Qualitat de l’aigua litoral i ús del territori

Jordi Camp, Eva Flo i Esther GarcésCoastal Biological Processes Research Group

Observació de la Terra i aplicacions en l’àmbit de la salutInstitut Cartogràfic de Catalunya i Geològic de Catalunya

Barcelona, 15 Desembre 2016

SEA

CONTINENT

N P

19502000

Catalunya 1950 2000Harbours (Num) 12 42

Barcelona Harbour

Palamós Harbours

Cambrils Beach

Harbours in

Catalunya

Modification of the naturalcoastline and the subsequentincrease in confined water areas

D.Pauly, V. Christensen, J. Dalsgaard, R. Froese, F. Torres Jr. Fishing Down Marine Food Webs Science 1998: 279 (5352), 860-863

Time

Trop

hic

leve

l

Bottom-up and top-down

Fotosíntesis

CO2 + 2 H2O + Luz (CH2O) + O2 + H2O

Respiración

(CH2O) + O2 CO2 + H2O + Energía

Composición de la materia viva

C H O N P … Fe … Mg … Si … etc.

106 CO2 + 90 H2O + 16 NO3 + 1 PO4 + Oligoelementos + 1300 Kcal Luz

1287 Kcal Calor + 150 O2 + 3,4 Kg Biomasa

25 g Chl

Fotosíntesis

CO2 + 2 H2O + Luz (CH2O) + O2 + H2O

Respiración

(CH2O) + O2 CO2 + H2O + Energía

Fuentes de oxígeno

Oxígeno disueltoNitratoSulfato

HipoxiaNitritoSulfhídrico

R. J. Diaz and R. Rosenberg. Science, 2008

Antropización y condiciones de hipoxia

Distribución global de 400 “zonas muertas”por eutrofización

Autumn

Summer

Winter

Spring

Temporal variability Coastal Zone Color Scanner NIMBUS-7, 1979-1986

development of an upper mixed layer by summer solar heating

convective processes caused by winter cooling and strong winds

Nutrient supply in the photic zone

Black SeaAtlantic

Gibraltar Sicily

Mediterranean Sea

N

0.13

P

P

0.3

Photic layer1N

Flow (Tm x 106 x Year -1)

1 10

P N

Percentual nutrient supply in the photic zone of the Mediterranean Sea

10%15%

75%

Atmospheric input

Continental input:river, storm, groundand waste waters

Oceanic input:seasonal mixing,upwelling andAtlantic input

Shore Sea level

Oceanic watersCoastal waters

Continental shelf

Continental slope

x5

≈ 15%(mainly continental)

Extension

Inputs ≈ 85%(mainly oceanic and atmospheric)

≈ 97%≈ 3%

RATIO x1

Median25%-75%10%-90% n=9823

Inshore Nearshore Offshore0

1

2

3

4

5

Inshore Nearshore Offshore0,0

0,2

0,4

0,6

0,8

1,0

1,2

1,4

Nearshore – offshore gradient Catalan Coast

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

DIN (µM)PO4 (µM)

Chlorophyll-a (µg/l)

Nearshore Oceanic waters Nearshore Oceanic waters

Nearshore Oceanic watersFlo E, Garcés E, Manzanera M, Camp J (2011) Coastal inshore waters in the NW Mediterranean: physicochemical and biological characterization and management implications. Estuar Coast Shelf Sci 93:279–289

Percentual nutrient suply in the coastal zone

20%

30%20%

5%

25%OceanicRunoffRiverGroundwaterWastewater

Tendency of the nutrient inputs in the Mediterranean Sea

Ludwig et al. 2009

Mediterranean rivers suffer from a significant reduction in freshwater discharge(20 %, 1960- 2000)

A similar decrease has been observed for the fluxes of dissolved silica but ….what are the dynamics in the fluxes of N and P?

Sensors OLS of DMSP NOAA 1994 - 1995

COMPOSITION AND MASS LOADING RATES FOR STORMWATERS

Percentual nutrient suply in the coastal zone

20%

30%20%

5%

25%OceanicRunoffRiverGroundwaterWastewater

Nearshore Mediterranean blooms

FACTOR 1 N (-1)

1 0,74 0,48 0,22 -0,04 -0,3 -0,56 -0,82

0 1000 5000

Shore (m)

Llançà

*Muga*Fluvià

L'Estartit*Ter

St.Feliu

Mataró

*BesòsBarcelona*Llobregat

Tarragona*Francolí

L'Ametlla*Ebre

St.Carles

FACTOR 1 R

0,71 0,53 0,35 0,17 -0,01 -0,19 -0,37 -0,55

0 1000 5000

Shore (m)

Llançà

*Muga*Fluvià

L'Estartit*Ter

St.Feliu

Mataró

*BesòsBarcelona*Llobregat

Tarragona*Francolí

L'Ametlla*Ebre

St.Carles

FACTOR 2 R

1,54 1,2 0,86 0,52 0,18 -0,16 -0,5 -0,84

0 1000 5000

Shore (m)

Llançà

*Muga*Fluvià

L'Estartit*Ter

St.Feliu

Mataró

*BesòsBarcelona*Llobregat

Tarragona*Francolí

L'Ametlla*Ebre

St.Carles

Surfer Eva + foto + cluster?

N

. . .

Distance from the coast (m)0 1500 2000

Barcelona

Fluvià, Muga and Ter Rivers

Ebre River

Inshore Nearshore Offshore

Catalan coast as an example: dissolved nutrients and chlorophyll a

Chl-a (µg * L-1)

River influence= NO3, Si

Anthropogenic influence = P, NO2, NH4

Catalan Coastal Waters (1994-2014)

Quality

Num

ber o

f sam

ples

HighGood

ModeratePoor

Bad0

50

100

150

200

250

300

HighGood

ModeratePoor

Bad

High global qualityCambrils-Montroig del Camp (C30)

Bad global qualitySant Adrià de Besòs-Barceloneta (C19)

Catalan Coastal Waters (1994-2014)

Num

ber o

f sam

ples

HighGood

ModeratePoor

Bad30

80

400

900

5000

HighGood

ModeratePoor

Bad HighGood

ModeratePoor

Bad

HighGood

ModeratePoor

Bad30

80

400

900

5000

HighGood

ModeratePoor

Bad

ModerateGoodHigh

Poor Bad Global Qualityof

Water Bodies

Qualityof

samples

59% 25% 10% 4% 2% 46% 26% 14% 6% 7% 29% 25% 20% 9% 17%

32% 21% 15% 7% 25% 11% 13% 15% 12% 49%

LUSI = (Score urban + score agricultural + score industrial + score riverine)

* Correction number

Low LUSI value High LUSI value

LAND USES SIMPLIFIED INDEX (LUSI)

Flo et al. (2011)

Pressure-impact relationship:LUSI and Chlorophyll-a (µg/L)

CHLA=0.11*LUSI+0.21 (R2=0.61 and p=8.18*10-5)

Garcés, E. and J. Camp. 2012. In “Life in the Mediterranean Sea: A look at habitat changes” Noga Stambler editor, Nova Science Publishers, Inc. New York, US, pp. 519-541

1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 20102

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

22

Nitr

ate

(uM

)

1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 20100

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

22

24

26

28

Amm

oniu

m (u

M)

1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 20100.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

2.0

2.2

2.4

2.6

Phos

phat

e (u

M)

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 20100.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

4.5

Chl

orop

hyll-

a (u

g/l)

Ammonium (µM) PO4 (µM)

Chlorophyll-a (µg/l)Nitrate (µM)

Tendency in the nearshore Catalan Coast 1980-2008

r=-0.88p<0.01

annual Meansn=9823

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