna, Lampris ......................................................... 77Luria ganchuda .....................................................204Luria paloma .........................................................203Lusitanian cownose ray .........................................165Lusitanian sole ......................................................109Lusitanian toadfish ................................................. 44lusitanica, Synaptura ..........................................111lusitanicus, Centrophorus ..................................147LUTJANIDAE ....................................................22,79Lutjanus agennes ................................................. 79Lutjanus dentatus ................................................ 79Lutjanus endecacanthus ...................................... 79Lutjanus fulgen .................................................... 80Lutjanus goreensis ............ ............ ............. ......... 80

Lutkeni, Cypselurus ................................................ 64LUVARIDAE .......................................................... 34Luvarus imperialis ................................................ 34Lycodontis afer .................................................... 86Lycodontis mareei ................................................ 86Lycodontis vicinus ............................................... 86lyra, Trigla ............................................................127Lysiosquilla hoevenii ..........................................191

MMacabí ................................................................... 39Macabí badejo ........... ............ ............ ............. ....... 39Macarela caballa .................................................... 50Macarela chuparaco ............................................... 51Macarela real ......................................................... 51Macarela salmón .................................................... 51macarellus, Decapterus ....................................... 50Mâchoiron banderille .............................................. 40Mâchoiron de Gambie ............................................ 40Mâchoiron de Guinée ............................................. 41Mâchoiron géant ............ ............. ............ ............ ... 40Machuelo ............................................................... 58Mackerel scad ........................................................ 50Mackerel sharks ....................................................134Mackerels ................ ............. .............. ............. ...... 32macrolepidotus Citharus ......................................... 57macrolepis, Diagramma .......................................... 70

macrolepis, Plectorhynchus ................................ 70macrophthalmus, Dentex ....................................114macrophthalmus, Parakuhlia ............................... 75macrophthalmus, Smaris ........................................ 56Macropipus corrugatus ..........................................188macrops, Diagramm (Diagramella) ......................... 69macrops, Parapristipoma ........................................ 69macropterus, Neothunnus .....................................100macropus, Octopus .............................................205MACRORAMPHOSIDAE ....................................15,80Macroramphosus gracilis ........................................ 80Macroramphosus scolopax ...... ............ ............. .. 80MACROURIDAE ................................................11,80

247



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*Macruoplus violaceus ................................................81Mactra de Largilliert .............. .............. ............. .......211Mactra glabrata ......................................................211Mactra largillierti ...................................................211

Mactra lisa ..............................................................211Mactra nitida ..........................................................211Mactra pulida ..........................................................211Mactra puntiaguda ..................................................212Mactra rostrata ......................................................212Mactra vítrea ...........................................................211Mactre árostre .........................................................212Mactrede Largilliert .................................................211Mactre lisse .............................................................211Mactre polie ............................................................211Mactre vitreuse .......................................................211MACTRIDAE ...........................................................211maculatus, Canthidermis ........................................43maculipínnis, Carcharhinus .....................................138

madagascariensis, Tellina ....................................215Madeira rockfish ......................................................102Madeiran ray ...........................................................162Madeiran sardinella ...................................................58maderensis, Gymnothorax ......................................86maderensis, Helicolenus .........................................101maderensis, Raja ...................................................162maderensis, Sardinella ...........................................58maderensis, Scorpaena ........................................102Mafou ........................................................................92Maigre africain ..........................................................94Maigre commun ........................................................94Maja squinado .......................................................185

MAJIDE ..................................................................185Majors .......................................................................27Makaira albicans .......................................................74Makaira albida ...........................................................74Makaira ampla ..........................................................74Makaira indica .........................................................74Makaira marlina ........................................................74Makaira nigricans ....................................................74Makaire bécune .........................................................75Makaire blanc ............................................................74Makaire bleu .............................................................74Makaire noire ............................................................74Malacho copace ........................................................62Malacho senegalés ...................................................63

Malacocephalus laevis ............................................81Malacocephalus occidentalis .................................81Malcarado alón .........................................................61Malcarado de Parin ...................................................61Malcarado plateado ...................................................62Man-of-war fishes ......................................................35Mango de cuchillo ...................................................214Manta atlántica gigante ...........................................158Manta birostris ......................................................158Mantas ....................................................................156Mante atlantique .....................................................158Mantis shrimps ........................................................191mantis, Squilla .......................................................191maou, Carcharhinus ................................................140

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Maquereau espagnol .............................................. 100Marao lisero ............................................................. 45Marao ojón ............ .................................................. 45Marbled swimcrab ............. .............. ............. .......... 187

Marbré .................................................................... 116mareei, Lycodontis ................................................. 86Margarita arrugada ................................................. 216margarita, Dasyatis ............................................... 157Margarita dura ........................................................ 216Margates .................................................................. 22marginata, Raja ...................................................... 161marginata, Rhinoptera .......................................... 165Marginated flyfish ..................................................... 64marginatus, Callinectes ........................................ 187marginatus, Epinephelus ..... ............. ............. ...... 105Marignan coq ............................................................ 73Marignan mombin ..................................................... 73Marignan rouge ........................................................ 73

*marina, Strongylura .................................................. 45maritae, Geryon .................................................... 183marlina, lstiompax .................................................... 74marlina, Makaira ....................................................... 74Marlins ..................................................................... 34marmoratus, Sphoeroides .................................... 122maroccanus, Dentex ............................................. 114marochiensis, Natica ............................................ 222Marrajo carite . ............. ............. ............. ............. .... 144Marrajo dientuso ..................................................... 143marsupialis, Glyphus ............................................ 177martia, Plesionika ................................................. 176maru, Auxis .............................................................. 98

matthewsi, Palinurichthys ......................................... 56maxillosus, Trachinotus ......................................... 54mbizi, Pentherosclo ................................................ 95Meagre ..................................................................... 94Meagres ................................................................... 24Mediterranean moray ................................................87Mediterranean rock shrimp ........... ............. ............ . 179Mediterranean slimehead ........... ............ ............ .... 123mediterraneum, Diagramma ..................................... 70mediterraneum, Parapristipoma ................................ 70mediterraneus, Hoplostethus ............................... 123mediterraneus, Plectorhynchus ............................. 70Medregal de Guinea ................................................. 53MEGALOPIDAE .................................................... 3,81

Megalops atlanticus .................................................. 81megalops, Squalus ............................................... 150Mejillón liso ............ ............. ............. ............. ......... 212Mejillón romboidal .............. ............. ............. .......... 212melanopterus, Eucinostomus ................................ 68melanopterus, Gerres ............................................... 68melanotis, Muraena ................................................ 87melanum, Ariomma ................................................. 41melanura, Oblada .................................................. 116melanurus, Cypselurus .......................................... 64

*melanurus, Spicara ................................................... 56meleagrides,Synodus ........... ............. ............. ........ 121Melichthys niger ..................................................... 43Melongena negra .................................................... 219



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MELONGENIDAE .....................................................219Mélongène noire .......................................................219Melva ......................................................................... 98Melvera ...................................................................... 98

membranacea, Sicyonia ............................................180Menippe nodifrons ..................................................189mercatoris, Arius ........................................................ 40mercatoris, Lolliguncula .........................................200Merlu d'Afrique tropical ............................................... 82MERLUCCIIDAE ....................................................10,82Merluccius cadenati ............... ............ ............. ........... 82Merluccius polli ........................................................ 82Merluza de Benguela .............. .............. .............. ....... 82Mero .........................................................................105Mero de Gorea ..........................................................105Mero esonué .............................................................106Mérou à points bleus .................................................104Mérou badèche .........................................................105Mérou barré ..............................................................104Mérou blanc ..............................................................105Mérou du Niger .... .............. .............. .............. ...........104Mérou dungat ............................................................105Mérou ésonue ...........................................................106Mérou noir .................................................................105Mérou royal ...............................................................106Merten's moonflounder ............................................... 47mertensi, Laeops ........................................................ 47mertensi, Monolene .................................................. 47metzelaari, Mugil ........................................................ 84Microchirus boscanion ...........................................109Microchirus frechkopi .............................................109

Microchirus ocellatus ..............................................109microchirus, Stromateus ............................................120Microchirus wittei ....................................................109MICRODESMIDAE ..................................................... 31microdon, Pristis .....................................................160microphthalmus, Aphanopus .....................................125micropterus similis, Oxyporhamphus ..................... 73microstoma, Monolene ............................................. 47Microthrissa miri ......................................................... 58micrurum, Syacium .................................................. 48Migraine épineuse .....................................................182Migraine jaune ..........................................................182Migraine maculée ......................................................182Milandre jaune ..........................................................143

milberti, Carcharhinus ..............................................140.Milk shark ..................................................................142milleri, Cypselurus ................................................... 64Miracielo africano ......................................................128Miracielo espinón ......................................................128Miracielo moteado ....................................................128Miracorvina angolensis ............................................ 94miraletus, Raja .........................................................163miran, Bullia ............................................................221Miran bullia ...............................................................221miri, Microthrissa ........................................................ 58Mirrorwing flyingfish ............ ............. ............. ............. 66mitsukurii, Squalus .................................................151Mobula coilloti .........................................................158

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Mobula rochebrunei .............................................. 159MOBULIDAE ................................................... 156,158modesta, Pellonula ...................................................58Modilus nitens .......................................................212

Modiole lisse ........................................................... 212Modiole losangique .................................................212Modiolus rhomboideus .........................................212Mojarra guineana ...................................................... 68Mojarras ...................................................................22Mojarrita de ley ......................................................... 68mokarran, Sphyrna ............................................... 146Molas ........................................................................38MOLIDAE .................................................................38Mollera azul ..............................................................82MONACANTHIDAE ................................................. 38Monochirus atlanticus ............................................. 110Monochirus hispidus ............................................110Monochirus ocellatus .............................................. 109MONODACTYLIDAE ...........................................26,82monodi, Cynoglossus .............................................60monodí, Erythrocles ............................................... 63Monolena bocachica .................................................47Monolena de Mertens ...............................................47Monolène à petite bouche .........................................47Monolène de Mertens ...............................................47Monolene mertensi .................................................47Monolene microstoma ............................................47Monrovia doctorfish ..................................................39monroviae, Acanthurus ..........................................39monstrosa, Chimaera ...........................................167Moonfishes ...............................................................19

Moonies .................................................................... 26moorii, Pseudotolithus (Hostia) .............................96Moras .......................................................................10Morays ........................................................................5Morena amarilla ........................................................86Morena boca manchada ...........................................86Morena de lunares ....................................................87Morena de Madeira ...................................................86Morena franjeada ......................................................85Morena mediterránea ................................................87Morena negra ...........................................................85Morena oscura .......................................................... 86Morena robusta .........................................................87Moreneta .................................................................. 85

MORIDAE ............................................................ 10,82MORINGUIDAE ..........................................................5morio, Pugilina ......................................................219mormyrus, Lithognathus ...................................... 116mormyrus, Pagellus ................................................ 116Moro de laguna .......................................................183Morocco dentex ......................................................114Morocco moonsnail .................................................222moselii, Hyperoglyphe ............................................56Mourine lusitanienne ............................................... 165Mudskippers .............................................................31Mugil ashanteensis ...................................................84Mugil bananensis ....................................................84

*Mugil brasiliensis ......................................................84



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Mugit canaticulatus ......................................................83Mugil cephalus ..........................................................84

Mugil curema ............................................................. 84Mugil hoefleri ...............................................................83Mugît metzelaari ..........................................................84MUGILIDAE ........................................................... 28,83Mulet à grandes nageoires ..........................................83Mulet banane ..............................................................84Mulet bouri ..................................................................83Mulet cabot .................................................................84Mulet curème ..............................................................84Mulet écailleux ............................................................83Mullets ........................................................................ 28MULLIDAE ............................................................. 25,84multisquamis, Ariomma ...............................................41multisquamis, Paracubiceps ........................................41Muraena helena .........................................................87Muraena melanotis ....................................................87Muraena robusta ........................................................87MURAENESOCIDAE ............................................... 5,85Muraenesox ferox ........................................................85MURAENIDAE .........................................................5,85Murène à pois .............................................................87Murène anneau ...........................................................85Murène cobra ..............................................................86Murène de Madère ......................................................86Murène de Méditerranée .............................................87Murène jaune ..............................................................86Murène noire ...............................................................85

Murène obscure .......................................................... 86Murène robuste ........................................................... 87Murène serpent ........................................................... 85Murénésoce de Guinée ............................................... 85Murenocio de Guinea ..................................................85Murex angularis .......................................................219Murex cornutus .......................................................219Murex duplex ........................................................... 220MURICIDAE .............................................................. 219Musola ......................................................................152Musso africain .............................................................53mustelus, Mustelus ................................................. 152Mustelus mustelus .................................................. 152Mycteroperca rubra ................................................. 106

MYCTOPHIDAE ............................................................7mydas, Chefonia ...................................................... 226MYLIOBATIDAE ................................................ 155,159Myliobatis aquila ..................................................... 159Myliobatis bovina .......................................................160Mytiobatis cervus ...................................................... 159myops, Trachinocephalus ....................................... 121myrias, Trachinotus .....................................................54Myrichthys pardalis ...................................................88Myripristis jacobus ....................................................73myrus, Echelus ..........................................................87Mystriophis creutzbergi ................................................ 88Mystriophis rostellatus .............................................88MYTILIDAE ............................................................... 212

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NNannichthys simulans .............................................13narinari, Aetobatus ................................................159narinari, Stoasodon .................................................159

narval, Parapandalus .............................................176Narval shrimp ..........................................................176Nasogrammus thompsoni ..........................................67NASSARIIDAE ........................................................221Natica adansoni .....................................................221Nática atigrada ........................................................222Natica collaris ........................................................221Nática de Adanson ..................................................221Nática de Turton ......................................................222Nática engolada ......................................................221Nática flamante .......................................................221Natica fulminea ......................................................221Natica marochiensis ..............................................222Nática marroquí .......................................................222

Natica tigrina ..........................................................222Natica turtoni .........................................................222Natice à collet ..........................................................221Natice concave ........................................................222Natice d'Adanson ....................................................221Natice de Turton ......................................................222Natice du Maroc ......................................................222Natice flammée .......................................................221Natice tigrée ............................................................222NATICIDAE .............................................................221Naucrates ductor .....................................................52naucrates, Echeneis ................................................19Navaja africana .......................................................214

Navaja de Gorea .....................................................214Navajón .....................................................................39Navajón de Biafra ......................................................39Neanthias accraensis ..............................................107Needlefishes ..............................................................12Negaprion brevirostris ..........................................141Negrito ....................................................................150NEMATOCARCINIDAE ...........................................175Nematocarcinus atricanus ....................................175

* Nematocarcinus cursor ...........................................175Nematopataemon hastatus ...................................175Neoharriotta pinnata ..............................................167Neorossia caroli .....................................................198NEOSCOPELIDAE ......................................................8

Neoscopelids ...............................................................8Neothunnus macropterus .........................................100NEPHROPIDAE ......................................................169Nephropsis atlantica .............................................169Neptune's volute ......................................................224Neptunus hastatus ...................................................188Neptunus validus .....................................................188Nerita senegalensis ...............................................223Nerita senegalesa ....................................................223Nérite du Sénégal ....................................................223NERITIDAE .............................................................223Nezumia aequalis .....................................................81nicholsi, Synodus ....................................................121Nicholsina usta ........................................................92



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Nicholsina usta collettei ........................................... 92niger, Melichthys ....................................................... 43Niger sea bass .......................................................... 104Nigerian tonguesole .................................................... 59Night shark .............. ............. .............. ............. ......... 141nigra, Centrina .......................................................... 150nigrescens, Symphurus ............................................ 60nigri, Cephalopholis ................................................ 104nigri, Gerres .............................................................. 68nigri, Petrometopon ................................................... 104nigriargenteus, Cubiceps ............................................. 41nigricans, Cheilopogon ................................................ 65nigricans, Cypselurus ............................................... 65nigricans, Enchelycore ............................................. 85nigricans, Makaira ..................................................... 74nigricauda, Coleosmaris .............................................. 56nigricauda, Spicara ................................................... 56nigrita, Corvina ............................................................ 95

nitens, Modilus ........................................................ 212nitida, Mactra ........................................................... 211noae, Arca ............................................................... 208Noah's ark ................................................................. 208nodifera, Charonia .................................................. 218nodifrons, Menippe ................................................. 189nodosa, Thais .......................................................... 220Nodose rock shell ............. .............. ............. ............. 220Noetia gambiensis .............. ............. ............. .......... 208NOMEIDAE ................................................................. 35Nomeus gronovii ....................................................... 35Norman's rockfish ............. .............. ............. ............. 103Norman's tonguesole ........... ............ ............ ............ ... 61normani, Scorpaena ................................................ 103

normani, Symphurus ................................................ 61NOTACANTHIDAE ....................................................... 6notialis, Penaeus (Farfantepenaeus) ...................... 179novacula, Hemipteronotus ........................................... 77novacula, Xyrichthys ................................................ 77Novanthias accraensis .............................................. 107nubecula, Fissurella ................................................ 218

*nufar, Dentex ............................................................ 113Nurse shark ... ............. .............. ............. .............. ..... 142Nurse sharks ............................................................. 133Nursehound .............................................................. 145

Oobesus, Thunnus ..................................................... 105Oblada ...................................................................... 116Oblada melanura ..................................................... 116Oblade ...................................................................... 116obscurus, Carcharhinus ......................................... 140obtusirostris, Exocoetus .......................................... 65obtusus, Triaenodon ........... ............. ............ ............ . 137occidentalis, Malacocephalus .................................. 81occidentalis, Ventrifossa ............................................. 81Ocean sunfishes .. .............. ............. ............. ............. .. 38Oceanic two-wing flyingfish ......................................... 65Oceanic whitetip shark .............................................. 140Ocellated wedge sole ................................................ 108

ocellatus, Microchirus ............................................ 109

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ocellatus, Monochirus .................................................109ocellatus, Zeus ...........................................................129octatis, Gerres ..............................................................68octolineatum, Diagramma .............................................70octolineatum, Parapristipoma ....................................70octolineatum, Pristipoma ..............................................70OCTOPODIDAE .........................................................205Octopus defilippi ......................................................205Octopus macropus ...................................................205Octopus vulgaris ......................................................205oculata, Squatina ......................................................151Ocypode africain ........................................................185Ocypode africana .....................................................185Ocypode cursor ........................................................186Ocypode (h)ippeus .....................................................186Ocypode pénicillée .....................................................186OCYPODIDAE ...........................................................185Odd bobtail .................................................................198

ODONTASPIDIDAE ...................................................134officinalis hierredda, Sepia ......................................196Offshore rockfish ........................................................101OGCOCEPHALIDAE ......................................................9Oilfish ...........................................................................68Oilfishes .......................................................................33Ojiverde del Atlántico .. ............ ............. ............. ...........57olivacea, Lepidochelys .............................................227Olive ridley turtle .......... ............. ............. ............. .......227Ombrine bronze ............................................................97Ombrine côtière ............................................................97Ombrine de Steindachner .............................................98Ombrine fusca ..............................................................97Ommastrephes bartrami ..........................................201

Ommastrephes pteropus ..........................................201OMMASTREPHIDAE .................................................200ONYCHOTEUTHIDAE ................................................203Onychoteuthis banksi ..............................................204Opa ..............................................................................77Opah ............................................................................77Opahs ..........................................................................15OPHICHTHIDAE .......................................................4,87Ophichthus ophis .......................................................88OPHIDIIDAE ...........................................................10,89ophis, Ophichthus ......................................................88Ophisurus serpens .....................................................89Orangeback squid ......................................................201orbignyana, Sepia .....................................................197Orcynopsis unicolor ...................................................99Oreja de mar ............. ............. .............. ............. .........219Ormeau tuberculeux ...................................................219ornata, Sepia ..............................................................197ornata, Sepiella .........................................................197Ornate cuttlefish .........................................................197Ornate wrasse ..............................................................77Ornithoteuthis antillarum .........................................202Orphie carène ..............................................................45Orphie plate .................................................................44Ostión cucullado .........................................................212Ostión denticulado ......................................................212OSTRACIIDAE ..............................................................38



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Ostrea cucullata ......................................................... 212Ostrea denticulata ...................................................... 212OSTREIDAE ................................................................ 212Otolithe bobo .................................................................. 95

Otolithe camerouonais ................................................... 96Otolithe gabo .................................................................. 95Otolithe guinéen ............................................................. 95Otolithe nanka ................................................................ 96Otolithe sénégalais ........................................................ 96Otoperca aurita .............................................................. 69Ovarque bouche de sang ............................................. 220Ovarque couronnée ..................................................... 220Ovarque noueux .......................................................... 220ovatus, Trachinotus ..................................................... 54Oxinotus centrina ...................................................... 133OXYNOTIDAE ............................................................. 133Oxyporhamphus micropterus similis ......................... 73oxyrinchus, Isurus ..................................................... 143

P pachycephalus, Lagocephalus ..................................... 121 pachygaster,Sphoeroides ..................................... :.. 122Pachygrapsus transversus ....................................... 184Pagellus acarne .......................................................... 117Pagellus bellottii ........................................................ 117Pagellus bogaraveo ................................................... 117Pagellus centrodontus ................................................. 117Pagellus coupei ............................................................ 117Pagellus mormyrus ...................................................... 116Pageot à tache rouge ................................................... 117Pageot acarné .............................................................. 117

Pagre à points bleus .................................................... 118Pagre des tropiques ..................................................... 118Pagre rayé ................................................................... 117Pagro sureño ............................................................... 118 pagrus africanus, Pagrus .......................................... 118 pagrus africanus, Sparus ............................................. 118Pagrus auriga ............................................................. 117

*Pagrus caeruleostictus ................................................. 117Pagrus caeruleostictus ............................................. 118Pagrus pagrus .............................................................. 118 pagrus, Pagrus ............................................................. 118Pagrus pagrus africanus .......................................... 118Pagrus vulgaris ............................................................ 118

Paguala africana ............................................................ 63Paguala negra ................................................................64Pailona ......................................................................... 148Pailona à lon nez ......................................................... 148Pailona commun .......................................................... 148Painted eel ..................................................................... 87Palaemon (Nematopalaemon) hastatus ....................... 175PALAEMONIDAE ........................................................ 175Palinurichthys matthewsi ................................................ 56Palinurichthys pemarco .................................................. 56Palinurichthys pringlei .................................................... 56PALINURIDAE ..................................................... 169,171 pallidus, Callinectes .................................................. 187 palloni, Acantholabrus ................................................ 76

Page

Palometa fiátola ............................................................ 120Palometón ....................................................................... 52Palomette ........................................................................ 99Palomine ......................................................................... 54

Pámpano blanco ............................................................. 54Pámpano cojonovo ......................................................... 54Pámpano de hebra .......................................................... 48Pámpano galonero .......................................................... 54Pámpano terayo .............................................................. 54PANDALIDAE ............................................................... 176Panopea cancellata ..................................................... 211Panopea cuadrilla ......................................................... 211Panopée quadrilée ........................................................ 211Panopeus africanus .................................................... 189Panulirus argus ........................................................... 171Panulirus regius .......................................................... 171Panulirus rissonii ........................................................... 171Paper tellin .................................................................... 215

papilio, Periophthalmus ............................................... 31 papyracea, Apolymetis ............................................... 215Parabatrachus elminensis ............................................... 44Paracentropristis cabrilla ............................................... 107Para cen tropristis heterurus ......................................... 107Paracubiceps ledanoisi ................................................... 41Paracubiceps multisquamis ............................................ 41 paradoxa, Galatea ....................................................... 209 paradoxus, Scyllarus .................................................. 170Paragaleus pectoralis ................................................. 143Paragaleus gruveli ........................................................ 143Parakuhlia macrophthalmus ........................................ 75PARALEPIDIDAE ............................................................. 7Paralepis .......................................................................... 7Paramola cuvieri ......................................................... 185Paranthias furcifer ...................................................... 106Parapandalus narval ................................................... 176Parapandalus pristis ...................................................... 176Parapenaeopsis atlantica ........................................... 178Parapenaeus longirostris ........................................... 178Parapristipoma humile ................................................. 69Parapristipoma latifrons .................................................. 69Parapristipoma macrops ................................................. 69Parapristipoma mediterraneum ....................................... 70Parapristipoma octolineatum ....................................... 70Parathunnus sibi ........................................................... 101 pardales, Myrichthys .................................................... 88

pardalis, Trachinus ........................................................ 124Pardete ........................................................................... 84Parepinephelus acutirostris ........................................... 106Parexocoetus brachypterus ......................................... 66Pargo chopa .................................................................. 119Pargo colorado africano .................................................. 79Pargo de Gorea ............................................................... 80Pargo de Guinea ............................................................. 79Pargo dorado ................................................................ 118Pargo dorado africano ..................................................... 80Pargo marrón africano .................................................... 79Pargo sémola ................................................................ 117Pargo tijera ...................................................................... 79Pargo zapata ................................................................. 118



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Parin's spinyfin ..................................................................61 parini, Diretmoides ..........................................................61 parkii, Arius .....................................................................41Paromola .........................................................................185

Paromole .........................................................................185 parri, Saurida ...................................................................120Parrot grunt .......................................................................71Parrotfish ...........................................................................93Parrotfishes .......................................................................29 paru, Pomacanthus .........................................................91PASIPHAEIDAE .............................................................177Pastenague africaine ......................................................158Pastenague commune ....................................................157Pastenague épineuse .....................................................157Pastenague marguerite ...................................................157 pastinaca, Dasyatis .......................................................157 pastinaca, Trygon ............................................................157Patella safiana ...............................................................223

Patelle safian ...................................................................223PATELLIDAE ..................................................................223Patudo .............................................................................101 pauciradiata, Cepola .......................................................28 pauciradiatus, Diretmoides ............................................61 paucus, lsurus ...............................................................144 pavo, Thalassoma ...........................................................77Pearlfishes ........................................................................10Pearly razorfish .................................................................77Peau bleue ......................................................................142Pebbletooth moray ............................................................85 pectinata, Pristis ...........................................................160 pectorales, Paragaleus .................................................143

Pegusa cadenati ............................................................110Pegusa lascaris .............................................................110Pegusa triophthalma .......................................................110Pegusa triophthalmus ...................................................110Pejepeine ........................................................................160Pejepuerco blanco ............................................................42Pejepuerco cachúo ...........................................................43Pejepuerco estrellado .......................................................42Pejepuerco moteado .........................................................42Pejesierra ........................................................................160Pelada ...............................................................................60Pelada de Norman ............................................................61Pelada tirrena ....................................................................60 pelamis, Euthynnus ...........................................................99

pelarais, Katsuwonus .....................................................99 peli, Echidna ....................................................................85 peli, Pteroscion ...............................................................96 peli, Rhinoptera ...............................................................165Pelican flounder ................................................................47 pelli, Calappa .................................................................182 pelli, Goniopsis .............................................................183 pellegrini, Trachinus .....................................................124Pellonula leonensis .........................................................58Pellonula modesta .............................................................58Pellonula vorax ................................................................58Peludilla del Cabo .............................................................46Pemarco blackfish .............................................................56

pemarco, Palinurichthys ....................................................56

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pemarco, Schedophilus .................................................56PEMPHERIDAE ...............................................................26PENAEIDAE ...................................................................178Penaeus brasiliensis .......................................................179

Penaeus caramote .........................................................179Penaeus (Farfantepenaeus) notialis ...........................179

*Penaeus (Melicertus) duoarum ......................................179Penaeus (Melicertus) kerathurus ................................179Penaeus trisulcatus ........................................................179Pentanemus quinquarius ...............................................90Pentheroscion mbizi ......................................................95 pepo, Cymbium .............................................................224PERCOPHIDAE ..........................................................30,89PERIOPHTHALMIDAE ....................................................31Periophthalmus papilio ..................................................31PERISTEDIIDAE ..............................................................17Peristedion cataphractrum ............................................17 peno, Heptranchias ......................................................132 peroteti, Pomadasys ......................................................71 perotoei, Pomadasys ........................................................71 perotteti, Pristis ...............................................................160Perpeire lisse ....................................................................47Perpeire pélican ................................................................47Perroquet basto ................................................................93Perroquet de Guinée ........................................................93Perroquet émeraude .........................................................92Perroquet vieillard .............................................................93Perulibatrachus elminensis ...........................................44Perulibatrachus rossignoli ............................................44 petimba, Fistularia ..........................................................67Petit capitaine ...................................................................90

Petit couteau africain ......................................................214Petit diable de Guinée ....................................................159Petit squale-chagrin ........................................................148Petit taupe ......................................................................144Petite roussette ...............................................................145Petite vive .......................................................................125Peto ..................................................................................98Petricola pholadiformis ................................................213PETRICOLIDAE .............................................................213Petrometopon nigri .........................................................104Pez angel .......................................................................151Pez cinto .........................................................................125Pez de limon .....................................................................53Pez de San Francisco ....................................................120

Pez de San Pedro ..........................................................129Pez espada .....................................................................128Pez palo común ................................................................89Pez palo guineano ............................................................89Pez piloto ..........................................................................52Pez rubí ............................................................................63Pez sable ........................................................................126Pez sierra común ............................................................161Pez vela del Atlántico .......................................................74 pfluegeri, Tetrapturus ....................................................75 phaeton, Synchiropus ....................................................31Pholade de Campêche ...................................................213Pholade taloné ................................................................213

Pholade tronquée ...........................................................213



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PHOLADIDAE ......................................................... 213 pholadiformis, Petricola ........................................ 213Pholas campechiensis .......................................... 213Phyllogramma regani ................................................. 85

Picarel à gros yeux .................................................... 56Picarel queue noire .................................................... 56Picarels ..................................................................... 21 picarti, Hyporhamphus ............................................ 72 picta, Raja ............................................................... 164Picuda barracuda .................................................... 119Picuda guaguanche ................................................. 119 picuda, Sphyraena ................................................... 119Pieuvre .................................................................... 205Pig's snout volute ..................................................... 223Pigeye shark ............................................................ 137Pigfishes .................................................................... 22Pigsnout grunt ........................................................... 71Pike congers ................................................................ 5

Pilotfish ...................................................................... 52Pilotfishes .................................................................. 19Pina áspera ............................................................. 213Pina de Chautard ..................................................... 213Pinfishes .................................................................... 23Pink cuttlefish .......................................................... 197Pink dentex .............................................................. 113Pink shrimp (southern) ............................................. 179Pinna rudis ............................................................. 213 pinnata, Neoharriotta ............................................. 167 pinnatibarbatus, Cypselurus ................................... 65PINNIDAE ............................................................... 213Pintarroja ................................................................. 145Pintarroja africana ................................................... 144

Pipefishes .................................................................. 15Piper gurnard ........................................................... 127 piscatorium, Sphyraena ........................................... 119 piscatorum, Sphyraena ............................................ 119Pitar tumens ........................................................... 215Plagusie de Norman .................................................. 61Plagusie longue ......................................................... 60Plagusie sombre ........................................................ 60Plain bonito ................................................................ 99Platête commun ......................................................... 89Platête de Guinée ...................................................... 89Platybelone argalus annobonensis ........................ 45Platycéphale de Guinpée ........................................... 90PLATYCEPHALIDAE ........................................... 16,90Platycephalus gruveli ................................................. 90PLATYRHINIDAE .................................................... 154Plectorhynchus macrolepis .................................... 70Plectorhynchus mediterraneus ............................... 70Plesionika martia ................................................... 176Plesiopenaeus edwardsianus ............................... 178Plicate venus ........................................................... 216 plumbeus, Carcharhinus ....................................... 140Podas ........................................................................ 46 podas africanas, Bothus ......................................... 46Poisson-guitare à lunaires ....................................... 164Poisson-guitare commun ......................................... 165Poisson-guitare fouisseur ........................................ 164

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Poisson-pilote .............................................................52Poisson rubis ..............................................................63Poisson sabre commun ............................................126Poisson-scie commun ............................................... 161Poisson-scie grandent ............ :................................ 160Poisson-scie tident ....................................................160Polished mactra ........................................................211 polli, Dentex ..............................................................112 polli, Etmopterus .................................................... 149 polli, Galeus ............................................................144 polli, Glossanodon .....................................................6 polli, Merluccius .......................................................82 polli, Uranoscopus ................................................. 128POLYCHELIDAE ...................................................... 170Polydactylus quadrifilis ............................................90POLYNEMIDAE .................................................... 28,90Polyprion americanus ............................................ 106POLYPRIONIDAE .................................................... 106

POMACANTHIDAE ............................................... 27,91Pomacanthus paru ....................................................91POMACENTRIDAE ....................................................27POMADASYIDAE .................................................. 22,69Pomadasys bennetti ...................................................70Pomadasys incisus ...................................................70Pomadasys jubelini ..................................................71Pomadasys peroteti ..................................................71Pomadasys perotoei ...................................................71Pomadasys rogerii ....................................................71Pomadasys suillum .....................................................71Pomadasys suillus ......................................................71POMATOMIDAE .................................................. 19, 91Pomatomus saltator ....................................................91

Pomatomus saltatrix .................................................91Pomfrets .....................................................................21Pompaneau chevron ...................................................54Pompaneau né-bé ...................................................... 54Pompaneau tacheté ....................................................54Pompano ....................................................................54Pompano dolphinfish .................................................. 59Pompanos ..................................................................19Pontinus accraensis ............................................... 101Pontinus kuhlii ........................................................101Pontocaris lacazei .................................................. 174Porcupinefishes ..........................................................38Porgies .......................................................................23Porkfishes ...................................................................22

Portuguese dogfish ................................................... 148Portuguese sole ........................................................111PORTUNIDAE ..........................................................186Portunus corrugates ................................................. 188Portunus hastatus .................................................. 188Portunus validus .................................................. :. 188 posteli, Scyllarus .................................................... 170Pota costera ............................................................. 203Pota europea ............................................................202Pota naranja ............................................................. 201Pota pajarito ............................................................. 202Pota saltadora .......................................................... 201Pota voladora ........................................................... 200



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Poule de mer ................................................................ 61Poulpe à longs bras .................................................... 205Poulpe tacheté ........................................................... 205Pourceau ...................................................................... 76Pourceau dos noir ........................................................ 76Praire commune ......................................................... 216Praire ondulée ............................................................ 216 prayensis, Pseudupeneus .......................................... 84 pretiosus, Ruvettus .................................................... 68PRIACANTHIDAE ................................................... 18,91Priacanthus arenatus ................................................. 92Priacanthus cruentatus ................................................. 91Prickly puffer .............................................................. 121 pringlei, Palinurichthys .................................................. 56Prionace glauca ........................................................ 142Prionurus biafraensis ................................................. 39PRISTIDAE ..........................................................154,160Pristipoma humilis ........................................................ 69

Pristipoma octolineatum ............................................... 70Pristipoma viridens ....................................................... 69Pristis microdon ....................................................... 160 pristis, Parapandalus .................................................. 176Pristis pectinata ........................................................ 160Pristis perotteti ........................................................... 160 pristis, Pristis ........................................................... 161Pristis, pristis ........................................................... 161Pristiurus atlanticus .................................................... 144 proboscideus, Heteromycteris ................................ 108profundicula, Bathysolea ......................................... 108 profundorum, Deania ............................................... 149Prognichthys gibbifrons ............................................ 67Prom ethean escolar .................................................... 68

Promethichthys prometheus ..................................... 68 prometheus, Promethichthys .................................... 68Promicrops ditobo ...................................................... 106Promicrops esonue ..................................................... 106Psam mobie boréale ................................................... 210Psenes ........................................................................ 35Psettias sebae ............................................................ 82Psettodes belcheri ...................................................... 92PSETTODIDAE ....................................................... 35,92Psettus sebae .............................................................. 82Pseudocarcharias kamoharai .................................. 134PSEUDOCARCHARIIDAE ......................................... 134Pseudotolithus (Fonticulus) elongatus ..................... 95Pseudotolithus (Hostia) moorii .................................. 96

Pseudotolithus(Pinnacorvina) epipercus .................. 95Pseudotolithus (Pseudotolithus) brachygnathus ..... 95Pseudotolithus (Pseudotolithus) senegalensis ........ 96Pseudotolithus (Pseudotolithus) typus ..................... 96Pseudupeneus prayensis ........................................... 84 psittacus, Xyrichthys ..................................................... 77Pteromylaeus bovinus ............................................. 160 pteropus, Ommastrephes ........................................ 201Pteroscion peli ............................................................ 96Pterothrissus belloci .................................................. 39Puffers .......................................................................... 37Pugilina morio .......................................................... 219 pulchellus, Donax ..................................................... 209

Page

Pulpito patilago .............................................................205Pulpo común ................................................................205Pulpo patudo ................................................................205 punctatus, Balistes .......................................................42 punctatus, Decapterus ................................................51 puntazzo, Diplodus ....................................................115Purple mangrove crab .................................................183Purplemouth moray .......................................................86Púrpura coronada ....................................................... 220Púrpura nudosa .......................................................... 220 pusillus, Etmopterus .................................................150

Qquadrifilis, Polydactylus .............................................90Queen triggerfish ..........................................................43Quelvacho ..................................................................147Quelvacho lusitanico ...................................................147Quelvacho negro ........................................................147

quinquarius, Pentanemus ..........................................90*quinquedens, Geryon ..................................................183

RRabbit puffer ................................................................122Rabil ...........................................................................100RACHYCENTRIDAE ...............................................19,92Rachycentron canadum ..............................................92radamae, Carcharhinus ...............................................137radiatus, Trachinus ...................................................124radula, Raja ................................................................163rafale, Tylosurus acus .................................................45Raie blanche ...............................................................161

Raie bouclée ................................................................161Raie brunette ................................................................164Raie de Madeire ...........................................................162Raie léopard ............................................................... 162Raie miroir .................................................................. 163Raie-râpe ....................................................................163Raie tachetée .............................................................. 163Raie violette ................................................................162Rainbow runner ................................................................51Rainbow wrasse ...............................................................76Raja alba ....................................................................161Raja bicolor .................................................................161Raja clavata ...............................................................161Raja doutrei ...............................................................162

Raja leopardus ..........................................................162Raja maderensis .......................................................162Raja marginata ...........................................................161Raja miraletus ...........................................................163Raja picta ...................................................................164Raja radula .............................................................. : 163Raja straeleni ............................................................163Raja undulata ...........................................................164RAJIDAE ............................................................ 155,161Rambalí .......................................................................82Rape africano ...............................................................78Rape espinoso .............................................................78raphidoma, Tylosurus ...................................................45



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Rascacio de Accra ......................................................101Rascacio de Angola ....................................................102Rascacio de fuera .......................................................101Rascacio de Madeira ..................................................102

Rascacio de Norman ..................................................103Rascacio del Cabo .....................................................103Rascacio del Senegal .................................................102Rascacio serrano ........................................................103Rascasse à nageoires tachetées ................................103Rascasse de Accra .....................................................101Rascasse de fond .......................................................101Rascasse de l'Angola .................................................102Rascasse de Madère ..................................................102Rascasse de Norman .................................................103Rascasse du large ......................................................101Rascasse du Sénégal .................................................102Rascasse rose ............................................................102Rascasse rouge ..........................................................103

Rascasse serran .........................................................103Rasp tagelus ..............................................................214Raspallón senegalés ..................................................114rasus, Rhinobatos .......................................................164Raya áspera ...............................................................163Raya bramante ...........................................................161Raya de clavos ...........................................................161Raya de espejos .........................................................163Raya de Madeira ........................................................162Raya-látigo común ......................................................157Raya-látigo margarita .................................................157Raya-Iátigolija ............................................................157Raya leopardo ............................................................162

Raya manchada .........................................................163Raya mosaico .............................................................164Raya violeta ...............................................................162Rays ...........................................................................155Razorfishes ..................................................................29Red cornetfish ..............................................................67Red-mouthed rock shell ..............................................220Red mullets ..................................................................25Red pandora ...............................................................117Red scorpionfish .........................................................103Red slipper lobster ......................................................172Red squirrelfish ............................................................73Red swimcrab .............................................................187Red baits ......................................................................21

Redbanded seabream ................................................117Redfin parrotfish ...........................................................93regani, Phyllogramma ...................................................85regium, Argyrosomus ....................................................94regius, Argyrosomus ..................................................94regius, Lampris .............................................................77regius, Panulirus ......................................................171Reloj de Darwin ..........................................................122Reloj mediterraneo .....................................................123Reloj negro .................................................................123Remora ........................................................................19Remoras .......................................................................19Renard .......................................................................137Renard à gros yeux ....................................................137

Page

Requiem sharks ......................................................... 135Requin à museau pointu ............................................ 142Requin babosse ......................................................... 137Requin balestriné ....................................................... 137

Requin bordé ............................................................. 139Requin bouledogue .................................................... 139Requin citron ............................................................. 141Requin cuivre ............................................................. 138Requin de Galapagos ................................................ 139Requin de nuit ........................................................... 141Requin gris ................................................................ 140Requin-hâ .................................................................. 152Requin-marteau aile blanche ..................................... 146Requin-marteau commun ........................................... 147Requin-marteau halicorne .......................................... 146Requin-nourrice ......................................................... 142Requin océanique ...................................................... 140Requin sombre .......................................................... 140

Requin soyeux ........................................................... 138Requin tigre commun ................................................. 141Requin tisserand ........................................................ 138Rhiniodon typus ....................................................... 134RHINIODONTIDAE .................................................... 134RHINOBATIDAE ................................................ 154,164Rhinobatos albomaculatus ...................................... 164Rhinobatos cemiculus ............................................. 164Rhinobatos congo!ensis ............................................. 164Rhinobatos rasus ....................................................... 164rhinobatos, Rhinobatos ........................................... 165Rhinobatos rhinobatos ............................................ 165RHINOCHIMAERIDAE .............................................. 167Rhinoptera marginata .............................................. 165Rhinoptera peli ........................................................... 165RHINOPTERIDAE .............................................. 156,165Rhizoprionodon acutus ........................................... 142rhombica, Seriola ......................................................... 53Rhomboid mussel ...................................................... 212Rhomboid squid ......................................................... 204rhomboideus, Modiolus ........................................... 212rhombus, Thysanoteuthis ....................................... 204rhonchus, Caranx ........................................................ 51rhohchus, "Decapterus" ............................................ 51RHYNCHOBATIDAE ................................................. 154Rhynchobatus luebberti .......................................... 154Ribbonfishes ................................................................ 15

ringens, Cardium ..................................................... 208rissonii, Panulirus ....................................................... 171robusta, Muraena ....................................................... 87rochebrunei, Mobula ................................................ 159rochei, Auxis .............................................................. 98Rocher anguleux ........................................................ 219Rocher cornu ............................................................. 219Rocher duplex ............................................................ 220Rock sole ................................................................... 107Rockfish ..................................................................... 101Rockfishes ................................................................... 16rogerii, Pomadasys .................................................... 71Rombou de Guinée ...................................................... 46Rombou podas ............................................................ 46



257

ronchus, Umbrina ....................................................... 97Ronco loro .................................................................... 71Ronco mestizo .............................................................. 70Ronco som pat ............................................................. 71Ronco trompudo ........................................................... 71Rosefishes ................................................................... 16roseus, Cyttopsis ..................................................... 129Rossia caroli ............................................................. 198Rossignol toadfish ........................................................ 44rossignoli, Batrachus .................................................... 44rossignoli, Perulibatrachus ........................................ 44rostellatus, Mystriophis ............................................. 88rostrata,Antimora ....................................................... 82rostrata, lphigenia .................................................... 210rostrata, Mactra ........................................................ 212Rostrate false donax ................................................... 210

Rostrate mactra .......................................................... 212Rosy dory ................................................................... 129Roucaou ....................................................................... 76Rouffe africain .............................................................. 56Rouffe rayé ................................................................... 56Rouget barbet du Sénégal ............................................ 84Rough-head sea catfish ................................................ 40Rough pen shell ......................................................... 213Rough ray ................................................................... 163Rough triggerfish .......................................................... 43Roughtail stingray ....................................................... 157Round sardinella .......................................................... 58Round scad .................................................................. 51Round stingray ........................................................... 158Roundtail duckbill ......................................................... 89Roussette thalassa ..................................................... 145Rouvet .......................................................................... 68rouxi, Harengula ........................................................... 58rouxi, Sardinella ......................................................... 58Rovers .......................................................................... 21Royal spiny lobster ..................................................... 171Royal threadfin ............................................................. 90Rubberlip grunt ............................................................. 70ruber, Cronius ........................................................... 187Rubio .......................................................................... 126Rubio del Cabo ........................................................... 126Rubio del Gabón ........................................................ 126

rubra, Mycteroperca ................................................. 106rubripinne, Sparisoma ................................................ 93rubroguttata, Calappa .............................................. 182Rubyfishes ................................................................... 21Rudderfishes ................................................................ 19rudis, Pinna ............................................................... 213Ruffs ............................................................................ 35Rufo africano ................................................................ 56Rufo pemarco ............................................................... 56Rugose donax ............................................................ 209rugosus, Donax ........................................................ 209Runners ....................................................................... 19Ruvettus pretiosus ..................................................... 68

Ruvettus tydemani ........................................................ 68Ruvettus whakari .......................................................... 68

Rypticus saponaceus ................................................. 69

Page

Rypticus subbifrenatus ............................................ 69

sSábalo africano ............................................................57Sable negro ...............................................................125Sabre argenté ............................................................ 125Sabre fleuret .............................................................. 125Sabre noir ....... ...............................................................125Saddled seabream .........................................................116Safian limpet ..................................................................223safiana, Patella .............................................................223sagittatus sagittatus, Toda rodes ..............................202sagittatus, Todarodes sagittatus ................................202Sagre à menton lisse .....................................................149Sagre commun............................................................150Sagre nain .................................................................150

Sailfin flyingfish ............................................................66Sailfin weever..............................................................124Sailfishes .....................................................................34Saint-Pierre ................................................................129Saint Pierre argenté ...................................................129Saint-Pierre rosé ........................................................ 129Salema .......................................................................118Salmonete barbudo ......................................................84salpa, Boops ...............................................................118salpa, Sarpa ..............................................................118saltator, Pomatomus ....................................................91saltator, Temnodon ......................................................91saltatrx, Pomatomus ..................................................91Salvariego ..................................................................125

Sama de pluma .......................................................... 113Sam a marroquí .........................................................114San Pedro plateado ...................................................129San Pedro rosado ......................................................129sanctaehelenae, Decapterus ........................................51sanctaehelenae, Serranus .......................................107Sandsole ....................................................................110Sand tigersharks ........................................................ 134Sandbar shark ............................................................140Sandlances ..................................................................30Sapata negra .............................................................148Sapater ........................................................................50Sapo de Rossignol .......................................................44

Sapo guineano .............................................................44Sapo lusitánico .............................................................44Sapo peludo .................................................................43saponaceus, Rypticus ................................................69Sar à grosses lèvres ..................................................115Sarà museau pointu ...................................................115Sar à tête noire ..........................................................116Sar commun du Maroc ...............................................115sarda, Sarda ...............................................................99Sarda sarda ................................................................99Sardinella aurita .........................................................58Sardinella cameronensis ..............................................58Sardinella eba ..............................................................58Sardinella granigera .....................................................58Sardinella maderensis ...............................................58

Sardinella rouxi ..........................................................58

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258

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Sardinellas ................................................................... 3Sardinelle à queue jaune ............................................ 58Sardines ....................................................................... 3Sardineta africana ...................................................... 57

Sardinita de Guinea .................................................... 58Sargo breado ........................................................... 115Sargo marroquí ........................................................ 115Sargo mojarra .......................................................... 116Sargo picudo ............................................................ 115Sargocentron hastatus ............................................. 73sargus cadenati, Diplodus ..................................... 115sargus capensis, Diplodus .................................... 115sargus typicus, Diplodus ........................................... 115Sarpa salpa ............................................................. 118Saupe ....................................................................... 118Saurida brasiliensis ................................................ 120Saurida parri ............................................................. 120Sauries ....................................................................... 13

Saurus griseus ......................................................... 120saurus, Synodus ..................................................... 120Savon tacheté ............................................................ 69Sawback angelshark ................................................ 151Sawfishes ................................................................. 154Scabbardfishes ........................................................... 33Scads ......................................................................... 19Scale-rayed wrasse .................................................... 76Scalebreast gurnard ................................................. 127Scalloped hammerhead ............................................ 146SCARIDAE ........................................................... 29,92Scarlet shrimp .......................................................... 178Scarus hoefleri ......................................................... 93Scavengers ................................................................ 23Schedophilus pemarco ............................................ 56schoenleinii, Zanobatus ......................................... 154Sciaena aquila ............................................................ 94Sciaena umbra .......................................................... 97SCIAENIDAE ........................................................ 24,94Scoliodon terraenovae .............................................. 142scolopax, Macroramphosus ..................................... 80Scomber colias ......................................................... 100Scomber japonicus ................................................ 100SCOMBERESOCIDAE ............................................... 13Scomberomorus tritor ............................................ 100SCOMBRIDAE ...................................................... 32,98Scorpaena angolensis ............................................ 102

Scorpaena elongata ............................................... 102Scorpaena laevis .................................................... 102Scorpaena maderensis .......................................... 102Scorpaena normani ................................................ 103Scorpaena scrofa ................................................... 103Scorpaena senegalensis .......................................... 102Scorpaena stephanica ............................................ 103SCORPAENIDAE ................................................ 16,101Scorpionfishes ............................................................ 16scrota, Bodianus ...................................................... 76scrofa,Scorpaena ................................................... 103sculpta, Sicyonia ...................................................... 179sculpta talismani, Stereomastis ............................ 170SCYLIORHINIDAE ............................................ 134,144

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Scyliorhinus canicula .............................................145Scyliorhinus cervigoni ............................................145Scyliorhinus stellaris ..............................................145SCYLLARIDAE ..................................................170,172

Scyllarides herklotsii .......................................170,172Scyllarus carpati .....................................................170Scyllarus paradoxus ...............................................170Scyllarus posteli ......................................................170Scymnorhinus licha ...................................................149Scyris alexandrinus .....................................................48Sea catfishes ............................................................... 6Sea chubs ...................................................................26Sea-devils .................................................................156Seabasses ..................................................................17Seabreams .................................................................23Searobins ....................................................................17sebae, Psettias ..........................................................82sebae, Psettus ............................................................82

sectatrix, Kyphosus ..................................................75secunda, Uraspis ........................................................55Seiche africaine ........................................................195Seiche commune ......................................................196Seiche de Guinée ......................................................196Seiche élégante ........................................................195Seiche rosée .............................................................197Selar coulisou .............................................................52Selar crumenophthalmus ..........................................52Selene dorsalis ..........................................................53semitasciatus, Branchiostegus ................................48semifasciatus, Latilus ..................................................48Senegal ark ...............................................................208Senegal jack ...............................................................50Senegal needlefish ......................................................45Senegal nerite ...........................................................223Senegal seabream ....................................................114senegalensis, Alosa ....................................................58senegalensis, Anadara ...........................................208senegalensis, Chelidonichthys ..................................126senegalensis, Cynoglossus ......................................60senegalensis, Diplodus .............................................114senegalensis, Elops ..................................................63senegalensis, Nerita ................................................223senegalensis, Pseudotolithus (Pseudotolithus) ......96senegalensis, Scorpaena ..........................................102senegalensis, Strongylura ........................................45

Senegalese Iadyfish ....................................................63Senegalese rockfish ..................................................102Senegalese tonguesole ...............................................60senegallus, Caranx ...................................................50Senegambian tellin ....................................................215senegambiensis, Tellina .........................................215Senilia senilis ..........................................................208senilis, Senilia .........................................................208Sennets ......................................................................28Sepia bertheloti .......................................................195Sepia elegans ..........................................................195Sepia elobyana ........................................................196Sepia guineana .........................................................196Sepia officinalis hierredda ......................................196



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Sepia orbignyana ....................................................... 197Sepia ornata ................................................................ 197Sepia ornée .................................................................197Sepiella ornata ........................................................... 197SEPIIDAE ................................................................... 195

Sépiole carolette ..........................................................198Sépiole différente ........................................................ 198SEPIOLIDAE ............................................................... 198Sepita manchada ........................................................ 197Sergeants ...................................................................... 27Seriola carpenters ....................................................... 53Seriola dumerili ........................................................... 53Seriola rhombica ........................................................... 53Sériole couronnée ......................................................... 53Sériole guinéenne ......................................................... 53serpens, Ophisurus ..................................................... 89Serpent eel ....................................................................89Serpenton à nez long .................................................... 89

Serpenton gris ............................................................... 88Serpenton léopardo ....................................................... 88Serpenton miro ..............................................................87Serpenton tacheté ......................................................... 88Serpenton tiyeux ...........................................................88Serran chèvre ..............................................................107Serran de St Helène .................................................... 107Serran ganéen .............................................................107Serrandel imperial ......................................................... 46SERRANIDAE ........................................................ 17,104Serrano de St Helèna .................................................. 107Serrano ganés .............................................................107Serranus accraensis .................................................. 107Serranus aeneus ......................................................... 105

Serranus cabrilla ....................................................... 107Serranus sanctaehelenae .......................................... 107serrata, Fistolaria ........................................................... 67Sesarma angolense ................................................... 184

*setapinnis, Vomer ........................................................ 53Setarches guentheri ................................................. 103Sevengillsharks .......................................................... 132Shark suckers .............................................................. 19Sharktooth moray ......................................................... 86Sharpchin flyingfish ...................................................... 66Sharpsnout seabream ................................................ 115Shi drum ....................................................................... 97Shiny mussel .............................................................. 212Shortfin mako ............................................................. 143

Shortfin squid ............................................................. 200Shortnose chimaeras .................................................. 167Shortspine African anglerfish ........................................ 78Shortspine spurdog .................................................... 151sibi, Parathunnus ........................................................ 101Sicklefin mullet ............................................................. 83Sicklefishes .................................................................. 27Sicyonia carinata ...................................................... 179Sicyonia galeata ....................................................... 180Sicyonia sculpta ......................................................... 179SICYONIDAE ............................................................. 179Sicyonie huppée ......................................................... 180Sigarita cóncava ......................................................... 222

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signatus, Carcharhinus ............................................. 141signatus, Hyporion ...................................................... 141Silky shark .................................................................. 138Silver-rag driftfish .......................................................... 41Silver scabbardfish ...................................................... 125

Silver spinyfins .............................................................. 62Silversides .................................................................... 11Silvery John dory ......................................................... 129similis, Oxyporhamphus micropterus ........................ 73simulans, Nannichthys ............................................... 13Sinum concavum ....................................................... 222Sivade kangourou ....................................................... 177Sixgill sharks ............................................................... 132Skates ......................................................................... 155Skipjack tuna ................................................................. 99Sleeper gobies ............................................................. 31Sleepers ........................................................................ 31Slender rockfish .......................................................... 102

Slickheads ...................................................................... 7Slimeheads ................................................................... 13Slipper lobsters ........................................................... 170Small mouth moonflounder ............................................ 47Smallspotted catshark ................................................. 145Smalltooth sawfish ...................................................... 160Smaris macrophthalmus ................................................ 56smithii, Leptocharias ................................................ 144Smooth false donax .................................................... 210Smooth flounder ............................................................ 47Smooth grenadier .......................................................... 81Smooth hammerhead .................................................. 147Smooth-hound ............................................................ 152Smooth lantern shark .................................................. 150

Smooth mactra ............................................................ 211Smooth puffer ............................................................. 121Smooth swimcrab ........................................................ 188Smoothback angelshark .............................................. 151Smoothmouth sea catfish .............................................. 40Snaggletooths ................................................................. 7Snailfishes .................................................................... 17Snake eels ...................................................................... 4Snake mackerels ........................................................... 33Snapper eels ................................................................... 4Snappers ...................................................................... 22Snipefishes ................................................................... 15Soapfishes .................................................................... 18Softhead grenadier ........................................................ 81

Solagmedens africana ................................................... 49solandri, Acanthocybium ............................................ 98Soldierfishes ................................................................. 13Sole de Cadenat ......................................................... 110Sole de Frechkop ........................................................ 109Sole des profondeurs .................................................... 08Sole fasciée ................................................................ 109Sole laiteuse ............................................................... 107Sole langue canarienne ................................................. 59Sole langue de Guinée .................................................. 60Sole langue du Ghana ................................................... 59Sole langue sénégalaise ............................................... 60Sole lusitanienne ......................................................... 109



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Sole ocellée ................................................................ 109Sole-pole .................................................................... 110Sole-pole africaine ...................................................... 111Sole pole à trois taches ............................................... 110

Sole ruardon commune ............................................... 111Sole ruardon du Golfe ................................................. 111Sole tachetée .............................................................. 111Sole velue ................................................................... 110Solea cuneata ............................................................. 108Solea lascaris ............................................................. 110Solecurte rosé ............................................................. 214SOLECURTIDAE ........................................................ 214Solecurtus strigilatus ................................................ 214SOLEIDAE ..............................................................36,107Solen guinensis ......................................................... 214SOLENIDAE ............................................................... 214Solenocera africana .................................................. 180Solénocère d'Afrique ................................................... 180

Solenocera membranacea .......................................... 180SOLENOCERIDAE ..................................................... 180Soles ............................................................................. 36Solleta ........................................................................... 57Sompat grunt ................................................................ 71Sortija ......................................................................... 110Sortija de Cadenat ...................................................... 110Sortija tres ojos ........................................................... 110Southern common seabream ...................................... 118Southern meagre .......................................................... 94Spadefishes .................................................................. 26Spaghetti eels ................................................................. 5Sparaillon africain ....................................................... 114SPARIDAE .............................................................23,112

Sparisoma cretense .................................................... 93Sparisoma flavescens ................................................... 93Sparisoma rubripinne ................................................. 93Sparus aurata ............................................................ 118Sparus caeruleostictus ................................................ 118Sparus ehrenbergii ...................................................... 118Sparus pagrus africanus ............................................. 118Spearfishes ................................................................... 34speciosus, Bodianus .................................................. 76speciosus, Diastodon .................................................... 76speculiger, Hirundichthys .......................................... 66spet, Sphyraena .......................................................... 120Sphoeroides cutaneous ............................................... 122

Sphoeroides marmoratus ......................................... 122Sphoeroides pachygaster ......................................... 122Sphoeroides sprengleri ............................................... 122Sphyraena afra .......................................................... 119Sphyraena barracuda ................................................ 119Sphyraena bocagei ..................................................... 120sphyraena bocagel, Sphyraena ................................... 120Sphyraena dubia ......................................................... 119Sphyraena guachancho ............................................ 119Sphyraena guaguanche .............................................. 119*Sphyraena jello .......................................................... 119Sphyraena picuda ....................................................... 119Sphyraena piscatorium ................................................ 119Sphyraena piscatorum ................................................ 119

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Sphyraena spet ........................................................... 120sphyraena, Sphyraena .............................................. 120Sphyraena Sphyraena ............................................... 120Sphyraena sphyraena bocagei .................................... 120

Sphyraena vulgaris ..................................................... 120SPHYRAENIDAE ................................................... 28,119Sphyrna couardi ........................................................ 146Sphyrna diplana .......................................................... 146Sphyrna lewini ........................................................... 146Sphyrna mokarran ..................................................... 146Sphyrna zygaena ....................................................... 147SPHYRNIDAE .......................................................136,146Spicara alta .................................................................. 56*Spicara melanurus ........................................................ 56Spicara nigricauda ...................................................... 56spinax, Etmopterus ................................................... 150Spinnershark ............................................................... 138Spinousspidercrab ...................................................... 185

Spiny box crab ............................................................ 182Spiny eels ....................................................................... 6Spiny flatheads ............................................................. 16Spiny lobsters ............................................................. 169Spiny puffers ................................................................. 38Spiny turbots ................................................................. 35Spoldado ..................................................................... 110Spondyliosoma cantharus ........................................ 119Spoon-nose eel ............................................................. 88Spotjaw moray .............................................................. 86Spottail mantis shrimp .................................................. 191Spottail spiny turbot ........................................................ 92Spotted box crab .......................................................... 182Spotted eagle ray ........................................................ 159

Spotted-fin rock fish .................................................... 103Spotted flounder ............................................................ 57Spotted skate .............................................................. 163Spotted snake eel ......................................................... 88Spotted soapfish ........................................................... 69Spotted tonguesole ....................................................... 60Spotted weever ........................................................... 123Spratelle de Guinée ...................................................... 58sprengleri, Sphoeroides .............................................. 122Squale-chagrin à longue dorsale ................................. 147Squale-chagrin commun .............................................. 147Squale-chagrin de l'Atlantique ..................................... 147Squale liche ................................................................ 149

Squale savate ............................................................. 149Squale-savate lutin ...................................................... 149SQUALIDAE .........................................................132,147Squalus acutipinnis ..................................................... 150Squalus blainvillei ..................................................... 150Squalus megalops ..................................................... 150Squalus mitsukurii .................................................... 151squamosus, Centrophorus ....................................... 147Squaretails .................................................................... 34Squaretail duckbill ......................................................... 89Squatina aculeata ...................................................... 151Squatina oculata ....................................................... 151SQUATINIDAE .....................................................133,151Squilla aculeata caimani ........................................... 191



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Squilla cadenati ......................................................... 191Squilla mantis ............................................................ 191Squille angolaise ......................................................... 191Squille de Guinée ........................................................ 191Squille-lézard géante ................................................... 191

Squille-ocellée ............................................................. 191Squilles ........................................................................ 191squinado, Maja ........................................................... 185Squirrelfish .................................................................... 73Squirrelfishes ................................................................. 13St Helena comber ........................................................ 107stampfili, Citharichthys ............................................... 47Stardrums ...................................................................... 24Stargazers ..................................................................... 30Starry triggerfish ............................................................ 42Starry weever .............................................................. 124Steindachner's drum ...................................................... 98steindachneri, Umbrina ............................................... 98stellaris, Scyliorhinus ................................................ 145

stellatus, Abalistes ...................................................... 42stephanica,Scorpaena ............................................... 103Stereomastis sculpta talismani ................................. 170Stingrays ..................................................................... 155Stoasodon narinari ....................................................... 159Stout moray ................................................................... 87straeleni, Raja ............................................................ 163Streaked gurnard ......................................................... 126strigilatus, Solecurtus ............................................... 214strigosa, Tellina ......................................................... 215strigosus, Aulostomus ................................................ 15Striped red shrimp ....................................................... 177Striped seabream ........................................................ 116Striped weever ............................................................. 124STROMATEIDAE ....................................................34,120Stromateus capensis ................................................... 120Stromateus fasciatus ................................................... 120Stromateus fiatola ..................................................... 120Stromateus, microchirus .............................................. 120Strombe d'Afrique occidentale ..................................... 223STROMBIDAE ............................................................. 223Strombus latus .....................................................:.... 223

* Strongylura marina ........................................................ 45Strongylura senegalensis ........................................... 45subbifrenatus, Rypticus .............................................. 69suillum, Pomadasys ....................................................... 71suillus, Pomadasys ........................................................ 71

superciliosus, Alopias ............................................... 137Surgeonfishes ................................................................ 31surinamensis, Lobotes ................................................ 78Swallowtail seaperch ................................................... 104Sweepers ...................................................................... 26Swollen venus ............................................................. 215Swordfish .................................................................... 128Swordfishes ................................................................... 34Syacium guineensis ....................................................... 48Syacium micrurum ....................................................... 48Symphurus ligulatus ................................................... 60Symphurus nigrescens ............................................... 60Svmphurus normani .................................................... 61

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Symphurus vanmellae ....................................................60Synaptura cadenati ....................................................111Synaptura lusitanica ..................................................111Synapturichthys kleinii ..............................................111Synchiropus phaeton ...................................................31

SYNGNATHIDAE ...........................................................15Syngnathus ...................................................................15SYNODONTIDAE .....................................................8,120Synodus atlanticus .......................................................121Synodus cinereus .........................................................120Synodus meleagrides ...................................................121Synodus nicholsi ..........................................................121Synodus saurus .........................................................120synodus, Synodus ......................................................121Synodus synodus .......................................................121

Ttabacaria, Fistularia .....................................................67

* Tachysurus capellonis ....................................................41

Tachysurus gambensis ..................................................40* Tachysurus heudelotii .................................................41

Tachysurus lagoensis ....................................................40Tae rocas ......................................................................76taeniops, Cephalopholis ............................................104Taeniura grabata ........................................................158Tagelo de Adanson ......................................................214Tagelus adansonii .....................................................214Tagelus d'Adanson ......................................................214talismani, Stereomastis sculpta ................................170Talona .........................................................................213Talona explanata ........................................................213Talona pholad ..............................................................213

Tambor de bandas .......................................................109Tambor real .................................................................109Tamboril de Guinea .....................................................122Tamboril de tí erra .......................................................121Tamboril liebre .............................................................122Tamboril mondeque .....................................................121Tamboril ñato ...............................................................122tangeri, Uca ................................................................186Tankerville's cardita .....................................................209tankervillei, Cardita ....................................................209tapeinosoma, Auxis .......................................................98Tarpón ...........................................................................81Tarpon argenté ..............................................................81Tarpon atlanticus .........................................................81

Tarpons ...........................................................................3Tasarte ..........................................................................99Tassergal .......................................................................91Taupe bleu ..................................................................143taurus, Eugomphodus ...............................................134Telina de Senegambia .................................................215Telina delgada .............................................................215Telina hialina ...............................................................215Telina papírácea ..........................................................215Tellina hyalina ............................................................215Tellina madagascariensis ..........................................215Tellina senegambiensis .............................................215

Tellina strigosa ..........................................................215



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Telline de Sénégambie .............................................. 215Telline hyaline ............................................................ 215Telline jaunâtre .......................................................... 215Telline papier ............................................................. 215

TELLINIDAE .............................................................. 215Temnodon saltator ....................................................... 91tenuis, Benthodesmus ................................................ 125tenuis, Cultellus ....................................................... 214Teraglin ....................................................................... 94Terai pompano .............................................................54teraia, Trachinotus ..................................................... 54terraenovae, Scoliodon .............................................. 142tessellata, Cassis ..................................................... 218Tessellate helmet ....................................................... 218TETRAGONURIDAE ................................................... 34TETRAODONTIDAE ............................................. 37,121Tetrapturus albidus ................................................... 74

*Tetrapturus belone ....................................................... 75Tetrapturus pfluegeri ................................................. 75Thais coronata ......................................................... 220Thais haemastoma ................................................... 220Thais nodosa ............................................................ 220Thalassoma pavo ....................................................... 77thazard, Auxis ............................................................ 98Thazard-bâtard ............................................................98Thazard blanc ............................................................ 100Thin tellin ................................................................... 215thompsoni, Nasogrammus ........................................... 67Thon obèse ................................................................ 101Thonine commune ....................................................... 99Thornback guitarfishes ...............................................154

Thornback ray ............................................................ 161Threadfins .................................................................... 28Threefin blennies ......................................................... 30Thresher shark ........................................................... 137Thresher sharks ......................................................... 134Thunnus alalunga .................................................... 100Thunnus albacares .................................................. 100Thunnus germo .......................................................... 100Thunnus obesus ...................................................... 101thynnoides, Auxis ......................................................... 98THYSANOTEUTHIDAE ............................................. 204Thysanoteuthis rhombus ........................................ 204Tiburón aleta negra .................................................... 138Tiburón arenero ......................................................... 140

Tiburón azul ............................................................... 142Tiburón baboso .......................................................... 137Tiburón baleta ............................................................ 137Tiburón barbudo ........................................................ 144Tiburón cobrizo .......................................................... 138Tiburón comadreja ..................................................... 143Tiburón de Galápagos ................................................ 139Tiburón de noche ....................................................... 141Tiburón galano ...........................................................141Tiburón jaquetón ........................................................ 138Tiburón macuira ......................................................... 139Tiburón oceánico ....................................................... 140Tiburón Bards ............................................................ 139Tiburón trozo ............................................................. 140

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Tieso culebrón ............................................................88Tieso gris ....................................................................88Tieso leopardo ............................................................88Tieso miro ................................................................... 87

Tieso pintado ..............................................................88Tieso trompudo ...........................................................89Tiger moon snail ....................................................... 222Tiger shark ............................................................... 141tigrina, Natica .......................................................... 222Tile zèbre ................................................................... 48Tilefishes ....................................................................19Tintorera ...................................................................141Tivela tripla ............................................................. 215Tivela triple ...............................................................215Toadfishes ....................................................................9Todarodes sagittatus sagittatus ............................ 202Todaropsis eblanae ................................................ 203Tollo flecha ............................................................... 149Tollo lucero africano .................................................149Tollo lucero liso .........................................................150Tollo negro mergs .....................................................148Tollo pajarito .............................................................149Tonguefishes ..............................................................37Tonguesoles ...............................................................37Tope shark ............................................................... 152TORPEDINIDAE ....................................................... 154Torpedo ................................................................... 154Tortue caouane ........................................................ 226Tortue caret .............................................................. 227Tortue luth ................................................................ 228Tortue olivâtre .......................................................... 227

Tortue verte ..............................................................226Tortuga blanca ..........................................................226Tortuga cahuama ......................................................226Tortuga de carey ...................................................... 227Tortuga golfina ..........................................................227Tortuga laúd ............................................................. 228Tourlourou des lagunes ............................................ 183Toutenon commun ....................................................202TRACHICHTHYIDAE .......................................... 13,122Trachichthys darwini ................................................. 122TRACHINIDAE .................................................... 30,123Trachinocephaius hypozona ..................................... 121Trachinocephalus myops ....................................... 121Trachinotus goreensis .............................................54

Trachinotus maxillosus ............................................54Trachinotus myrias .....................................................54Trachinotus ovatus ...................................................54Trachinotus teraia .....................................................54Trachinus araneus .................................................. 123Trachinus armatus .................................................. 123Trachinus collignoni ............................................... 124Trachinus lineolatus ............................................... 124Trachinus pardalis .................................................... 124Trachinus pellegrini ..:............................................. 124Trachinus radiatus .................................................. 124Trachinus vipera ..................................................... 125TRACHIPTERIDAE ....................................................15Trachurops crumenophthalmus ...................................52



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Trachurus capensis ........................................................55Trachurus trachurus ....................................................55tachurus, Trachurus .....................................................55Trachurus trecae ..........................................................55

trachypterus, Trachypterus .........................................15Trachypterus trachypterus ..........................................15transversus, Pachygrapsus .......................................184trecae, Trachurus .........................................................55Tres colas ....................................................................104Triaenodon obtusus ...................................................137TRIAKIDAE .......................................................... 135,152TRICHIURIDAE ...................................................... 33,125Trichiurus haumela .......................................................126Trichiurus lepturus .....................................................126Triggerfishes ..................................................................38Trigla capensis .............................................................126Trigla gabonensis .........................................................126Trigla lastoviza .............................................................126

Trigla lucerna ...............................................................127Trigla lyra ....................................................................127TRIGLIDAE ............................................................. 17,126Trigloporus lastoviza ....................................................126triophthalma, Pegusa ...................................................110triophthalmus, Pegusa ...............................................110tripla, Tivela ................................................................215Triple venus .................................................................215Tripletails .......................................................................22Triplophos ......................................................................7TRIPTERYGIIDAE .........................................................30trisulcatus, Penaeus ..................................................179Tritón buido .................................................................. 218Triton noueux ............................................................... 218tritor, Cybium ................................................................100tritor, Scomberomorus ...............................................100Trompetero ....................................................................80Tropical two-wing flyingfish .............................................65True lobsters ................................................................ 169True sole ......................................................................108Trumpetfishes ................................................................15truncata, Barnea .........................................................213Truncate barnea ...........................................................213Trunkfishes ....................................................................38Trygon pastinaca ..........................................................157Tub gurnard ..................................................................... 127tuberculata, Haliotis ...................................................... 219

Tubercutate abalone ....................................................219Tufted ghost crab ..........................................................18Tufted rock shrimp ........................................................18tumens, Pitar ...............................................................21Tunas .............................................................................32Turbot épineux tacheté ...................................................92turnerana, Callianassa ...............................................170Turton's moon snail ......................................................222turtoni, Natica .............................................................222Two-colour jack ..............................................................51tydemani, Ruvettus .........................................................68Tylosurus acus rafale ...................................................45Tylosurus crocodilus crocodilus .................................45Tylosurus raphidoma ......................................................45

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typicus, Diplodus sargus ............................................. 115typus, Pseudotolithus (Pseudotolithus) .....................96typus, Rhiniodon .......................................................134

UUca tangeri .................................................................186umbra, Sciaena ............................................................97Umbrina canariensis ....................................................97Umbrina cirrosa ...........................................................97

* Umbrina cirrosa ..............................................................98Umbrina fusca ...............................................................97Umbrina ronchus .........................................................97Umbrina steindachneri ................................................98undulata, Raja ............................................................164Undulate ray ................................................................164unicolor, Orcynopsis ...................................................99unifasciatus, Hyporamphus ............................................72Uranoscope à points blancs .........................................128Uranoscope boeuf .......................................................128Uranoscope miou .........................................................128URANOSCOPIDAE ................................................30,128Uranoscopus albesca ................................................128Uranoscopus cadenati ...............................................128Uranoscopus polli .....................................................128Uraspis cadenati ............................................................55Uraspis helvola ............................................................55Uraspis secunda ............................................................55usta, Nicholsisia ..........................................................92uyato, Centrophorus ..................................................148

VVadigo ..........................................................................49vadigo, Campogramma .................................................49vaillanti, Lophius .........................................................78validus, Neptunus .......................................................188validus, Portunus ......................................................188vanmellae, Symphurus ..................................................60Vanstraelenia chirophthalmus .................................111Vanstraelenia insignis .................................................111varidens, Aristeus .....................................................177velox, Euleptorhampus ...............................................72Velvet-belly .................................................................150VENERIDAE ...............................................................215Venerupis corrugata .................................................216Venerupis dura ..........................................................216Ventrifossa occidentalis ................................................81Venus bombée ............................................................215Venus foliaceolamellosa ...........................................216Venus plegada ............................................................216Vénus triple .................................................................215Venus verrucosa .......................................................216verrucosa, Venus ......................................................216Verrugato común ..........................................................97Verrugato de Canarias ..................................................97Verrugato de Steindachner ...........................................98Verrugato fusco .............................................................97vetula, Balistes ............................................................43Víbora .........................................................................124



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vicinus, Gymnothorx ................................................... 86vicinus, Lycodontis .................................................. 86Vieja ........................................................................... 76Vieja lomonegro ......................................................... 76

villosa,Fistularia ......................................................... 67* violaceus, Macruoplus ................................................ 81Violet skate ...............................................................162Violinista africano ......................................................186Viper moray ............................................................... 85vipera, Echiichthys ....................................................125vipera, Trachinus ....................................................125viridens, Pristipoma .................................................... 69vitrea, Labiosa .........................................................211vittata, Channomuraena .......................................... 85Vivaneau africain rouge ............................................. 79Vivaneau brun (d'Afrique) ........................................... 79Vivaneau de Gorée .................................................... 80Vivaneau de Guinée ................................................... 79

Vivaneau doré ............................................................ 80Vivaneau fourche (d'Afrique) ...................................... 79Vive à tête rayonnée .................................................124Vive araignée ............................................................123Vive du Cap Vert .......................................................124Vive guinéenne .........................................................123Vive peigne ...............................................................124Vive rayée .................................................................124Voilier de l'Atlantique ................................................. 74Volador ...................................................................... 65Volador africano ......................................................... 65Volador aletón ............................................................ 66Volador atlántico ........................................................ 64Volador bordiblanco ................................................... 64Volador de Bennett .................................................... 65Volador de Guinea ..................................................... 64Volador espejo ........................................................... 66Volador golondrina ..................................................... 66Volador jorobado ........................................................ 67Volador ñato .............................................................. 65Volador picudo ........................................................... 66volitans, Cephalacanthus ........................................... 61volitans, Dactylopterus ........................................... 61volitans, Exocoetus ................................................. 65Voluta de Neptuno ....................................................224Voluta trompa de cerdo .............................................223Voluta trompa de elefante .........................................224

Volute Neptune .........................................................224Volute trompe d'éléphant ..........................................224Volute trompe de cochon ..........................................223VOLUTIDAE .............................................................223Vomer gibbiceps ........................................................ 53

* Vomer setapinnis ........................................................ 53vorax, Pellonula ....................................................... 58Vovan bittersweet .....................................................210vovan, Glycymeris ..................................................210vulgaris, Diplodus ...................................................116vulgaris,Loligo ........................................................199vulgaris, Octopus ....................................................205vulgaris, Pagrus ........................................................118vulgaris, Sphyraena ..................................................120

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vulpes, Albula ........................................................... 39vulpinus, Alopias .................................................... 137

W

Wahoo ........................................................................ 98Wahoos ...................................................................... 32Warty venus .............................................................. 216Weakfishes.................................................................. 24Weasel sharks ........................................................... 135Wedge sole .............................................................. 108Wedgefishes .............................................................154Weeverfishes ..............................................................30West African catshark ............................................... 145West African fiddler crab .......................................... 186West African geryon ................................................. 183West African goatfish ................................................. 84West African ilisha ...................................................... 57West African ladyfish .................................................. 62West African spadefish ............................................... 64West African Spanish mackerel ................................ 100West African stargazer ............................................. 128West African stromb ................................................. 223Western softhead grenadier ....................................... 81whakari, Ruvettus ....................................................... 68Whale sharks ............................................................ 134Whiskered sole ......................................................... 110White grouper ........................................................... 105White marlin ............................................................... 74White seabream ....................................................... 115White skate .............................................................. 161White-spotted octopus .............................................. 205

White-spotted stargazer ........................................... 128Whitefin hammerhead .............................................. 146Whitespotted guitarfish ............................................. 164Wide-eyed flounder .................................................... 46wittei, Microchirus .................................................. 109Worm eels .................................................................... 4Wormfishes ................................................................ 31Wrasses ..................................................................... 29Wreckfish ................................................................. 106Wrinkled swimcrab ................................................... 188

XXANTHIDAE ............................................................ 189

Xenobuglossus elongatus ......................................... 111XENOCONGRIDAE ...................................................... 5 Xenogramma carinatum ............................................. 67 Xesurus biafraensis .................................................... 39 Xiphias gladius ....................................................... 128XIPHIIDAE .......................................................... 34,128 Xyrichthys novacula ................................................. 77 Xyrichthys psittacus .................................................... 77

YYellow box crab ...................................................... 182Yellow sea chub ....................................................... 75Yellowfin tuna ......................................................... 100Yellowtail sardinella .................................................. 58



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ZZanobatus schoenleinii ...........................................154Zebra seabrearn ........................................................ 115Zebra tilefish ................................................................48ZEIDAE ................................................................. 13,129Zenion hololepis ........................................................14ZENIONTIDAE .............................................................14

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Zeniontids .....................................................................14Zenopsis conchifer ................................................... 129Zeus conchifer ............................................................. 129Zeus faber .................................................................. 129

Zeus ocellatus ............................................................. 129Zorro ........................................................................... 137Zorra ojón ....................................................................137zygaena, Sphyrna ...................................................... 147

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266

LIST OF COLOUR PLATES

PLATE I

ACANTHURIDAE 1 Acanthurus monroviae 230 mm SL* Photo: G. Bianchi

BALISTIDAE 2 Balistes capriscus Photo: M. Bellemans

3 Balistes punctatus Photo: M. BellemansBOTHIDAE 4 Bothus podas africanus Photo: M. Bellemans

BRANCHIOSTEGIDAE 5 Branchiostegus semifasciatus Photo: M. Bellemans

CARANGIDAE 6 Alectis alexandrinus (juvenile) 230 mm SL Photo: G. Bianchi

7 Alectis alexandrinus (adult) Photo: M. Bellemans

8 Campogramma glaycos Photo: M. Bellemans

CARANGIDAE 9

PLATE Il

Caranx crysos Photo: M. Bellemans

10 Caranx hippos Photo: G. Bianchi

11 Caranx senegallus Photo: M. Bellemans

12 Decapterus punctatus 125 mm SL Photo: G. Bianchi13 Decapterus rhonchus 305 mm SL Photo: G. Bianchi

14 Lichia amia Photo: M. Bellemans

15 Selene dorsalis 160 mm SL Photo: G. Bianchi

16 Seriola carpenteri 325 mm SL Photo: G. Bianchi

CARANGIDAE 17

PLATE III

Trachinotus goreensis Photo: M. Bellemans

18 Trachinotus ovatus Photo: M. Bellemans

19 Trachinotus teraia 300 mm SL Photo: G. Bianchi

20 Trachurus trecae 150 mm SL Photo: G. Bianchi

21 Uraspis helvola Photo: M. Bellemans

CENTRACANTHIDAE 22 Spicara alta 210 mm SL Photo: G. Bianchi

23 Spicara alta (protracted mouth) Photo: M_ Bellemans

CLUPEIDAE 24 Ethmalosa fimbriata Photo: M. Bellemans

CLUPEIDAE 25

PLATE IV

Sardinella aurita 125 mm SL Photo: G. Bianchi26 Sardinella maderensis 190 mm SL Photo: G. Bianchi

CYNOGLOSSIDAE 27 Cynoglossus monodi Photo: M. Bellemans

DREPANIDAE 28 Drepane africana Photo: W. Schneider

ECHENEIDAE 29 Echeneis naucrates Photo: M. Bellemans

ELOPIDAE 30 Elops lacerta 330 mm SL Photo: G. Bianchi

EMMELICHTHYIDAE 31 Erythrocles monodi Photo: M. Bellemans

EPHIPPIDAE 32 Chaetodipterus goreensis 120 mm SL Photo: G. Bianchi

FISTULARIIDAE 33

PLATE V

Fistularia tabacaria Photo: M Bellemans

HAEMULIDAE 34 Brachydeuterus auritus 125 mm SL Photo: G. Bianchi

35 Parapristipoma octolineatum Photo: M. Bellemans

36 Plectorhynchus macrolepis Photo: M. Bellemans

37 Plectorhynchus mediterraneus Photo: M. Bellemans

38 Pomadasys incisus 240 mm SL Photo: G. Bianchi

39 Pomadasys jubelini 275 mm SL Photo: G. Bianchi

40 Pomadasys rogerii 175 mm SL Photo: G. Bianchi

---------------------------------------------------* SL = Standard length

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PLATE VI

HEMIRAMPHIDAE 41 Hemiramphus brasiliensis Photo: M. Bellemans

HOLOCENTRIDAE 42 Sargocentron hastatus Photo: M. Bellemans

LABRIDAE 43 Bodianus speciosus 360 mm SL Photo: G. Bianchi

44 Coris julis Photo: M. Bellemans

LOBOTIDAE 45 Lobotes surinamensis 480 mm TL* Photo: G. Bianchi

LUTJANIDAE 46 Apsilus fuscus 180 mm SL Photo: G. Bianchi

47 Lutjanus agennes 340 mm SL Photo: G. Bianchi

LUTJANIDAE 48

PLATE VII

Lutjanus dentatus Photo: M. Bellemans49 Lutjanus fulgens Photo: M. Bellemans

50 Lutjanus goreensis Photo: G. Bianchi

MONODACTYLIDAE 51 Psettias sebae Photo: M. Bellemans

MUGILIDAE 52 Mugil cephalus 254 mm SL Photo: J.E. Randall

MULLIDAE 53 Pseudupeneus prayensis Photo: M. Bellemans

MURAENIDAE 54 Muraena helena Photo: M. Bellemans

55 Muraena melanotis Photo: M. Bellemans

MURAENIDAE 56

PLATE VIII

Muraena robusta Photo: M. Bellemans

OPHIDIIDAE 57 Brotula barbata Photo: M. Bellemans

POLYNEMIDAE 58 Galeoides decadactylus Photo: M. Bellemans

59 Pentanemus quinquarius 195 mm SL Photo: G. Bianchi

POMATOMIDAE 60 Pomatomus saltatrix Photo: M. Bellemans

PRIACANTHIDAE 61 Priacanthus arenatus Photo: M. Bellemans

PSETTODIDAE 62 Psettodes belcheri 250 mm SL Photo: G. Bianchi

SCARIDAE 63 Scarus hoefleri Photo: M. Bellemans

SCIAENIDAE 64

PLATE IX

Pseudotolithus elongatus 335 mm SL Photo: G. Bianchi

65 Pseudotolithus senegalensis 335 mm SL Photo: G. Bianchi

66 Pseudotolithus typus 285 mm SL Photo: G. Bianchi

67 Umbrina canariensis Photo: G. Bianchi

68 Umbrina steindachneri Photo: M. Bellemans

SCOMBRIDAE 69 Auxis thazard 401 mm FL** Photo: J.E. Randall70 Euthynnus alletteratus Photo: M. Bellemans

71 Sarda sarda 550 mm SL Photo: G. Bianchi

SCOMBRIDAE 72

PLATE X

Scomber japonicus Photo: M. Bellemans

73 Scomberomorus tritor 420 mm SL Photo: G. Bianchi

SCORPAENIDAE 74 Pontinus kuhlii Photo: M. Bellemans

75 Scorpaena angolensis Photo: M. Bellemans

SERRANIDAE 76 Anthias anthias, male Photo: W. Schneider

77 Cephalopholis taeniops Photo: M. Bellemans

SERRANIDAE 78 Epinephelus aeneus 450 mm SL Photo: G. Bianchi79 Epinephelus costae Photo: M. Bellemans

* TL = Total length** FL = Fork length



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PLATE XI

SERRANIDAE 80 Epinephelus goreensis Photo: M. Bellemans

81 Epinephelus haifensis Photo: W. Schneider

82 Epinephelus marginatus Photo: M. Bellemans

83 Mycteroperca rubra Photo: M. Bellemans84 Serranus cabrilla Photo: M. Bellemans

SOLEIDAE 85 Dicologoglossa hexophthalma Photo: W. Schneider

86 Pegusa lascaris Photo: W. Schneider

SPARIDAE 87

PLATE XII

Bop bop 180 mm SL Photo: G. Bianchi

88 Dentex angolensis 175 mm SL Photo: G. Bianchi

89 Dentex canariensis Photo: G. Bianchi

90 Dentex congoensis Photo: M. Bellemans

91 Dentex gibbosus 250 mm SL Photo: G. Bianchi

92 Dentex macrophthalmus 305 mm SL Photo: M. Bellemans

SPARIDAE 93

PLATE XIII

Dentex maroccanus 215 mm SL Photo: G. Bianchi

94 Diplodus bellottii Watercolour: P. Lastrico

95 Diplodus cervinus cervinus 300 mm SL Photo: G. Bianchi

96 Diplodus puntazzo 360 mm SL Photo: G. Bianchi

97 Diplodus sargus cadenati 265 mm SL Photo: G. Bianchi

SPARIDAE 98

PLATE XIV

Diplodus vulgaris 260 mm SL Photo: G. Bianchi

99 Lithognathus mormyrus 205 mm SL Photo: G. Bianchi

100 Oblada melanura 155 mm SL Photo: G. Bianchi

101 Pagellus acarne 120 mm SL Photo: G. Bianchi

102 Pagellus bellottii 230 mm SL Photo: G. Bianchi

SPARIDAE 103

PLATE XV

Pagrus auriga 235 mm SL Photo: G. Bianchi

104 Pagrus caeruleostictus 570 mm SL Photo: G. Bianchi

105 Sarpa salpa Photo: M. Bellemans

106 Spondyliosoma cantharus Photo: M. BellemansSTROMATEIDAE 107 Stromateus fiatola Photo: M. Bellemans

SYNODONTIDAE 108 Trachinocephalus myops Photo: M. Bellemans

TETRAODONTIDAE 109

PLATE XVI

Lagocephalus laevigatus 150 mm SL Photo: G. Bianchi

TRACHINIDAE 110 Trachinus armatus Photo: W. Schneider

111 Trachinus pellegrini Photo: M. Bellemans

TRIGLIDAE 112 Chelidonichthys lastoviza Photo: M. Bellemans

ZEIDAE 113 Zenopsis conchifer Photo: G. Bianchi

114 Zeus faber Photo: M. Bellemans

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PLATE I

(1) ACANTHURIDAE: Acanthurus monroviae 230 mm SL(Ph.: Bianchi)

(3) BALISTIDAE: Balistes punctatus(Ph.: Bellemans)

(5) BRANCHIOSTEGIDAE: Branchiostegus semifasciatus(Ph.: Bellemans)

(7) CARANGIDAE: Alectis alexandrinus (adult)(Ph.: Bellemans)

(2) BALISTIDAE: Balistes capriscus(Ph.: Bellemans)

(4) BOTHIDAE: Bothus podas africanus(Ph.: Bellemans)

(6) CARANGIDAE: Alectis alexandrinus (juvenile)230 mm SL (Ph.: Bianchi)

(8) CARANGIDAE: Campogramma glaycos(Ph.: Bellemans)

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PLATE Il

(9) CARANGIDAE: Caranx crysos(Ph.: Bellemans)

(11) CARANGIDAE: Caranx senegallus(Ph : Bellemans)

(13) CARANGIDAE: Decapterus rhonchus 305 mm SL(Ph.: Bianchi)

(15) CARANGIDAE: Selene dorsalis 160 mm SL(Ph.: Bianchi)

(10) CARANGIDAE: Caranx hippos(Ph.: Bianchi)

(12) CARANGIDAE: Decapterus punctatus 125 mm SL(Ph.: Bianchi)

(14) CARANGIDAE: Lichia amia(Ph.: Bellemans)

(16) CARANGIDAE: Seriola carpenteri 325 mm SL(Ph.: Bianchi)



PLATE III

(17) CARANGIDAE: Trachinotus goreensis(Ph.: Bellemans)

(19) CARANGIDAE: Trachinotus teraia 300 mm SL(Ph: Bianchi)

(21) CARANGIDAE: Uraspis helvol a(Ph.: Bellemans)

(23) CENTRACANTHIDAE: Spicara alta (protracted mouth)(Ph.: Bellemans)

(18) CARANGIDAE: Trachinotus ovatus(Ph.: Bellemans)

(20) CARANGIDAE Trachurus trecae 150 mm SL(Ph : Bianchi)

(22) CENTRACANTHIDAE: Spicara alta 210 mm SL (Ph.: Bianchi)

(24) CLUPEIDAE: Ethmalosa fimbriata(Ph.: Bellemans)



PLATE IV

(25) CLUPEIDAE: Sardinella aurita 125 mm SL(Ph.: Bianchi)

(27) CYNOGLOSSIDAE: Cynoglossus monodi (Ph.: Bellemans)

(29) ECHENEIDAE : Echeneis naucrates(Ph.: Bellemans)

(31) EMMELICHTHYIDAE: Erythrocles monodi (Ph.: Bellemans)

(26) CLUPEIDAE: Sardinella maderensis 190 mm SL(Ph.: Bianchi)

(28) DREPANIDAE: Drepane africana(Ph.: W. Schneider)

(30) ELOPIDAE: Elops lacerta 300 mm SL(Ph.: Bianchi)

(32) EPHIPPIDAE: Chaetodipterus goreensis 120 mm SL(Ph.: Bianchi)

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PLATE V

(33) FISTULARIIDAE: Fistularia tabacaria(Ph.: Bellemans)

(35) HAEMULIDAE: Parapristipoma octolineatum(Ph.: Bellemans)

(37) HAEMULIDAE: Plectorhynchus mediterraneus(Ph.: Bellemans)

(39) HAEMULIDAE: Pomadasys jubelini 275 mm SL(Ph.: Bianchi)

(34) HAEMULIDAE: Brachydeuterus auritus 125 mm SL(Ph.: Bianchi)

(36) HAEMULIDAE: Plectorhynchus macrolepis(Ph.: Bellemans)

(38) HAEMULIDAE: Pomadasys incisus 240 mm SL(Ph.: Bianchi)

(40) HAEMULIDAE: Pomadasys rogerii 175 mm SL(Ph.: Bianchi)

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PLATE VI

(41) HEMIRAMPHIDAE: Hemiramphus brasiliensis(Ph.: Bellemans)

(43) LABRIDAE: Bodianus speciosus 360 mm SL(Ph.: Bianchi)

(42) HOLOCENTRIDAE: Sargocentron hastatus(Ph.: Bellemans)

(44) LABRIDAE: Coris julis(Ph.: Bellemans)

(45) LOBOTIDAE: Lobotes surinamensis 480 mm TL(Ph.: Bianchi)

(46) LUTJANIDAE: Apsilus fuscus 180 mm SL(Ph.: Bianchi)

(47) LUTJANIDAE: Lutjanus agennes 340 mm SL(Ph.: Bianchi)



PLATE VII

(48) LUTJANIDAE: Lutjanus dentatus(Ph.: Bellemans)

(50) LUTJANIDAE: Lutjanus goreensis(Ph.: Bianchi)

(52) MUGILIGAE: Mugil cephalus 254 mm SL(Ph.: Randall)

(54) MURAENIDAE: Muraena helena(Ph.: Bellemans)

(49) LUTJANIDAE: Lutjanus fulgens(Ph.: Bellemans)

(51) MONODACTYLIDAE: Psettias sebae(Ph.: Bellemans)

(53) MULLIDAE: Pseudupeneus prayensis(Ph.: Bellemans)

(55) MURAENIDAE: Muraena melanotis(Ph.: Bellemans)



PLATE VIII

(56) MURAENIDAE: Muraena robusta(Ph.: Bellemans)

(58) POLYNEMIDAE: Galeoides decadactylus(Ph.: Bellemans)

(60) POMATOMIDAE: Pomatomus saltatrix (Ph.: Bellemans)

(62) PSETTODIDAE: Psettodes belcheri 250 mm SL(Ph.: Bianchi)

(57) OPHIDIIDAE: Brotula barbata (Ph.: Bellemans)

(59) POLYNEMIDAE: Pentanemus quinquarius 195 mm SL(Ph.: Bianchi)

(61) PRIACANTHIDAE: Priacanthus arenatus(Ph.: Bellemans)

(63) SCARIDAE: Scarus hoefleri (Ph.: Bellemans)

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PLATE IX

(64) SCIAENIDAE: Pseudotolithus elongatus

335 mm SL (Ph.: Bianchi)

(66) SCIAENIDAE: Pseudotolithus typus 285 mm SL

(Ph.: Bianchi)

(68) SCIAENIDAE: Umbrina steindachneri

(Ph.: Bellemans)

(70) SCOMBRIDAE: Euthynnus alletteratus

(Ph.: Bellemans)

(65) SCIAENIDAE: Pseudotolithus senegalensis


(67) SCIAENIDAE: Umbrina canariensis

(Ph.: Bianchi)

(69) SCOMBRIDAE: Auxis thazard 401 mm FL

(Ph.: Randall)

(71) SCOMBRIDAE: Sarda sarda 550 mm SL

(Ph.: Bianchi)

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PLATE X

(72) SCOMBRIDAE: Scomber japonicus(Ph.: Bellemans)

(74) SCORPAENIDAE: Pontinus kuhlii (Ph.: Bellemans)

(76) SERRANIDAE: Anthias anthias, male(Ph.: W. Schneider)

(78) SERRANIDAE: Epinephelus aeneus 450 mm SL(Ph.: Bianchi)

(73) SCOMBRIDAE: Scomberomorus tritor 420 mm SL(Ph.: Bianchi)

(75) SCORPAENIDAE: Scorpaena angolensis(Ph.: Bellemans)

(77) SERRANIDAE: Cephalopholis taeniops(Ph.: Bellemans)

(79) SERRANIDAE: Epinephelus costae(Ph.: Bellemans)



(86) SOLEIDAE: Pegusa lascaris

(Ph.: W. Schneider)

PLATE XI

(80) SERRANIDAE: Epinepheuls goreensis(Ph.: Bellemans)

(82) SERRANIDAE: Epinephelus marginatus(Ph.: Bellemans)

(84) SERRANIDAE: Serranus cabrilla(Ph.: Bellemans)

(81) SERRANIDAE: Epinephelus haifensis(Ph.: W. Schneider)

(83) SERRANIDAE: Mycteroperca rubra(Ph.: Bellemans)

(85) SOLEIDAE: Dicologoglossa hexophthalma(Ph.: W. Schneider)



PLATE XII

(92) SPARIDAE: Dentex macrophthalmus 305 mm SL(Ph.: Bellemans)

(87) SPARIDAE: Boops boops 180 mm SL(Ph.: Bianchi)

(88) SPARIDAE: Dentex angolensis 175 mm SL(Ph.: Bianchi)

(90) SPARIDAE: Dentex congoensis(Ph.: Bellemans)

(89) SPARIDAE: Dentex canariensis(Ph.: Bianchi)

(91) SPARIDAE: Dentex gibbosus 250 mm SL(Ph.: Bianchi)

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(97) SPARIDAE: Diplodus sargus cadenati 265 mm SL(Ph.: Bianchi)

PLATE XIII

(93) SPARIDAE: Dentex maroccanus 215 mm SL(Ph.: Bianchi)

(95) SPARIDAE: Diplodus cervinus cervinus300 mm SL (Ph.: Bianchi)

(94) SPARIDAE: Diplodus bellottii (Watercolour: Lastrico)

(96) SPARIDAE: Diplodus puntazzo360 mm SL (Ph.: Bianchi)

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(102) SPARIDAE: Pagulus bellottii 230 mm SL(Ph.: Bianchi)

PLATE XIV

(98) SPARIDAE: Diplodus vulgaris 260 mm SL(Ph.: Bianchi)

(100) SPARIDAE: Oblada melanura


(99) SPARIDAE: Lithognathus mormyrus


(101) SPARIDAE: Pagellus acarne




PLATE XV

(103) SPARIDAE: Pagrus auriga 235 mm SL(Ph.: Bianchi)

(105) SPARIDAE: Sarpa salpa(Ph.: Bellemans)

(107) STROMATEIDAE: Stromateus fiatola(Ph.: Bellemans)

(104) SPARIDAE: Pagrus caeruleostictus 570 mm SL(Ph.: Bianchi)

(106) SPARIDAE: Spondyliosoma cantharus(Ph.: Bellemans)

(108) SYNODONTIDAE: Trachinocephalus myops(Ph.: Bellemans)



PLATE XVI

Peces, Moluscos, Decápodos, Tortugas Del Golfo de Guinea

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