Resumen Temas Prueba 1

7/30/2019 Resumen Temas Prueba 1

1/21

Est en ingls, pero es MUY BUENO, EST TOOOOODO (lo de Hitler no entra en estaprueba, pero igual les sirve)

I.B HistoryPaper One

Peacemaking, Peacekeeping and International Relations 1918-36

Jack Gwinnett (EL NIO QUE HIZO EL RESUMEN)

Treaties (Wartime)

Wartime treaties:

Treaty of London (1915)o Brought Italy into the war, in exchange for the promise that in the case of

Allied victory, Italy would receive a large amount of land. McMahon Declaration (1915)

oBritish promised to support Arab independence if they rebelled against theTurkish

Sykes-Picot Agreement (1916)o France and the UK defined their spheres of influence in the middle east

BritainMesopotamia FranceSyria Shared/internationalPalestine

Balfour Declaration (1917)o British Foreign secretary wrote to the British Zionist Federation, promising

support for a national home (in Palestine) for the Jews. Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (Mar. 1918)

o Russia-Germany Russia gives up Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, Finland, Poland, Ukraine

and Georgia.o Following German defeat, most become independent states.

The aims of the big 4


2/21

FranceWeaken Germany; Financially, territorially, Militarily

Clemenceau wantedo Return of Alsace-Lorraine (taken in 1871)o Rhineland to become an independent state.o

Demilitarization of Germanyo ReparationsUSATo make the world safe for Democracy Wilson

Wilson wanted:o Nationalities choose who they are ruled byo Disarmamento Freedom of navigationo Free Trade

WILSONS 14 POINTS. LEARN THEM ALL.1. Open Covenants of peace, openly arrived at...2. Absolute freedom of navigation upon the sea in peace and war3. The removal, so far as possible, of all economic barriers and the establishment of an

equality of trade conditions4. Adequate guarantees given and taken that national armaments will be reduced to the

lowest point consistent with domestic safety.5. A free, open minded, absolutely impartial adjustment of all colonial claims the

interests of the populations concerned must have equal weight with the equitableclaims of the government whose is to be determined

6. The evacuation of all Russian territory and such a settlement of all questionsaffecting Russia as will secure the best and freest co-operation of the other nationsof the world

7. Belgium must be evacuated and restored, without any attempt to limit thesovereignty, which she enjoys in common with all other free nations...

8. All French territory should be freed and the invaded portions restored, and thewrong done to France by Prussia in 1871 in the matter of Alsace-Lorraine shouldbe righted.

9. A re-adjustment of the frontiers of Italy should be effected along clearlyrecognizable lines of nationality.

10.The peoples of Austria-Hungaryshould be accorded the freest opportunity ofautonomous development.

11.Rumania, Serbia and Montenegro should be evacuated; occupied territory restored:Serbia accorded free and secured access to the sea; .

12.The Turkish portions of the present Ottoman Empire should be assured a securesovereignty, but the other nationalities, which are now under Turkish rule, should beassured an undoubted security of life and an absolutely unmolested opportunity of


3/21

autonomous development, and the Dardanelles should be permanently opened.Under international guarantee.

13.An independent Polish state should be erected which should be assured a free andsecure access to the sea

14.A general association of nations must be formed under specific covenants for thepurpose of affording mutual guarantees of political independence and territorialintegrity to great and small states alike.

Countries responses to the points:

FranceSceptical that the LoN would work, Clemenceau found Wilson annoying. BritainHATED point #2 ItalyItaly was promised land in which many non-Italian nations lived, which

disagreed with the points.

All agreed to sign despite this, as they feared the US would seek a separate treaty with theGermans.

The Treaty of VersaillesGermany (June 1919)

Considered as a Diktat by the Germans saw it as a dictated peace.

The Terms:

Territory Lost:

1. Alsace-Lorraine to France2. West Prussia and Posen to Poland3. North Schleswig to Denmark4. Eupen and Malmedy to Belgium5. Danzig becomes an international City, while only Poland may use it as a port.6. The Saar placed under LoN control for 15 years. French had the coal-mines for 15

years. A Plebiscite would be held in 15 years.7. Upper SilesiaVoted in a Plebiscite, Poles receive the land, containing of

mines.

Also lost all colonies in Africa/China/Pacific

Economic stuff:


4/21

Germany lost 10% of industrial capacity, but some hit much hardere.g. the IronOre industry lost 48%

Later (1921) Reparations instatedo Germany ordered to pay 6,600 milliono To be paid in instalments, not only in gold but also in raw goods e.g. pig

iron, foodstuffsWar Guilt:

Article 231o The Allied and associated governments declare, and Germany accepts the

responsibility for, all the loss and damage suffered by the Allied andassociated governments as a consequence of the war imposed upon them bythe aggression of Germany and her allies.

Military Restrictions:

1. German Army limited to 100,000 volunteers, enlisted for 12 year periods of service.Conscription forbidden.

2. Germanys general staff was abolished3. No air force, only 6 battle battleships, no submarines tanks or heavy artillery.4. Germany was ordered to surrender its entire Fleet Consequently, the German navy

chose to sink its entire fleet, rather than hand it over to the French of British.5. Permanent Demilitarization of the left bank of the Rhine, and within 50 kilometres

of its right bank.6. Occupation of the Rhineland by Allied military forces for 15 years.

The Treaty of St. GermaineAustria (Sept. 1919)

Recognised the new independent states Refused to recognise the new Government as a new-state,

o As such still had to: Pay Reparations Accept War Guilt Military Limitations

Italy received nearly all the land promised in the Treaty of LondonTerritorial losses:

1. Bohemia and Moravia went to Czechoslovakia


5/21

2. Dalmatia and Bosnia-Herzegovina went to Yugoslavia3. Istria, Trentino and South Tyrol was given to Italy4. Galicia went to Poland5. Bukovina was given to Romania

Total Population Change: 22 Million => 6.5 Million

Territory losses:

1. North Macedonia was given to Yugoslavia2. Western Thrace, given to Greece3. Dobrudja given to Romania

The Treaty of NeuillyBulgaria (Nov. 1919)

Was forced to accept:

Reparations Military limited to 20,000 men Lost access to Aegean Coastline

The Treaty of Trianon-Hungary (June 1920)The treaty was delayed until 1920 due to civil unrest including:

A war with Romania in 1919 Eventually signed afterelections in January 1920

Communist takeover in 1919 Obligatory order of having to payreparations Military limit: 35,000

Territory Losses:

Total population change: 21 Million => 7.5 Million

Slovakia and Ruthenia => Czechoslovakia


6/21

1. Croatia and Slovenia => Yugoslavia2. Transylvania => Romania3. Burgenland => Austria

The Treaty of Svres (August 1920)

1. Straits of Dardanelles placed under control of an international Commission, openfor all countries to use as a shipping lane.

2. Turkey lost all rights to Sudan and Libya, forced to recognise French Morocco andTunis, British Egypt and Cyprus.

3. Saudi Arabia became independent4. Syria, Mesopotamia (Iraq) and Palestine became LoN mandates5. Greece received Turkish Aegean Islands and Eastern Thrane. Also to administer the

area around Smyrna, for 5 years.

Kurdistan was to become autonomous; Armenia was to become independent.

The Mandate System

The states that became mandates were previous colonies or annexed areas which hadbelonged to the form Ottoman and German Empires. Rather than be perceived as simpleimperialism, they were given to the LoN, who then distributed the countries amongstmember states.

Three Categories of Mandate:

1. Most developed areasGiven provisional independence but were subject to theadministrators control until they were capable of full independence.

Syria> France. Subsequently divided into two Mandates, Syria and Lebanon. Mesopotamia (Iraq) and Palestine -> Britain. In 1921 the state of Transjordan was

created.

1. Trusteeship status. The administrators had direct control of the state, but weresubjet to certain regulations which were aimed to safeguard the rights of theindigenous people.

Tanganyika -> Britain. Became independent in 1960 Togoland and Cameroons -> France. Both became independent in 1961. Ruanda-Urundi -> Belgium. Rwanda and Burundi given independent in 1961.


7/21

All mandates were allocated in May 1919. Countries entrusted with Mandates had to reportevery year to the LoN, but the Mandates Commission had limited powers and could onlyask for written evidence.

Integral portions of the territory of the mandate power, i.e virtual annexation. This was

determined because of the sparseness of population, isolation or simple size.

South West Afruca (Namibia) -> S Africa. New Guinea -> Australia. Western Samoa -> New Zealand Islands north of Equator in the Western pacific -> Japan.

The Middle Eastern Mandates:

The only Arab territory to be granted total independence was in 1920, the areathat later became Saudi Arabia and was ruled by Sherif Hussein.

Considered by the Arabs as a thinly veiled takeover of the region by Britain andFrance.

o Violent Arab protests occurred through 1920/21. In order to appease,Britain instated Husseins sons, Abdullah and Feisal as amirs of Transjordanand Mesopotamia, but these were not independent.

o TransjordanRecognised in 1923 as an independent state ruled by AmirAbdullah, but still under British authority.

Throughout the 1920s/1930s, Britain allowed more independencewhile retaining influence over the government andmilitary. Formally granted full independence in 1946, Abdullahas king.

IraqIn 1930, in preparation for the ending of the Mandate, Britainsigned an Anglo-Iraqi treaty with King Feisal. This provided a 25military alliance and retention of British air bases in Iraq. In 1932Iraq became independent.

Syria and LebanonFrance was much more reluctant to hand overindependence, as it feared this would lead to French NorthernAfrican colonies to expect the same treatment.

In 1936, the French Government drafted treaties with both,which granted independence provided that France was stillconsulted for foreign policy issues and that France couldretain military bases.

This was not ratified by the French Chamber, soindependence was delayed until 1946 with Britainpressuring.

Arab Jewish tensions in Palestine:

Tensions escalated in 1920


8/21


9/21

o League resolved the Aaland Islands dispute between Sweden and Finland,awarding them to Finland.

o Mosul (1923-24) League settled a dispute between Turkey and Iraq over Mosul.

Turkey accepted that it should remain part of Iraq.

Greek-Bulgarian clash (1925) League helped avert a Balkan war between Greece andBulgaria, fining Greece for a border attack on Bulgaria.

In this case, the LoN acted very swiftly, coming intoemergency session and passing a resolution insisting animmediate end to hostilities.

Plebiscites:

The League successfully managed four blebiscites:

1911 Eupen and Malmdy

Were awarded to Belgium

1920 Schleswig

Was divided between Germany and Denmark

1920 Allenstein & Marienwerder

Were largely awarded to Germany

1921 Upper Silesia

Was partitioned between Poland and Germany. The LoN Council drew up a line for theborder between Poland and Germany, and provided for free movement across the border sothat Upper Silesia could remain an economic unit. Neither Germany nor Poland weresatisfied, but both signed the agreement in May 1922

Early League failures:

Polands seizure of Vilna (1920):o Fighting occurred in 1919-20 between Poland and Lithuania over Vilna.

Poland won through force until 1922. The LoN tried to get a polishagreement to hand over Vilna but failed.

o The Conference of Ambassadors awared Vilna to Polan in 1923


10/21

o Russo-Polish War (1920-21) 1920-21 saw war between Poland and Russia. Poland made

substantial gains, which were recognised by Russia in The Treaty ofRiga (1921). League was unable to exert any influence over thefighting.

Greek-Turkish War (1920-23) In a direct challenge to the treaty of Sevres, Turkey

successfully waged war against Greece. The LoN was unable to play a role in ending the conflict;

instead the Allies negotiated a revised settlement [Lausanne]in 1923

Lithuanias seizure of Memer (1923) Memel was a German speaking, East Prussian port,

confiscated from Germany in the ToV. It wasanticipated that Lithuania would be handed the port.

Lithuania lost patience in 1923 and occupied it. TheConference of Ambassadors attempted to negotiate anagreement over Polish access and the Germanspeakers, but Lithuania would not accept. Deferred toLoN

LoN eventually created an agreeable conclusion, butPoland and Germany were unhappy.

Geopolitical and Economic Impacts of treaties.

Geopolitical

USA failed to join the League of Nations (wasnt ratified by congress), and as suchno military guarantee between US and France came into existence.

Generic Treaty of Versailles caused Hitler it made the Germans angry, butdidnt weaken them enough to make that anger futile.

The Genoa Conference (April-May 1922)o International conference aiming to discuss disarmament and economic

recovery. Conference didnt achieve anything, except forcing German andthe USSR away, and eventually signing the Rapallo Pact.

o Italian resentment at not getting Fiume or Dalmatia islandsHelpedMussolini come into power in 1922, by relying on the heavily nationalisticsentiment of angry Italians.


11/21

o The Treaty of Rapallo (1992)Outcasts hug each other. This was reinforced later in the Treaty of Berlin Trade and financial co-operation Secret military agreements, including provision for Germany to

secretly test military equipment on Russian soil, thus evading ToV

restrictions. Co-operate against Poland, because both had lost land.

Locarno and the Locarno Spring (1925)Stresemann wanted a security pact betweenGer-Fra-Bri, in ordered to get the Treaty of Versailles terms revised put out feelers inJanuary-February of 1925. Ended up being between Bri-Fra-Ita-Ger and Belg

Took until Sept 1925 for meeting to come about, signed in London on December1925.

1. Belgium, France and Germany accepted the western borders of Germany, includingthe demilitarized Rhineland, as the ToV.

2. Britain and Italy acted as guarantors of the Franco-German-Belgian borders.Breaches would mean Britain and Italy to intervene.

3. Breaches of Franco-German-Belgian borders in the west would be referred to LoN.4. Germany would not confirm its acceptance of Eastern frontiers. But signed

arbitration treaties with Poland and Czechoslovakia committing itself to settledisputes with her eastern neighbours peacefully.

5. France renewed its treaties with Czech/Poland in an attempt to soothe them.

Results:

Germany treated as an equal Promised a period of international co-operation. Treaty of Berlinkeep Russia on side Foreign ministers of Ger, Fr and Bri got Nobel peace prizes.

Germany should enter LoN (took a seat on council in September in 1926).


12/21

Economic

Country

Borrowed from USA

Borrowed from Great Britain

Borrowed from France

France

$3,991 million

$3,030

n/aRussia, Italy (+ other)

$3,209 million

$8,141

$3,463

Great Britain

$4,661 million

n/a

n/a

America wanted its loans backthe EU complained that they needed the reparation money.Britain had also lent out money, but promised to only collect as much as it needed to pay

back the USeffectively halving most EU debt.

Ruhr Crisis (1923)In December 1922, the Reparations Commission ruled that Germanyhad failed to keep to the agreed timber deliveries.


13/21

Raymond Poincare decided to send in 60,000 French (and Belgian troops into theRuhr.

o The Ruhr contained 80% of Germanys steel and 70% of its coal.o In response, the Germans ordered the Ruhr workers to commence passive

resistance (strike), and suspended all reparations.

Hyperinflation crisis (1922/1923)German weak economy/print happy along withGerman response to the Ruhr. Government printed lots of paper money.

In 1923 - 2000 printing presses were working constantly. Schacht (under the order of Stresemann) introduced the retenmark

(10,000,000,000,000 old marks).

The Dawes PlanCame about after Britain suggested to US that a team of experts be

formed to considerer the reparations debacle. Consequently, a committee under AmericanCharles Dawes, met in Paris from Jan-April 1924 .

Dawes Plan was accepted at the London conference (July-August 1924)1. Germany was to receive an initial loan of $200 million from USA and others.2. The Dawes plan did not alter the total amount of reparations to be paid, but the

payments were rescheduled, starting at 1000 million gold marks in the first year,increasing to 2500 million from the fifth year onwards.

3. In order to ensure that Germany paid her instalments of reparations, specificGerman taxes and bonds were identified and earmarked for that purpose.

4. A reparations Agency was established to supervise the new arrangements.5. The French promised Germany that they would evacuate the Ruhr within a year.

The Young plan (1929)After discussion by LoN, new plan to replace the Dawes Plan.Committee of financial experts, chaired by Owen Young met in Paris in February 1929 put forward its report in June 1929.

1. Reduced Reparations 132,000 million -> 121,000 million.2. Germany was to pay an annual sum until 19883. Lowering of annual repayments4. Reparations Agency abolishedreplaced with a Bank for International

Settlements in Switzerland who would supervise.

5. Another foreign loan to Germany - $300 million

Lausanne Conference (1932)Suspended reparations for 3 years, and lowered the bill tojust 2% of the original 1921 figure. When Hitler came into power in 1933, he declared NOMORE.


14/21

Agree for all Allied troops to be withdrawn from the Rhineland by June 1930. Britain wasout by 1929.

Disarmament

The ToV had two articles:

Article 8Plans are to be drafted by the Council for the general reduction ofnational armaments.

Article 9A permanent advisory commission on armaments is to be appointed.Washington Conference (1921-22)

Conference of major naval powers met in Washington in November 1921o Led to several treaties later on.o Was an initiative of the US, who were worried about setting of China by

attacking during the warlord era.

Four-Power Treaty (USA, Britain, France & Japan); December 1921

1. Ended Anglo-Japanese alliance.2. Agreed to recognise each others possessions in the Pacific and, in the event of

controversy, attempt to reach a diplomatic solution.

Five-Power Treat (USA, Britain, Japan, France & Italy); February 1922

1. Agreed to a total tonnage ratio in capital warships, fixed at 5-5-3-1.75-1.75respectively

2. Introduced a 10-year building holiday on capital ships.3. The USA and Britain agreed not to construct a new fortresses or naval bases

in the Western Pacific.

Nine-Power Treaty (USA, Britain, France, Japan, Italy, Belgium, China, Netherlands &

Portugal); February 19221. Agreed to respect Chinas sovereignty.2. Agreed to the Open Door whereby all countries were to have equal trading rights

in China.3. Agreed to discuss problems of common interest.


15/21

London Naval Conference (1930)

Sought to extend the Washington Naval treatieso

Agreed to extension for a further 5 years. o Agreed on regulation of submarines but Ita&Fra argued over destroyers andcruisers.

Eventually USA,GB and JP agreed on a 10:10:6 ratio.

London Naval Conference (1935-36) Wanted more extensions, but Japan wanted parity with US and Britain, and then

walked out.o US Britain and France agreed to a further 6 year no build light cruisers.

The Geneva Disarmament Conference (1932-34)Took five (5) years to prepare for...

The underlying issue was the balancing of forces between Germany and France

Germany demanded parity, either France reduce from 600,000 to 100,000orGermany can even up.

Britain and the USA were sympathetic to Germany, but did not want to give France all therestrictions on Germany.

Several adjournments followed, including a German refusal to take place.Another meeting takes place, to convince Germany to come backagree equality of rightsin a system which would provide security for all nations

Germany re-enter talks, but Hitler has taken power.


16/21

October 1933Germany walks out, using the We want Parity, and says theyre leavingthe LoN.

The Great Depression

Wall Street Crash (October 1926)

Started on 29th October 192916 million shares are greatly reduced prices. Prices continued to fall until July 1933, stop prices were at 15% of their value in

October 1929o Estimated losses of $74 billion (UK billion or US? - Doesnt say.)o In 1931-1933, banking crisis hit USA and a lot of Europe banks collapsed.

(Northern Rock).o Governments tried to protect themselves through Protectionism Raising Tariff barriers against imported goods.

This started a Tariff War Britain in 1932 created anImperial Preference System

World trade fell by about from 1929-1931, and even by 1938 it was only 40% ofthe 1929 value.

Impacts:

Worldwide confidence drop in capitalism and in parliamentary democracy.o Germany and Japan hit hardest (they went war crazyLINK)o Caused Hitlers uprising Germany

Germany was reliant on US loanscapitalist democracy. The year before great Depression, Nazis had 3% of vote. As

unemployment rose, the Nazis gained 17% of the seats and becamesecond biggest party.

At the unemployment pea in 1932, Nazis had 37% of seats inReichstagPresident Hindenburg thus appointed Hitler chancellorin January 1933.

Japan get pissedforeign policy change Up to the Wall St. CrashJapan was expansionist, taking

Taiwan from China and Korea from Russia in 1905. Also hadheld a good relationship with west; LoN, Naval Treaties,even nice to China.


17/21

Post-CrashRadical change in foreign policy, move intoauthoritarian style of politics; undermining of parliamentarysystem and growing influence of the military.

ResultsSilk prices dropped to 20% of the 1923 figure, halfof Japanese farmers reliantblamed the government, and

decided working with the West would be counterproductive. Instead, they decide imperial aggression is the best course ofaction

Invasion of Manchuria1931 Full scale China invasion1397 Occupation of Indo-China1940 Pearl Harbour1941, which made our sugar daddy

(USA) join WW2.

Hitler aggressionNot very much Paper 1, but we can link.

Hitlers foreign policy aims

Re-armament of Germany LebensraumLiving space for the German Master Race, GrosswirtschaftsraumGreater Economic Space

o Hitler envisioned German dominion over the whole of Eastern Europe andthe West part of Russia. The Slavs would work as Slaves for the Super-Saiyans (Arians).

Revisions of the Versailles Treaty (1935-1936)Britain were being sympathetic to thehardships, hurray appeasement.

Reunion with the Saar (January 1935).o Inhabitants of the Saar, run by the LoN since 1920, voted a vast majority in

favour of reunion with Germany.o Reintroduction of conscription and Hitlers announcement of rearmament

(March 1935). Announced intention to create an army of 550,000 men, and that he

was already building an air force. Britain and France alarmed, meet in April 1935 for a Stresa Front,

saying Well fight if he breaks any more rules, right?

This fell apart after the Anglo-German Naval Convention(look down) and the Abyssinia Crisis.

Anglo-German Naval Convention (June 1935) Agreed that Germany could have a navy which was

35% the tonnage of the British one. This was a directviolation of the ToV terms.


18/21

Re-militarising the Rhineland (March 1936) Encouraged by fall apart of Stresa Front, and

international focus on Abyssinia. League of Nations condemned, but

neither France not Britain did

anything.

Manchuria/Mukden Incident1931-33

Growth of militarism in Japan

Following the impact of the Great Depression, Japanese nationalists saw Manchuriaas a tempting targetlarge, heavy amount of minerals, and most importantJapanalready had troops there.

o Unemployment at 2.6 Million in 1930, exports halved.o Since the 1904-5 Russo-Japanese War, Japan had control of Korea, by late

1920 also held the South Manchurian Railway, and the Southern Peninsula;Liaodong.

o Japan were worried that the Nationalist government of China, led by ChiangKai-Shek would end their concessions in Manchuria because theNationalists were nationalistic. The Warlord running Manchuria, ZhangXueliang really wanted the Japanese expelled.

The Mukden IncidentSept 1931

In September 1931, the Japanese area in Manchuria (known as the KwantungArmy) staged The Mukden incident, blowing up part of the South ManchurianRailway whilst blaming on the Chinese.

The Kwantung Army then occupied most of Manchuria, as obviously this was anact of war.

Fighting escalated briefly in January 1932 when skirmishes broke out in Shanghaibetween Chinese troops and Japanese Marines (The Marines were defendingJapanese people/stuff in the international quarter). The Japanese used aerialbombing.

The incident was not backed the government, but was decided by Kwantungofficers, with the loose go-ahead from some upper officials.

In May 1932, nationalist officers assassinated Prime Minister Inukai who had beenattempting to reach a diplomatic solution, which would have ended in Chinaregaining sovereignty over Manchuria.


19/21

China

Little resistance, Chiang Kai-shek ordered Zhang Xueliang to withdraw his forces. A truce was eventually signed in May 1933

LoN

Slow and weak, due to the complex nature of china.

Little EU sympathy for China, Chiang Kai-Shek was trying to Curb Europeaninfluence.

Responses:

Japanese blocking Councils Resolution

The council eventually ruled that Japan should withdraw her forces to the areaaround the South Manchuria Railway, however Article 11 of the League Covenantallowed a council member the right to veto a Council resolution, which Japan used.

In a time delay act, Japan requested an official enquiry, which was heading byEnglish aristocrat Lord Lytton in December 1931.

Establishment of Manchukuo:

In March 1932 China appealed to the LoN using Article 15, hoping that an outcomecould be found that was acceptable to both parties.

In February and March 1932, the LoN passed resolutions that stated simplymembers of the league should not recognise changes in the status of territory

resulting from the use of force


20/21

Japan recognised the new state of Manchukuo, claiming it as an independentcountry, and instated a puppet leaderPu Yi (the old Chinese emperor whoabdicated in 1912).

o Japan walked out of the LoN in March 1933.o

Abyssinia 1935-36

Mussolinis aims in invading France:

1. To link up Italys existing colonies in North-East Africa (Eritrea and ItalianSomaliland).

2. To gain revenge for the Italian defeat at Adowa (1896)3. To satisfy the Italian nationalists who had been angry at Italys failure to acquire

colonial rights in the 1919-20 Peace Settlement

The invasion was an outgrowth of Facism itself, its need to fight and win battles MartinBlinkhorn, representing the intentionalist Historians

The invasion of Abyssinia was an attempt to divert the Italian publics attention fromdomestic issues - Denis Mack Smith

To be able to claim to be recreating the glories of the ancient Roman Empire in NorthAfrica

Mussolini thought France and Britain wouldnt care because:

1. Pierre Laval, French Foreign Minister, had in January 1935 said that France had nointerests in Abyssinia

2. In June 1935, Anthony Eden, British Foreign secretary had visited Rome andproposed a deal between Abyssinia and Italy, which would give Italy the Ogdenregion, in exchange for Abyssinia receiving some of British Somaliland, and henceaccess to the sea.


21/21

3. The Stresa Front (1935)They thought they were bezzies, and Mussolini knew thatFrance/Britain would not want to jeopardise losing an Ally against ze Nazis.

The Wal-Wal Incident (December 1934)

A small military clash at Wal-Wal in December 1934. (Seriously...) Initially Italy referred the incident to the LoN, which led to arbitration. Throughoutthis he built up forces.

Eventually, Italy got bored and in October 1935 marched Italian troops, tanks and planesand invaded from Eritrea in the North. Before the invasion Emperor Haile Selassie hadappealed 4 times to the LoN for help, but he was ignored.

The League takes action

October 1935, both the League Council and the Assembly condemned Italysinvasion, 50/54 members voted in favour of economic sanctions.o Banned the sale to Italy of: arms, rubber and certain metals.

o Loans to Italy and the importing of Italian goods also banned.Why these sanctions failed.

1. 1. Not introduced for 6 weeks after Mussolini invaded. (18th November 36) 2. 2. Did not include the materials Mussolini wantedoil, iron, steel and coal.

1. a. Britain/France wanted to apply sufficient pressure without causingMussolini to throw a strop and break all ties.

2. 3. Non LoN countries (USA, Germany, and Japan) traded anyway. 3. 4. Took time to come into effect, not until early 1936 did Italy even

notice.

The Hoare-Laval PactDecember 1935

Sir Samuel Hoare (Britain) and Pierre Laval (France) reached a secret agreement in Paristhat about two-thirds of Abyssinia could be offered to Italy in exchange for land fromelsewhere. This was leaked however, and French-British outcry led to both politiciansbeing sacked.

Mussolini conquered Abyssinia in May 1936; the LoN ended its sanctions on Italy in July1936.

Resumen Temas Prueba 1

Documents

Transcript of Resumen Temas Prueba 1