Procesos de Refineria Presentacion

8/9/2019 Procesos de Refineria Presentacion

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2008 Refining Processes Handbook

www.HydrocarbonProcessing.com

Processes Index Company Index

Premier sponsors:

Sponsors:

HOME

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Company Index

Premier sponsors:

Sponsors:

Alkylation

Aromatics

Biofuels

Catalytic cracking

Catalytic reforming

Coking

Deasphalting/asphaltDesulfurization-fuels

Distillation-Crude

Distillation-Vacuum

Ethers

Gasification

Hydroconversion

HydrocrackingHydrodearomatization

Hydrofinishing

Hydrogen

Hydrogenation

Hydroprocessing

Hydrotreating

Isomerization

Isooctene/isooctane

Lubes

Olefins

Oxygen enrichmentPetrochemicals

Reactors

Sulfur recovery

Treating

Treating-acid gas

Treating-flue gas

Treating-fuelsTreating-offgas

Upgrading-heavy oil

Visbreaking

Waxes

HOME

Processes Index

Processes Index



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Premier sponsors:

Sponsors:

ABB Lummus Global B.V.

Air Products and Chemicals Inc.

Akzo Nobel

Axens

Bechtel Corp.

Belco Technologies Corp.

CDTECH

Chevron Lummus Global LLC

Davy Process Technology

DuPont

ExxonMobil Research and Engineering Co.

Foster Wheeler USA Corp.

GE Energy

Genoil Inc.

Goar, Allison & Associates, Inc., an Air Products Company

GTC Technology

Haldor Topsøe A/S

Hamon Research-Cottrell

KBR

Linde AG, Division Gas and Engineering

Lummus Technology, a CB&I company

Lurgi GmbH

Lyondell Chemical Co.

Merichem Chemical & Refinery Services LLC, Process Technology Division

Merichem Chemical & Refinery Services LLC, Gas Technology Products Division

Neste Jacobs OYQuadrise Fuel International

QuestAir Technologies Inc.

Refining Hydrocarbon Technologies LLC

Shaw

Shell Global Solutions International B.V.

Snamprogetti, a company of Saipem

TECHNIP

ThioSolv LLCTOTAL

Uhde GmbH

UOP

Viscolube SpA

Worley Parsons

HOME Processes Index

Company Index

Company Index



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Deep thermal conversionThermal gasoil

Visbreaking

ABB Lummus Global B.V.

2008 Refining Processes Handbook Processes Index Company IndexHOME

HYDROCARBON PROCESSING®



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Hydrogen-recoveryOlefins recovery

Air Products and Chemicals Inc.





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Emulsion residue upgrade

Akzo Nobel





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Axens is a refining, petrochemical and natural gas market-focusedsupplier of process technology, catalysts, adsorbents and services,backed by nearly 50 years of commercial success. Axens is a worldleader in several areas, such as:

• Petroleum hydrotreating & hydroconversion

• FCC gasoline desulfurization

• Catalytic Reforming

• BTX (benzene, toluene, xylenes) production & purication

• Selective Hydrogenation of olen cuts

• Sulfur recovery catalysts.

Axens is a fully-owned subsidiary of IFP.

Processes

Fluid catalytic crackingResid catalytic cracking

Resid cracking

Catalytic reforming

Hydroconversion—VGO and DAO

Hydrocracking

Hydrocracking-residueHydrotreating, diesel

Hydrotreating-resid

Isomerization

Lube oil refining, spent

Spent lube oil re-refining

http://www.hydrocarbonprocessing.com/http://www.hydrocarbonprocessing.com/http://www.hydrocarbonprocessing.com/



Lube extraction (2 processes)Lube hydrotreating (2 processes)

Dewaxing

Dewaxing/wax deoiling

Wax hydrotreating

Bechtel Corp.





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Alkylate, butanes to alkylateAlkylation, low-temperature acid catalyzed

Ethers-ETBE

Ethers-MTBE

TAEE, from refinery C5 feeds

TAME, from refinery and steam cracker C5 feeds

TAME, from refinery C5 feedsHydrogenation

Hydrogenation-benzene in reformate

Hydrogenation, selective for MTBE/ETBE C4 raffinate

Hydrogenation, selective for refinery C4 feeds

Hydrogenation-selective for refinery C5 feeds

Hydrotreating

Isomerization

Isooctene/isooctane, conversion of refinery MTBE units

Isobutylene, from MTBE decomposition

CDTECH






HydrocrackingHydrocracking, resid

Hydrofinishing

Hydrotreating

Hydrotreating-RDS/VRDS/UFR/OCR

Dewaxing

Chevron Lummus Global LLC






Prereforming with feed ultra purification

Davy Process Technology



®




AlkylationHydrocracking

Hydrotreating

DuPont







Alkylation, sulfuric acidFluid catalytic cracking

Fluid catalytic cracking, high olefin

Fluid catalytic cracking, residual

Coking, fluid

Gasoline desulfurization, ultra-deep

Gasification

Hydrocracking, moderate pressure

Pressure swing adsorption-rapid cycle

Hydroprocessing, ULSD

Gas treating—H2S removal

Wet gas scrubbing (WGS), wet gas scrubbing plus

NOX abatement /SNCR

Catalytic dewaxing

ExxonMobil Research and Engineering Co.









Processes

CokingDeasphalting

Crude distillation

Hydrogen-steam reforming

Visbreaking

Foster Wheeler USA Corpration is a global engineering and con-struction contractor and power equipment supplier, with a reputa-tion for delivering high-quality, technically-advanced, reliable facili-ties and equipment on time, on budget and with a world-class safetyrecord.

Our Engineering & Construction Group designs and constructsleading-edge processing facilities for the upstream oil & gas, LNG &gas-to-liquids, refining, chemicals & petrochemicals, power, environ-mental, pharmaceuticals, biotechnology & healthcare industries. Fos-ter Wheeler is a market leader in heavy oil upgrading technologies,offering world-leading technology in delayed coking, solvent deas-phalting, and visbreaking, and providing cost-effective solutions forthe refining industry.

Services:• Market studies• Master planning• Feasibility studies• Concept screening• Environmental engineering• Front-end design (FEED)• Project management (PMC)

• Engineering (E)• Procurement (P)• Construction (C) & construction management (Cm)• Commissioning & start-up• Validation• Plant operations & maintenance• TrainingOur Global Power Group, world-leading experts in combustion

technology, designs, manufactures and erects steam generating andauxiliary equipment for power stations and industrial markets world-wide, and also provides a range of after-market services.

Technical articles

Integrated hydrogen solutions: Combininghydrogen recovery and optimized steam

Upgrade refinery residuals into value-added products

Optimize turnaround projects

Drivers for additional delayed coking capacity in the refining industry

When solvent deasphalting is the most appropri-ate technology for upgrading residue


http://www.hydrocarbonprocessing.com/http://refining_articles/FW-Integrated%20hydrogen%20solutions.pdfhttp://refining_articles/FW-Integrated%20hydrogen%20solutions.pdfhttp://refining_articles/FW-Upgrade%20refinery%20reprinthttp://refining_articles/FW-Upgrade%20refinery%20reprinthttp://refining_articles/FW-Optimise%20turaround.pdfhttp://refining_articles/FW-Drivers%20for%20additional%20delayed%20coking.pdfhttp://refining_articles/FW-Drivers%20for%20additional%20delayed%20coking.pdfhttp://refining_articles/FW-Solvent%20deasphalting.pdfhttp://refining_articles/FW-Solvent%20deasphalting.pdfhttp://refining_articles/FW-Solvent%20deasphalting.pdfhttp://refining_articles/FW-Drivers%20for%20additional%20delayed%20coking.pdfhttp://refining_articles/FW-Optimise%20turaround.pdfhttp://refining_articles/FW-Upgrade%20refinery%20reprinthttp://refining_articles/FW-Integrated%20hydrogen%20solutions.pdfhttp://www.hydrocarbonprocessing.com/



Gasification

GE Energy







Hydroprocessing-heavy oil and residue

Genoil Inc.







Sulfur processingSulfur recovery

Goar, Allison & Associates, Inc., an Air Products Company







Aromatics (3 processes)Aromatics recovery

Benzene saturation

Paraxylene

Styrene recovery

Xylene isomerization

Desulfurization

Hydrotreating, pyrolysis gasoline

Carboxylic acid recovery

Dimethyl terephthlate

GTC Technology







Fluid catalytic cracking-pretreatmentDiesel upgrading

Diesel-ultra-low-sulfur diesel (ULSD)

Hydrocracking

Hydrodearomatization

Hydrogen-HTCR and HTCR twin plants

Hydrogen-HTER-p

Hydrogen—Methanol-to-shift

Hydrogen-Steam methane reforming (SMR)

Hydrotreating

Flue gas denitrification

Flue gas desulfurization-SNOX

Sour gas treatment

Spent acid regeneration

Haldor Topsøe A/S


HYDROCARBON PROCESSING





Wet gas scrubbing, wet gas scrubbing plus

Hamon Research-Cottrell









Processes

Fluid catalytic crackingFluid catalytic cracking, high olefin

Fluid catalytic cracking, residual

Coking

Asphaltene pelletization

Deasphalting

Isooctene/isooctane

Heavy oil upgrading

KBR is a leading global engineering, construction and services com-pany supporting the energy, petrochemicals, government services andcivil infrastructure sectors. KBR has been delivering high yields andefficiency to its customers in the hydrocarbon processing industry forover 80 years, when Morris Kellogg founded the M.W. Kellogg Com-pany. KBR is one of the few leading engineering and constructioncompanies to specialize in the development and licensing of processtechnologies for petrochemicals, refining, ammonia production andcoal gasification, all founded on extensive research and developmentat its Technology Center.

With thousands of successful projects worldwide, KBR also com-bines its technology expertise with full engineering, procurementand construction services to help clients maximize the value of theirassets. This has become a critical factor as the world’s supply of con-ventional oil and gas resources is being depleted, and KBR technol-ogy continues to help customers transform low value hydrocarbonsinto high value products with processes that produce some of thehighest yields, efficiencies and reliability available in the hydrocarbonprocessing industry.

Email: [email protected]: technology.kbr.com

Technical articles

To vacuum or not to vacuum

Unlocking current refinery constraints

Consider new technology to produce clean diesel

Holding the key


http://www.hydrocarbonprocessing.com/mailto:[email protected]?subject=HP_2008_Refining_Processes_contact&[email protected];[email protected];[email protected]://technology.kbr.com/http://refining_articles/KBR-To%20vacuum%20or%20not%20to%20vacuum.pdfhttp://refining_articles/KBR-Unlocking%20current%20refinery%20constraints.pdfhttp://refining_articles/KBR-Produce%20clean%20diesel.pdfhttp://refining_articles/KBR-Holding%20the%20key.pdfhttp://technology.kbr.com/mailto:[email protected]?subject=HP_2008_Refining_Processes_contact&[email protected];[email protected];[email protected]://refining_articles/KBR-Holding%20the%20key.pdfhttp://refining_articles/KBR-Produce%20clean%20diesel.pdfhttp://refining_articles/KBR-Unlocking%20current%20refinery%20constraints.pdfhttp://refining_articles/KBR-To%20vacuum%20or%20not%20to%20vacuum.pdfhttp://www.hydrocarbonprocessing.com/



Oxygen enrichment for Claus unitsOxygen enrichment for FCC units

Linde AG, Division Gas and Engineering






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AlkylationFluid catalytic cracking

Fluid catalytic cracking for maximum olefins

Coking

Lummus Technology, a CB&I company





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Isomerization

Lyondell Chemical Co.





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Meeting Today’s Challenges for H2S Removal/Recovery

MCRS’s Gas Technology Products division (GTP), with morethan 30 years of experience in H

2S removal, provides a full line of

complementary hydrogen sulfide oxidation products: LO-CAT® andLO-CAT® II and H

2S scavenger process chemicals for use in its propri-

etary SULFUR-RITE® and THE ELIMINATOR™ processes, along with itsARI®-100 mercaptan oxidation catalysts.

These processes are based on liquid and solid media desulfurizationtechnologies to sweeten natural gas, unconventional gas and syn-gas streams, as well as ventilation air containing virtually any levelsof hydrogen sulfide or mercaptans – for streams of widely rangingcapacities. For any application, GTP offers engineering services andcomplete turnkey systems with total system responsibility.


Processes - GTP

H2S removal (3 processes)




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Isooctene/isooctane

Neste Jacobs OY






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Emulsion residue upgrade

Quadrise Fuel International






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Pressure swing adsorption-rapid cycle

QuestAir Technologies Inc.





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Deep catalytic crackingFluid catalytic cracking

Resid catalytic cracking

Refinery offgas-purification and olefins recovery

Shaw






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Shell Global Solutions provides business and operational con-sultancy, catalysts, technical services and research and developmentexpertise to the energy and processing industries worldwide. ShellGlobal Solutions has approximately 5,000 staff located in an exten-sive network of offices around the world, with primary commercialand technical centres operating in the USA, Europe and Asia Pacific.

Shell Global Solutions supports the Shell Group’s business activitiesin downstream manufacturing, downstream marketing, gas & LNG,production and project management. Outside of the Shell Group, thecompany successfully services refining, chemicals, gas, metals, pulpand paper and motor-sport customers worldwide.

Processes

Fluid catalytic crackingCrude distillation

Gasification

Hydrocracking

Reactor internals

Deep thermal conversion

Thermal gasoil

Visbreaking

Technical articles

Shell gasification technology: Generating profit from the bottom of the barrel

Hydrocracking technology for clean fuels

Operating experience provides foundation for innovative solutions

Market responsiveness through residue thermal conversion technologies

Low NOx emission from FCC regenerators

Shell’s ultimate flexible FCC technology in delivering diesel/propylene


http://www.hydrocarbonprocessing.com/http://refining_articles/Shell-Gasification%20technology.pdfhttp://refining_articles/Shell-Gasification%20technology.pdfhttp://refining_articles/Shell-Hydrocracking%20Technology%20for%20Clean%20Fuels.pdfhttp://refining_articles/Shell-Licensing%20technologies.pdfhttp://refining_articles/Shell-Licensing%20technologies.pdfhttp://refining_articles/Shell-Market%20responsiveness%20through%20Residue%20Thermal%20Conversion.pdfhttp://refining_articles/Shell-Market%20responsiveness%20through%20Residue%20Thermal%20Conversion.pdfhttp://refining_articles/Shell-Reducing%20NOX%20emission.pdfhttp://refining_articles/Shell-Ultimate%20flexible%20FCC.pdfhttp://refining_articles/Shell-Ultimate%20flexible%20FCC.pdfhttp://refining_articles/Shell-Ultimate%20flexible%20FCC.pdfhttp://refining_articles/Shell-Reducing%20NOX%20emission.pdfhttp://refining_articles/Shell-Market%20responsiveness%20through%20Residue%20Thermal%20Conversion.pdfhttp://refining_articles/Shell-Licensing%20technologies.pdfhttp://refining_articles/Shell-Hydrocracking%20Technology%20for%20Clean%20Fuels.pdfhttp://refining_articles/Shell-Gasification%20technology.pdfhttp://www.hydrocarbonprocessing.com/


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EthersIsooctene/isooctane

Isooctene/isooctane, conversion of refinery MTBE units

Butene-1 recovery

Isobutylene, high-purity

Snamprogetti, a company of Saipem





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Crude distillationHydrogen

TECHNIP





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TreatingTreating-sour water stripper gas

ThioSolv LLC





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Crude distillation

TOTAL





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Aromatics extractive distillationVacuum distillation

Ethers-ETBE

Ethers-MTBE

Gasification-PDQ

Gasification-PSG

Hydrogen

Hydrofinishing/hydrotreating

Lube treating

Olefins-butenes extractive distillation

Olefins-dehydrogenation of light paraffins to olefins

Slack wax deoiling

White oil and wax hydrotreating

Uhde GmbH





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UOP LLC, a Honeywell company, has been delivering cutting-edgetechnology to the petroleum refining, gas processing, petrochemi-cal production and major manufacturing industries for almost 100years.

The company’s roots date back to 1914, when the revolutionaryDubbs thermal cracking process created the technological founda-tion for today’s modern refining industry. Since then, UOP engineershave generated thousands of patents, leading to a complete port-

folio of licensed processes, catalysts, molecular sieve adsorbents andkey mechanical equipment that support the quality, efficiency andprofitability needs of customers around the globe. These productsare backed by a broad array of engineering and technical servicesthat facilitate successful installation and operations.

For more information, visit UOP online at www.uop.com.

Processes

Alkylation (2 processes)Alkylation-HF

Green diesel

Fluid catalytic cracking

Catalytic reforming

Coking

Deasphalting

Hydrocracking

Hydroprocessing-resid

Hydrotreating (2 processes)

Hydrotreating/desulfurization

Isomerization (4 processes)

Treating-pressure swing adsorption

Visbreaking

Technical articles

Technology advancements in benzene saturation

Process and catalyst innovations in hydrocracking to maximize high-quality distillate fuel


http://www.hydrocarbonprocessing.com/http://refining_articles/UOP-Technology%20advancements%20in%20benzene.pdfhttp://refining_articles/UOP-Technology%20advancements%20in%20benzene.pdfhttp://refining_articles/UOP-Innovations%20in%20hydrocracking.pdfhttp://refining_articles/UOP-Innovations%20in%20hydrocracking.pdfhttp://refining_articles/UOP-Innovations%20in%20hydrocracking.pdfhttp://refining_articles/UOP-Technology%20advancements%20in%20benzene.pdfhttp://www.hydrocarbonprocessing.com/


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Lube oil refining, spentSpent lube oil re-refining

Viscolube SpA





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Sulfur recovery

Worley Parsons





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Alkylate, butanes to alkylate - CDTECHAlkylation - DuPont

Alkylation - Lummus Technology, a CB&I company

Alkylation - Refining Hydrocarbon Technologies LLC

Alkylation - UOP (2 processes)

Alkylation, low-temperature acid catalyzed - CDTECH

Alkylation, sulfuric acid - ExxonMobil Research and Engineering Co.

Alkylation-HF - UOP

Alkylation





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Aromatics - GTC Technology (3 processes)Aromatics extractive distillation - Uhde GmbH

Aromatics recovery - GTC Technology

Benzene saturation - GTC Technology

Paraxylene - GTC Technology

Styrene recovery - GTC Technology

Xylene isomerization - GTC Technology

Aromatics





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Biodiesel - Lurgi GmbHBiodiesel - Refining Hydrocarbon Technologies LLC

Green diesel - UOP

Biofuels





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Deep catalytic cracking - ShawFluid catalytic cracking - ExxonMobil Research and Engineering Co.

Fluid catalytic cracking - KBR

Fluid catalytic cracking - Lummus Technology, a CB&I company

Fluid catalytic cracking - Shaw

Fluid catalytic cracking - Shell Global Solutions International B.V.

Fluid catalytic cracking - UOP

Fluid catalytic cracking for maximum olefins - Lummus Technology, a CB&I company

Fluid catalytic cracking, high olefin - KBR

Fluid catalytic cracking, residual - KBR

Fluid catalytic cracking-pretreatment - Haldor Topsøe A/S

Resid catalytic cracking - Shaw

Resid cracking - Axens

Catalytic cracking





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Catalytic reforming - AxensCatalytic reforming - UOP

Catalytic reforming





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Coking - Foster Wheeler USA Corp.Coking - KBR

Coking - Lummus Technology, a CB&I company

Coking, fluid - ExxonMobil Research and Engineering Co.

Coking





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Asphaltene pelletization - KBRDeasphalting - Foster Wheeler USA Corp.

Deasphalting - KBR

Deasphalting/asphalt





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Desulfurizaton - GTC Technology Diesel upgrading - Haldor Topsøe A/S

Diesel-ultra-low-sulfur diesel (ULSD) - Haldor Topsøe

Gasoline desulfurization, ultra-deep - ExxonMobil Research and Engineering Co.

Hydrogenation/hydrodesulfurization - Refining Hydrocarbon Technologies LLC

Desulfurization-fuels





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Crude distillation - Foster Wheeler USA Corp.Crude distillation - Shell Global Solutions International B.V.

Crude distillation - TECHNIP

Distillation-Crude





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Ethers - Snamprogetti, a company of SaipemEthers-ETBE - CDTECH

Ethers-ETBE - Uhde GmbH

Ethers-MTBE - CDTECH

Ethers-MTBE - Uhde GmbH

Olefin etherification - Refining Hydrocarbon Technologies LLC

TAEE, from refinery C5 feeds - CDTECH

TAME, from refinery and steam cracker C5 feeds - CDTECH

TAME, from refinery C5 feeds - CDTECH

Ethers





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Gasification - ExxonMobil Research and Engineering Co.Gasification - GE Energy

Gasification - Shell Global Solutions International B.V.

Gasification-PDQ - Uhde GmbH

Gasification-PSG - Uhde GmbH

Multipurpose gasification - Lurgi GmbH

Gasification





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Hydrocracking - AxensHydrocracking - Chevron Lummus Global LLC

Hydrocracking - DuPont

Hydrocracking - Haldor Topsøe A/S

Hydrocracking - Shell Global Solutions International B.V.

Hydrocracking - UOP

Hydrocracking, moderate pressure - ExxonMobil Research and Engineering Co.

Hydrocracking, resid - Chevron Lummus Global LLC

Hydrocracking-residue - Axens

Hydrocracking





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Hydrogen - TECHNIPHydrogen - Uhde GmbH

Hydrogen (steam reforming) - Lurgi GmbH

Hydrogen-HTCR and HTCR twin plants - Haldor Topsøe

Hydrogen-HTER-p - Haldor Topsøe

Hydrogen—Methanol-to-shift - Haldor Topsøe

Hydrogen-recovery - Air Products and Chemicals Inc.

Hydrogen-steam methane reforming (SMR) - Haldor Topsøe A/S

Hydrogen-steam reforming - Foster Wheeler USA Corp.

Prereforming with feed ultra purification - Davy Process Technology

Pressure swing adsorption-rapid cycle - ExxonMobil Research and Engineering Co.

Hydrogen


f




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Hydrogenation - CDTECHHydrogenation, selective for MTBE/ETBE C4 raffinate - CDTECH

Hydrogenation, selective for refinery C4 feeds - CDTECH

Hydrogenation-benzene in reformate - CDTECH

Hydrogenation-selective for refinery C5 feeds - CDTECH

Hydrogenation


2008 fi i db k




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Hydroprocessing-resid - UOPHydroprocessing, ULSD - ExxonMobil Research and Engineering Co.

Hydroprocessing


2008 R fi i P H db k




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Hydrotreating - CDTECHHydrotreating - Chevron Lummus Global LLC

Hydrotreating - DuPont

Hydrotreating - Haldor Topsøe A/S

Hydrotreating - UOP (2 processes)

Hydrotreating, diesel - Axens

Hydrotreating, pyrolysis gasoline - GTC Technology

Hydrotreating/desulfurization - UOP

Hydrotreating-RDS/VRDS/UFR/OCR - Chevron Lummus Global LLC

Hydrotreating-resid - Axens

Hydrotreating






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Isomerization - AxensIsomerization - CDTECH

Isomerization - UOP (4 processes)

Isomerization






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Isooctene/isooctane - KBRIsooctene/isooctane - Refining Hydrocarbon Technologies LLC

Isooctene/isooctane - Snamprogetti, a company of Saipem

Isooctene/isooctane, conversion of refinery MTBE units - CDTECH

Isooctene/isooctane






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Hydrofinishing/hydrotreating - Uhde GmbH

Lube extraction - Bechtel Corp. (2 processes)

Lube hydrotreating - Bechtel Corp. (2 processes)

Lube oil refining, spent - Axens

Lube treating - Uhde GmbH

Spent lube oil re-refining - Axens

Lubes


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Butene-1 recovery - Snamprogetti, a company of Saipem

Isobutylene, from MTBE decomposition - CDTECH

Isobutylene, high purity - Snamprogetti, a company of Saipem

Olefins recovery - Air Products and Chemicals Inc.

Olefins-butenes extractive distillation - Uhde GmbH

Olefins-dehydrogenation of light paraffins to olefins - Uhde GmbH

Refinery offgas-purification and olefins recovery - Shaw

Olefins


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Oxygen enrichment for Claus units - Linde AG, Division Gas and Engineering

Oxygen enrichment for FCC units - Linde AG, Division Gas and Engineering

Oxygen enrichment


2008 Refining Processes Handbook P I d C I dHOME




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Carboxylic acid recovery - GTC Technology

Dimethyl terephthlate - GTC Technology

Petrochemicals






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Sulfur processing - Goar, Allison & Associates, Inc., an Air Products Company

Sulfur recovery - Goar, Allison & Associates, Inc., an Air Products Company

Sulfur recovery - Worley Parsons

Sulfur recovery






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Treating-phenolic caustic - Merichem Chemical & Refinery Services LLC, Process Technology Division

Treating-pressure swing adsorption - UOP

Treating-spent caustic deep neutralization - Merichem Chemical & Refinery Services LLC, Process Technology Division

Treating






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Gas treating–H2

S removal - ExxonMobil Research and Engineering Co.

H2S removal - Merichem Chemical & Refinery Services LLC, Gas Technology Products Division (3 processes)

Treating - ThioSolv LLC

Treating-gases - Merichem Chemical & Refinery Services LLC, Process Technology Division

Treating-sour water stripper gas - ThioSolv LLC

Wet gas scrubbing (WGS), wet gas scrubbing plus - ExxonMobil Research and Engineering Co.

Treating-acid gases






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Flue gas denitrification - Haldor Topsøe A/S

NOX abatement - ExxonMobil Research and Engineering Co.

Treating-flue gas






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Treating-coker LPG to low total sulfur levels - Merichem Chemical & Refinery Services LLC,Process Technology Division

Treating-gasoline and LPG - Merichem Chemical & Refinery Services LLC, Process Technology Division

Treating-gasoline desulfurization ultra deep - Merichem Chemical & Refinery Services LLC, Process Technology Division

Treating-gasoline sweetening - Merichem Chemical & Refinery Services LLC, Process Technology Division

Treating-jet fuel/kerosine - Merichem Chemical & Refinery Services LLC, Process Technology Division

Treating-kerosine and heavy naphtha sweetening - Merichem Chemical & Refinery Services LLC, Process Technology Division

Treating-propane - Merichem Chemical & Refinery Services LLC, Process Technology Division

Treating-reformer products - Merichem Chemical & Refinery Services LLC, Process Technology Division

Treating-fuels






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Flue gas desulfurization-SNOX - Haldor Topsøe A/S

NOX reduction, low temperature - Belco Technologies Corp.

SO2 removal, regenerative - Belco Technologies Corp.

Sour gas treatment - Haldor Topsøe A/S

Spent acid regeneration - Haldor Topsøe A/S

Wet scrubbing system, EDV - Belco Technologies Corp.

Treating-offgas






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Deep thermal conversion - Shell Global Solutions International B.V.

Emulsion residue upgrade - Quadrise Fuel International

Heavy oil upgrading - KBR

Hydroprocessing-heavy oil and residue - Genoil Inc.

Thermal gasoil - Shell Global Solutions International B.V.

Upgrading-heavy oil






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Visbreaking - Foster Wheeler USA Corp.

Visbreaking - Shell Global Solutions International B.V.

Visbreaking






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Catalytic dewaxing - ExxonMobil Research and Engineering Co.

Dewaxing - Bechtel Corp.

Dewaxing - Chevron Lummus Global LLC

Dewaxing/wax deoiling - Bechtel Corp.

Slack wax deoiling - Uhde GmbH

Wax hydrotreating - Bechtel Corp.

White oil and wax hydrotreating - Uhde GmbH

Waxes


2008 Refining Processes Handbook Processes Index Company IndexHOMEHYDROCARBON PROCESSING

®



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g p y

click here to e-mail for more information

Alkylate, butanes to alkylateApplication: With the conversion of butanes to high-value motor fuel al-kylate using the CD AlkyPlus process, NGL producers now have anotherroute to upgrade butanes to gasoline blend stock. By using isobutyleneas the sole olefin source, the CD AlkyPlus technology allows for the prof-itable conversion of isobutylene and isobutane into high-value motorfuel alkylate.

Description: The patented CD AlkyPlus process is a low-temperature sul-furic acid-catalyzed alkylation process coupled with a simple olefin pre-treatment step. This combination provides significant benefits over directalkylation of isobutylene as well as other isobutylene upgrading pro-cesses such is isooctene production. Because isobutane and isobutyleneare incorporated together to produce a high-value alkylate product, theCD AlkyPlus process produces two times the volume of gasoline blend-stock compared with isooctene production. This process is ideal for usedownstream of an isobutane dehydrogentation process. The whole de-hydrogenation unit product, a roughly 50/50 blend of isobutane andisobutylene, is fed directly to the CD AlkyPlus process.

This technology also provides a unique opportunity for revamp-ing an existing dehydrogenation unit-based methyl tertiary butyl ether(MTBE) plant to produce alkylate. Much of the existing MTBE equip-ment can be used in the CD AlkyPlus process, thus reducing capital

requirements. For these retrofit cases, the isobutane recycle aroundthe dehydrogenation unit is essentially eliminated. This means the n-butane capacity of the complex can be doubled without expanding theexisting dehydrogenation unit.

Process advantages: The benefits of CD AlkyPlus process:Compared to direct alkylation of isobutylene

• Lower acid consumption• Compressor horsepower requirements reduced by 50%• Lower utilities• No caustic waste streams

• Higher octane alkylate product• Lower vapor pressure product.

Compared to iso-octene product alternative• Twice the product volume.

Licensor: CDTECH.

n-ButaneRecycle isobutane

Freshsulfuric acid

Separation

Alkylationreaction

Productfractionation

Alkylate product

Isobutylene/isobutane

feed

Olefinpretreatment

n-Butaneisomerization

Isobutanedehydrogenation


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mailto:[email protected]?subject=HP_2008_Refining_Processes_contact&[email protected];[email protected];[email protected]:[email protected]?subject=HP_2008_Refining_Processes_contact&[email protected];[email protected];[email protected]


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AlkylationApplication: To combine propylene, butylenes and amylenes with isobutanein the presence of strong sulfuric acid to produce high-octane branchedchain hydrocarbons using the STRATCO Effluent Refrigeration Alkylationprocess.

Products: Branched chain hydrocarbons for use in high-octane motorfuel and aviation gasoline.

Description: Plants are designed to process a mixture of propylene,butylenes and amylenes. Olefins and isobutane-rich streams along witha recycle stream of H2SO4 are charged to the STRATCO Contactor reac-tor (1). The liquid contents of the Contactor reactor are circulated at highvelocities and an extremely large amount of interfacial area is exposed

between the reacting hydrocarbons and the acid catalyst from the acidsettler (2). The entire volume of the liquid in the Contactor reactor is main-tained at a uniform temperature, less than 1°F between any two pointswithin the reaction mass. Contactor reactor products pass through a flashdrum (3) and deisobutanizer (4). The refrigeration section consists of acompressor (5) and depropanizer (6).

The overhead from the deisobutanizer (4) and effluent refrigerantrecycle (6) constitutes the total isobutane recycle to the reaction zone.This total quantity of isobutane and all other hydrocarbons is maintained

in the liquid phase throughout the Contactor reactor, thereby serving topromote the alkylation reaction. Onsite acid regeneration technology isalso available.

Product quality: The total debutanized alkylate has RON of 92 to 96clear and MON of 90 to 94 clear. When processing straight butylenes,the debutanized total alkylate has RON as high as 98 clear. Endpoint ofthe total alkylate from straight butylene feeds is less than 390°F, and lessthan 420°F for mixed feeds containing amylenes in most cases.

Economics (basis: butylene feed):

Investment (basis: 10,000-bpsd unit), $ per bpsd 4,500

Utilities, typical per bbl alkylate: Electricity, kWh 13.5 Steam, 150 psig, lb 180

Water, cooling (20°F rise), 103

gal 1.85 Acid, lb 15 Caustic, lb 0.1

Installation: Over 850,000 bpsd licensed capacity.

Reference: Hydrocarbon Processing, Vol. 64, No. 9, September 1985,pp. 67–71.

Licensor: DuPont.

START

START

Olefin feed

6

i-Butane

3

5

1

2

Propaneproduct

4

n-Butaneproduct

Alkylateproduct


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AlkylationApplication: The AlkyClean process converts light olefins into alkylateby reacting the olefins with isobutane over a true solid acid catalyst.AlkyClean’s unique catalyst, reactor design and process scheme allow

operation at low external isobutane-to-olefin ratios while maintainingexcellent product quality.

Products: Alkylate is a high-octane, low-Rvp gasoline component usedfor blending in all grades of gasoline.

Description: The light olefin feed is combined with the isobutane make-up and recycle and sent to the alkylation reactors which convert theolefins into alkylate using a solid acid catalyst (1). The AlkyClean processuses a true solid acid catalyst to produce alkylate, eliminating the safety

and environmental hazards associated with liquid acid technologies. Si-multaneously, reactors are undergoing a mild liquid-phase regenerationusing isobutane and hydrogen and, periodically, a reactor undergoes ahigher temperature vapor phase hydrogen strip (2). The reactor and mildregeneration effluent is sent to the product-fractionation section, whichproduces n-butane and alkylate products, while also recycling isobutaneand recovering hydrogen used in regeneration for reuse in other refineryhydroprocessing units (3). The AlkyClean process does not produce anyacid soluble oils (ASO) or require post treatment of the reactor effluent orfinal products.

Product: The C5+ alkylate has a RON of 93–98 depending on processing

conditions and feed composition.

Economics:

Investment (2007 USGC basis 10,000-bpsd unit) $/bpsd 5,200

Utility and catalyst costs, $/gal (2007) 0.10

Installation: Demonstration unit at Neste Oil’s Porvoo, Finland Refinery.

Reference: “The AlkyClean process: New technology eliminates liquidacids,” NPRA 2006 Annual Meeting, March 19–21, 2006.

D’Amico, V., J. Gieseman, E. von Broekhoven, E. van Rooijen andH. Nousiainen, “Consider new methods to debottleneck clean alkylateproduction,” Hydrocarbon Processing, February 2006, pp. 65–70.

Licensor: Lummus Technology, Albemarle Catalysts and Neste Oil.


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g

AlkylationApplication: The RHT-Alkylation process is an improved method to reactC3– C5 olefins with isobutane using the classical sulfuric acid alkylationprocess. This process uses a unique mixing device — eductor(s) — thatprovides low-temperature (25°F – 30°F) operations at isothermal condi-tions. This eductor mixing device is more cost-effective than other de-vices being used or proposed. It is maintenance free and does not re-quire replacement every two to three years. This mixing device can be aretrofit replacement for existing contactors. In addition, the auto refrig-eration vapor can be condensed by enhancing pressure and then easilyabsorbed in hydrocarbon liquid, without revamping the compressor.

Description: In the RHT-Alkylation, C3– C5 feed from FCC or any othersource including steam cracker, etc., with isobutane make-up, recycleisobutene, and recovered hydrocarbons from the depropanizer bottomand refrigeration vapors are collected in a surge drum — the C4 system(5). The mixture is pumped to the reactor (1) to the eductor suction port.The motive fluid is sent to the eductor nozzle from the bottom of reac-tor, which is essentially sulfuric acid, through pumps to mix the reactantswith the sulfuric-acid catalyst.

The mixing is vigorous to move the reaction to completion. Themakeup acid and acid-soluble oil (ASO) is removed from the pump dis-charge. The process has provisions to install a static mixer at the pump

discharge. Some feed can be injected here to provide higher OSV, whichis required for C3 alkylation. Reactor effluent is withdrawn from thereactor as a side draw and is sent to acid/ hydrocarbon coalescer (2)where most of the acid is removed and recycled to the reactor (1). Thecoalescers are being used by conventional process to reduce the acid inthe hydrocarbon phase to 7–15 wppm. The enhanced coalescer designRHT can reduce the sulfuric acid content in the hydrocarbon phase tonegligible levels (below


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AlkylationApplication: The UOP Indirect Alkylation (InAlk) process uses solid cata-lysts to convert light olefins (mainly C4 but also C3 and C5) to alkylate.

Description: The InAlk process makes premium alkylate using a combi-nation of commercially proven technologies. Iso-butene reacts with itselfor with other C3– C5 olefins via polymerization. The resulting mixture ofhigher molecular weight iso-olefins may then be hydrogenated to forma high-octane paraffinic gasoline blendstock that is similar to alkylate,but usually higher in octane, or it may be left as an olefinic high-octanegasoline blending component.

Either resin or solid phosphoric acid (SPA) catalysts are used to po-lymerize the olefins. Resin catalyst primarily converts iso-butene. SPAcatalyst also converts n-butenes. The saturation section uses either abase-metal or noble-metal catalyst.

Feed: A wide variety of feeds can be processed in the InAlk process.Typical feeds include FCC-derived light olefins, steam-cracker olefinsand iC4 dehydrogenation olefins.

Installation: The InAlk process is an extension of UOP’s catalytic con-densation and olefin saturation technologies. UOP has licensed and de-signed more than 400 catalytic condensation units for the production ofpolygasoline and petrochemical olefins and more than 200 hydrogena-

tion units of various types. Currently, 10 InAlk units are in operation.

Licensor: UOP.

1

2 3 4 5

Olefinfeed Raffinate

Offgas

AlkylateMakeup hydrogen

Polymerizationreactors

Debutanizercolumn

Saturationreactor

Productstripper


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Alkylation, low-temperature acidcatalyzedApplication: The patented CD Alky process is an advanced sulfuric acid-

catalyzed alkylation process for the production of motor fuel alkylate.

Description: The CD Alky low-temperature sulfuric acid alkylation tech-nology reacts light olefin streams from refinery sources such as fluidcatalytic cracking units or from steam-cracking units with isoparaffinsto produce motor fuel alkylate. Central to the CD Alky process is a novelscalable contactor/reactor design. The CD Alky process is available forlicense to the petroleum refining and petrochemical industries.

The process flow diagram shows the basic configuration to processa mixed-C4 olefin feed and produce a high-octane motor fuel alkylate,

without the need for a reactor effluent alkaline water wash. The CD Alky process yields a higher quality product while consuming significantlyless acid than conventional sulfuric acid-based technologies. The flowscheme is also less complex than conventional designs, which reducescapital and operating costs.

Conventional sulfuric acid alkylation units use mechanical mixing intheir contactors, which are characterized by their high acid consump-tion. In addition, they are unable to take full benefit of operating at verylow temperature, which substantially improves alkylate quality and re-duces acid consumption. This scalable, vertical reactor also reduces capi-tal costs and plot space requirements. This process has also eliminatedthe need for reactor effluent alkaline water wash, thus reducing causticwaste. In addition, this dry fractionation section reduces the potentialfor downstream corrosion and thereby reducing overall maintenancecosts.

Advantages. The benefits of the CD Alky process:• Lower acid consumption• Lower utilities• Reduced operating cost

• Reduced environmental exposure• Higher octane product• Lower CAPEX—simpler owsheet with fewer pieces of equipment• Highly exible operation range—maximum absolute product oc-

tane or maximum octane barrels• Lower maintenance—no mechanical agitator or complex seals• Less corrosion due to dry system• No caustic waste stream.

Licensor: CDTECH.

Propane to storage

DeC3

Olefin feed

Fresh acid Spent acid

Acid recycle

Separation

Reaction

iC4 recycleiC4 Makeup

Fractionator

n-Butane to storage

Alkylate product to storage


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Alkylation, sulfuric acidApplication: ExxonMobil’s Research & Engineering (EMRE’s) autore-frigerated sulfuric-acid catalyzed process that combines butylene (andpropylene or pentylene if desired) with isobutane to produce high-oc-

tane gasoline components that are particularly attractive in locationsthat are MON limited. Technology can be installed rassroots or retrofitinto existing alkylation facilities.

Products: A low-sulfur, low-Rvp, highly isoparaffinic, high-octane (es-pecially MON) gasoline blendstock is produced from this alkylation pro-cess.

Description: Olefin feed and recycled isobutane are introduced into thestirred, autorefrigerated reactor (1). Mixers provide intimate contact be-

tween the reactants and acid catalyst. Highly efficient autorefrigerationremoves heat of reaction heat from the reactor. Hydrocarbons, vaporizedfrom the reactor to provide cooling, are compressed (2) and returned tothe reactor. A depropanizer (3), which is fed by a slipstream from therefrigeration section, is designed to remove any propane introduced tothe plant with the feeds.

Hydrocarbon products are separated from the acid in the settler con-taining proprietary internals (4). In the deisobutanizer (5), isobutane isrecovered and recycled along with makeup isobutane to the reactor.

Butane is removed from alkylate in the debutanizer (6) to produce alow-Rvp, high-octane alkylate product. A small acid stream containingacid soluble oil byproducts is removed from the unit and is either regen-erated on site or sent to an off-site sulfuric acid regeneration facility torecover acid strength.

Yields: Alkylate yield 1.8 bbl C5+ / bbl butylene feedIsobutane required 1.2 bbl / bbl butylene feed

Alkylate quality 97 RON / 94 MONRvp, psi 3

Utilities: typical per barrel of alkylate produced:Water, cooling, M gal 2Power, kWH 9Steam, lb 200H2SO4, lb 19NaOH, 100%, lb 0.1

Operating experience: Extensive commercial experience in bothExxonMobil and licensee refineries, with a total operating capacity of137 bpsd at 13 locations worldwide. Unit capacities currently rangefrom 2,000 bpsd to 30,000 bpsd. In addition, the world’s largest alkyla-tion unit, with a capacity of 83,000 bpsd will be starting up in 2008 atReliance ’Petroleum Limited’s Export Refinery in Jamnagar, India. Anoth-er licensed unit is in the design phase with a capacity of 16,000 bpsd.The larger units take advantage of the single reactor/settler trains withcapacities up to 10,000 bpsd.

START

Alkylateproduct

Butaneproduct

Olefin feed

Recycle acidMakeup

isobutane

Propane product

Recycleisobutane

Refrigerant

14

5 6

3

2

Continued

Technical advantages:

Alkylation, sulfuric acid, continued Economic advantages: Better economy of scale—Reactor system is sim-ple and easily expandable with 10,000 bpsd single train capacities easilyachievable


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Technical advantages: • Autorefridgeration is thermodynamically more efcient, allows

lower reactor temperatures, which favor better product quality, andlowers energy usage.

• Staged reactor results in a high average isobutane concentration,which favors high product quality.

• Low space velocity results in high product quality and reducedester formation eliminating corrosion problems in fractionation equip-ment.

• Low reactor operating pressure translates into high reliability forthe mechanical seals for the mixers, which operate in the vapor phase.


Reference: Lerner, H., “Exxon sulfuric acid alkylation technology,” Hand-book of Petroleum Refining Processes, Second Ed., R. A. Meyers, Ed.,pp. 1.3–1.14.

Licensor: ExxonMobil Research & Engineering Co.


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Alkylation—HFApplication: UOP HF Alkylation improves gasoline quality by addingclean-burning, mid-boiling-range isoparaffins and reducing gasolinepool vapor pressure and olefin content by conversion of C3– C5 olefincomponents to alkylate.

Description: The alkylation reaction catalytically combines C3– C5 olefinswith isobutane to produce motor-fuel alkylate. Alkylation takes place inthe presence of HF catalyst under conditions selected to maximize alkyl-ate yield and quality.

UOP offers two configurations. Both ensure efficient contacting andmixing of hydrocarbon feed with the acid catalyst. Our gravity flow de-sign provides good mixing without the need for a catalyst circulationpump. The forced circulation design reduces acid inventory and reaction

vessel elevations.Acid regeneration occurs in the acid regenerator or via a patented

internal-acid-regeneration method. Internal regeneration allows therefiner to shutdown the acid regenerator, thereby realizing a utilitysavings as well as reducing acid consumption and eliminating polymerdisposal.

Feed: Alkylation feedstocks are typically treated to remove sulfur andwater. In cases where MTBE and TAME raffinates are still being pro-cessed, an oxygenate removal unit (ORU) may be desirable.

Selective hydrogenation of butylene feedstock is recommended toreduce acid regeneration requirements, catalyst (acid) consumption andincrease alkylate octane by isomerizing 1-butene to 2-butene.

Efficiency: HF Alkylation remains the most economically viable methodfor the production of alkylate. The acid consumption rate for HF Alkyla-tion is less than 1/100th the rate for sulfuric alkylation units. And un-

like sulfuric alkylation units, HF Alkylation does not require refrigerationequipment to maintain a low reactor temperature.

Installations: Since 1942, UOP has licensed 216 alkylation units.

Licensor: UOP.

Propaneproduct

Forced circulation design

n-C4product

Saturatefeed

Alkylate

Recyclei-C4

Olefin feed

Cooling

water


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AromaticsApplication: DX process converts ethylbenzene (EB) contained in the C8 aromatics feedstocks to high-purity benzene plus ethane and upgradesmixed xylenes to premium grade. The feedstocks can be either pygas C8

or reformer C8 streams. The technology features a proprietary catalystwith high activity, low ring loss and superior long catalyst cycle length.This technology is partnered with Toray Industries, Inc.

Description: The technology encompasses two main processing areas:reactor section and product distillation section. In this process, C8 aro-matics feed stream is first mixed with hydrogen. The mixed stream is thenheated against reactor effluent and sent through a process furnace. Theheated mixture is fed into the DX reaction unit, where EB is de-alkylatedat very high conversion and xylenes are isomerized to equilibrium.

The reactor effluent is cooled and flows to the separator, where thehydrogen-rich vapor phase is separated from the liquid stream. A smallportion of the vapor phase is purged to control the recycle hydrogenpurity. The recycle hydrogen is then compressed, mixed with makeuphydrogen and returned to the reactor.

The liquid stream from the separator is pumped to the deheptanizerto remove light hydrocarbons. The liquid stream from the deheptanizeroverhead contains benzene and toluene and is sent to distillation sec-tion to produce high-purity benzene and toluene products. The liquid

stream from the deheptanizer bottoms contains mixed xylenes and asmall amount of C9+ aromatics. This liquid stream is sent to the PX re-covery section. The mixed xylenes stream is very low in EB due to highEB conversion in the DX reactor, which debottlenecks the PX recoveryunit.

Process advantages:• Simple, low cost xed-bed reactor design• Flexible feedstocks and operation• High EB conversion per pass can be nearly 100wt%

• DX products are isomerized to equilibrium composition of xylene,which unloads the isomerization unit

• Low ring loss at very high EB conversion• On-specication benzene with traditional distillation• Extremely stable catalyst• Low hydrogen consumption• Moderate operating parameters• Efcient heat integration scheme reduces energy consumption

• Turnkey package for high-purity benzene, toluene and PX produc-tion available from licensor.

Economics: Feedrate (pygas basis): 100 thousand tpy (2,200 bpsd);erected cost: $10 MM (ISBL, 2007 US Gulf Coast Basis)

Installation: Commercialized technology available for license.

Licensor: GTC Technology.

Makeup H2

Feed

Reactor purge gas

Offgas

Light ends

Reduced EB product

Deheptanizer

Reactor


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AromaticsApplication: GT-STDP process technology produces benzene and para-enriched xylenes from toluene disproportionation. The technology fea-tures a proprietary catalyst with high activity and selectivity toward par-

axylene.

Description: The technology encompasses three main processing areas:reactor section, product distillation and paraxylene (PX) recovery. Freshtoluene and recycled toluene from the product distillation area are mixedwith hydrogen. The hydrogen-to-toluene ratio is about 1 to 1.5. Themixed stream is heated against reactor effluent and through a processfurnace. The heated vapor stream flows to the reactor, which producesthe benzene and xylenes. The toluene disproportionation reactions aremildly exothermic.

The reactor effluent is cooled and flows to the separator, where thehydrogen-rich vapor phase is separated from the liquid stream. A smallportion of the vapor phase is purged to control recycle hydrogen purity.The recycle hydrogen is then compressed, mixed with makeup hydrogenand returned to the reactor.

The liquid stream from the separator is pumped to the stripper toremove light hydrocarbons. The liquid stream from the stripper bottomscontains benzene, toluene, mixed xylenes and a small quantity of C9+aromatics. This liquid stream is sent to product distillation section to ob-

tain benzene product, toluene for recycle to the reactor, mixed xylenesto the PX recovery section and C9+ aromatics. The PX in the mixed xy-lenes stream is over 90% purity, which permits low-cost crystallizationtechnology to be used for the PX purification.

Advantages:• Simple, low cost xed-bed reactor design• Drop-in catalyst replacement for existing hydroprocessing reactors• Paraxylene enriched to over 90% in the xylene stream• On-specication benzene with traditional distillation

• Physically stable catalyst• Low hydrogen consumption• Moderate operating parameters; catalyst can be used as replace-

ment for traditional toluene disproportionation unit or in grassroots de-signs

• Efcient heat integration scheme; reduced energy consumption

• Turnkey package for high-purity benzene and paraxylene produc-tion available from licensor.

Economics: Feed rate 1,000 thousand tpy (22,000 bpsd), erected cost$25MM (ISBL, 2008 US Gulf Coast Basis)

Installation: GTC markets this technology on a select, regional basis.There are two commercial applications of the GT-STDP process.


Productdistillation

Fuel gas

C9+ aromatics

Separator

Toluene

Toluene recycle

PX recovery(>90 wt % PX)

Heater

Reactor

H2

Benzene

Stabilizer


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AromaticsApplication: GT-TransAlk produces benzene and xylenes from tolueneand/or heavy aromatics streams. The technology features a proprietarycatalyst and can accommodate varying ratios of feedstock while main-

taining high activity and selectivity.

Process description: The technology encompasses three main process-ing areas: splitter, reactor and stabilizer sections. The heavy-aromaticsstream (C9+ feed) is fed to the splitter. The overhead C9 /C10 aromaticproduct is the feed to the transalkylation reactor section. The splitterbottoms are exchanged with other streams for heat recovery beforeleaving the system.

The aromatic product is mixed with toluene and hydrogen, vapor-ized and fed to the reactor. The reactor gaseous product is primarily

unreacted hydrogen, which is recycled to the reactor. The liquid prod-uct stream is subsequently stabilized to remove light components. Theresulting aromatics are routed to product fractionation to produce thefinal benzene and xylene products.

The reactor is charged with zeolite catalyst, which exhibits both longlife and good flexibility to feed stream variations including substantialC10 aromatics. Depending on feed compositions and light componentspresent, the xylene yield can vary from 25% to 32% and C9 conversionfrom 53% to 67%.

Process advantages:• Simple, low cost xed-bed reactor design; drop in replacement for

other catalysts• Very high selectivity; benzene purity is 99.9% without extraction• Physically stable catalyst• Flexible to handle up to 90+% C9+ components in feed with high

conversion

• Catalyst is resistant to impurities common to this service• Moderate operating parameters; catalyst can be used as replace-

ment to other transalkylation units, or in grass roots designs• Decreased hydrogen consumption due to low cracking rates• Signicant decrease in energy consumption due to efcient heat

integration scheme.

Economics: Feedrate 1,000 thousand tpy (22,000 bpsd); erected cost$18 MM (ISBL, 2007 US Gulf Coast Basis).

Installation: Two commercial licenses.


Chargeheater

StabilizerReactor

Light HC

Aromatics toproduct

fractionation

Heavyaromatics

Feedsplitter

Toluene(optional)

Recycle plusmake-up H2

C9 /C10

C11+

Separator

Offgas


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Aromatics extractive distillationApplication: Recovery of high-purity aromatics from reformate, pyrolysisgasoline or coke oven light oil using extractive distillation.

Description: In Uhde’s proprietary extractive distillation (ED) Morphylaneprocess, a single-compound solvent, N-Formylmorpholine (NFM), alters thevapor pressure of the components being separated. The vapor pressure ofthe aromatics is lowered more than that of the less soluble nonaromatics.

Nonaromatics vapors leave the top of the ED column with some solv-ent, which is recovered in a small column that can either be mounted onthe main column or installed separately.

Bottom product of the ED column is fed to the stripper to separatepure aromatics from the solvent. After intensive heat exchange, the leansolvent is recycled to the ED column. NFM perfectly satisfies the neces-

sary solvent properties needed for this process including high selectivity,thermal stability and a suitable boiling point.

Uhde’s new single-column morphylane extractive distillation processuses a single-column configuration, which integrates the ED column andthe stripper column of the conventional design. It represents a superiorprocess option in terms of investment and operating cost.

Economics:

Pygas feedstock:

Production yield Benzene Benzene/toluene Benzene 99.95% 99.95% Toluene – 99.98%

Quality Benzene 30 wt ppm NA* 80 wt ppm NA* Toluene – 600 wt ppm NA*

Consumption Steam 475 kg/t ED feed 680 kg/t ED feed**

Reformate feedstock with low-aromatics content (20 wt%): Benzene

Quality Benzene 10 wt ppm NA*

Consumption

Steam 320 kg/t ED feed *Maximum content of nonaromatics **Including benzene/toluene splitter

Installation: More than 55 Morphylane plants (total capacity of morethan 11 MMtpy). The first single-column Morphylane unit wentonstream in 2004.

References: Diehl, T., B. Kolbe and H. Gehrke, “Uhde Morphylane Ex-tractive Distillation—Where do we stand?” ERTC Petrochemical Confer-ence, October 3–5, 2005, Prague.

Nonaromatics

Aromatics

Extractivedistillationcolumn

Strippercolumn

Aromaticsfraction

Solvent

Solvent+aromatics

Continued

Emmrich, G., U. Ranke and H. Gehrke, “Working with an extractive dis-

Aromatics extractive distillation, continued


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tillation process,” Petroleum Technology Quarterly , Summer 2001, p. 125.

Licensor: Uhde GmbH.



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Aromatics recoveryApplication: GT-BTX is an aromatics recovery technology that uses ex-tractive distillation to remove benzene, toluene, and xylene (BTX) fromrefinery or petrochemical aromatics streams such as catalytic reformate

or pyrolysis gasoline. With lower capital and operating costs, simplicity ofoperation, and range of feedstock and solvent performance, extractivedistillation is superior to conventional liquid-liquid extraction processes.Flexibility of design allows use for grassroots aromatics recovery units,debottlenecking or expansion of conventional extraction systems.

Description: Hydrocarbon feed is preheated with hot circulating solventand fed at a midpoint into the extractive distillation column (EDC). Leansolvent is fed at an upper point to selectively extract the aromatics intothe column bottoms in a vapor/liquid distillation operation. The non-

aromatic hydrocarbons exit the top of the column and pass through acondenser. A portion of the overhead stream is returned to the top ofthe column as reflux to wash out any entrained solvent. The balance ofthe overhead stream is raffinate product and does not require furthertreatment.

Rich solvent from the bottom of the EDC is routed to the solvent-recovery column (SRC), where the aromatics are stripped overhead.Stripping steam from a closed-loop water circuit facilitates hydrocarbonstripping. The SRC is operated under a vacuum to reduce the boiling

point at the base of the column.Lean solvent from the bottom of the SRC is passed through heatexchange before returning to the EDC. A small portion of the lean cir-culating solvent is processed in a solvent regeneration step to removeheavy decomposition products.

The SRC overhead mixed aromatics product is routed to the purifi-cation section, where it is fractionated to produce chemical-grade ben-zene, toluene and xylenes.

Process advantages:

• Lower capital cost compared to conventional liquid-liquid extrac -tion or other extractive distillation systems

• Energy integration options to further reduce operating costs• Higher product purity and aromatic recovery• Recovers aromatics from full-range BTX feedstock• Distillation-based operation provides better control and simplied

operation• Proprietary formulation of commercially available solvent exhibits

high selectivity and capacity

• Low solvent circulation rates• Insignicant fouling due to elimination of liquid-liquid contactors• Fewer hydrocarbon emission sources for environmental benets.

Economics: New unitFeedrate 12,000 bdp reformate or pygasISBL capital cost $15 MM

Installations: Twenty-two.


Lean solvent

Aromatics-rich solvent

Aromatics todownstreamfractionation

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