Principios Básicos de Electrotecnia y Semiconductores

8/19/2019 Principios Básicos de Electrotecnia y Semiconductores

1/89


2/89

∆⇔

Υ


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4/89

= 6,250,000,000,000,000,000


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https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piezoelectricidadhttps://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efecto_triboel%C3%A9ctrico


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https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efecto_fotoel%C3%A9ctrico


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https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetismo


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H

SO4

H + SO4 − 2

Zn+

https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electroqu%C3%ADmica


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https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termoelectricidad


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https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerogeneradorhttps://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energ%C3%ADa_e%C3%B3lica


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https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_hidroel%C3%A9ctrica


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https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energ%C3%ADa_solar_fotovoltaica


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2× 2× 2× 2× 2× 2 factores

= 26

26

2

6

64

2

6

2× 2× 2× 2× 2× 2 = 64

25 = 2× 2× 2× 2× 2 = 32

32 = 3× 3 = 9

54 = 5× 5× 5× 5 = 625

an × am = an+m


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an ÷ am = an−m

(an)m = an×m

(a× b)n = an × bn

(a÷ n)n = abn

= an

bn

a−n

a0

35

34 = 3×3×3×3×3

3×3×3×3 = 3 35

34 = 31

31

= 334

34 = 3×3×3×3

3×3×3×3 = 1 3

4

34 = 30 30 = 3

33

35 = 3×3×3

3×3×3×3×3 = 1

3233

35 = 3−2 3−2 = 1

32


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an = a × a× a× a× a . . . ,

n

a0 = 1

a1 = a

a−n = 1

an

n

>

100 = 1 10−1 = 1

101 =

1

10 = 0,1

101 = 10 10−2 = 1

102 =

1

100 = 0,01

103 = 1000 10−3 = 1

103 =

1

1000 = 0,001

2,35× (10)7 + 1,264× (10)7

(10)7

2,35× (10)7 + 1,264 × (10)7 = (2,35 + 1,264)× (10)7 = 3,614× (10)7


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4,31× (10)4 + 3,9× (10)3 = 4,31× (10)4 + 0,39× (10)4

(4,31 + 0,39)× (10)4 = 4,70× (10)4

3,9× (10)3 = 0,39× (10)4

(1,2×

(10)3) + (3,4×

(10)5) = 0,012

×(10)5 + 3

,4×

(10)5

(0,012 + 3,4)× (10)5 = 3,412 × (10)5

(1,2× (10)3 = 0,012× (10)3+2 = 0,0012× (10)5)

(3,4

×(10)5)

−(1,2

×(10)4)

1,2× (10)4 = 0,12× (10)4+1

3,4× (10)5 − 0,12× (10)5 = (3,4− 0,12)× (10)5 = 3,28× (10)5

(5,6× (10)−6)− (3,4× (10)−9)

3,4× (10)−9 = 0,0034× (10)−9+3=−6

5,6× (10)−6 − 0,0034 × (10)−6 = (5,6− 0,0034)× (10)−6 = 5,5966 × (10)−6

(3,2× 10−7)× (2,1× 105) = (3,2× 2,1)× 10−7+5 = 6,72× 10−2

(9× 107)× (1,5× 104) = (9× 1,5)× 107+4 = 1,35× 1012


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(6,4× 106)÷ (1,7× 102) = (6,4÷ 1,7)× 106−2 = 3,76× 104

(2,4× 10−7)÷ (3,1× 1014) = (2,4÷ 3,1)× 10−7−14 = 7,74× 10−22

n

n√

a

b = n√

a ⇔ bn = a

n

a

n

√ a× n

√ b = n

√ a× b 7

√ 12× 7

√ 4 = 7

√ 48

n√

a÷ n√ b = n√ a÷ b 7√ 12÷ 7√ 4 = 7√ 3

( n√

a)m = n√

am ( 5√

6)11 = 5√

611

n

m√

a = n×m√

a 3

5√

9 = 15√

9


19/89

T

1012

G

109

M

106

k

103

h

102

da

101

100

d

10−1

c

10−2

m

10−3

µ

10−6

η

10−9

ρ

10−12

N = a, bcd . . .× 10n

a

b cd.. .

10n

N × 10n

N

n


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V a−V b = ∆V V a V b

https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volt%C3%ADmetro


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Q

t

I

I = Q

t

Q

t

I

A = C

s

I

I = dQ

dt

I m

I m = ∆Q

∆t


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24/89

https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efecto_Joule


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W

∆t

P̄ ≈ W ∆t

W h

kW h

kW h

P = V × I

I

V

I

V

P

watts

I

V

P

R


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P = R × I 2 = V 2

R


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0,25W

0,5W

1W

Ω

1 %

ab×

10x

a

◦

b

◦

x

◦


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1◦

2◦

±1 % 100 ppm/◦C 102 ±2 % 50 ppm/◦C

103 15 ppm/◦C

104 ±4 % 25 ppm/◦C

105 ±0,5 % 20 ppm/◦C 106 ±0,25 % 10 ppm/◦C

107 ±0,1 % 5 ppm/◦C

10

8

±0,05 % 1 ppm/◦

C

109

±5 %

±10 %

±20 %

2,4kΩ

5 %

24× 102

= 2400Ω

2,4kΩ± 5 %


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100Ω

100

220

1

100 = 10× 100 = 10Ω

220 = 22× 100 = 22Ω


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10Ω

0R22 = 0,22Ω

0R01 = 0,01Ω

1001 = 100× 101 = 1kΩ

4992 = 499 × 102 = 49,9kΩ

1000 = 100 × 100 = 100Ω

L

S

m2

20◦C

R = ρ L

S

ρ


31/89

Ω×m

Ω×m

1,55× 10−8

8,90× 10−8

1,70× 10−8

10,60× 10−8

2,22× 10−8

11,50× 10−8

2,82× 10−8

72,00× 10−8

5,65× 10−8

60,00× 10−8

6,40× 10−8

RT

RT = R0(1− α(T − T 0))

R0

α

T 0

P = V × I

P = R × I 2 ⇔ P = V 2

R


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2W

1

4

W

1

2W

1W

2W

V AB


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V AB

V AB = V 1 + V 2 + V n

V AB = I R1 + IR1 + . . . I Rn = I (R1 + R2 + . . . + Rn)

V AB = I RAB

IRAB = I (R1 + R2 + . . . + Rn)

RAB = R1 + R2 + . . . + Rn =nk=1

Rk

n

V AB

V AB

V AB I

I = I 1 + I 2 + . . . + I n

I = V AB

R1+

V AB

R2+ . . . +

V AB

Rn= V AB

V AB

R1+

V AB

R2+ . . . +

V AB

Rn


34/89

I = V ABRAB

V AB

RAB = 1

R1+

1

R2+ . . . +

1

Rn

RAB = 1nk=1

1

Rk

RAB = R1R2R1 + R2

k

RAB = R

k

(R1 + R2)

R1

R2

(R1//R2)

(R1//R2) + (R3//R4)

(R1 + R3)//(R2 + R4)

((R1 + R2)//R3) + R4


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RAB = R1 ×R2R1 + R2

+ R3 ×R4R3 + R4

RAB = (R1 + R3)× (R2 + R4)(R1 + R3) + (R2 + R4)

RAB = (R1 + R2)×R3(R1 + R2) + R3

+ R4


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Ω

V

I

R

V I

V = R × I

Ω


37/89


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s

12V

+

−V s V s vs

is


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I 4 + I 1 = I 2 + I 3

nk=1

I k = I 1 + I 2 + . . . + I n = 0


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n

k=1

V k = V 1 + V 2 + . . . + V n = 0

v4 = v1 + v2 + v3

v5


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N

vk = Rk

R1 + R2 + . . . + RN v

vk

Rk

R2

i2 = v

R2=

i (R1||R2)R2

= i

R2

R1R2R1 + R2

i2 = i R1

R1 + R2

i1 = i R2

R1 + R2


44/89

N

Rk

ik = i1

Rk1

R1+ 1R2

+ . . . + 1RN


45/89

K

K

v(t) = Ri(t)

v(t)

i(t)

K

K


46/89

N

N


47/89


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RL

RL V L

V L I L

I L = 1200 − 100V L

vs Rs

vL

iL

vL = vs −RsiL


49/89

12V RL

I L V L

R p

iL vL RL

RL


50/89

iL = is − vLR p

RL

vL iL

RL

RL

RL

RL

vL = vsRL

Rs + RL

RL

vL =

is

R pR p + RL

×RL

Rs = R p

vs = R pis = Rsis

Rs


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RL

RL

RL


53/89

voc

voc

RTH

Principios Básicos de Electrotecnia y Semiconductores

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