Randall Collins - Una sociología radical de las cadenas de rituales de interacción

7/30/2019 Randall Collins - Una sociologa radical de las cadenas de rituales de interaccin

1/9

352(0,28QDVRFLRORJtDUDGLFDOGHODVFDGHQDVGHULWXDOHVGHLQWHUDFFLyQ

8QKRPEUHVRORXQDPXMHUDVtWRPDGRVGHXQRHQXQRVRQFRPRSROYRQRVRQQDGD3HUR\RFXDQGRWHKDEORDWLFXDQGRWHHVFULERHVWDVSDODEUDVSLHQVRWDPELpQHQRWUD

>JHQWH7XGHVWLQRHVWiHQORVGHPiVWXIXWXURHVWXSURSLDYLGDWXGLJQLGDGHVODGHWRGRV/DYLGDHVEHOODW~YHUiVFyPRDSHVDUGHORVSHVDUHVWHQGUiVDPRUWHQGUiVDPLJRV

3RUORGHPiVQRKD\HOHFFLyQ\HVWHPXQGRWDOFRPRHVVHUiWRGRWXSDWULPRQLR-$*R\WLVRORDVXKLMD-XOLD

$TXLHQHVWROH\HUH/DSURGXFFLyQVRFLDOGHTXLHQHVVRPRVHVXQFRPSOHMR\YDULDGRSURFHVRTXHDVRFLD

P~OWLSOHV HOHPHQWRV KHWHURJpQHRV 0XFKDV FLHQFLDV PHGLDQWH PXFKRV PpWRGRVLQWHQWDQGLOXFLGDUORHQGHWDOOH\DHVHHPSHxRHVWHOLEURDSRUWDQXPHURVDVSHUVSLFDFHVVXJHUHQFLDV/DGHVFULSFLyQGHVXVFRQWHQLGRVSULQFLSDOHVVHKDOODUiHQHOSUHIDFLRDTXtFRPRERWyQGHPXHVWUDGHYDQDUHPRVWDQVyOR\SDUFDPHQWHXQRGHORVKLORVGRUDGRVGHVX WUDPD&yPRKDFHQXHVWUDHVSHFLHGHVXVHMHPSODUHVLQGLYLGXDOHVVHUHV~QLFRVLQGLYLGXRV"8QD PLFURVRFLRORJtD UDGLFDO QR UHVSRQGH FRQ KLSyVWDVLV ILFWLFLRV DJHQWHV XQLWDULRVRODDEVWUDFFLyQGHODHVWUXFWXUDGHVXVUHODFLRQHVVLQRGHVGHODVVLWXDFLRQHVUHDOHV

GH LQWHUDFFLyQ ULWXDO HQ ODV TXH LQJUHGLHQWHV YDULDGRV FXHUSRV PHQWHV FRVDV VHFRPELQDQHQHIHUYHVFHQWHVULWXDOHVFRQVWUXLGRVFRQp[LWRGLYHUVR\GHODVTXHHPHUJHQFUHHQFLDV \ HPRFLRQHV SHUVRQDOLGDGHV \ YDORUHV PHPRULDV SUR\HFWRV HVSHUDQ]DV \DFFLRQHVHVWUXFWXUDV\PRUDOLGDGHV8Q ULWXDO GH LQWHUDFFLyQ 5, HV XQ HQFXHQWUR SDXWDGR HQWUH SHUVRQDV TXH PHMRU RSHRU KDQ DSUHQGLGR GH RWURV \ SRU H[SHULHQFLD SURSLD D SHUFLELU LQIHULU UHSURGXFLUGHVDUUROODU LPSURYLVDU HVDV SDXWDV 4Xp QR HV ULWXDO HQWRQFHV"4XL]i OR DQyPLFROR DUELWUDULR OR DOHDWRULR OR VRODPHQWH VRPiWLFR /RV LQGLYLGXRV VRQ SUHFLSLWDGRVWUDQVLWRULRVGHFDGHQDVGHULWXDOHVGHLQWHUDFFLyQ&5,SUHYLDVHLQJUHGLHQWHVGHODVVXEVLJXLHQWHV ODV VLWXDFLRQHV VRQ SURSLHGDGHV GH VX VLQWRQL]DFLyQ ULWXDO DPERV VRQHQWLGDGHVSURFHVRV HPHUJHQWHV GHO IOXMR GH XQD DJHQFLD OD HQHUJtD VRPDWRHPRWLYDTXHLQWHQVLILFDHOIRFRGHDWHQFLyQGHORVSDUWLFLSDQWHVTXHVHDXWRRUJDQL]DHQWRGDODSOXUDOLGDGGHHVWUXFWXUDV LQIRUPDWLYDVTXHFUHDQHQFDX]DQPRGXODQFRQIRUPDQ\VRQODVGLQiPLFDVGHORVHQFXHQWURVVLWXDGRV

/DPD\RU SDUWHGH ODYLGD VRFLDO IOX\HSRU FDXFHV ULWXDOHV UXWLQDULRV HVGLItFLO FUHDU

-RVp$JXVWtQ*R\WLVROR$QWRORJtD3HUVRQDO0DGULG9LVRU

7RGDFRQILJXUDFLyQFROHFWLYDODYLGDVRFLDOHQVXFRQMXQWRMXHJR\ODERUFRQIOLFWR\FUHDFLyQ\FDGDXQRGHVXVFRPSRQHQWHVHVXQDHVWUXFWXUDGLVLSDWLYD9pDVH,OLD3ULJRJLQH7DQVyORXQDLOXVLyQ"8QDH[SORUDFLyQGHOFDRVDORUGHQ%DUFHORQD7XVTXHWV


2/9

EXHQRV5,QXHYRV(QWRGRFDVRLQQRYDU\UHSHWLUVXSRQHQORPLVPRHOFRPSURPLVRDIHFWLYR\HLGpWLFRDGHIHQGHUFRQFHORODSUHVHQWHGHILQLFLyQORFDOGHODUHDOLGDGGHXQJUXSR$OFDERVRQODVFLUFXQVWDQFLDVFRPXQHVTXHFUHDQSUHVHUYDQRUHDQXGDQODVROLGDULGDGVRFLDO pVWDPLVPD HVHQFLDOPHQWHOR TXHGD VHQWLGRFRWLGLDQDPHQWH D ODYLGD


3/9

QRVSODFHQ\HYLWDPRVORVTXHQRVDIOLJHQRKDVWtDQDVtSURVSHUDQRGHFDHQDILFLRQHVLGHQWLGDGHV FUHGRV UHJODPHQWRV DPLVWDGHV (O RWUR JUDQ HIHFWR GH ORV 5, VRQVtPERORVSRUWiWLOHV WyWHPVLQWDQJLEOHVTXHGHOFRQWH[WRGHDFFLyQHQ HOTXH VXUJHQSXHGHQ SDVDU D FLUFXODU SRU 5, GH FRQYHUVDFLyQ R SRU 5, PHQWDOHV TXH OODPDPRVSHQVDPLHQWRWRGRVtPEROR WLHQHXQDKLVWRULD VRFLDO'HVXFDUJDHPRFLRQDOGHSHQGHTXHPiVDGHODQWHSXHGDUHHGLWDU5,TXHUHYLYDQOD((LQGLYLGXDO\JUXSDO(QWRQFHVVRPRVMXJXHWHVGHXQ PHFDQLVPRGHFRQVRQDQFLDHPRFLRQDOIRFDOL]DGDHQVLPEROL]DFLRQHV FRPSDUWLGDV TXL]i IRUWXLWD" /RV 5, ERUGDGRV QRV DSDVLRQDQ SRUTXHVXPHUJLUVH FRUSRUDO WRWDOPHQWHHQXQDLQWHUDFFLyQ VRFLDOKRQGDPHQWHVLQFURQL]DGD XQDJUDWDFKDUODXQEHVRXQDFDUFDMDGDFRPSDUWLGDXQDLGHDO~FLGDHVHOPD\RUSODFHUKXPDQR/RV5,VRQEXHQRV PHFDQLVPRV GH DSUHQGL]DMH VRFLDO FXDQWR PiV DFWLYD ODSDUWLFLSDFLyQODFRQVRQDQFLDHPRFLRQDOPD\RUHVHIHFWRVLGHQWLWDULRV\GHVROLGDULGDGJUXSDO


4/9

/RV PXQGRV VRFLDOHV VRQ FRQYHQFLRQDOHV FRQVWUXFFLRQHV FROHFWLYDV VRVWHQLGDV DPHQXGR HQ JUDQ PHGLGD SRU OD SHUH]D OD FRQIRUPLGDG OD FRQYHQLHQFLD OD IDOWD GHLPDJLQDFLyQHODSHJRTXHVHQWLPRVSRUDOJXQDVFRVDVYLHMDV\HOSDYRUDVHQWLUDEVXUGRVQXHVWURVILQHV\PRWLYRVHODPRUDFRPRQRVJXVWDUHFRQRFHUQRV\HOWHUURUDOYpUWLJR

H[LVWHQFLDO/DFRKHVLyQGHXQJUXSRKXPDQRORTXHFRQWLHQHODVLHPSUHDFHFKDQWHQDXVHDEXQGD\FHQWUtIXJDVHQVDFLyQGHLUUHDOLGDGGHIXWLOLGDGGHHUURUGHULYDGHODVROLGDULGDGPXWXD GH VXV PLHPEURV OD DEXQGDQFLD GLVWULEXFLyQ \ VRVWHQLELOLGDG GHpVWD HV SURGXFWR GH VXVSUiFWLFDV FXOWXUDOHV GH DIHFWLYDFLyQPXWXD HV GHFLU GH ORVPHFDQLVPRV ULWXDOHV GH HQIRTXH LQWHQVLILFDFLyQ \ WUDQVIRUPDFLyQ GH HPRFLRQHV TXHVXVFLWDQVROLGDULGDGPRUDOFRQFLHUWDVSHUVRQDVSUiFWLFDVRVtPERORV(QODSUiFWLFDHO5,EiVLFR\IXQGDPHQWDOHVHOGLiORJRSRUTXHFRQTXLHQQRVHSXHGHQLKDEODUFRQTXLHQQRVHHQWLHQGHXQRKDEODQGRPDOVHFRRUGLQDQDFFLRQHVPiVFRPSOHMDV\SRUTXHHOQ~FOHRGHOPHFDQLVPRTXHJHQHUDODFRQVRQDQFLDHPRFLRQDOHVHODMXVWH UtWPLFRGHORVDVSHFWRVXOWUDPLFURGHODLQWHUDFFLyQDTXtGHODFRQYHUVDFLyQ

/D WUDQVIRUPDFLyQ HPRFLRQDO TXH SURGXFHQ ORV5, ORJUDGRV JHQHUD LGHDOPHQWH XQDVROLGDULGDGPRUDOTXHHOFXUVRGHODV&5,VXEVLJXLHQWHVFRQVHUYDRPXGD(VWHIOXMRDIHFWLYR VLWXDGR HV IDFWRU FODYH GH ORV QH[RV PLFURDPLFUR HQ FX\D FRQFDWHQDFLyQFRDOHVFHQSDXWDVPDFURODVPiVLPSRUWDQWHVGHODVFXDOHVVRQODVTXHGHVGHXQSXQWRGHYLVWDPDFUROODPDPRVHVWUDWLILFDFLyQ/RV5,FODYHGHODHVWUXFWXUD\ODGLQiPLFDVRFLDOHV GH OD FRJQLFLyQ OD LGHQWLGDG OD DIHFWLYLGDG OD SHUVRQDOLGDG \ ODPRUDOLGDGLQGLYLGXDOHVVRQORVULWXDOHVGHHVWUDWLILFDFLyQSXHVVRPRVXQDHVSHFLHLUUHGLPLEOHPHQWHMHUiUTXLFD 5HFLELU DFDWDPLHQWR \ FRQVHJXLU FXPSOLPLHQWR VRQ FRVDV GLVWLQWDV

OD GLYHUVLGDG IUHFXHQFLD H LQWHQVLGDG GH ORV 5,GHSRGHU HQTXH VH WRPH SDUWH\ ODXELFDFLyQFHQWUDORSHULIpULFDTXHVHRFXSHHQHOORVGLFWDQTXLpQPDQGDTXLpQREHGHFHRORILQJHTXLpQFRQVLJXHORTXHTXLHUH\TXLpQQR\HQORV5,GHHVWDWXVTXLpQHVH[FOXLGRGHXQJUXSR\TXLpQDGPLWLGR\HQTXpSRVLFLyQ1XHVWURFRQVWDQWHMX]JDUDORVGHPiV\DQRVRWURVPLVPRVFRQDSUREDFLyQRQRVRQVtVWROH\GLiVWROHGHQXHVWUDOHDOLGHQWLILFDFLyQ\FRPSURPLVRHIHFWLYRFRQORVJUXSRVFX\DPHPEUHFtDQRVGHILQHVRFLDOPRUDOPHQWH/DHVWUXFWXUDVRFLDOFODVH JpQHUR HWQLDKRQRU HVWLORGHYLGDSRGHU VHFLPLHQWDHQ OD HVWUXFWXUD GHSURGXFFLyQ \ GLVWULEXFLyQ GH(( FX\R SRGHUPRWLYDFLRQDO HV HOJUDGRGHGHVFRQILDQ]DLPSOtFLWDTXHVHWHQJDHQHOUHVSDOGRTXHXQDPHPEUHFtDJUXSDOHVWDWXVHQ HO JUXSR \ UDQJRGH pVWH HQ OD HVWUXFWXUD VRFLDORWRUJXH DO SURSLR OXJDU\ ORV SURSLRV DFWRV DFWXDPRV LPSOtFLWDPHQWH DSR\DGRV HQ \ FRQ YLVWDV D PHMRUDUQXHVWUR DPRU SURSLR TXH QR HV XQD HPRFLyQ LQGLYLGXDOLVWD VLQR GH VLQWRQtD VRFLDOHOVHQWLPLHQWRGHTXHVHHQFDMDGHVX\RHQHOIOXLUGHODLQWHUDFFLyQFROHFWLYDTXHHOVHQWLU SHUVRQDO HV HPEOHPiWLFR GHO HVWDGR HPRFLRQDO TXHGRPLQDHO JUXSR(OKRPRRHFRQRPLFXVDQWHVTXHLQGLYLGXRFDOFXODGRUHVPLHPEURGHXQDFRPXQLGDGVLPEyOLFD\SUiFWLFDGHYDORUHV

)UDQVGH:DDO/DSROtWLFDGHORVFKLPSDQFpV$OLDQ]DGHP(OVLPLR\HODSUHQGL]GHVXVKL3DLGyV


5/9

/D SDUWLFLSDFLyQ HQ ORV 5, VXHOH HVWDU HVWUDWLILFDGD \ UHVXOWD HQ GHVLJXDOGDGHV HLQHTXLGDGHVGXUDGHUDV TXHDPHQXGRVHGHVFULEHQ HQ WpUPLQRV GH FODVHV+D\FODVHVVRFLDOHV FXDQGR KD\ JUXSRV TXH XVDQ VX SRGHU SDUD FUHDU \ VRVWHQHU HVD GLIHUHQFLDVLWXDFLyQ WUDV VLWXDFLyQ (O SRGHU HV XQD UHODFLyQ HQ OD TXH XQD SDUWH DVXPH TXH VX

FRQWUDSDUWHVLWXDFLRQDOGHWHQWD OD LQIRUPDFLyQGHFLVLYDSDUDHOHJLUVX VLJXLHQWHDFFLyQHQWUHODVDFFHVLEOHVHQHOPRPHQWRVREUHWRGRFXDQGRHVHRWURHVHOIDFWRUGHWHUPLQDQWHGHODVFRQGLFLRQHVPDWHULDOHVHQTXHODGHFLVLyQVHHQFXDGUD(ODVFHQGLHQWHGHODJHQWHDSRGHUDGR HPSRZHUHG GHVFDQVD HQ OD HIHFWLYLGDG TXH VH DWULEX\H D OD HVSHFtILFDFRPELQDFLyQ GH FRPSHWHQFLD FRHUFLWLYD \ SHUVXDVLYD TXH OH DFUHGLWDQ FRPR SRGHU/RV 5, LQWHQVRV FUHDQ LQVWLODQ UHSURGXFHQ \ DODUJDQ OD YLGD GH ODV LGHQWLGDGHVFROHFWLYDVFODVHVJUXSRVGHHVWDWXV UDQJRVORFDOHV/RVPHFDQLVPRV\ ODVWiFWLFDVGHGRPLQDFLyQPLFURVLWXDFLRQDOTXHUHVXOWDQPiV HILFDFHV HQFDGD VLWXDFLyQH[SOLFDQOD FRQVWUXFFLyQ VRFLDO GH UHODFLRQHV GH SUHVWLJLR \ SRGHU GLVSDUHV (VDV VLWXDFLRQHVGHVWLODQ KR\XQKHFKR KLVWyULFDPHQWH LQVyOLWR OD YLUWXDOH[WLQFLyQ GH ORV LQGLFDGRUHV

GH FDWHJRUtD R FODVH HQ OD PLFURLQWHUDFFLyQ VRFLDO OD IUDJPHQWDFLyQ JOREDO GH ORVPHUFDGRVPDWHULDOHV\VLWXDFLRQDOHVKDSURGXFLGRXQDSOpWRUDPXQGLDOGHFRPXQLGDGHVORFDOHVGHHVWDWXV\GLOXLGRODVLGHQWLGDGHVXQLYHUVDOHVGHFODVH ORFXDOXQLGRDODJHQHUDOL]DFLyQGHODHWLTXHWD LQIRUPDOQRSRUHOORPHQRVREOLJDWRULD WUDQVPLWHXQDHQJDxRVD DSDULHQFLD GH DPSOLD LJXDODFLyQ VRFLDO HVWUDWLILFDGD VyOR VREUH OD EDVH GHOSUHVWLJLR SHUVRQDO ORFDO /D OXFKD GH FODVHV FRPR YLYHQFLD SHUVRQDO VXHQD D UHODWRpSLFR DQWLJXR \ OD FRPSHWHQFLD HQWUH ULYDOHV FROHJDV FRPSDxHURV FRQPLOLWRQHVSDULHQWHV YHFLQRV FRQRFLGRV \ KDVWD GHVFRQRFLGRV HQ OD OL]D GHO FRQVXPR FRQVXPHEXHQDSDUWHGHODVHQHUJtDVFRWLGLDQDVGHWRGDVODVFODVHVVRFLDOHV

/RV5,VRQSURWRFRORVGHFRQVWUXFFLyQGHODUHDOLGDGVRFLDO&RRSHUDUHQODFUHDFLyQ\UHSURGXFFLyQGHULWXDOHVHVWDQQDWXUDOSDUDORVKXPDQRVFRPRXVDUKHUUDPLHQWDV(VFRQVHFXHQFLDGHQXHVWUDKDELOLGDGLQQDWDSDUDFRRUGLQDUUXWLQDVGHQXHVWUDLQFDSDFLGDGFRQJpQLWDSDUDKDFHUDOJRVLHPSUHGHOPLVPRPRGR\GHQXHVWUDLOLPLWDGDFDSDFLGDGSDUD DEXUULUQRV GH FXDOTXLHU FRQVWDQFLD 6HPRYLHQWHV KHOLRWURSRV DWHQWRV DDUULPDUQRVDO5,TXHPiVFDOLHQWDDFXGLPRVDHOORVDWUDtGRVSRUODRSRUWXQLGDGGHFRQVDJUDUFRPRUHDOXQDGHILQLFLyQGHQRVRWURVPLVPRVQXHVWUDVUHODFLRQHVRFUHHQFLDVTXHIDYRUH]FDQXHVWUDVH[SHFWDWLYDVIXWXUDV/DVRFDVLRQHVGHHQFXHQWUR\ORTXHSDUDDWUDHUDRWURVD GHWHUPLQDGRV 5, HQ HOODV VH RIHUWH (( VtPERORV FRQGLFLRQDQ HVWUXFWXUDOPHQWHFRQTXLpQ\FRQTXpLQWHQVLGDGVHLQWHUDFW~H/DVGLIHUHQFLDVLQGLYLGXDOHVGHFDSLWDOR UHQWD GH FDUiFWHU HPRFLRQDO \ VLPEyOLFR FUHDQ XQD HVWUXFWXUD PRWLYDFLRQDO GHPHUFDGR XQPHUFDGR GH LQWHUDFFLRQHV ULWXDOHV 3RU HQGH ODV HPRFLRQHV TXH ORV 5,SURFHVDQ VRQ ELHQHV R PDOHV \ SXHGHQ VHU PHUFDQFtDV \ H[WHUQDOLGDGHV +D\ FRVDVTXHHOGLQHURQRSXHGHFRPSUDUSHURWRGRSRVHHDOJXQDFDUJDGH((SRUHVRHVpVWDHOGHQRPLQDGRUFRP~QGHWRGDHOHFFLyQHQWUHFXUVRVVRFLDOHV7RGDV ODV DFWLYLGDGHV HFRQyPLFDV VRQ R FRPSUHQGHQ 5, FRQ FLHUWR JUDGR GH ((

(QHO GtD D GtD ORV PRYLOL]DFLRQHV \ FRQIOLFWRV HQ WRUQR D OD UD]D QHJURV JLWDQRV LQPLJUDQWHVLGHQWLILFDEOHVFRPRWDOHVRHOFXHUSRREHVLGDGWDEDTXLVPRDGLFFLyQDRWUDVGURJDVWy[LFDVVRQPiVLQWHQVRVTXHORVDUWLFXODGRVHQWpUPLQRVGHFODVHVVRFLDOHV


6/9

\ FRQ HO WLHPSR SXHGH DFXPXODU OD FRQILDQ]D R FDSLWDO VRFLDO LQGLVSHQVDEOH SDUDTXH VH SURGX]FDQ UXWLQDULDPHQWH WUDQVDFFLRQHV LPSHUVRQDOHV TXH D VX YH] SURYHDQODLQIUDHVWUXFWXUDPDWHULDOGHORV5,'HWDOGLQiPLFDGHULYDQODPRWLYDFLyQSHUVRQDOSDUDYLYLU\DFWXDU\ ODVGHFLVLRQHVVREUHTXpELHQHVVHGHVHD\HQTXpFRVWHVVHSXHGH\VHTXLHUHLQFXUULUSDUDFRQVHJXLUORV(QUHDOLGDGOD~QLFDUD]yQSDUDWUDEDMDUSURGXFLURLQYHUWLUHVREWHQHUORVUHFXUVRVQHFHVDULRVSDUDFHOHEUDU5,LQWHQVRVODUHOLJLyQHVHOFHQWURGH ODVVRFLHGDGHVSUHPRGHUQDVHOVHFWRUULWXDO GLQDPL]D WDQWRFRPRDEDUFDODHFRQRPtDPDWHULDO\HQODVVRFLHGDGHVPRGHUQDVHOPRWLYR~OWLPRGHODLQFRQFHELEOHGHVPHVXUDFRQTXHVHLQYLHUWHWUDEDMDSURGXFH\FRQVXPHHVHOp[LWRGHVRUELWDGRGHORV5,GHOFRQVXPRPDVLYR

&XDQGR HO FLFOR UHWURDOLPHQWDGR GH XQ 5, XQ ELHQ FROHFWLYR SURGXFLGR PHGLDQWHFRRSHUDFLyQ FROHFWLYD VDWLVIDFH ~QLFDPHQWH OD VDFLHGDG QDWXUDO R HGXFDGD R ODIDOWD GHPHGLRVPDWHULDOHV SDUD UHDQXGDUOROD QHFHVLGDG GH UHVWDXUDU HO GHVHRR GH

DYLWXDOODUVH GH ORV LQJUHGLHQWHV ItVLFRV \ VLPEyOLFRV UHTXHULGRV H[SOLFDQ TXH QRFRQWLQ~HLQGHILQLGDPHQWH$KRUDELHQVLODDOWD((HVWDQGHVHDEOH\ VRPRVWDQDSWRVSDUDFRRSHUDUSRUTXpWDQWRVELHQHVS~EOLFRVFRODSVDQRQXQFDVHSURGXFHQGHELGRDOSUREOHPDGHOJRUUyQ"$OFRQWUDULRVLVRPRVHJRtVWDVFyPRHVTXHKD\WDQWRVELHQHVS~EOLFRV HO VLVWHPD GH ELHQHVWDU VRFLDO HO YROXQWDULDGR OD XUEDQLGDG FRWLGLDQD"3DUWLFLSDUHQ5,GHDOWD((HVXQMXHJRGHFRRSHUDFLyQQHFHVDULDVLHPSUHTXHFRRSHUDUD FRUWR \PiV D~Q D ODUJRSOD]R JDUDQWLFH D FXDOTXLHU SDUWLFLSDQWHPiV ((TXH QRFRRSHUDULQFOXVRVLORVGHPiVQRORKDFHQ SHURFXiQGRVHGDQ\FXiQGRQR\SRUTXpHVDVFRQGLFLRQHV"/RV5,VRQIUXWRGHXQDFRRSHUDFLyQTXHUDUDYH]HVWiGHOWRGR

DVHJXUDGD(ODOWUXLVPRSXHGHVHUQDWXUDOHQWUHORVLPEXLGRVGHXQDLQJHQWH((SRUVXFRPXQLGDGULWXDO\HOFiOFXORH[WUHPRGHULYDUGHFROHFWLYRVULWXDOHVGRQGHHOQHJRFLRRHOGLQHURVRQORVREMHWRVFRQVDJUDGRV3DUDGDUFXHQWDGHSRUTXpRFXUUHORXQRRORRWURXRWUDFRVD HV QHFHVDULR LQYHVWLJDU LQ VLWX \ HQ WLHPSR UHDO ODV GLIHUHQFLDV HQ HO FDSLWDOGH (( \ HQ ORV UHFXUVRV VLPEyOLFRV VX XVR VXV H[SHFWDWLYDV HQ FDGD VLWXDFLyQ DWUDYpV GH ODV &5, HVWR HV ODV FRQGLFLRQHVPDWHULDOHV VLPEyOLFDV \ HPRFLRQDOHV GHODV GHFLVLRQHVPRUDOHV (VIRU]DUVH SRU GHVHPSHxDU ELHQ XQD LGHQWLGDG R SRVLFLyQ RSRU DSOLFDU GHWHUPLQDGD DSWLWXG R KDELOLGDG HV DFWXDU XQ URO TXH XQ JUXSR VDFUDOL]DFRPRVtPERORGHPHPEUHFtDLGHQWLILFDGRU([KRUWDUDRWURVDKDFHULJXDOHVXQWLSRGHULWXDOGHFRUUHFFLyQTXHDWLHQGHDWHQHUDUD\DDORVJRUURQHV\DDVHJXUDUODFRUUHFWDUHLWHUDFLyQ GH OD DFFLyQ FROHFWLYD eVWD HPHUJH GH 5, FX\R IRFR HPRFLRQDGR HV ODFRQFLHQFLDPXWXDGHORVSDUWLFLSDQWHVGHFRPSDUWLUUHVXHOWDPHQWHXQDPLVPDYROXQWDGGHDFFLyQ6XVDFWRVLQGLYLGXDOHVFRQFUHWRVVHDQVHQFLOORVWDWXDMHVFLQHVWpVLFRVRVXWLOHV

9pDVH 6DKOLQV 0DUVKDOO (FRQRPtD GH OD HGDG GH SLHGUD $NDO /RV FD]DGRUHVUHFROHFWRUHV \ ORV QyPDGDV R FDPSHVLQRV GH VXEVLVWHQFLD FXDQGR OD VDWLVIDFFLyQ GH ODV QHFHVLGDGHVFROHFWLYDPHQWHUHFRQRFLGDVFRPREiVLFDVHVWiDVHJXUDGDVXHOHQGHMDUGHWUDEDMDU\GHGLFDQHOWLHPSRDUHSRVDULQYHQWDUGLVWUDHUVHX RWUDV DFWLYLGDGHVULWXDOHV(Q ODVVRFLHGDGHVPRGHUQDVHVHSODQWHDPLHQWRVXHOHFRQGLFLRQDUVHDODSHUFHSFLyQGHDOJ~QLQJUHVRH[FHSFLRQDOGHO WLSRGHORVJUDQGHVSUHPLRVGHODORWHUtD

:LOOLDP3RXQGVWRQH(OGLOHPDGHOSULVLRQHUR$OLDQ]D


7/9

DFFLRQHVFRPSOHMDVHVVHURLQWHQWDUVHUXQDHQWXVLDVWD\SHULWDPHPEUHFtDVLPEyOLFDHQ DFFLyQ $FWXDU HV VLPEROL]DU \ VLPEROL]DUVH WRGD LQGLYLGXDOL]DFLyQ HV GH KHFKRXQDFROHFWLYL]DFLyQ\DODLQYHUVD3RUTXHDPRU\RGLRVRQVHPEODQWHVMiQLFRVGHOD((\SRUTXHHOYDORUGHXQVtPERORJUXSDOUHVLGHWDQWRHQHOGHVHTXLOLEULRGHIXHU]DVTXHFUHDHQWUHHOORV\QRVRWURVQXHVWUDV DJUXSDFLRQHV FRQ IUHFXHQFLD VRQ GHIHQVLYD X RIHQVLYDPHQWH DQWDJyQLFDVFRQWUD DOJR R DOJXLHQ 8Q HMHPSOR DFWXDO OD FXHVWLyQ GH IXPDU R QR IXPDU DOJRTXHSDUHFHI~WLOVLQUHODFLyQFRQDVXQWRVVHULRVFRPRODUHSXWDFLyQHOSUHVWLJLRRHOSRGHU SHUR HO WDEDFR KD VLGR FHQWUR GH5,PHGLDQWH ORV FXDOHVPRYLPLHQWRV VRFLDOHVSURPRWRUHVGHHVWLORVGHYLGDFRQWUDULRVKDQSXJQDGRSRU LPSRQHUGLVFXWLGDVMHUDUTXtDVGH HVWUDWLILFDFLyQ /RV RSRQHQWHV GHO WDEDFR OR VRQ GH ORV JUXSRV GRPLQDQWHV TXHVH UHFUHDQ HQ 5, FHQWUDGRV HQ pO \ HQ ORV TXH pVWRV IXQGDQ VX GRPLQLR VLWXDFLRQDOUHSXWDFLRQDORFDWHJRULDOODGHPRFUDWL]DFLyQGHVXFRQVXPRHVORTXHORKDKHFKR

GH pO XQD YXOJDULGDG LQVDOXEUH (Q pSRFDV KLVWyULFDV GLYHUVDV DO WDEDFR VH OH KDQDWULEXLGR HIHFWRV VHGDQWHV SRWHQFLDGRUHV GH OD FRQFHQWUDFLyQ ODERUDO R GHWRQDGRUHVGHOD GLYHUVLyQIHVWLYD\ ODH[FLWDFLyQ VH[XDO/DVHQVDFLyQLQGHILQLGDTXHSURGXFHVXLQJHVWLyQKDFHGHpOFRPRGHRWUDVVXVWDQFLDVPDWHULDSOiVWLFDLGyQHDSDUDLPEXLUORHQ ORV5, LQLFLiWLFRV \ GHPHPEUHFtDDGHFXDGRVGHOVLJQLILFDGR VHQWLGRDSURSLDGR DFDGDFDVRGHODVFR\ODUHSXJQDQFLDDORVVHQWLPLHQWRVGHYLULOLGDGRVDGtDRHOHJDQFLDRDOGHOLTXLRRODDGLFFLyQH[WUHPDFXDQGRGHELGRDODLQFXULDGHVXVDGHSWRVRSRUHOp[LWRGH5,DQWLWpWLFRVHOWDEDFRGHMDGHVHQWLUVHDVtGHMDGHVHUDVt

/RV 5, IXPtIHURV R QR FUHDQ FRQWHQLGRV R HQPDVFDUDQ VX DXVHQFLD 8QDLQWHUDFFLyQ VLQ VHQWLGR QL GHVLJQLR SXUD FRQVRQDQFLD SXHGH VHU VDWLVIDFWRULD\ JHQHUDU DSHJR D VXV SDUWLFLSDQWHV KXPDQRV \ D VXV DGPLQtFXORV QR KXPDQRV RUHVTXHPRUKDFLDRWURV(VWDSRGHURVD IXHU]D GHFRKHVLyQ\FRQIOLFWRVRFLDOGHEHVHUSRUQHFHVLGDGREMHWRSUHIHUHQWHGHFRQWUROVRFLDO/RVPRYLPLHQWRVGHHVWLORGHYLGDGH HVWDWXV RPRUDOHV OXFKDQ SRU GHILQLU TXp HV EXHQR \ TXp HV PDOR \ MHUDUTXL]DQFRQGXFWDV JUXSRV H LGHQWLGDGHV /D GLVSXWD VREUH HO FRQVXPR GH WDEDFR HQ OXJDUHVS~EOLFRV FRQWUDSRQH XQD GLVFLSOLQD FRQYHQLHQWH R QR \ XQD OLEHUWDG SHUQLFLRVD RQR RWURUD IXH XQD GLVFUHSDQFLD HQWUH HOHJDQWHV GLYHUWLGRV \ WHGLRVRV PRUDOLVWDV XQ FRQIOLFWR HQWUH VHQVLELOLGDGHV HPRFLRQDOHV DSROtQHRV \ GLRQLVtDFRV HVWRLFRV \HSLF~UHRV MRYLDOHV \ VDWXUQDOHV SXULWDQRV \ KHGRQLVWDV SDUUDQGHURV \ DJXDILHVWDVKR\ HV XQ DQWDJRQLVPR UDGLFDOL]DGR HQWUH JHQWH VDQD \ UHVSRQVDEOH H LQVROLGDULRVHQYHQHQDGRUHV /D FXHVWLyQ QR HV EDQDO SRUTXH ODV DFWLWXGHV VRQ DSWLWXGHVKDELOLGDGHVHPRFLRQDOHVFRPSHWHQFLDVpWLFDVFRPSHWLWLYDVRFRRSHUDWLYDVHQFDUQDGDVHQSUiFWLFDVGHDFFLyQFRQYHUVDFLyQRSHQVDPLHQWRPRUDOL]DGDV&XDQGRSHQVDPRVHOSHQVDPLHQWRQRVSDUHFHORPiVSURSLR\SHUVRQDOGHFDGDXQR

1RVHWRPHHVWRFRPRXQDViWLUDGH1LHW]VFKHRXQHVSHUSHQWRGHODGLDOpFWLFDPDU[LDQDHQWUH ODFODVHH[SORWDGD\RSULPLGD\ ODFODVHH[SORWDGRUDGRPLQDQWH+D\DOJRSURIXQGRHQHVWDGLVFRUGDQFLDGHORVKXPRUHVFRPRORUHYHODODSUHVHQFLDGHVXSDUDGLJPDHQHOLQLFLRPLVPRGHOPLWREtEOLFRODYLYLGRUD(YDFRQYHQFHDOSURER$GiQGHTXHODIUXWDSURKLELGDGHEHVDEHUPHMRU


8/9

\ORHVVLQGHMDUGHVHUDO WLHPSRORPiVVRFLDOTXHKD\HQQRVRWURV/DFLUFXODFLyQHQFRQYHUVDFLRQHVRFRPRSHQVDPLHQWRSULYDGRGHORVVtPERORVFUHDGRV\HPRFLRQDGRVHQ5,GHDFFLyQHVYLWDOSDUDODYLDELOLGDGFRPRDFWRUHLQWHUORFXWRUVRFLDOGHXQVHUKXPDQR(O SHQVDPLHQWR UHHODERUD 5, SUiFWLFRV \ FRQYHUVDFLRQDOHV EDMR FRQGLFLRQHVTXH HQFDX]DQ VX HYRFDFLyQ GH VLWXDFLRQHV UHFLHQWHV \ VX LGHDFLyQ GH SODXVLEOHVFRDOLFLRQHVDVRFLDFLRQHV PiV R PHQRV OLEUHV FRQ YLVWDV D HQFXHQWURV IXWXURV/D FRDOLFLyQ SULPHUD TXH XUGH HO SHQVDPLHQWR HV HO QLxRFRQVX UHG GH DJHQWHVVRFLDOL]DGRUHV SURFHVR TXH VH GHVDUUROODUi KDVWD DFDEDU XQ LQGLYLGXR DXWyQRPR ODFLUFXQVFULWDFRDOLFLyQTXHOODPDPRVXQRPLVPR(OSHQVDUH[WHUQRFROHFWLYRSRUHOGLiORJR DO LQWHULRUL]DUVH VH LQGLYLGXDOL]D SROLIyQLFR VROHPRV OODPDU \R D OD YR]FDQWDQWHDODTXHGLFHOD~OWLPDSDODEUD\FRQFOX\HODVROXFLyQODPRUDOHMDODGHFLVLyQSHUR SXHGH KDEHU RWUDV YRFDOHV LFyQLFDV FLQpWLFDVHWF/RVGHXWHUDJRQLVWDVFRURV\ FRULIHRV DGMXQWRV DO \R SURWDJRQLVWD SXHGHQ PXOWLSOLFDUVH OR TXH FXHQWD HV TXHOD FRQYHUVDFLyQ LQWHULRU HV HO FHQWUR GH QXHVWUD FRQFLHQFLD SHUVRQDO FRQWUDSXQWR R

SROLIRQtD YHUER R DFFLyQ IiXVWLFD R LPDJHQ SHQVDU HV SOiWLFD LQWHULRU VHFXHQFLD GHWXUQRVDOWHUQRVDSUHQGLGDHQODLQIDQFLDHQVLWXDFLRQHVGHVRFLDOL]DFLyQ

/DVWUD\HFWRULDVGHHQFXHQWURVR&5,PROGHDQSHUVRQDOLGDGHVIUDJXDQWHPSHUDPHQWRVIRUMDQ TXLHEUDQ R FRURPSHQ FDUDFWHUHV (Q HVH IOXMR GH HQHUJtD \ VtPERORV XQLQGLYLGXRHVFRQGXFWRUUHVLVWHQFLDLQGXFWRUDLVODQWHDFXPXODGRU(QXQDVRFLHGDGFRPSOHMDFDOLGRVFRSLRGHHQFXHQWURVKHWHURJpQHRVODJHQWHHVWRGDGLVWLQWD\SURWHLFDHFRVLVWHPDV PHQWDOHV GH FRQVLVWHQFLDV H LQFRQVLVWHQFLDV RULJLQDOLGDGHV ULJLGHFHVDPELJHGDGHV\DPELYDOHQFLDV(OSRGHU\HOUDQJRHVFXOSHQHOFDUiFWHUORVWLHPSRV

KDFHQODVFRVWXPEUHV/DPRGHUQLGDGHVPRYLOLGDGDJUDQYHORFLGDG\VXUHYROXFLRQDGRPRWRU HV XQDPD\RUPiV KRQGD GHOLEHUDGD UHIOH[LYD H LQWURYHUWLGD LQWHULRULGDG /DLQWURYHUVLyQ WtSLFDPHQWH PRGHUQD OD QHXURVLV KLSHUUHIOH[LYD HV OD LQWHQVLILFDFLyQIUXWRGH UHGHVFRPSOHMDVGHYDORUIORWDQWHGHWLSRVPiVDQWLJXRVGHLQWURYHUVLyQHQWRGR FDVR SHUVRQDV FX\DV WULEXODFLRQHV \ UHVDUFLPLHQWRV VRQFDUQH GH OD FDUQH GH ODFRQGLFLyQ VRFLDOKXPDQDHWHUQD1XHVWUDYLGDPHQWDOR LQWHOHFWXDOHV ODFRQVHFXHQFLDSVtTXLFDGHQXHVWUDVKDELOLGDGHVLQQDWDVUHILQDGDVRDGTXLULGDVGHLQYHQWDUWUDQVIRUPDU\ UHFRPELQDU VtPERORV \ SDUD XWLOL]DUORV SDUD DFWXDU FRRUGLQDGDPHQWH FRQ RWURV /DKLVWRULDGHOSHQVDPLHQWR\GHOVHQWLPLHQWRORHVGHXQDSLUiPLGHWUyILFDGHLQQ~PHURVHVWDWXVQLFKR \ UROHVHVSHFLHV JHQHUDOLVWDV \ HVSHFLDOLVWDV DXWyWURIRV GHSUHGDGRUHVSDUiVLWRV FRPHQVDOHV VLPELRQWHV D ODV TXH HO VRFLRWRSR RIUHFH PDWHULDOLGDGHV \VtPERORVFRQORVTXHFXOWLYDU5,DSDUWLUGHORVFXDOHVPHWDEROL]DU((/DFXOWXUD\VXVJUXSRV\VXVLQGLYLGXRVPXGDHYROXFLRQDHVXQDIDVFLQDQWH\FUHDWLYDFRQWRUVLRQLVWDIXQiPEXODHQSHUHQQHSURFHVRGHDSUHQGL]DMH\DGLHVWUDPLHQWR

(OSHQVDPLHQWRFLQpWLFRHVHOQ~FOHREiVLFRGHOFRQRFLPLHQWRWiFLWRSUiFWLFRLQFOXLGDODSUD[LVGHOUD]RQDPLHQWRWHyULFR9pDQVH'DYLG%ORRU&RQRFLPLHQWRHLPDJLQDULRVRFLDO*HGLVD\+DUU\&ROOLQV\0DUWLQ.XVK7KHVKDSHRIDFWLRQV&DPEULGJH0DVV0,7

&XDQGRDSDUHQWDPRQyORJRHORWURHVWiHOtFLWRGHORFRQWUDULRFRQTXLpQKDEODQHOH[TXLVLWR0DUFHORODVXIULGD0ROO\VLQRHVFRQHOFDOODGROHFWRU"&RQTXLpQHVWR\KDEODQGR\R"

,QGLYLGXRV LQWHOHFWXDO R GHYRFLRQDOPHQWH GHPDVLDGR HVSHFLDOL]DGRV pOLWHV H[LJXDV \ GLVSHUVDVSHUVRQDVTXHSUHILHUHQDVXFRUD]yQVXVDVXQWRV


9/9

/RV WLSRV GH LQGLYLGXRV \ ORV LQGLYLGXRV PLVPRV VRPRV FRQVWUXFFLRQHV VRFLDOHVKLVWyULFDVHIHFWRVLHPSUHGHODVFRQGLFLRQHVHFROyJLFDVTXHHQPDUFDQQXHVWURFDUiFWHUGH VHUHV TXH HQWUH VXV RSRUWXQLGDGHV YLWDOHV SUHILHUHQ DTXHOODV LQWHUDFFLRQHV \VtPERORV TXH PD[LPL]DQ OD FDUJD GH (( GH VX FDSLWDO VLPEyOLFR \ TXH RSWLPL]DQ

VXV FROHFWLYRV\ UHGHVVRFLDOHV VLQWHWL]DGRV HQ5, VXV OXJDUHV HQHOORV \ OD(( TXHJHQHUDQIHWLFKL]DGRVWRGRVHQVtPERORV4XHQXHVWUDYLGDHLGHQWLGDGSHUVRQDOHVHVWpQLQWUtQVHFDPHQWHPHGLDGDVSRUVtPERORVDFX\RWUDYpVODVYLYLPRVTXHVRQODHVWUXFWXUDPLVPDGHQXHVWUDFRQFLHQFLDQRPHQRVFDEDQXHVWUDKXPDQLGDG/DLQWHUDFFLyQVRFLDODTXHOOD WDQ SUy[LPD \ PDJQpWLFD TXH ORV VLVWHPDV QHUYLRVRV GH ORV SDUWLFLSDQWHV VHVLQFURQL]DQ \ VH DUPRQL]DQ HQ ULWPRV \ DQWLFLSDFLRQHV PXWXDV SURGXFH VtPERORVHPRWLYDPHQWH PRUDOL]DGRV VX HQFDGHQDPLHQWR HV HO GLVFXUULU GH OD YLGD VRFLDO GHOTXH ORV LQGLYLGXRV VRPRV FRUULHQWHV WUD]RV \ UHPROLQRV TXH WUDQVSRUWDQ \ GLVSRQHQGH QXHYRV PRGRV REMHWRV IORWDQWHV FRPR VtPERORV R FRVDV D YHFHV GLVFHUQLEOHVDO IRUPDU QXPHURVRV XQ EUD]R GH FRUULHQWH GLVWLQJXLEOH GHO UHVWR RWUDV XQD EUHYH

VDOSLFDGXUDGHHVSXPDVLHPSUHDOILQGLVXHOWRVHQHOWUDQVFXUULUGHOWRGR

Randall Collins - Una sociología radical de las cadenas de rituales de interacción

Documents

Transcript of Randall Collins - Una sociología radical de las cadenas de rituales de interacción