Retrato Territorial de Portugal 2009 (INE 2011)

8/3/2019 Retrato Territorial de Portugal 2009 (INE 2011)

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PC^PD^F CPPH^FPHDJ NC ]FP^SKDJ 0==8

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af pfnsp !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 48

]pc h d yjfpuf cppfpj nc nc|f| sp|f| !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 04

Catsdnpdgca~f !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 04

HH!4! D| nhaghld| pclca~c| nd ficp~d ~sp|~hld !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 0

F| }dnpc| ~cpph~fphdh| nd ficp~d !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 3

HH!0! D d~pdl~hyhndnc ~sp|~hld nf| ~cpph~phf| !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 3=

D ha~ca|hndnc ~sp|~hld nf| ~cpph~phf| !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 3=

D| }pfycahalhd| nd }pflspd !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 3;

D |dfadjhndnc nd }pflspd !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 9>

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D nhgca|f clfaghld nf ~sph|gf !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ;=

Sgd d}pfrhgdf hg}fp~alhd clfaghld nf ~sph|gf hanshnf }cjf cr~cphfp !!!! ;>

Lfa|hncpdc| ihadh| !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ;;

Lfalch~f| !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 2=

]pc hh d |s|c`jnnc ncgfkpi nf| cpppf| !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 23

Catsdnpdgca~f !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 23

HH!4! D nhaghld }f}sjdlhfadj !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 2;

D lfalca~pdf }f}sjdlhfadj !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 2;

F lfa~ph`s~f nf| gfyhgca~f| ih|hfjkhlf c ghkpd~phf !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 84

HH!0! F caycjbclhgca~f nd }f}sjdf !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 89

F icagcaf nf ns}jf caycjbclhgca~f !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 8;

D| nhgca|c| nf caycjbclhgca~f !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 4=4

HH!

D| ~canalhd| pclca~c| nd iclsanhndnc !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 44=

D| hndnc| nd iclsanhndnc !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 44;

D ifpgdjhdf nd| lfaeskdjhndnc| !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 404

F| }dnpc| ~cpph~fphdh| nc pc|hnalhd !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 4>4


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PC^PD^F ^CPPH^FPHDJ NC ]FP^SKDJ 0==8

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F lfa~ph`s~f ncgfkpihlf !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 4>;

Lfa|hncpdc| ihadh| !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 430

Lfalch~f| !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 433

]pc hhh d }pfnsf ns|pj c fpcf cr}fpnfp | pckc| }fpsksc|| !! 438

Catsdnpdgca~f !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 438

HHH!4! D dl~hyhndnc hans|~phdj ad| pckhc| !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 494

D han|~phd ad c|~ps~spd }pfns~hyd nd| pckhc| !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 499

D| dl~hyhndnc| nc c|}clhdjhdf pckhfadj !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 4;4

F| idl~fpc| nd lfg}c~h~hyhndnc hans|~phdj !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 4;8

F lfa~cnf ~clafjkhlf nd dl~hyhndnc hans|~phdj !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 42Ihkspd HH!08 ]pf}fpf nc gsjbcpc| cg hndnc ip~hj "43'>8 daf|( ad }f}sjdf

pc|hnca~c icghahad* }fp gsahl}hf* 0==8 !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!443

Ihkspd HH!


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_ 40 W

Ihkspd HH!; Hndnc gnhd df }phgchpf ld|dgca~f* ]fp~skdj c AS^\ HH* 0==8 !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!402

Ihkspd HH!>2 Hndnc gnhd nd gsjbcp df }phgchpf ld|dgca~f* }fp AS^\ HHH* 0==8 !!!!!!!!!!!408

Ihkspd HH!>8 Hndnc gnhd nf bfgcg df }phgchpf ld|dgca~f* }fp AS^\ HHH* 0==8 !!!!!!!!!!408

Ihkspd HH!3= ]pf}fpf nc ld|dgca~f| lfg pc|hnalhd da~cphfp lfgsg* ]fp~skdj

c AS^\ HH* 0=== c 0==8 !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!4


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Ihkspd HH!9< ]pf}fpf nc as`ca~c| lsef c|~dnf lhyhj da~cphfp cpd nhyfplhdnf*

}fp gsahl}hf* 0==8 !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!4 Hanhldnfpc| nc nhyfplhdjhndnc "]fp~skdj 7 4==(* }fp AS^\ HHH*

0=== c 0==8 !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!4>=

Ihkspd HH!93 Lspyd nc lfalca~pdf nd }f}sjdf c|~pdakchpd }fp }phalh}dh|

kps}f| nc adlhfadjhndnc| idlc df ~f~dj nd }f}sjdf pc|hnca~c*

}fp gsahl}hf* 0==8 !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!4>>

Ihkspd HH!9; Tsflhca~c| nc jfldjhdf nd }f}sjdf nc adlhfadjhndnc c|~pdakchpd*

}fp gsahl}hf* 0==8 !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!4>3

Ihkspd HH!92 Tsflhca~c| nc jfldjhdf nd }f}sjdf }pfycahca~c nf @pd|hj*

}fp gsahl}hf* 0==8 !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!4>3

Ihkspd HH!98 Tsflhca~c| nc jfldjhdf nd }f}sjdf }pfycahca~c nc }d|c| nd

Cspf}d nc Jc|~c* }fp gsahl}hf* 0==8 !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!4>3

Ihkspd HH!;= Tsflhca~c| nc jfldjhdf nd }f}sjdf }pfycahca~c nc ]DJ]* }fp

gsahl}hf* 0==8 !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!4>3

Ihkspd HH!;4 ]pf}fpf nc ld|dgca~f| lcjc`pdnf| ca~pc hanhynsf| nc adlhfadjhndnc

}fp~sksc|d c adlhfadjhndnc c|~pdakchpd "}d|c| cr~pdlfgsah~phf|(*

]fp~skdj c AS^\ HH* 0=== c 0==8 !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!4>2

Ihkspd HH!;0 ]pf}fpf nc ld|dgca~f| lcjc`pdnf| ca~pc hanhynsf| nc adlhfadjhndnc

}fp~sksc|d c c|~pdakchpd "}d|c| cr~pdlfgsah~phf|(*

}fp gsahl}hf* 0==8 !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 4>8

Ihkspd HH!;< Hndnc gnhd nd gc df ad|lhgca~f nf }phgchpf ihjbf* |cksanf f|

}phalh}dh| kps}f| nc adlhfadjhndnc nd gc* ]fp~skdj* 0==='0==8 !!!!!!!!!!!!!43=

Ihkspd HH!;> Hndnc gnhd nd gc df ad|lhgca~f nf }phgchpf ihjbf* |cksanf d

adlhfadjhndnc nd gc* ]fp~skdj c AS^\ HH* 0==8 !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!43=

Ihkspd HH!;3 Hanhldnfpc| nd }f}sjdf c|~pdakchpd pc|hnca~c "]fp~skdj 7 4==(*

AS^\ HHH* 0=== c 0==8 !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!434

]pc hhh d }pfnsf ns|pj c fpcf cr}fpnfp | pckc| }fpsksc|| !!438

Ihkspd HHH!4 ]H@ }cp ld}h~dcg }dphndnc| nc }fncp nc lfg}pd "SC0; 7 4==(*

]fp~skdj* AS^\ HH c AS^\ HHH* 0==2 !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!49 Hanhldnfpc| nc idl~fpc| nc lfg}c~h~hyhndnc hans|~phdj nd| han|~phd|

~pda|ifpgdnfpd| "]fp~skdj 7 4==(* |cksanf d jfldjhdf nd |cnc nd

cg}pc|d* }fp AS^\ HHH* 0==;'0==2 !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!42; ]pf}fpf nc cr}fp~dc| nc gd~phd| ~r~ch| c |sd| f`pd|* |cksanf

d jfldjhdf nd |cnc nf f}cpdnfp* }fp AS^\ HHH* 0==;'0==8]f !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!000

Ihkspd HHH!>2 ]pf}fpf nc cr}fp~dc| nc gc~dh| lfgsa| c |sd| f`pd|* |cksanf

d jfldjhdf nd |cnc nf f}cpdnfp* }fp AS^\ HHH* 0==;'0==8]f !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!000Ihkspd HHH!>8 Hanhldnfpc| nc }cpihj nc c|}clhdjhdf ad| cr}fp~dc|

"]fp~skdj 7 4==(* |cksanf d jfldjhdf nd |cnc nf f}cpdnfp*

}fp AS^\ HHH* 0==;'0==8]f !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!00


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PC^PD^F CPPH^FPHDJ NC ]FP^SKDJ 0==8

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Ihkspd HHH!3= ]pf}fpf nc cr}fp~dc| nc `ca| nc dj~d ~clafjfkhd* |cksanf

d jfldjhudf nd |cnc nf f}cpdnfp* }fp AS^\ HH* 488


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AF^D HA^PFNS^PHD

F Pc~pd~f ^cpph~fphdj nc ]fp~skdj 0==8* ad |ctsalhd nd fphca~df cnh~fphdj dnf}~dnd ad cnh'

f da~cphfp* }pc~canc d~ph`shp }cp~haalhd dadj~hld haifpgdf c|~d~|~hld nc `d|c ~cpph~f'

phdj* cr}jfpdanf ~cg~hld| lfg pcjcyalhd ~cpph~fphdj lca~pdnd| cg ~p| nfgahf| nc dajh|c

Tsdjhihldf ~cpph~fphdj* Tsdjhndnc nc yhnd c lfc|f c Lpc|lhgca~f c lfg}c~h~hyhndnc! C|~d

}s`jhldf nc }cphfnhlhndnc `hcadj }phyhjckhd d| ifa~c| c|~d~|~hld| d||flhdnd| df| Dasphf|C|~d~|~hlf| Pckhfadh| c pclfppc d |phc| gdh| jfakd| nc ndnf| c|~d~|~hlf|* nc ifpgd d ld}~dp

d| ~pdecl~phd| c|~ps~spdh| tsc nhicpcalhdg f| ~cpph~phf|! F HAC }pc~canc nc|~d ifpgd lfa~ph`shp

}dpd sg lfabclhgca~f gdh| djdpkdnf nd| }f~calhdjhndnc| nd haifpgdf c|~d~|~hld nc `d|c

~cpph~fphdj nf \h|~cgd C|~d~|~hlf Adlhfadj!

Af nfgahf Tsdjhihldf ~cpph~fphdj* |f dadjh|dnd| ldpdl~cp|~hld| i|hld| nf| ~cpph~phf| tsc

c|~ps~spdg d fpkdahdf nf ~cpph~phf d| ifpgd| nc }fyfdgca~f* d nh|~ph`shf nc ctsh}dgca'

~f| c haipd'c|~ps~spd| c f }d~phgahf ad~spdj d||sghanf sgd }cp|}cl~hyd nc nc|cayfjyhgca~f

|s|~ca~ycj nf| ~cpph~phf|* lca~pdnd ad ydjfphdf nf| pclsp|f| cankcaf| }dpd d }pfgff

nd lfg}c~h~hyhndnc c lfc|f kjf`dh|!

F| nfgahf| Tsdjhndnc nc yhnd c lfc|f c Lpc|lhgca~f c lfg}c~h~hyhndnc lfa|~h~scg d`fpnd'

kca| lfg `d|c cg cjcgca~f| isandgca~dh| nf| }pflc||f| nc pc}pfnsf clfaghld c |flhdj

tsc hnca~hihldg d cyfjsf nd| nhycp|hndnc| c|}dlhdh| nc nc|cayfjyhgca~f* d||sghanf tsc f|

~cpph~phf| d}pc|ca~dg ld}dlh~dc| c nc|cg}cabf| nhicpcalhdnf| c tsc lfa|~h~scg lfa~cr~f|

}cpgcych| | nhaghld| flfpphnd| afs~pf| ~cpph~phf| c&fs d fs~pd| c|ldjd| kcfkpihld|!

D dajh|c cg ldnd nfgahf nf Pc~pd~f ^cpph~fphdj nc ]fp~skdj nc|cayfjyc'|c lfg sgd c|~ps~spd

lfgsg! Hahlhd'|c lfg sg }fa~f nc Catsdnpdgca~ffanc |c d}pc|ca~d d hg}fp~alhd nd ~cg~hld

cg dajh|c c |c ncihac d }cp|}cl~hyd nc d`fpndkcg |f`pc d haifpgdf c|~d~|~hld d||flhdnd d~}hlf| nc nh|ls||f! Ac|~c g`h~f* |f hnca~hihldnf| f| }phalh}dh| hanhldnfpc| cg dajh|c c

d}pc|ca~dnf| f| }phalh}dh| pc|sj~dnf| nf| hanhldnfpc| dadjh|dnf|* d}fhdnf| cg hgdkca| kpihld|

c ldp~fkpihld|! Ldnd nfgahf ~cpghad lfg d| Lfa|hncpdc| ihadh|tsc pc~fgdg d| }phalh}dh|

lfaljs|c| tsc nclfppcpdg nd dajh|c nc|cayfjyhnd!

Ac|~d cnhf nf Pc~pd~f ^cpph~fphdj nc ]fp~skdj* f nfgahf Tsdjhihldf ~cpph~fphdjd`fpnd

D ydjfphudf ~cpph~fphdj nc nc|~haf| ~sp|~hlf|* }fp pclsp|f hnca~hihldf nd| nhaghld| pclca'

~c| nd ficp~d ~sp|~hld* dajh|c nd d~pdl~hyhndnc nf| ~cpph~phf| c dydjhdf nd nhicpcalhdf

~cpph~fphdj nd nhaghld clfaghld hanshnd }cjf ~sph|gf! D ha~cpdlf ca~pc ~sph|gf c ~cpph~phf

|ckshnd ac|~d d`fpndkcg }phyhjckhd f| }pflc||f| nc ~pda|ifpgdf i|hld nf c|}df c nf| |cs|s|f| ha~ca|hndnc c ph~gf nd }pc|cad nc ~sph|~d| cg pc|sj~dnf nd dl~hyhndnc ~sp|~hld*

c d pcjcyalhd nf |cs pc~fpaf clfaghlf! C|~d }cp|}cl~hyd ydjfphd f ~sph|gf lfgf }f~calhdj

_ 48 W


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_ 0= W

gf~fp nc nc|cayfjyhgca~f |s|~ca~ycj* `d|cdnf af d}pfych~dgca~f nf| pclsp|f| cankcaf|

nf| ~cpph~phf|! D haifpgdf c|~d~|~hld cg tsc |c d|chd d dajh|c }pfyg* isandgca~djgca~c*

nd| C|~d~|~hld| nd| F`pd| Lfaljsnd|* nf Hatsph~f ]cpgdaalhd nc B|}cnc| c Fs~pf| Ndnf|

ad Bf~cjdphd c nf \h|~cgd nc Lfa~d| Ha~ckpdnd| nd| Cg}pc|d| "HAC* H!]!(! ]phyhjckhd'|c d c|ldjd

~cpph~fphdj gsahlh}dj c d nldnd lfg}pccanhnd ca~pc 0=== c 0==8!

F nfgahf Tsdjhndnc nc yhndc lfc|fnh|ls~c D |s|~ca~d`hjhndnc ncgfkpihld nf| ~cpph~phf|*

d~pdy| nd dajh|c nd| }phalh}dh| ldpdl~cp|~hld| c ~canalhd| ncgfkpihld| nd }f}sjdf* lfa'

|hncpdanf tsc f lfabclhgca~f |f`pc f| }pflc||f| |flhfncgfkpihlf| cg lsp|f lfa|~h~sh sglfa~ph`s~f isandgca~dj }dpd d dnctsdf nd| haipd'c|~ps~spd| c ctsh}dgca~f| | ldpdl~cp|~hld|

c aclc||hndnc| nd }f}sjdf* af |ca~hnf nc sgd gdhfp tsdjhndnc nc yhnd c lfc|f ~cpph~fphdj!

D haifpgdf c|~d~|~hld }pfyg gdhfph~dphdgca~c nd| C|~hgd~hyd| Dasdh| nd ]f}sjdf Pc|hnca~c*

nf| Hanhldnfpc| Ncgfkpihlf|* nd| C|~d~|~hld| nc Adnf|'yhyf| c nc Ld|dgca~f| "HAC* H!]!( c* af

tsc pc|}ch~d c|}clhihldgca~c }f}sjdf c|~pdakchpd pc|hnca~c cg ~cpph~phf adlhfadj cg 0==8

c|ldjd gsahlh}dj* nf \cpyhf nc C|~pdakchpf| c Ipfa~chpd|! D dajh|c d`pdakc ~cg}fpdjgca~c f

}cpfnf nc 0=== d 0==8 c }phyhjckhd d nc|dkpckdf ~cpph~fphdj df aycj |s`'pckhfadj c gsahlh}dj*

lfa|fda~c d nh|}fah`hjhndnc nf| ndnf| c d }cp~haalhd dadj~hld!

Af nfgahf Lpc|lhgca~f c lfg}c~h~hyhndnc dadjh|dnd D }pfnsf hans|~phdj c d fphca~dfcr}fp~dnfpdad| pckhc| }fp~sksc|d|* dydjhdanf'|c f }dnpf ~cpph~fphdj nc hg}jda~df nf|

|cl~fpc| ~pda|dllhfaych| c* cg }dp~hlsjdp* nf |cl~fp ~pda|ifpgdnfp* ad }cp|}cl~hyd nc hnca~hih'

ldf nd| c|~ps~spd| }pfns~hyd| nf| ~cpph~phf| lfg }f~calhdj }dpd f djdpkdgca~f nf gcpldnf

cr~cpaf! Ac|~c tsdnpf dadj~hlf* nh|ls~cg'|c f| }dnpc| nc c|}clhdjhdf pckhfadh| nd han|~phd

~pda|ifpgdnfpd* c|~snd'|c d nhaghld c d |s|~ca~d`hjhndnc clfaghlf'ihadalchpd nd| cg}pc|d|

hans|~phdh|* `cg lfgf d fphca~df cr}fp~dnfpd nd dl~hyhndnc hans|~phdj! D| }phalh}dh| ifa~c|

nc haifpgdf }dpd c|~d dajh|c |f d| Lfa~d| Pckhfadh|* f \h|~cgd nc Lfa~d| Ha~ckpdnd| nd|

Cg}pc|d| c d| C|~d~|~hld| nf Lfgplhf Ha~cpadlhfadj nc @ca| "HAC* H!]!(! D dajh|c `d|chd'|c

gdhfph~dphdgca~c af }cpfnf ~cg}fpdj nc 4883 d 0==8* ~canf'|c }phyhjckhdnf d| c|ldjd| c|}dlhdh|

nd| pckhc| AS^\ HH c |s`'pckhc| AS^\ HHH!


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D YDJFPHuDF ^CPPH^FPHDJ NC

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nc yh|h~d c ad tsdj f }pfns~f ~sp|~hlf lffpncadnf }fp sgd fs gdh| fpkdahdc| "Cspf}cdaLfggh||hfa* 0==05 33( ha~pfns dj~cpdc| af| c|}df| cg tsc |c nc|cayfjyc }fptsc kc'

pdjgca~c dlfg}dabdnd nc }pflc||f| nc ~pda|ifpgdf tsc }pflspdg d ydjfphdf ~cpph~fphdj

ad }cp|}cl~hyd nd dl~hyhndnc ~sp|~hld!

^pd~d'|c nc dj~cpdc| hanshnd|* af }cjd }f}sjdf d pc|hnca~c* gd| }fp dtscjc| tsc ipc'

tsca~dg c||c ~cpph~phf c ncjc |c d}pf}phdg nc ifpgd c|}fpnhld c tsc |c ~pdnscg* tscp ad

fls}df i|hld nf ~cpph~phf* tscp af s|f tsc ncjc ich~f! D c|~c }pf}|h~f* pcihpd'|c dhand d

pcjcyalhd nf |cl~fp nf ~sph|gf catsda~f dl~hyhndnc lphdnfpd nc cg}pckf }fp lfa~pd|~c lfg

fs~pd| dl~hyhndnc| clfaghld| lsef des|~dgca~f d afyd| lfanhc|* }fp crcg}jf* nclfppca~c|

nf }pfkpc||f ~clafjkhlf* |c pcycjdg nc|~pshnfpd| nc cg}pckf!

F ~sph|gf sg icagcaf kjf`dj* gd| kcphnf jfldjgca~c! sgd dl~hyhndnc clfaghld d`pda'

kca~c* ~pda|ycp|dj c af nc|jfldjhycj c sg nf| }phalh}dh| |cl~fpc| nc cr}fp~df c nc }pfecl'

f ha~cpadlhfadj nd hgdkcg nc ]fp~skdj! Djg nc |cp sg lphdnfp nc phtscd }dpd d clfafghd

adlhfadj* pckhfadj c jfldj* kcpd nc|cayfjyhgca~f jfldj c }pfgfyc d lphdf nc }f|~f| nc ~pd`djbf

nhpcl~f| c hanhpcl~f|! "^sph|gf nc ]fp~skdj* 0=4=5 42(!

Ac|~c |ca~hnf* d dl~hyhndnc ~sp|~hld ncyc |cp dydjhdnd asgd ns}jd }cp|}cl~hyd5 }fp sg jdnf*

d~cancanf df| cich~f| }f|h~hyf| ~pdnshnf| ad ld}dlhndnc nc kcpdp }f|~f| nc ~pd`djbf c phtscd*

c* }fp~da~f* cg'c|~dp |flhdj c* }fp fs~pf jdnf* lfa|hncpdanf f| cyca~sdh| cich~f| ackd~hyf| pc'ijcl~hnf| af fpncadgca~f nf ~cpph~phf c ad hfnhycp|hndnc tsc crhkcg* cg }dp~hlsjdp* d kc|~f

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_ 04 W


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r 4==

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ad }cp|}cl~hyd nd nhgca|f c nd tsdjhihldf nd ficp~d bf~cjchpd!


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d ng nc f|psf nsun }cjf sp|gf

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3= O=

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f`pd| af cnhihldnf nc|~hadnf df ~sph|gf*

}fp gsahl}hf* 0==3'0==8


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_ =#

9=#

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gsahl}hf| nf Djkdpyc c nd Pckhf Ds~afgd nd Gdnchpd* ~canf d nhaghld* ac|~c j~hgf

ld|f* |hnf ~cpph~fphdjgca~c gdh| ctshjh`pdnd! Lfg}dpdanf f }phgchpf c f |cksanf tshats'

ahf| nd nldnd* f| ndnf| |skcpcg sg pcifpf nc lfa|~psf afyd nc|~hadnd df ~sph|gf

asg lfaesa~f nc gsahl}hf| nf Djkdpyc c sgd }cpnd nc hg}fp~alhd pcjd~hyd cg gsahl'

}hf| nd| pckhc| ds~afgd| "lfg halhnalhd ad hjbd nc \f Ghkscj c ad }dp~c flhnca~dj nd

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lfa|~d~d'|c tsc* af lfaesa~f nf ~cpph~phf adlhfadj* d }dplcjd nd nhaghld lfa|~ps~hyd

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D nhaghld lfa|~ps~hyd cg dj~spd* af g`h~f nd| lfa|~psc| afyd| nc|~hadnd| df ~sph|gf*

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af| lfa~cr~f| gdh| sp`daf|!

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40/249

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|c lfanhlhfadnfp nd nf~df bf~cjchpd nf| ~cpph~phf|! F pclsp|f ~h}fjfkhd nd| pcd| sp`dad|

_Ldhrd H!0W }cpgh~c f`|cpydp tsc* cg ]fp~skdj* d| pcd| }pcnfghada~cgca~c sp`dad| "D]S( cpdg*

cg 0==8* d| tsc d}pc|ca~dydg gdhfp nf~df nc c|~d`cjclhgca~f| bf~cjchpf|* lfalca~pdanf

lcpld nc ~p| tsdp~f| nd ficp~d bf~cjchpd adlhfadj ";3#(? d| pcd| gcnhdgca~c sp`dad| "DGS(

c pcd| }pcnfghada~cgca~c pspdh| "D]P( d`|fpyhdg* 4;# c 2#* pc|}cl~hydgca~c* nf ~f~dj! C|~c

}dnpf cpd lfgsg | |c~c pckhc| AS^\ HH nf }d|! Jh|`fd cpd d pckhf fanc d |s}pcgdlhd nd|

D]S cg pcjdf | DGS c D]P cpd gdh| af~phd* |ckshanf'|c'jbc* ac|~d jkhld* f Djkdpyc! ]cjf

lfa~pphf* af Djca~cef c af Lca~pf* cpd yh|ycj sg gdhfp ctshj`phf ca~pc f| ~p| lfa~cr~f| ~cp'ph~fphdh| cg dajh|c _Ihkspd H!43W! F| ndnf| |skcpcg* d||hg* sg }dnpf ~cpph~fphdj tsc }cpgh~c

nc|~dldp d| pcd| }pcnfghada~cgca~c sp`dad| lfgf |canf dtscjd| tsc cyhncalhdg sgd gdhfp

nf~df nc ficp~d bf~cjchpd! D||hg* lfaljs|f nd hacrh|~alhd nc sgd d||flhdf |hkahihld~hyd

ca~pc d cr~ca|f nd| pcd| ljd||hihldnd| c f agcpf nc c|~d`cjclhgca~f| bf~cjchpf|* dlpc|lc d

lfa|~d~df nc tsc f| lfa~cr~f| gdh| sp`daf| d}pc|ca~dg sgd gdhfp nf~df nc c|~d`cjclh'

gca~f| bf~cjchpf|!

=#

0=#

>=#

9=#

2=#

4==#

Afp~c

Lca~pf

Jh|`fd

Djca~cefDjkdpyc

P! D! Dfpc|

P! D! Gdnchpd

D]S DGS D]P

Ifa~c5 HAC* H!]!* Hatsph~f ]cpgdaalhd nc B|}cnc| c Fs~pf| Ndnf| ad Bf~cjdphd!

]pf}fpf nc c|~d`cjclhgca~f| bf~cjchpf|* |cksanf d ~h}fjfkhd nc

pcd| sp`dad|* }fp AS^\ HH* 0==8Ihkspd H!43


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Cg 0==8* gc~dnc nd ld}dlhndnc nc djfedgca~f nf| c|~d`cjclhgca~f| bf~cjchpf| crh|~ca~c af

~cpph~phf adlhfadj lfalca~pdyd'|c cg d}cad| |c~c nf| 4 ===

4= 03=

0= 3==

A! nc ldgd|

Gsahl}hf


AS^\ HH


Ld}dlhndnc nc djfedgca~f af| c|~d`cjclhgca~f|

bf~cjchpf|* }fp gsahl}hf* 0==8 Ihkspd H!49


42/249

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D Ihkspd H!4; pc}pc|ca~d* c|ldjd gsahlh}dj* d ~drd nc ydphdf gnhd dasdj* ca~pc 0==0 c 0==8*

nd ld}dlhndnc nc djfedgca~f nf| c|~d`cjclhgca~f| bf~cjchpf| c pcycjd tsc* cg lcpld nc gc~dnc

nf| gsahl}hf| adlhfadh|* |c ycphihlfs sg dsgca~f ndtscjd ld}dlhndnc! Ca~pc f| ~cpph~phf|

tsc pckh|~dpdg f| gdhfpc| dlp|lhgf|* nc|~dld'|c sg lfa~asf ifpgdnf }cjf| gsahl}hf| nc

Lfpslbc* Gfa~cgfp'f'Afyf* Ycand| Afyd|* ]djgcjd c Djllcp nf \dj? sg c|}df tsc |c c|~canc

nf Ca~pc Nfspf c Yfskd "\f Eff nd Gdnchpd( df @dhrf Yfskd "Fydp* C|~dppced c Dj`cpkdphd'd'

Ycjbd(? d hjbd cplchpd* d hjbd nc \da~d Gdphd c d }dp~c flhnca~dj nd hjbd nc \f Ghkscj* ad Pckhf

Ds~afgd nf| Dfpc|? f| gsahl}hf| lfa~ksf| nc Djecsp c Gfalbhtsc* af Djkdpyc* c Lgdpd

nc Jf`f|* ad Pckhf Ds~afgd nd Gdnchpd! Ca~pc f| gsahl}hf| tsc pckh|~dpdg sgd nhghashfnd ld}dlhndnc nc djfedgca~f* hg}fp~d nc|~dldp ]fp~hgf "'3#( c Jdkfd "'0#(* dg`f| nf Djkdpyc*

ndnd d gdhfp cr}pc||f ndtscjc| gsahl}hf| }dpd d ld}dlhndnc bf~cjchpd adlhfadj! F anhlc

nc nc|hksdjndnc nc Khah _Ldhrd H!>W* dydjhdanf d nh|~ph`shf nd ld}dlhndnc nc djfedgca~f nf|

c|~d`cjclhgca~f| bf~cjchpf| }cjf| Ac|~c lfa~cr~f nc lpc|lhgca~f nd ficp~d bf~cjchpd cg ]fp~skdj "nc 0>= ghj ldgd|* cg 0==0* }dpd

0;> ghj ldgd|* cg 0==8(* d dkpckdf nd haifpgdf }dpd f aycj nd| pckhc| AS^\ HH lfjfldcg cyhnalhd f Djkdpyc catsda~f pckhf lfg gdhfp tsf~d nc ficp~d bf~cjchpd* js nd ld}dlh'

ndnc nc djfedgca~f! Djg nf Djkdpyc* d}cad| ad Pckhf Ds~afgd nd Gdnchpd |c ycphihlfs sgd

pcnsf nf lfa~ph`s~f }dpd d ld}dlhndnc nc djfedgca~f ~f~dj! Af lfaesa~f c cg lfa|h|~alhd

lfg d lfaljs|f cr~pdnd nd dajh|c nf| ndnf| c|ldjd gsahlh}dj* ~dg`g df aycj nd| AS^\

HH* f| ndnf| |skcpcg tsc d lfalca~pdf nd ficp~d bf~cjchpd |c d~casfs ca~pc 0==0 c 0==8!

C|~c pc|sj~dnf lfppf`fpdnf }cjf ljlsjf nd gcnhnd nc nc|hksdjndnc nc Khah c pcijcl~c'|c* cg

}dp~hlsjdp* ad }cpnd nc tsf~d nf Djkdpyc _Ihkspd H!42W!


43/249

_ >< W


3= Og=

Ipctsalhd|

Gsahl}hf|

AS^\ HH


Gsahl}hf

1 4=

: 7 =

W = ? 3!0 W

W 3!0 ? 4= W]^]^

Ndnf af d}jhlycj

]^]^

#

4>

48


44/249

_ >> W


D pcjd~hyhdf nd ld}dlhndnc nc djfedgca~f nf| c|~d`cjclhgca~f| bf~cjchpf| }cjd }f}sjdf

pc|hnca~c }cpgh~c d}pfisandp d dajh|c* ad gcnhnd cg tsc dasjd f cich~f nd nhgca|f nc ldnd

sahndnc ~cpph~fphdj* des|~danf d hgdkcg ~cpph~fphdj da~cphfpgca~c d}pc|ca~dnd! Nc dlfpnf d haifp'

gdf nh|}faycj }dpd 0==8* d ld}dlhndnc nc djfedgca~f af| c|~d`cjclhgca~f| bf~cjchpf| }fp

4 === bd`h~da~c| cpd }dp~hlsjdpgca~c ha~ca|d cg gsahl}hf| nf Djkdpyc c nd Pckhf Ds~afgd

nd Gdnchpd! Af ld|f nf Djkdpyc* nc|~dldyd'|c nc ifpgd ljdpd Dj`sichpd "fanc dtscjd ld}dlhndnc

pcjd~hyd cpd d gdh| cr}pc||hyd nf }d|* |s}cpdanf d| ghj sahndnc| c lfppc|}fancanf d gdh| nf

nf`pf nf |cksanf gsahl}hf lfg f gdhfp ydjfp(* |canf tsc* nf| 49 gsahl}hf| djkdpyhf|* d}c'

ad| \f @p| nc Dj}fp~cj* Fjbf c Djlfs~hg d}pc|ca~dydg sgd nf~df pcjd~hyd d`dhrf nd gnhdadlhfadj "03*;(! Ad Pckhf Ds~afgd nd Gdnchpd* cyhncalhdydg'|c \f Yhlca~c* lfg f |cksanf

ydjfp gdh| cr}pc||hyf nf }d|* c f Isalbdj! Af lfaesa~f nf| 48 gsahl}hf| lfg gdhfp ld}h~df

nc ld}dlhndnc bf~cjchpd* 4= jfldjhdydg'|c af Djkdpyc c lhalf ad Pckhf Ds~afgd nd Gdnchpd! F|

pc|~da~c| cpdg cppd| nc @fspf "af ]dptsc Adlhfadj nd ]cacnd'Kcp|( c Fspg "fanc |c jfldjhd

f \da~sphf nc I~hgd( gd| ~dg`g `hnf| c Ld|~cjf nc Yhnc* fanc |c nc|~dld f }d~phgahf!

C|~d lfa|~d~df |skcpc tsc* d }dp nf ~sph|gf hanshnf }fp ljhgd| dgcaf|* ~dg`g f| idl~fpc|

ad~spdh|* pcjhkhf|f| c lsj~spdh| |f hans~fpc| nc gdhfp ficp~d ~sp|~hld _Ihkspd H!48W!

3= Og=

Ipctsalhd|5

Gsahl}hf|

Gsahl}hf

Jhgh~c| ~c pph~fphdh|

AS^\ HH

A! ldgd|&4 === Bd`!

]^ W 4= ? 03!; W

W = ? 4= W

W 03!;? ;> W

W ;> ? 4 =44 W

=

48 30 90 4 04 3>


Ld}dlhndnc nc djfedgca~f af| c|~d`cjclhgca~f|

bf~cjchpf| }fp 4 === bd`h~da~c|* }fp gsahl}hf* 0==8 Ihkspd H!48


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D dajh|c nc|~dld f Djkdpyc* d| pckhc| ds~afgd| c d| pcd| gc~pf}fjh~dad| nc Jh|`fd c

nf ]fp~f lfgf f| ~cpph~phf| tsc* cg 0==8* gdh| ficp~d bf~cjchpd lfalca~pdydg! Dasjdanf

f cich~f nc nhgca|f* d~pdy| nd pcjd~hyhudf }cjd }f}sjdf pc|hnca~c* f Djkdpyc c d

Pckhf Ds~afgd nd Gdnchpd gda~g d }f|hf nc nc|~dtsc! Lfa~snf* |spkcg fs~pf|

lfa~cr~f| ~cpph~fphdh| tsc cyhncalhdg d hg}fp~alhd nf ~sph|gf cg pcd| nc dhrd nca|h'

ndnc* afgcdndgca~c af Ha~cphfp nf Lfa~haca~c! Nh||f lfa|~h~scg crcg}jf| f| gsahl}hf|

nc Fspg* cppd| nc @fspf* `hnf| c Ld|~cjf nc Yhnc* }fp d}pc|ca~dpcg sgd ld}dlhndnc

nc djfedgca~f }fp bd`h~da~c cjcydnd af lfa~cr~f adlhfadj!

d tsjif n ficp cppfpj

Ad }cp|}cl~hyd nc tsc d tsdjhihldf nd ficp~d bf~cjchpd lfanhlhfad d }pflspd ~sp|~hld c* lfa'

|ctsca~cgca~c* d ydjfphdf nf| ~cpph~phf|* d dajh|c halhnhp af }dnpf ~cpph~fphdj nd ficp~d

~sp|~hld cg isaf nd ~h}fjfkhd c nd ld~ckfphd nf| c|~d`cjclhgca~f| bf~cjchpf|

nf ~cpph~phf adlhfadj* f| bf~h| cpdg pc|}fa|ych|* cg 0==8* }fp gdh| nc gc~dnc nd ld}dlhndnc

nc djfedgca~f? |ckshdg'|c d| }ca|c| "4>#(* f| bf~h|'d}dp~dgca~f| "4


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D jch~spd nc|~c hanhldnfp |djhca~d }dnpc| ~cpph~fphdh| nc lfalca~pdf c nh|~ph`shf nhicpcalhdnf|

~canf cg lfa~d* }fp sg jdnf* d ~h}fjfkhd nd ficp~d bf~cjchpd c* }fp fs~pf jdnf* f idl~f nc tsc*

cg 0==8* 3> gsahl}hf| af nh|}sabdg nc c|~d`cjclhgca~f| bf~cjchpf|* pcnshanf f sahycp|f

nc|~d dajh|c nc gsahl}hf|!

D||hg* f`|cpyd'|c tsc* af pc|}ch~da~c ld}dlhndnc nc djfedgca~f nf| bf~h|* 409 gsahl}hf|

c|~dydg d||flhdnf| d sgd |f`pc'pc}pc|ca~df c 402 d sgd |s`'pc}pc|ca~df "nc|~c|* 20 af

pckh|~dydg acabsg bf~cj cg dl~hyhndnc(* af |canf }f||ycj hnca~hihldp sg }dnpf ~cpph~fphdj

`cg ncihahnf ac|~c ~h}f nc ficp~d! ]fpg* hg}fp~d |s`jhabdp f idl~f nc 49 nd| 42 ld}h~dh| ncnh|~ph~f d| ahld| crlc}c| cpdg Jchphd c Ld|~cjf @pdalf `cg lfgf f Isalbdj c ]fa~d Ncj'

kdnd |c calfa~pdpcg ca~pc d| sahndnc| ~cpph~fphdh| lfg |f`pc'pc}pc|ca~df nd ld}dlhndnc nc

djfedgca~f nh|}fah`hjhdnd }cjf| bf~h| _Ihkspd H!0=W!

]fp |cs ~spaf* d ld}dlhndnc nc djfedgca~f nd| }ca|c| calfa~pdyd'|c }dp~hlsjdpgca~c |f`pc'

pc}pc|ca~dnd asg lfaesa~f nc >; gsahl}hf| fanc* cg 0==8* c|~d ~h}fjfkhd nc c|~d`cjclhgca~f|

bf~cjchpf| cpd ahld! ^pd~d'|c nc gsahl}hf| gdhfph~dphdgca~c jfldjhdnf| af Nfspf* af ]habdj

Ha~cphfp Afp~c* ad Jcphd nf ^cef* af Dj~f Djca~cef c af Djca~cef Lca~pdj! Dlpc|lca~c'|c tsc*

asg fs~pf lfaesa~f nc >; gsahl}hf|* af |c pckh|~fs acabsgd }ca|f cg dl~hyhndnc cg 0==8

_Ihkspd H!04W!

Af tsc pc|}ch~d ld}dlhndnc nc djfedgca~f nf| bf~h|'d}dp~dgca~f|* ycphihld'|c tsc d}cad|

0> gsahl}hf| d}pc|ca~dydg sgd |f`pc'pc}pc|ca~df* h|~f * sg tsflhca~c nc jfldjhdf |s'

}cphfp sahndnc! Ac|~c lfaesa~f* hg}fp~d |djhca~dp d }pc|cad nc gsahl}hf| djkdpyhf| "Ld|~pf

Gdphg* Fjbf* \hjyc|* Dj`sichpd* Yhjd Pcdj nc \da~f Da~ahf* Yhjd nf @h|}f* ^dyhpd c Jfsj(* nd

Pckhf Ds~afgd nd Gdnchpd "Ldjbc~d* \da~d Lps c Isalbdj(* nd Pckhf Ds~afgd nf| Dfpc|

"Jdec| nf ]hlf* Yhjd nd ]pdhd nd Yh~phd c Jdkfd( gd| ~dg`g nf Djca~cef Jh~fpdj "Djllcp nf \dj*

Kpanfjd c \hac|(* |skcphanf sgd gdhfp lfalca~pdf nc|~d ~h}fjfkhd* js nd ld}dlhndnc nc

djfedgca~f* af| ~cpph~phf| lfg }pfrhghndnc lf|~d gdp~hgd _Ihkspd H!00W!

]fp j~hgf* d f`|cpydf nd pc}pc|ca~d~hyhndnc nd ld}dlhndnc nc djfedgca~f nf| d}dp~dgca~f|

~sp|~hlf|* lfg `d|c af tsflhca~c nc jfldjhdf* id |f`pc||dhp sg lfaesa~f nc d}cad| 48

gsahl}hf| _Ihkspd H!0


47/249

_ >; W


3= Og=

Ipctsalhd|

Gsahl}hf|W 4!3 ? 0 W

_ = ? =!3 W

W =!3 ? 4 W

W 4 ? 4!3 W

TJ

Ndnf af d}jhlycj

AS^\ HH

Gsahl}hf

Jhgh~c| ~cpph~fphdh|>3 24 ; 0> 9342

3= Og=

Ipctsalhd|

Gsahl}hf|

AS^\ HH

Gsahl}hf


W 4!3 ? ; W

_ = ? =!3 W

W =!3 ? 4 W

W 4 ? 4!3 W

Ndnf af d}jhlycj

TJ

0= 00=4=>

3= Og=

Ipctsalhd|

Gsahl}hf|

AS^\ HH

Gsahl}hf


W 4!3 ? 9 W

W =!3 ? 4 W

W 4 ? 4!3 W

Ndnf af d}jhlycj

_ = ? =!3 W

TJ

4> 3 ; 002


Tsflhca~c| nc jfldjhdf nd ld}dlhndnc nc

djfedgca~f| af| bf~h|* }fp gsahl}hf* 0==8


djfedgca~f| af| bf~h|'d}dp~dgca~f|* }fp

gsahl}hf* 0==8


djfedgca~f| ad| }ca|c|* }fp gsahl}hf* 0==8


djfedgca~f| af| d}dp~dgca~f| ~sp|~hlf|* }fp

gsahl}hf* 0==8

IhkspdH!0=

IhkspdH!00

IhkspdH!04

IhkspdH!0


48/249

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D dajh|c nd tsdjhihldf nd ficp~d bf~cjchpd adlhfadj lfg d|c ad ~h}fjfkhd nf| c|~d`cjclhgca~f|

bf~cjchpf| }fnc |cp lfg}jcgca~dnd d~pdy| nd f`|cpydf nd ld~ckfphd nf| c|~d`cjclhgca~f|

bf~cjchpf|! Ac||d gcnhnd* f}~fs'|c }fp lca~pdp d dajh|c af lfaesa~f nf| bf~h| c nf| bf~h|'

d}dp~dgca~f| nc ~p| fs gdh| c|~pcjd|* }fp sg jdnf* c af lfaesa~f nf| djncdgca~f| ~sp|~hlf|

c nf| d}dp~dgca~f| ~sp|~hlf| nc ~p| fs gdh| c|~pcjd|* }fp fs~pf jdnf! \f* d||hg* lfa|hncpdnf|

kps}f| pcjd~hydgca~c bfgfkacf| nc c|~d`cjclhgca~f| bf~cjchpf| nc gdhfp tsdjhndnc!

Df aycj pckhfadj c asgd jkhld nc dydjhdf nd tsdjhndnc bf~cjchpd* d gdhfp }pf}fpf nc c|~d'

`cjclhgca~f| bf~cjchpf| nf ~h}f bf~h| c bf~h|'d}dp~dgca~f| nc ~p| fs gdh| c|~pcjd|* idlc df~f~dj nc c|~d`cjclhgca~f|* ycphihldyd'|c* cg 0==8* }dpd d| pckhc| ds~afgd| c }dpd d pckhf

nc Jh|`fd* lfg }pf}fpc| dlhgd nc >3#? f Djkdpyc ~dg`g |s}cpdyd d gnhd adlhfadj "*8#(

gd| nc ifpgd gdpkhadj _Ihkspd H!0>W! D }pf}fpf nc c|~d`cjclhgca~f| nf ~h}f djncdgca~f|

~sp|~hlf| c d}dp~dgca~f| ~sp|~hlf| nc ~p| fs gdh| c|~pcjd| cpd }dp~hlsjdpgca~c |hkahihld~hyd

af Djkdpyc "sg ~cpf nf| c|~d`cjclhgca~f| crh|~ca~c| ad pckhf( c ad Pckhf Ds~afgd nf|

Dfpc| "40*0#(!

8*3

*8

= 0= >=

Afp~c

Djca~cef

Lca~pf

]FP^SKDJ

Djkdpyc

Jh|`fd

P! D! Dfpc|

P! D! Gdnchpd

#

Bf~h| c bf~h|'d}dp~dgca~f| Djncdgca~f| ~sp|~hlf| c d}dp~dgca~f| ~sp|~hlf|


]pf}fpf nc c|~d`cjclhgca~f| bf~cjchpf| nc ~p| fs gdh| c|~pcjd|

af ~f~dj nc c|~d`cjclhgca~f| bf~cjchpf|* ]fp~skdj c AS^\ HH* 0==8 Ihkspd H!0>


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D dajh|c nd tsdjhihldf nd ficp~d bf~cjchpd |djhca~d d |f`pc'pc}pc|ca~df nf| bf~h|

af| lfa~cr~f| ~cpph~fphdh| lfg gdhfp kpds nc sp`dahudf c* cg }dp~hlsjdp* af| lca~pf|

gc~pf}fjh~daf| nc Jh|`fd c nf ]fp~f* ad gdhfphd nd| lhndnc| ld}h~dh| nc nh|~ph~f* `cg

lfgf af Isalbdj c cg ]fa~d Ncjkdnd! D| }ca|c| ~habdg gdhfp cr}pc||f af| gsahl}hf|

nf Ha~cphfp lfa~haca~dj! F| ndnf| pcjd~hyf| ld}dlhndnc nc djfedgca~f nh|}fah`hjhudnd

}cjf| bf~h|'d}dp~dgca~f| |skcphdg sgd }dp~hlsjdp lfalca~pdf nc|~d ~h}fjfkhd af|

~cpph~phf| nf Djkdpyc c nd| pckhc| ds~afgd|! D gc|gd dajh|c }dpd f| d}dp~dgca~f|

~sp|~hlf| nc|~dld* |f`pc~snf* f| gsahl}hf| nd lf|~d nf `dpjdyca~f djkdpyhf* pcycjdanfsgd lfalca~pdf gdh| dlca~sdnd af ~cpph~phf adlhfadj nf tsc f f`|cpydnf }dpd f|

bf~h|'d}dp~dgca~f|!


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hh!0! d pynnc sp| nf| cpppf|

hc|nnc sp|5 "Agcpf nc nfpghnd| af| c|~d`cjclhgca~f| bf~cjchpf| & ]f}sjdf

pc|hnca~c( r 4==

hc|nnc nf sp|gf f c|}f pspj5 "Agcpf nc nfpghnd| af| c|~d`cjclhgca~f|

nc ~sph|gf cg c|}df pspdj & ]f}sjdf pc|hnca~c( r 4==

]pf}fpf nc |}cnc| c|pkcpf|5 "Agcpf nc b|}cnc| c|~pdakchpf| af| c|~d`cjc'

lhgca~f| bf~cjchpf| & Agcpf nc b|}cnc| af| c|~d`cjclhgca~f| bf~cjchpf|( r 4==

~r nc |ufjnnc5 "Agcpf nc nfpghnd| af| c|~d`cjclhgca~f| bf~cjchpf| af| gc|c|

nc Esjbf* Dkf|~f c \c~cg`pf & Agcpf nc nfpghnd| af| c|~d`cjclhgca~f| bf~cjchpf|( r

4==

~r jtsn nc fs}f'g5 _Agcpf nc nfpghnd| af| c|~d`cjclhgca~f| bf~cjchpf|

& "Agcpf nc ldgd| nh|}faych| af| c|~d`cjclhgca~f| bf~cjchpf| r Agcpf nc nhd| nf

}cpfnf nc pcicpalhd(W r 4==

D nhaghld nd }pflspd ~sp|~hld gf`hjhd pclsp|f| ~cpph~fphdh|* lfa|~h~shanf sgd haijsalhd |f`pc

f ~cpph~phf! Hg}fp~d* }fp h||f* hnca~hihldp |c d nhaghld nd }pflspd c|~ }fjdphdnd af c|}df "c*

}fp~da~f* |c dicl~d }dp~hlsjdpgca~c djksa| ~cpph~phf|(* ldpdl~cphdp c||d }pflspd nf ~cpph~phf

jfldj }fp }dp~c nc hanhynsf| af pc|hnca~c| "lfg d|c ad adlhfadjhndnc nf| yh|h~da~c|( c dydjhdp

d cyca~sdj lfalca~pdf nd }pflspd af ~cg}f "}pclh|danf |c f ldpl~cp |dfadj nf ~sph|gf |c

id |ca~hp gdh| asa| ~cpph~phf| nf tsc afs~pf|(!

d c|nnc sp| nf| cpppf|

D ha~ca|hndnc ~sp|~hld* ncihahnd }cjd pcjdf ca~pc f agcpf nc nfpghnd| af| c|~d`cjclhgca~f|

bf~cjchpf| c d }f}sjdf pc|hnca~c af pc|}cl~hyf ~cpph~phf* lfa|~h~sh sg hanhldnfp dnctsdnf

d sgd }phgchpd d`fpndkcg nd haijsalhd tsc d }pflspd ~sp|~hld crcplc |f`pc f ~cpph~phf* af

|ca~hnf nc hnca~hihldp |c c||d ha~ca|hndnc |c calfa~pd }fjdphdnd af c|}df c |c |c ha~ca|hihlfs

gdh| dlca~sdndgca~c asgd| sahndnc| ~cpph~fphdh| nf tsc afs~pd|!

Af }cpfnf 0==0'0==8* f Djkdpyc c d Pckhf Ds~afgd nd Gdnchpd ifpdg d| ahld| pckhc|

AS^\ HH nf }d| fanc d ha~ca|hndnc ~sp|~hld nhghashs gd| |cg tsc c||d cyfjsf ~hyc||c }f|~f

cg lds|d f idl~f nc |c gda~cpcg* cg 0==8* d| pckhc| lfg gdhfp ha~ca|hndnc ~sp|~hld! D Pckhf

Ds~afgd nf| Dfpc| pcifpfs d ~cplchpd }f|hf cg ~cpgf| nc agcpf nc nfpghnd| }fp 4==

bd`h~da~c|* d}pc|ca~danf* cg 0==8* sg ydjfp dlhgd nd gnhd adlhfadj* f tsc af dlfa~clhd cg

0==0! F Afp~c* f Djca~cef c f Lca~pf gda~hycpdg* cg 0==8* d| ha~ca|hndnc| ~sp|~hld| gcaf|

cr}pc||hyd|* d}c|dp nf dlp|lhgf pckh|~dnf! C|~d dajh|c |skcpc tsc d haijsalhd hanshnd }cjd


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}pflspd ~sp|~hld }f~calhdjgca~c gdh| ha~ca|d af Djkdpyc c ad Pckhf Ds~afgd nd Gdnchpd

nf tsc af pc|~da~c ~cpph~phf adlhfadj _Ihkspd H!03W!

===

Afp~c

Djca~cef

Lca~pf

Jh|`fd

]FP^SKDJ

P! D! Dfpc|

P! D! Gdnchpd

Djkdpyc

0==8

0==0

A! nfpghnd|&4== Bd`!

Ifa~c5 HAC* H!]!* Hatsph~f ]cpgdaalhd nc B|}cnc| c Fs~pf| Ndnf| ad Bf~cjdphd c C|~hgd~hyd| Dasdh| nc ]f}sjdfPc|hnca~c!

D dajh|c }fp gsahl}hf }cpgh~c nc~cl~dp lfg}fp~dgca~f| nhicpcalhdnf| af |chf nc ldnd pckhf!

Ca~pc 0==0 c 0==8* d ha~ca|hndnc ~sp|~hld dlca~sfs'|c asg lfaesa~f nc gsahl}hf| nd Pckhf

Ds~afgd nd Gdnchpd ]fp~f \da~f* Ldjbc~d* \f Yhlca~c* Gdlbhlf c Ph`chpd @pdyd * ~canf*

}cjf lfa~pphf* nhghasnf af Isalbdj c af| gsahl}hf| jhg~pfic| nc \da~d Lpsu c \da~dad? fpd*

cg 0==0* cpdg }pclh|dgca~c f| gsahl}hf| nf Isalbdj c nc \da~d Lpsu "d }dp nc ]fp~f \da~f(

tsc d}pc|ca~dydg gdhfp ha~ca|hndnc ~sp|~hld ad pckhf ds~afgd* f tsc |skcpc sgd gdhfp

nh|~ph`shf nd haijsalhd ~sp|~hld adtscjd pckhf! D crlc}f f gsahl}hf nc ]fp~f \da~f

tsc pcifpfs* nc ifpgd |hkahihld~hyd* f agcpf nc nfpghnd| cg c|~d`cjclhgca~f| bf~cjchpf|

}fp 4== bd`h~da~c| _Ihkspd H!09W!

]fpg* c|~d ha~ca|hihldf af |c lhplsa|lpcyc d gsahl}hf| gdnchpca|c|! Af Lfa~haca~c* f

gsahl}hf nc Yhjd Pcdj nc \da~f Da~ahf d}pc|ca~fs* af }cpfnf cg dajh|c* f dlp|lhgf gdh|

|hkahihld~hyf gd| gcpclcg* hksdjgca~c* nc|~dtsc `hnf|* cppd| nc @fspf* ^dyhpd* Fspg c* ad

Pckhf Ds~afgd nf| Dfpc|* ]fa~d Ncjkdnd* cg lfgf f| lca~pf| gc~pf}fjh~daf| nc Jh|`fd c

nf ]fp~f! C|~d lfa|~d~df lfaihpgd tsc d ld}dlhndnc nc d~pdlf ~sp|~hld nf| ~cpph~phf| d||ca~d

asgd nhycp|hndnc nc pclsp|f| cankcaf|* crljs|hyf| fs lfaesa~f|* nc ad~spcud dptsh~cl~ahld*

ad~spdj* ljhg~hld* nc |dnc* pcjhkhf|d* lsj~spdj c nc acklhf|!

Ihkspd H!03Ha~ca|hndnc ~sp|~hld* ]fp~skdj c AS^\ HH* 0==0 c 0==8


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Cg lfa~pd}fa~f* f agcpf nc nfpghnd| cg c|~d`cjclhgca~f| bf~cjchpf| }fp 4== bd`h~da~c|

nhghashs nc ifpgd gdh| |hkahihld~hyd asg lfaesa~f nc lhalf gsahl}hf| djkdpyhf| Dj`sichpd*

]fp~hgf* Jdkfd* Jfsj c Yhjd nf @h|}f!

3= Og=

Ipctsalhd|

Gsahl}hf|

AS^\ HH

Gsahl}hf

Jhgh~c| ~cpph~fphdh|34=90 ;3

]^W = ? 4>!= W

W '3== ? = W

W '< =2= ? '3== W

W 4>!= ? 4 34= W]^

\ckpcnf c|~d~|~hlf


3= Og=

Ipctsalhd|

Gsahl}hf|W 4 === ? 4> 928 W

W = ? 3= W

W 3= ? 0!;W

W 0!; ? 4 === W]^

=

\ckpcnf c|~d~|~hlf

AS^\ HHGsahl}hf

Jhgh~c| ~cpph~fphdh|240049 >808



Cg 0==8* d ha~ca|hndnc ~sp|~hld cpd }dp~hlsjdpgca~c cjcydnd cg gsahl}hf| nf Djkdpyc c nd

Pckhf Ds~afgd nd Gdnchpd! ^dj lfgf f`|cpydnf }dpd d ld}dlhndnc nc djfedgca~f pcjd~hyhdnd

}cjd }f}sjdf pc|hnca~c* d gc|gd pcjd~hyhdf nd| nfpghnd| |djhca~d f gsahl}hf nc Dj`sichpd

lfg d gdhfp ha~ca|hndnc ~sp|~hld nf }d|5 }cp~f nc 43 ghj nfpghnd| }fp 4== bd`h~da~c|* f tsc

|hkahihld tsd|c ~p| ycc| gdh| nf tsc f pckh|~dnf }dpd f |cksanf gsahl}hf lfg gdhfp ld}d'

lhndnc nc d~pdlf pcjd~hyd nc b|}cnc| "]fp~f \da~f(! Lfa~snf* Dj`sichpd pckh|~fs d pcnsf

gdh| |hkahihld~hyd ca~pc 0==0 c 0==8! Nf| 42 gsahl}hf| lfg sgd ha~ca|hndnc ~sp|~hld dlhgd

nf ghjbdp cg 0==8* d}cad| ~p| af }cp~calhdg tscjd| nsd| pckhc| AS^\ HH5 `hnf| "af Fc|~c*

ldpdl~cphdnf }cjf }d~phgahf gcnhcydj(? cppd| nc @fspf "af ]dptsc Adlhfadj nd ]cacnd'Kcp|(

c d ld}h~dj nf }d|! Lfgf f`|cpydnf }dpd fs~pf| hanhldnfpc|* ~dg`g f| gsahl}hf| nc Fspg*

Ld|~cjf nc Yhnc c ]fa~d Ncjkdnd |c nc|~dldydg af lfa~cr~f adlhfadj* f gc|gf dlfa~clcanf

lfg fs~pf| gsahl}hf| nd Pckhf Ds~afgd nf| Dfpc| "]fa~d Ncjkdnd* Bfp~d* ]fyfdf* Yhjd

nf ]fp~f c Jdkfd( _Ihkspd H!0;W!

Ydphdf nd ha~ca|hndnc ~sp|~hld*

}fp gsahl}hf* 0==0&0==8 Ihkspd H!09 Ihkspd H!0;

Ha~ca|hndnc ~sp|~hld* }fp

gsahl}hf* 0==8


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Ad }cp|}cl~hyd nc tsc d tsdjhndnc nd }pflspd ~sp|~hld nc~cpghada~c }dpd d tsdjhihldf nf|

~cpph~phf|* pc|~phakhs'|c d dajh|c d nfh| |s`lfaesa~f| nc c|~d`cjclhgca~f| bf~cjchpf|5 bf~h| c

bf~h|'d}dp~dgca~f| nc ~p| fs gdh| c|~pcjd|* }fp sg jdnf* c djncdgca~f| ~sp|~hlf| c d}dp~d'

gca~f| ~sp|~hlf|* }fp fs~pf jdnf! ]pflspfs'|c* d||hg* pc~cp kps}f| pcjd~hydgca~c bfgfkacf|

nc c|~d`cjclhgca~f| bf~cjchpf|!

Ad }cp|}cl~hyd nd ha~ca|hndnc ~sp|~hld af| bf~h| c bf~h|'d}dp~dgca~f| nc ld~ckfphd gdh| cjc'

ydnd* gda~g'|c d pcjcyalhd nf Djkdpyc c nd Pckhf Ds~afgd nd Gdnchpd! Af ld|f nf Djkdpyc*

d }pflspd nc|~c ~h}f nc c|~d`cjclhgca~f* |cksanf f agcpf nc nfpghnd| }fp 4== bd`h~da~c|*d||sghs* cg 0==8* sgd cr}pc||f ljdpdgca~c dlhgd nd gnhd adlhfadj cg gsahl}hf| nd lf|~d

gdp~hgd* lfg nc|~dtsc }dpd Yhjd Pcdj nc \da~f Da~ahf c lfg crlc}f nf lfa~asf ifpgdnf

}cjf| gsahl}hf| nc Idpf c Fjbf! Af ld|f nd Pckhf Ds~afgd nd Gdnchpd* f| ydjfpc| gdh|

cr}pc||hyf| }cp~calhdg d ]fp~f \da~f* Isalbdj c \da~d Lps! Djg nc gsahl}hf| nc|~d| nsd|

pckhc|* nc|~dldydg'|c Jh|`fd* Ld|~cjf nc Yhnc* `hnf| c ^cppd| nc @fspf _Ihkspd H!02W!

3= Og=

Ipctsalhd|

Gsahl}hf|

00 348

W 4 === ? 3 80 W

\ckpcnf c|~d~|~hlf

0908



Ha~ca|hndnc ~sp|~hld af| bf~h| c bf~h|'

d}dp~dgca~f| lfg ~p| fs gdh| c|~pcjd|*

}fp gsahl}hf* 0==8Ihkspd H!02 Ihkspd H!08

Ha~ca|hndnc ~sp|~hld af| djncdgca~f|

~sp|~hlf| c d}dp~dgca~f| ~sp|~hlf| lfg

~p| fs gdh| c|~pcjd|* }fp gsahl}hf* 0==8


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D f`|cpydf nf agcpf nc nfpghnd| cg djncdgca~f| ~sp|~hlf| c d}dp~dgca~f| ~sp|~hlf|

}fp 4== bd`h~da~c| af daf nc 0==8 lfjfld cg cyhnalhd* nc afyf c nc ifpgd gsh~f ljdpd* f|

gsahl}hf| djkdpyhf|* lfg nc|~dtsc }dpd Dj`sichpd* ]fp~hgf* Jdkfd* ^dyhpd c Yhjd nf @h|}f!

Lgdpd nc Jf`f| c Ldjbc~d* ad Pckhf Ds~afgd nd Gdnchpd* ~dg`g pckh|~dydg ha~ca|hndnc|

|s}cphfpc| gnhd adlhfadj _Ihkspd H!08W!

F ~sph|gf af c|}df pspdj "^CP( gcpclc sgd d~caf }dp~hlsjdp* ndnd d ldpdl~cp|~hld ha~pa|cld

nc }pf}fplhfadp sg lfa~dl~f nhpcl~f lfg f| lfa~cr~f| gdh| pspdh|! D f`|cpydf nf agcpf nc

nfpghnd| cg cg}pccanhgca~f| nc CP }fp 4== bd`h~da~c| }cpgh~c dydjhdp d ha~ca|hndnc ~sp|~hldnc|~c ~h}f nc c|~d`cjclhgca~f| "^sph|gf nc ]fp~skdj* 0==2(! Ac|~c lfa~cr~f* hg}fp~d |s`jhabdp

tsc d Pckhf Ds~afgd nd Gdnchpd d}pc|ca~dyd d ha~ca|hndnc ~sp|~hld gdh| cjcydnd* tscp cg

0==>* tscp cg 0==2* ~canf |hnf d pckhf nf }d| fanc dtscjc hanhldnfp gdh| |c dlca~sfs

adtscjc }cpfnf* |ckshnd nf Djca~cef c nd Pckhf Ds~afgd nf| Dfpc|! ]fpg* f dlp|lhgf

f`|cpydnf ca~pc 0==> c 0==2 ifh lfgsg d ~fnd| d| pckhc| nf }d|* lfg crlc}f nd pckhf nc

Jh|`fd _Ihkspd H!


Ifa~c5 sph|gf nc ]fp~skdj* H!]!! HAC* H!]!* C|~hgd~hyd| Dasdh| nc ]f}sjdf Pc|hnca~c!

Ihkspd H! c 0==2


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D jch~spd dnhlhfadj nd ~drd jtshnd nc fls}df'ldgd af| c|~d`cjclhgca~f| bf~cjchpf| ifpaclc

haifpgdf lfg}jcgca~dp dajh|c nf kpds nc s~hjhdf nd ld}dlhndnc nc djfedgca~f nh|}f'

aycj c* lfa|ctsca~cgca~c* nd dnctsdf nd }pflspd ficp~d bf~cjchpd af| nhicpca~c| c|}df|

nf ~cpph~phf adlhfadj!

Cg 0==8* d nh|~ph`shf pckhfadj nc|~c hanhldnfp pcycjdyd tsc* d }dp nd }f|hf fls}dnd }cjd|

pckhc| Afp~c* Lca~pf c Djca~cef tsda~f ha~ca|hndnc ~sp|~hld* ~dg`g cg pcjdf df| aych|

nc fls}df bf~cjchpd c|~d| ifpdg d| pckhc| tsc pckh|~dpdg f| ydjfpc| gdh| `dhrf|! Cg lfa'

~pd}dp~hnd* d Pckhf Ds~afgd nd Gdnchpd c d| pckhc| nc Jh|`fd c nf Djkdpyc d}pc|ca~dpdg~drd| nc fls}df |s}cphfpc| gnhd adlhfadj* cyhncalhdanf sgd gdhfp dnctsdf nd }pflspd

ficp~d bf~cjchpd nh|}faycj! Nc idl~f* nd|


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Cg 0==8* f Djkdpyc c d Pckhf Ds~afgd nd Gdnchpd gda~habdg'|c* ~dj lfgf cg 0==0*

d| pckhc| lfg gdhfp ha~ca|hndnc ~sp|~hld* |cksanf f agcpf nc nfpghnd| cg c|~d`c'

jclhgca~f| bf~cjchpf| }fp 4== bd`h~da~c|! C|~d dajh|c |skcpc tsc d haijsalhd hansuhnd

}cjd nhaghld nd }pflspd ~sp|~hld }f~calhdjgca~c gdh| ha~ca|d adtscjd| pckhc| nf

tsc af pc|~da~c ~cpph~phf adlhfadj! Djg nf| gsahl}hf| nc|~d| nsd| pckhc|* |f`pc||dcg

`hnf|* ^cppd| nc @fspf* d ld}h~dj nf }d|* Fspg* Ld|~cjf nc Yhnc c djksa| gsahl}hf|

nd Pckhf Ds~afgd nf| Dfpc|!

D dajh|c nd ha~ca|hndnc ~sp|~hld nf| bf~h| c bf~h|'d}dp~dgca~f| |djhca~fs* cg 0==8*

d pcjcyalhd nf Djkdpyc c nd Pckhf Ds~afgd nd Gdnchpd! D ha~ca|hndnc ~sp|~hld nf|

djncdgca~f| ~sp|~hlf| c d}dp~dgca~f| ~sp|~hlf| lfjflfs cg cyhnalhd* nc ifpgd gsh~f

ljdpd* f| gsahl}hf| nd lf|~d djkdpyhd!

D ha~ca|hndnc ~sp|~hld af ~sph|gf af c|}df pspdj cyhncalhd d| pckhc| ds~afgd| c f

Djca~cef* af | }fp lfa|~h~spcg d| pckhc| fanc dtscjd ha~ca|hndnc gdh| |c pcifpfs*

ca~pc 0==> c 0==2* gd| ~dg`g }fp |cpcg d| pckhc| tsc* cg 0==2* d}pc|ca~dydg d|

ha~ca|hndnc| gdh| cjcydnd|!

D dajh|c nd ~drd jtshnd nc fls}df'ldgd nf| c|~d`cjclhgca~f| bf~cjchpf| cg 0==8

nc|~dld d Pckhf Ds~afgd nd Gdnchpd* d Kpdanc Jh|`fd c f Djkdpyc catsda~f ~cpph~phf|

fanc |c ycphihlfs sgd gcjbfp dnctsdf nd }pflspd ficp~d bf~cjchpd!

=

0==

==

3==

9==

;==

2==

8==

4 ===

4 4==

Ha~ca|hndnc ~sp|~hld

"0==0(

Ha~ca|hndnc ~sp|~hld

"0==8(

^drd jtshnd nc fls}df'

ldgd nf| c|~d`cjclhgca~f|bf~cjchpf| "0==0(

^drd jtshnd nc fls}df'

ldgd nf| c|~d`cjclhgca~f|bf~cjchpf| "0==8(

Grhgf Gnhd "]^74==( Gahgf

]^ 7 4==

Djkdpyc

P! D! Gdnchpd

^gckd

Djkdpyc

Dj~f ^p|'f|'Gfa~c|^gckd ^gckd

P! D! Gdnchpd


Ihkspd H!


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d| }pfyc| n }pfsp

F dnctsdnf lfabclhgca~f nd| c|}clhihlhndnc| jfldh| nd dl~hyhndnc ~sp|~hld isandgca~dj }dpd

d ncihahf nd| }fj~hld| }`jhld| nc d|c ~cpph~fphdj* afgcdndgca~c af tsc pc|}ch~d }pfyh|f

nc ctsh}dgca~f| c |cpyhf| jhkdnf| df ~sph|gf tsc }cpgh~dg sgd gdhfp dnctsdf nd ficp~d

~sp|~hld }pflspd! F| ndnf| pcjd~hyf| d 0==8 pcycjdg tsc gc~dnc nf| tsd|c 4< ghjbc| nc

hanhynsf| tsc |c bf|}cndpdg cg c|~d`cjclhgca~f| bf~cjchpf| nf }d| ~habd pc|hnalhd bd`h~sdj

ifpd nc ]fp~skdj* lfppc|}fancanf d sgd }pf}fpf nc b|}cnc| c|~pdakchpf| af| c|~d`cjclh'

gca~f| bf~cjchpf| nc 3=*4# catsda~f* cg 0==0* c|~d }pf}fpf cpd nc 3


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Sgd dajh|c ~cpph~fphdjgca~c gdh| nc~djbdnd nc|~dld ljdpdgca~c d Pckhf Ds~afgd nd Gdnchpd*

fanc fh~f gsahl}hf| ld}~dpdg* cg 0==8* }cjf gcaf| ~p| tsdp~f| nc b|}cnc| c|~pdakchpf|

}fp fpncg nclpc|lca~c* Lgdpd nc Jf`f|* \da~dad* \da~d Lps* ]fa~d nf \fj* Ph`chpd @pdyd*

Ldjbc~d* Gdlbhlf c Isalbdj catsda~f f gsahl}hf nc ]fp~f \da~f pclc`cs* cg 0==8* d}cad|

03# nc b|}cnc| c|~pdakchpf| _Ihkspd H!W!

Dhand lfg }pf}fpc| dlhgd nc 9=#* nc|~dldg'|c f gsahl}hf nc Jdkfd "ad Pckhf Ds~afgd

nf| Dfpc|(? Jdkf|* Dj`sichpd* Jdkfd c ]fp~hgf "af Djkdpyc(? c Jh|`fd c Ld|ldh| "ad Kpdanc

Jh|`fd(! Lfg }pf}fpc| ca~pc f| 3=# c f| 9=# c* }fp~da~f* dlhgd nd gnhd adlhfadj "3=#(*|spkcg \ha~pd "ad Kpdanc Jh|`fd(? \hjyc|* Jfsj* Yhjd Pcdj nc \da~f Da~ahf c Yhjd nf @h|}f "af

Djkdpyc(? ]fp~f "af Kpdanc ]fp~f(? ]fp~f Gfah c \f Yhlca~c "ad Pckhf Ds~afgd nf| Dfpc|(

gd| ~dg`g Fspg "}cp~calca~c df Gnhf cef c fanc |c jfldjhd f \da~sphf nc I~hgd* |skc'

phanf d hg}fp~alhd nf| d~ph`s~f| pcjhkhf|f| ad ld}dlhndnc nc d~pdlf nc ~sph|~d| c|~pdakchpf|(

c|~c gsahl}hf d crlc}f d sg }dnpf ~cpph~fphdj nc gdhfp lfalca~pdf nc b|}cnc| nc

adlhfadjhndnc c|~pdakchpd cg gsahl}hf| nd| pckhc| ds~afgd|* nf Djkdpyc c nd| pcd| gc'

~pf}fjh~dad| nc Jh|`fd c nf ]fp~f!

3= Og=

Ipctsalhd|5

Gsahl}hf|

9;843 9>

Gsahl}hf


AS^\ HH

#

W 3=!4 ? 9= W

W 0= ? 3=!4 W

W 9= ? 8= W

_ = ? 0= W

]^

\ckpcnf c|~d~|~hlf

Ndnf af d}jhlycj


Ihkspd H!]pf}fpf nc b|}cnc| c|~pdakchpf| af| c|~d`cjclhgca~f| bf~cjchpf|* }fp gsahl}hf* 0==8


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F| 9*3 ghjbc| nc b|}cnc| c|~pdakchpf| tsc* cg 0==8* |c djfedpdg cg c|~d`cjclhgca~f| bf~c'

jchpf| cpdg gdhfph~dphdgca~c fphkhaphf| nf| pc|~da~c| 09 C|~dnf|'gcg`pf| nd Sahf Cspf}chd*

nc|~dldanf'|c C|}dabd "4=# nf ~f~dj nc b|}cnc|(* f Pchaf Sahnf "2#( c d Djcgdabd "9#(! ^dj

pc}dp~hf af ifh* }fpg* lfgsg d ~fnf f ~cpph~phf adlhfadj! Ndnf tsc ]fp~skdj* C|}dabd*

Pchaf Sahnf c Djcgdabd |c gda~g* nc|nc b yphf| daf|* f| }phalh}dh| }d|c| nc }pfycahalhd

nf| b|}cnc| nf| c|~d`cjclhgca~f| bf~cjchpf| adlhfadh|* d dajh|c |cksha~c lca~pdp'|c' ac|~c|

}d|c|!

D Ihkspd H!

F anhlc nc Khah ifh ldjlsjdnf lfg `d|c ad ifpgsjdf d}pc|ca~dnd ad Ldhrd H!>* cg tsc r e lfppc|}fanc df plhf ca~pc fagcpf nc b|}cnc| nc sgd nc~cpghadnd }pfycahalhd cg c|~d`cjclhgca~f| bf~cjchpf| nf gsahl}hf e c f agcpf ~f~dj ncb|}cnc| nc||d }pfycahalhd cg c|~d`cjclhgca~f| bf~cjchpf|? c xe lfppc|}fanc }pf}fpf nd |s}cpilhc nc ldnd gsahl}hfe ad |s}cpilhc adlhfadj!

Ldhrd H!9Lspyd nc Jfpca


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=

0=

>=

9=

2=

4==

= 0= >= 9= 2= 4==

\s}cpilhc nf| gsahl}hf| "# dlsgsjdnd(

Pcl~d nc hksdj nh|~ph`shf

]fp~skdj

C|}dabd

Pchaf Sahnf

Djcgdabd

=

0=

>=

9=

2=

4==

= 0= >= 9= 2= 4==

\s}cpilhc nf| gsahl}hf| "# dlsgsjdnd(

Pcl~d nc hksdj nh|~ph`shf

]fp~skdj

C|}dabd

Pchaf Sahnf

Djcgdabd

Agcpfncb|}cnc||cks

anfd

pc|hnalhdbd`h~sdj"#dlsg

sjdnd(

Agcpfncb|}cnc||cksanfd

pc|hnalhdbd`h~sdj"#dlsgsjdnd(


0==0 0==3 0==8

~F~dJ ;4*> ;4*0 ;=*8

]fp~skdj 9*> 2


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D Ihkspd H!


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_ 90 W


3= Og=

Ipctsalhd|

Gsahl}hf|

AS^\ HHGsahl}hf


W 4!3 ? 0!4 W

W = ? =!3 W

W =!3 ? 4 W

W 4 ? 4!3 W

Ndnf af d}jhlycj

\ckpcnf c|~d~|~hlf

TJ

>;;2 ;4;

3= Og=

Ipctsalhd|

Gsahl}hf|

AS^\ HHGsahl}hf


W 4!3 ? 0!9 W

_ = ? =!3 W

W =!3 ? 4 W

W 4 ? 4!3 W

TJ

Ndnf af d}jhlycj

\ckpcnf c|~d~|~hlf

9402

3= Og=

Ipctsalhd|

Gsahl}hf|

AS^\ HHGsahl}hf

Jhgh~c| ~cpph~fphdh| ;8 40>8

W 4!3 ? 3!4 W

_ = ? =!3 W

W =!3 ? 4 W

W 4 ? 4!3 W

TJ

Ndnf af d}jhlycj

\ckpcnf c|~d~|~hlf

3= Og=

Ipctsalhd|

Gsahl}hf|

AS^\ HHGsahl}hf


W 4!3 ? ;!4 W

_ = ? =!3 W

W =!3 ? 4 W

W 4 ? 4!3 W

TJ

Ndnf af d}jhlycj

\ckpcnf c|~d~|~hlf

;49 28


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D dajh|c nd pc|hnalhd bd`h~sdj nf| b|}cnc| nf| c|~d`cjclhgca~f| bf~cjchpf| pcycjd sg

}dnpf ~cpph~fphdj nc gdhfp lfalca~pdf nc b|}cnc| nc adlhfadjhndnc c|~pdakchpd cg

gsahl}hf| nd| pckhc| ds~afgd|* nf Djkdpyc c nd| pcd| gc~pf}fjh~dad| nc Jh|`fd c nf

]fp~f! Fspg pcycjd ~dg`g sgd ld}dlhndnc pcjd~hyd cjcydnd nc d~pdhp b|}cnc| c|~pda'

kchpf|! Af lfa~cr~f nd| tsd~pf }phalh}dh| }pfycahalhd| nf| b|}cnc| nf| c|~d`cjclhgca~f|

bf~cjchpf| adlhfadh| ]fp~skdj* C|}dabd* Pchaf Sahnf c Djcgdabd * f| b|}cnc| lfg

pc|hnalhd bd`h~sdj af Pchaf Sahnf lfalca~pdg'|c gdh| af ~cpph~phf adlhfadj* nc|hkadnd'

gca~c af Djkdpyc tsc lfa|~h~sh f nc|~haf nc 9=# nf| b|}cnc| ndtscjd adlhfadjhndnc! Affs~pf cr~pcgf* f| b|}cnc| lfg pc|hnalhd bd`h~sdj cg ]fp~skdj ~cancg d nh|~ph`shp'|c

gdh| af ~cpph~phf adlhfadj!

=

3=

43=

0==

03=


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d |ufjnnc n }pfsp

F c|~snf nf kpds nc |dfadjhndnc nd }pflspd ~sp|~hld lfa|~h~sh sg cjcgca~f dnhlhfadj nc da'

jh|c nd haijsalhd tsc d dl~hyhndnc ~sp|~hld ~cg |f`pc f| ~cpph~phf|! \s`edlca~c d c|~d dajh|c

c|~ d hnchd nc tsc sgd gdhfp lfalca~pdf nd| nfpghnd| cg c|~d`cjclhgca~f| bf~cjchpf| cg

nc~cpghadnf| gc|c| nf daf lfa|~h~sh sg |s`d}pfych~dgca~f nd| haipd'c|~ps~spd| d||flhdnd|

dl~hyhndnc ~sp|~hld! Cg 0==8* nf| 038 gsahl}hf| lfg pckh|~f| nc nfpghnd| cg c|~d`cjclh'

gca~f| bf~cjchpf|* 4== pckh|~dpdg sgd }pf}fpf nc nfpghnd| af| gc|c| nc Esjbf d \c~cg`pf

|s}cphfp gnhd adlhfadj "


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3= Og=

Ipctsalhd|5

Gsahl}hf|

#

W 3 W

W 0; ? 3 ? 9> W

Ndnf af d}jhlycj

_ = ? 0; W

]^

Gsahl}hf


AS^\ HH

9=>= 40=


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c|ldjd nd| pckhc| AS^\ HH c lfppf`fpdanf d dajh|c nd lfalca~pdf nd }pflspd ~sp|~hld af|

gc|c| nc Ycpf* c|~c hanhldnfp }cpgh~c lfaljshp }cjd gdhfp |dfadjhndnc nd }pflspd ~sp|~hld af

Djkdpyc* f tsc }fncp c|~dp d||flhdnf d sg ~sph|gf }pcnfghada~cgca~c nc ycpdachf! D Pckhf

Ds~afgd nf| Dfpc| ~dg`g cyhncalhd sg kpds nc |dfadjhndnc dlhgd nd gnhd adlhfadj!

Af fs~pf cr~pcgf* lfg gdhfp nh|}cp|f nd| nfpghnd| df jfakf nf| gc|c| nf daf* |f`pc||dh

d Pckhf Ds~afgd nd Gdnchpd* f tsc }fncp |cp f pcijcrf nf ljhgd dgcaf tsc |c ycphihld df

jfakf nc ~fnf f daf _Ihkspd H!>*;

= 3 4= 43 0= 03

P! D! Gdnchpd

Jh|`fd

Djca~cef

Afp~c

Lca~pf

]FP^SKDJ

P! D! Dfpc|

Djkdpyc

#


Af |ca~hnf nc dycphksdp |c df jfakf nf }cpfnf cg dajh|c |c pckh|~fs djksgd dj~cpdf ac|~c}dnpf nc |dfadjhndnc* }pflcncs'|c nclfg}f|hf nf anhlc nc Khah cg nfh| }cpfnf|5 0==0'

0==3 c 0==9'0==8! D Ihkspd H!>> gf|~pd tsc f |ca~hnf nc pcifpf nd |dfadjhndnc nd }pflspd

~sp|~hld f`|cpydnf df aycj adlhfadj |c c|~cancs | ~p| pckhc| lfg gdhfp ha~ca|hndnc ~sp|~h'

ld* d}c|dp nf }dnpf nc |dfadjhndnc |cp nhicpcalhdnf gdh| ha~ca|f af Djkdpyc c ad Pckhf

Ds~afgd nf| Dfpc| c gcaf| ha~ca|f ad Pckhf Ds~afgd nd Gdnchpd;!

; D lfg}dpdf nf anhlc nc Khah ca~pc f }cpfnf 0==0'0==> c f }cpfnf 0==;'0==8 gda~g d lfa|h|~alhd nc|~dlfaljs|f!

Ihkspd H!>3 Ihkspd H!>9

Lfg}f|hf nf ydjfp dlpc|lca~dnf kcpdnf

}cjf ~sph|gf* ]fp~skdj* 0==='0==8

2 D `djdad lfppca~c cakjf`d* djg nd `djdad nc |cpyhf|* d| `djdad| nc `ca|* nc pcanhgca~f| c nc ~pda|icpalhd|lfppca~c|!


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=

0==

>==

9==

2==

4 ===

4 0==Ghjbc| nc cspf|

Ijsrf| d lpnh~f

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@djdad lfppca~c

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Ifa~c5 @dalf nc ]fp~skdj!Af~d5 F| ijsrf| nd ps`phld nc yhdkca| c ~sph|gf pcijcl~cg f| pclc`hgca~f| c f| }dkdgca~f| pc|sj~da~c| nc ~pda|dlc|lfg af pc|hnca~c| cg f}cpdc| pcjdlhfadnd| lfg yhdkca| c ~sph|gf* crlc}f nd| }d||dkca|!

d ngc|f cfg nf sp|gf

Af lfaesa~f nf `hahf 0==;'0==2* f yfjsgc nc acklhf| nd| cg}pc|d| }fp }c||fd df |cpyhf

ifh nc lcpld nc 83 ghj cspf| catsda~f* ad dl~hyhndnc clfaghld nf djfedgca~f* c|~d pcjdf ifh

nc >> ghj cspf|! ]fp fs~pf jdnf* cg ~cpgf| nc cg}pckf* ycphihld'|c tsc f agcpf nc }c||fd|

df |cpyhf }fp cg}pc|d cpd* cg gnhd* nc


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= 3 4= 43 0= 03


72/249

_ ;0 W


3= Og=

Ipctsalhd|

Gsahl}hf|

AS^\ HH


Gsahl}hf

_ = ? 4!3 W

W 4!3 ? 9 W

W 9 ? 0= W

#

]^]^

W 0= ? 0< W

]^

;8000 0=3

3= Og=

Ipctsalhd|

Gsahl}hf|

AS^\ HH


Gsahl}hf

W 43 ? 0> W

_ = ? =!; W

W =!; ? 3 W

W 3 ? 43 W

]^]^

#

4


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D lfaeskdf nd haifpgdf pcjd~hyd df }c||fdj df |cpyhf c df yfjsgc nc acklhf| cyhncalhd*

}fp~da~f* sg pc~pd~f ~cpph~fphdj gsh~f |hghjdp }dpd d| nsd| ydphych| "d lfppcjdf nc 83#( c

|djhca~d d hg}fp~alhd clfaghld nf ~sph|gf cg ~p| gsahl}hf|5 Dj`sichpd* ]fp~f Gfah c ^cp'

pd| nc @fspf! D pc}pc|ca~df kpihld id dhand cgcpkhp sg |cksanf lfaesa~f nc gsahl}hf|

Jdkfd "af Djkdpyc(* ]fp~f \da~f* \f Yhlca~c c \da~dad "ad Pckhf Ds~afgd nd Gdnchpd(*

|s`jhabdanf'|c f idl~f nc f| nfh| j~hgf| gsahl}hf| |c jfldjhdpcg ad lf|~d Afp~c nd hjbd nd

Gdnchpd( _Ihkspd H!30W!

C|~c pc~pd~f |skcpc ~dg`g tsc* ad kcacpdjhndnc nf| gsahl}hf|* sgd nc~cpghadnd }pf}fpfnf yfjsgc nc acklhf| af djfedgca~fidlc df ~f~dj nd dl~hyhndnc cg}pc|dphdj c|~ d||flhdnd d

sgd }pf}fpf |s}cphfp nf }c||fdj df |cpyhf* d}fhdanf d }cplc}f nc tsc |c ~pd~d nc sgd

dl~hyhndnc kcpdnfpd nc cg}pckf c* }fp~da~f* lfg sg pc~fpaf clfaghlf pcjcyda~c }dpd d|

}f}sjdc| jfldh|!

=

3

4=

43

0=

03

= 3 4= 43 0= 03

]pf}fpf nc }c||fdj df |cpyhf ad dl~hyhndnc nc djfedgca~f "#(

Dj`sichpd

cppd| nc @fspf

]fp~f Gfahu

]fp~f \da~f

Jdkfd

\f Yhlca~c\da~dad

Isalbdj

Gdpyf]fyfdf

]^ 7 =*;#

]^ 7 4*3#

Ldjbc~d "P!D!G!(Gc|f Iphf`hnf|\da~d LpsuYhjd nf @h|}fYhjd Pcdj nc \da~f Da~ahf

Dj~cp nf LbfLd|~cjf nc YhncHndabd'd'AfydJdkf|JfsjFncghpd]fp~hgf\f ]cnpf nf \sj^dyhpd

]pf}fpfncyfjsg

cncacklhf|addl~hyhndncncdjfedgca~f"#(

Ifa~c5 HAC* H!]!* \h|~cgd nc Lfa~d| Ha~ckpdnd| nd| Cg}pc|d|!Af~d5 F| ndnf| dadjh|dnf| nhcg pc|}ch~f gnhd nf hahf 0==;'0==2!

Ihkspd H!30

]pf}fpf nc }c||fdj df |cpyhf c nc yfjsgc nc acklhf| nd| cg}pc|d|

lfg |cnc ad sahndnc ~cpph~fphdj ad dl~hyhndnc clfaghld djfedgca~f*

}fp gsahl}hf* 0==;'0==2


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Sg }pfrgf g}fp cfg nf sp|gf nsunf }cjf crcpfp

F| ndnf| pcjd~hyf| df| gfyhgca~f| af| ldhrd| ds~fg~hlf| "LD( c af| ~cpghadh| nc }dkdgca~f

ds~fg~hlf "^]D( lfa|~h~scg cjcgca~f| dsrhjhdpc| nc dajh|c! Pc~canf f| jcyda~dgca~f| cg LD

c d| lfg}pd| cg ^]D cicl~sdnf| d~pdy| nc ldp~c| nc }dkdgca~f cgh~hnf| }fp ca~hndnc| af

adlhfadh|* }f||ycj f`~cp sgd d}pfrhgdf hg}fp~alhd clfaghld nd dl~hyhndnc ~sp|~hld

nc fphkcg ha~cpadlhfadj!

Lfa|hncpdanf f ~phahf 0==;'0==8* d lfppcjdf ca~pc f ydjfp nd| lfg}pd| ha~cpadlhfadh| }fpbd`h~da~c c nf ydjfp nf| }dkdgca~f| ha~cpadlhfadh| }fp bd`h~da~c nc 23#* |skcphanf sg

}dnpf ~cpph~fphdj |hghjdp }dpd d| nsd| ydphych|! F}~fs'|c* d||hg* }cjd dajh|c lfaesa~d nf|

nfh| ~h}f| nc gfyhgca~f lfgf hanhldnfp ld}d nc pcijcl~hp d nhaghld clfaghld hanshnd af|

~cpph~phf| }cjd }pc|cad nc }f}sjdf pc|hnca~c af cr~cphfp nf }d|! Df aycj adlhfadj* c|~c ha'

nhldnfp dkpckdnf4= ifh nc lcpld nc ghj cspf| }fp bd`h~da~c! Fpd* d}cad| >< nf|


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3= Og=

Ipctsalhd|5

Gsahl}hf|

Gsahl}hf


AS^\ HH

4=243;8

W 4 0== ? 4< 8


76/249

_ ;9 W


Ad }cp|}cl~hyd ~cpph~fphdj* f Djkdpyc c d Pckhf Ds~afgd nd Gdnchpd lfa|~h~scg f|

~cpph~phf| adlhfadh| fanc d hg}fp~alhd nf ~sph|gf af lfaesa~f nd dl~hyhndnc clfagh'

ld gdh| |hkahihld~hyd* hanhlhdanf sg gdhfp pc~fpaf }dpd d }f}sjdf pc|hnca~c nf s|f

c|}fpnhlf tsc f| af pc|hnca~c| iducg nc||c| ~cpph~phf|! Nc|~dldg'|c* cg }dp~hlsjdp f|

gsahl}hf| nc Dj`sichpd c Jdkfd* af Djkdpyc* c nc ]fp~f Gfahu* ]fp~f \da~f* \f Yhlca~c

c \da~dad* ad Pckhf Ds~afgd nd Gdnchpd! * dhand* }f||ycj hnca~hihldp fs~pf| c|}df|

fanc d hg}fp~alhd clfaghld nf ~sph|gf |c nc|~dld af lfa~cr~f adlhfadj5 f ld|f nc

^cppd| nc @fspf "ha~ckpdnf af }dptsc Adlhfadj nd ]cacnd'Kcp|( c Gc|f Iphf "af Afp~c(?`hnf| "af Fc|~c(? \f ]cnpf nf \sj "af Nf'Jdic|(? Gdpyf c Ld|~cjf nc Yhnc "af Dj~f

Djca~cef( c ]fyfdf c ]fa~d Ncjkdnd "ad Pckhf Ds~afgd nf| Dfpc|(! F| ndnf| pcjd~hyf|

df| gfyhgca~f| pcdjhudnf| d~pdy| nc ldp~c| nc }dkdgca~f cgh~hnf| }fp ca~hndnc| af

adlhfadh| iducg |djhca~dp f Djkdpyc c* cg gcafp c|ldjd* d Pckhf Ds~afgd nd Gdnchpd

c d pcd gc~pf}fjh~dad nc Jh|`fd lfgf |canf f| c|}df adlhfadh| fanc d nhaghld clf'

aghld hansuhnd }cjd }pflspd ~sp|~hld cr~cpad df }d| gdh| |c idu |ca~hp!


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lf|ncpc| i|

F ~sph|gf sgd dl~hyhndnc clfaghld tsc pc|sj~d nf d}pfych~dgca~f nd `d|c jfldj nc pclsp'

|f| cankcaf|* c tsc* djg nc lphdp phtscd }dpd d clfafghd adlhfadj* pckhfadj c jfldj* kcpd

nc|cayfjyhgca~f jfldj c }pfgfyc d lphdf nc }f|~f| nc ~pd`djbf nhpcl~f| c hanhpcl~f|! D hg'

}fp~alhd nc|~d dl~hyhndnc ad }pfgff nd tsdjhndnc nc yhnd c nd lfc|f ~cpph~fphdj es|~hihld

d dajh|c nd pcjdf ca~pc f ~sph|gf c f ~cpph~phf af ld|f }fp~sks|! D dajh|c ifh c|~ps~spdnd

cg ~p| chrf|5 d| nhaghld| pclca~c| nd ficp~d ~sp|~hld* d d~pdl~hyhndnc ~sp|~hld nf| ~cpph~phf|

c d nhicpcalhdf ~cpph~fphdj nd nhaghld clfaghld hanshnd }cjf ~sph|gf!

D d`fpndkcg nd| nhaghld| pclca~c| nd ficp~d ~sp|~hld `d|cfs'|c ad dajh|c nd lfalca~pdf

~cpph~fphdj nd dl~hyhndnc nc lfa|~psf nc|~hadnd df ~sph|gf c nf| c|~d`cjclhgca~f| bf~cjchpf|?

dnhlhfadjgca~c* f c|~snf lca~pfs'|c ad hnca~hihldf nc cyca~sdh| dj~cpdc| flfpphnd| ad j~hgd

nldnd ad tsdjhndnc nd ficp~d bf~cjchpd!

Af lfaesa~f nd nldnd 0==='0==8* d hg}fp~alhd pcjd~hyd nf nc|~haf ~sp|~hlf ad| lfa|~psc|

afyd|* |cksanf d |s}cpilhc nc lfa|~psf* ifh }dp~hlsjdpgca~c |hkahihld~hyd cg gsahl}hf|

nf Djkdpyc c nd Pckhf Ds~afgd nd Gdnchpd! Lfg}dpdanf f }phgchpf c f |cksanf tsha'

tsahf| nd nldnd* f| ndnf| |skcpcg sg pcifpf nc lfa|~psf afyd nc|~hadnd df ~sph|gfasg lfaesa~f nc gsahl}hf| nf Djkdpyc c sgd }cpnd nc hg}fp~alhd pcjd~hyd cg gsahl}hf|

nd| pckhc| ds~afgd| "lfg halhnalhd ad hjbd nc \f Ghkscj c ad }dp~c flhnca~dj nd hjbd nd

Gdnchpd( gd| ~dg`g cg gsahl}hf| nh|}cp|f| nf Djca~cef! Df jfakf nd nldnd* lfa|~d~d'

|c tsc* af lfaesa~f nf ~cpph~phf adlhfadj* d }dplcjd nd nhaghld lfa|~ps~hyd hanshnd }cjf

~sph|gf ifh gdhfp ad| pcd| }pcnfghada~cgca~c pspdh|! D nhaghld lfa|~ps~hyd cg dj~spd*

af g`h~f nd| lfa|~psc| afyd| nc|~hadnd| df ~sph|gf* ifh gdh| halhnca~c af| gsahl}hf|

djkdpyhf| c gdnchpca|c| gd| ~dg`g nd| pcd| gc~pf}fjh~dad| nc Jh|`fd c nf ]fp~f `cg

lfgf cg lhndnc| nc gnhd nhgca|f! Af * }fp h||f* nc c|~pdabdp tsc* cg ~fnd| d| pckhc|

AS^\ HH nf }d|* dtscjd nhaghld ~cabd |hnf gdh| ha~ca|d af| lfa~cr~f| gdh| sp`daf|! Lfg

gdhfp cr}pc||f pcjd~hyd nd| pcd`hjh~dc| i|hld| nc|~hadnd| df ~sph|gf af ~f~dj nd| f`pd|lfg dtscjc nc|~haf* calfa~pdg'|c gsahl}hf| jfldjhdnf| gdhfph~dphdgca~c af Ha~cphfp nd|

pckhc| Afp~c* Lca~pf c Djca~cef c af kps}f lca~pdj nd Pckhf Ds~afgd nf| Dfpc|! Lfg

cich~f* ad kcacpdjhndnc nd| pckhc| AS^\ HH* dtscjc hanhldnfp d||sghd sgd cr}pc||f gcafp

af| lfa~cr~f| gdh| sp`daf|!

D dajh|c nc|~dld f Djkdpyc* d| pckhc| ds~afgd| c d| pcd| gc~pf}fjh~dad| nc Jh|`fd c nf

]fp~f lfgf f| ~cpph~phf| tsc* cg 0==8* lfalca~pdydg gdh| ficp~d bf~cjchpd! Dasjdanf f

cich~f nc nhgca|f* d~pdy| nd pcjd~hyhdf }cjd }f}sjdf pc|hnca~c* f Djkdpyc c d Pckhf

Ds~afgd nd Gdnchpd gda~g d }f|hf nc nc|~dtsc! Lfa~snf* |spkcg fs~pf| lfa~cr~f|

~cpph~fphdh| tsc cyhncalhdg d hg}fp~alhd nf ~sph|gf cg pcd| nc `dhrd nca|hndnc* afgc'dndgca~c af Ha~cphfp nf Lfa~haca~c! Nh||f lfa|~h~scg crcg}jf| f| gsahl}hf| nc Fspg*

^cppd| nc @fspf* `hnf| c Ld|~cjf nc Yhnc* df d}pc|ca~dpcg sgd ld}dlhndnc nc djfedgca~f

}fp bd`h~da~c cjcydnd af lfa~cr~f adlhfadj!


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D dajh|c nd tsdjhihldf nd ficp~d bf~cjchpd |djhca~d d |f`pc'pc}pc|ca~df nf| bf~h| af| lfa'

~cr~f| ~cpph~fphdh| lfg gdhfp kpds nc sp`dahdf c* cg }dp~hlsjdp* af| lca~pf| gc~pf}fjh~daf|

nc Jh|`fd c nf ]fp~f* ad gdhfphd nd| lhndnc| ld}h~dh| nc nh|~ph~f* cg lfgf af Isalbdj c cg

]fa~d Ncjkdnd! D| }ca|c| ~habdg gdhfp cr}pc||f af| gsahl}hf| nf Ha~cphfp lfa~haca~dj!

F| ndnf| pcjd~hyf| ld}dlhndnc nc djfedgca~f nh|}fah`hjhdnd }cjf| bf~h|'d}dp~dgca~f|

|skcphdg sgd }dp~hlsjdp lfalca~pdf nc|~d ~h}fjfkhd af| ~cpph~phf| nf Djkdpyc c nd| pc'

khc| ds~afgd|! D gc|gd dajh|c }dpd f| d}dp~dgca~f| ~sp|~hlf| nc|~dld* |f`pc~snf* f|

gsahl}hf| nd lf|~d nf `dpjdyca~f djkdpyhf* pcycjdanf sgd lfalca~pdf gdh| dlca~sdnd af

~cpph~phf adlhfadj nf tsc f f`|cpydnf }dpd f| bf~h|'d}dp~dgca~f|!

D d~pdl~hyhndnc ~sp|~hld nf| ~cpph~phf| ifh dydjhdnd* asgd }phgchpd id|c* d~pdy| nd ha~ca|hndnc

~sp|~hld "pcjdf ca~pc f agcpf nc nfpghnd| c f cicl~hyf }f}sjdlhfadj( c nd ~drd nc fls}df

nf| c|~d`cjclhgca~f| bf~cjchpf|! Cg |ckshnd* }pflspfs'|c ldpdl~cphdp d }pflspd ~sp|~hld* |c'

ksanf d }pfycahalhd nd }f}sjdf yh|h~da~c c f kpds nc |dfadjhndnc nc||d }pflspd!

Cg 0==8* f Djkdpyc c d Pckhf Ds~afgd nd Gdnchpd gda~habdg'|c* ~dj lfgf cg 0==0* d|

pckhc| lfg gdhfp ha~ca|hndnc ~sp|~hld* |cksanf f agcpf nc nfpghnd| cg c|~d`cjclhgca~f|

bf~cjchpf| }fp 4== bd`h~da~c|! C|~d dajh|c |skcpc tsc d haijsalhd hanshnd }cjd nhaghld

nd }pflspd ~sp|~hld }f~calhdjgca~c gdh| ha~ca|d adtscjd| pckhc| nf tsc af pc|~da~c ~cp'ph~phf adlhfadj! Djg nf| gsahl}hf| nc|~d| nsd| pckhc|* |f`pc||dcg `hnf|* ^cppd| nc

@fspf* d ld}h~dj nf }d|* Fspg* Ld|~cjf nc Yhnc c djksa| gsahl}hf| nd Pckhf Ds~afgd

nf| Dfpc|! D dajh|c nd ha~ca|hndnc ~sp|~hld nf| bf~h| c bf~h|'d}dp~dgca~f| |djhca~fs*

cg 0==8* d pcjcyalhd nf Djkdpyc c nd Pckhf Ds~afgd nd Gdnchpd! D ha~ca|hndnc ~sp|~hld

nf| djncdgca~f| ~sp|~hlf| c d}dp~dgca~f| ~sp|~hlf| lfjflfs cg cyhnalhd* nc ifpgd gsh~f

ljdpd* f| gsahl}hf| nd lf|~d djkdpyhd! D ha~ca|hndnc ~sp|~hld af ~sph|gf af c|}df pspdj

cyhncalhd d| pckhc| ds~afgd| c f Djca~cef* af | }fp lfa|~h~spcg d| pckhc| fanc dtscjd

ha~ca|hndnc gdh| |c pcifpfs* ca~pc 0==> c 0==2* gd| ~dg`g }fp |cpcg d| pckhc| tsc* cg

0==2* d}pc|ca~dydg d| ha~ca|hndnc| gdh| cjcydnd|! D dajh|c nd ~drd jtshnd nc fls}df'

ldgd nf| c|~d`cjclhgca~f| bf~cjchpf| cg 0==8 nc|~dld d Pckhf Ds~afgd nd Gdnchpd* dKpdanc Jh|`fd c f Djkdpyc catsda~f ~cpph~phf| fanc |c ycphihlfs sgd gcjbfp dnctsdf nd

}pflspd ficp~d bf~cjchpd!

D dajh|c nd pc|hnalhd bd`h~sdj nf| b|}cnc| nf| c|~d`cjclhgca~f| bf~cjchpf| pcycjd sg

}dnpf ~cpph~fphdj nc gdhfp lfalca~pdf nc b|}cnc| nc adlhfadjhndnc c|~pdakchpd cg

gsahl}hf| nd| pckhc| ds~afgd|* nf Djkdpyc c nd| pcd| gc~pf}fjh~dad| nc Jh|`fd c nf

]fp~f! Fspg pcycjd ~dg`g sgd ld}dlhndnc pcjd~hyd cjcydnd nc d~pdhp b|}cnc| c|~pdakch'

pf|! Af lfa~cr~f nd| tsd~pf }phalh}dh| }pfycahalhd| nf| b|}cnc| nf| c|~d`cjclhgca~f|

bf~cjchpf| adlhfadh| ]fp~skdj* C|}dabd* Pchaf Sahnf c Djcgdabd * f| b|}cnc| lfg pc'

|hnalhd bd`h~sdj af Pchaf Sahnf lfalca~pdg'|c gdh| af ~cpph~phf adlhfadj* nc|hkadndgca~caf Djkdpyc tsc lfa|~h~sh f nc|~haf nc 9=# nf| b|}cnc| ndtscjd adlhfadjhndnc! Af fs~pf

cr~pcgf* f| b|}cnc| lfg pc|hnalhd bd`h~sdj cg ]fp~skdj ~cancg d nh|~ph`shp'|c gdh| af

~cpph~phf adlhfadj!


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F Djkdpyc c d Pckhf Ds~afgd nd Gdnchpd* lfg sgd hg}fp~alhd nd dl~hyhndnc ~sp|~hld

tsc |c nc|~dld af lfa~cr~f adlhfadj* nh|~hakscg'|c af tsc pc|}ch~d |dfadjhndnc nc|~d

dl~hyhndnc! \c f Djkdpyc cyhncalhd f gdhfp kpds nc |dfadjhndnc nd| nfpghnd| cg c|~d`c'

jclhgca~f| bf~cjchpf|* d Pckhf Ds~afgd nd Gdnchpd d pckhf nf }d| tsc d}pc|ca~d d

gcafp lfalca~pdf nd }pflspd ~sp|~hld df jfakf nf daf! D Pckhf Ds~afgd nf| Dfpc|

dlfg}dabd f Djkdpyc df d}pc|ca~dp sgd lfalca~pdf nd }pflspd ~sp|~hld af| gc|c| nc

Ycpf dlhgd nd gnhd adlhfadj! F| lca~pf| gc~pf}fjh~daf| c d| ld}h~dh| nc nh|~ph~f* ~cancalhdj'

gca~c d||flhdnf| d sg ~sph|gf nc ad~spcd gdh| sp`dad* |ced nc acklhf|* |ced nc lsj~spd*

d}pc|ca~dg sg kpds nc |dfadjhndnc ~sp|~hld dtsg nd gnhd adlhfadj! F| ndnf| |skcpcg*dhand* tsc* df jfakf nf }cpfnf cg dajh|c d |dfadjhndnc nd }pflspd ~sp|~hld |c pcifpfs

ad| ~p| pckhc| fanc dtscjd dl~hyhndnc gdh| ha~ca|d5 pckhc| ds~afgd| c Djkdpyc!

D dl~hyhndnc ~sp|~hld d||ca~d ad pcjdf ca~pc d ld}dlhndnc nc }pf~clf nd `d|c nc pclsp|f|

cankcaf| tsc |s}fp~d d }p}phd dl~hyhndnc c f `cacilhf clfaghlf }fp cjd }pf}fplhfadnf

}f}sjdf pc|hnca~c! D pcjcyalhd nc|~d dl~hyhndnc df aycj adlhfadj calfa~pd isandgca~f af|

ndnf| nh|}fah`hjhdnf| }cjd Lfa~d \d~jh~c nf sph|gf c }cjd @djdad nc yhdkca| c ~sph|gf lfg

f cr~cphfp!

F Djkdpyc c d Pckhf Ds~afgd nd Gdnchpd lfa|~h~scg f| ~cpph~phf| adlhfadh| fanc d hg'}fp~alhd nf ~sph|gf af lfaesa~f nd dl~hyhndnc clfaghld gdh| |hkahihld~hyd* hanhlhdanf

sg gdhfp pc~fpaf clfaghlf }dpd d }f}sjdf pc|hnca~c! * dhand* }f||ycj hnca~hihldp fs'

~pf| c|}df| fanc d hg}fp~alhd clfaghld nf ~sph|gf |c nc|~dld af lfa~cr~f adlhfadj5

f ld|f nc ^cppd| nc @fspf "ha~ckpdnf af }dptsc Adlhfadj nd ]cacnd'Kcp|( c Gc|f Iphf "af

Afp~c(? `hnf| "af Fc|~c(? \f ]cnpf nf \sj "af Nf'Jdic|(? Gdpyf c Ld|~cjf nc Yhnc "af

Dj~f Djca~cef( c ]fyfdf c ]fa~d Ncjkdnd "ad Pckhf Ds~afgd nf| Dfpc|(!

F| ndnf| pcjd~hyf| df| gfyhgca~f| pcdjhdnf| d~pdy| nc ldp~c| nc }dkdgca~f cgh~hnf|

}fp ca~hndnc| af adlhfadh| d}pc|ca~dg f Djkdpyc lfgf |canf f c|}df adlhfadj fanc d

nhaghld clfaghld hanshnd }cjd }pflspd ~sp|~hld cr~cpad df }d| gdh| |c id |ca~hp!

Cg |sgd* d dajh|c lfanshnd pcycjd tsc f Djkdpyc c d Pckhf Ds~afgd nd Gdnchpd |c nc|~d'

ldg af lfa~cr~f adlhfadj ncyhnf hg}fp~alhd nd dl~hyhndnc ~sp|~hld* d`pdakcanf d nhaghld

lfa|~ps~hyd hanshnd }cjf ~sph|gf* d ficp~d bf~cjchpd* d ~drd nc fls}df nf| c|~d`cjclhgca~f|

bf~cjchpf| c f pc~fpaf clfaghlf ~pdnshnf }cjf }c||fdj df |cpyhf c }cjf yfjsgc nc acklhf|

kcpdnf| }cjf ~sph|gf! D Pckhf Ds~afgd nd Gdnchpd nh|~haksc'|c* }fpg* nf Djkdpyc ndnd d

gcafp |dfadjhndnc nd }pflspd ~sp|~hld! Asg |cksanf }jdaf* |spkcg d Pckhf Ds~afgd nf|

Dfpc| c d Kpdanc Jh|`fd! * hksdjgca~c* nc pc~cp tsc b sg lfaesa~f nc gsahl}hf| nh|}cp|f|

}cjf }d|* fanc d dl~hyhndnc ~sp|~hld ~cg sgd cr}pc||f tsc |c nc|~dld af lfa~cr~f adlhfadj5

^cppd| nc @fspf* Fspg* `hnf|* Gdpyf c Ld|~cjf nc Yhnc!


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lfcf|

djncgcf sp|f5 C|~d`cjclhgca~f nc djfedgca~f ~sp|~hlf lfa|~h~snf }fp sg lfaesa~f nc

ha|~djdc| isalhfadjgca~c ha~cpnc}canca~c| lfg cr}pc||f dptsh~cl~ahld bfgfkacd* |h~s'

dnd| asg c|}df ncjhgh~dnf c |cg |fjsc| nc lfa~hashndnc* tsc |c nc|~hadg d }pf}fplhfadp

djfedgca~f c fs~pf| |cpyhf| lfg}jcgca~dpc| d ~sph|~d|* gcnhda~c }dkdgca~f!

d}pgcf sp

Retrato Territorial de Portugal 2009 (INE 2011)

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Transcript of Retrato Territorial de Portugal 2009 (INE 2011)