PROCESO DE FORJA, LAMINADO Y EXTRUCIÓN

8/20/2019 PROCESO DE FORJA, LAMINADO Y EXTRUCIÓN

1/19

UNIVERSIDAD POLITÉCNICA DEVICTORIA

PROCESOS INDUSTRIALES

INVESTIGACIÓN DE PROCESOS DE:

FORJA, LAMINADO Y EXTRUSIÓN

ALUMNO:GABRIEL ANGEL HERNANDEZ RODRIGUEZ

1430011 Thursday, 3 de March de2!", Cd# V$c%&r$a Ta'au($)as#


2/19

Laminado

E( (a'$*ad& & )r&ces& de (a'$*ac$+* es u* )r&ces& de de&r'ac$+*, e* e( cua(

se reduce e( es)es&r de u* 'a%er$a( 'ed$a*%e uer-as de c&')res$+* e.erc$das)&r r&d$((&s &)ues%&s#

La (a'$*ac$+* es u* )r&ces& u%$($-ad& )ara reduc$r e( es)es&r de u*a (a'$*a, &e* /e*era(, de (a '$s'a 'a*era, a(%erar (as 'ed$das de( 0rea %ras1ersa( de u*a)$e-a (ar/a 'ed$a*%e uer-as de c&')res$+*, (as cua(es s&* /e*eradas )&r e()as& e*%re u* .ue/& de r&d$((&s !# Es%a d$s'$*uc$+* de es)es&r se da /rac$as a4ue (&s r&d$((&s %$ra* e( 'a%er$a( hac$a de*%r& de( es)ac$& de (a'$*ac$+* a%ra15s de u*a uer-a de r$cc$+* *e%a s&6re e( 'a%er$a(

TIPOS DE LAMINADO

E7$s%e* )r$*c$)a('e*%e d&s %$)&s de (a'$*ad& a c&*s$derar:

8 La'$*ac$+* e* ca($e*%e#

8 La'$*ac$+* e* r$+#

Laminai!n "n a#i"n$"

E( )r&ces& de (a'$*ad& e* ca($e*%e es a4ue( 4ue se rea($-a )&r e*c$'a de (a

%e')era%ura de recr$s%a($-ac$+* de( 'a%er$a(# La %e')era%ura de recr$s%a($-ac$+*

es (a %e')era%ura a (a cua( (&s /ra*&s de (a '$cr&es%ruc%ura c&'$e*-a* a

%ra*s&r'arse e* *ue1&s /ra*&s s$* d$s(&cac$&*es# P&r (& a*%er$&r cua(4u$er

d$s(&cac$+* /e*erada dura*%e e( )r&ces& de c&')res$+* 6a.& (&s r&d$((&s es

e($'$*ada de6$d& a (a %e')era%ura de (&s r&d$((&s 4ue %ra*s9ere* su9c$e*%e

ca(&r a (as (0'$*as e(e1a*d& su %e')era%ura )&r e*c$'a de (a Recr$s%a($-ac$+*#

E( resu(%ad& s&* /ra*&s dc%$(es 4ue )uede* ser (a'$*ad&s $dea('e*%e

cua(4u$er *'er& de 1eces# E( )r&ces& de (a'$*ad& e* ca($e*%e se u%$($-a )ara

es%ruc%uras de c&(ada, & u*d$c$+* c&'*'e*%e de*dr;%$ca, (a cua( $*c(uye

/ra*&s /ra*des y *& u*$&r'es# E( )r&ces& de (a'$*ad& e* ca($e*%e se ((e1a a

ca6& c&'*'e*%e )ara a(eac$&*es de a(u'$*$& y )ara acer&s a(ead&s# Se

'a*e.a* %e')era%uras e*%re #3 y #< 1eces (a %e')era%ura de us$+*, (& 4ue

c&rres)&*de a (a %e')era%ura de recr$s%a($-ac$+*#

Ge*era('e*%e e( (a'$*ad& e* ca($e*%e se u%$($-a )ara de&r'ar 1&('e*es

/ra*des de 'a%er$a(, y su $*%e*c$+* es %ra*s&r'ar d$ch&s 1&('e*es e*

)re&r'as 4ue (ue/& )ueda* ser )r&cesadas de &%r& '&d& )&r e.e')(&



3/19

(a'$*ad& e* r$&# L&s )r$'er&s )r&duc%&s de (a'$*ad& e* ca($e*%e, s&* (a

)a(a*4u$((a y e( )(a*ch+*# E( )r$'er )r&duc%& es u%$($-ad& )ara (a &r'ac$+* de

1$/as e* &r'a de I y r$e(es de err&carr$( y %&ch&s (&s cua(es %$e*e* u*a

secc$+* cuadrada, e* ca'6$& )ara (a &r'ac$+* de )(acas y (0'$*as se u%$($-a*

(&s )(a*ch&*es#

Dura*%e e( )r&ces& de (a'$*ad& e* ca($e*%e /e*era('e*%e se e*cue*%ra*

des)erec%&s e* (a su)er9c$e y u* aca6ad& de 'a(a ca($dad= e* 'a%er$a(es cuya

%e')era%ura de recr$s%a($-ac$+* c&rres)&*de a %e')era%uras e(e1adas c&'& e(

acer&, (a su)er9c$e (a'$*ada reacc$&*a c&* e( 'ed$& a$re y &r'a u*a ca)a

((a'ada ca(a'$*a, es%e +7$d& de6e ser re'&1$d& e* (a 'ay&r;a de (&s cas&s )&r

'ed$&s 'ec0*$c&s & )&r a%a4ue 4u;'$c&

Laminado "n %&'o

E( )r&ces& de (a'$*ad& e* r;& se ((e1a a ca6& )&r de6a.& de (a %e')era%ura de

recr$s%a($-ac$+*# A d$ere*c$a de( )r&ces& de (a'$*ac$+* e* ca($e*%e, )r&duce

(0'$*as y %$ras c&* u* aca6ad& su)er9c$a( 'e.&r de6$d& a 4ue /e*era('e*%e *&

hay )rese*c$a de ca(a'$*a# Ade'0s se %$e*e* 'e.&res %&(era*c$as

d$'e*s$&*a(es y 'e.&res )r&)$edades 'ec0*$cas de6$das a( e*durec$'$e*%&

)&r de&r'ac$+* /e*erac$+* de d$s(&cac$&*es



4/19

La (a'$*ac$+* e* r$& )er'$%e %e*er u* c&*%r&( s&6re (a de&r'ac$+* )(0s%$ca,

)ues es )&s$6(e 'ed$r e( e*durec$'$e*%& )&r de&r'ac$+* %e*$e*d& e* cue*%a

e( c&*ce)%& de %ra6a.& e* r$

E( e*durec$'$e*%& )&r de&r'ac$+* es e( e*+'e*& )&r e( cua( e( 'e%a( dc%$(

se e*durece a 'ed$da 4ue se s&'e%e a de&r'ac$&*es )(0s%$cas, es%e )r&ces&

e* /e*era( es rea($-ad& )&r de6a.& de (a %e')era%ura de recr$s%a($-ac$+* y )&r

e((& %a'6$5* *&s reer$'&s a es%e %$)& de %ra6a.& c&'& %ra6a.& e* r$

PAR(METROS DEL LAMINADO

A c&*%$*uac$+* se )rese*%a* (as 1ar$a6(es 4ue )ara'e%r$-a* e( )r&ces& de

(a'$*ad&:

Esuer-& a (a >ue*c$a Es e( esuer-& *ecesar$& )ara $*$c$ar e( >u.& )(0s%$c& e* e(

'a%er$a( 4ue se es%0 de&r'a*d E* (a ?$/ura 3 se )uede a)rec$ar (as /r$e%as

/e*eradas e* e( )r&ces& de (a'$*ac$+*, c&*secue*c$a de e7ceder e( esuer-&

de >ue*c$a# E( esuer-& a (a >ue*c$a )r&'ed$& e* u* 'e%a( dc%$(, a

%e')era%ura a'6$e*%e

)*"&+a d" ,*"nia

La uer-a de r$cc$+* e.erc$da )&r (&s r&d$((&s de6e ac%uar hac$a (a derecha

c&'& se 'ues%ra e* (a ?$/ura N @, )&r (& cua( (a uer-a de r$cc$+* a (a

$-4u$erda de( )u*%& de *& des($-a'$e*%& de6e ser 'ay&r 4ue (a uer-a de

r$cc$+* a (a derecha de( )u*%& de *& des($-a'$e*% La r$cc$+* es u*& de (&s

ac%&res '0s $')&r%a*%es e* e( )r&ces& de (a'$*ac$+*, )&r (& 4ue se %$e*e 4ue

d$s$)ar e*er/;a )ara )&der 1e*cer es%a uer-a# P&r (& %a*%& de6e'&s a*a($-ar,

4ue a( au'e*%ar (a r$cc$+*, se 1a a au'e*%ar de 'a*era c&*s$dera6(e (a

ca*%$dad de uer-a y )&%e*c$a *ecesar$as )ara )&der rea($-ar es%e )r&ces

E-."-o&

A )ar%$r de( )r&ces& de (a'$*ac$+* se )re%e*de d$s'$*u$r e( es)es&r de u*a

(0'$*a de 'e%a(, )&r es%& es *ecesar$& ca(cu(ar (a reducc$+* '07$'a )&s$6(e

4ue es (a d$ere*c$a e*%re e( es)es&r de e*%rada#



5/19

)o&/ado

E( &r.ad& es u* )r&ces& 60s$c& e* e( 4ue (a )$e-a de %ra6a.& se '&(dea'ed$a*%e uer-as de c&')res$+* a)($cadas )&r 'ed$& de 'a%r$ces yherra'e*%a(es# Es u*a de (as &)erac$&*es '0s a*%$/uas e $')&r%a*%es e* e(%ra6a.& de 'e%a(es= se re'&*%a a( a& @ a#C# y se u%$($-+ )&r )r$'era 1e-)ara rea($-ar .&yer;a, '&*edas y d$1ers&s $')(e'e*%&s 'ar%$((a*d& e( 'e%a( c&*herra'$e*%as hechas de )$edra# E* (a ac%ua($dad, (as )ar%es &r.adas $*c(uye*/ra*des r&%&res )ara %ur6$*as, e*/ra*es, %&r*$((&s y re'aches, cuch$((er;a,herra'$e*%as 'a*ua(es, d$1ers&s c&')&*e*%es es%ruc%ura(es )ara 'a4u$*ar$a,aer&*a1es y 1;as 5rreas, as; c&'& &%r&s e4u$)&s de %ra*s)&r%e#

P&r (& /e*era( )r&duce* )(acas, (0'$*as, c$*%as & 1ar$as secc$&*es%ra*s1ersa(es es%ruc%ura(es c&*%$*uas, (as &)erac$&*es de &r.ad& )r&duce*)ar%es d$scre%as# De6$d& a 4ue es )&s$6(e c&*%r&(ar e( >u.& de 'e%a( e* u*a'a%r$- y (a es%ruc%ura de (&s /ra*&s de( 'a%er$a(, (as )ar%es &r.adas %$e*e*

6ue*a res$s%e*c$a y %e*ac$dad y s&* 'uy c&*9a6(es e* a)($cac$&*es cr;%$cassu.e%as a /ra*des esuer-&s#

Las &)erac$&*es de &r.ad& s$')(e se )uede* rea($-ar c&* u* 'ar%$((& )esad& yu* yu*4ue, c&'& (& hace* %rad$c$&*a('e*%e (&s herrer&s# S$* e'6ar/&, (a'ay&r;a de (as &r.as re4u$ere* u*a ser$e de 'a%r$ces y e4u$)& c&'& )re*sa y'ar%$((& 'ec0*$c& de &r.a#



6/19

E( &r.ad& )uede eec%uarse a %e')era%ura a'6$e*%e &r.ad& e* r;& & a%e')era%uras e(e1adas &r.ad& a %e')era%ura 'ed$a & e* ca($e*%e,de)e*d$e*d& de (a %e')era%ura# E( &r.ad& e* r;& re4u$ere uer-as '0s/ra*des, de6$d& a (a 'ay&r res$s%e*c$a de( 'a%er$a( de (a )$e-a de %ra6a.&, y5s%e de6e )&seer su9c$e*%e duc%$($dad a %e')era%ura a'6$e*%e )ara s&'e%ersea (a de&r'ac$+* *ecesar$a s$* 4ue se a/r$e%e# Las )ar%es &r.adas e* r;& %$e*e*u* 6ue* aca6ad& su)er9c$a( y )rec$s$+* d$'e*s$&*a(# E* ca'6$&, e( &r.ad& e*ca($e*%e re4u$ere 'e*&res uer-as, )er& (a )rec$s$+* d$'e*s$&*a( y e( aca6ad&su)er9c$a( de (as )ar%es *& s&* %a* e(e1ad&s c&'& e* e( &r.ad& e* r;

)o&/ado d" ma$&i+ ai"&$a

E( &r.ad& de 'a%r$- a6$er%a es (a &)erac$+* '0s s$')(e de &r.ada# Au*4ue )&r(& /e*era( (a 'ay&r;a de (as )ar%es &r.adas de 'a%r$- a6$er%a )esa* de !< a


7/19

Pues%& 4ue e( 1&(u'e* se 'a*%$e*e c&*s%a*%e, cua(4u$er reducc$+* de (a a(%uraau'e*%a e( d$0'e%r& de (a )ar%e &r.ada# La )$e-a de %ra6a.& se de&r'a de'a*era u*$&r'e# S$* e'6ar/&, e* (as &)erac$&*es rea(es s; e7$s%e r$cc$+* y (a)ar%e desarr&((a u*a &r'a de 6arr$(, de&r'ac$+* %a'6$5* c&*&c$da c&'&c&(a)sada#

E( a6arr$(a'$e*%& se )r&duce )r$*c$)a('e*%e )&r (as uer-as de r$cc$+* e* (as$*%eraces 'a%r$-F)$e-a de %ra6a.& 4ue se &)&*e* a( >u.& e7%er$&r de (&s'a%er$a(es e* es%as $*%eraces y 4ue, )&r (& %a*%&, se )uede* '$*$'$-ar c&* u*(u6r$ca*%e e9ca-# E( a6arr$(a'$e*%& %a'6$5* )uede desarr&((arse a( reca(car)$e-as de %ra6a.& ca($e*%es e*%re 'a%r$ces r;as# E( 'a%er$a( e* (as su)er9c$esde (a 'a%r$-, & cerca de e((as, se e*r;a c&* ra)$de-, e* %a*%& 4ue e( res%& de (a)$e-a de %ra6a.& )er'a*ece re(a%$1a'e*%e ca($e*%e# E* c&*secue*c$a, e(

'a%er$a( e* (as )ar%es su)er$&r e $*er$&r de d$cha )$e-a %$e*e 'ay&r res$s%e*c$aa (a de&r'ac$+* 4ue e( de (a )ar%e ce*%ra(# P&r (& %a*%&, (a )ar%e ce*%ra( de (a)$e-a se d$(a%a hac$a (&s (ad&s '0s 4ue e* sus e7%re'&s# E( a6arr$(a'$e*%& 4uese )r&duce )&r (&s eec%&s %5r'$c&s )uede reduc$rse & e($'$*arse 'ed$a*%e'a%r$ces ca($e*%es# Para es%e )r&)+s$%&, %a'6$5* es )&s$6(e u%$($-ar 6arreras%5r'$cas, c&'& (a %e(a de 1$dr$&, e* (as $*%eraces e*%re (a 'a%r$- y (a )$e-a de%ra6a.



8/19

La &r.a de des6as%e %a'6$5* c&*&c$da c&'& es%$rad& es u*a &)erac$+* de&r.ad& de 'a%r$- a6$er%a e* (a 4ue e( es)es&r de u*a 6arra se reduce )&r'ed$& de )as&s suces$1&s de &r.ad& reducc$&*es a $*%er1a(&s es)ec;9c&s# Se)uede reduc$r e( es)es&r de 6arras y a*$((&s 'ed$a*%e %5c*$cas s$'$(ares de&r.ad& de 'a%r$- a6$er%a# De6$d& a 4ue e( 0rea de c&*%ac%& e*%re (a 'a%r$- y (a)$e-a de %ra6a.& es )e4uea, )uede reduc$rse e( es)es&r de u*a secc$+* (ar/ade u*a 6arra s$* re4uer$r /ra*des uer-as & 'a4u$*ar$a )esada# L&s herrer&seec%a* d$chas &)erac$&*es c&* u* 'ar%$((& y u* yu*4ue 'ed$a*%e )$e-asca($e*%es de 'e%a(: e.e')(&s c&'u*es de es%&s )r&duc%&s s&* (as cercas deh$err& de d$1ers&s d$se&s# E* c&*secue*c$a, (a &r.a de des6as%e )uede ser u*sus%$%u%& a)r&7$'ad& de (as &)erac$&*es de (a'$*ad P&r (& /e*era(, (a &r.a dedes6as%e de )$e-as de %ra6a.& '0s /ra*des se hace c&* e4u$)& 'eca*$-ad& yc&*%r&(es )&r c&')u%ad&ra, e* (&s 4ue se c&&rd$*a* (&s '&1$'$e*%&s (a%era(esy 1er%$ca(es )ara )r&duc$r (a )ar%e deseada#

?uer-a de &r.ad La uer-a de &r.ad& ? e* u*a &)erac$+* de &r.ad& de'a%r$- a6$er%a, e* u*a )$e-a s+($da c$(;*dr$ca, se )uede ca(cu(ar a )ar%$r de (a

+r'u(a

e* (a 4ue H es e( esuer-& de >u.& de( 'a%er$a( 1er e( e.e')(& s$/u$e*%e, ' e(c&e9c$e*%e de r$cc$+* e*%re (a )$e-a de %ra6a.& y (a 'a%r$-, y r y h s&* e( rad$& y(a a(%ura de (a )$e-a de %ra6a.&, res)ec%$1a'e*%e# E* (as reere*c$as ($s%adas e*(a 6$6($&/ra;a a( 9*a( de( ca);%u(& se )r&)&rc$&*a (a der$1ac$+* de es%a +r'u(ay de &%ras )ara d$1ers&s )r&ces&s de &r.ad&#

)o&/ado .o& ma$&i+ d" im.&"-i!n d" ma$&i+ "&&ada2E* e( &r.ad& )&r 'a%r$- de $')res$+*, (a )$e-a de %ra6a.& %&'a (a &r'a de (aca1$dad de (a 'a%r$- '$e*%ras se 1a &r.a*d& e*%re d&s 'a%r$ces c&* &r'a 9/#!@#u.& e7%er$&r de( 'a%er$a( e* (a 'a%r$-# P&r (& %a*%&,c&* 6ase e* e( )r$*c$)$& de 4ue e* (a de&r'ac$+* )(0s%$ca (&s 'a%er$a(es >uye*

hac$a d&*de hay 'e*&r res$s%e*c$a de6$d& a 4ue re4u$ere 'e*&s e*er/;a, e('a%er$a( e')$e-a a >u$r a( $*%er$&r de (a ca1$dad de (a 'a%r$-, ((e*0*d&(a9*a('e*%e#

E* (a 9/ura !@#


9/19

(a 'a%r$-, y )&r (& /e*era( se hace* de 'a%er$a(es '0s res$s%e*%es y dur&s# P&rsu)ues%& 4ue (as 'a%r$ces de6e* )er'$%$r (a e7%racc$+* de (as &r.as s$*d$9cu(%ad 1er %a'6$5* secc$+* !@#"#

La )$e-a e* 6ru%&, & %&ch&, 4ue se 1a a &r.ar, se )re)ara )&r 'ed$&s c&'& ac&r%e de u* 6arra de 'a%er$a( e7%ru$d& & es%$rad&= 6 u*a )re&r'a de

&)erac$&*es c&'& 'e%a(ur/$a de )&(1&s= c u*d$c$+*= & d u%$($-ac$+* de u*a)$e-a e* 6ru%& )re&r'ada 'ed$a*%e u*a &)erac$+* )re1$a de &r.ad D$cha)$e-a se c&(&ca e* (a 'a%r$- $*er$&r y c&*&r'e (a 'a%r$- su)er$&r e')$e-a adesce*der, (a &r'a de (a )$e-a e* 6ru%& ca'6$a /radua('e*%e, c&'& se

'ues%ra )ara e( &r.ad& de u*a 6$e(a e* (a 9/ura !@#a#



10/19

P&r (& /e*era(, (as &)erac$&*es de )re&r'ad& 9/# !@#6 y c se u%$($-a* )arad$s%r$6u$r e( 'a%er$a( adecuada'e*%e e* 1ar$as re/$&*es de (a )$e-a e* 6ru%&,'ed$a*%e 'a%r$ces c&* &r'as s$')(es de d$1ers&s c&*%&r*&s# E* e( &r.ad& c&*dad& c&*1e7&, se re%$ra e( 'a%er$a( de u* 0rea# E* e( &r.ad& c&* dad& c+*ca1&,se acu'u(a e* u* 0rea (&ca($-ada# Des)u5s se (e da a (a )ar%e u*a &r'aa)r&7$'ada d$/a'&s, u*a 6$e(a )&r 'ed$& de u* )r&ces& c&*&c$d& c&'&a)r&7$'ac$+* & 6(&4ue&, u%$($-a*d& 'a%r$ces de a)r&7$'ac$+*# La &)erac$+*9*a( es e( %er'$*ad& de( &r.ad& e* (as 'a%r$ces de $')res$+*, 4ue (e)r&)&rc$&*a* su &r'a 9*a(# Lue/& se e($'$*a (a re6a6a 'ed$a*%e u*a&)erac$+* de rec&r%ad& de re6a6as 9/# !@##?uer-a de &r.ad La uer-a de &r.ad& ? re4uer$da )ara eec%uar u*a

&)erac$+* de &r.ad& c&* 'a%r$- de $')res$+* se )uede ca(cu(ar a )ar%$r de (a+r'u(a ? J BA



11/19

E* (a 4ue B es u* ac%&r 'u(%$)($cad&r 4ue se &6%$e*e de (a %a6(a !@#2, H e(esuer-& de >u.& de( 'a%er$a( a (a %e')era%ura de &r.ad& y A e( 0rea)r&yec%ada de (a )$e-a &r.ada, $*c(uye*d& (a re6a6a# P&r (& /e*era(, e* (as&)erac$&*es de &r.ad& e* ca($e*%e, (a )res$+* rea( de( &r.ad& )ara (a 'ay&r;ade (&s 'e%a(es 1a de


12/19

O)erac$+* carac%er;s%$ca de &r.ad& y ca($dad de (&s )r&duc%&s# P&r (& /e*era(,u*a &)erac$+* de &r.ad& c&')re*de (a s$/u$e*%e secue*c$a de )as&s:

!# Pre)arar u*a )$e-a de 'e%a(, %&ch& & )re&r'a 'ed$a*%e )r&ces&sc&'& c$-a((ad& rec&r%e, aserrad& & %r&*-ad De ser *ecesar$&, ($')$ar (assu)er9c$es )&r 'ed$&s c&'& (a ($')$e-a c&* ch&rr& de /ra*a((a#

2# Para &r.ad& e* ca($e*%e, ca(e*%ar (a )$e-a de %ra6a.& e* u* h&r*&a)r&)$ad& y des)u5s, de ser *ecesar$&, e($'$*ar (a cascar$((a %ras e(ca(e*%a'$e*%& c&* u* ce)$((& de a(a'6re, ch&rr& de a/ua, 1a)&r & ras)ad Lacascar$((a %a'6$5* se )uede e($'$*ar dura*%e (as e%a)as $*$c$a(es de( &r.ad&, ya4ue es 4ue6rad$-a y se des)re*de dura*%e (a de&r'ac$+*#

3# Para &r.ad& e* ca($e*%e, )reca(e*%ar y (u6r$car (as 'a%r$ces= )ara&r.ad& e* r;&, (u6r$car (a 'a%r$-#

@# ?&r.ar e( %&ch& e* (as 'a%r$ces a)r&)$adas y e* (a secue*c$a adecuada#De ser *ecesar$&, e($'$*ar cua(4u$er e7ces& de 'a%er$a( c&'& (as re6a6as )&r

'ed$& de rec&r%ad&, 'a4u$*ad& & es'er$(ad


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Di"&-a- o."&aion"- d" %o&/ado

A*ado2 Se %ra%a de u* )r&ces& de &r.ad& e* 'a%r$- cerrada 4ue )&r (&/e*era( se u%$($-a e* e( %r&4ue(ad& de '&*edas, 'eda((as y .&yer;a#

Ca""ado2 Ta'6$5* c&*&c$d& c&'& &r.ad& )&r reca(cad&, e( ca6ecead& es60s$ca'e*%e u*a &)erac$+* de reca(cad& 4ue )&r (& /e*era( se eec%a e* e(e7%re'& de u*a 6arra red&*da & a(a'6re )ara au'e*%ar (a secc$+* %ra*s1ersa(#L&s e.e')(&s %;)$c&s s&* (&s c(a1&s, (as ca6e-as de %&r*$((&s, (&s )er*&s,re'aches y 'uch&s &%r&s su.e%ad&res#

P"n"$&ado2 Es%e es u* )r&ces& de )e*e%rac$+* de (a su)er9c$e de u*a )$e-ade %ra6a.& au*4ue s$* )asar a %ra15s de e((a c&* u* )u*-+* )ara )r&duc$r u*aca1$dad & u*a $')res$+*#

P*n+onado d" aidad"- o #aado2 Es%e )r&ces& c&*s$s%e e* )re*sar u*)u*-+* e*durec$d& c&* u*a /e&'e%r;a es)ec$a( de (a )u*%a, de*%r& de (a

su)er9c$e de u* 6(&4ue de 'e%a(#

)o&/ado o&i$a#2 Es%e es u* )r&ces& e* e( 4ue (a 'a%r$- su)er$&r se 'ue1e a (&(ar/& de u*a %rayec%&r$a &r6$%a( y da &r'a a (a )ar%e de 'a*era )r&/res$1a#

)o&/ado .&o5&"-io2 E* es%e )r&ces&, se &r.a u*a )$e-a e* 6ru%& d0*d&(e&r'a c&* u*a herra'$e*%a 4ue (a %ra6a.a e* 1ar$&s )as&s )e4ue&s#

)o&/ado i-o$6&mio2 Ta'6$5* se c&*&ce c&'& &r.ad& )&r 'a%r$- e* ca($e*%e#Las 'a%r$ces e* es%e )r&ces& se ca($e*%a* a (a '$s'a %e')era%ura 4ue (a de (a)$e-a de %ra6a.& ca($e*%e#

)o&/ado &o$a$o&io2 E* es%e )r&ces& %a'6$5* c&*&c$d& c&'& &r.ad& rad$a(,&r.ad& r&%a%&r$& & s$')(e'e*%e es%a')ad&, u*a 6arra s+($da & %u6& se s&'e%ea uer-as de $')ac%& rad$a( )&r 'ed$& de u*a ser$e de 'a%r$ces rec$)r&ca*%esde (a '04u$*a#



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E7$&*-i!n

La .a#a&a "7$&*-i!n .&oi"n" d" &a'"- #a$ina-8 d" #a o+ 9"7$&*-:o;8

9"7$&*-i


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de 'e%a(es y a(eac$&*es# E* (a e7%rus$+*, u*a )a(a*4u$((a c$(;*dr$ca se uer-a a%ra15s de u* dad& & 'a%r$- 9/# !


16/19

E7$&*-i!n "n a#i"n$"

Para 'e%a(es y a(eac$&*es 4ue carece* de su9c$e*%e duc%$($dad a %e')era%uraa'6$e*%e & )ara reduc$r (as uer-as re4uer$das, (a e7%rus$+* se eec%a a%e')era%uras e(e1adas %a6(a !


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)r$*c$)a('e*%e )&r (a ca)a e7%er$&r &7$dada de (a )a(a*4u$((a# Des)u5s see7%rae (a c&s%ra de (a c0'ara#



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E7$&*-i!n "n %&'oDesarr&((ada e* (a d5cada de !K@, (a e7%rus$+* e* r;& es u* %5r'$*& /e*era(4ue c&* recue*c$a de*&%a u*a c&'6$*ac$+* de &)erac$&*es, c&'& (a e7%rus$+*y e( &r.ad& d$rec%& e $*d$rec%& 9/# !


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1430011 Thursday, 3 de March de2!" Cd V$ % $ T ($

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