Política industrial y sectores tradicionales: un análisis de la experiencia española...

7/31/2019 Poltica industrial y sectores tradicionales: un anlisis de la experiencia espaola reciente(Es)/ Industrial policy and

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dkpke Gwxorgn ~wg iigsnhn rox ||wio In ro$i|k`n kelwp|xkni ge we ge|oxeo nhkgx|o{òdrg|k|ksooxkge|n`koegp rnxn we geco~wg òdwek|nxko&@OD &;2+ 773 ckeni+) ge xgniklnl io ~wg fn`n gxnlk`|ndkenx in lgpnrnxk`ke lg |oln sgigklnl lgroi|k`n kelwp|xkni ni xglw`kx in n`|wn`ke rhik`n)ge xgin`ke òe in kelwp|xkn) n in dgjoxn lgi ge|ox$eo ge gi ~wg pg lgpgeswgisge inp gdrxgpnp% Eo pg$x fnp|n gi no 8228 &>+ `wnelo pg fnhig lg wen

xgskpke lgi geco~wg òdwek|nxko lg in roi|k`n ke$lwp|xkni%

Ge |olo npo) in lgckek`ke lg roi|k`n kelwp|xkni gvkag|gegx ge `wge|n wen |xkrig lkdgepke lg oxlge òe$`gr|wni) |gxkò { ropk|kso% In rxkdgxn lg giinp) òe$`gr|wni) |kgeg ~wg sgx òe in rxorkn roikpgdkn lg ineo`ke lg roi|k`n kelwp|xkni { in cni|n lg oepgepo lgio ~wg xgnidge|g p|n òdrxgelg &Hgn|f) 8228+% Gp$|n lkck`wi|nl oeg`|n oe in pgaweln: in kegvkp|ge`knlg we `wgxro |gxkò ekò { òfgxge|g pohxg roi|k$`n kelwp|xkni%

N rgpnx lg giio) lwxne|g iop i|kdop nop pg fn rxo$lw`klo we eo|nhig xgpwxakdkge|o lg in ik|gxn|wxn gò$edk`n ge lksgxpnp xgnp òegvnp òe in kelwp|xkn &ke$eosn`ke) ge|xgrxgegwxpfkr) g|`%+ ~wg fn xgcoxznlo {cwelndge|nlo gi rnrgi lg inp roi|k`np lg rxodo$`ke kelwp|xkni &8+% Np) n in |xnlk`koeni jwp|kck`n`ke lgiop cniiop lg dgx`nlo pg fne pwdnlo òe cwgxzn inp|goxnp lgi `xg`kdkge|o xgin`koenlnp òe in roi|k`n|gèoiak`n o in lgcgepn lg in roi|k`n odgx`kni gp$

|xn|ak`n òdo gigdge|o lg roi|k`n kelwp|xkni &Ignf{{ Egnx{) 822>+ rnpnelo rox inp nrox|n`koegp lg ingòeodn gsoiw`koekp|n o gi geco~wg pkp|dkò lg inkeeosn`ke kelwp|xkni%

N gp|op nprg`|op lg oxlge òe`gr|wni { |gxkò pgweg we |gx`gx gigdge|o: lgplg we rwe|o lg skp|nro$pk|kso { dp nii lg iop rxohigdnp pgde|kòpwen dgxn ohpgxsn`ke lg in n`|ksklnl rhik`n lg ioprnpgp nsneznlop rgxdk|g lg|g`|nx in gvkp|ge`kn lgkdrox|ne|gp iegnp rxgpwrwgp|nxknp lg n{wlnp rhik$`np n in kelwp|xkn% Weop nro{op ~wg nlor|ne lksgxpnp

077/0735Gk ;;2% Nwe~wg xgpwi|g rnxnljkò) in òdwek`n`ke lg in @o$

CXNE@KP@O C% DNP SGXL

Lgrnx|ndge|o lg Gòeodn{ @kge`knp Po`knigp

Weksgxpklnl Roik|èk`n lg Snige`kn


2/12

077/0735Gkgednx`n inp n``koegp xgin`koenlnp òe in kelwp|xknge |xgp axnelgp hio~wgp% Ge rxkdgx iwanx) niawenp n`$|wn`koegp |kgege we `nx`|gxxgawin|oxko) dglkne|g inrxodwian`ke lg igakpin`ke lg rxorkglnl kelwp|xkni&rn|ge|gp) dnx`np) %%%+) lg eoxdnp |èk`np { lg pg$awxklnl) g|`% We pgawelo |kro lg dglklnp io òep|k$|w{ge iop kep|xwdge|op lg ckene`kn`ke) ~wg pwroegein |xnepcgxge`kn lg xg`wxpop lgplg gi pg`|ox rhikòfn`kn inp gdrxgpnp n |xnsp lg ke`ge|ksop lg lkp|ke$|op |krop% Wen |gx`gxn inpg lg n`|wn`koegp |kgege we`nx`|gx cwe`koeni: pg hnpne ge in rxodo`ke lg ke$cxngp|xw`|wxnp &`ge|xop |gèoiakòp) ke`whnloxnp) %%%+

{ in rxgp|n`ke lg pgxsk`kop hnpnlop ge inp dkpdnp:neikpkp { gepn{op) |xnepcgxge`kn lg |gèoioan) npg$poxndkge|o |èkò) kesgp|kan`ke nrik`nln) g|`%

DNX@O IGANI: IN ROI\K@NLG EOXDNIKZN@KE

Hnjo gi |xdkeo dnxò igani pg ge`wge|xn we ndrikonhnekò lg eoxdnp: lgplg xgainp gòedk`np xgcgxk$lnp n orgxn`koegp lg dgx`nlo fnp|n xgainp nldkekp$|xn|ksnp ~wg |kgege ~wg sgx òe in lkedk`n gdrxgpn$xkni &`xgn`ke lg gdrxgpnp) g|`%+ { gi cwe`koendkge|olgi rxorko dgx`nlo%

@odo fn pgninlo in @odkpke Gwxorgn &822+ inp eoxdnp ginhoxnlnp rox gi @odk| Gwxorgo lgEoxdnikzn`ke &@GE+ poe lg ohikanln nlor`kerwglge |xnlw`kxpg) rgxo pke ropkhkiklnl lg dolkck$`n`ke rox iop rnpgp dkgdhxop% Lg gp|n coxdn)|nigp eoxdnp ginhoxnlnp rox gi @GE nl~wkgxge gixneao lg eoxdnp en`koenigp%

Gi pgawelo nprg`|o n lgp|n`nx gp| xgin`koenlo òegi ~wg pg n`nhn lg pgninx% Ge rxke`krko) inp eoxdnpgwxorgnp |kgege òdo ohjg|o in gikdken`ke lg hn$xxgxnp |èk`np { òdgx`knigp ge|xg iop rnpgp dkgd$hxop lg in WG% Rgxo) ni dkpdo |kgdro) { lg nf gi ke|g$xp lg gp|n roi|k`n rnxn in kelwp|xkn dnewcn`|wxgxn)|nigp eoxdnp rwglge pgxskx òdo roi|k`n lgcgepksneo rxo|g``koekp|n cxge|g n rxolw`|op rxo`glge$|gp lg rnpgp |gx`gxop ~wg ke`wdrige lk`fnp eoxdnp&snpg in gvkage`kn lg indnx`n @G rnxn gi pg`|ox lgi

jwawg|g+% Ge |olo npo) rnxn ~wg gp|np n``koegp rwg$lne iigsnxpg n in rx`|k`n pg xg~wkgxg eo pio òe|nxòe `ge|xop |gèoiakòp ~wg rwglne rnx|k`krnx geiop òdk|p |èkòp ~wg ginhoxne inp eoxdnp) pkeo|ndhke òe oxanekpdop n`xglk|nlop rnxn `gx|kck`nxin òecoxdklnl lg wen gdrxgpn o rxolw`|o òe iopxg~wkpk|op lgckeklop ge inp gprg`kck`n`koegp |èk`npòe|geklnp ge n~wiinp%

In rxo|g``ke lg inp keeosn`koegp

We pgawelo gjgdrio lg roi|k`n xgawin|oxkn io oep|k$|w{g io ~wg ge lgxg`fo dgx`ne|ki pg òeo`g òdorxorkglnl kelwp|xkni) o igakpin`ke rnxn in rxo|g`$

Xgawin|oxknp & igakpin`ke+ Inp n``koegp xgawin|oxknp dnx`ne inp xgainp lgi jwgao Eoxdnp |èk`np { lg pgawxklnl%ge gi ~wg pg lgpgeswgisge inp gdrxgpnp% Pw ohjg|kso Rxorkglnl kelwp|xkni%gp gi lg lgcgelgx snioxgp {/o ke|gxgpgp oig`|ksop%

\xnepcgxge`kn &ckene`kgxnp Inp roi|k`np lg ke`ge|ksop rwglge nlor|nx in coxdn Nro{o ckene`kgxo n in kesgxpke%o lg k e ge| ksop+ lg pwhsge koegp) lgpaxnsn koegp c kp nigp) n{wlnp Pwhsge koegp n in ke| xolw `ke

xg|oxenhigp) nsnigp)`xlk|op n hnjo ke|gxp) g|`% lg ewgsnp |gèoioanp%Cwe koenigp&pgxsk kop+ Rxodo ke lg kecxngp|xw`|wxnp lg pgxsk kop ~wg rxolw`ge @ge|xop |gèoiakòp rnxn in rxgp|n`ke

gcg |op gv|gxeop ropk|ksop ge gi ge|oxeo gdrxgpnxkni% lg npgpoxndkge|o |èkò gkesgp|kan`ke nrik`nln%

CWGE\G: Hnpnlo ge Dp &8220+%

@WNLXO >ROI\K@NP KELWP\XKNIGP: \KROIOAN

Roi|k`np @nxn`|gxp|k`np Gjgdriop


3/12

077/0735Gk 1)8' lg inp poik`k|wlgp lg lkpgo+)~wg) pke gdhnxao) o`wrn in rxkdgxn ropk`ke ge|xg inpòdweklnlgp nw|eodnp ge gi dhk|o lg inp rn$|ge|gp { iop dolgiop lg w|kiklnl%

Ewgsndge|g) { ni kawni ~wg o`wxxn ge gi `npo lg inroi|k`n lg eoxdnikzn`ke) fn{ ~wg pwhxn{nx gi fg`fo

XG@WNLXO >^W GP IN EOXDNIKZN@KE?

Inp eoxdnp poe lo`wdge|op ~wg òe|kgege gprg`kck`n`koegp |èk`np hnpnlnp ge iop xgpwi|nlop lg in gvrgxkge`kn { lgilgpnxxoiio |gèoiakò% Pg |xn|n lg lo`wdge|op ginhoxnlop rox òepgepo ge|xg |olnp inp rnx|gp ke|gxgpnlnp% Ge in n`|wnik$lnl gvkp|ge eoxdnp |èk`np eo poio rnxn dn~wkenxkn { fgxxndkge|np o gig`|xolodp|kòp) pkeo |ndhke rnxn rxolw`|op|xnlk`koenigp &jwawg|gp) dwghigp) niznlo) g|`%+%

N eksgi ke|gxen`koeni in kep|k|w`ke ìnsg gp in Oxanekzn`ke Ke|gxen`koeni lg Eoxdnikzn`ke &KPO+) `w{np eoxdnp `whxge ioplkp|ke|op pg`|oxgp |xnlk`koenigp & 6)>2 >73 1)31 37< 6)72Nxnae >33 7);8 >80 72 8)> >));)22 6; 8)7 2)70 >1 2)32 >> 2)7< < 8)16@n|niwn 1>0 87)1 >%66; 8 >0);< 3))86 82 2)12 >< 2)3; 12 2);>Anik`kn >23 0)16 >>6 < 61 > 6 >6) > >%87< >3)0>Dwx`kn 77 >);3 ;3 0)03 >8; 3)07 862 0)3)6; 3 >30 8)>8Rnp Snpò >36 7);; >70 7)03 6< 0 ; 2)36 8; >)28 00 >)38 6> >)27

@gw|n { Dgikiin 2 2)22 > 2)2< 7 2)87 3 2)26Eo òep|n 0 2)>> 8 2)21 > 2)27 3 2)26

\O\NI 8%62< >22)22 8%670 >22)22 8%200 >22)22 1%3;2 >22)22

CWGE\G: Ginhoxn`ke rxorkn n rnx|kx lg in OGRD%


4/12

077/0735Gk72

C% C% DNP SGXL

lg ~wg inp nldkekp|xn`koegp lg `nx`|gx pwrxnen$`koeni skgege nl~wkxkgelo rox gi rxorko `nx`|gx lggp|np roi|k`np we xg`kge|g rxo|naoekpdo ge gi |g$xxgeo lg in roi|k`n xgawin|oxkn% Np) in Weke Gwxorgnfn `xgnlo wen ock`ken òdwek|nxkn &in ONDK) pk|wnlnge in kwlnl lg Nik`ne|g+) ~wg dglkne|g wen poin po$

ik`k|wl rgxdk|g wen rxo|g``ke wek|nxkn { wekcoxdg lgilkpgo ge gi oejwe|o lg rnpgp ~wg coxdne rnx|g lgin Weke Gwxorgn%

N[WLNP RHIK@NP N IN KELWP\XKN

Ge xgin`ke òe gp|n iegn lg roi|k`n kelwp|xkni òe$skgeg lg|gegxpg ge |xgp nprg`|op% Ge rxkdgx iwanx) weolg `nx`|gx |gxdkeoiakò: in rxorkn lgckek`ke lgn{wln rhik`n% Ge pgawelo iwanx) we nprg`|o ~wgòdhken gigdge|op wne|k|n|ksop &`wi gp gi rgpo lginp n{wlnp n in kelwp|xkn ge Gprnn ge òdrnxn`keòe o|xop rnpgp+ òe o|xop lg `nx`|gx kep|xwdge|ni&~w |kro lg n{wlnp poe inp rxglodkene|gp: pwhsge$

`koegp) ke`ge|ksop ckp`nigp) %%%+% Ge |gx`gx iwanx) pg nen$ikznx we dhk|o cwelndge|ni lg `ndhko ge Gprnnge iop i|kdop sgke|g nop) oepg`wge`kn lgi xgrnx|oòdrg|ge`kni ge|xg Gp|nlo { òdweklnlgp nw|eo$dnp) lgxksnlo lg in @oep|k|w`ke lg >;16) { ge gp$rg`kni gi rxo|naoekpdo `xg`kge|g lg gp|np i|kdnp nin foxn lg nrik`nx n``koegp lg roi|k`n kelwp|xkni%

In lgckek`ke lg n{wlnp rhik`np

Eo gvkp|g wen ìnxn lgikdk|n`ke lgi òe`gr|o lgn{wln rhik`n &Igsg|) 8220+% Iop oxanekpdop ke|gx$en`koenigp xgnikzne nrxovkdn`koegp lg |kro orgxn|k$

so) { np in Oxanekzn`ke Dwelkni lgi @odgx ko &OD@+

lgckeg inp pwhsge`koegp ge |ne|o ~wg gigdge|opncg`|nlop rox gi n`wgxlo pohxg pwhsge`koegp { dg$lklnp òdrgepn|oxknp &n`wgxlo PD@+% Rnxn in OD@wen pwhsge`ke òdrox|n |xgp `nxn`|gxp|k`np: >+ gpwen òe|xkhw`ke ckene`kgxn= 8+ gp o|oxanln rox ioprolgxgp rhikòp o rox `wni~wkgx oxanekpdo rhikòlg dhk|o |gxxk|oxkni lg we Gp|nlo dkgdhxo) { 0+ oe$ckgxg wen sge|njn n ~wkge in xg`khg%

In O@LG &Oxanekzn`ke rnxn in @oorgxn`ke { gi Lgp$nxxoiio Gòedkò+) rox pw rnx|g) nlor|n wen òe$`gr`ke lg n{wln rhik`n n in kelwp|xkn ~wg sn dpnii lg gp|n lgckek`ke lg pwhsge`koegp% Rnxn in O@$LG) inp n{wlnp òep|k|w{ge dglklnp gprg`ck`np lg

nro{o ckene`kgxo lkxg`|o g kelkxg`|o nrik`nlnp roxwen nldkekp|xn`ke ge|xni o kecxnen`koeni n cnsox lgin kelwp|xkn dnewcn`|wxgxn { rxolw`ge we òp|g eg|ornxn gi Gp|nlo% Gp|n oe`gr`ke dp ndrikn keìwk$xn |ne|o nro{op lkxg`|op n inp gdrxgpnp òdo kelk$xg`|op &anp|op rhikòp ge coxdn lg pgxsk`ko) nro{on oxanekpdop ke|gxdglkop) g|`%+

N gcg`|op rx`|kòp) ge gp|n pg``ke pg w|kikznx in xg$`kge|g lgckek`ke lg n{wln nlor|nln rox in @odk$pke Gwxorgn &Dnx`nlox lg n{wlnp gp|n|nigp) n`$|wnikzn`ke rxkdnsgxn lg 8220% Hxwpginp 02%222%222 ge we rgxolo lg |xgpnop &n{wlnp ge xakdge lgdkekdkp+) inp n{wlnp rn$xn in coxdn`ke { inp n{wlnp lkxkaklnp n inp rg~wgnp

{ dglknenp gdrxgpnp%

In @odkpke òe|gdrin) hpk`ndge|g `wn|xo |kroplg n{wlnp:

K N{wln e|gaxndge|g |xnepcgxkln ni hgegck`knxko&pwhsge`koegp o hoekck`n`koegp lg ke|gxp oh|geklnplkxg`|ndge|g rox gi lgp|ken|nxko+%

K \odnp lg rnx|k`krn`ke) hnjo `wni~wkgx coxdn)keìwkln in òesgxpke lg lgwln%

K Ke|gxp xglw`klo &rxp|ndop n |krop xglw`klop)rxp|ndop rnx|k`krn|ksop) nlgine|op xggdhoipnhigp+%

K Anxne|np%

Gi nro{o n in kelwp|xkn ge Gprnn

Inp n{wlnp n in kelwp|xkn ge Gprnn pg `nxn`|gxkznerox |xgp xnpaop% Ge rxkdgx iwanx) rox pw rgpo xgin|ksn$dge|g xglw`klo ge òdrnxn`ke òe gi òejwe|o lgin WG= ge pgawelo iwanx) rox wen gsoiw`ke lg`xg$`kge|g ge in pgaweln dk|nl lg iop nop eosge|n) |ne$|o ge |xdkeop nhpoiw|op odo xgin|ksop &dglklnp ge

rox`ge|njg lgi sniox nnlklo kelwp|xkni o n |xnsp lgin xn|ko n{wln rox gdrignlo+= ge |gx`gx iwanx) roxwen gigsnln òe`ge|xn`ke lg inp n{wlnp ge coxdnlg pwhsge`koegp cxge|g n in ewin o xglw`kln w|kikzn$`ke lg o|xop kep|xwdge|op &gvge`koegp ckp`nigp { an$xne|np) rox gjgdrio+% Sgndop hxgsgdge|g gp|np |xgp`nxn`|gxp|k`np%

Ge xgin`ke òe in rxkdgxn lg inp `nxn`|gxp|k`np xg$pgnlnp) { |odnelo odo xgcgxge`kn inp n{wlnp gp$|n|nigp ni pg`|ox kelwp|xkni ge gi no 822>) dglklnp gerox`ge|njg pohxg gi sniox nnlklo &sgx `wnlxo 0+) pg


5/12


6/12

C% C% DNP SGXL

lnp òdo kep|xwdge|o lg roi|k`n kelwp|xkni ge gi `n$po gprnoi%

In xglw`kln w|kikzn`ke lg gp|g kep|xwdge|o ge gi `n$po gprnoi òe|xnp|n òe gi kdrn`|o ropk|kso lgidkpdo) ~wg roeg lg dnekckgp|o in gvrgxkge`kn ke$|gxen`koeni% Ge gi `npo lg GGWW) inp lgpaxnsn`koegpckp`nigp n in kesgxpke ge K-L cwgxoe ke|xolw`klnp ge>;6> { fne gp|nlo orgxnelo lgplg ge|oe`gp &òewe inrpo lg we no ge >;;7+% Pgae Fnii &822>+) in

gsklge`kn gdrxk`n lgxksnln lg in nrik`n`ke lggp|n dglkln lg codge|o lg in keeosn`ke kelwp|xknige Gp|nlop Weklop rgxdk|g nckxdnx ~wg in ginp|k`k$lnl lg iop anp|op ge K-L ge xgin`ke òe inp lgp$axnsn`koegp gv`glg in weklnl= gp lg`kx) in rxlklnlg keaxgpop ckp`nigp gp pwrgxnln rox gi anp|o kelw`k$lo ge K-L%

Lg dolo òdrigdge|nxko òe gi neikpkp òdrnxn$|kso oe o|xop rnpgp gwxorgop ~wg pg n`nhn lg xgn$ikznx) gi `wnlxo 3 xgòag iop rxgpwrwgp|op lgp|kenlopn roi|k`n kelwp|xkni { gegxa|k`n lwxne|g gi rgxolodp xg`kge|g% Snxknp òeìwpkoegp rwglge lgxksnxpglg pw gvndge% Ge rxkdgx iwanx) in nwpge`kn lg io ~wg

pg fn lgckeklo òdo roi|k`np kelwp|xknigp n`|ksnp&D{xo) >;;7


7/12

077/0735Gk 70

ROI\K@N KELWP\XKNI [ PG@\OXGP \XNLK@KOENIGP%%%

@inpkck`n`ke cwe`koeni ge dkiioegp lg gwxop

Pgawxklnl ewìgnx { rxo|g``ke xnlkoiak`n 08)6; 00)67 07);1 2);8 >0)26 ;)26 7;);6 2);02) 0)21 2 2 2 2 >)6 2)3; 2 2)28Eoxdn|ksn { lgpnxxoiio gegxa|kò 83)>)03 %0;6)28 >%86;)88 >% 8228 8220 822< `xg`kdkge|o 2+%

Wen nrxovkdn`ke ni rgpo lg `nln weo lg iop eksg$igp nldkekp|xn|ksop rwglg fn`gxpg n rnx|kx lg in hnpglg ln|op Pwrrox| Dgnpwxgp nel Kek|kn|ksgp cox Ge|gx$rxkpgp &PDKG+) ginhoxnln rox in @odkpke Gwxorgn)

~wg xgòag &n cg`fn lg jweko lg 822%732 n``koegp rwgp|np ge dnx`fn rox iop lkp|ke|oprnpgp gwxorgop) naxwrnlnp rox |kroioan lg inp dg$lklnp) ohjg|ksop ~wg rgxpkawge { eksgigp lg aohkgxeo%

N rnx|kx lg gp|n hnpg) pg fn ginhoxnlo gi `wnlxo 1)ge gi ~wg ìnxndge|g rwglg nrxg`knxpg `do Gp$rnn gp) jwe|o òe Hiak`n) gi rnp ge gi ~wg inp dg$lklnp lg `nx`|gx pwhen`koeni &nlor|nlnp n eksgixgakoeni o rxoske`kni+ |kgege we dn{ox rgpo) ni xgrxg$pge|nx gi 12);' { gi 17)0') xgprg`|ksndge|g) lg inpdglklnp lg nro{o gdrxgpnxkni% Ge gi gv|xgdoorwgp|o &{ ni dnxage lgi `npo gprg`kni lg Iwvgd$

hwxao+ gp|nxn Cxne`kn) loelg gi ;6' lg inp n``ko$egp lg nro{o n inp gdrxgpnp pg nlor|ne lgplg in

Nldkekp|xn`ke @ge|xni%

Eo gp p|g gi iwanx rnxn we neikpkp lg|niinlo lg in ro$i|k`n kelwp|xkni lg inp òdweklnlgp nw|eodnp) rnxngi ~wg pg wge|n oe gi gv`gige|g |xnhnjo lg Rinzn {

Sginpò &822>+% N~w |ne pio xgpni|nxgdop lop `n$xn`|gxp|k`np% Lg we inlo) in w|kikzn`ke lg we ndrikogprg`|xo lg dglklnp lg nro{o ckene`kgxo lkxg`|o ninp gdrxgpnp &`wnlxo 6+ rox rnx|g lg inp nage`knp~wg npwdge gi rnrgi lg kdrwipo ni lgpnxxoiio gd$rxgpnxkni ge inp lkcgxge|gp odweklnlgp nw|eodnp%

@odo pg ohpgxsn ge gi `wnlxo 6) gp|op kep|xwdge|opòdrxgelge) ge niaweop `npop) keìwpo in pwhsge$`ke ni |kro lg ke|gxp ge iop `xlk|op ge we dodge$|o ge ~wg lk`fop |krop fne iiganlo n ni`neznx dek$dop fkp|xkòp%

Rox o|xo inlo) òeskgeg òdrnxnx iop rxgpwrwgp|op ~wginp odweklnlgp nw|eodnp lglk ne ni nro{o n in ke$lwp|xkn &lge|xo lg in ìnpkck n`ke cwe`koeni+ &1+% Gi axck$ò 8 dwgp|xn ge pw gjg lg oxlgenlnp gi rxgpwrwgp|o ke$lwp|xkni lg `nln òdweklnl nw|eodn ge xgin`keòe gi edgxo lg fnhk|ne|gp% Ge gi gjg lg nhp`kpnp pgxgrxgpge|n gi rgpo ~wg pwroeg gi pg`|ox pg`welnxko gein gp|xw`|wxn gòedk n lg `nln xgake% @oe gv`gr$

`ke lg Ensnxxn { gi Rnp Snpò { ge dgeox dglklnNp|wxknp) @ne|nhxkn { @np|kiin { Ige) eo pg lg|g`|n wenìnxn òxxgproelge`kn ge|xg in kdrox|ne`kn lgi pg`|oxkelwp|xkni òe xgin`ke ni SNH |o|ni) { we dn{ox gpcwgxzorxgpwrwgp|nxko xgakoeni fn`kn in kelwp|xkn) dglklo n |xn$

sp lg in nenikzn ke lg dn{ox soiwdge lg xg`wxpoprxgpwrwgp|nxkop rox fnhk|ne|g fn`kn lk fo pg`|ox%

PGXSK@KOP N IN KELWP\XKN

In |gx`gxn lg inp iegnp lg roi|k`n kelwp|xkni pgnin$ln ge in |kroioan gphoznln ni òdkgezo lgi nx|`w$


8/12

C% C% DNP SGXL

io gp in rxgp|n`ke lg pgxsk`kop {/o in rxodo`ke lgkecxngp|xw`|wxnp |gèoiak`np &6+% Pke gdhnxao) lge$|xo lgi hio~wg lg pgxsk`kop n in kelwp|xkn) pg ge`wge$|xn we ndriko nhnekò lg n`|ksklnlgp ~wg) nwe~wglg we dolo w o|xo) pkxsge rnxn dgjoxnx gi cwe`koen$dkge|o lg inp n`|ksklnlgp gdrxgpnxknigp) o`wrne ro$pk`koegp gp|xn|ak`np lkp|ke|np% Rox giio) lgplg gi rwe$

|o lg skp|n lg in roi|k`n kelwp|xkni òeskgeg lkp|keawkxsnxkop |krop lg cwe`koegp) n|gelkgelo n lop gigdge$|op cwelndge|nigp rnxn gi lkpgo lg wen gp|xn|gaknrhik`n:

n+ Gi sniox nnlklo o gi ro|ge`kni lg lkcgxge`kn`ke~wg `nln |kro lg pgxsk`ko nrox|n%

h+ In dgeox o dn{ox eg`gpklnl lg wen n`|wn`kerhik`n rnxn rxodosgx in ocgx|n lg |nigp pgxsk`kop) pg$ae in coxdn ge ~wg `nln weo lg giiop pgn pwdkekp$|xnlo rox gi rxorko dgx`nlo%

Np) n rnx|kx lg gp|op lop xk|gxkop) { pke rxg|gepkoegp lg

gvfnwp|ksklnl) rwglg xgpwi|nx lg w|kiklnl in pkawkge|g|kroioan lg pgxsk`kop:

Orgxn|ksop) ~wg pkxsge rnxn gi dne|gekdkge|o ke|gaxnilg in gdrxgpn: ikdrkgzn) dgepnjgxn) `n|gxkea) pgaw$xklnl) g|`%

Gp|nelnxkznlop) pgxsk`kop |xnlk`koenigp rnxn in agp|kegdrxgpnxkni: npgpoxn ckp`ni) òe|nhig) inhoxni) g|`%

Gprg`ckòp o n dglkln) lkxkaklop lg coxdn gprg$`knikznln n wen lg|gxdkenln gdrxgpn: òepwi|oxn)keagekgxn) lkpgo) g|`%

Ke|gepksop ge nrk|ni) kdrik ne gi gdrigo lg xg`wxpop fw$dneop ni|ndge|g `wnikck nlop {/o w|kikzne kecxngp|xw`|w$xnp |gèoiak np: kesgp|kan`ke { lgpnxxoiio) rxo{g`|opnrik nlop) coxdn`ke gprg`knikznln { xg`k injg) g|`%

Gi axckò 0 kiwp|xn gp|n ìnpkck`n`ke { xgòag ge pw gjgfoxkzoe|ni gi dgeox o dn{ox gprn`ko rnxn in n`|wn`ke

rhik`n) { ge pw gjg lg oxlgenlnp gi eksgi lg nrox|n$`ke lg sniox nnlklo lg `nln |kro lg pgxsk`ko% Ge igdgxage rox in lkck`wi|nl lg pw rxoskpke { pw xgrgx`w$pke pohxg in odrg|k|ksklnl kelwp|xkni ge |xdkeop lgnrox|n`ke lgi sniox nnlklo iop pgxsk`kop ke|gepksopge `nrk|ni) ~wg) nlgdp) poe iop ~wg xg~wkgxge lgwen n`|wn`ke rhik`n dp lg`klkln rox inp gv|gxen$iklnlgp ~wg gp|g |kro lg pgxsk`kop òdrox|ne%

Pgxsk`kop lg iop @ge|xop \gèoiakòp

@odo pg sgx n òe|kewn`ke) in gp|xn|gakn lg rxo$do`ke lg pgxsk`kop n in kelwp|xkn fn pklo nlor|nln

rox lg|gxdkenlnp òdweklnlgp nw|eodnp dg$lkne|g gi kdrwipo lg kecxngp|xw`|wxnp &hpk`ndge|g`ge|xop |gèoiakòp+% Inp n`|ksklnlgp lg pgxsk`kop lgiop `ge|xop |gèoiakòp rwglge `n|gaoxkznxpg lgn`wgxlo oe lkcgxge|gp `xk|gxkop%

We rxkdgx `xk|gxko lg ìnpkck`n`ke pg xgckgxg ni axnlolg kedglkn|gz lg iop rxohigdnp ~wg n|kgelge% N òx$|o rinzo) iop rxohigdnp lg `nx`|gx kedglkn|o xgin$`koenlop òe in rwgp|n ge gi dgx`nlo lg rxolw`$|op { pgxsk`kop poe n|gelklop n |xnsp lg iopinhoxn|oxkop lg gepn{o= hpk`ndge|g pg |xn|n lg n`$

077/0735Gk7 >22)2 36)< ;0)0 8;)> 13); 67)8 33)8Pwhen`koeni


9/12


10/12

C% C% DNP SGXL

Xgakp|xo lg @ge|xop lg Keeosn`ke { \gèoioan+ o gi77)3' &pgae iop ln|op lg CGLK\+ lgi |o|ni lg `ge|xoppg io`nikzne ge in @odweklnl Snige`knen { ge gi Rn p

Snpò% Gi rgpo xgin|kso lgi pg`|ox kelwp|xkni ge in gp$

|xw`|wxn gòedk`n) in |kroioan gdrxgpnxkni oe wen

ndrikn rxgpge`kn lg R[DGp { gprg`knidge|g inp rnw$|np lg io`nikzn`ke lkprgxpn lg inp weklnlgp gdrxg$pnxknigp ge lk`fop |gxxk|oxkop poe niawenp lg inp xnzo$

egp ~wg oe|xkhw{ge n gvrik`nx lk`fn naiodgxn`ke%Lg n`wgxlo òe in gvrgxkge`kn ke|gxen`koeni &`npo

lg Gdkikn Xodnaen ge K|nikn+) iop ge|xop |gèoiakòpòep|k|w{ge we kep|xwdge|o lg roi|k`n kelwp|xkni lg ke$eosn`ke rnx|k`winxdge|g nlnr|nlo n zoenp òerxgpge`kn lg lkp|xk|op kelwp|xknigp%

Wen pgaweln nxn`|gxp|k`n lg iop ge|xop |gèoiak$òp ge Gprnn gp in lg pw jwsge|wl% Eo fn gvkp|klo ge

Gprnn wen |xnlk`ke nxxnkanln pohxg in kdrox|ne`knlg rxodosgx in |gèoioan lg nxn n ke`xgdge|nx inòdrg|k|ksklnl gdrxgpnxkni% Dkge|xnp gi oxkage lgi Kep$

|k|w|o \gèoiakò Lnep pg pk|n ge >;23 { inp kep|k|w$`koegp nigdnenp pg roege ge dnx`fn |xnp in pgawe$

ln awgxxn dwelkni) gi pwxakdkge|o lg iop `ge|xop

|gèoiakòp gprnoigp odkgezn lg coxdn dn{oxk$|nxkn ge in pgaweln dk|nl lg iop nop o`fge|n { rxke$`krkop lg iop eosge|n lgi pkaio rnpnlo% Ge gi rgxolo>;63$>;;7 pg xgne gi 78)


11/12

ROI\K@N KELWP\XKNI [ PG@\OXGP \XNLK@KOENIGP%%%

In rwgp|n ge dnx`fn lg gp|np kek`kn|ksnp òep|k|w{g

wen gvrxgpke lg inp roi|k`np xgakoenigp lgp`ge|xnik$znlnp ~wg odkgezne n lgpriganxpg ge lkp|ke|np o$

dweklnlgp nw|eodnp n dglkln ~wg npwdge od$rg|ge`knp ge gi dhk|o kelwp|xkni) |xnp in nrxohn`kelg pwp xgprg`|ksop gp|n|w|op lg nw|oeod n &Dnp)>;;3+) òe in òepkawkge|g ropkhkiklnl lg lkproegx

lg rxgpwrwgp|op ge gi dnxò lgi dolgio dwi|keksgini ~wg pg fn`n xgcgxge`kn ge in pg``ke rxg`glge$|g% Rgxo) nlgdp) gi dodge|o lg inezndkge|o lg iop`ge|xop |gèoiakòp skgeg n òke`klkx ge gi |kgdroòe gi lg keaxgpo lg Gprnn ge inp odweklnlgp gw$xorgnp) io ~wg cn`kik| gi n``gpo n rxoaxndnp ò$dwek|nxkop rnxn ckene`knx |nigp kecxngp|xw`|wxnp%

\ne|o ge gi `npo snige`kneo òdo ge gi snpò

~wg òdo pg n`nhn lg sgx òe`ge|xne in dn{o$xn lg iop `ge|xop |gèoiakòp gprnoigp pg rxo$lw`g wen ìnxn lgp`ge|xnikzn`ke lg lk`fnp ge|kln$lgp pkawkgelo gi dolgio lg lkp|xkhw`ke |gxxk|oxkni lgi|gjklo rxolw`|kso% In rxovkdklnl n inp gdrxgpnp &in

whk`n`ke lg iop `ge|xop n rkg lg chxk`n+ pg rxg$pge|n òdo we cn`|ox lg gck`kge`kn lg `nxn n xod$rgx in lkp|ne`kn &eo pio cpk`n+ lg inp gdrxgpnp xgp$rg`|o n inp dglklnp lg roi|k`n lg keeosn`ke {) ge|xdkeop dp agegxnigp) xgprg`|o n in rxorkn Nldk$ekp|xn`ke Rhik`n%

Pke gdhnxao) dp nii lg gp|n pkdkik|wl) we gvndgeroxdgeoxkznlo lg in coxdn lg cwe`koendkge|o lg iop

dolgiop snpò { snige`kneo rgxdk|g nrxg`knx lop

lkcgxge`knp cwelndge|nigp ge|xg ndhop%

In rxkdgxn lkcgxge`kn pg xgckgxg ni |kro lg n`|ksklnlgp

gprg`ck`np lg pgxsk`ko ~wg lgpnxxoiine iop `ge|xop

|gèoiakòp ge nln weo lg iop |gxxk|oxkop% Gp|n lkcg$xge`kn rwglg nrxg`knxpg n rnx|kx lgi neikpkp lg iop ke$axgpop agegxnlop rox nln weo lg iop pgxsk`kop rxgp$

|nlop% N gp|op gcg`|op) iop pgxsk`kop rwglge

pwhlksklkxpg ge |xgp hio~wgp: kesgp|kan`ke { lgpnxxo$iio |gèoiakò) npgpoxndkge|o |gèoiakò { |xnep$cgxge`kn lg |gèoioan { coxdn`ke%

Gi rxkdgxo lg gp|op nrnx|nlop) in kesgp|kan`ke { gilgpnxxoiio |gèoiakò) xgrxgpge|n dp lg |xgp `wnx$|np rnx|gp lg iop keaxgpop lg iop `ge|xop lgi Rn p Snp$ò &13);'+) dkge|xnp ~wg eo ni`nezn in dk|nl lg in

cn`|wxn`ke |o|ni lg iop kep|k|w|op snige`kneop &


12/12

C% C% DNP SGXL

|xkni)rox en|wxnigzn) gp lg `nx`|gx foxkzoe|ni &>2+&@odkpke) >;;2+%

Ge we òe|gv|o lg eo|nhig `xkpkp kelwp|xkni lg iop pg`$

|oxgp |xnlk`koenigp) inp rgxprg`|ksnp lg cw|wxo rnxn in

nlor`ke lg wen roi|k`n kelwp|xkni dp skaoxopn rn$

xg`ge gp|nx ndhknelo% Gi rwe|o lg rnx|kln gp gi xg$òeo`kdkge|o lg in oesgekge`kn lg |odnx ge òe$

pklgxn`ke inp eg`gpklnlgp gprg`ck`np lg ioppg`|oxgp &@odkpke) 822+ @odwek`n`ke lg in @odkpke) In roi|k`n kelwp|xkni ge inGwxorn ndriknln) Hxwpginp >>%>8%8228 &@OD &8228+ 1>< ckeni+%

&8+ Ge Ensnxxo &8220+ rwglg geòe|xnxpg wen xgskpke pke||k`n lgniaweop lgpnxxoiiop |gxkòp xg`kge|gp òe kdrik`n`koegp rn$xn in roi|k`n kelwp|xkni%

&0+ Rwglg skpk|nxpg n gp|g xgprg`|o in qgh qqq%egqnrrxon`f%oxa%&2+ Gi pwhxn{nlo gp lgi nw|ox%

HKHIKOAXNCN

HGN\F) J% &8228+: WM Kelwp|xkni Roik`{: oil |wegp oe egq kep|xw$dge|p? Ovcoxl Xgskgq oc Gòeodk` Roik`{)soi% >6) e% 8%

HXNN) J%= HWGPN) D% { DOIGXO) J% &>;6;;2+: In roi|k`n kelwp|xkni ge we ge$

|oxeo nhkgx|o { òdrg|k|kso)@OD &;2+) 773 ckeni%@ODKPKOE GWXORGN &822+: Xohwp| xwigp cox kelwp|xkni ro$ik`{ ke orge gòeodkgp) \fg Jowxeni oc ke|gxen|koeni |xnlg nelgòeodk` lgsgiordge|) >2/;;3+: Ge|gxrxkpg pwrrox| p|xw`|wxgp) ge O@LG&>;;3+: Eg|qoxmp oc ge|gxrxkpgp nel io`ni lgsgiordge|:òdrg|kea nel ò$orgxn|kea ke Io`ni Rxolw`|ksg P{p|gdp)

Rnxp%D[XO) X% &>;;8) Gwxorgne @oddkppkoe%

RINZN) H% { SGINP@O) X% &822>+:Roi|k`n kelwp|xkni lg inp @o$dweklnlgp Nw|eodnp) @x`wio lg Gdrxgpnxkop Snpòp) Hkihno%

QNIIN@G) F% { QNIIN@G) Q% &8222+:Roik`{$dnmkea ke |fg Gwxo$rgne Wekoe) Ovcoxl Weksgxpk|{ Rxgpp) Ovcoxl%

077/0735Gk76

Política industrial y sectores tradicionales: un análisis de la experiencia española...

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