Retales Masoneria Numero 034 - Febrero 2014

8/13/2019 Retales Masoneria Numero 034 - Febrero 2014

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VARLDAX BA OLXMEAVÏLLÜM 2 - EÙOAVM 82 - Cafrarm ba 6;<2

Ad hmetaenbm ba dms lrtïhudms em raail eahaslrnloaeta ad puetm ba vnstl bad aqun-pm ba —Vatldas ba Olsmearïl‟ snem ùenhl y axhdusnvloaeta ad ba dms lutmras ba

bnh`ms lrtïhudms.

Xa bnstrnfuya axhdusnvloaeta ae cmroltm adahtrøenhm. Xn basal rahnfnr ae su aolndemtnhlhnmeas ba euavms eùoarms m necmrolhnøe

smfra dl ravnstl, puaba blrsa ba ldtl ae euastrl dnstl ba OlndH`nop(`ttp9//aapurd.hmo/GrtRz ) m smdnhntìebmdm ld aolnd bad hmmrbnelbmr

a-olnd bad Hmmrbnelbmr9 ratldasbaolsmearnlKgolnd.hmo

Hmmrbnelbmr9 Olrnm Døpaz O.·.O.·. - Vaelhnonaetm e¹ 12

Olquatlhnøe9 Glegdarn (Xnof.) O.·.O.·. - Vaelhnonaetm e¹ 12

Hmdlfmrlbmr9 Oleuad Xmutm O.·.O.·. - Vaelhnonaetm e¹ 12

Hmdlfmrlbmr Ymel Xur ba Asplül9 Nfaleyn Omrl O.·.O.·. - Omrnì e¹ <28

Hmdlfmrlbmr9 Lrolebm Gulsh` O.·.O.·. - Grle Dmgnl ba Hufl

Hmdlfmrlbmr9 Lqundnem V. Dald ·. ‘ (Dmgnl Xtlensdls ba Gulntl <31) O.·.O.·. - VI - Frlsnd

Hmdlfmrlbmr9 I. O. Flrrabm Olebznuj O.·.O.·. ‘ Dmgnl Xmd ba Lrlgul e¹ >3 - Saeazuadl.

Ad hmetaenbm sa aehuaetrl flim dnhaehnl Hraltnva Hmoomes HH F^-EH-EB 8.;`ttp9//hraltnvahmoomes.mrg/dnhaesas/fy-eh-eb/8.;/baab.as



\\.•.@@.•. tmbms, l hlbl uem ae su grlbm y hmebnhnøe.

Qel ba dls praguetls qua oìs suadae `lhar dms em olsmeas (y ldguems olsmeas) as qua e parsn-gua dl Mrbae. Em as saehnddm axpdnhlr tmbm dm qua dl Olsmearïl `l hmesagunbm y puaba hmesagunrhme su paeslonaetm ba Dnfartlb-Nguldblb-Crltarenblb. ,̂ ae `memr l dl varblb, tlofnîe `ly quabahnr qua ldguels hmsls em ̀ le snbm tmbm dm hmrrahtls qua bafnarle sar, l e ba huaetls, dl Mrbae

astì hmopuastl pmr olsmeas qua, ae ad cmebm, em sme oìs qua saras `uolems y, pmr dm tletm,cldnfdas hmom tmbms.

Ae asta eùoarm pmbrìe daar lrtïhudms vntldas plrl hmopraebar dm qua as dl olsmearïl y hmombafa sar ue olsøe, ad SNRVNMD as vntld plrl qua ad prmclem sal ue olsøe, parm em uem huldqunarl,snem ue olsøe ùtnd l dl smhnablb. Dl rlzøe, hmom flsa bad paeslonaetm olsøenhm: dl bubl y dlhartazl: ad hudtm l dl pldlfrl, y dms cuebloaetms y eas ba dl olsmearïl sme dms lrtïhudms l dms quaoa raarm.

Asparm qua trls su dahturl, dms prmclems (em olsmeas) saple dm qua smoms y dm qua em smoms y dmsolsmeas saple dm qua bafa y dm qua em bafa `lhar ldgunae qua sa hmesnbara olsøe varblba-

rloaeta.Qe R.•.L.•.C.•. y ems daaoms ad oas qua vnaea.

2

7

0

68Ad Olastrm Olsøe craeta l

dl hmehnaehnl

Emtnhnls GDA - GD[H

Oltaoìtnhl ae dl olsmearïl

[mdîonhls plrl dnfrapaeslbmras

[raguetls ba Olsmearïl

ïebnha

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83

82

87 Cmtms y bmhuoaetms letngums

<8Olsmearïl ae ad Euavm Ouebm9Qruguly

<3 Ad olsøe aetra dl bubl ydl hartazl

<0 Dms olsmeas y ad hudtm l dl pldlfrl80

SNRVNMD

Dl rlzøe

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63 Cuebloaetms y easba dl olsmearïl

86 Bnhhnmelrnm Olsøenhm



2 Vatldas ba Olsmearïl

OLEQXHVNRM HMMJA - Cah`lbm aetra ad <2<; y ad <26;Ad Olastrm Olsøe craeta l dl hmehnaehnl

Ad Olastrm Olsøe craeta l dl hmehnaehnl

Leøenom - Cuaeta9 NetareatAevnlbm l dl hmmrbnelhnøe pmr ad S.·.@.·. Molr Hlrtas ‘ LVDX Gultnomzne ‘ Xèm [ludm - Frlsnd

Euastrms prnehnpnms astlfdahae quadms olsmeas sa rahmemhae aetra sï hmom àrolems

bmeba qunarl qua sa aehuaetrae

Xne aoflrgm, oìs nopmrtleta as qua dms baoìs puable rahmemharems hmom saras oìs avm-

duhnmelbms tletm netadahtuld hmom omrldoaeta ae dl smhnablb.

As bahnr, qua sa ems rahmemzhl hmom saras qua lole dl varblb y dl iustnhnl y qua sa ole-

tnaeae ae uel pmsnhnøe ba lvlezlbl ae ad prmhasm avmdutnvm a netagrlbmr ba dl parsmel ae dl vnblbnlrnl. Dms olsmeas àoms ba sar uel bnvarsnblb qua, ae gaearld, rasudtl bncïhnd9 raspatumsms ba dlmpnenøe liael, bacaesmras ba dl dnfartlb ba axprasnøe, lesnmsms ba uenr l tmbms dms `mofras ae dlprìhtnhl ba uel omrld uenvarsld qua prmouavl dl plz y ad aetaebnonaetm, onaetrls sa adnonele dmspraiunhnms ba tmbl ïebmda. [lrl dmgrlrdm, as eahaslrnm ouh`m ascuarzm parsmeld ba hlbl onaofrmba dl Mrbae, pmrqua ad hlonem pmr sagunr vl l sar, sne bubl, sødm lquîd qua euastrl hmopraesnøe y

ascuarzm sal hlplz ba trlzlr.

Dl îtnhl as lquaddl bnshnpdnel ba dl dmsmcïl qua hmrraspmeba l dl Cndmsmcïl m Hnaehnl Omrld,as bahnr, dl raaxnøe smfra dls hmebuhtls ùolels nebnvnbuldas y hmdahtnvls y dls emrols omrldasae qua sa flsle dms bnvarsms hmopmrtlonaetms. Rnaea hmom eldnblb prnehnpld, dmgrlr ad baslrrmddmùolem hlutadlebm qua asta prmhasm, l oaeubm hmopdaim, sa huopdl y hudonea, ldhlezlebmdl pdaentub, ba lhuarbm hme dls bncaraehnls nebnvnbuldas, dls clhudtlbas, `lfndnblbas y bastrazls bahlbl uem. [mr astm, dl olsmearïl as, pmr asaehnl, uel aetnblb omrld.

Dl Mrbae Olsøenhl, hmom nestntuhnøe nenhnìtnhl, qua axldtl dl prìhtnhl ba dls vnrtubas aehlbl uem ba sus onaofrms y ad bafar ba prmyahtlrdls `lhnl ad ouebm prmclem, nebuha ad prmha-

bar rahtm ba hlbl àrolem, mrnaetìebmdas `lhnl dl varblb, luequa îstl em tnaea ad hlrìhtar balfsmdutl. Dl îtnhl olsøenhl as ad høbngm ba omrld ùolel oìs parcahtm qua axnsta, pmrqua hralae ad nebnvnbum, dl hmehnaehnl bad fnae pmr ad fnae onsom, slfnaebm qua dms hmehaptms ba fnae yold em axnstae ae cmrol lfsmdutl.

L`mrl fnae, basba euastrl parspahtnvl, en dl hmebuhtl îtnhl en dl hmebuhtl omrld puabaetaear duglr ld olrgae ba uel oïenol netarvaehnøe dmsøhl («oueblelº) bastnelbl l astlfdaharnehasletaoaeta dls hmeaxnmeas aetra dms hmopmrtlonaetms parsmeldas îtnhms y omrldas baetrm baldgùe snstaol ba eas m ba vldmras oaimr m pamr baenbms, l trlvîs ba dms huldas puable «ralf-smrfarsaº dms hmenhtms aetra dls emrols ba bnvarsms tnpms qua sa aetrah`mhle nevlrnlfdaoaeta aedl vnbl rald. Ae ad usm mrbnelrnm bad asplümd ad tîronem «omrldº supmea, ba ldgùe ombm, dl prasnøe

ba uels emrols vngaetas ae ue grupm smhnld blbm (omras ? hmstuofras) hmom dm hmerole dmssnetlgols9 «omrld furguaslº, «omrld trlbnhnmeldº m «omrld y fuaels hmstuofrasº: onaetrls quaqunae bahdlrl9 «astm dm à àh`m pmr omtnvms îtnhmsº, astì ldubnaebm vlgloaeta l ue bafar qua



1Vatldas ba Olsmearïl

OLEQXHVNRM HMMJA

supmea qua `l aolelbm ba dl «prmpnl netnonblbº, ba su hmehnaehnlsufiatnvl, y em ba dl nearhnl y, oaems lùe, ba ldguel prasnøe axtarnmr.L`mrl fnae, sn dms bafaras omrldas cuarle oarloaeta emrols smhnldas,em sarïle trleshaebaetldas: sn dms bafaras îtnhms cuasae bnhtlbms badl hmehnaehnl, tlopmhm sarïle trleshaebaetldas l dls oìs bnvarsls

lhhnmeas y mparlhnmeas ba dl parsmel, pmrqua dl hmehnaehnl, sn em vlracarnbl l uel oltarnl prahnsl, as uel oarl racaraehnl hmecusl, lsm-

hnlbl l uel oatlcïsnhl oaetldnstl (qua pmbrïl adavlr l dl hmebnhnøeîtnhl dl hmebuhtl nespnrlbl pmr dl «ïetnol hmehnaehnlº ba ue baoae-

ta).

Em as pmsnfda racarnrsa l ue hmehaptm tle prmcuebm, sne taearae huaetl ad paeslonaetm ba ldguems døsmcms ba nopmrtlehnl hmom@agad, Jlet, Bashlrtas... @agad bnstnegua aetra dl omrld mfiatnvl, quaas dl qua nopmea emrols, dayas y hmstuofras y uel omrld sufiatnvl, qua sa raara ld huopdnonaetmbad bafar hmom ue lhtm vmduetlrnm, as bahnr, barnvlbm bad paeslonaetm. [lrl Jlet, sme omrldas dms

lhtms qua sa lsnaetle ae dl prnolrnl vmduetlb ba `lhar ad fnae. Dl omrld as lutøemol y bapaebasødm ba dl parsmel qua dl huopda, as bahnr, su rlzøe ba sar em as axtarel, snem netarel ld nebnvnbum.Bashlrtas pdletalfl qua ad Xar @uolem, hmom plrta ba dl elturldazl, as ue oahlensom qua cue-

hnmel ba hmecmronblb hme dls dayas elturldas, mfabahnaebm dayas cïsnhls prahnsls qua tlofnîe danopmeae su astruhturl omrld. Ba lhuarbm hme su parspahtnvl, tmbl parsmel astì bmtlbl ba rlzøey flstl qua îstl lhtùa plrl qua puabl bnstnegunr ad fnae bad old.

Gleb`n pdletalfl qua —plrl emsmtrms, dl vnrtub omrld as dl hmecmronblb hme emsmtrms onsoms‟,

onaetrls qua Xøhrltas olencastlfl qua —dl parsmel netadngaeta puaba axparnoaetlr dms onsomsnopudsms vnmdaetms y letnsmhnldas qua ad ngemrleta, parm bmoneìebmdms oaimr a nehurrnaebm, hmeoaemr crahuaehnl, ae dl nontlhnøe ba dms saras necarnmras‟.

Ba lhuarbm hme dm letarnmr, hlbl sar `uolem `l ba sar hlplz ba bnstnegunr aetra ad fnae yad old: sne aoflrgm, em axnsta lhuarbm aetra dms bnvarsms paeslbmras, lharhl ba sn astms hmehap-

tms tnaeae su mrngae ae ldguel hmebnhnøe netarel bad nebnvnbum m, ae hlofnm, surgae basba ldguelhmebnhnøe bataronelbl axtareloaeta. Jlrae @mreay, psnqunltrl emrtaloarnhlel ba grle prastn-gnm, smstnaea qua dl vnbl astì ddael ba —bafas‟ y —em bafas‟, parm qua elbna puaba aopuiloms lsar ldgunae qua hlbl uem, hmom parsmel, em basal sar.

Hmesnbarlebm tmbm dm lquï pdletalbm, plraharïl qua dm nopmrtleta as bataronelr huìdassme dls emrols qua cuehnmele y huldas puabae mdvnblrsa, sne pariubn-hlr l tarharms y l uem onsom. Xødm qunae as hlplz ba suoargnrsa ae

sï onsom, puaba hmrragnr sus arrmras y ldhlezlr, ae cmrol hmeshnaeta,su hmopmrtlonaetm ae ad ouebm.

Ba lhuarbm hme dm axpraslbm, pmbrïloms lrolr qua dl —ÎtnhlOlsøenhl‟ as ue hmoprmonsm aetra hlbl nebnvnbum y dl smhnablb.Euastrl Lugustl Mrbae nebuha l sus lbaptms l dl dnfra lhaptlhnøeba uel hmebuhtl omrld, sne uslr prmhabnonaetms hmoplsnvms, puentn-vms en cleltnzletas. Ae dl Olsmearïl smoms —lrolbms‟ ba prmcuebmshmehaptms îtnhms qua ems hlplhntle plrl leldnzlr y avldulr euas-trls lhtulhnmeas nebnvnbuldas, lqundltlebm euastrl prmpnl nestntuhnøey dl `uolenblb tmbl.

Dl crltarenblb sa hmegurl hmom ue fldulrta ba dl olsmearïl...½\uî cmrol oìs adavlbl ba Îtnhl puaba aehmetrlrsa lplrta ba





îstl qua hmestntuya dl flsa ba dl smdnblrnblb y dl lonstlb= [mr mtrm dlbm, em bafaoms mdvnblr quauel hlrlhtarïstnhl nopuastl l hlbl uem ba dms hlebnbltms prmpuastms plrl negraslr l dl Mrbaeas qua sale —parsmels dnfras y ba fuaels hmstuofras‟, ba olearl qua sødm hlfa asparlr qua dmslbaptms sa hmopmrtae ba lhuarbm hme astl hmebnhnøe.

Xa suada baenr dl Crleholsmearïl hmom dl —lsmhnlhnøe îtnhl y dnfartlrnl ba dms hmestruh-tmras ba ue sar ùolem oaimr y, l trlvîs ba asta, ba uel ùolenblb rabnonbl‟. Xne aoflrgm, dlolsmearïl em bnhtl emrols omrldas, en saüldl dnstls ba vnrtubas m ba vnhnms. Ae addl em sa hmemhadl pldlfrl —pahlbm‟. Hlbl uem as smfarlem ba sï onsom y bafa bnspmear ba dms adaoaetms ba iunhnm qua lutmr ragudle su hmebuhtl, aetaebnaebm qua huldqunar prmhabnonaetm qua sa basvïl badhlonem varblbarm, rasudtl nguldoaeta nehmrrahtm plrl huldqunar parsmel ba fuaels hmstuofras.Em mfstleta, em sa bafa parbar ba vnstl qua dms saras ùolems prasaetloms noparcahhnmeas, l -

quazls y bafndnblbas, parm ad lutm baslcïm ba qunaeas sa nehmrpmrle l euastrl Nestntuhnøe hmesnstaae aecraetlr astls hlrlhtarïstnhls y suparlrdls dm letas pmsnfda.

[lrl dl Crleholsmearïl, dl asaehnl bad parcahhnmelonaetm rlbnhl ae dl dnfartlb ba dl par -

smel ld bnspmear ba dl clhudtlb ba bahnbnr dl cmrol ba nr ld aehuaetrm hmesngm onsom, sne mtrl hme-bnhnøe qua dl ba hmehratlr ae sus lhtms dms oìs adavlbms vldmras. Ba lhuarbm hme astm, hlfa bas-

tlhlr qua em da nopmea l sus onaofrms oatl ldguel, puas îstl dl bafa nr ilebm m bashufrnaebmhlbl uem, puas em sa da mfdngl l sagunr ue hlonem trlzlbm pravnloaeta. Ad prmfdaol lquï astì aebashufrnr quî `l ba aetaebarsa pmr parcahhnmelonaetm, plrl dm huld ad olsøe `lfrì ba gunlrsapmr bms tnpms ba vldmras qua ̀ le ba mrnaetlr su trlflim, lquîd hmemhnbm hmom netadahtuld m døgnhm,qua astì dnglbm ld hmemhnonaetm y qua hmrraspmeba l dl nehasleta Fùsquabl ba dl Sarblb , m sal,ddaglr ld iunhnm varblbarm y mtrm qua nehduya tmbms dms vldmras îtnhms y qua sa axprasl ae dl hmebuh-

tl ùolel ae ad saetnbm ba qua îstl puaba sar omrldoaeta —fuael‟ m —oldl‟.





Emtnhnls GDA - GD[H

Lslofdal ba dl Grle Dmgnl [rmvnehnld ba Hlstnddl ‘ Asplül

Ad prøxnom bïl 0 ba Cafrarm, taebrì duglr ae dl hnublb ba Daøe, dl lslofdal leuldba dl Grle Dmgnl [rmvnehnld ba Hlstnddl, bapaebnaeta ba dl Grle Dmgnl ba Asplül.

Bnh`l lslofdal astlrì bnrngnbl pmr ad lhtuld Grle Olastrm [rmvnehnld ad Vaspatlfda@arolem Lbmdcm Ylfldl, bmeba sa prmhabarì l dl adahhnøe ba euavms Mhnldas [rmvne-

hnldas, rahmemhnonaetm ba plslbms Grlebas Mhnldas y sa trltlrìe tmbms dms taols lbon-

enstrltnvms ba dl [rmvnehnl hme dl plrtnhnplhnøe ba dms Grlebas Mhnldas aehlrglbms ba dlRasmrarïl, @mspntldnl, Xahratlrïl, ba dms Haesmras ba Huaetl, ath

Rrls ad lhtm dms `arolems hmoplrtnrìe ue ìglpa ae ad huld sa lprmvah`lrì, hmomsnaopra, plrl var l dms `arolems ols dailems y luoaetlr oìs, sn hlfa, dl crltarenblb aetratmbms dms olsmeas ba dl prmvnehnl




xxxxSNRVNMD

SNRVNMD

[mr ad S.·. @.·. Ldcrabm Vmfartm EattmDmgnl —Qenèm a Xmdnblrnablba‟ e¹ 807 ‘ Xèm [ludm - Frlsnd

Nbnmol mrngneld9 [mrtuguîs bad FrlsndRrlbuhtmr9 S.·. @.·. Olrnm Døpaz

SNRVNMD m SNRVNMDM, bnvnsl ba dms Letngums Vmsl-Hruzas, as dl lfravnlturl ba dl crlsa dltnel—Snsntl Netarnmrl Rarrla Vahtnhlebmqua Nevaenas Mhhudtuo Dlpnbao‟, huyl trlbuhhnøe sngenhl—Snsntl ad Netarnmr ba dl Rnarrl y Vahtnhl Netagrldoaeta dl Mhudtl Dìpnbl‟, m —Snsntl ad Netarnmr ba dlRnarrl y, Vahtnhìebmta, Aehmetrlrìs dl [nabrl Mhudtl‟.

Ldguels vahas sa ashrnfa SNRVNMDQO, trlbuhnîebmsa dls bms ùdtnols pldlfrls pmr —Sarlo Oa-

bnhnelo‟, m —Sarblbarl oabnhnel‟ (@aern Grly, —Dms mrïgaeas bad Grlbm ba Olastrm ae dl Crleh-Olsmearnl)

Ae tmbls dls ashuadls oïstnhls m `aroîtnhls, axnsta uel haraomenl hme dl qua sa rahnfa ldhlebnbltm, baemonelbl Nenhnlhnøe. Vlrloaeta as, ba ̀ ah`m, hmopraebnbl pmr sus nenhnlbms, huymvarblbarm vldmr astì mhudtm flim dl lplrnaehnl bad vadm axtarem.

Ba olearl saoaileta, ad prmclem ae su nenhnlhnøe olsøenhl, hulebm astì ae dl Hìolrlba Vaaxnmeas, dmhld bmeba sa prmbuha su prnoar hmetlhtm hme dl oïstnhl y dl snofødnhl olsøenhl,

bncïhndoaeta sa bl huaetl bad prmcuebm sngenhlbm ba asa omoaetm.

Ae dl Olsmearïl, asta omoaetm snofmdnzl dl ouartl bad prmclem ae ad ouebm oltarnld y hm-

oùe qua hmemha y bmeba vnva, ba dl mshurnblb, plrl vmdvar l elhar (raelhar) hme dl Duz ba dlOlsmearnl, qua da clhndntlrì ad hlonem `lhnl ad Hmemhnonaetm y su fùsquabl bad Hralbmr.

Dl Hìolrl ba Vaaxnmeas ems bavuadva l dl letngôablb, bmeba dls hlvarels arle dms dmhl-

das ba dms prnoarms plsms nenhnìtnhms, snofmdnzlebm dl ouarta olta-

rnld ba ldgunae y su rasurgnonaetm ae ue pdlem oìs adavlbm: rapra-

saetl, lue, ad ùtarm ba dl olbra RnarrlZ<_ , ba bmeba dms `nims ba dlvnubl elhae l uel euavl vnbl.

Xu snofmdmgïl sa radlhnmel hme dl Letngul Bmhtrnel Agnp-

hnl, hme @aroas Rrnoagnstm Z6_ , raprasaetlebm ad omoaetm quafushl dl prnoarl clsa ba su Grle Mfrl, dl ba dl —putraclhhnøe‟,raldnzlbl lpaels ae ad @uavm dmsøhm lrtnhnldoaeta hralbm pmrad `mofra, parm pmr dl Elturldazl mparltnvl, aiaopdnhlbl ae adhlpuddm ba dl hrnsìdnbl bmronbl, bmeba dl dlrvl sa hmevartnrì aeuel olrlvnddmsl olrnpmsl.

Ae ue omoaetm ba smdablb a netrmspahhnøe, ba aehuaetrmhme uem onsom, ba oabntlhnøe, badleta ba dm neusntlbm y ba dmbashmemhnbm, ad raaim vmduetlrnm ba raemvlhnøe paronta ld eua-

vm `mofra qua lplraha ad rahtnhlrsa netarnmroaeta, lbmptlebmeuavms pltrmeas ba hmebuhtl omrld, oìs adavlbms y aspnrntuldn-



>Vatldas ba Olsmearïl

xxxxSNRVNMD

zlbms. As ad omoaetm bmeba sa basvadl plrl ad euavm `mofra, dl pnabrlmhudtl y frutl, qua raprasaetl su Ldol, m su —Bnms Netarnmr‟, qua axnsta baetrmba tmbms emsmtrms, smdnhntlebm sar pudnbm.

Rnaea qua sar hmopraebnbm qua asta omoaetm em as ue oarm cmrol-

dnsom yl qua sa raldnzl plrl prmbuhnr acahtms raldas y baenbms ae ad netarnmrbad nenhnlbm, hmesnbarìebmsa qua astî raldoaeta praplrlbm plrl addm. Aeasta puetm hmfrl cuarzl dl eahasnblb ba adagnr fnae l dms hlebnbltms Z8_ .

—Qem ba dms prnehnpldas mfiatnvms ba dl Olsmearïl as lbnastrlr l sus onaofrmsplrl pmbar raldnzlr dl mfrl qua ̀ le ba baslrrmddlr ae ad Ouebm y, pmr dm tle-

tm, hudtnvlr ae su netarnmr dls huldnblbas eahaslrnls plrl addm‟ (H. Dalbfaltar ‘ Dl vnbl mhudtl ba dl Olsmearïl)

Dl haraomenl axtarel hmearl hnartms pmbaras y lfra hnartls pmsnfn-dnblbas, da paronta lhhasm lutmrnzlbm l bataronelbms pdlems adaoaetldasy aspnrntuldas, parm as ad eaøtm qunae bafa baslrrmddlrdms y aopdalrdms. Ld-

guems lhaptle dls mrnaetlhnmeas y ad trlflim ïetnom y prmgrasle, parm mtrms,pmhm hmopraebae dms raqunsntms netarems, snaebm lcahtlbms pmr dl haraom-

enl smdm taopmrldoaeta. Lùe plrl mtrms, ba elbl vlda ad omoaetm tmbm.[lrl hmopraebardm tmbm `ly qua aopraebar ue grle vnlia `lhnl ad netarnmrba uem onsom, raldnzlr su SNRVNMD, vnlia qua smdm hmehduya hulebm sa vaehaad grle hnhdm ba raaehlrelhnmeas, parm qua sa nenhnl ae dl Hìolrl ba Va-

axnmeas, ad prnoar pmrtld ba dms Lpraebnhas.

Bncïhndoaeta ad eaøtm hmopraeba dl snofmdmgïl ba dms adaoaetms ra-

prasaetlbms ae dl Hìolrl ba Vaaxnmeas m —@uavm‟ ldquïonhm ba su nen-hnlhnøe, hmom ad [le y ad Lgul Z2_, qua snofmdnzle dms ldnoaetms ba huarpm

y ad aspïrntu eahaslrnms plrl ad `mofra. Ae dl raprasaetlhnøe bad —@uavm‟,snofmdnzle ad garoae ae vïls ba baslrrmddm: snofmdnzle dls cuarzls aeargnzle -

tas qua blrìe cuarzl ld prmclem plrl pmbar suparlr hme îxntm dls pruafls ldls qua sarì smoatnbm burleta su nenhnlhnøe. Ad Lgul raprasaetl ad ldnoaetmaspnrntuld, ad [le ad oltarnld…

Lue baetrm ba dms prnehnpnms `aroîtnhms, ad eaøtm aehmetrlrl Lzucray Xld, ad Oarhurnm y ad Glddm.

Ad Lzucra as ad sïofmdm bad aspïrntu y dl raprasaetlhnøe bad prnehnpnmolshudnem: dl Xld as ad sïofmdm ba dl Xlfnburnl y ba dl Hnaehnl y dl raprasae -

tlhnøe bad prnehnpnm eautrm: ad Oarhurnm as dl raprasaetlhnøe bad prnehnpnmcaoaenem y dl snofmdmgïl bad Glddm as dl ba dl Duz qua ad nenhnlbm vl l rahnfnrburleta su haraomenl ba aetrlbl.

Rmbm dm baoìs qua aehuaetrl ae su Hìolrl ba Vaaxnøe, ad SNRVNMD,dms baoìs prmhabnonaetm, ae rasuoae, tmbms dms adaoaetms, trltle ba ne-

cuebnr ae ad nenhnleta ad lofnaeta eahaslrnm plrl qua dl onstnhl huopdl sueldnblb, baetrm ba dms prnehnpnms `aroîtnhms baenbms.

Dm oìs nopmrtleta, sne aoflrgm, as ad omoaetm qua sal vnva baetrm bad—@uavm‟…Dl lparturl m lhtnvlhnøe ba bataronelbms Haetrms ba Cuarzls (mH`lrjrls), ad hmetlhtm hme dls vnfrlhnmeas ba bncaraetas bnoaesnmeas, hmedms pdlems adaoaetldas, plraha necuebnr ae ad hlebnbltm uel euavl aeargïlqua da paronta mfabahar dl sndaehnmsl vmz qua da `lfdl basba su netarnmr9

Z<_ Emtl9Rnarrl, Lnra, Lgul y Cuagm,rahuarbae astm dms olsmeas

y rahuarbae ad mrbae burle-ta dl nenhnlhnøe, as nopmrtle-

ta ad mrbae yl qua nebnhl adhlonem bad prmgrasm basbadm oìs oltarnld l dm oìs as-

pnrntuld.

Z6_ Emtl9[lrl qunae basaa lopdnlrhmemhnonaetms, puaba hme-

sudtlr dms dnfrms ltrnfunbms l

@aroas Rrnoagnstrm, y bngmltrnfunbm pmrqua ldguemshraae qua as ue parsmeliahtnhnm.

Z8_ Emtl9Xa raara ad lutmr ld prmhasmba smdnhntub ba aetrlbl ae

dl Mrbae Olsøenhl. [rmha-

sm qua as daetm y trltl bahmoprmflr sn ad hlebnbltml olsøe raùea dls hmebnhnm-

eas lbahulbls plrl addm.Ba elbl snrva nenhnlr l uelparsmel em praplrlbl plrladdm m qua fushl mtrls hmsls

bncaraetas l dls qua pmba-oms blrda ae dl Olsmearïl.

Z2_ Emtl9Ae dl nolgae, ad lutmr `lharacaraehnl ld Bnms Xuhaddms,bafa slfar ad lolfda dah-

tmr qua ae dl Ontmdmgïl had-tl Xuhaddms arl ad bnms ba dl

Lgrnhudturl y dms fmsquas.Vaprasaetlbm hmom ue`mofra flrfubm ba oabnl-

el ablb, hme ue olrtnddm ba

olegm dlrgm ae uel olemy ue flrrnd ae dl mtrl.

Z1_ Emtl9Rmbm astm em as pmsnfda sn dmsqua da rahnfae em dm `lhaehme ad agragmr eahaslrnmplrl dl mhlsnøe. [mr addm dlsharaomenls ba nenhnlhnøebafae sar hmesnbarlbls yraldnzlbls hme tmbm hmemhn-onaetm ba hlusl.



<; Vatldas ba Olsmearïl

¡Fushl!. As su Ldol qua hdlol, su Bnms Netarnmr, su — m̂ Olymr‟, qua da nevntl l raemvlrsa y hmoaezlrsu olrh`l baentnvl `lhnl dl dnfartlb .

SNRVNMD, —Vacmrol Netnol‟, m —Vaemvlhnøe Netarnmr‟: em nopmrtl dl baemonelhnøe, as ad grle trlfl-

im l raldnzlr l trlvîs ba ue hlonem qua sa pnarba ae dl atarenblb .Ad omoaetm ba dl Hìolrl ba

Vaaxnøe as smdm ad nenhnm ba dl imrelbl y astl smdm eldnzlrì hulebm ems aehmetraoms hme ad GrleLrquntahtm bad Qenvarsm.

Hulebm dl aspnrntuldnblb sufdnoa hdlral ad netarnmr bad emvnhnm, plrl l nolgnelr dls parcahhnmeas aedls lhtntubas liaels, fushlebm lquï y lddï nbaldas ba hmopmrtlonaetm, rahmgnaebm, ouh`ls vahas,bahaphnmeas. @arolems qua plrahïle sustaetlr ad hmrlia y dl hmebuhtl snoplr, suhuofnrìe letadls bnhudtlbas neasparlbls: hrnlturls qua lplraetlfle bastnelbls l dl aesaülezl y ad aiaopdm,bapmsntlrnms ba hmemhnonaetm taørnhm axtaesm, ae omoaetms ba bncaraetas bnhudtlbas sa hmopmr -tlrìe hmom varblbarms eaøtms, blebm duglr l neblglhnmeas, bahaphnmeas y sucrnonaetm.

Rmbm lquad qua hmonaezl su hlonem ba raemvlhnøe asparl aehmetrlr, ae ad onsom, hmoplüïls

qua da lyubae y astnoudas l prmsagunr, sne aoflrgm, dl parcahhnøe em as dl hlrlhtarïstnhl ba euastrmpdlem ba vnbl.

Hmopraebar dms prnehnpnms olsøenhms ems ashdlraha qua as euastrm bafar mparlr euastrl prmpnltrlesoutlhnøe `lhnl dl Duz, l e ba sar plrl dms àrolems, `my, dm qua basaloms qua addms saleolülel plrl mtrms.

—@lgloms, aetmehas, suhnaeta Duz ae euastrm netarnmr, y dl emhà, pmr oìs aspasl qua sal, sarìsnaopra uel smofrl qua ùyl ba emsmtrms‟ (Aooleuad ‘ Xalrl bms Oabnuos ‘ Vacmrol Netnol)

Sntrnmd, uel tlral qua sa nenhnl ae dl Hìolrl ba Vaaxnmeas y sa axtnaeba plrl tmbl dl atarenblb.—Hmeøhata l tn onsom‟ y ta hmrragnrìs…as dl mrbae Qenvarsld.

Olsmeas, parcahhnøeaesa y huopdle sus plpad ae dl grle Mfrl ba dl Olsmearïl.

Ae ad prøxnom eùoarm pufdnhlraoms su mfrl9 Dml Snlias ba Nenhnlhnøe - Snsnøe Rrleshaebaetld

Xmfra ad lutmr

Ad \.·. @.·. Ldcrabm Vmfartm Eattm, elhnø ad 8; ba Bnhnaofra ba <>1< y cua nenhnlbm ae dl Olsmearïl

ad ;6 ba olrzm ba 6;;2 y, ae dl lhtuldnblb, mstaetl ad grlbm 8; bad V.·. A.·. L.·. L.·. ..

As oîbnhm y aspnrntuldnstl.

[rasnbaeta ba dl Lsmhnlhnøe ba Oîbnhms Olsmeas:Onaofrm Acahtnvm bad Hnrhudm @aroîtnhm Msvldbm Mrtagl.

Rrlflil ae dl dmgnl —Qenèm a Xmdnblrnablba‟ e¹ 807 ‘ Xèm [ludm - FrlsndAbntmr bad Dnfrm - —Qo Astubm smfra l Cnsnmdmgnl bl Ldol‟[uabae hmetlhtlrda ae ad aolnd9 rmfarttneattmKumd.hmo.fr

SNRVNMD



<<Vatldas ba Olsmearïl

xxxxDl Vlzøe

Dl rlzøe as dl imyl qua aegldlel l tmbm varblbarm olsøe, ue olsøe qua em astî gunlbmae tmbm omoaetm pmr dms basngenms ba su hudtnvlbl rlzøe as nopmsnfda qua taegl uel hmebuhtlvarblbarloaeta lhmrba hme dms prnehnpnms ba dl olsmearïl, hmopraebar ad varblbarm pmbar badl rlzøe em as cìhnd plrl ad `mofra hmoùe, parm plrl netunr su vldmr smdm as eahaslrnm paeslr ae½Huìetls basgrlhnls sa ̀ lfrïl l`mrrlbm ad sar ̀ uolem sn sa ̀ ufnarl bataenbm l leldnzlr sus lhtms yutndnzlebm dl rlzøe hudtnvlbl ̀ ufnarl mfrlbm sagùe addl ae vaz ba sagunr sus nopudsms bas rlzmelbmsm dls pldlfrls ba ue `ìfnd `mofra olenpudlbmr y lprmvah`lbmr=.

[lrl ad olsøe Dl Vlzøe as dl hlplhnblb l trlvîs ba dl huld ad `mofra dmgrl lsnondlr hme-

haptms, leldnzlrdms `lstl ddaglr l huastnmelrdms, `lddlr hmàraehnl (sn sme døgnhms) m hmetrlbnhhnøe(sn sme ndøgnhms) aetra addms y lsï nebuhnr m babuhnr mtrms bncaraetas ba dms qua yl hmemha.

[rnoarm ems `lhaoms hmeshnaetas ba qua quarloms m em tmbm `mofra tnaea y hmemha dmsbnhtlbms ba Dl Vlzøe sne nopmrtlr sus basams m hmevaenaehnls parsmeldas. Duagm, pmhm l pmhm,onaetrls aopazloms l utndnzlr dl rlzøe hmom àrrlonaetl ae dl tmol ba bahnsnmeas, sa vl trles-

cmrolebm ae ad ìrfntrm qua ems dnfarl ba dl tnrleïl, ba dl suparstnhnøe, bad cleltnsom y mtrms tletms

avnbaetas aeglüms qua l bnlrnm vaoms ae ad ouebm, parm qua em leldnzlbms pmr dl rlzøe snguaetrnuecletas y sufyuglebm l tletms `mofras, nehduyîebmems l emsmtrms onsoms.

Lsï ad olsøe bashufra daetloaeta qua dlrlzøe ùolel, oìs qua bashufrnr hartazls as uelhlplhnblb ba lhaptlr m bashlrtlr dls hmsls hmomhmehduyaetas m varblbarls, ae cuehnøe ba su hmà-

raehnl hme raspahtm ba mtrms hmehaptms qua slfa-

oms høom varblbarms y l tmbl pruafl.

Dl Vlzøe, aetmehas, cmrol ad paeslonaetm em

hmestntuyaebm varblbas lfsmdutls (yl qua hlsn ene-guel varblb dm as), snem adnonelebm oaetnrls lfsm-

dutls qua dl rlzøe bataronel neaquïvmhloaeta pmrlfsurbls. Qe aiaopdm necletnd ba astm as dl suparstn-hnøe ba em plslr pmr baflim ba uel ashldarl pmr dloldl suarta qua supuastloaeta lhlrral asta lhtm,hulebm ae raldnblb Dl Vlzøe ems bnhtl qua astm ascldsm, parm Dl Vlzøe tlofnîe ems bnha qua as oaimrem plslr baflim ba dl ashldarl pmr ad padngrm ba qualdgm puabl hlar ba addl m dl trmpahaoms emsmtrmsonsoms y prmvmquaoms ue lhhnbaeta.

Lsï Dl Vlzøe puaba avldulr basba pmdïtnhlsba gmfnarem `lstl ad snopda qua`lhar bnlrnm ba dl

Dl Vlzøe

Dl flsa bad paeslonaetm olsøenhm[mr ad S.·. @.·. I.O.Flrrabm Olebznuj ‘ Dmgnl Xmd ba Lrlgul e¹ >3 - Saeazuadl



<6 Vatldas ba Olsmearïl

xxxxDl Vlzøe

`uolenblb gunìebmdl pmr ad oaimr hlonem y l`mrrìebmda basgrlhnls neeahaslrnls qua ae dl ol -

ymrïl ba dms hlsms sme hlsn snaopra avnbaetas.

Xn quaraoms raldoaeta hmopraebar l Dl Vlzøe bafaoms fushlr su mrngae y huel, dl huld`lddlraoms ae dl Grahnl ba dms grlebas døsmcms, astms slfnms `mofras dl bashufrnarme, dl utndnzlrme

plrl parontnr ad netarhlofnm aetra dms hnublblems, hmevnrtnaebm l dl lrguoaetlhnøe, dl bnshusnøe yad bnldmgm ae dls lhhnmeas eahaslrnls plrl ad baslrrmddm netadahtuld, dl fùsquabl bad hmemhnonaetmy ad astlfdahnonaetm ba dls radlhnmeas pmdïtnhls, ba oìs astlrïl aeuoarlr dms grlebas rasudtlbmsqua plrl dl pmstarnblb ba dl `uolenblb dagø dl huel ba dl rlzøe ae asl îpmhl yl raomtl plrlemsmtrms.

[arm tmblvïl ae euastrm ouebm ba `my lenble pmr tmbls plrtas dl ngemrlehnl, ad bmgoly ad praiunhnm, bafnbm l qua dl rlzøe as uel omeabl axtrlül l dl olymrïl ba dms `mofras qua snfnae qunarae ̀ lhar hraar qua snaopra lhtùle gunlbms pmr addl, ae raldnblb smdm utndnzle uel lhtntublhmomblbl l sus netarasas prmpnms, lsï sn tmblvïl hmom sa lroø letas dl ngemrlehnl, ad bmgol yad praiunhnm noparle as pmrqua tmblvïl pmhms sme dms `mofras qua dms `le smoatnbm ld axloae ba

dl rlzøe y sne bubl ldguel sarnle lfmdnbms ba neoabnltm pmr olebltm ba su slem iunhnm, asl as dlflebarl ba duh`l qua ad olsøe baaeba, dl flebarl ba Dl Vlzøe, parm9

• Dl Vlzøe dnfra ba tmbl hmevaenaehnl parsmeld• Dl Vlzøe noplrhnld• Dl Vlzøe qua dnfarl

L paslr qua l vahas em hmevaegl m buadl, parm qua ld eld as ad hlonem hmrrahtm qua blplz l euastrl hmehnaehnl y ̀ lha qua euastrms ̀ arolems y clondnls sa snaetle mrguddmsms ba euastrlslhhnmeas.

Xmfra ad lutmr

Ad S.·. @.·. I. O. Flrrabm Olebznuj

@nim ba plbra glddagm y olbra uhrlenlel, as Neg. Adahtrnhnstl, prmcasmr uen-varsntlrnm, ashrntmr lbaols ba dnfra paeslbmr. Vasnba y trlflil ae Saeazuadl

ae dl Dmgnl —Xmd ba Lrlgul‟ e¹ >3 hmemhnbl necmroldoaeta hmom —Dl Qenvar -snblb ba dls Dmgnls‟ bafnbm l dl dlrgl dnstl ba ndustras olsmeas vaeazmdlems

nenhnlbms ae addl y sa aehuaetrl trlflilebm ae ad VALL



<8Vatldas ba Olsmearïl

xxxx

Olsmearïl ae ad Euavm Ouebm

Qruguly [mr ad S.·. @.·. Olrnm Døpaz

Dl `nstmrnl ba dl olsmearïl ae Qruguly hm-

onaezl hme dl ddaglbl ba dms hmdmems l Ome-

tavnbam y su prasaehnl, dl ba dms olsmeas, pmrsupuastm, sa vl nehraoaetlbl ae <0;7 hme dlnevlsnøe negdasl ba Vnm ba dl [dltl. Ad grupm nr -dlebîs ba brlgmeas e¹ 27 cuebl uel dmgnl hmead emofra ba —Ometavnbam e¹ <>6‟ qua nenhnlrìld prnoar olsøe urugulym9 Bme onguad Currnmd.

Ae <0<2, burleta dl mhuplhnøe ba dl ragnøepmr ad Gaearld Lrgaetnem Hlrdms Olrnl Ldvalr,sa cuebl ae Ometavnbam dl Dmgnl —HlflddarmsVlhnmeldas‟, ae `moaelia l mtrl bad onsomemofra ae Hlbnz (Asplül)

Aetra <0<7 y <066, parnmbm ba dl mhuplhnøe pmrtuguasl y frlsndaül, ad gaearld Hlrdms Caba-rnhm Dahmr cuebl tlofnîe Ometavnbam dls dmgnls —Dms Lrnstøhrltls‟ —Noparnld‟.

Ae <0<3, pltrnmtls urugulyms cueble dls dmgnls —Dms nebapaebaetnstls‟ y —Hlflddarms Vlhnm-

eldas‟, astì udtnol hlofnlrì su emofra l —Hlflddarms Mrnaetldas‟ ae <0<>. Astl dmgnl ddagø l taearoìs ba 8;; `arolems aetra dms lüms <066 y <068.

Ae <067, y grupm ba crlehasas cuebl dl dmgnl —Das Aeglets Bu Emuvalu omeba‟ ae dl quasarnl nenhnlbm Gnussappa Glrnfldbn.

Hmom em pmbïl sar oaems, ld lrbmr ba nebapaebaehnl ba Dltnemloîrnhl, Qruguly sa ba-

hdlrl nebaepaebnaeta ad 61 ba Lgmstm ba <061 mhnldnzlebm bnh`m avaetm ae ad Rrltlbm ba Ometa-vnbam ba <060

Ad 60 ba Cafrarm ba <08;, dms onaofrms ba dls dmgnls —Hlflddarms Mrnaetldas‟ a —Nebapaebae-

tnstl‟ cueble dl dmgnl —Rmdarlehnl‟ qua as rahmemhnbl ragudlroaeta pmr dl Grle Dmgnl ba Cndlbadlae <08< hme ad euavm emofra ba —Hmestleta Lonstlb‟ Ad 61 ba Aearm ba <08< sa cuebl dl dmgnl—Lsndm ba dl Snrtub‟ flim .lutmrnzlhnøe ba dl Grle Dmgnl ba [aesndvlenl. Lofls dmgnls, flim bnh`msparonsms, plsle l cuehnmelr flim dl ascarl u mfabnaehnl ba dl Grle Dmgnl ba Frlsnd

Ad 8 ba Emvnaofra ba <082 sa hral ad Xupraom Rrnfueld bad Grlbm 8<,ad prnoarm ae Vnm ba dl[dltl.

Rrls tmbm ad parnmbm ba guarrls, ae dl huld Gnussappa Glrnfldbn hmtrnfuya smfraolearl l dlduh`l nebapaebaetnstl, dl olsmearïl urugulyl vuadva l rauensa ad 6< ba emvnaofra ba <012 plrl

Olsmearïl ae ad Euavm Ouebm - Qruguly




xxxx

cuebl ad Xupraom Hmesaim y ad Grle Mrnaeta ba Ometavnbam. Dms cueblbmras sme dms àrolemsImsî Ldvaz bl Hue`l, [ludnem Garabl, Ilnoa Sneaet, Ilvnar Dlvnül, Imsî H`muhnem y Oleuad Onrbl Cmesahl. Ad 62 ba Iuenm ba <011, ad Grle Mrnaeta ba Frlsnd bmeba astlfl netagrlbl dl olsmearïlurugulyl hmehaba Hlrtl [ltaeta plrl dl cueblhnøe bad Grle Mrnaeta ba Qruguly huyl ragudlrn -zlhnøe hmom cuarzl lutøemol nebapaebnaeta da ddaglrïl ad <7 ba Iudnm ba <013. Asta Grle Mrnaeta

hlofnlrì ba emofra l Grle Dmgnl ba dl Olsmearnl bad Qruguly, emofra hme ad qua ̀ my ae bnl ashmemhnbl.

• Ae dl lhtuldnblb,dls dmgnls olsøenhls ae Qruguly sa bnvnbae hmom sngua9• Dl Grle Dmgnl ba dl Olsmearnl Qruguly• Ad Bnstrntm Xur ba dl Grle dmgnl Qenbl ba Negdltarrl• Ad Grle Mrnaeta ba Qruguly, cueblbm ad 61 ba lgmstm ba <>>;• Ad Grle Mrnaeta Dltnemloarnhlem prasaeta basba <>>6• Grle Mrnaeta onxtm ba dl olsmearïl cueblbm ad <; ba bnhnaofra ba <>>0• Barah`m ùolem ( —Da brmnt ùolea‟)• Dl Grle Dmgnl Caoaenel ba H`nda ( qua pmsaa bms dmgnls ae Qruguly)

Ba tmbm astm pmbaoms babuhnr qua dl olsmearïl urugulyl sa aehuaetrl oìs ba plrtnhnm-

elbl ae asta omoaetm, qunîe slfa sn dls hmevarslhnmeas y rahmemhnonaetms aetra bncaraetas mfa-

bnaehnls blrì duglr, ae ue cuturm l uel olsmearïl oìs hmoplhtl ae asta plïs.

Leaxms

Oleuad Hacarnem Mrnfa y Snlel

[mdïtnhm, ondntlr y bnrngaeta nebapaebaetnstl urugulym Elhnø ad 63ba lgmstm ba <7>6 ae Ometavnbam. Xu partaeaehnl l dl olsmearïlsa lrol pmr sar ldnlbm l dl smhnablb, Duagm dmgnl, —HlflddarmsMrnaetldas‟

Rmoø plrta ae dl duh`l pmr dl nebapaebaehnl bad bmonenm pmr -tuguîs y asplümd basba <0<<. Ae ad lüm <0<7, Ometavnbam hlyøae pmbar ba dms pmrtuguasas, pmr dm qua hmoaezø l sarvnr ae bnca-

raetas cuarzls `lstl <061, lüm ae qua ddagø l dl Flebl Mrnaetld baQruguly hmom uem ba dms ‐Rranetl y Rras Mrnaetldas„: pmstarnmroae-

ta, tmoø plrta ae tmbls dls fltlddls nopmrtletas ba dl guarrl quaaecraetø l dls [rmvnehnls Qenbls bad Vïm ba dl [dltl y Frlsnd, aetra<061 y <060, bafnbl l dl uenøe ba dl Flebl Mrnaetld ba Qrugulyl lquîddls, y qua hudoneø hme dl prmhdlolhnøe ba dl Hmestntuhnøeuentlrnl rapufdnhlel bad Astlbm urugulym ae <08;.

Cua onenstrm ba dl Guarrl ae ad gmfnarem bad prnoar prasnbaetaurugulym, Imsî Cruhtumsm Vnvarl, l qunae suhabnø ae <081. Rrltø ba

axtaebar ad hmetrmd gufareltnvm smfra dls zmels rurldas y Vnvarl sa ldzø ae rafadnøe, mfdngìebmda lbnontnr ae <080.

Iuetm l sus sagunbmras (lgruplbms ae ad baemonelbm [lrtnbm Fdlehm), olrh`lrme l Fua -ems Lnras, bmeba Iule Oleuad ba Vmsls das prmpmrhnmeø lyubl ondntlr plrl aecraetlrsa l Vnvarl.Hmoaezø lsï dl ddlolbl Guarrl Grleba (<028-<01<), qua aecraetø ld [lrtnbm Fdlehm ba Mrnfa y ld





xxxx

[lrtnbm Hmdmrlbm ba Vnvarl, burleta dl huld sa prmbuim ad necruhtumsm lsabnm ba Mrnfa l dl hnublbba Ometavnbam.

Xa ratnrø ba dl vnbl pmdïtnhl ae <01<, sne hmesagunr rahuparlr su hlrgm, parm sus sagunbmrassngunarme aiarhnaebm uel grle neuaehnl pmdïtnhl ae dms lsuetms ba Qruguly. Cua bastarrlbm l Aspl-

ül y ragrasø ae <011.

Oleuad Mrnfa clddahnø ad <6 ba emvnaofra ba <017 ae ad [lsm bad Omdnem, Ometavnbam.

Fnfdnmgrlcïl y cuaetas

Olçmelrnl els loîrnhls ‘ Carelebm Omrattn ‘ Abntmrl Ashldl ‘ Frlsnd

[røxnom eùoarm9 Saeazuadl (udtnol aetragl)

Xmfra ad lutmr

Olrnm Døpaz Vnhm as olastrm olsøe y trlflil lhtuldoaeta ae dl Dmgnl Vaelhnonaetm 12 ‘ Dl Hmru-

ül ‘ Asplül, flim dl Mfabnaehnl ba dl Grle Dmgnl ba Asplül.

Nenhnlbm ad 6; ba Emvnaofra ba 6;;7, cua adavlbm ld grlbm ba Hmoplüarm ad 6; ba Cafrarm ba6;;> y axldtlbm ld grlbm ba Olastrm Olsøe ad 66 ba Lfrnd ba 6;<;.

Ad ;0 ba Xaptnaofra ba 6;<6 as nestldlbm hmom Saearlfda Olastrmtrls sar adagnbm plrl ad mhnm pmr dms `arolems ba su Dmgnl.

Ad << ba aearm ba 6;<8, ad VGO ba dl GD[H da mtmrgl ad hlrgm ba 6¹Grle Sngndleta ba dl GD[H.

Ae ad lüm 6;<< hmonaezl su hlonem ae dl olsmearïl dmsøhl.

- Dmgnl Hlpntudlr Hlflddarms ba dl Crltarenblb Gldlnhl e¹ 2<2

- Olastrm Olsøe ba Olrhl - Dlpns Legudn <><0- Elutl bad Lrhl Vald - Olra Hletlfrnhuo <><0- Olsøe bad Lrhm Vald ba Iarusldîe- Crltarenblb Qenvarsld e¹ <





xxxxAd olsøe aetra dl bubl y dl hartazl

Ad olsøe aetra dl bubl y dl hartazl

Leøenom - Cuaeta9 Netareat

—Dl fùsquabl ba dl varblb, tlral qua bafnarl pramhuplr l tmbms dms saras ùolems,

as ad trlflim, as ad lcìe prmpnm bad olsøe. Xu hlonelr pmr dl Mrbae da bafa ddavlr l bashufrnr

dms vldmras qua bngenhle dl vnbl y, iuetm l addms, su aehuaetrm hme dl varblb sngenhlrì dl hrnstldnzlhnøe ba su asaehnl ùolel‟.

Dm saüldlbm ae ad pìrrlcm prahabaeta hmestntuya uem ba dms cuebloaetms fìsnhms ba euas-

trm qua`lhar hmom olsmeas. Dl Mrbae ems pmea paroleaetaoaeta ae dl bnsyuetnvl ba aecraetlr -ems hme emsmtrms onsoms y ba fushlr ae cmrol lroøenhl y hmestleta dl rlzøe ba euastrm bastnemy ba euastrl axnstaehnl. Dl cmrolhnøe ba hlbl uem bapaeba bad `ìfntlt ae qua da hmrraspmebavnvnr y bad huld em puaba basdnglrsa. [mr ad hmetrlrnm, em sødm bafarì aecraetlr dms baslcïms hme dmsoabnms qua taegl l su ldhleha, snem qua sa taebrì qua hmopraebar y lolr ad aetmrem qua sa da`l aetraglbm, hme sus hmstuofras, sus trlbnhnmeas y su hudturl.

Ad nenhnm bad hlonelr hmom olsøe sarì nehnartm, yl qua îsta em astlrì ae hmebnhnmeas babahnbnr huìd rutl sagunr. [arm astlrì hmeshnaeta ba qua bafarì prmhabar l dl adahhnøe baetrm badms olrhms ba îtnhl y omrld qua da bnhta su hmehnaehnl qua, ae ue prnehnpnm, em da sarì cìhnd ba vn-suldnzlr. Ba asta ombm, sødm pmbrì slfar sn `l adagnbm fnae, uel vaz qua `lyl tmolbm su bahnsnøey hmonaeha, ae cmrol mfiatnvl, l blr sus prnoarms plsms ae su atlpl ba lpraebnzlia.

Xus prnoarls adahhnmeas em astlrìe axaetls ba lpraàesnmeas, taomras, asparlezls y crlhl-

sms, cueblbms m em: lspahtms prmpnms ba ue sar bmtlbm ba netadngaehnl y hme pmbar ba babuhhnøe,l dms huldas bafarì aecraetlrsa hmestletaoaeta... Axpraslbm ae pmhls pldlfrls, su hmopmrtl-

onaetm astlrì nevlbnbm pmr dl bubl... Bubl raspahtm ba quî hlonem sagunr... Bubl raspahtm bahøom raspmebar l dms bnvarsms baslcïms... Bubl lharhl ba høom tmolr dl bahnsnøe oìs slfnl, oìs

iustl, oìs îtnhl... Bubl raspahtm ba sn dls raspuastls aehme-

trlbls sarìe — dl Sarblb ‟, uel plrta ba addl, m sødm arrmras qua

da mfdnguae l sagunr fushlebm. Dms prnoarms plsms, vlhndletasy taoarmsms leta dm bashmemhnbm da nebuhnrìe nehøgentls quataebrì qua baspailr ae su olrh`l neaxmrlfda `lhnl ad eldba dl axnstaehnl ùolel. Ad hlonem adagnbm `lfrì ba vlrnlrtletls vahas hmom sal eahaslrnm `lstl aehmetrlr lquîd quada plrazhl ad oìs lbahulbm l sus pmsnfndnblbas y dl raspuastlqua asparl aehmetrlr. [arm dm qua sï bafarì taear hdlrm, asqua iloìs pmbrì sar snopda aspahtlbmr m pmbrì bailr qua adlzlr rasuadvl sus bubls m taomras. Xødm îd pmbrì bnduhnblr sn saaehuaetrl ae ue hlonem hmrrahtm, pmrqua sødm su hmehnaehnlsarì qunae da nebnqua sn astì m em sltnscah`m hme dl raspuastl

aehmetrlbl, qua em as mtrl hmsl qua —su raspuastl‟ y em ea-haslrnloaeta dl ba dms mtrms.




xxxxAd olsøe aetra dl bubl y dl hartazl

Ad hlonelr tletm pmr dms saebarms ba dl raaxnøe sødm da hmebuhnrì l hmopraebar qua dl fùs-quabl `l taenbm, lpaels, ue îxntm radltnvm, yl qua smdloaeta `l dmgrlbm vnsuldnzlr sus bafaras yraspmeslfndnblbas y ad àh`m ba qua puaba hmesnbarlr hmom lfsmdutl, ùenhloaeta, dl varblb basu axnstaehnl, yl qua su oltarnl baslplraha y sa trlescmrol.

L astls ldturls, sødm pmbrì, lplrta ba slfar qua dm ùenhm lfsmdutloaeta hnartm ba su axnstae-hnl as qua îstl `lfrì ba taronelr ae ldgùe omoaetm y, pmr dm tletm, ravnslr dm qua `l snbm su vnblparsmeld: ae hmesahuaehnl, pmbrì saetnrsa sltnscah`m ba ̀ lfarsa pramhuplbm cuebloaetldoaetaba hmemharsa l sï onsom, ba `lfar pmebarlbm y avldulbm hmrrahtloaeta su aspahnld hmebnhnøeba sar ùolem y, pmr dm tletm, parcahtnfda: ba `lfar snbm hlplz ba batahtlr dls nopurazls qualcahtle l su parsmeldnblb, ba rahmemhar hme vldaetïl sus bacahtms y hme ùondblb sus vnrtubas:ba rahmemhar qua dls raspuastls qua sa da vle gaearlebm em pmsaae dl hmebnhnøe ba sar varblbaslfsmdutls y, pmr dm tletm, snaopra sarì eahaslrnm sagunr fushlebm mtrls, hlbl vaz oìs lbahulbls,luequa em pmr addm baentnvls. As bahnr, pmr ouh`m hlonelr y ascmrzlrsa, dl mtrl hartazl qua pmbrìtaear as dl ba rahmemhar qua dl varblb aehmetrlbl as su oaimr varblb, parm em eahaslrnloaetadl varblb ba tmbms... Ba lquï barnvl dl ùdtnol hartazl pmsnfda9 dl paroleaeta eahasnblb ba sagunr

parcahhnmeìebmsa hlbl bïl.

As mfvnm qua bubl y hartazl sme bms hmehaptms hmopdaoaetlrnms. Hulebm uem ba addms lu-

oaetl, ad mtrm eahaslrnloaeta bnsoneuya y, luequa trnsta baspuîs ba ouh`m ascmrzlrsa, snaopravl l pravldahar dl bubl smfra dl hartazl.

L ombm ba hmehdusnmeas, hmesnbaraoms dls lsavarlhnmeas sngunaetas9

Xa puaba hldnhlr dl Hmehnaehnl olsøenhl hmom uel omrld sufiatnvl, prmgrasnstl, vmdntnvl,lutøemol, rlhnmeldnstl, ùolenstl, leldïtnhl, sadahtnvl y dlnhl.

Dl Hmehnaehnl rlbnhl ae ad lquï y l`mrl ae qua sa `lddl tmbl parsmel bngel y dnfra quaeahaslrnloaeta bafa lhtulr ae ad ouebm y hmom sar rlhnmeld.

Dl Hmehnaehnl mrnaetl dl vnbl bad nebnvnbum y da lyubl l hmesagunr sus eas ùolems oa -

bnleta dl prìhtnhl ba dls vnrtubas omrldas, as bahnr, dm guïl ae dl raldnzlhnøe ba sï onsom y ba suspmtaehnldnblbas, ombnhlebm sus `ìfntms.

Dl Hmehnaehnl olsøenhl lrol dl lutmemoïl ba dms vldmras y prnehnpnms omrldas qua ol -

smeas bafarìe prlhtnhlr dnfraoaeta, fushlebm snaopra su parcahhnmelonaetm, dl hmequnstl ba sucadnhnblb y dl ba dms baoìs saras ùolems.

Dl Hmehnaehnl crleholsøenhl paronta hmehafnr ld sar ùolem hmom ue —lenold îtnhm‟,

pmrqua tletm dl omrldnblb hmom su hmopmrtlonaetm îtnhm sme axprasnmeas ba aspnrntuldnblb quaprmhaba ba dl hmebuhtl raaxnvl, hmeshnaeta, raspmeslfda y dnfra.

Dls ùenhls hartazls pmsnfdas sme9 ad slfar qua dl axnstaehnl ̀ uolel as dnontlbl y dl ba eaha-

sntlr ue paroleaeta parcahhnmelonaetm.

Dl saebl plrl sagunr ae ad parcahhnmelonaetm bad sar ùolem astì pmfdlbl ba bubls par -oleaetas qua baeae, ae tmbm omoaetm, dl eahasnblb ba sagunr fushlebm dl varblb, l vahas,tle asqunvl.




xxxxDms olsmeas y ad hudtm l dl pldlfrl

Qem

Dls pldlfrls sme, l vahas, hmom noìgaeas ashmebnbls ae dl oaomrnl. Dl oaomrnl as hmomue dlfarnetm pmr bmeba hlonele dms rahuarbms. Dms rahuarbms hmom dls pldlfrls, puabae taear dldnfartlb ba dms ashrntmras m astlr prasms ae asa dlfarnetm ba dl oaomrnl.

@ly pldlfrls qua sa pnarbae ae ad hlonem, `ly pldlfrls olrhlbls pmr dl plsnøe m ad ona-

bm, `ly pldlfrls hufnartls ba bmdmr, `ly pldlfrls ddaels ba vnbl, `ly pldlfrls neoaomrnldas yrahnîe elhnbls, `ly pldlfrls atarels y cuglhas.

[arm dls pldlfrls, sale atarels m cuglhas, ems snrvae plrl hmestrunr ad ouebm qua quara-

oms m ad ouebm qua em quaraoms. Ba dms aehmetrmelzms hme dl raldnblb qua quaraoms y hme dlraldnblb qua em quaraoms elhnarme, y elhae, pldlfrls qua ae ad nestleta ba su lduofrlonaetm,sme plrta pldpntleta ba dl `nstmrnl, sa `lhae sïetasns prastngnmsl ba nbaldas y plsnmeas. Dl pldlfrlravmduhnøe, pmr aiaopdm, hme ad leblr ba dms sngdms sa cua l`uahlebm, aevndahnaebm, aetrloplebmae su prmpnm dlfarnetm.

[arm `ly mtrls pldlfrls qua tlofnîe cuarme axndnlbls pmr ouh`ms, smfra tmbm pmr qunaeasdls bacaebnarme lrbuloaeta ae mtrls îpmhls. Qel ba addls as dl pldlfrl utmpïl. Ld bahnr ba OlrnmSlrgls Ddmsl Z6_, «dls utmpïls smhnldas sme lpmhldïptnhlº.

Ae raldnblb ym `lha tnaopm qua oa mdvnbî ba dls utmpïls9 ae asta ouebm smdm axnstae ral-

dnblbas smhnldas, pmdïtnhls y ahmeøonhls: raldnblbas qua ems ouastrle qua asta pdleatl vnaeahlonelebm old y vl plrl pamr: raldnblbas qua ems bnhae qua dl onsarnl, ad lsasneltm ba enüms badl hldda, dl lgrasnøe ld oabnm lofnaeta, dls guarrls lfsurbls, em sme ue huaetm.

Valdnblbas qua smdm puabae sar hlofnlbls pmr mtrls raldnblbas, em pmr utmpïls. Lbaoìs,dl utmpïl oìs grleba qua axnsta, `l vaenbm crlhlslebm rantarlbloaeta basba `lha sngdms.

Asl utmpïl tlofnîe as baemonelbl pmr mtrl pldlfrl vnail y hlbuhl9 hlpntldnsom. Qe sns-taol qua aegaebrl ombadms hmom ad eamdnfarldnsom qua lyubl l su parpatulhnøe parm lpmrtltlofnîe ae su lutmbastruhhnøe.

Qe snstaol qua plsl bad imdgmrnm l dl qunafrl. Qe snstaol qua trlescmrol l dms saras `uol-

ems ae hleïfldas. Qe snstaol hme asls hlrlhtarïstnhls (y mtrntls tle oldls hmom asls) as døgnhm quaem puabl, en bafl, smfravnvnr.

Qe snstaol hmom asa as, sne duglr l bubls, uel utmpïl lpmhldïptnhl hmom bnha Slrgls Ddmsl.[lraha qua ae ldgm hmnehnbnoms... ½m sarì smdm ue iuagm ba pldlfrls=

Mtrls pldlfrls ae hlofnm `le nbm trlescmrolebm su hmetaenbm ae ond sngenhlbms. Dl pldl-

frl Raopdm, pmr aiaopdm. Xagùe ad Bnhhnmelrnm ba dl Daegul Asplümdl as ue duglr rald m nolgnelrnm

Dms olsmeas y ad hudtm l dl pldlfrl Z<_

[mr Jnettm Duhls



<>Vatldas ba Olsmearïl


ae qua sa rneba m sa supmea raebnr hudtm ld slfar y l dl iustnhnl. Xn rahurrnomsl [ntìgmrls pmbrïloms bahnr qua ad sndaehnm as dl prnoarl pnabrl bad taopdmba dl dmsmcïl.

Abulrbm Gldalem Z8_ ae hlofnm bashrnfa ld Haetrm Hmoarhnld hmom ad

taopdm bmeba sa hadafrle dls onsls bad hmesuom, ue fuae sïofmdm ba dmsoaeslias bmoneletas ae dl îpmhl euastrl9 axnsta cuarl bad tnaopm y bad as-

plhnm, sne ablb y sne rlïz, y em tnaea oaomrnl.

Basba qua Iasùs axpudsø l dms oarhlbaras bad taopdm, asl pldlfrl puabalsuonr su sngenhlbm ba lhuarbm l qunîe dl utndnha, l quî qunarl emofrlrhme addl. [arm dl pldlfrl taopdm, hmom dl pldlfrl ravmduhnøe, hmom dl pl-

dlfrl utmpïl, sme, m oaimr bnh`m bafarïle sar, dl raprasaetlhnøe ba dl hmes-truhhnøe ba ue ouebm oìs aquntltnvm, oìs smdnblrnm, oìs nguld.

[lrl dms olsmeas dl hmestruhhnøe ba asa grle taopdm smhnld qua bafa sar

uenvarsld, qua bafa sar hmdahtnvm, as, m oaimr bnh`m bafarïl sar, uel mphnøeba vnbl qua vl uenbl l dl hmestruhhnøe bad taopdm netarnmr hmom nebnvnbums.Xar ue hmdahtnvm oìs iustm (ragnbm pmr dl dnfartlb, dl nguldblb y dl crltaren -blb) nopdnhl sar nebnvnbums oìs iustms. Hmestrunr ue taopdm axtarem ba iustn-hnl, nopdnhl hmestrunr ue taopdm ba iustnhnl ld netarnmr euastrm.

Bms

Ae dl olsmearïl ad taopdm as uel oatìcmrl bad ouebm qua bafarïlsar. Dms prnoarms nebnhnms ba dl axnstaehnl ba dl olsmearïl sa raometle ld sngdmPNNN, îpmhl ae qua ldguems ldflündas m olsmeas hmoaezlfle l nebapaebn-zlr sus graonms ba dl tutadl radngnmsl. Dms euavms graonms sa aehlrglfle badl hmestruhhnøe ba dls hltabrldas y dms hlstnddms. [lrl bashleslr sa raueïleae h`mzls m tlddaras ae bmeba l su vaz ddavlfle l hlfm sus iuetls y rauenm -

eas. Hmom arl hmoùe ae asms lüms, dms graonms lbmptlrme haraomenls yrngurmsms prmhasms ba lbonsnøe y sadahhnøe, plrl prmtagar sus tîhenhls y hm-

emhnonaetms ba ldflündarïl y hmestruhhnøe. Lsnonsom, dms hmemhnonaetms arlenoplrtnbms ba lhuarbm l su iarlrquïl ae dls mfrls9 olastrm, hmoplüarm mlpraebnz.

Blbm qua arle hmestruhtmras, rahurrïle crahuaetaoaeta ld ùenhm pl-

slia fïfdnhm qua batlddl ue prmhasm ba hmestruhhnøe9 dl hmestruhhnøe badtaopdm ba Xldmoøe. ^ as lsï qua ad taopdm olsøenhm astì flslbm ae ad bn -saüm gamoîtrnhm bad taopdm ba Iarusldîe (m ba Xldmoøe) y, sagùe ldguems`nstmrnlbmras olsøenhms, ad lrquntahtm qua bnrngnø dls mfrls ba bnh`m taopdm,ad olastrm @nrlo, as hmesnbarlbm hmom uem ba dms oïtnhms cueblbmras ba dlOlsmearïl.

Ae ad taopdm sa raùea ad tlddar m dmgnl, qua as dl raprasaetlhnøe badhmdahtnvm ba olsmeas trlflilebm ae lromeïl. [arm dl `nstmrnl ba dl pldlfrldmgnl, tlofnîe vl uenbl l dl `nstmrnl ba dl prmpnl olsmearïl huym mrngaerald sa ufnhl ae dl Ablb Oabnl hulebm, baspuîs ba dl hlïbl bad noparnm

rmolem, dl Ngdasnl Hltødnhl, netaraslbl ae su aspdaebmr, sa babnhø l dl hmes-truhhnøe ba lflbïls, hltabrldas y taopdms y, pmr mtrm dlbm, dms prïehnpas ysaümras caubldas, plrl baomstrlr su pmbar, hmestruyarme sus [ldlhnms y Hls-

Z<_ Emtl9Lrtïhudm pufdnhlbm ae dlravnstl —@nrlo Lfncc‟ ae sueùoarm >; (Xaptnaofraba 6;;7) y qua raprmbu-

hnoms ïetagrloaeta. Va-

vnstl yl em axnstaeta huymbnrahtmr arl euastrm hmdl-

fmrlbmr Vnhlrbm A. [mdm(<>87 ‘ 6;<6)

Z6_ Emtl9Imrga Olrnm [abrm Slr -gls Ddmsl (Lraqunpl, 60ba olrzm ba <>83), hm-

emhnbm hmom Olrnm Slr -gls Ddmsl, as ue ashrntmrparulem, qua basba <>>8huaetl tlofnîe hme dlelhnmeldnblb asplümdl.Qem ba dms oìs nopmr -tletas emvadnstls y aesl-

ynstls hmetaopmrìeams,su mfrl `l hmsah`lbm

euoarmsms praonms, aetradms qua bastlhle ad [rïe-

hnpa ba Lsturnls ba dlsDatrls <>03 y ad Emfad baDntarlturl 6;<;.

Z8_ Emtl9

Abulrbm Garoìe Olrïl@ug`as Gldalem (Ome-

tavnbam, 8 ba saptnao-

fra ba <>2;), hmemhnbmhmom Abulrbm Gldalem,as ue parnmbnstl y ashrntmrurugulym, glelbmr badpraonm Xtng Blgarole.Astì hmesnbarlbm hmomuem ba dms oìs bastlhl-

bms ashrntmras ba dl dntarl-

turl dltnemloarnhlel.



6; Vatldas ba Olsmearïl


tnddms.

[lrl raldnzlr astls mfrls arl prahnsm a nebnspaeslfda hmetlr hme olem ba mfrl aspahnldnzl-

bl ae dls ìrals ba dl lrquntahturl, dl hmestruhhnøe y dl adlfmrlhnøe ba oltarnldas, aspahnldoaeta,dl pnabrl.

Astms prmcasnmeldas ba dl hmestruhhnøe, ld nguld qua dms prmcasnmeldas y lrtaslems ba mtrlsmhuplhnmeas, sa lgruplrme ae varblbarls hmcrlbïls plrl su bacaesl y prmtahhnøe prmcasnmeld,uel aspahna ba snebnhltms baemonelbms gundbls.

Dl saba ba dls gundbl ba hmestruhtmras, ldflündas m olsmeas, hlsn euehl astlfl ae dl hnu-

blb. Ad duglr ba su trlflim astlfl, gaearldoaeta, daims ba dl hnublb, ae ad sntnm bmeba hmestruïledms abnhnms, dms hlstnddms, dls lflbïls, ath.

As pmr addm qua hralrme ad hmehaptm ba dl dmgnl m tlddar, uel grle hlflül m paquaüm abn-

hnm hmestrunbm leaxm m harhl bad duglr ba hmestruhhnøe bmeba vnvïle, sa raueïle, gulrblfle sus

àrrlonaetls ba trlflim, sus taxtms y pdlems y aesaülfle l dms «lpraebnhasº.

Dms lpraebnhas arle nenhnlbms y lvlezlbms ae su prmcasnøe pmr olastrms, qua baomstrlflesu hmemhnonaetm ae haraomenls aspahnldas. Dl dmgnl arl uel nestlehnl hmdahtnvl ba uenblb.

@lhnl eas ba dl Ablb Oabnl, dms graonms astlfle l puetm ba baslplrahar trls dl aetrlblbad astndm raelhaetnstl qua dms `lfïlslhlbm bad oarhlbm. Hme dl bahl-

baehnl bad caubldnsom y dl pludltnelpîrbnbl bad pmbar ba dl Ngdasnl Hltø-

dnhl y su bnvnsnøe, dl hralhnøe bad hme-

haptm ba hnublbas dnfras y dms astubnmslhlbîonhms ae dls uenvarsnblbas quahmoaezlfle l hralrsa y, oìs lbadleta, yl ae dl ablb ombarel, hme dl bahnsnøe bad ray ba Negdl-

tarrl ba rahmestrunr Dmebras baspuîs bad nehaebnm ba <333, qua bastruyø tras hulrtms ba dl hnublb,hme dlbrnddms ae vaz ba pnabrl, oltarnld bad huld dms olsmeas bashmemhïle su lpdnhlhnøe y trlflim,ad aehnhdmpabnsom y ad Nduonensom, dls dmgnls mparltnvls hmoaezlrme l parbar su cuarzl y, plrloletaearsa, parontnarme ad negrasm l sus dls l parsmels qua em taeïle enegùe hmemhnonaetm ba dlprmcasnøe ba olsmeas m ldflündas ba dl hmestruhhnøe, hmom onaofrms ba dl emfdazl, prmcasnmeasdnfras, hmoarhnletas a netadahtuldas.

Astms onaofrms, qua em hmemhïle y em trlflilfle dl pnabrl cuarme baemonelbms «lhaptl-

bmsº y hme addm sa hraø uel euavl cmrol y astndm ba olsmearïl baemonelbl —aspahudltnvl‟. Burle-

ta astl îpmhl ba trlesnhnøe, hlbl dmgnl arl nebapaebnaeta ae su lhtulhnøe y cmrol ba mparlr.

@lhnl hmonaezms bad sngdm PSNNN yl prìhtnhloaeta em axnstïle dmgnls mparltnvls, arle tmblsaspahudltnvls y dls àrrlonaetls prìhtnhls ba trlflim, yl sa `lfïle hmevartnbm ae àrrlonaetlssnofødnhls. Xne aoflrgm, oletaeïle ad snstaol bad sahratm prmcasnmeld hme ad e ba nbaetnhlrsaoutuloaeta.

Xaguïle cuehnmelebm ae rahnetms aspahnldas ddlolbms taopdms, yl em ae dms duglras ba hmes-truhhnøe, snem ae dms haetrms urflems y prabnhlfle y huopdïle ue astrnhtm snstaol îtnhm ba hmopmr -tlonaetm.

@my dl dmgnl as dl hîdudl prnolrnl ba dl Mrbae Olsøenhl, as uel nestlehnl hmdahtnvl bauenblb ae dl bnvarsnblb. Qel nestlehnl crltarel ba nguldas, ae dl qua sa raaxnmel y trlflil plrlhmestrunr ad grle taopdm smhnld.

—Burleta astl îpmhl ba trlesnhnøe, hlbl dm-

gnl arl nebapaebnaeta ae su lhtulhnøe y cmr -ol ba mparlr ‟



6<Vatldas ba Olsmearïl


Rras

[lrl dms olsmeas ad usm ba dl pldlfrl as ue àh`m ba trlshaebaehnl, dl pldlfrl em smdm asraspatlbl snem vaearlbl. Hulebm hmonaezle dms Rrlflims y ad Saearlfda Olastrm bahdlrl9 «Xndae-

hnm ae dmgnl ons àrolems‟, as dl mfdnglhnøe ba hlbl olsøe oletaear ad sndaehnm `lstl qua, hmedl lutmrnzlhnøe hmrraspmebnaeta, sa da mtmrgua ad usm ba dl pldlfrl.

Asta rngurmsm snstaol qua tnaea pmr eldnblb lhmstuofrlr ld olsøe l raaxnmelr letas ba`lhar usm ba dl pldlfrl y, ld onsom tnaopm, lhmstuofrlrdm l qua hulebm tnaea dl pldlfrl bafasar prahnsm ae axpraslr dm qua qunara bahnr, pmrqua prmflfdaoaeta yl em taebrì mpmrtuenblb ba

rapdnhlr euavloaeta smfra ad taol ae huastnøe, astì flslbm ae ad prnehnpnm ba qua dl pldlfrl asue aia ba uenblb, adaoaetm cuebloaetld ae dl hmestruhhnøe bad taopdm smhnld y ae dl hmestruhhnøeba ue ouebm oìs nguld, m sal, oaimr.

Asta snstaol paronta y mfdngl l dms olsmeas l ashuh`lr hme plhnaehnl y tmdarlehnl l qunaetnaea ad usm ba dl pldlfrl y lsï lsagurlr oaimr dl hmopraesnøe ba dm qua bnha, adaoaetm nopmrtle-

ta plrl avntlr qua sa puabl targnvarslr uel nbal. [arm mfdngl lbaoìs l em hmoatar ad arrmr babasparbnhnlr dl pldlfrl, y l em cldtlr l dl pldlfrl, qua as hmom bahnr qua em sa puaba cldtlr l dmsprnehnpnms en trlnhnmelr su prmpnl pldlfrl.

Asta snstaol, ld qua rahnîe negrasl l dl olsmearïl da puaba plrahar axtrlüm y `lstl supar -um, parm aesaül ld olsøe l sar oìs tmdarleta. Ad olsøe lpraeba l ashuh`lr, l sar oìs prahnsmae sus tîronems, lhtntubas qua, hme dl prìhtnhl baetrm ba dms ourms bad taopdm, sa asparl qua eld-oaeta dl lpdnqua ae su vnbl hmtnbnlel.

Ad olsøe, hmom nebnvnbum, bafa lhtulr ae dl smhnablb l qua partaeaha cuarl ba dms dïontasbad taopdm bacaebnaebm sus prmpnms prnehnpnms a nbals, parm snaopra prlhtnhlebm dms prnehnpnms îtn-hms olsøenhms.

Ad asquaol gaearld ba dl Dmgnl olsøenhl, as uel varblbarl nolgae snofødnhl bad ouebm.[rmhabnaebm ba uel trlbnhnøe ba hmestruhtmras, em bafa rasudtlr axtrlüm qua dl olsmearïl huo-

pdl hme dl cuehnøe ba lrhl rahaptmrl, puas prahnsloaeta dl hmestruhhnøe m abnhlhnøe em tnaeamtrl cuehnøe qua dl ba pmear «l hufnartm º m «ld lfrngmº ba dl netaoparna m nehdaoaehnl bad tnaopm:

parm, leìdmgloaeta, hulebm dl hmestruhhnøe sa aetnaeba hmom ldgm slgrlbm, hmom ae ad hlsmba dl olsmearïl, îstl bafa prmtagar aspnrntuldoaeta l hlbl uem ba sus onaofrms. Ae asa hlsm adtaopdm y dl dmgnl sme uel aspahna ba lfrngm qua saplrl ld olsøe ba dls bafndnblbas prmclels.

Ad taopdm olsøenhm as ue hmeiuetm ba aqundnfrnms, oøbudms y cmrols lromenmsls (qua pmr ra-

ailr dl faddazl ba dl netadngaehnl sa hmestntuya ae «raspdlebmr ba dm varblbarmº, hmom bnrïl [dltøe)sa gaearl l plrtnr ba ue puetm haetrld, ad lrl huyl prasaehnl as moenprasaeta ae tmbm ad taopdm.Asta puetm haetrld em as mtrm qua ad «eubm vntldº qua hmàsnmel ad abnhnm aetarm, y bmeba hmeuyay sa axpleba, hmom sn ba uel raspnrlhnøe sa trltlrl, tmbl dl astruhturl bad onsom. Rmbm ad hmsoms,pmrqua ad taopdm olsøenhm as lbaoìs uel raprasaetlhnøe bad hmsoms.





Z2_ Emtl9Areastm Xlfltm (62 ba iu-

enm ba <><< - 8; ba lfrndba 6;<<) cua ue ashrntmr,aeslynstl, cïsnhm y pnetmrlrgaetnem. @l ashrntm ae-

slyms smfra dl hmebnhnøe`uolel, tras emvadls (Ad tùead, Xmfra `îrmas ytuofls, Lflbbøe ad ax-

taronelbmr), y ae <>>0sus oaomrnls9 Letas bade. @l snbm uem ba dms lu-

tmras oìs pmpudlras ba dldntarlturl lrgaetnel hme-

taopmrìeal.

Hultrm

Areastm Xìfltm Z2_ bnim hnartl vaz qua «dl vnbl as uel emvadl qua saashrnfa ae fmrrlbmr y em sa puaba hmrragnrº. Gmezldm ba Crantls, ue quarnbmlongm qua sa olrh`ø, y ba dms grlebas parnmbnstls urugulyms, da lgragø9

«Em sa puaba hmrragnr parm sa puaba radaarº.

Xn radayîrloms dms ùdtnoms tranetl lüms ba Loîrnhl Dltnel, varïlomsqua Xìfltm taeïl rlzøe9 em sa `l hmrragnbm elbl. As ad plnslia ba dl onsarnllsnondlbm hmom cltldnblb liael. Dl nebncaraehnl y ad lhmombm `nhnarme qual`mrl dl pmfrazl sal elturld. Ldgm lebl ouy old hulebm tmoloms astatnpm ba hmsls hmom elturldas. Ems cunoms suoargnaebm omrldoaeta sne par -hnfnr dl hlïbl9 daetm bashaesm ̀ lhnl dl nebncaraehnl îtnhl, pludltnem batarnmrmba bacaesls y ralhhnmeas, grlbuld hmecusnøe aetra hmevaenaehnls y dm quapuaba sleloaeta lbontnrsa. Dl barrmtl trlescmroø l ouh`ms dltnemloa-

rnhlems ae saras lofngums, clrnsams, hme dl `npmhrasïl ba saras cmrzlbms l

hmevnvnr hme sus gulrbnleas.

Aetmehas tmbm as elturld. As elturld qua sa baslplrazhle ondas badltnemloarnhlems y em sa hlstngua l dms hudplfdas. As elturld qua ae dl Lvaen-bl ba Dl [raesl ue saümr ba 0; lüms sa hlngl, ddmra ba bmdmr pmrqua em pua-

ba hlonelr y elbna sa bngea ae lyublrdm. As elturld qua ad fusarm oldtrltal dms plsliarms, dms ddava hmom glelbm y elbna sa pramhupa. As elturld quaad lutmomvndnstl plsa hme dl duz rmil y en sa nopmrta sn `ly ue paltøe aspa-

rlebm ae dl asqunel. As elturld qua ldguems pmdïtnhms bngle `my uel hmsl yolülel em dl huopdle. As elturld qua ue enüm pnbl dnomsel y sa da bngl —ylem omdastas‟, tmtld… sme tletms. As elturld qua sa tldae dms ìrfmdas nebnshrnon-elbloaeta. As elturld qua ad pmfrarïm ouarl ba `lofra. As elturld qua adrltarm vlyl prasm y ad dlbrøe ba guleta fdlehm prmspara. As elturld qua dms iøvaeas bafle asparlr. As elturld plglr uel hmnol plrl `lhar ue trìonta.Rmbm as elturld, parm elbl as elturld. Em ems baiaoms ddavlr pmr dl nebnca-

raehnl. Ddavaoms dl crltarenblb y dl smdnblrnblb ba dl dmgnl l hlbl duglr,hmetlgnaoms hme dl vmduetlb bad tlddar l hlbl sar `uolem y hmestruylomsad taopdm smhnld ae hlbl lhhnøe




xxxx

Bnoaesnmeas bad Badtl Duonemsm Z<_

[mr ad S.·. @.·. Lqundnem V. Dald

Rrlbuhnbm bad [mrtuguîs bad Frlsnd pmr9 S.·.@.·. Olrnm Døpaz

Bafnbm l dl hmestleta prasaehnl badeùoarm ba mrm y l dm qua asta raprasaetlflae dl Letngôablb hulebm ld hmemhnonaetmarl ue prnvndagnm ba uems pmhms y pmrqua adpaetlgrlol as —uel cuarzl vnvl‟, hraaomsqua ad —mim qua tmbm dm va‟ bafa ba astlrhmetaenbm ae ue trnìegudm ba mrm snondlr ldprasaetlbm ae dl gurl < m, snopdaoaeta,ad trnìegudm LFA bad paetìgmem qua hmetnaea ad paetlgrlol (gurl 6) m,nehdusm, ba cmrol oìs hdlrl, ba lhuarbm l dm ndustrlbm ae dl gurl 8. [mrastms omtnvms smoms hmetrlrnms l dl mpnenøe qua smfra ad aofdaol bl ae dlpìgnel <<6 ad dnfrm ba racaraehnl eùoarm <; ba dl fnfdnmgrlcïl ba asta trlfl-

im (Raopdm Olçòenhm a sau snofmdnsom - Fmleargas Flrfmsl Hlstrm - AbntmrlLurmrl), bmeba sa baaeba qua dl cmrol nbald as ad trnìegudm aqundìtarm.

Dntarldoaeta, ashrnfa (ae lzud) y em-

smtrms hmoaetloms ae eagrm.

—Ae ad [lead qua sa aehuaetrl sntul-

bm ld cmebm bad trmem bad SaearlfdaOlastrm axnsta ue trnìegudm aqundìta-

rm (ad Lutmr plrta ba uel lrolhnøe)qua mstaetl ae su haetrm dl gurl baue mim `uolem (½@uolem= \unzìs.½@mrus= ) y ad Badtl Duonemsm.‟

—Asta sïofmdm rahuarbl dl prasae-

hnl ae dl Dmgnl bad Grle Lrquntahtmbad Qenvarsm (em as pmr ad —mim‟ qua adGLBQ as rahmrblbm y sn pmr su hral-

hnøe9 ¡ad `mofra hmom ue tmbm). Ad

trnìegudm aqundìtarm as dl raprasaetlhnøe ba bnms ae vlrnls radngnmeas (½vlrnlsradngnmeas=), ae sus tras cmrols, ae sus tras lspahtms parcahtloaeta nguldas,ae su olencastlhnøe ba [arcahhnøe, Xlfnburïl y Lromeïl (dl racaraehnl asuel trnlbl y em eahaslrnloaeta ue trnìegudm). Dl snofmdmgïl ltrnfunbl ldtrnìegudm aqundìtarm sa raometl l dms oìs letngum ae dms tnaopms (¡`aomslrolbm asm ae uem ba euastrms lrtïhudms sne eahasnblb ba nevmhlr ad trnìe-

gudm aqundìtarm!) y raprasaetl ld sar lfstrlhtm qua eahaslrnloaeta axnsta.

Ouh`ms sngenhlbms sme ltrnfunbms l dms dlbms ba asta trnìegudm qua sme par -cahtloaeta nguldas9 dms tras ranems ba dl elturldazl: ad prasaeta, ad plslbm yad cuturm, ath. Addms avmhle snaopra ad lspahtm ba dl Rrnenblb raprasaetlbl

Z<_ Emtl9Ad prasaeta taxtm, dngarl-

oaeta ombnhlbm, cua

mrngneldoaeta pufdnhlbmae dl abnhnøe 621 (66 baolym ba 6;<;) bad saol-

elrnm adahtrøenhm CMD@LOLÇÒENHL (cmd`lolhm-

enhlKgolnd.hmo).

Oltaoìtnhl ae dl Olsmearïl

Cngurl <

Cngurl 6




xxxx

pmr dms tarelrnms dmsøhms y radngnmsms rahmrblbm ae dl bmhtrnel @nebù m Rrnourtn qua hmestntuya dlHralhnøe, Hmesarvlhnøe y Bastruhhnøe: ae dl dmsmcïl hrnstnlel raprasaetle l dls tras parsmels ba dlRrnenblb9 [lbra, @nim y Aspïrntu Xletm. Ae ad Letngum Agnptm arle Nsns, @mrus y Msnrns y lsï ae lbadleta,rahmrblebm snaopra dms lspahtms ba dl parcahhnøe ae sus oìs ldtms grlbms.‟

Oaems old qua em ̀ l snbm oaehnmelbl, ¡sagurloaeta pmr ue mdvnbm!, uel ba dls prnehnpldasprmpnablbas ba dms trnìegudms aqundìtarms9 ae addms, ae radlhnøe hme hlbl uem ba dms dlbms/vîrtn-has, hmnehnbae dls prnehnpldas havnlels Z6_ (oabnltrnhas, fnsahtrnhas netarels, ldturls y oabnlels),pmr dm tletm `lfrì, mfdngltmrnloaeta, uel hmnehnbaehnl ba hnrhuehaetrms, nehaetrms, mrtmhaetrms yflrnhaetrms (m haetrms ba grlvablb): taebrïloms uel bmhael oìs ba plrìgrlcms —dmsøhms‟… ¡yraplrae qua em hntloms ad batldda qua ad trnìegudm ørtnhm Z8_ ba ue trnìegudm aqundìtarm tlofnîe asaqundìtarm!

Hdlrloaeta ems bloms huaetl qua ad taxtm astì bnrahtl-

oaeta mrnaetlbm `lhnl dl snofmdmgïl bad tras qua `lhnl dlsnofmdmgïl ba trnìegudm, ae aspahnld ad aqundìtarm, huyls —ne-

tarasletas‟ prmpnablbas em pmbaoms ngemrlr: prmpnablbasqua, sne aoflrgm, em sme tle —cuartas‟ hmom dls axnstaetasae dms trnìegudms ba mrm qua sa cmrole ld basbmfdlr ad paetl-

grlol.

[mr asta omtnvm tlopmhm astloms ba lhuarbm hme dm as-tlfdahnbm ae ad Vntuld ba Lpraebnz Olsøe hulebm sa lrolqua as ue trnìegudm aqundìtarm ae huym haetrm astlrì prasl,pmr ue ldlofra nevnsnfda (==), dl datrl `afral NMB, raprasae-

tlbl pmr dl datrl G (pìgnel <; bad —Vntuld bm Lpraebnz Olçmo - GDA bl Gulelflrl - <>32‟)

Ae pufdnhlhnmeas letarnmras ba astl sarnl quabø avnbaeta dl eahasnblb ba qua tmbl dl lr -

quntahturl tnpm rahtlegudlr ba ue Raopdm sa cuebloaetlsa ae ad rahtìegudm ba mrm, ae aspahnld,ad [lvnoaetm ba Omslnhm, dls bnoaesnmeas (rahtlegudlras) bad taopdm, dms pleadas, ath. ½[mr quîem hmestntunr, aetmehas, ue hmeiuetm lromenmsm aevmdvnaebm ad em oaems lromenmsm —p`n‟=

Ae huletm l dms Ldtlras, bafarïle, sagùe euastrm puetm ba vnstl, prasaetlr uel cmrol baprnsol trnìegudlr, as bahnr, dl flsa bafarïl sar ue trnìegudm nsøshadas ba flsa huyms ìegudms cuarlenguldas l 83¹, tld hmom ad raprasaetlbm ae dl gurl 8 (BXC) m fnae ad ALF bad paetlgrlol ba dlgurl 6, aetra mtrms nguldas raprasaetlbms ae dl onsol gurl.

¡Lromeïl pdael y tmtld!

[røxnol aetragl9 Dls bnoaesnmeas lbahulbls bad olebnd.


Cngurl 8




xxxx

Fnfdnmgrll

<. M dnvrm bms sïofmdms - Vubmdc Jmh` - Abntmrl Vaeas6. L snofødnhl olçòenhl - Iudas Fmuhàr - Abntmrl [aesloaetm8. Bnhnmeìrnm ba olçmelrnl - Imlquno Garvìsnm ba Cnguanrabm - Abntmrl

[aesloaetm2. Vntuld bm Hmopleànrm Olçmo - GDAVI - <>771. Vntuld bm Lpraebnz Olçmo - GDA bl Gulelflrl - <>323. Xngems Astadlras - Dnebl Gmmbole - Abntmrl Vahmrb7. Gamoatrnl pdlel (lpmstndl bm hursm Satmr) - [rmc. Hîdnm [netm ba Ld-oanbl0. M uenvarsm bms eùoarms - Fnfdnmtahl Vmslhruz ([ntìgmrls, [dltèm, @ar -oas Rrnsoagnstus, Cïdme, [dmtnem, Gars`mo Xh`mdao, Ilhmf Fmaòa, CrlehnsFlhme, Vmfart Cdubb, Imè @aybme, R`mols Slug`le, Danfentz)>. Emvm Bnhnmeìrnm bl Dïegul [mrtuguasl - Lurîdnm Fulrqua ba @mdleblCarranrl - Abntmrl Emvl Crmetanrl

<;. Raopdm Olçòenhm a sau snofmdnsom - Fmleargas Flrfmsl Hlstrm - Abn-tmrl Lurmrl

<<. Olçmelrnl (Vntms, Grlus a [ldlvrls Hmeaxls) - Xaflstnèm Fmbad bmsXletms - Abntmrl Lurmrl

<6. Hlfldl (L trlbnçèm Asmtîrnhl bm Mhnbaeta) - Crlehnshm Sldbmonrm Dm-

raez - Abntmrl [aesloaetm<8. L Snbl Mhudtl el Olçmelrnl - H.W. Dalbfaltar 88¹ - Abntmrl [aesl-

oaetm

—As oìs cìhnd rahmemhar ad arrmr qua aehmetrlr dl varblb: lquad astì ae dlsuparhna y pmr asm as oìs cìhnd ba arrlbnhlr: astl rapmsl ae ad cmebm, y emuem huldqunarl qunae puaba nevastnglrdl‟ ( (Im`lee Wmdcgleg vme GmatàZ<72>-<086_, pmatl, brlolturgm y ashrntmr ldaoìe)

Xmfra ad lutmr

Ad S.·.@.·. Lqundnem Vald as mrnuebm ba Asplül (Ylomrl), parm rasnba ae Frlsnd(Dnol Bulrta - Onels Garlns) basba bnhnaofra ba <>16.Negaenarm adahtrnhnstl y prmcasmr uenvarsntlrnm, sa aehuaetrl iufndlbm.

Cua nenhnlbm ae dl Olsmearïl ad ;8 ba Xaptnaofraba <>73, adavlbm ld grlbm hmoplüarm ad 60 ba

Lfrnd ba<>70 y axldtlbm l Olastrm ad 68 ba Olrzmba <>7>.Ad ;1 ba Iudnm ba <>00 mhupø ad hlrgm ba Saearl -

fda Olastrm.

Ad S.·. @.·. Lqundnem Vald cua cueblbmr ba dls dmgnlsXaptao Crltarns >1 (Vïm ba Ileanrm) ad <;/;0/<>08y Xtlensdls ba Gulntl <31 (Vïm ba Ileanrm) ad6;/;3/6;;3. Lofls trlflilebm ae ad VALL

[uabae hmetlhtlrda pmr oabnm ba su a-olnd9

lqundnemdaldKr7.hmo.

Z6_ Emtl9Qel havnlel as ue sag-

oaetm ba rahtl quauem ba dms vîrtnhas ba uetrnìegudm ld dlbm mpuastmhmrraspmebnaeta m l suprmdmeglhnøe

Z8_ Emtl9Ad trnìegudm ørtnhm ba uetrnìegudm blbm as ad qua

tnaea hmom vîrtnhas dmspnas ba dls ldturls ba uetrnìegudm blbm, hmom saouastrl (ae rmim) ae dlnolgae





xxxxCuebloaetms y eas ba dl olsmearnl

[lrl qua ad dahtmr sa cmroa uel nbal, dm oìs liustlbl pmsnfda, smfra dms eas y prmpøsntms badl olsmearïl ombarel, `lraoms uel frava rasaül `nstørnhl y uel smoarl axpmsnhnøe smfra dl aetn-blb. Ddloloms —Olsmearïl Ombarel‟ l dl qua sa hmemha lhtuldoaeta y qua tnaea su mrngae ae dlGrle Dmgnl Qenbl Ba Negdltarrl, cueblbl ad 62 ba iuenm ba <7<7 pmr dls sngunaetas Dmgnls axnstaetasae lquad aetmehas9 @mstarïl bad Hnsea, @mstarïl ba dl Hmrmel, Rlfarel bad Olezlem y Rlfarel badVmolem. As ba tmbms hmemhnbm qua dls dmgnls a aetnblbas ba tnpm hlflddarashm axnstnarme basbadm oìs raomtms tnaopms hme eas radngnmsms uels, ba hmequnstls mtrls, ba abuhlhnøe y ba astubnmdls oìs9 aetra astls, dls mrglenzlhnmeas bad graonm ba hmestruhtmras arle dls oìs lbadletlbls yprmbuiarme dms grlebas abnhnms radngnmsms m astltldas qua lue `my puabae lbonrlrsa y l dls huldassmdm sa pmbïl negraslr duagm ba `lfarsa smoatnbm l pruafls aspahïhls ba aesaülezl, `lfndnblb,vldmr, ath. nehdunoms ae astl aeuehnlhnøe dms letngums onstarnms ba Agnptm, dls mrglenzlhnmeas nebu-

has y dms onstarnms ba dls mrglenzlhnmeas grnagls, tmbms dms huldas taeïle pmr mfiatm oletaear aetmbl su purazl dms prnehnpnms hnaetïhms y radngnmsms ba dl îpmhl, `lhnîebmsa eahaslrnls dl nenhnl-

hnøe y dls pruafls ba hlplhnblb m ba vldmr nebnspaeslfdas plrl lbqunrnr, hmesarvlr y trlsontnr asmsprnehnpnms.

Dms hlofnms qua nfl netrmbuhnaebm ad prmgrasm ùolem ae tmbms dms ørbaeas ba dl vnbl`nhnarme bahlar dl nopmrtlehnl ba astls aetnblbas y ombnhlrme sus cmrols, bìebmdas pludltnel -

oaeta dl astruhturl lhtuld, qua lfsmrfnø ouh`ms ba dms onstarnms y aesaülezls letnguls. Dls dmgnlsba hmestruhtmras, ba hlrìhtar mparltnvm, flsa ba dls dmgnls lhtuldas, rasarvlbls axhdusnvloaetald graonm, avmduhnmelrme ̀ lhnl ad hlrìhtar aspahudltnvm pmr dl nehmrpmrlhnøe ba euoarmsms onao-

frms em mparlrnms oleuldas snem netadahtuldas, l hlrgm ba dl bnrahhnøe tîhenhl ba dls mfrls prnoarmy qua oìs tlrba `lddlrme ae dls àrrlonaetls ad lrta ba hmestrunr sïofmdms ba dl abnhlhnøe ba suprmpnm hlrìhtar omrld y, mtmrgìebmdas ad sngenhlbm ba uel paroleaeta hmestruhhnøe ba dl omrl-

dnblb parsmeld, das noprnonarme su baentnvl y lhtuld hlrlhtarïstnhl.

Ba dl eahasnblb ba mrglenzlr smfra emrols ils y hmoueas dms trlflims ba astls aetnblbas,

surgnø dl prnoarl Grle Dmgnl bad Ouebm, dl negdasl, ad 62 ba Iuenm ba <7<7, ae Dmebras, qua ba-sngem hmom prnoar Grle Olastra ba dms OLXMEAX DNFVAX ^ LHA[RLBMX l Letmenm Xmyarls. Ae sus

prnoarms tnaopms ad gmfnarem ba dls grlebas dmgnls em mfabahïl l ue pdle bataronelbm m l ragdlsashrntls. Dl mrglenzlhnøe taeïl hlrlhtarïstnhls prmpnls plrl ad rahmemhnonaetm aetra sus onaofrmsy aetra dms ba aetnblbas snondlras: hlbl dmgnl bafïl astlr gmfarelbl pmr ue olastrm y bms vngn-dletas: burleta dms trlflims bafïle sar axpuastms ae ad ldtlr tras sïofmdms qua sa baemonelfledls Grlebas Duhas9 Dl Fnfdnl, dl Ashulbrl y ad Hmopls: gulrblfls ad sahratm smfra sus rauenmeas ysnofødnhloaeta sa aopdalfle dms nestruoaetms y àrrlonaetls ba hmestruhhnøe y ldflündarïl ae dlabnhlhnøe ba ue taopdm babnhlbm l vnrtub y l dl omrld flslbls ae dl crltarenblb ùolel.

L oabnbl qua dls dmgnls cuarme luoaetlebm sa `nzm eahaslrnm prashrnfnr ragdls plrl su cue-

hnmelonaetm: elhnø dl Cabarlhnøe ba Dmgnls y sa aehmoaebø lLEBAVXME

, hdîrngm prmtastleta l-

dnlbm l dl Grle Dmgnl: dl rablhhnøe ba dl Hmestntuhnøe y ragdloaetms qua bafïle ragnrdl. Ad trlflimcua lprmflbm pmr dl Lslofdal ba dl Grle Dmgnl, rauenbl ae <768, y sa hmemha pmr dms Letngums

Cuebloaetms y cneas ba dl olsmearnl

[mr ad S.·.@.·. Duns L. Hruz Aspnemzl, 88»V9.D9.X9.XR. Imè Dmbga E.6 Grle Dmgnl @nsplel ba Emrtaloîrnhl Sldda ba Eaw ^mrj, Q.X.L

(Oltarnld prmpmrhnmelbm pmr on ouy quarnbm longm y @arolem At`nad Molr Hlrtas ‘ Xèm[ludm - Frlsnd)




Hlrgms ba dl Olsmearïl m Hmestntuhnøe ba Lebarsme.

Ba Negdltarrl plsø dl mrglenzlhnøe l Crlehnl y baoìs plïsas bad hmetneaeta aurmpam, oìstlrba l Astlbms Qenbms ba Emrta Loîrnhl, bmeba sa cuebø dl prnoarl dmgnl ae <788 ae dl hnublb baFmstme y pmstarnmroaeta ae Cndlbadl, snaebm onaofrm ba astl ùdtnol FAEILOÏE CVLEJDNE: y pmr e

sa axtaebnø pmr tmbm ad ouebm ae dl cmrol qua `my dl hmemhaoms. Dls bnstnetls hmestntuhnmeas bnh-tlbls pmr ad Grle Mrnaeta m Grle Dmgnl ba hlbl [lïs snondlras: tmbls sa cueblrme y sa smstnaeae aedms Letngums Dnontas m dayas em ashrntls, barah`m hmesuatubnelrnm, qua sa hmoprmoatae l em vnmdlr:snguae l addls dms Letngums Hlrgms m bahdlrlhnøe ba prnehnpnms qua, hme bncaraehnl ba oltnhas, ashmoùe ae tmbls dls elhnmeas: pmr ùdtnom, gurle dls ragdls qua mrglenzle y rngae ld gmfnarem ba dlnestntuhnøe ae hlbl plïs, ba lhuarbm hme sus hlrlhtarïstnhls m ombldnblbas.

½Huld as ad mfiatm ba dl olsmearïl=9 Dlfrlr dl parsmeldnblb aspnrntuld y omrld ba hlbl uemba sus onaofrms plrl qua, parcahhnmelebm, lhtuî emfda, slfnloaeta, ae cmrol bashmddleta, aead ouebm prmclem ld huld dl mrbae basal ddavlr dms faeahnms ba su bmhtrnel. Rmbm su snstaol omrldsa flsl ae ad prnehnpnm ba crltarenblb aetra dms `mofras cueblbm ae dl pltarenblb ba ue onsom

hralbmr9 BNMX. Ldrababmr ba asta prnehnpnm radngnmsm puabae lgruplrsa `mofras ba tmbms dms plr -tnbms pmdïtnhms y ba tmbls dls radngnmeas qua, sne bailr ba lbmrlr y sarvnr l Bnms ae dl cmrol ae quasu hrabm sa dm nopmegl y sne bailr ba lhtulr ae ad plrtnbm pmdïtnhm l qua partaeahae, trlfliae aecmrol paroleaeta y hmetneul plrl ad trnuecm ba dl tmdarlehnl y ad lomr aetra dms `mofras y aetradms puafdms: l addms bafae hmebuhnr dms nbaldas ba Dnfartlb, Iustnhnl y Xmdnblrnblb, qua tnaeae suoìxnol axprasnøe ae dl Baomhrlhnl. [lrl nehmrpmrlrsa l dl Nestntuhnøe smdm sa eahasntl sar @mofraDnfra y ba Fuaels Hmstuofras puas, hmom bnha Lebarsme ae su Hmestntuhnøe ba <768 ld baenr lBnms y l dl radngnøe9

—Ad olsøe astì mfdnglbm pmr su hlrìhtar l mfabahar dl day omrld y, sn bafnbloaeta hmopraeba ad Lrta, em sarì iloìs ue astùpnbm ltam en ue dnfartnem radngnmsm. [arm luequa ae tnaopms le-

tngums dms olsmeas astlfle mfdnglbms l partaeahar l dl radngnøe bmoneleta ae su plïs, huldqunarlqua cuara, sa hmesnbarl ̀ my ouh`m oìs hmevaenaeta mfdnglrdms tle smdm l prmcaslr lquaddl radngnøequa tmbm `mofra lhaptl, bailebm l hlbl uem dnfra ae sus nebnvnbuldas mpnenmeas: as bahnr, qua`le ba sar `mofras prmfms y rahtms, ba `memr y `merlbaz, huldqunarl qua sal ad hrabm m baemon-elhnøe qua dm bnstnegl. Ba astl suarta dl olsmearïl as ad haetrm ba uenøe y ad oabnm ba hmehndnlrvarblbarl crltarenblb aetra parsmels qua ùfnarle partaeahnbm parpatuloaeta bnstlehnlbls‟.

Hmevnaea, plrl olymr hdlrnblb ae euastrl axpmsnhnøe, lpmrtlr ldguels baenhnmeas smfradl olsmearïl bafnbls l ashrntmras qua partaeahnarme l dl aetnblb, lsï hmom taxtms ba hmestntuhnm -

eas ba dms prnoarms tnaopms, dls huldas, hme ouy paquaüls vlrnletas, sa lpdnhle ae dl lhtuldnblb.Bafa taearsa ae huaetl lbaoìs qua smdloaeta dms Grlebas Mrnaetas ba Crlehnl y Fîdgnhl, y smdmae <001, suprnonarme dl axngaehnl bad rahmemhnonaetm ba dl axnstaehnl ba Bnms plrl partaeahar lsus dmgnls, omtnvm pmr ad huld `le quablbm lnsdlbms ba hlsn tmbms dms huarpms olsøenhms ragudlrasbad ouebm.

Dms negdasas baeae l dl olsmearïl hmom —ue àromsm snstaol ba omrld, vadlbm pmr dl lda-gmrïl a ndustrlbm pmr sïofmdms‟. [NJA, ad grleashrntmr olsøenhm emrtaloarnhlem sa raaral dl aetnblb hmom9 —uel lsmhnlhnøe ba `mo-fras vnrtumsms, netadngaetas, basnetaraslbms,gaearmsms y bavmtms qua, onrìebmsa rahïprm-hloaeta hmom dnfras, nguldas y àrolems,astìe mfdnglbms l luxndnlrsa aetra sï y sa lsng-

ele pmr bnvnsl: Dnfartlb, Nguldblb, Crltaren-blb.‟

Cuebloaetms y eas ba dl olsmearnl




Ae dl Hmestntuhnøe olsøenhl crlehasl bad <; ba lgmstm ba <02> sa daa9 —Dl olsmearïl, nestn-tuhnøe dletrøpnhl, dmsøhl, prmgrasnvl, tnaea pmr flsa dl axnstaehnl ba Bnms y dl neomrtldnblb badldol, pmr mfiatm ad aiarhnhnm ba dl faeahaehnl, ad astubnm ba dl omrld uenvarsld, ba dls hnaehnls ydls lrtas y dl prìhtnhl ba tmbls dls vnrtubas. Xu bnvnsl `l snbm ae tmbms dms tnaopms9 Dnfartlb, Nguld-blb, Crltarenblb.‟ Dl Olsmearïl Lrgaetnel, ae <010, ld hmestntunr su prnoar Grle Mrnaeta, bahdlrlfl9 —dl ol-smearïl as uel nestntuhnøe asaehnldoaeta dletrøpnhl, dmsøhl y prmgrasnstl. Xus prnehnpnms sme9 dlaxnstaehnl ba Bnms, dl neomrtldnblb bad ldol y dl smdnblrnblb ùolel. XQ FLXA9 dl Dnfartlb hnvnd yba hmehnaehnl. Xu mfiatm9 dl nevastnglhnøe ba dl varblb, ad astubnm ba dl omrld uenvarsld, ba dlshnaehnls y ba dls lrtas: ad aiarhnhnm ba dl hlrnblb y dl prìhtnhl ba tmbls dls vnrtubas. XQX CNEAX9 adLomr ba dl ùolenblb y ba su parcahhnmelonaetm. XQX [VAHA[RMX9 dl @merlbaz, dl Ndustrlhnøe y adRrlflim. XQ BNSNXL9 Dnfartlb, Nguldblb, Crltarenblb. Ad hlrìhtar plhïhm ba dl nestntuhnøe da prm`ïfamhuplrsa ba lsuetms pmdïtnhms m radngnmsms, rahmoaeblebm l sus lbaptms ad raspatm l dls dayas badplïs y l dl ca radngnmsl y mpnenmeas pmdïtnhls ba sus onaofrms, onaetrls taegle pmr flsa dl Omrld.‟Ae dl lhtuldnblb luequa hme bncaraehnl ba rablhhnøe, rngae dms onsoms prnehnpnms.

Hmom necmrolhnøe hurnmsl a netarasleta trleshrnfnoms dl baenhnøe qua ae ue bnshursm hmom

Mrlbmr ba dl Dmgnl Hmestlehnl bnarl ad aoneaeta pufdnhnstl y ̀ mofra pùfdnhm Bmhtmr LBMDCM XLD-BNLX9 —Valdnzlr ae dm pmsnfda ad nbald bad Grle Lrquntahtm bad Qenvarsm qua `nzm ld `mofra àrolembad `mofra: à lquï su axprasnøe oìs saehnddl ad e l qua tnaeba dl Olsmearïl‟.

Dl Hmestntuhnøe ba dl aetnblb ba <072 trla dl sngunaeta baenhnøe9 —Dl Olsmearïl as uel nes-tntuhnøe ùolentlrnl qua nopmea ad trlflim l dms `mofras dnfras qua dl hmopmeae plrl ldhlezlr adprmgrasm y ad fnae ba dl smhnablb ae qua vnvae, pmr oabnm bad astubnm ba dl varblb, ba dl prmpl-glhnøe ba dls hnaehnls y ba dls lrtas, bad aiarhnhnm ba dl hlrnblb y ba dl prìhtnhl ba dls vnrtubas. DlOlsmearïl prmcasl hmom bmgols9 dl rlzøe ùolel, dl hraaehnl ae ue smdm Bnms Gr9. Lrq9. B9. Q9. yae ad vïehudm ba dl hmecrltarenblb qua uea l tmbms dms `mofras dnfras bad ouebm‟.

[mr ùdtnom, y hmom ndustrlhnøe eahaslrnl, mcrahaoms dl baenhnøe qua sa aehuaetrl ae ad Bnh-hnmelrnm Aehnhdmpîbnhm @nsplem Loarnhlem9 —Crleholsmearïl9 astl Lsmhnlhnøe Qenvarsld em as uelsmhnablb sahratl, hmom vudglroaeta sa hraa, snem uel smhnablb smoatnbl l dls dayas ba hlbl




6>Vatldas ba Olsmearïl

xxxx

plïs, qua parsngua ue e qua, ae ùdtnom tîronem, oìs fnae tnaea hlrìhtar ba OABNM, puas oabnletasu raldnzlhnøe l ba ldhlezlrsa ad nbald qua pùfdnhloaeta sa prmhdlol9 Dl Crltarenblb Qenvarsld.As tlofnîe ue snstaol ba dmsmcïl prìhtnhl qua prmouava dl hnvndnzlhnøe, aiarha dl faeahaehnl ytnaeba l oaimrlr dls hmstuofras y oletaear ad ̀ memr ae dms saetnonaetms. Bafae cmrolr dl smhnablb`mofras, ashmgnbms bnspuastms l slhrnhlrsa ae lrls ba dl ̀ uolenblb y mfrlr snaopra hme lrragdm

l dms prnehnpnms atarems ba dl iustnhnl y ad barah`m. Em as dl crleholsmearïl uel radngnøe pmsntnvl enuel ashuadl dmsøhl, en ue plrtnbm pmdïtnhm. Vah`lzl tmbm axhdusnvnsom, y su bmhtrnel y sus prne-hnpnms sme uenvarsldas, puastm qua ae dm cuebloaetld hmevnaea hme dms bmgols, prnehnpnms y bmh-trnels ba tmbls dls radngnmeas, ba tmbls dls ashuadls, ba tmbms dms plrtnbms. Vahmemha y prmhdloldl lromeïl ba dms ouebms, hralbl y smstaenbl pmr ad Grle Lrquntahtm bad Qenvarsm qua as hluslatarel, day prnomrbnld supraol rlzøe bad uenvarsm. Vahmemha ae ad `mofra su bmfda elturldazlcïsnhl y omrld. Rmbms dms `mofras, sal huld cuara su rlzl, sme @arolems.‟—Abuhlr, nestrunr, omrldnzlr l dms `mofras, as dl prnehnpld tlral ba dl crleholsmearïl, y dms abuhl,nestruya y omrldnzl oabnleta crltareld uenøe ba tmbms dms nenhnlbms, uenøe y lsmhnlhnøe ae dl qua bahmetneum sa trlflil plrl nevastnglr dl varblb, y ae dl qua tmbms sa mfdngle l mfrlr y l vnvnr sagùedl varblb `lddlbl, y l prlhtnhlr ad fnae y dl vnrtub sagùe dl varblb mrbael.‟

—Dl pldlfrl Crleholsmearïl m Crleholsøe astì cmrolbl ba Crleh, Crlehm, astm as, —DNFVA‟,y Olhme m Olsme, —HMEXRVQHRMV‟. Dms Dnfra Hmestruhtmras, Crleholsmeas m Olsmeas hmestntu-yae uel mrbae (ae ad onsom saetnbm qua dls letnguls ørbaeas ondntlras m ba hlflddarïl) hme vlrnmsgrlbms y iarlrquïls, y tlofnîe hme vlrnms rntms, ba dms qua, dms oìs hmoueas sme ad ashmsas y adcrlehîs‟.

[lrl hmopraebar oaimr dms suhasnvms hlpïtudms ems bataebraoms fravaoaeta ae dms leìdnsnsba dl mrglenzlhnøe Olsøenhl lzud m Xnofødnhl, qua as dl prnontnvl, yl qua dms ldtms grlbms dmsøhmsqua cmrole bncaraetas rntms sme parcahhnmelonaetms ba lquaddl y su mrglenzlhnøe as pmstarnmr l<0;<, pubnaebm lrolrsa aetmehas qua ae dl îpmhl ae qua ems racarnoms em sa prlhtnhlfl m sa dm

`lhïl lnsdlbloaeta, axnstnaebm smdm dms grlbms lzudas bad < ld 8. Dl aetnblb fìsnhl ba dl mrglenzlhnøe olsøenhl as dl DMGNL. [lrl cmrolrdl sa raqunarae trasparsmels pmr dm oaems, qua `lyle snbm nenhnlbms ae dl olsmearïl, dls qua duagm vle hmernaebmdl nenhnl hme l mtrls (prmclems), `lstl hmopdatlr ad eùoarm ba snata, nebnspaeslfda plrl cmrolr dlDmgnl, snaebm su eùoarm ba onaofrms pmstarnmras ndnontlbm. Rras Dmgnls puabae cmrolr uel GrleDmgnl, sn sa huopdae bms raqunsntms nebnspaeslfdas9

<. \ua ad tarrntmrnm ae qua sa cueba em astî yl mhuplbm pmr mtrl Grle Dmgnl elhnmeld,6. \ua taegl lutmrnzlhnøe plrl `lhardm ba uel Grle Dmgnl ragudlr.

Hulebm uel Grle Dmgnl sa cuebl ae ue tarrntmrnm pmdïtnhloaeta nebapaebnaeta, as oaeastarqua dls dmgnls sa vlyle hmestntuyaebm ae ad, plrl sar hmesnbarlbls ragudlras, dm `lgle hme par -onsm ba lquaddl, cmrolebm baspuîs plrta ba dl Cabarlhnøe. Onaetrls asl Grle Dmgnl em axnstl,huldqunar mtrl axtrleiarl puaba blr lutmrnzlhnøe plrl dl cmrolhnøe ba dls dmgnls, y lue hralrsasne paronsm ba elbna, snaopra qua dl cmroae olsmeas hme tïtudm y pltaeta ragudlr axpabnbl plrlhlbl uem ba addms pmr uel Grle Dmgnl ragudlr.Dl rasaül prahabaeta lyublrl l hmopraebar asta `ah`m9 ae dl îpmhl ba dl ravmduhnøe ba Olym,y `lstl ad lüm <017, em axnstnarme ae astl plrta ba Loîrnhl grlebas dmgnls ragudlras hmestntunbls.Hme axhaphnøe bad Grle Mrnaeta Eam Grlelbnem, lem <062: y bad Grle Mrnaeta bad Frlsnd, lüm<066, tmbls dls dmgnls arle ae lfsmdutm nebapaebnaetas ba pmbar olsøenhm haetrld y lhtulflepmr uel smdl huaetl: smdm oletaeïle dls radlhnmeas qua mtmrgl aetra sus hmopmeaetas ad vïehudmolsøenhm. Axnstae pmr mtrl plrta, neenblb ba huarpms ba hlrìhtar pmdïtnhm m smhnld qua, sne taear

hlrìhtar ba olsøenhms, axngae l dms onaofrms plrl ad negrasm l dms onsoms qua ad hlebnbltm salrahnfnbm olsøe, iuzglebm qua addm da bl em smdm bnshnpdnel snem uel praplrlhnøe bataronelbl y adroa prmpøsntm ba sarvnr emfdas nbaldas, aesaelbms pmr dl olsmearïl, qua `l iurlbm bacaebar hme






aetusnlsom y qua sme asaehnldas ae ad omvnonaetm pmdïtnhm m smhnld qua vl l prmpugelr l trlvîs badl aetnblb l dl huld sa aermdl.

Dl olsmearïl hmom tld smdm lspnrl l smdm sar ue haetrm ba cmrolhnøe omrld, liael l huld-qunar mtrm tnpm ba lhtnvnblbas, qua quable dnfarlbls ld hlrìhtar y hlplhnblb ba hlbl ldnlbm.

Ae dl olsmearïl lpraebarì ad lbaptm l prlhtnhlr dls vnrtubas y l oletaear uel rahtl hmevnhhnøeomrld, ralrolebm sus hmevnhhnmeas radngnmsls, bnshnpdnelebm su hlrìhtar y hmesnbarlebm smfra dloltarnl `uolel paroleaha dl neomrtldnblb bnvnel, bafnaebm sarvnrsa pmr dm tletm ue ldtm nbaldîtnhm qua parontl ld `mofra prmyahtlr su vnbl `lhnl dm trlshaebaeta, hmom ad sar oìs parcahtmba dl hralhnøe.

Xn ae ad Avlegadnm astì ashrntm9 —Fushlb ad ranem ba Bnms, qua dm baoìs sa ms blrì pmr lülbn-burl‟, dl olsmearïl lgragl9 —@lgloms ld `mofra omrld y dnfra ae dm ïetnom ae su nebnvnbuldnblb,qua dl fmeblb ba sus radlhnmeas clondnlras, prmcasnmeldas, smhnldas y pmdïtnhls vaebrì pmr lülbnbu-rl‟. Ba lddï ad aopaüm ba rahdutlr ̀ mofras ba tmbls dls hdlsas smhnldas, ba dms oìs bnstnetms graonms,ba dls oìs bnvarsl radngnmeas y hraaehnls pmdïtnhls, plrl qua lpraebar l saetnr y sa hmoprmoatle

l bncuebnr y prlhtnhlr ad grle prnehnpnm ba Dl Crltarenblb, Dl Dnfartlb, Dl Nguldblb, Dl Iustnhnl y AdLomr, qua nopdnhl, ae prnoar duglr, Rmdarlehnl hme tmbls dls nbals y prmcuebl hmevnhhnøe parsmeldnespnrlbl ae ad fnae hmoùe.

Dms olsmeas sa rahmemhae aetra sï pmr dms sngems, tmquas y pldlfrls slgrlbls qua sa trlson-tae pmr oabnm ba dls haraomenls ba nenhnlhnøe y smfra dls huldas sa gulrbl uel bnshratl rasarvl.Dls cmroudls dntùrgnhls vlrïle ba rntm l rntm, parm ldguels ba addls, dls oìs nopmrtletas, y ae aspahnldtmbls ba dms prnoarms grlbms, sme hmoueas l tmbms dms rntms, tnaeae ue hlrìhtar uenvarsld y parontaedl nbaetnhlhnøe aetra sï ba dms olsmeas. Dl Dmgnl Dlutlrm nbaetnhlfl l sus ldnlbms pmr asms oî-

tmbms, baomstrltnvms ba su hlrìhtar olsøenhm. Lhmetahnonaetms l qua ae mtrm duglr ems racarnomsy qua pusnarme craeta l craeta l plutlrïloms y olsmeas ba mtrls dmgnls, avnbaehnlrme sne bailr lbubls dl nbaetnblb ba dl nestntuhnøe y su rahmemhnonaetm ba hlrìhtar ba olsmeas.

Hraaoms hmevaenaeta lhdlrlr uem ba dms lspahtms ba dl olsmearïl qua ̀ l blbm crahuaeta-

oaeta omtnvm l tmrhnbls netarpratlhnmeas m l iunhnms neiustms9 ad sahratm ba dls rauenmeas qua raldnzl.Dl olsmearïl em as uel smhnablb sahratl, em mfstleta qua sus rauenmeas y sus oîtmbms ba rahmemhn-



8<Vatldas ba Olsmearïl


onaetm sale rasarvlbms. Ae Ntldnl,huyl hmestntuhnøe prm`ïfa taron-eletaoaeta dl axnstaehnl ba sm-

hnablbas sahratls, sa hmesudtø ldprnoar onenstrm LDHNBAX BA GÌX-

[AVN, hltødnhm ondntleta, smfra dlspmsnfndnblbas bad cuehnmelonaetmba dl olsmearïl, raspmebnaebm adnetarrmglbm qua em hmesnbarlfll dl nestntuhnøe hmom sahratl, puashmom tld sa baeïl l lquaddls quamhudtle sus eas, sus lutmrnblbas,sus astltutms y ad duglr ba sus rau-

enmeas.

Dl olsmearïl em smdm em

mhudtl eas, lutmrnblbas, astltutmsy duglr ba sus rauenmeas, snem quaae ouh`ms plïsas sus ragdloaetms`le snbm lprmflbms pmr ad Astlbmy `lstl gmzl ba [arsmearïl Iurïbnhl. Xnaebm addm lsï, sarïl hmom saüldlr qua dl Ngdasnl Hltødnhl asuel smhnablb sahratl pmr dls hnrhuestlehnls ba qua elbna pmbrïl aetrlr dnfraoaeta ae dms hlpï-tudms ba Crlndas, ae dl Hdlusurl ba dms Iasuntls, ae dms Hmehndnms ba dms Mfnspms, ae dms hmesnstmrnmssahratms m ae ad Hmehdlva, rauenmeas l tmbls dls huldas em puabae lsnstnr en snqunarl dms slharbmtasliaems l dms onsoms.

Dl olsmearïl `l snbm hmebaelbl pmr ad plplbm ae bncaraetas mhlsnmeas. Dl prnoarl hme-

bael cua prmeuehnlbl pmr Hdaoaeta PNN ae <788 ae su aehïhdnhl Ne aoneaetas lpmstmdntms aspahudl,cuebìebmsa ae dm —necahhnmsm ba sus prnehnpnms‟. Astl cua rahmgnbl aetra mtrms pmr ad Vay Cadnpa baAsplül, qunae prm`nfnø dl olsmearïl y aetragm l dms Rrnfueldas ba dl Nequnsnhnøe, hmom gulrblbmrasba dl ca, ad hmemhnonaetm ba dms prmhasms qua pmr badntm ba olsmearïl sa nenhnlsae ae Asplül y aedls Nebnls (Hmdmenls asplümdls ae Loîrnhl).

Xme arrøeals puas, dls lrolhnmeas ba dms slharbmtas hltødnhms Curdøe y Cndnpm ba qua dlolsmearïl em cua hmebaelbl snem ae ad lüm <08;: dls fudls ba Hdaoaeta PNN y Faeabnhtm PNS axpra-

slfle hme lfsmdutl hdlrnblb9 —Dls smhnablbas, iuetls, hmegraglhnmeas y hmevaetïhudms ba crleh-olsmeas sale prmshrnptms y hmebaelbms‟. [mr mtrl plrta as nelbonsnfda ad bnstnegm qua prataebaastlfdaharsa smfra dl olsmearïl cmrold y dl aspahïhl plrl babuhnr qua uel as dl hmebaelbl y dlmtrl em. Xn fnae dms tîronems ba dls hmebaelhnmeas plpldas lhmstuofrle l sar dm suhnaetaoaetabncusms hmom plrl prastlrsa l bnvarsls netarpratlhnmeas, ae asta hlsm tnaeae dl flstleta hdlrnblbplrl em hlar ae aquïvmhms, sagùe sa baspraeba ba dl trleshrnphnøe raldnzlbl dïeals oìs lrrnfl. Emaxnsta eneguel bncaraehnlhnøe, ae dls fudls plpldas, aetra dl olsmearïl cmrold y aspahnhl, ols snaxnstnarl sarnl addm uel neomrldnblb avnbaeta, ld em parontnrsa dl axnstaehnl ba dms Sarblbarms Olsm-

eas y sn dl snoudlhnøe bad oltmensom.




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NGQLDBLB

Qem ba dms tras hmehaptms qua cmrole addaol olsøenhm. Dl cmroudlhnøe ba astl ba-

enhnøe as raldoaeta bncïhnd, puas ltnaeba lue hmehaptm dmsøhm sushaptnfda ba vldm-

ras omrldas y hudturldas.

Ae dl Olsmearïl ad prnehnpnm ba nguldblbastì cueblbm ae ad hmehaptm ba @uolen-blb (gaemol ùolem), hmesnbarlebm lsïdl rlbnhld nguldblb (ba dl Elturldazl) ba dmssaras qua dl hmopmeae, dl netarradlhnøe ae-

tra tmbms dms saras vnvms hmom `nims ba dl El-

turldazl qua smoms. Dl nguldblb bad gîearmùolem (uenblb) y ad raspatm pmr dls bnca-

raehnls ba axparnaehnl, hudturl, ablb, ath.,as ad prnehnpnm ba hmopltnfndnblb ba dls par -smels, ba gaearmsnblb, ldtrunsom plrl hmetmbms, y hmopmrtl lsï ad prnehnpnm ba crltar -enblb.

[lrl ad nenhnlbm, dl nguldblb supmea dl nbae-

tnblb fìsnhl ba dl elturldazl ba tmbls dlsolencastlhnmeas bad aspïrntu (l trlvîs ba dms`mofras) pmr aehnol ba bncaraehnls axtar -els. Dl aqunblb raspmeba l dl iustnhnl eltu-

rld, pmr mpmsnhnøe l dl datrl ba dl day pmsntnvl,y ltnaeba ld aqundnfrnm aetra dms saras (l hlblhuld dm suym) mtmrglebm l hlbl uem dm quada hmrraspmeba ae su radlhnøe hme ad tmbm.Lsï, dl aqunblb sa rnga pmr dl ashulbrl y adenvad, y olrhl dl hmebuhtl bad olsøe plrlhme sus saoailetas {qunaeas hmestntuyae adabnhnm ba dl ùolenblb).

Dl nguldblb as, pmr tletm, rasudtlbm ba sae-

tnrems `nims ba dl onsol olbra (Elturldazl)y bad onsom plbra ([rnehnpnm Qenvarsld baSnbl), y pmr tletm àrolems9 ba saetnrems

nguldas netarnmroaeta y ae asaehnl, y ba ra-

dlhnmelrems hme aqunblb (raspatlebm dlsbncaraehnls elturldas9 hudturl. rlzl, saxm...),sagùe dls hlrlhtarïstnhls parsmeldas.

OLVRNENXOM

Ashuadl qua sngua dls aesaülezls ba Hdlu-

bat ba Xlnet-Olrtïe, cueblbmr ba dl Mrbaeba dms Hlflddarms Adagnbms Hmàes bad Qen-varsm, ba hlrìhtar nenhnìtnhm y radlhnmelblhme ad nduonensom9 ae addl sa nevmhlfl ldOlastrm Bashmemhnbm. Astl Mrbae cua astl-

fdahnbl prnoarloaeta ae Dyme hmom uelsmhnablb m dmgnl olsøenhl mhudtl, huymsonaofrms hraïle ae dl pmsnfndnblb ba hmou-

enhlrsa hme dms aspïrntus pdleatlrnms, dms bnm-

sas oaemras y dms gaenms ba dls ascarls, crutmba dl neuaehnl ba _lhlfm Fmàoa (ad taø-

smcm eltm).

Xlnet-Olrtne trltlfl l su olearl ba qua dlOlsmearïl vmdvnarl l su oìs prnontnvm y le-

tngum hlrìhtar mhudtnstl y ba Raurgnl. Vald-oaeta crlhlsø ae su aopaüm bafnbm ldarrmr bad nduonensom, qua tle pmhl radlhnøe

tnaea hme ad aspïrntu ba dl Olsmearïl. Ld prne-hnpnm `nzm qua su Vntm Vahtnhlbm hmestlrlba bnaz grlbms, y oìs tlrba dms rabuim l sna-

ta.

Dl Mrbae Olrtnenstl raelha ae ad sngdm PNPhme ad mhudtnstl [lpus, hme ue cuarta hmeta-

enbm taïstl y baspraebnîebmsa ba dms arrmrasbad nduonensom, parm nehmrpmrlebm mtrms

BNHHNMELVNMOLXØENHM

Axtrlïbm ba dms bnhhnmelrnms Z<_ bnspmenfdas ae adHaetrm ba Vahursms Bngntldas ba dl GDA

BNHHNMELVNM OLXØENHM




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EAØCNRM

Dms letngums hrnstnlems blfle asta emofral dms rahnîe flutnzlbms (rahnîe elhnbms). Aedl Olsmearïl, burleta ad rntuld ba nenhnlhnøe,

sa ddlol eaøtm ld hlebnbltm qua ̀ lfnaebmraelhnbm (plslbl dl pruafl ba dl tnarrl) yhrahnbm (suparlbm dls pruafls ba dms vnlias),asparl sar hmeslgrlbm a nestrunbm hmomolsøe.

Haetrm ba Vahursms Bngntldas

Grle Dmgnl ba Asplül`ttp9//www.gda-hrb.hmo

Bnhhnmelrnm Olsøenhm BNHHNMELVNM OLXØENHM




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Ad hrnoae, ad prnoar hrnoaeZ<_

[mr ad S.·. @.·. Lqundnem V. Dald Z6_

Rrlbuhnbm bad [mrtuguîs bad Frlsnd pmr9 S.·.@.·. Olrnm Døpaz

Ad àh`m.

Xagùe ad Gîeasns, ad prnoar dnfrm ba dl Fnfdnl Z8_9

—Hmemhnø Lbìe l su ouiar Avl, dl huld hmehnfnø y bnm l duz l Hlïe,y bnim9 [mr vmduetlb ba Ia`mvì à lbqunrnbm vlrøe. Baspuîs bnm l duz l suàrolem Lfad. ^ Lfad cua plstmr ba mvails, y Hlïe cua dlfrlbmr ba dl tnarrl.^ lhmetahnø leblebm ad tnaopm, qua Hlïe trlim bad crutm ba dl tnarrl uelmcraebl l Ia`mvì. ^ Lfad trlim tlofnîe ba dms prnomgîentms ba sus mvails,ba dm oìs gmrbm ba addls. ^ onrø Ia`mvì hme lgrlbm l Lfad y l su mcraebl:parm em onrø hme lgrlbm l Hlïe y l dl mcraebl suyl. ^ sa aeslüø Hlïe aegrle olearl, y bahlyø su saofdleta. Aetmehas Ia`mvì bnim l Hlïe9 ½[mrquî ta `ls aeslülbm, y pmr quî `l bahlïbm tu saofdleta= Xn fnae `nhnaras,½em sarìs aeldtahnbm= y sn em `nhnaras fnae, ad pahlbm astì l dl puartl: hmetmbm astm, l tn sarì su basam, y tù ta aesaümralrìs ba îd.^ bnim Hlïe l su àrolem Lfad9 Xldgloms ld hlopm. ̂ lhmetahnø qua astle-

bm addms ae ad hlopm, Hlïe sa davletø hmetrl su àrolem Lfad, y dm oltø.

^ Ia`mvì bnim l Hlïe9 ½Bøeba astì Lfad tu àrolem=^ îd raspmebnø9 Em sî. ½Xmy ym lhlsm gulrbl ba on àrolem=^ îd da bnim9 ½\uî ̀ ls ̀ ah`m= Dl vmz ba dl slegra ba tu àrolem hdlol l oïbasba dl tnarrl. L`mrl, puas, oldbntm sals tù ba dl tnarrl, qua lfrnø su fmhlplrl rahnfnr ba tu olem dl slegra ba tu ̀ arolem. Hulebm dlfras dl tnarrl, emta vmdvarì l blr su cuarzl: arrleta y axtrleiarm sarìs ae dl tnarrl.^ bnim Hlïe l Ia`mvì9 Grleba as on hlstngm plrl sar smpmrtlbm. @a lquï oaah`ls `my ba dl tnarrl, y ba tu prasaehnl oa ashmebarî, y sarî arrleta y ax-

trleiarm ae dl tnarrl: y suhabarì qua huldqunarl qua oa ̀ lddlra, oa oltlrì.^ da raspmebnø Ia`mvì9 Hnartloaeta huldqunarl qua oltlra l Hlïe, snatavahas sarì hlstnglbm. Aetmehas Ia`mvì pusm saüld ae Hlïe, plrl qua em dm

oltlsa huldqunarl qua da `lddlrl.Xldnø, puas, Hlïe ba badleta ba Ia`mvì, y ̀ lfntø ae tnarrl ba Emb, ld mrnaetaba Abîe‟ (Gae 2)

Hmehdusnøe

\uaba hdlrm9 Lfad plstmr y Hlïe dlfrlbmr: hlbl uem mcrahnø ld —Iaca‟uel mcraebl ba lquaddm qua hudtnvlfle… ½\uî `nzm ad —Iaca‟= Lhaptø dlmcraebl ba Lfad y rah`lzø dl ba Hlïe, tlofnîe blbl hmom pruafl ba grl-

tntub y sarvndnsom. ½[mr quî dl pracaraehnl pmr uem ae batrnoaetm bad mtrm=

¡Ad gustm bad Bnms fïfdnhm pmr hlrea (y vnem) yl sa olenastl prmetm aead prnoar dnfrm ba dl Fnfdnl! ¡Dls hmsls bad hlopm sme rah`lzlbls onaetrlsqua dl hlrea y barnvlbms sme fnaevaenbms! ¡^ hme grlsl! ¡Lbaoìs dl grlsl

Z<_ Emtl9Ad prasaeta taxtm, dngarl-

oaeta ombnhlbm, cua mrn-gneldoaeta pufdnhlbm aodl abnhnøe 66>, 8; ba aearmba 6;<; bad saolelrnm adah-

trøenhm CMD@L OLÇÒENHL

(cmd`lolhmenhlKgolnd.hmo )

Z6_ Emtl9Lutmr tlofnîe ba dl sahhnøe—Oltaoìtnhl ae dl olsmea-

rïl‟.

Z8_ Emtl9 Ad taxtm `l snbm hmpnlbm badl varsnøe Vanel Sldarl aeAsplümd, em as dl trlbuhhnøebad taxtm mrngneld.

Z2_ Emtl9Hulebm ashrnfnoms astlhrøenhl l oabnlbms bad6;<;, em pmbïloms nolgnelrqua ad [lpl Faeabnhtm PSN,ae su dnfrm —Dl neclehnl baIasùs‟ eaglsa dl prasaehnlba lenoldas ae ad astlfdmbmeba elhnø Hrnstm (cuae-

ta9 `ttp9//www.bnlrnmba-

parelofuhm.hmo.fr/lpp/emtnhnl/ouebm/6;<6/<</6</

netarel]ouebm,2;0>6</plpl-lhlfl-hmo-ms-len -olns-bm-prasapnm.s`tod -caf./6;<8) ZEmtl ba LqundnemV. Dald ‘ cafrarm ba 6;<8_





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as ue —prltm hànm Z2_ ‟! Sal ae Davïtnhm 8, >Z1_ ue aiaopdm

Ae astl sntulhnøe, ad Rmbm[mbarmsm pmbrïl `lfar snbm oìs bnpdmoìtn-hm lhaptlebm lofls mcraebls, ¡bashlrtlebm pmstarnmroaeta dl oaems ùtndba cmrol bnshratl! ¡Neeaglfdaoaeta cldtm tlhtm pmdïtnhm! ^ dm qua as pamr

¡puaba sar raspmeslfndnzlbm hmom hmlutmr bad hrnoae hmoatnbm pmr Hlïequa bafnø ba `lfar quablbm axtraolbloaeta nrrntlbm (½hadms=) hme dllhhnøe bad —Iaca‟! ½\unîe em dm astlrïl=

Baspuîs bad hrnoae, ad Xupraom fïfdnhm sa `lha ad tmetm praguetle-

bm pmr Lfad: ¡Îd yl slfïl bad àh`m!. Ae raldnblb, basba ad hmonaezm —cuar -zls mhudtls Z3_‟ sa hmeclfudlrme hmetrl Hlïe qua, ae su ùondblb y daldtlb,lhaptø plsnvloaeta dl pdlgl qua da cua nopuastl, tmreìebmsa ue cugntnvm yue axtrleiarm olrhlbm plrl snaopra, ¡sne taear barah`m l sar lsasnelbm pmrvaeglezl!

½Lsasnelbm= ½Lsasnelbm pmr qunîe= ½[mr sus plbras= ½[mr ldguem basus àrolems m àrolels =Z7_

¡^ `my `lfdloms ba dms ldtms ïebnhas ba vnmdaehnl hulebm ae lquadtnaopm arle ouh`m olymras9 ue lsasnem aetra ue puülbm ba parsmels(ue 61% ba lsasnems sn hmesnbarloms l tmbms dms aevuadtms ae ad avaetm balhuarbm hme ad varsïhudm 2 bad Gîeasns)!

¡Rrnsta hmonaezm plrl dl ùolenblb! Baspuîs ba dl basmfabnaehnlba Avl y Lbìe, ¡tmbm ue hrnoae! ½Xarì qua asa Bnms fïfdnhm em sa lvargme -

zlfl ba `lfar hralbm asa ouebm=

—Qe vnaim lblgnm astlfdaha qua hlbl uem ba emsmtrms tnaea ad Bnmsqua oaraha. Ols sn oarahaoms ue Ilva` tle nrlshnfda, vaegltnvm y `monhn-bl as mtrl huastnøe. Dms hruzlbms praarae mdvnblr qua ad prmpnm Ilva` tmrtu-

rl y aiahutl l Iasùs, pmr adavlbm basngenm, sn ad Avlegadnm ba Iule as hraïfda.½Huìd sarì dl hudpl ̀ uolel qua bafa sar axpnlbl pmr dl tmrturl qua Ilva`nopmea l Iasùs y pmr dl hruhnxnøe ba haetaels ba ondas ba mtrms iubïms aeolems ba dls cuarzls ba mhuplhnøe rmolel=‟

(@lrmdb Fdmmo ‘ Iasus y Ilva` 9 dms emofras bnvnems)

¡Xne pnas en hlfazl!

[røxnom eùoarm9 Rîhenhls ùtndas. Hmom lhlflr hme dl olsmearïl½@l raaxnmelbm smfra ad taxtm= ½\unara blr l hmemhar su hmehdusnøe=

½\unara vardl pufdnhlbl=Aevïadl l9 ratldasbaolsmearnlKgolnd.hmo

Z2_ Emtl9[VLRM H@ANM9 Axpra-

snøe nbnmoìtnhl9 àh`m mlsuetm qua sa prastl as-pahnldoaeta plrl sar hrn-tnhlbm m `lhar ashlrenm.

Z1_ Emtl9^ bad slhrnhnm ba plzmcraharì pmr mcraeblaehaebnbl l Ia`mvì dlgrlsl, dl hmdl aetarl, dlhuld quntlrì l rlïz bad as-pnelzm, dl grlsl qua hu-

fra tmbms dms netastnems, y

tmbl dl qua astì smfra dlsaetrlüls.

Z1_ Emtl9Hmom hurnmsnblb, dl ax-

prasnøe —Cuarzls mhudtls‟(cmrçls mhudtls) cua dlaxprasnøe utndnzlbl pmr adax prasnbaeta frlsndaümIæenm \ulbrms (@arolemolsøe) plrl raeuehnlr

l su gmfnarem qua burøpmhm oìs ba sans oasas(<>3<).

Z1_ Emtl9Gîeasns 1.2 —^ cuarme dmsbïls ba Lbìe baspuîsqua aegaebrø l Xat,mh`mhnaetms lüms, y ae-

gaebrø `nims a `nils.‟





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Ad 6 ba mhtufra ba <00; basdlrme uems >;;; olsmeas pmr dl Grle Lvaenblba Eaw ^mrj lbmrelbms hme sus vastnoaetls ½[mr quî rlzøe=

Xn ustab slfa dl raspuastl em baia ba aevnlrdl y dl pufdnhlraoms ae ad sngunaeta eùoarm.Ashrnfl l ratldasbaolsmearnlKgolnd.hmo

Vaspuastl ld eùoarm letarnmr

Vaspuastl ld eùoarm letarnmr —Ad <6 ba Xaptnaofra ba <772 lplraha ae ue bmhuoaetm

dms tras puetms (.•.) pmr prnoarl vaz. ½Ae quî bmhuoaetm, ae quî plïs, qua slfa ustab baastm=‟

Dl lfravnlhnøe Olsøenhl ba 8 puetms lplraha pmr prnoarl vaz ae uel hnrhudlr bad GrleMrnaeta ba Crlehnl, hmouenhlebm euavm vldmr ba dl leuldnblb y ad hlofnm ba dmhld.Daee`mcc, ae ad Bnhhnmelrnm Olsøenhm Netarelhnmeld, bnha qua dms tras puetms lplrahaeyl ae ashrntms omelhldas ouy letngums, hmesarvlbms ae dl Fnfdnmtahl Hmrlnen, Vmol. Aebmhuoaetms crlehasas letngums lplrahae crahuaetaoaeta batrìs ba dls lfravnlturls, ldeld ba dms plrìgrlcms m plrl raddaelr asplhnms vlhïms. Ae mrbae nevartnbm lplrahae pmrprnoarl vaz ae dl Dmgnl crlehasl Dl Xneharntî, ae ad sngdm PSNNN.

EMRL9 Dl olymrïl ba dls praguetls ba astl sahhnøe sa flsle ae ad dnfrm —Hrmemdmgïl olsøenhl‟bad S.·. @.·. At`nad Molr Hlrtas.`ttp9//www.craaolsmes-craaolsmery.hmo/hrmemdmgnl]olçmenhl.`tod

[VAGQERLX BA OLXMEAVÏL

Ymel ba radlx




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CMRMX ^ BMHQOAERMX LERNGQMX

Ymel ba radlx

Xpledduoh`aae Dmgba <8, Dlesbmwea, Hlelbl <0>;




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LGVLBAHNONAERMX

Astl pufdnhlhnøe em sarïl pmsnfda sne dl hmdlfmrlhnøe ba ouh`ms @arolems qua ems `le parontnbmuslr sus trlflims ae dl onsol, nguldoaeta, ldguems cmrms y ravnstls ems `le lutmrnzlbm l rapufdnhlrlquï sus trlflims, qua oaems qua blr huaetl ba su crltarenblb y pufdnhlr sus emofras y ombm balhhasm.

Basba yl, ouh`ls grlhnls pmr vuastrm lpmym

Lgrlbahnonaetms

`ttp9//cnd`msbmlrquntatm.fdmgspmt.hmo.fr/

`ttp9//www.cnd`msba`nrle.fdmgspmt.hmo.as

`ttp9//`nrlolfnc.mrg `ttp9//bnldmgm-aetra-olsmeas.fdmgspmt.hmo.as/

`ttp9//pufdnhlhnmeas`arfartmra.fdmgspmt.hmo.as/ `ttp9//grlefnfdnmtahl`arfartmra.fdmgspmt.hmo.as/

`ttp9//olsmearnldlnopraetlbafaeilone.fdmgspmt.hmo.as/ `ttp9//olrnembalrols.fdmgspmt.hmo.as

`ttp9//adhlonembadlolsmearnl.fdmgspmt.hmo.as/ `ttp9//cmd`lolhmenjl.fdmgspmt.hmo.fr

`ttp9//www.olsmearnl-lrlgmeasl.as/



8>Vatldas ba Olsmearïl

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ratl asbaolsmearnlKgoln .hmo

Retales Masoneria Numero 034 - Febrero 2014

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Transcript of Retales Masoneria Numero 034 - Febrero 2014