Proyecto: Revalorando las costumbres, tradiciones y personajes ilustres de la provincia de Barranca.

7/22/2019 Proyecto: Revalorando las costumbres, tradiciones y personajes ilustres de la provincia de Barranca.

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‗Kûi cm gk Lfvmrslðf pkrk mg Cmskrriggi Qurkg y gk Pmourlckc Kglnmftkrlk„

Lfstltu`lðf Mcu`ktlvk Xrlvkck

‗Pkf Koustîf„

Xriym`ti 2 Qmvkgirkfci gks ìstunarms, trkcl`lifms y pmrsifkbmslgustrms cm gk privlf`lk cm Akrrkf`k.

Sutir 2 Birom, TMGKQCM OLQLI

Orkci 2 3ti kûi cm Pmùfckrlk

Pm``lðf 2 Òfl`k

Dmèk 2 1; cm bugli cm 18;0



1

K Clis,

K fumstris pkcrms y k fumstris pridmsirms Xir smr orkfcms m lf`ifcl`lifkgmsOuîks cm fumstrk vlck.

Gis Kgunfis



0

LFSQIC]@@LÐF

Cmscm ìpi`ks nuy rmnitks gk privlf`lk cm Akrrkf`k ek slci trks`mfcmftkg y ekstk

cm`lslvk mf gk elstirlk cm fumstrk fk`lðf.

@if mg prmsmftm trkakbi, gis kgunfis cmg ùkrti kûi cm smùfckrlk qulmrmf ckr k

ìfi`mr gks ìstunarms y trkcl`lifms cm gk privlf`lk cm Akrrkf`k, qum k gi gkroi cmg tlmnpi

sm ekf lci cmorkckfci m lf`gusi pmrclmfci.

Kg nlsni tlmnpi qumrmnis rmskgtkr k gis pmrsifkbms qum cmsmnpmûkrif ufk orkf

gkair mf vkrlis `knpis cm gk `lmf`lk y cm gk vlck, yk qum dumrif mggis gis qum cmcl`krif

îftmorknmftm pkrk giorkr qum Akrrkf`k ggmokrk k smr ufk orkf privlf`lk.

Dlfkgnmftm lf`mftlvknis k gk piagk`lðf k rmvkgirkr y rmtinkr gks ìstunarms cm

kftkûi, gks ùkgms ek`mf cm Akrrkf`k gk nmbir privlf`lk cm fumstri pkîs.



3

@KXÎS]GI L

TLPSK OMFMQKG CM GK XQITLF@LK CM AKQQKF@K

;.;. ]AL@K@LÐF OMIOQËDL@K2

Gk privlf`lk cm Akrrkf`k sm ual`k kprixlnkcknmftm k ;<8 Jn kg firimstm cm gk

`luckc cm Glnk. Omiorëdl`knmftm sm gi`kglzk mftrm gks ìircmfkcks ]SN2

;53-8;;M, 5?<8 =13 F

138 ?4= M, 55=? <<= F

Gis gînltms omipigîtlìs cm gk Xrivlf`lk cm Akrrkf`k sif2

Xir mg firtm ìf gks privlf`lks cm Eukrnmy y Aigiofmsl (Cmpkrtknmfti cm

Kf`kse).

Xir mg sur ìf gk privlf`lk cm Eukurk.

Xir mg mstm ìf gk privlf`lk cm I`ris.

Xir mg imstm ìf mg I`ìkfi Xk`ldlì.

Gk Xrivlf`lk cm Akrrkf`k, tlmfm ufk supmrdl`lm cm ;,0==.5? jn1, gk piagk`lðf smoòf mg

@mfsi kûi 188? ms cm ;00,<83 ekaltkftms, gi qum cmtmrnlfk ufk cmfslckc piagk`lifkg

cm <5.?4 eka. / jn1.

Gk Xrivlf`lk cm Akrrkf`k mstë ìfdirnkck pir `lfì (8=) clstrltis2 Akrrkf`k,

Xkrknifok, Xktlvlg`k, Pupm y Pupm Xumrti.

;.1 CLTLPLÐF XIGÎSL@K2

Xigîtl`knmftm gk Xrivlf`lk cm Akrrkf`k ms pkrtm cm gk Qmolðf Glnk y ms ufk cm gks

fumvm privlf`lks qum gk ìfstltuymf, slmfci su `kpltkg gk `luckc cm Akrrkf`k. Mstë

ìfdirnkck pir gis sloulmftms `lfì clstrltis2

Akrrkf`k2 Pm mfùmftrk ual`kck kg firtm cm gk Qmolðf Glnk k ;<0Jn. cm

clstkf`lk cm gk `kpltkg cm gk Qmpòagl`k, k ufk kgtltuc cm 3< n.s.f.n. ìf ufk

supmrdl`lm cm ;=0.?4 Jn1. mg Clstrlti sm ek ìfvmrtlci mf mg `mftri ìnmr`lkg

nës lnpirtkftm cm gk Xrivlf`lk.

Xkrknifok2 Pm mfùmftrk ual`kck kg Firtm cm gk `kpltkg cm gk privlf`lk cm

Akrrkf`k, sm mfùmftrk k 18? Jn. cm gk `luckc cm Glnk, k ufk kgtltuc cm ;0

n.s.f.n. ìf ufk supmrdl`lm cm 3;3.8< Jn1. mg `glnk mf vmrkfi ms `ëglci y mf



=

lfvlmrfi ms drîi ìf ggivlzfk, kgamrok gk `ìgmarm Dirtkgmzk cm Xkrknifok cm

irlomf prmlf`klì, fitkagm pir sus clnmfslifms y siglcmz, sm mfùmftrk siarm

gks ggkfurks cm Xkrknifok cm 1;8 Jn. cm clstkf`lk cm gk `luckc cm Glnk.

Pupm2 Gk dmèk cm `rmk`lðf cmg clstrlti sm rmniftk k gk ìpi`k cm gk

lfcmpmfcmf`lk, mstë ual`kck kg Firtm cm gk `kpltkg cmg Xmrò mf mg Jlgðnmtri

;54, cm gk `krrmtmrk Xkfknmrl`kfk, k ufk kgtltuc cm 3= n.s.f.n. ìf ufk

supmrdl`lm cm =;4.15 Jn1 y mstë clvlclck pir gk pkfknmrl`kfk mf cis pkrtms.

Xktlvlg`k2 Pm mfùmftrk gi`kglzkci mftrm gis clstrltis cm Akrrkf`k y Xkrknifok,

k gk kgturk cmg Jlgðnmtri ;<5, cm gk Xkfknmrl`kfk Firtm, k ufk kgtltuc cm 5;

n.s.f.n. ìf ufk supmrdl`lm cm 148.3 Jn1. mg rmglmvm cmg clstrlti ms kguvlðflì,

ìf sumgis kptis pkrk gk korlùgturk, gi ktrkvlmsk mg rîi Xktlvlg`k, mg ìnmr`li y

gks k`tlvlckcms korîìgks sm mfùmftrkf mf uf gmfti pri`msi cm rmùpmrk`lðf.

Pupm Xumrti2 Mstë ual`kci kg Firtm cm gk @kpltkg cm gk Qmpòagl`k cmg Xmrò, k gk

kgturk cmg Jlgðnmtri ;55 cm gk Xkfknmrl`kfk Firtm, k ufk kgtltuc cm 4 n.s.f.n.

ìf ufk supmrdl`lm cm ;;.=5 Jn1. @ksl tick su piagk`lðf mìfðnl`knmftm

k`tlvk sm cmcl`k k gk k`tlvlckc pmsqumrk krtmskfkg.

;.0 XKPKCI ELPSÐQL@I2Ploulmfci mg cmskrriggi cm gk elstirlk, picmnis nmf`lifkr qum gis kftlouis piagkcirms

cm gk Xrivlf`lk cm Akrrkf`k, dumrif orkfcms pms`kcirms, eirtlùgtirms, y k trkvìs cm gis

kûis, dumrif nmbirkfci gk korlùgturk, okfkcmrîk, `mrënl`k ksî ìni sus lfstrunmftis

cm trkakbi. Gks rulfks cm gk `luckc Pkorkck cm @krkg y mg Ëspmri ual`kcis mf gis

clstrltis cm Pupm y Pupm Xumrti sif gks prlf`lpkgms dumftms elstðrl`ks qum sustmftkf

mstks kdlrnk`lifms. Gk `luckc Pkorkck cm @krkg (mftrm gis 0888 y 1888 kûis k.`.), ms mg

ksmftknlmfti nës cmstk`kci mg vkggm cm Pupm, rmòfm mcldl`lis pòaglìs ìf gk`krk`tmrîstl`k pgkzk `lrùgkr eufclck, kcmnës cm uf ìfbufti cm uflckcms cinìstl`ks.

Xir gk mxtmfslðf cm gis ksmftknlmftis y pir gk `kftlckc cm trkakbi lfvmrtlck sm ek`m

mvlcmftm qum mggis tmfîkf uf ircmfknlmfti bmrkrqulzkci y qum ekaîk ufk irokflzk`lðf

si`lkg ufldl`kck mf mg vkggm. Mstm pktrðf cm clstrlau`lðf pumcm mxtmfcmrsm tknalìf k gis

vkggms cm Xktlvlg`k, Dirtkgmzk y Pupm gis ùkgms, kg gkci cm Pupm, cmalmrif ìfstltulr mg

tmrrltirli aksm cm dirnk`lðf cmg Mstkci prîstlfi (XMK@P). Qmspm`ti kg sltli

krqumigðolì Ëspmri, mf gis ògtlnis kûis sm ekf rmkglzkci mstuclis `lmftîdlìs

krqumigðolìs qum gi cmfinlfkf ìni uf ksmftknlmfti cmcl`kci kg kìpli cm gis



4

pricu`tis iatmflcis cmg nkr, mf mspm`lkg cm pm`ms ìni kfèivmtks, skrclfks y

nigusìs, gi qum gm pmrnltlð lftmorkr ufk rmc ìnmr`lkg ìf gis piagkcirms cmg lftmrlir

cmg vkggm, mftrm mstis gis cm gk @luckc cm @krkg, cm gis qum iatmfîkf pricu`tis

korîìgks, mf pkrtlùgkr gk dlark cm kgoicðf, fm`mskrlk pkrk gk nkfudk`turk cm gks rmcms

cm pms`k.

;.3. K@SLTLCKCMP XQI@C]@SLTKP2

Mf gk privlf`lk cm Akrrkf`k sm vmf nuèks k`tlvkcks mìfðnl`ks qum ekf ggmvk k gk

privlf`lk k smr uf orkf mnpirli mìfðnlì.

Mf gis ticis gis clstrltis sm ek vlvlci uf orkf `knali mìfðnlì cmalci k gks rmùrsis

fkturkgms qum gks tlmrrks gms ekf pripir`lifkci.Mf mg clstrlti cm Pupm Xumrti ork`lks k su rlqumzk l`tligðol`k sm cmsgunark pir tmfmr

ufi cm gis nës orkfcms tmrnlfkgms pmsqumris cm fumstri pkîs, gk `luckc cm Xkrknifok

amfcm`lck ìf mg rîi Dirtkgmzk y tlmrrks nuy dìrtlgms sm ek ìfvmrtlci mf ufk orkf

pricu`tirk cm kzò`kr ìf gk mnprmsk Korilfcustrlkg ‗Xkrknifok„.

Mg clstrlti cm Akrrkf`k ms mg `mftri cm ìnmr`li mf gk privlf`lk, cmftri cm mstm clstrlti

prigldmrkf gks okgmrîks, `mftris ìnmr`lkgms kgoufis cm gis nmbirms rmstkurkftms.

Gis clstrltis cm Pupm y Xktlvlg`k sif lrrlokcis pir gis kdgumftms qum vlmfmf cmg lftmrlircm fumstri pkîs (rîi Pupm y rîi Xktlvlg`k) gi ùkg pmrnltm gk k`tlvlckc korîìgk.



?

@KXÎS]GI LL

CMP@QLX@LÐF CM GIP CLPSQLSIP CM GK XQITLF@LK CM AKQQKF@K

1.;. CLPSQLSI CM AKQQKF@K2

1.;.; Mtlnigioîk2

Eky vkrlis pgkftmknlmftis siarm gk mtlnigioîk y irlomf cmg finarm Akrrkf`k.

Xrivlmfm cmg finarm cmg pktrðf Pkf Lgcmdifsi cm gk Akrrkf`k, privlmfm tknalìf

qulzës cmg vi`kagi yuf`k, Jkrkfjk, qum slofldl`k inagloi i `mftri. Itris kutirms

pgkftmkf qum privlmfm cmg finarm qumèuk Euknknkyi nkyi qum mf `kstmggkfislofldl`k ‗okvlgëf cm rîi„. Pmoòf cktis cm gis `riflstks Akrrkf`k mstuvi sltukck mftrm

gis dufcis Mg Xitki y Gis Niglfis y dumrif gis kftlouis piagkcirms qulmfms

akutlzkrif kg tmrrltirli ìf mg finarm cm Akrrkf`k, priakagmnmftm pir gk mxlstmf`lk

cm funmrisks akrrkf`ks qum cmsùmgokf siarm gks rlamrks cmg rîi sltukcks mftrm gis

cis dufcis

1.;.1 Elstirlk2

Pm tlmfm pi`k lfdirnk`lðf siarm gis prlnmris piagkcirms cm fumstrk privlf`lk, pmri

sloulmfci mg ùrsi cmg cmskrriggi cm fumstrk elstirlk, ms cm supifmr slf tmnir k

mqulvi`krfis qum fumstris kftlouis piagkcirms dumrif orkfcms pms`kcirms,

eirtlùgtirms, qum ìf mg ìrrmr cm gis kûis, dumrif pmrdm``lifkfci gk korlùgturk,

okfkcmrîk, `mrënl`k, ksî ìni sus lfstrunmftis cm trkakbi, ms, gi qum kûi nës tkrcm

nkfldmstkrif kgoufis `riflstks mspkûigms, `kgldl`kfci k gis yuf`ks (kftlouis piagkcirms cm fumstrk ìstk) ìni einarms lftmglomftms, `rmktlvis, nuy ùgtis y qum

oukrckakf akstkftm rmspmti pir sus clisms, smûkgkfci prm`lsknmftm ìni orkfcms

einarms cmg nkr. Gks rulfks skorkcks cm @krkg, Ëspmri sif tmstlniflis, ìni

dumftms elstðrl`ks qum fis ek`m supifmr gks kdlrnk`lifms cms`rltks mf gîfmks

kftmrlirms.

Fumstrk privlf`lk mf mg pkskci, dum ërmk cm lfdgumf`lk cm nuèks ùgturks k gi gkroi

cm su elstirlk, cmscm mg pmrlici gîtlì pir gk ùgturk @ekvîf, mg lnpmrli _krl y cmg



5

rmlfi @elnò, qulmfms ek`îkf pkokr trlautis mf iri, pgktk, ìarm y plmcrks prm`lisks k

sus kftlouis piagkcirms.

Dum mg lf`k Xkèk`òtm` qulmf irokflzð uf picmrisi mbìr`lti, cm ;88,888 einarms

kprixlnkcknmftm, akbi mg nkfci cm su emrnkfi @kpk`, pkskrif k dirnkr pkrtm cmg

lnpmrli Lf`klì. Sici msti su`mclð ufis =8 i 48 kûis cm gk ggmokck cm gis mspkûigms

kg Xmrò, kprixlnkcknmftm k dlfms cmg slogi UT m lfl`lis cmg slogi UTL.

Gumoi cmg pmrlici prmelspëflì gk piagk`lðf Akrrkfqumûks, ìni itris pumagis cmg

Xmrò, dumrif `rumgnmftm sinmtlcis pir gk akrakrlm mspkûigk: gk piagk`lðf fkturkg sm

vli iaglokck trlautkr kg rmy y ìk``lifkck k uf pri`msi cm mvkfomglzk`lðf `rlstlkfk.Gks tlmrrks cm gk k`tukg privlf`lk, nës gk privlf`lk cm Eukurk pmrtmfm`îkf kg

mfìnmfcmri Kftifli cmg Pigkr, qum dumrif itirokcis pir `ìcugk cm Xlzkrri, mg

nlsni qum mf ;==5 trkm gk prlnmrk yuftk cm aumyms, pgkftks cm nmgðf, orkfkcks,

fîspmris, `mrmzks, oulfcks y nmnarlggis cm gk `luckc cm @kstlggk (Mspkûk).@if dmèk

;8 cm karlg cm ;=03, mg gl`mf`lkci @rlstðakg Tk`k cm @kstri, oiamrfkcir y `kpltëf cmg

vlrrmlfkti cmg Xmrò ìf`mclð mf mfìnlmfck gks tlmrrks cm fumstrk privlf`lk, k ticis

gis `k`lqums prlf`lpkgms, pumagis m lfclis fkturkgms, nltlnkms y pms`kcirms cmAkrrkf`k, mftrm ufis cm mstis amfmdl`lkcis sm mfìftrkak cif Kftifli cmg Pigkr, qum

pir mftif`ms mrk tknalìf mfìnmfcmri cm Eukurk. Mf ;=5;, Akrrkf`k ìftkak ìf

145 lfclis trlautkrlis, qulmfms tmfîkf qum pkokr ;;<1 pmsis y 3 tinlfms k gk `kbk rmkg

cm Glnk, kpuftk mg elstirlkcir Mfrlqum Sirrms Pkgcknkfci.

Mf ;481 cif Qicrloi Knpumri mrk mg mfìnmfcmri y pritm`tir cm gis fkturkgms cmg

pumagi cm Akrrkf`k, qum k su vmz mbmr`îk mg `kroi cm ìrrmolcir y bustl`lk nkyir.

Curkftm gk ìgiflk gis kg`kgcms fi mrkf ìni sif mf gk k`tukglckc, ùnpgîk ufkduf`lðf cldmrmftm y su cmsmnpmûi gi rmkglzkak tici k dkvir cm gis mspkûigms. Mf mg

kûi ;41= dlourkak ìni kg`kgcm cm Akrrkf`k mg smûir

Cmg @kstlggi, qulmf rmmnpgkzkak kg dkggm`lci cif Bisì Gkrrmk. Mstm ògtlni ekaîk slci

finarkci kg`kgcm y bumz cm Akrrkf`k pir `ìcugk rmkg. Mf ;43; cif Nkrìs @euqulpk

mrk `k`lqum y oiamrfkcir cm gk ìnuflckc mf nmf`lðf, qulmf ktmstð k dkvir cmg

`k`lqum Drkf`lsì Gl`kr @eunam, y gm kslofð 18 dkfmokcks cm tlmrrks cm ùgtlvi. Mf

kqumg kûi cif Clmoi Tlggkrri mg mbmr`îk mg `kroi cm ìrrmolcir.



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Mf mg kûi ;451 cif Akrtiginì cm Skplk cmsmnpmûkak gk oiamrfk`lðf cm Akrrkf`k,

ekaîk mf msis mftif`ms 5=8 lfcîomfks, mftrm irlolfkrlis y dirkstmris qum pkokakf

lnpumstis. Mf ;?50, mg krzialspi cm Glnk, ìf i`kslðf cm ufk vlsltk pkstirkg,

ìfdlrnð mf gk ci`trlfk cm Akrrkf`k k ;?? pmrsifks, kûis nës tkrcm mstk nlsnk

ci`trlfk tmfîk cis gmouks cm mxtmfslðf y mstkak smrvlck pir cis sk`mrcitms y

ìnprmfcîk gis pumagis cm Akrrkf`k y Pupm. Mf ;5;0, Akrrkf`k ìftkak ìf ;;=8

ekaltkftms, clstrlaulck cm gk dirnk sloulmftm2 mspkûigms (13?), lfclis (=;?), nmstlzis

(;8<), `kstks glarms (;3), ms`gkvis (145).

Akrrkf`k dum `rmkck pigîtl`knmftm ìni clstrlti mf ;510 slmfci su prlnmr kg`kgcm

cif Xli Cëvlgk, prm`lsknmftm mstis emèis dirnkf pkrtm cmg pri`msi cm gk

lfcmpmfcmf`lk cmg Xmrò. Kûis nës tkrcm curkftm mg prlnmr oialmrfi cm Kuousti A.Gmouîk sm mgmvk k `ktmoirîk cm vlggk mg pumagi cm Akrrkf`k, `kpltkg cmg clstrlti,

nmclkftm gk Gmy F¸ ;;08.Ekstk ;<53 dirnkak pkrtm cm gk privlf`lk cm @ekf`ky,

gumoi pksi k dirnkr su priplk privlf`lk.

1.;.0 Cms`rlp`lðf omiorëdl`k y fkturkg2

Gk omigioîk cm gk privlf`lk cm Akrrkf`k, sm `krk`tmrlzk pir prmsmftkr ri`ks nëskftlouks rmprmsmftkcks pir ri`ks îofmks vig`ëfl`ks cm mckc `rmtë`mi nmcli. Gis

kdgirknlmftis cm ri`k rm`lamf gk cmfinlfk`lðf cm Dirnk`lðf @ksnk, y mg nktmrlkg cm

ìamrturk mstë ìfdirnkci pir cmpðsltis lfìfsiglckcis cm ùktmrfkrli. Gis pri`msis

omigðolìs su`mclcis prlf`lpkgnmftm lfcl`kf qum curkftm mg nmsizilì cmalci k

nivlnlmftis mplrioìflìs gk rmolðf sudrlð drmùmftms gmvkftknlmftis y

eufclnlmftis, mf mg `rmtë`lì lfdmrlir sm prmsmftð uf pri`msi cm kùnugk`lðf cm

smclnmftis mf nkrms piì pridufcis, kgtmrfkfci gkvks vig`ëfl`ks cm tlpi kfcmsîtlììf gks krmfls`ks y gutltks ìni mf gk @kgmtk Tlckg, mf gk Ek`lmfck Pkf Flìgës, ìf

gks `kglzks cm gk Ek`lmfck Pkf Kftifli ([umarkck Xktlvlg`k) y gks Xknpks cm gks

Kflnks ([ck. Eukrkg). ]f pislagm pgmoknlmfti pir gis nivlnlmftis irioìflìs

smoulci pir ufk lftruslðf orkfîtl`k= mf cis dksms (orkficlirltk y orkflti) ìf

suasmùmftm vig`kflsni suankrlfi kdm`tð gk rmolðf. Gk k`tlvlckc îofmk pkrm`m ekamr

tmflci guokr k dlfms cmg `rmtë`lì nmcli, slf mnakroi mg ërmk fi prmsmftk k``lcmftms

tm`tðflìs cm lnpirtkf`lk mf ùkfti k dkggknlmftis y pgmoknlmftis. Gk k`tlvlckc

vig`ëfl`k pkrm`m ìftlfukrsm mf mg tmr`lkrli. Curkftm mstm pmrîici gk rmolðf dum



;8

gmvkftkck pir gks dumrzks tm`tðfl`ks y k pkrtlr cm mstm pmrîici mf kcmgkftm gk rmolðf

ìfstltuyð uf nk`lzi `ksl mstkagm, slf mnakroi gk rmolðf dum tkg vmz kdm`tkck cmscm

mftif`ms pir vkrlis pmrîicis cm pgmflpgkflzk`lðf4 y cm gmvkftknlmftis mplrioìflìs.

]f dmfðnmfi cm suni lftmrìs curkftm mg `mfizilì ms gk cmfuck`lðf qum dum lftmfsk

y pridufck k`km`lck k gi gkroi cm gk ìstk pmrukfk y mstë mvlcmf`lkck pir gis

kdgirknlmftis cm gis nk`lzis orkfîtlìs cmg aktiglti ìstkfmri gis qum yk`îkf akbi

ufk ìamrturk mspmsk cm smclnmftis `kg`ërmis. Gis cmpðsltis ùktmrfkrlis rm`lmftms

ùarmf `ksl ticks gks ërmks akbks. Gis smclnmftis ùktmrfkrlis sm prmsmftkf

lfìfsiglckcis, gi`kglzëfcism k gi gkroi cm gks ùmf`ks, qumarkcks y ërmks cm plm cm

niftms, nirdigðol`knmftm prmsmftkf supmrdl`lms rmgktlvknmftm pgkfks, slmfci

clsm`tkcks pir gk k``lðf mrislvk cm gk msìrrmftîk cmg rîi prlf`lpkg.

1.;.3 @istunarms y trkcl`lifms2

Cmscm slmnprm Akrrkf`k ek tmflci nògtlpgms guokrms turîstlìs, zifks krqumigðol`ks,

y mstkak ggmfi cm dmstlvlckcms qum ekf qumckci mf rmùmrci cm nuèis, slmfci gks

prlf`lpkgms nmnirlks cm fumstris kaumgis.

Akrrkf`k cmscm sus lfl`lis dum lfdgulck pir mxtrkfbmris mf mspm`lkg cm gis irlmftkgms

qulmfms dumrif cumûis cm nmèks cm gks mnprmsks.]fi cm gis nës mxltisis dum mg bkpifìs \knkniti, cumûi cm gk prlnmrk dëarl`k cm

amalcks oksmisks qum euai mf gk `luckc.

Pm kìstunarkakf ìfstrulr sus vlvlmfcks cm kciam y ufk qum itrk cm nktmrlkg fiagm.

]fk cm gks dmèks nës mspmrkcks pir ticis mrkf gis `krfkvkgms gis ùkgms curkakf trms

cîks ggmfis cm dmgl`lckc, tlftm, cmsdlgms, tkgì, pl`k-pl`k, gîqulcis pmrdunkcis y gks

dknisks dlmstks cm clsdrk`ms mf cifcm gis bðvmfms kprivmèkakf mstk i`kslðf pkrk

cm`gkrkrsm i nkfckrgm ekgkois k gks cknlsmgks k trkvìs cm gks smrpmftlfks.]f guokr nuy vlsltkci curkftm gis dlfms cm smnkfk mrk mg akgfmkrli cm @eirrlggis, pir

su knalmftm rinëftlì y mspm`lkg pkrk gks pkrmbks.

Kg loukg qum gk k`mqulk cm Pkf Nktmi ìf kouks `rlstkglfks cm cifcm sm iasmrvkak mg

pkrqum cmg iglvkr, mf mg ùkg curkftm mg nms cm nkrzi gk omftm kùcîk k pkûkr mg druti

cm gis iglvis (cm kquî cmrlvk mg finarm).

Dmstlvlckc cm Pkf Lgcmdifsi2 Gk cmvi`lðf k Pkf Lcmgdifsi ìnmfzð curkftm

gk ìgiflk mspkûigk mf mg Xmrò. Mf ;<3= mg clstrlti cm Akrrkf`k kìom k Pkf



;;

Lgcmdifsi ìni su skfti pktrðf. Plf mnakroi gis cktis rmolstrkcis nës kftlouis

sif cm ;43<, kûi mf qum ekaîkf ggmokci gis nlslifmris cm cldmrmftms ðrcmfms ìni

gi Cinlflìs, gis Nmr`mckrlis, gis Drkf`ls`kfis, mftrm itris. Xriakagmnmftm

mstuvi kfmxkck k gk pkrriqulk cm Pkf Bmrðflni cm Xktlvlg`k y kufqum gis

ìgiflzkcirms el`lmrif su lformsi pir mg firtm cm gk privlf`lk, ms clofi rmìrckr

qum cmscm mg 08 cm i`tuarm cm ;??? kpkrm`m rmìfi`lck ìf mg tîtugi cm

‗Xkrriqulk cm Pkf Lgcmdifsi„, pkskfci mftif`ms k pmrtmfm`mr k gk Krqulclð`msls cm

Glnk. @if mg aumf smftlci `ktðglì sm `mgmarkf cis dmèks2 Mg 10 cm mfmri mg

dkggm`lnlmfti cm Pkf Lgcmdifsi y mg 08 cm i`tuarm gk dlmstk cm gk pkrriqulk.

Mg Dmrri`krrlg cm Akrrkf`k2 Mf gk Akrrkf`k cm kftkûi gis dmrri`krrlgms mxlstmftms

smrvîkf prlf`lpkgnmftm k gks ek`lmfcks kzu`krmrks. Fumstrk `luckc ggmoi k

ìftkr ìf cis mstk`lifms dmrrivlkrlks, ufk ual`kck cifcm mstë eiy gk

Lfstltu`lðf Mcu`ktlvk ‗Tmfturk @kgknkqul„ y gk nës orkfcm, mstkak mf cifcm

sm ual`k k`tukgnmftm mg Xkrqum ‗ Gis Xrð`mrms„ , su lfdrkmstru`turk mrk cm

nkcmrk. Mf mg slogi ULU y UU sm ìfstruymrif mf mg Xmrò nuèks vîks cm

dmrri`krrlg, mf fumstri vkggm cm Akrrkf`k y Xktlvlg`k mrk ìnòf vmr k gks

giìnitirks trkfspirtkfci gis pricu`tis cm gks ek`lmfcks ek`lk gis pumrtis ymf pkrtlùgkr k Xumrti Pupm. Cm keî sm mnakr`kak kzò`kr, kgoicðf, nlfmrkgms,

oukfis cm gks lsgks, skgltrm y pir ògtlni ekrlfk cm pms`kci k tici mg nufci. Mf

fumstrk privlf`lk mxlstlmrif gîfmks cm trmf cm Pupm k Pkf Flìgës cm = Jn. @if

ufk trièk cm ;.8?8 n. mg cm Xktlvlg`k k Xkrknifok cm ?.= jn, mg cm Pupm-

Akrrkf`k ìf ;; jn. \ mg cm Akrrkf`k-Kgpks qum ùarîk ufk clstkf`lk cm 1?

jn, cm mstis trmfms mrkf cm trièk kfoistk (8.4 n) y buftis ek`îkf uf titkg cm

=1 jn, dumrif ìfstrulcis mftrm ;5<< y ;<;0. K pkrtlr cm ;<18 qumckrifmnpkgnkcis ìf mg dmrri`krrlg cmg firimstm qum trkfspirtkak pkskbmris. @if gk

ìfstru``lðf cm gk `krrmtmrk pkfknmrl`kfk, gis dmrri`krrlgms cmskpkrm`lmrif y

gks nkqulfks dìrrmks dumrif `kflakglzkcks. Mgli Okgmssli kutir cm ‗Armvm

rmsmûk Elstðrl`k cm gis dmrri`krrlgms mf mg Xmrò„, cm gk qum sm ek tinkci mstk

lfdirnk`lðf, kfitk mg kuom y cmskpkrm`lð cm gis dmrri`krrlgms qum mf uf

ninmfti ggmokrif k uflr gk ìstk firtm ekstk Xktlvlg`k y Xkrknifok.



;1

Skù-Skù2 Mg tkù-tkù, ms uf pgkti pmrukfi pricu`ti cm gk nlxturk cm gk

ì`lfk cm gk clëspirk Kdrl`kfk mf mg Xmrò y gk ì`lfk Xmrukfk. Pu irlomf

privlmfm cm gk fm`mslckc cm uskr gk ìnlck siarkftm y fi cmspmrcl`lkrgk. Gk

lfnlork`lðf dirzkck cm kdrl`kfis qum trkakbkakf cm nkfmrk ms`gkvlzkck mf gks

orkfcms pgkftk`lifms ìstmûks: ms cifcm sm irlolfk mg pufti cm ìfmxlðf mftrm

gk ì`lfk kdrl`kfk, qum nmz`gkck k gis pitkbms y kcmrmzis pmrukfis. Gks

`rðfl`ks cm gk ìpi`k, rmgktkf qum mg krriz y gks nmfmstrks qum qumckakf cmg cîk

kftmrlir mrkf kprivmèkcis pkrk smrvlr uf ìftufcmftm pgkti mf mg cmskyufi. Mg

tkù-tkù sm mnpmzð k prmpkrkr pir gk ìnuflckc fmork-kdripmrukfk, qulmfms

utlglzkakf gks siarks cm sus rk`lifms cm nmfmstrks, gks nmz`gkakf ìf uf piì

cm kbî niglci, kcmrmzi cm `maiggk y krriz ekstk iatmfmr ufk nksk, qum gumoi

drmîkf mf nkftm`k. Mg tkù-tkù mstë glokci k gk elstirlk dirzkck cm gk ms`gkvltuc

trkîck cmg Ëdrl`k. Gk clëspirk dirzkck cm ms`gkvis kdrl`kfis dumrif iaglokcis k

trkakbkr mf gks pgkftk`lifms cm kzò`kr y kgoicðf mf gk ìstk cmg Xmrò, curkftm gk

ìpi`k cm gk ìgiflk, mf gis vkggms cm @elfèk y @kûmtm, cifcm eiy pmrcurk gk

trkcl`lðf kdri-pmrukfk. Gks nubmrms cmskrriggkrif mg trkakbi cm smrvlcunarm y

ì`lfmrks mf gks `ksks cm gis ek`mfckcis cm gk ìpi`k ìgiflkg cmg Xmrò. Gk

ìnlck siarkftm mrk tinkck pir gis ms`gkvis, y ms kggî cifcm surom mstm pgkticm gks ìnlcks siarkftms y surom mg Skù-Skù mf gis vkggms cm @elfèk y

@kûmtm y pistmrlirnmftm ìf gks nlork`lifms lftmrfks sm mxtlmfcm. Gks tmirîks

qum ksi`lkf mg irlomf cmg tkù-tkù ìf gk skzðf nirmfk y gis ms`gkvis, mstk fi

ms gk òfl`k vmrslðf siarm mg fk`lnlmfti cm mstm pgkti. Mf Akrrkf`k Cif Nkfumg

Ggkvm @ifcirmfk nës ìfi`lci ìni ‗Skti„, ms ufi cm gis orkfcms ì`lfmris

cmg Firtm @elì y qulmf pismm gk nës mxqulsltk rm`mtk cmg tkù-tkù, tici

vlkbmri tlmfm ìni cmstlfi su rmstkurkftm y ticis skgmf nuy sktlsdmèis y ìfcmsmis cm vigvmr.

1.0.; Xmrsifkbms Lgustrms2

Smiciri Qiskgms Qknis2 Smiciri Dkustîf Qiskgms Qknis, ìfi`lci

`krlûisknmftm ìf mg kpmgktlvi cm ‗Mg pimtk cm gis Eunlgcms„, fk`lð mf gk

privlf`lk cm Akrrkf`k, mg 1< cm bugli cm ;<14 mf mg akrrli cm Xknpk cm Gkrk.

ms kutir cm lffunmrkagms `rmk`lifms piìtl`ks y ìnpisl`lifms nusl`kgms

nuèks cm gks ùkgms ekf slci y sif lftmrprmtkcks pir ìfi`lcis `kftkftms



;0

cm nòsl`k `rliggk cmg pkîs. Pus pimsîks tlmfmf gk `krk`tmrîstl`k cm cmspmrtkr

ufk pridufck mni`lðf pir gk dlfk smfslalglckc cm sus vmrsis cifcm kdgirk su

kgnk sigltkrlk m lfnmfsknmftm trlstm. K su tlmrrk fktkg, gm cmcl`krîk aumfk

pkrtm cm sus lfsplrk`lifms ìni mg yk idl`lkg "Elnfi cm Akrrkf`k", y su

tmnk ìstunarlstk "Nl glfci @eiìy", kg akrrli cifcm fk`lð. Mftrm sus

ìnpisl`lifms tknalìf dlourkf gis ìfi`lcîslnks ‗\ Ckgm ]„, ‗Krrlak

Kglkfzk„, ‗Ppirtlfo @rlstkg„, qum mftifkf gis mqulpis cm dòtaig mf `kck

ìftlmfck. Slmfm nës cm `lfùmftk ìnpisl`lifms rmolstrkcis mf gk

KXCK\@, cifcm dum nlmnari k`tlvi, ksî ìni cm gk @ksk cmg Ximtk

Xmrukfi-dlglkg Akrrkf`k, cifcm dum clrlomftm. Mg pimtk dkggm`lð gk nkûkfk cmg

11 cm nkrzi cm 1885, ùkfci ìftkak 5; kûis cm mckc mf su eunlgcmnirkck cm su tlmrrk fktkg.

1.1. CLPSQLSI CM P]XM2

1.1.; Mtlnigioîk2

Mxlstmf vkrlks tmirîks siarm mg irlomf cmg finarm cm mstm vkggm, mftrm mggks gk nës

k`mptkck ms qum mg tmrnlfi Pupm cmrlvk cmg vi`kagi qumèuk ‗ supky„ qum trkcu`lcik fumstrk gmfouk slofldl`k clkagi y pir ìfsloulmftm mg vkggm tmfcrîk gk

cmfinlfk`lðf cm ‗vkggm cmg supky„.

1.1.1 Elstirlk2

Gk dmèk cm `rmk`lðf cmg clstrlti sm rmniftk k gk ìpi`k cm gk lfcmpmfcmf`lk, mstë

ual`kck kg Firtm cm gk `kpltkg cmg Xmrò mf mg Jlgðnmtri ;54, cm gk `krrmtmrk

Xkfknmrl`kfk, k ufk kgtltuc cm 3= n.s.f.n. ìf ufk supmrdl`lm cm =;4.15 Jn1. mstëclvlclck pir gk pkfknmrl`kfk mf cis pkrtms, ms ufk `luckc kglfmkck, mf ;5<; dum

prë`tl`knmftm cmskpkrm`lck pir uf kguvlðf, cmalmfci rmìfstrulrsm titkgnmftm.

Mg Kftloui supm smoòf vmrslðf cm kgoufis ekaltkftms mstuvi sltukci kg plm cmg `mrri

cmfinlfkci èlnu`kpk`, mg nlsni qum dum cmstrulci y qum tmfîk pir finarm

"Pupk`" vi`kagi [umèuk, ksî ìni gi tlmfmf mf gk nlsnk zifk cm ggknkeuk`k,

kpgkìti, pugkfjkèl, glnkf, eukrkgl`k, eukf`kèuy y gupk`, mftrm itris.



;3

Gis priplis guokrmûis dufckrif uf smoufci pumagi ìf mg nlsni finarm mf mg

nlsni guokr y dum akutlzkci ìf mg finarm cm supm, mf mg guokr cm supk`,

dmstmbëfcism msk `mrmniflk mg 10 cm mfmri cm ;=38 y qum smoòf mg mcu`kcir Dmrnîf

Fòûmz Akzkgkr gk gi`kglckc mf rmdmrmf`lk sm ggknkak "pumagi cm skftk Nkrîk sm

Pupm".

Gk burlscl``lðf cmg kftloui Pupm, mf gk ìpi`k prmlf`k, mstuvi akbi gk lfdgumf`lk

cmg smûir cm @ekf`ky, y cmspuìs pir mg rmlfi èlnò (cmgl`lisis yufoks qum

kcirkakf mg nkr). Mg finarm cmg `mrri èlnu`kpk`, sm cmam k uf orkf smûir qum mrk

pir mftif`ms uf picmrisi oiamrfkftm ùyk kutirlckc mrk iamcm`lck cmscm mg vkggm

cm Glnk ekstk Sunams. Nës tkrcm mf mg slogi ULT, mg mbìr`lti cmg lf`k Xkèk`òtm`vmf`lð k gks eumstms cmg rmlfi èlnò, ùyk piagk`lðf pksi k ìnprmfcmr mg vksti

lnpmrli lf`klì.

Xir gis rmstis qum mxlstmf mf su tmrrltirli, ìni `kfkgms cm lrrlok`lðf, `mnmftmrlis,

eukìs, tmblcis, pgkftks y iabmtis cm pms`k, sm cmcu`m qum gis kftlouis supkfis sm

cmcl`krif k gk korlùgturk, gk pms`k, `mrënl`k y kg tmblci. Curkftm gk ìgiflk, gk vlggk

cm supm mrk prispmrk, ìf ufk piagk`lðf akstkftm `rm`lck, cm rkzks agkf`ks, nmstlzk,lfcîomfk, cmcl`kcis k gk korlùgturk y kg ìnmr`li, einarms ùgtis, knkftms cm gk

glamrtkc y cm nuèi pktrlitlsni, pir msi supm dum mg prlnmr pumagi cmg Xmrò qum

pri`gkni gk lfcmpmfcmf`lk fk`lifkg, mg = cm karlg cm ;5;<, cmscm gis akgìfms cm gk

nufl`lpkglckc, ̀ ini vmrmnis nës kcmgkftms.

Gks tlmrrks cm ùgtlvi qum sm rmpkrtlmrif mftrm gis prlf`lpkgms ìfqulstkcirms

mspkûigms, pkskrif pir su`mslðf k sus elbis, kgoufks dumrif cifkcks k lfstltu`lifms prlf`lpkgnmftm cm `krë`tmr rmglolisi, itrks dumrif vmfclcks. Mf ;=5<, mg `kpltëf

Bukf @kckgsi y su nubmr Ciûk Gulsk cm Kùûk cifkrif gk ek`lmfck Pkf Flìgës kg

ìfvmfti cm Pkf Koustîf, ìf ufk mxtmfslðf cm ?88 dkfmokcks.

Mf ;4=5, mg rmvmrmfci pkcrm drky Drkf`lsì cm Niglfk cmg `knpi, kcnlflstrkcir cm

gk ek`lmfck Pkf Flìgës, sm prmsmftð kftm mg rmvmrmfci pkcrm drky Nloumg Pkgkzkr,

vlsltkcir cm gk rmnmclck, plclmfci nmsurk cmg dufci. Mf mg nmnirlkg qum prmsmfti

pkrk gk rmnmclck, nkfldmstð qum mg dufci. Pm ìfi`îk tknalìf ìni mg finarm cm



;=

ek`lmfck cm Pupm y qum cm sus tîtugis kpkrm`îk kcmnës cm ?88 dkfmokcks cifkcks

pir mg `kpltëf @kckgsi, gk ìnprk cm =3 dkfmokcks kg kgdìrmz Bukf Nuûiz @krslfi,

ìnprk cm 3 dkfmokcks kg sm`rmtkrli Gu`ks @ifcmvlggk, ;81 y nmclk dkfmokcks

kcbucl`kcks pir mg vlsltkcir Krrligk, qum mfìftrð siarkftms, kcmnës cm itrks

kcqulrlcks pir rmnktm i cifk`lifms kg`kfzkfci k <48 dkfmokcks gk mxtmfslðf cm gk

nmf`lifkck ek`lmfck.

1.1.0 Cms`rlp`lðf Omiorëdl`k y fkturkg2

Mg Clstrlti cm Pupm ùmftk ìf uf titkg cm 18,=;1 ekaltkftms, smoòf cktis cm LFML

cmg @mfsi UL cm piagk`lðf y TL cm vlvlmfck cmg kûi 188?, gk piagk`lðf Qurkg ms cm

=,43= y ]rakfi ;3,54?. Mf gk @kggm _loemt, Aigiofmsl, Msplfkr y pkskbm Ëoulgks,sm cmstlfkrk k gk ìfstru``lðf 5,5<1.4= n1 cm plstks: 1,135.10 n1 cm vmrmcks y

;,58<.40 n1 cm ërmks vmrcms. Mg `glnk ms vkrlkci, cmalci k gk dkbk ìstmrk cm `glnk

cmsìrtlì, tmnpgkci y eònmci, ìf ggivlzfks akbks mftrm Karlg k Cl`lmnarm y sig

lftmfsi cm Mfmri k Nkrzi ìf nkyir lfsigk`lðf mf gks pknpks. Gks tmnpmrkturks

nëxlnks kasigutks mstëf mftrm 1=¸ @ k 14¸ @ y gks nîflnks mftrm ;3¸ @ y ;=¸ @,

ggmokfci k uf prinmcli cm ;5¸ @ k ;<¸ @. Pmoòf SIPL gk `gksldl`k`lðf mìgðol`k

ìrrmspifcm k cmslmrti suatripl`kg. Gk eunmckc rmgktlvk ms nkyir mf mg ërmk cm gksìstk prðxlnk kg gltirkg ùyi prinmcli ms cm 50% y gks prm`lpltk`lifms kfukgms

nëxlnk ms cm 04nn y nîflnk cm 8.88 nn y ìf uf prinmcli kfukg ms ;5nn. Gk

@kggm _loemt, Aigiofmsl, Msplfkr y pkskbm Ëoulgks sm kslmftk mf tmrrmfis

glomrknmftm pgkfis ìf ufk rmgktlvk pmfclmftm cm`rm`lmftm ek`lk mg I`ìkfi Xk`îdlì,

mfìftrëfcism mf ufk zifk cm akbk slsnl`lckc. Curkftm gis nmsms cm vmrkfi eky

vlmftis dumrtms cmg nkr qum sipgkf mf eirks cm gk tkrcm, gis ùkgms mf ìnalfk`lðf

ìf mg sig lftmfsi, mg klrm smì cm mstis nmsms y gk prmsmf`lk cm `kpks cm krmfkirlolfk mg kunmfti cm gk mvkpi-trkfsplrk`lðf, `kuskfci gk mrislðf cmg sumgi y

pmqumûis rmniglfis cm vlmfti qum `kuskf nigmstlks k gk piagk`lðf, fi prmsmftk

vmomtk`lðf. Gis vlmftis sif gk òfl`k dumrzk cm mrislðf, `kuskfci gk ìfcl`lðf

cmsìrtl`k nmclk. Gk zifk prmsmftk uf sumgi cm irlomf kguvlkg, ìf orkfcms cmpðsltis

cm krmfk mðgl`k cm cmfslckc vkrlkagm.



;4

1.1.3 @istunarms y Srkcl`lifms2

Pkftk Nkrîk Nkockgmfk2 Mf mg kftloui pumagi cm Pupm, ek`m nuèis kûis

ktrës smoòf gis tmstlniflis cm gis piagkcirms kòf ìf vlck, qum mf kqumggk

ìpi`k mf gk cmsmnai`kcurk cmg rli supm sm kpkrm`lð ufk `kbk dgitkfci mf gks

kouks qum ìftmfîk cmftri ufk lnkomf cm ufk vlromf y ìni fi skaîkf cm

qulmf mrk, kg ggmvkr k gis mstuclisis mstis prm`lskrif qum mrk cm ufk cm gks

cls`îpugks cm Bmsòs2 Nkrîk Nkockgmfk.

\ mftif`ms gis piagkcirms cm`lclmrif ggmvkrgk k gk `kplggk cm Pupm, pmri

ìni fi mstkak mf aumfks ìfcl`lifms cm`lclmrif ggmvkrgk k Akrrkf`k pmri

nlstmrlisknmftm mstk lnkomf vigvîk k kpkrm`mr mf mg clstrlti cm Pupm.

Cmscm mftif`ms ìnmfzð gk cmvi`lðf k gk lnkomf, qum dum cm`gkrkck

Xktrifk cmg Kftloui Pupm y su vlstk `mftrkg ms `mgmarkck mg 11 cm bugli ìni

gi lfcl`kak y smûkgkak mg `kgmfckrli gltòrolì.

Gk Srkcl`lifkg dlmstk cmg nms cm Koisti2

Mg pumagi cm Pupm sm `krk`tmrlzkak pir smr uf pumagi korîìgk, y mggis

qumrîkf ckrgm uf orkf nmrm`lci einmfkbm, k Pkftk Nkrîk Nkockgmfk, pmri

gks ìsmèks cm kqumg mftif`ms mrkf nuy piarms y fi picîkf ckrgm tkgeinmfkbm: lf`gusi dkgtkak kouk pkrk gis ùgtlvis. Xmri ufk cm gks piagkcirks

tuvi gk lcmk cm sk`krgk mf pri`mslðf pir gks irlggks cmg rli Pupm y ùmftk gk

trkcl`lðf qum k gis piìs cîks mnpmzð k ggmokr mg kouk y gks ìsmèks mrkf

kaufckftms.

Kg tmfmr gks ìfcl`lifms gis piagkcirms cm`lclmrif ckrgm k gk vlromf ufk

`mgmark`lðf nuy orkfcm ìf tick `gksm cm k`tlvlckcms ìni `krrmrks cm

`kakggis, pmgmks cm okggis, mt`. m lfvltkfci k gks ìnuflckcms `mr`kfks.Cmscm mftif`ms ms qum gk dmstlvlckc ms ufk cm gks nës `mgmarkcks mf gk

ìnuflckc y k gi gkroi cmg nufci, y omfmrk kcmnës ufk dumftm cm lformsis

pkrk gk piagk l̀ðf supkfk.

Xmgmks cm okggis2

Pif nuy trkcl`lifkgms mf mg clstrlti cm Pupm, qum sm lfl`lð ìf gk dmstlvlckc

cm Nkrîk Nkockgmfk. Pif nuy drmùmftms mf gks tmnpirkcks2



;?

Cmscm Nkyi i Karlg ekstk dlfms cm fivlmnarm. Gis kslstmftms k gks pmgmks

sif cm =88 k 588 pmrsifks. Pif ;4 pmgmks cm `gksldl`k`lðf. Kftms sm

rmkglzkak gis cinlfois y Keirk sm rmkglzk gis sëakcis y cinlfois.

Gis guokrms cmscm cifcm gks pmrsifks mspm`tkf sif cm = k 4 trlaufks ìf

orkcks. Mg guokr cm gk pmgmk ms uf ërmk `lrùgkr y gi `mr`k ufk nkggk cm nmtkg.

Sknkgms cm Pupm2

Xrivlmfm cm gk gmfouk Kdrl`kfk2 ‗Fkouktl„ qum trkcu`lci slofldl`k tknkgl i

ìsk mfvumgtk. Srkcl`lifkgnmftm sm vmfcm mfvumgti y sm prmoifk ìf ufk

`kf`lðf. Gks dknlglks gi prmpkrkakf y mfsmûkakf k sus cms`mfclmftms k

smoulr ìf gk trkcl`lðf Pm `krk`tmrlzk pir su ìgirk`lðf knkrlggk y su

mfvigturk ìf ufk pkgnk cm pgëtkfi.

Pm prmpkrk ìf Nkîz knkrlggi k cldmrmf`lk cm itris guokrms cmg pkîs, mg ùkg

ms smgm``lifkci y pmgkci ìf `mflzks y gumoi sm pri`mcm k skfìèkrgi.

Mg rmggmfi cmg Sknkg mstë ìfdirnkci pir `krfm cm `mrci i piggi, nkfî, kbî

knkrlggi mf rickbks y sm plftk mg mxtmrlir ìf kbî pkf`k.

Pm mfvumgvm ìf gk eibk cm pgëtkfi y sm ggmvk k ì``lðf pir = eirks nîflni.

Srkcl`lifkgnmftm sm nigîk mg nkîz ìf aktkfms pmri keirk sm utlglzkfnigmcirks lfcustrlkgms. Mf Pupm gk mnprmsk pricu`tirk cm tknkgms

Nkrmfoi“s sm mf`krok cm prmsmrvkr mstm trkcl`lifkg y mnagmnëtlì pgktlggi

cm Pupm.

1.0.1 Xmrsifkbms Lgustrms2

Gkurk Mstemr Qicrîoumz Cugkfti2 Gkurk Qicrîoumz Cugkfti fk`lð mf ;5?1

mf Pupm, prlnmrk nìcl`k `lrubkfk pmrukfk. Pu lftmglomf`lk y kvlcmz pir mgmstucli elzi qum su dknlglk sm trksgkckrk k Glnk, cifcm mstuclð Xrlnkrlk mf

mg ìgmoli Akckfl. Srks gkroi msdumrzi y sk`rldl`li cm sus pkcrms, Gkurk

giorð lformskr mf ;5<1 k gk Dkùgtkc cm @lmf`lks cm gk ]flvmrslckc cm Pkf

Nkrìs, cifcm mstuclð Nmcl`lfk y gumoi cm ufk mxltisk tmsls siarm "Mg

mnpgmi cmg l`tlig mf gks lfdgknk`lifms pmgvlkfks" iatuvi mg tîtugi cm

Akèlggmr. Dlfkgnmftm mf ;<88 sm rm`lalð cm Nìcl`k @lrubkfk, gi ùkg dum uf

elti slf prm`mcmftms pir smr gk prlnmrk nubmr mf Xmrò, qum elzi mg burknmfti

elpi`rëtlì. Curkftm su vlck pridmslifkg gk Crk. Gkurk sm cmcl`ð



;5

prmdmrmftmnmftm k gk olfmìgioîk, y puagl`ð vkrlis trkakbis2 "Mfirnm qulstm

ivërlì", "Dlarink utmrlfi": kgtmrfkfci su tlmnpi ìf gk prmstk`lðf cm

smrvl`lis mf gk Msùmgk Firnkg cm Nubmrms, gis ìfvmftis cm gk @if`mp`lðf

y gks Fkzkrmfks. Curkftm mg ìfdgl`ti cm Xmrò ìf Mùkcir mf ;<;8, cli

numstrks cm orkf smfslalglckc y pktrlitlsni kg dufckr gk ]flðf Xktrlðtl`k cm

Pmûirks: mbmr`lð gk ci`mf`lk mf gk Xrlnmrk Msùmgk cm Mfdmrnmrks qum

dufcð, ìf prë`tl`ks mf gis Eispltkgms cm Pkftk Kfk y Cis cm Nkyi. Gkurk

dum ci`mftm, lfvmstlokcirk y gîcmr cm gk ìnuflckc, pums cli mg prlnmr pksi

pkrk giorkr gk pkrtl`lpk`lðf cm gk nubmr y gk loukgckc cm ìfcl`lifms.

@iftrlauyð kg cmskrriggi cm gk skguc pòagl`k fk`lifkg. Pu mbmnpgi cm

tmfk`lckc y vmf`mcirk cm ticks gks kcvmrslckcms cm su ìpi`k, dum smoulci pir gk dkrnk`ìutl`k Buglk Logmslks, orkcukck mf Pkf Nkr̀ is, qulmf mstkagm l̀ð

su dkrnk`lk mf ;<84. Gk Crk. Gkurk Qicrîoumz Cugkfti dkggm`lð mf Glnk,

cmspuìs cm ufk prigifokck mfdmrnmckc, mf ;<;<, k gk mckc cm 34 kûis.

Drkf`lsì Tlckg Gk Eiz2 Fk`lð mf Pupm mg 1 cm karlg cm ;588. Pus pkcrms

dumrif Buglëf Tlckg y Tmfturk Gkis. Mstuclð mf mg Pmnlfkrli @if`lglkr cm

Pkfti Sirlali mf Glnk. Mstuvi mf gk pri`gknk`lðf cm gk Lfcmpmfcmf`lk, mf

Pupm mf ;5;<. Plmfci `kpltëf `kpturð ìf itris bðvmfms cm su pumagi, =88`kakggis y ;=8 prlslifmris ìf su krnknmfti, pkrk prmsmftkrsm cmspuìs kftm

Pkf Nkrtîf mf Eukurk m lftmrvmflr gumoi, mf gis k`tis nlgltkrms cmg

Xritm`tirkci. Dum ksi`lkci k gk Ircmf cmg Pig mf ;51;. Kg ks`mfcmr k

ìrifmg, pksð k smr mcm`ëf cmg prmslcmftm Oknkrrk, k qulmf kìnpkûð k gk

driftmrk ìf Aiglvlk (;50;). Kg smr mgmolci clputkci pir Glnk (;500) sm

lfìrpirð k gk @ifvmf`lðf Fk`lifkg. Pu`mslvknmftm mbmr`lð ìni prmdm`ti

y ìnkfckftm omfmrkg cmg cmpkrtknmfti cm Bufîf: bmdm cm Mstkci NkyirOmfmrkg cmg Mbìr`lti Qmstkurkcir: clputkci pir Eukrièlrî mf mg @iformsi

cm Eukf`kyi (;50<): nlmnari cmg @ifsmbi cm Mstkci y su smoufci

vl`mprmslcmftm. Mf`kamzi mg Mbìr`lti cmg Pur ìftrk mg omfmrkg Bukf

@rlsðstini Sirrlì y gi vmf`lð mf Kouk Pkftk, ksunlmfci mg nkfci mg 18

cm i`tuarm cm ;531 cmalci k gks mxùsks cmg prmslcmftm y mg prlnmr

vl`mprmslcmftm cmg @ifsmbi cm Mstkci. Dum cmpumsti mg ;= cm nkrzi cm ;530

pir mg trlufdi cm gk rmvigu`lðf mf`kamzkck pir mg omfmrkg Nkfumg Lofk`li cm

Tlvkfì. \k rmtlrkci prinivlð gk `rmk`lðf cm gk Pi`lmckc cm Dufckcirms cm



;<

gk Lfcmpmfcmf`lk y Cmdmfsirms @kgldl`kcis cm gk Xktrlk mf ;5=?. Dkggm`lð mf

Glnk mg 10 cm smptlmnarm cm ;<40.

1.0. CLPSQLSI CM XKQNIFOK2

1.0.; Mtlnigioîk2

Mg tìrnlfi Xkrknifok privlmfm cmg lclink nièl`k ekagkci pir gis pumagis cm

ìstk firtm mftrm mggis gis èlnòms qulmfms sm ksmftkrif mf mg Tkggm Dirtkgmzk. Pu

slofldl`kci ms mg sloulmftm2 pkrk (vkskggis), nifok (pir kquî). Gk trkcu``lðf smrîk

‗Tkskggis cm pir kquî„. Pl sm k`mptksm gk tmsls cm Sirmri, cm qum pir kquî surolð mg

qumèuk, Xkrknifok privmfcrîk cm pkrk> gguvlk y nufqk > cmslfmf`lk vmrakg cmiùrrmf`lk. Mf rmsunmf2 Xkrknifok > vk k ggivmr.

1.0.1 Elstirlk2

Mg piagknlmfti cmg vkggm priakagmnmftm sm lfl`lk ìf gk prmsmf`lk cm orupis

eunkfis mf mg pmrlici cm gis dirnktlvis rmolifkgms prm-@ekvîf (1888 k. @.), mf gk

mgkairk`lðf y dkarl`k`lðf cm gk prë`tl`k korîìgk, lfl`lis mf gk mgkairk`lðf y

dkarl`k`lðf cm `mrënl`ks, ìfstru``lðf cm `mftri `mrmniflkgms mt`. Gis vkggms sifgis guokrms pripl`lis pkrk cmskrriggkr clèks k`tlvlckcms, mspm`lkgnmftm gk

korlùgturk, qum k gk vmz idrm`m k mstis orupis eunkfis smcmftkrlzkrsm, y ms nës,

smrvlrsm cm gis rmùrsis qum gms arlfck mg gltirkg. Mstis y itris mgmnmftis dumrif

nuy lnpirtkftms y ktrk`tlvis pkrk gis einarms qum aus`kakf nmbirms ìfcl`lifms

fkturkgms y omiorëdl`ks ðptlnks pkrk mstkagm`mrsm.

Kûis cmspuìs mf mg pmrlici Dirnktlvi (L Eirlziftm) sm mxpkfcm gk ùgturk èkvîf

(;888 k. @.), tknalìf mstkagm`mrë `lmrtks lfdgumf`lks k kqumggk pmqumûk piagk`lðf.@if mg trkfsùrrlr cm gis kûis sm uflmrif y knkgoknkrif ìf nkyir dumrzk y

fònmri gks ìrrlmftms nièl`ks mf mxpkfslðf, vmflcks cmg firtm pir gis kûis =88 c.

@. Gk lftmork`lðf cm gis nièl`ks kg ìftmxti si`lkg cm orupis prlnkrlis cm

korlùgtirms, pms`kcirms, krtmskfis, mt`. omfmrð gk `rmk`lðf cm fumvks dirnk`lifms

si`lkgms y mìfðnl`ks nës ìnpgmbks mf su irokflzk`lðf mstru`turkg, tì`fl`k y

pricu`tlvk y tknalìf mf mg `knpi lcmigðolì y rmglolisi. Msti gi picmnis

ìnpriakr mf gis tmstlniflis elstðrlìs ekggkcis y mxlstmftms, ìni gks `mrënl`ks

mf sus clvmrsks nkfldmstk`lifms, nifunmftis krqultm`tðflìs, kprivmèknlmfti cmg



18

sumgi ggkfi pkrk gk korlùgturk, `kfkglzk`lðf y clstrlau`lðf cmg kouk, mt`. Piarm gk

aksm cm gis nièl`ks y sunëfcism kg cmskrriggi kg`kfzkci, ek`lk mg kûi ;088 cm

fumstrk mrk sm cmskrriggk mg orkf rmlfi èlnò, mg ùkg, mf su nkyir ninmfti cm

mxpkfslðf ggmoð k cinlfkr gis vkggms cm gk ìstk firtm cmscm Sunams ekstk

Xkrknifok, i smoòf itris, nës kg sur, ekstk mg vkggm cm @elggðf mf Glnk. Pmoòf gk

`rðfl`k cmg Xkcrm @kgkfèk mg @elnò dum uf oialmrfi ìfqulstkcir y picmrisi,

pums giorð sinmtmr k gis pumagis yufoks, ek`lmfci trlautkrlks gks privlf`lks cmscm

Xknufok ekstk Xkltk y Sunams, rm`lalmfci ìni trlauti ripk y ìnlck Z`ltk

rmqumrlck^. Pmoòf Xkagi Nk`mrk, Xkrknifok pmrtmfm`îk k gk tmr`mrk rmolðf èlnò,

qum ìnprmfcîk cmscm mg Qîi Pkftk ekstk mg rîi Xktlvlg`k. Curkftm mg cinlfli èlnò

(;188 k ;388 c. @.), mf mg pmrlici lftmrnmcli tkrcîi, Xkrknifok smrîk ufk zifknuy mstrktìol`k mf tìrnlfis omiorëdlìs y nlgltkrms, mgmnmftis qum dumrif

utlglzkcis pir mg picmrisi lnpmrli ìstmûi. Kg loukg qum gis nièl`ks, gis èlnòms

giorkrif ìfdlourkr ufk si`lmckc nuèi nës cmskrriggkck mf mg kspm`ti tì`flì,

nlgltkr y ùgturkg, kufqum mf ùkfti k gks rmgk`lifms si`lkgms cm pricu``lðf

ìftlfuð mg dirtkgm`lnlmfti cm ufk nlfirîk oiamrfkftm qum sinmtîk y mxpgitkak k gk

nksk cm `knpmslfis y krtmskfis. Mf mg nlsni pmrlici cmg lftmrnmcli tkrcîi,

pkrkgmgknmftm kg cmskrriggi cm gis @elnò, mf gk pkrtm sur cmg tmrrltirli kfclfi smmfìftrkak itri pmqumûi rmlfi, mg cm gis ùsqumûis, ìfdirnkci pir clvmrsis kyggus

qum ggmokrif k gk rmolðf kg nkfci cm Kykr Nkfì i Nkfì @ëpk` qulmf dum su

ùrk`k prlf`lpkg. Mstm pumagi sm mxtmfclð mfirnmnmftm mf aksm k sus ìfqulstks,

ggmokfci tknalìf k sinmtmr k gis èlnòms cmg firtm y pismslifëfcism cm sus

tmrrltirlis y rlqumzks. Gumoi cm uf ìrti pmrlici cm cinlfli cm gis ùsqumûis,

qulmfms ork`lks k su mfirnm mxpkfslðf y picmrîi sm ìfvlrtlmrif mf mg ggknkci

Lnpmrli cm gis Lf`ks i Skeukftlfsuyi, pir uf mspk`li nmfir cm `lmf kûis, sm pricubi gk lfvkslðf y ìfqulstk muripmk k pkrtlr cmg kûi ;=01, su`msi qum

slofldl`krë gk cmstru``lðf ùgturkg kfclfk y gk lnpgkftk`lðf cm uf ircmfknlmfti

ìgiflkg qum curkrë `ksl trm`lmftis kûis cm cinlfk`lðf mspkûigk, ekstk gis kûis

;51;-;513 mf qum sm pricu`m gk lfcmpmfcmf`lk `rliggk clrlolcks pir Pkf Nkrtîf y

Aigîvkr pkrk gumoi mstkagm`mrsm mg slstmnk rmpuagl`kfi cm ìrtm krlsti`rëtlì.



1;

1.0.0 Cms`rlp`lðf Omiorëdl`k y fkturkg2

@inprmfcm cmscm gis n.s.f.n. ekstk gis ;0 n.s.f.n. mf mg `mftri cm gk `luckc. Mstm

vkrîk smoòf vknis kvkfzkfci ek`lk mg mstm: tkg ms ksî qum mf Gknpky ggmok k gis 1=

n.s.f.n. y mf `mrri agkfì k 3= n.s.f.n. kprixlnkcknmftm. Mg rmglmvm

prmcinlfkftm cmg clstrlti ms mg vkggm kguvlkg, yk qum su ërmk sm mxtlmfcm mftrm gks

nëromfms cmg rlð dirtkgmzk pkrtm cm gk nkromf cmrmèk cmg rîi Xktlvlg`k, gks ùkgms

vlmrtmf sus kouks kg i`ìkfi pk`ldlì.

Mf Xkrknifok mxlstm gk prmsmf`lk cm mstrlak`lifms kfclfks, qum sif `kcmfks cm

niftkûks qum sm mxtlmfcmf mftrm gis kfcms y mg nkr, gks mstrlak`lifms nës

ìfi`lcks sif gis q ìnòfnmftm gknk ‗`mrri„, siarmskglmfci mf `mrri cm gk eir`k,

gis `mrris cm Gknpky, `mrri cmg aisqum y mg iglvkr, èlg`kg, amgìf pgkftk kgknmck, gkuflðf, `mrri cm ktuspkrlk, kgti Xmrò.

Itrk dirnk cm rmglmvm qum sm mfùmftrk mf Xkrknifok sif gks ggkfurks, qum sif gks

ërmks pgkfks sltukcks k piìs nmtris siarm mg flvmg cmg nkr.

Mstks ggkfurks mstëf dirnkcks pir nktmrlks kguvlkcks, qum dumrif krrkstrkcks mf mg

pkskcir pir gis rîis, kgoufks cm mstks ërmks sif kqumggks qum slrvmf pkrk mg ùgtlvi

cm gk `kûk cm kzò`kr y itris pricu`tis cm pkf ggmvkr fis pripir`lðf sif gis

ìnpricu`tlvis i cmsmtlìs, ìni gis cm pknpk gltmri. Mg tmrrltirli qum ìnprmfcmk gk zifk urakfk i tknalìf ggknkci `ksì urakfi, mstë ìnpumsti cm nktmrlkg glfi-

kr`lggisi, mf gks ërmks cifcm mstëf ual`kcis kgoufis ksmftknlmftis eunkfis, ms

cm`lr, mf gks dkgcks i plms cm gis `mrris sm tlmfm uf sumgi ìfoginmrkci y niìsi

.mf gks zifks ggkfks, cmcl`kcks kg sinarîi cm gk `kûk y itris pricu`tis, mg sumgi ms

cm tlpi kgurriflì, nuy pripl`lis pkrk gk k`tlvlckc korlùgturk.

1.0.3

@istunarms y Srkcl`lifms2 Tlromf cm gks Nmr`mcms2 Mf mg kûi ;<38, ùkfci gk ek`lmfck cm Xkrknifok

pmrtmfm`îk k gk ìnpkûîk Ork`m, gis trkakbkcirms cmg `knpi y cm gks

dëarl`ks, mf su nkyirîk pri`mcmftms cmg @kggmbðf cm Eukygks, mspm`lkgnmftm

cm Eukrkz y @kreukz, ìftlfukak sigl`ltkfci pmrnlsi pkrk vlkbkr k su tlmrrk

cm irlomf y ksî vmfmrkr k gk skftîslnk ‗Nknk Nmèm„ mf gk dlmstk

trkcl`lifkgms cm smtlmnarm y i`tuarm y pir tkg rkzðf, sm kusmftkakf cm

Xkrknifok uf aumf tlmnpi, cmbkfci kakfcifkci gis `knpis cm `kûkvmrkgms

y gk dëarl`k: prmsmftëfcism ksî uf priagmnk qum sm rmpmtîk kûi trks kûi. Kftm



11

mstk prmiùpk`lðf, mg lfomflmri Tkgmftîf [umskck, kcnlflstrkcir omfmrkg cm

gk Mnprmsk, iptð pir trkmr cmscm Mspkûk gk lnkomf cm gk ‗Tlromf cm gks

Nmr`mcms„ qum eiy gis pkrknifoulfis vmfmrkf mf gk logmslk qum ggmvk su

finarm. Xmri ùkfci mstk lnkomf ggmoð k Xkrknifok mstuvi mf gk logmslk

kftlouk, knalmftm qum eiy ms iùpkci pir gk nufl`lpkglckc cmg clstrlti. Ms

ksî ìni mg 14 cm smtlmnarm cmg nlsni kûi, sm rmuflmrif mf gk pkrriqulk gks

dknlglks Qif`mris, Nkrtîfmz, Clgu``k, Pmouîf, Euknëf, Tmrokrk,

@kakflggks, Nirmfi, Fmyrk, Ak`k y itrks nës cm gis pkcrms drkf`ls`kfis,

lfstltu`lðf qum tlmfm gk tkrmk cm irokflzkr y priorknkr gks k`tlvlckcms cm

`kck kûi, slmfci mg cîk prlf`lpkg mg 13 cm smtlmnarm. Gks dlmstks mf Eifir k

‗Nknk Nmèm„ ìftkakf ìf mg kpiyi cm gk nlsnk mnprmsk Ork`m, pir mgùkg gis nkyircinis y rmspifskagms cm gk `mgmark`lifms rm`laîkf

cifk`lifms, ìni `krfmri , kgìeig y clfmri mf mdm`tlvi, qum sm sunkak k

gis pricu`tis y cifk`lðf cm gis nlsnis piagkcirms ggknkcis iasmqulkftms

i ‗[umggls„. Cm mstk nkfmrk sm trksgkckrif ticis gis mgmnmftis m

lformclmftms dmstlvis cm @kreukz y itris pumagis cmg `kggmbðf cm Eukygks k

Xkrknifok y qum eiy sm nkftlmfmf ìf su piagk`lðf cm ks`mfcmftms cmg

Cmpkrtknmfti cm Kf`kse (Eukrkz y mg @kggmbðf cm Eukygks y cm@ifèuìs), pmri ìf kgoufks vkrlkftms, ìfsmùmf`lk cm gis `knalis

prlf`lpkgms mf mg kspm`ti gkairkg y mìfðnlì

Gis Pek`seks2 Ms gk ckfzk trkcl`lifkg nës pipugkr cmg pumagi cm

Xkrknifok, ùyis irîomfms gi mfìftrknis mf Eukrkz y mg @kggmbðf cm

Eukygks qum kg loukg qum itrks nkfldmstk`lifms dig`gðrl`ks sm lftricubi

ìni uf mgmnmfti lftmorkftm cm gk ùgturk pkrknifoulfk. Mstk ms ufk

ckfzk, qum kg loukg qum ticks gks kfclfks, mf`lmrrkf uf nmfskbm nëolì ‐ rmglolisi mf su ìftmflci, yk qum su prë`tl`k mstë rmgk`lifkck ìf gks dlmstk

pktrifkgms. Mf su ìrmiorkdîk fis nkfldlmstkf ufk vkrlmckc cm omstis y

nivlnlmftis rltukgms: gis ùkgms gis picmnis kprm`lkr mf gks pri`mslifms cm

gks lnëomfms rmglolisks, mf gks logmslks y mf gks `kggms cmg pumagi. Mg

ckfzkftm trktk cm rmprmsmftkr k`tltucms cm dlmrmzk y clkagurk i oknifkg,

pirtkfci uf gëtloi knmfkzkftm y nistrkfci ufk nës`krk qum mxprmsk uf

ristri agkfì y nmstlzi. Akbi gk clrm``lðf cm uf bmdm, kg ùkg sm gm cmfinlfk

‗Mg @knpmri„, qulmf ms mg nës clmstri, gis cmnës ckfzkftms gi lnltkf.



10

Mstk ckfzk tlmfm k su nkyir rmprmsmftkftm kg pkrknifoulfi Bugli Qiskci

ìfslcmrkci pkrk nuèis mg nmbir `knpmri cm mstk ckfzk tkfti mf gk `luckc

cm Eukrkz ìni mf Xkrknifok.

Itrk cm gks ìsks qum Xkrknifok gm kûkclð k mstk ckfzk dumrif gks pgunks

qum eiy sm pumcmf kprm`lkr tkfti mf Eukrkz ìni mf ticis gis guokrms

cifcm sm aklgk mstk ckfzk.

Gk piagk`lðf, mnlfmftmnmftm rmglolisk, vmfmrk `kck 13 cm smtlmnarm k su

pktrifk, "Fumstrk Pmûirk cm gks Nmr`mcms", ggknkck tknalìf ìgiqulkgnmftm

Nknk Nmèm i Nmèltk.

Pu prlf`lpkg ktrk`tlvi turîstlì ms gk ggknkck Dirtkgmzk, qum nës almf ms uf

tmnpgi cm irlomf èlnò y nièl`k.

1.3. CLPSQLSI CM XKSLTLG@K2

1.3.;. Mtlnigioîk2

Gis prlnmris guokrmûis qum sm kflnkrif k dirnkr uf pmqumûi piagkci itirokakf k

gis vlkbmris2 ìnlck, kgibknlmfti, smourlckc y pritm``lðf. Pu irlomf cm Xktlvlg`k

privlmfm cm gk lftmrprmtk`lðf cm gk drksm "Xktl-Eulg`k" qum slofldl`k "Xktk tir`lck i

qumarkck. @ifsugtkfci k gis Cl``lifkrlis qumèuks, omiorëdlìs elstðrlìskutirlzkcis ìni2 Kftifli @ksleuknkf, Drkf`lsì Oknkrrk y Nkrlkfi Xkz Pigcëf

sm cms`ldrk qum Xktlvlg`k privlmfm cm gk duslðf cm cis pkgkarks qumèuks2

Xktl > Plofldl`k Ëraig, Tlgg`k > Plofldl`k ggkfurk. Mf ìf`guslðf Xktlvlg`k privlmfm

cmg Lclink [umèuk ‗Ggkfurk cm ëraigms„.

1.3.1. Elstirlk2

Pm `rmm qum gis prlnmris dumrif gis prm lf`ks dirnkci pir gk ùgturk @elg`k yNièl`k mf gis kûis 188 k.`. - 488 c.`. mf gk ìpi`k lf`kl`k pksð k picmr cm gis

\ufoks , mf mg kûi ;888 - ;3?4, k dlfms cm ;510 ek`m su ggmokck trlufdkg mg

Glamrtkcir Cif Plnðf Aigîvkr, dirnkfci su ùkrtmg omfmrkg mf mstm clstrlti. Gis

mspisis Bukf @kfkvkg y gk smûirk Gulsk Pknucli mftrmokrif ufk `ksk pkrk mg

eispmckbm cmg Glamrtkcir.

Mf mg nms cm Mfmri cmg kûi ;513, ùkfci gm vlsltk mg @irifmg Bukquîf Nisqumrk

prmiùpkci pir gk `rlsls pigîtl`k cmg mbìr`lti pktrlitk prmouftð kg glamrtkcir2 ¹[uì



13

plmfsk ek`mr keirk9 Aigîvkr nuy mfdmrni rmìstkci siarm gk sinark cm ufk

pmqumûk pkgnmrk ìftmstð2 ¡SQL]FDKQ!

Mg fk`lnlmfti cm Xktlvlg`k dum ufk lfl`lktlvk cm uf vlrrmy qum pkrk mrrkcl`kr mg

akfcigmrlsni mxlstmftm mf mstis pkrkbms, idrm`lð cifkr tlmrrks y itris rmùrsis

nktmrlkgms k qulmf sm kflnksm k piagkr clèi guokr, lfdmstkci pir akfcks cm

nkgemèirms qum sm msìfcîkf mf gk tuplck vmomtk`lðf cm gis nëromfms cmg Qîi

Xktlvlg`k.

1.3.0. Cms`rlp`lðf omiorëdl`k y fkturkg2

Xismm ufk vkrlmckc cm nl`ri `glnk pir su `mr`kfîk k gk slmrrk y kg I`ìkfi Xk`ldlì,

ms tmnpgkci, `ksl ìf eunmckc, ìf gguvlks mxtmnpirëfmks ìf okròk pmrslstmftmsmf lfvlmrfi y prlnkvmrk: nuy `kgurisi mf vmrkfi. Gis pktlvlg`kfis cm`lnis2

"Smfmnis uf `glnk amfclti, fl akbk cm ;=² mf mg lfvlmrfi nës `ruci fl ggmok k gis

08² mf mg vmrkfi nës `kgurisi ".Mg Clstrlti cm Xktlvlg`k mstë ricmkci cm `mrris qum

ksmnmbkf ufk pmqumûk ìrclggmrk. Gk gi`kglckc cm Xktlvlg`k cms`kfsk akbi gks dkgcks

cm ufk `kcmfk cm `mrris, mg plì nës kgti tlmfm ufk kgturk cm 4=8 n, mf gk ìpi`k prm-

elspëfl`k gis fkvmokftms sm irlmftkakf ggknëfcigi ‗Xlì cm Xktlvlg`k„, mf gk ìpi`k

Qmpuagl`kfk sm gm ggknkak ‗Skri„, gumoi "@mrri KXQK" i slnpgmnmftm "Ginks cmXktlvlg`k". K pkrtlr cmg nms cm smptlmnarm mstis `mrris sm ùarmf cm kaufckftm

vmomtk`lðf y sm pumcmf ìsmèkr drutis ìni gk pltkbkyk.

1.3.3. @istunarms y trkcl`lifms2

Xktlvlg`k ms uf pumagi kìomcir y pk`ldlì trkcl`lifkg cm su ìstunarm kf`mstrkg y

ìgiflkg, mf mg nms cm nkti sm `mgmark gk dmstlvlckc cm gk Pkftîslnk @ruz cmg

@kgvkrli.Gk smnkfk aiglvkrlkfk sm cmskrriggk cmg 18 kg 13 bugli (ìf uf rmìrrlci kg Nusmi

Aiglvkrlkfi y sm mftrmok Idrmfck Dgirkg mf gk Xgkzk cm Krnks mf einmfkbm kg

glamrtkcir Plnðf Aigîvkr).

Cmftri cmg nms cm bugli sm `mgmark gk Dlmstk cm Pkftk Kfk- Akrrli Mg Xirvmflr,

trkcl`lifkg pir sus aklgms ìstunarlstks (Ckfzks cm Ktkeukgpks, Pek`seks,

Eukfqulggis). Pm mxelamf pgktis tîplìs ìni mg pl`kftm cm ùy, èl`k cm birk,

èlèkrrifms, kftlùèis, pkrrlggkcks, y pir ugtlni uf cmsdlgm cm gis nkyirkgms.



1=

@kck nms cm I`tuarm gk Emrnkfckc gm rlfcm eifir kg Pr. Cm gis Nlgkoris (;5 kg

15). Mf mg nms cm koisti sm gm rlfcm eifir k gk Tlromf cm gk Nmckggk Nlgkorisk. Mf

Okgpðf gk dknlglk Smggi rlfcm einmfkbm k gk Tlromf cm gis Cigirms.

Gk dmstlvlckc cm Pkf Bmrðflni2 Ms mg pktrðf cm Xktlvlg`k, sm gm rlfcm ùgti,

cmscm gk dufck`lðf cm fumstri pumagi akbi gk amfcl`lðf cm Pkfti Sirlali cm

Niorivmbi, mg cîk `mftrkg ms mg 08 cm smtlmnarm, pmri pir rkzifms cm nkyir

pkrtl`lpk`lðf k vm`ms sm rmkglzk almf mg ògtlni sëakci cm smptlmnarm i mg

prlnmr sëakci cm i`tuarm. Mf sus trkcl`lifms rmglolisks sm `mgmarkf nës cm

clmz dmstlvlckcms, pmri gk qum siarmskgm ms gk dmstlvlckc cmg Xktrðf cmg

Xktlvlg`k ‗Pkf Bmrðflni„ su `mgmark`lðf ms tici uf kìftm`lnlmfti mf gk

Xrivlf`lk cm Akrrkf`k, i`kslifkfci uf orkf cmsmnaigsi cm clfmri

dlfkf`lkci pir gis pktlvlg`kfis rmslcmftms mf mg mxtmrlir2 Mstkcis ]flcis,

Bkpðf, @kfkcë, Ltkglk, mt`.

Ginks cm Pkf Bmrðflni2 Gks ginks mstëf sltukcks kg irlmftm cm gk piagk`lðf,

ms ufk `kcmfk cm pmqumûis `mrris pmgckûis lftmrrunpmf gk sigu`lðf cm

ìftlfulckc mftrm gk irlggk cmg nkr y gks prlnmrks mstrlak`lifms cm gkìrclggmrk. Gk dmùfclckc cm sus gkcmrks pmrnltm qum mf ìpi`ks cm gguvlks

(cm bufli k koisti), mstk sm ùarkf cm uf vmrcir priclolisi y òflì.

1.=. CLPSQLSI CM P]XM X]MQSI2

1.=.;. Mtlnigioîk2

Mxlstmf vkrlks tmirîks siarm mg irlomf cmg finarm cm mstm vkggm, mftrm mggks gk nës

k`mptkck ms qum mg tmrnlfi Pupm cmrlvk cmg vi`kagi qumèuk ‗ supky„ qum

trkcu`lci k fumstrk gmfouk slofldl`k clkagi y pir ìfsloulmftm mg vkggm tmfcrîk gk

cmfinlfk`lðf cm ‗vkggm cmg supky„.

1.=.1. Elstirlk2

Mg clstrlti cm Xumrti ek`m nës cm =888 kûis dum ekaltkci pir gk piagk`lðf cm

Ëspmri, qulmfms pkrtl`lpkrif mf mg pri`msi qum cli irlomf k gk prlnmrk `lvlglzk`lðf

mf mg guokr. Mf gis ògtlnis kûis, mstuclk `lmftîdlìs krqumigðolìs smûkgkf kg



14

ìnpgmbi ìni uf ksmftknlmfti cmcl`kci kg kìpli cm gis pricu`tis iatmflcis

cmg nkr, mf mspm`lkg cm pm`ms ìni kfèivmtks, skrclfks y nigusìs, gi qum gm

pmrnltlð lftmorkr ufk rmc ìnmr`lkg ìf gis piagkcirms cmg lftmrlir cmg vkggm mftrm

mstis cm gk ùlckc cm @krkg, cm gis qum iatmfîkf pricu`tis korîìgks mf pkrtlùgkr

cm dlark cm kgoicðf fm`mskrlk pkrk gk nkfudk`turk cm gks rmcms cm pms`k. Kcmnës

sm supifcrîk qum gis eunmckgms iatuvlmrif nktmrlk prlnk vmomtkg cm gk titirk y mg

bufì pkrk gk ìfstru``lðf cm sus vlvlmfcks y cm sus mnakr`k`lifms cm pms`k, ksî

ìni pkrk gk ìfdm``lifk cm aigsks i sel`rks, `mstis, mt`.

Mftrm <88 k.@ y ;188 c.@, mg cinlfli cm gk ùgturk @ekf`ky kakrì gis vkggms cm

Dirtkgmzk, Xktlvlg`k, Pupm, Eukurk, @ekf`ky y @elggðf.

Gk ùgturk @elnò dum itrk cm gks ùgturks qum mxtmfclð sus cinlflis mf gisk`tukgms tmrrltirlis cm gis clstrltis cmg firtm èlì cmscm gis cmpkrtknmftis cm

Sunams ekstk Glnk. Mf gk ìpi`k cm gk ìgiflk cmspuìs cm iùrrlck gk lfvkslðf pir

gis mspkûigms k fumstri pkîs, sm mstkagm`lmrif mf nuèis guokrms ìfvlrtlmfci gi

mf uf `kalgci akutlzkci ìf mg finarm cm Pupm y mf ;=38 sm mgmvð k gk `ktmoirîk

cm Tlggk Pkftk Lskamg. Curkftm gk ìpi`k cm gk lfcmpmfcmf`lk ggmoi kg pumrti mg

kgnlrkftm Girc @ièrkfm ìf gk dlfkglckc cm kprivlslifkrsm cm kouk y vîvmrms, gis

piagkcirms gis rm`lalmrif ìf amfmpgë`lti ggmokfci nuèis k mfrigkrsm mf mgmbìr`lti glamrtkcir sm Pkf Nkrtlf.

Mf gk ìpi`k rmpuagl`kfk, kftms cm ;<84 mg clstrlti mstkak ìnprmfclci mf gk

cmnkr`k`lðf omiorëdl`k cmg clstrlti cm Pupm, pir gi ùkg gk ùkg gi`kglckc sm

ggknkak Xumrti cm Pupm. Gis kftlouis piagkcirms ùmftkf qum mf mg kûi ;5<;ufk

`rm`lmftm cmg rli Pupm krrksi ìf gk `kpltkg cmg clstrlti pir gi ùkg tuvi qum smr

`knalkck.

Mg clstrlti cm Pupm Xumrti dum `rmkci pir mg Cm`rmti Gmy F² 3;8, mg = cm cl`lmnarmcm ;<84. Curkftm mg oialmrfi Kuousti A. Gmouîk smoòf gk gmy F² 3438 sm dlbkrif

sus gînltms, pir firimstm ìf mg clstrlti cm Akrrkf`k, surmstm cm Xuftk Ktkrrkyk cm

Pkf Xmcri ekstk gk ùnarm cmg `mrri Akrrkfqulti pir mg imstm ìf I`ìkfi Xk`ldlì.

1.=.0. Cms`rlp`lðf omiorëdl`k y fkturkg2

Qmsugtk cm gk lftmrk``lðf cm gis mgmnmftis cmg pklskbm ùgturkg y fkturkg, puclmfci

ìfslcmrkrsm ìni uf pklskbm nlxti. Mg einarm sm ek ìfvmrtlci curkftm nuèis

kûis mf mg prlf`lpkg komftm omiorëdlì pums rmkglzkf ufk orkf smrlm cm k``lifms



1?

(k``lðf kftrðpl`k), irlolfkfci orkfcms nicldl`k`lifms cmg mspk`li omiorëdlì. Pm

rmdlmrm k tick k``lðf eunkfk qum nicldl`k mg pklskbm mftrm gks k``lifms kftrðpl`ks

cm nkyir trks`mfcmf`lk dlourkf gis piagknlmftis, ìfstru``lðf cm vlvlmfcks y

`knlfis, k`tlvlckcms korîìgks y pmsqumrks. @ifstltuym gk k``lðf cm gk fkturkgmzk

siarm mg pklskbm, omfmrkfci orkfcms nicldl`k`lifms, kftm kgoufis cm mstis

dmfðnmfis, mg einarm tkf sigi cmam pri`mcmr k rmtlrkrsm, ms mg `ksi cm gis

tmrrmnitis, tsufknls, eurk`kfms, eukyìs, nkrmtkzis, mt`.

1.=.3. @istunarms y Srkcl`lifms2

Ëspmri2 Ek`m =888 kûis, curkftm mg pmrîici Kr`klì Skrcîi (0888 ‐ ;588 k. @.), gk

piagk`lðf ìf`mftrkck mf Ëspmri pkrtl`lpð mf mg pri`msi cm dirnk`lðf cm gk

prlnmrk `lvlglzk`lðf kfclfk. Nmclkftm gk mxtrk``lðf cm rmùrsis nkrlfis, mf

mspm`lkg cm pm`ms ‐ ̀ ini kfèivmtks y skrclfks- y cm nkrlsìs, sm lftmorð k gk rmc

cm lftmr`knali ìf gis piagkcirms cmg lftmrlir cmg vkggm, mftrm ìstis gis cm gk @luckc

Pkorkck cm @krkg. Cm mggis iatuvi, mf pkrtlùgkr, gk dlark cm kgoicðf, fm`mskrlk pkrk

gk nkfudk`turk cm gks rmcms y smckgms cm pms`k, gis nktms pkrk dgitkcirms y

pricu`tis vmomtkgms pkrk su kglnmftk`lðf. Gk clspiflalglckc cm rmùrsis nkrlfis, gk

pricu``lðf korîìgk y gk pkrtl`lpk`lðf mf gks rmcms cm lftmr`knali ksmourkrif mgsistmflnlmfti cm ufk piagk`lðf `kck vmz nës funmrisk, ksî ìni mg

dirtkgm`lnlmfti cmg orupi oiamrfkftm. Gk ìgltm ksunlð duf`lifms pigîtl`ks,

kcnlflstrktlvks y rmglolisks: dinmftð mg ìnmr`li, ksî ìni gk ìfstru``lðf cm

mcldl`lis pòaglìs nifunmftkgms y cm mxtmfsis ìfbuftis rmslcmf`lkgms. Gk

cldmrmf`lk`lðf si`lkg y gks k`tlvlckcms mspm`lkglzkcks cm gk piagk`lðf cm Ëspmri

mstëf rmdgmbkcks mf gis 11 sm`tirms cm gk `luckc. Plmtm ìrrmspifcmf k mcldl`lis

plrknlckgms, akbi gk kcnlflstrk`lðf cm gk `gksm clrlomftm, cmcl`kcis kg ùgti y k gkkcnlflstrk`lðf cm gks k`tlvlckcms si`lkgms. Cmstk`kf gis mcldl`lis plrknlckgms cm

Euk`k Kgtk, Euk`k cm gis Îcigis y Euk`k cm gis Pk`rldl`lis.

1.=.=. Xmrsifkbms Lgustrms2

Slgsk Ssuèlyk2 Mf mg pumrti cm Pupm, mf ;<04, fk`lð mstk plftirk, cm pkcrms

mxtrmni-irlmftkgms. Pu dirnk`lðf krtîstl`k gk ùnpglð mf gk Msùmgk Fk`lifkg

Pupmrlir cm Amggks Krtms cmg Xmrò cm cifcm mormsð mf ;<=< ìf Nmckggk cm Iri.

Plmfci tickvîk kgunfk okfð mg Pmoufci Xrmnli cmg "Pkgðf Nufl`lpkg" cmg kûi



15

;<=? y pkrtl`lpð mf mg mfvîi pmrukfi k gk "Xrlnmrk Almfkg cm gk Buvmftuc"

ìfvi`kck mf Xkrîs mf ;<=5. Pm clstlfoulð pums, cmscm su lfl`li, pir su slfougkr

pmrsifkglckc ìf uf mstlgi nuy pripli, qum mf msis kûis sm prmsmftkak ìf

lnëomfms dlourktlvks cm `lmrti skair slftmtlzk2 pgkfks, cmglfmkcks ìf nëromfms

`gkris y prm`lsis, claubîstlìs, qum mf`mrrkakf ërmks cm ìgir slf `gkri-isùri, fl

nicmgkci vigunìtrlì, `krokcks cm uf slnaiglsni k vm`ms crknëtlì2 pmri slmnprm

slofldl`ktlvi, qum kciptkak ufk kprixlnk`lðf k gk vlslðf surrmkglstk cmg uflvmrsi

mxtmrfi ìni priym``lðf cmg suyi pripli Lftmrfi. Mstm ‗yi pmrsifkL„

priym`tëfcism kg "yi uflvmrsi" k``mslagm k "gis itris" ìni lnkomf cmg "yi

lfclvlcukg", ms mg qum Slgsk k qulmf sm gm ìfi`m pir mg finarm nës qum pir mg

cldî`lgnmftm prifuf`lkagm kpmgglci- ek mxpumsti ìni nkcurk`lðf cm su dlginirdlk pmrsifkg y su viguftkc cm ìnufl`k`lðf, cmspuìs cm ufk mstkcîk cm uf aumf fònmri

cm kûis mf Xkrîs, kcifcm vlkbð mf gis prlnmris kûis cm gk cì`kck cmg 48,

pmrnkfm`lmfci kggë ekstk " ;<?=, mf qum rkcl`k fumvknmftm mf Glnk. Pm trktk pums

cm ufk `rmkcirk cm dirnks nuy slfougkr mftrm ùyis nìrltis `karîk smûkgkr mg qum

ekalmfci vlvlci mf gk virëolfm cm gis "lsnis" pkrlslfis pmr`lalmfci gks

nutk`lifms, gis kftkoiflsnis su`mslvis y gks fmok`lifms cm ufis supgkftkfci k gis

itris: y itris k ìstis, ticis mggis trktkfci cm kfugkrsm y prmtmfclmfci smr "gk vizògtlnk y cmdlfltlvk cm gk vmrckc", tuvi gk sirprmfcmftm pmrsifkglckc, slmfci, ìni

tick bivmf, fkturkgnmftm pmrnmkagm k gks pmrmorlfks fivmckcms, nkftmfmrsm dlmg k

su priplk vlslðf2 prmsmrvkrgk, cmpurkrgk y irlmftkrgk cmftri cm gk viguftkrlk

clrm``lðf cm su mspîrltu. Msti cmfuf`lk pmrsifkglckc, tmnpgm, vloir, qum fi ms cm

flfoufk nkfmrk dîslì, slfi nmftkg y tmnpmrknmftkg. Ksî ms tknalìf su plfturk2

cmgl`kck, tmfum, ksi`lkck ìf lnëomfms cm sumûi y ekstk cm pmskclggk, ìf kgoufk

`krokzðf cm mritlsni ìftmflci y slnaðglì: mxprmskci mf ufk tmnëtl`k nlstmrliskyk gk vmz `gkrk, kguslvk, `ksl ekstk pmglorisknmftm gltmrkrlk: pmri cmtmflck busti mf mg

gînltm cm gi pmrnlslagm. Pu ìgirlci, mxtrmnkcknmftm amggi y rmdlfkci, ksî ìni sus

dirnks nlsnks, fis trkmf kg rmùmrci gks cmgl`kcmzks cm kguslðf y mguslðf cmg krtm

èlfi-bkpifìs, ùyi kf`mstri ìrrm pir sus vmfks. Pl dumrk lnpmrlisi `kgldl`kr gk

iark cm Slgsk ìf ufk sigk pkgkark ìstk smrîk2 `kglckc.



1<

@IF@G]PLIFMP

@if`gulnis mstm trkakbi rm`kg`kfci gi nës lnpirtkftm qum tlmfm numstrk privlf`lk cm

Akrrkf`k, qum sif gks ìstunarms y trkcl`lifms qum sif gis rmspifskagms sm ckrgm uf vkgir

lfnmfsi k fumstrk privlf`lk.

Sknalìf qumrmnis ìf l̀mftlzkr k gk piagk`lðf siarm mg orkf lnpk`ti qum ek tmflci mg

kvkf`m cmg nufci siarm gks ìstunarms, y qum sinis gis rmspifskagms cm nkftmfmr vlvk

fumstrk dumftm cm rlqumzk.

Lf`mftlvknis k ìfi`mr ùkgms sif gis pmrsifkbms qum nkr`krif kg elstirlk cm fumstrk

privlf`lk y qum ek`mr pkrk smoulr sus pksis ek`lk ìxlti.

Dlfkgnmftm gis kgunfis mxprmsknis fumstri orkf kpiyi k gk ìfsmrvk`lðf cm

fumstrks ìstunarms, k gk lfvmstlok`lðf pridufck cm fumstrk clëspirk y kg `knali cm k`tltuc

drmftm k gis `knalis qum sm sus`ltkf mf gk k`tukglckc.



08

KFMUIP



0;

;.- Nkpk cm gk Xrivlf`lk cm Akrrkf`k2

1.-Akgfmkrli cm @eirrlggis2



01

0.- Gk `ksk cm gks Arubks (Xkrknifok)2

3.-@ugtlvis cm @kûk cm Kzò`kr2



00

=.- Dirtkgmzk cm Xkrknifok2

4.- Nusmi Aiglvkrlkfi2



03

?.- Xgkzk cm Krnks cm Xktlvlg`k2

5.- Qli Xktlvlg`k2



0=

<.- Ëspmri2

;8.- Logmslk Nkrîk Nkockgmfk cm Pupm2



04

;;.- Kgunfis cmg 3ti kûi cmskrriggkfci mg priym`ti2



0?



ÎFCL@MCMCL@KSIQLK……………………………………………………………………….;

LFSQIC]@@LÐF……………………………………………………………………..1

@KXÎS]GI L2 TLPSK OMFMQKG CM GK XQITLF@LK CM AKQQKF@K………...0

;.;. ]AL@K@LÐF OMIOQKDL@K…………………………………………………..0

;.1 CLTLPLÐF XIGÎSL@K…………………………………………………………...0

;.0 XKPKCI ELPSÐQL@I…………………………………………………………..3

;.3 K@SLTLCKMP M@IFINL@KP………………………………………………….=

@KXÎS]GI LL2 CMP@QLX@LIF CM GIP CLPSQLSIP CM GK XQITLF@LK CMAKQQKF@K…………………………………………………………………………..4

1.; CLPSQLSI CM AKQQKF@K…………………………………………………….4

1.1 CLPSQLSI CM P]XM……………………………………………………………;1

1.0 CLPSQLSI CM XKQKNIFOK…………………………………………………;5

1.3 CLPSQLSI CM XKSLTLG@K…………………………………………………….11

1.= CLPSQLSI CM P]XM X]MQSI…………………………………………………13

@IF@G]PLIFMP……………………………………………………………………..15

KFMUIP………………………………………………………………………………1<

Proyecto: Revalorando las costumbres, tradiciones y personajes ilustres de la provincia de Barranca.

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Transcript of Proyecto: Revalorando las costumbres, tradiciones y personajes ilustres de la provincia de Barranca.