PADAHRET NEGORTIN ISARTNESNOK HURAGNEP

AD NAHUBMUTREP AGLAORKIM DIPIL NAGNUDNAK N

0BBL LESEIDOIB ISKUDORP KUTNU 70

IWITARP ITAJONKER OYTES

AIMIK IDUTS MARGORP

IGOLONKET NAD SNIAS SATLUKAF

HALLUTAYADIH FIRAYS IREGEN MALSI SATISREVINU

ATRAKAJ

M 4102 / 5341 H

PADAHRET NEGORTIN ISARTNESNOK HURAGNEP

AGLAORKIM DIPIL NAGNUDNAK NAD NAHUBMUTREP

LESEIDOIB ISKUDORP KUTNU 700BBL

ISPIRKS

sniaS anajraS raleG helorepmeM kutnu tarayS utaS halaS iagabeS

aimiK idutS margorP

igolonkeT nad sniaS satlukaF

atrakaJ hallutayadiH firayS iregeN malsI satisrevinU

: helO

IWITARP ITAJONKER OYTES

5500006900111

AIMIK IDUTS MARGORP

SATLUKAF IGOLONKET NAD SNIAS

HALLUTAYADIH FIRAYS IREGEN MALSI SATISREVINU

ATRAKAJ

H 5341 / M 4102

NAATAYNREP

HALADA INI ISPIRKS AWHAB NAKATAYNEM AYAS INI NAGNED

ES AYAS AYRAK LISAH N NAKUJAID HANREP MULEB NAD IRID

IGGNIT NAURUGREP ADAP HAIMLI AYRAK UATA ISPIRKS IAGABES

AGABMEL UATA NUPANAM .

,atrakaJ rebotkO 4102

iwitarP itajonkeR oyteS 00006900111 55

KARTSBA

IWITARP ITAJONKER OYTES . padahreT negortiN isartnesnoK huragneP iskudorP kutnU 700BBL aglaorkiM dipiL nagnudnaK nad nahubmutreP

leseidoiB helo gnibmibiD . hisgninalisuS iwD .rD nad iS.M ,otnamreH ardnaS

gnorodnem kaynim rakab nahab sisirK fitanretla rakab nakab nairacnepnakurabret itaban nahab irad rebmusreb gnay . aparebeb ikilimem aglaorkiM

.aynnial itaban rakab nahab rebmus nagned nakgnidnabid akij nahibelek padahret negortin ialpus huragnep iuhategnem kutnu naujutreb ini naitileneP

trep isakifitnedignem atres ,700BBL aglaorkim dipil nagnudnak nad nahubmuisakifiretsesnart iskaer irad naklisahid gnay kamel masa nagnudnak dipil

700BBL aglaorkim . nakkukalid 700BBL aglaorkim les nahubmutrep asilanA nagned les nataparek narukugnep nagned VU retemotofortkeps - gnajnap adap siV

.assamoib tobob narukugnep nad ,les igolofrom natamagnep ,mn 086 gnabmoleg turalep nagned iskartskeid 700BBL aglaorkim dipil nagnudnaK

)1:1( lonatem:mroforolk . awhab nakkujnunem naitilenep lisaH negortin ialpus hadner ( )ylppus wol iggnit negortin ialpus nad )ylppus hgih( adap atayn adebreb

DO( les nataparek ialin natakgninep adap ,700BBL aglaorkim talosi nahubmutrep isalumuka adap huragnepreb kadit numan ,les isisopmok nad naruku ,)086

dipil nagnudnak 02( - )%03 aglaorkim 700BBL .isavitluk asam amales isisopmoK iggnitret kamel masa 700BBL aglaorkim dipil 2:81C ,)%51,81( 3:81C utiay

.)%31,31( 0:61C nad ,)%43,01( 3:61C ,)%54,51( 700BBL aglaorkim dipiL ,)%06±( hunej kat kamel masa helo isanimodid uti kutnu 0BBL aglaorkim dipil 70

iagabes nakisakilpaid kiab hibel lio elbide adapirad abes rakab nahab rebmus iag.lesidoib

icnuK ataK ,negortin ialpuS : aglaorkim 700BBL ,aglaorkim nahubmutrepleseidoib ,dipil isalumuka

TCARTSBA

IWITARP ITAJONKER OYTES . fo tceffE iN negort C no noitartnecno G htwor tnetnoC dipiL dna 700BBL eaglaorciM f ecnadiug rednU .noitcudorP leseidoiB ro

fo hisgninalisuS iwD .rD dna iS.M ,otnamreH ardnaS

ot detpmorp sisirc lio leuF morf devired part sleuf elbawener evitanretla rof hcraesiM .slairetam tnalp rehto htiw derapmoc nehw segatnavda lareves evah eaglaorc

eht no ylppus negortin fo tceffe eht enimreted ot smia yduts sihT .secruos leufoib700BBL fo tnetnoc dipil dna htworg ,eaglaorcim dna sdica yttaf eht yfitnedi

700BBL morf decudorp sdipil eaglaorcim sisylanA .noitcaer noitacifiretsesnart htworg llec fo VU a htiw stnemerusaem ytisned llec htiw eaglaorcim 700BBL - siV

llec fo noitavresbo eht ,mn 086 fo htgnelevaw a ta retemotohportceps700BBL .tnemerusaem thgiew ssamoib dna ,ygolohprom s’ detcartxe tnetnoc dipil

ylppus negortin wol a taht dewohs stluser ehT .)1 :1( lonahtem :mroforolhc htiw setalosi fo htworg eht no tnereffid yltnacifingis erew ylppus negortin hgih dna

,)086 DO( ytisned llec eht fo eulav ni esaercni eht ,eaglaorcim 700BBL ezis eht tnetnoc dipil fo noitalumucca eht no tceffe on sah tub ,llec eht fo noitisopmoc dna

02( - fo noitavitluc gnirud )%03 700BBL dica yttaf dipil tsehgih ehT .eaglaorcim fo noitisopmoc 700BBL ,)%54.51( 2 :81C ,)%51.81( 3 :81C yleman eaglaorcim

3.01( 3 :61C .)%31.31( 0 :61C dna ,)%4 dipil s’700BBL detarutasnu yb detanimod rof yrassecen si ti ,)%06 ±( sdica yttaf naht lio elbide sa deilppa retteb leuf a sa

ecruos .leseidoib fo

:sdrowyeK ,ylppus negortin 700BBL ,eaglaorcim dipil ,eaglaorcim fo htworgleseidoib ,noitalumucca

viii

RATNAGNEP ATAK

ميحرلا

نمحرلا

هللا

مسب

aumalassA ’ hutakarabaw ihallutamhoraw mukial

hallA adapek naktajnap silunep rukuys ijuP nad tamhar sata TWS

ayNainurak , s atres tawalah ibaN taridahek naktajnap silunep apul kat malas

namaz irad awabid aisunam haluaileb asaj takreb anerak WAS dammahuM

dneb gnaret gnay namaz ek hayilihaj lA .nauhategnep umli helo gnare halliludmah

ad silunep nakiaseleynem tap kiab nagned ispirks reb gnay luduj “ huragneP

adaP dipiL nagnudnaK nad nahubmutreP padahreT negortiN isartnesnoK

rkiM 0BBL aglao leseidoiB iskudorP kutnU 70 ” . ispirkS nususid ini silunep

.sniaS anajraS raleg helorepmem malad tarays ihunemem kutnu

takreb nakiaselesid tapad ini ispirks nasiluneP kahip aynada - gnay kahip

,uti anerak helO .silunep adapek aynnagnukud nad nagnibmib nakirebmem halet

iggnites gnay hisak amiret napacu nakiapmaynem silunep ini natapmesek adap -

: adapek ayniggnit

.1 rD hisgninalisuS iwD . em halet gnay I gnibmibmep nesod ukales nakirebm

araces silunep adapek nahadumek nad aynumli itartsinimda f amales

id naitilenep sesorpoiB nad igreneoiB muirotarobaL - ,igolonketoiB tilsuP

gnonibiC IPIL .

.2 iS.M ,otnamreH ardnaS halet gnay II gnibmibmep nesod ukales

hategnep umli nakirebmem mib nad nau nagnib .ini ispirks nasilunep malad

.3 satlukaF aimiK idutS margorP auteK ukales iS.M ,radnakuS edeD .srD

.atrakaJ hallutayadiH firayS NIU igolonkeT nad sniaS

xi

.4 NIU igolonkeT nad sniaS satlukaF nakeD ukales iS.M ,milaS sugA .rD

.atrakaJ hallutayadiH firayS

.5 M ,zizA imlasI ,iS.M ,SID iniarsuY nad T II ijugneP nad I ijugneP ukales

nugnabmem gnay naras nad kitirk nakirebmem halet gnay amales

ispirks nanusuynep nad naitilenep .

.6 gnibmibmep nesod ukales iS.M ,itawardneH nad SAL lizmahT .rD

rebmem halet gnay kimedaka nad tagnames ,nahara ,nagnibmib naki

.nahailukrep asam amales silunep adapek isavitom

.7 S atrakaJ hallutayadiH firayS NIU aimiK idutS margorP nesoD hurule

nauhategnep nakirebmem halet amales agomes ,nahailukrep itukignem

nakireb ubI nad kapaB halet gnay umli taafnamreb naktapadnem nad

.TWS HALLA irad hakreb

.8 halet gnay gnonibiC IPIL igolonketoiB tilsuP fatS nad nanipmiP

nakanaskalem silunep amales hamat hamar atres nagnibmib nakirebmem

.naitilenep

.9 nimaS adnahayA a imuS adnubI , har nad oytesarP sugaB oiD ukkidA , azeR

,gnayas hisak nakirebmem ,nakaodnem ulales gnay ayaduhruN artuP

lirom nagnukud atres silunep itah nakpatnamem nad taafnam gnay tahisan

.liretam nupuam aynnial

.01 ,nawayraharP akitsawS .M iS gnibmibmep nesod ukales nagnapal gnay

uhategnep nakirebmem halet amales nahara nad ,nagnibmib ,na naitilenep

nad .ispirks nanusuynep

.11 ,adliH kabM ,inaH kabM ,ledA aK ,naiD kabM ,irdnI kabM ,atipsuP kabM

,ayiK kabM ,gnidaG kabM ,tipiP kabM ,manA saM ,ardnI saM ,anaF saM

x

nafrI nad iksiR gnilas nad amas ajrekeb hadus gnay tagnames irebmem

naitilenep amales id sesorpoiB nad igreneoiB muirotarobaL - tilsuP

.gnonibiC IPIL ,igolonketoiB

.21 T name - 0102 natakgnA aimiK idutS margorP awsisahaM namet

)AKEDILOP( tabahas , - OWTSAP tabahas t atres name - lecxE NKK namet

86 niarB adapek isavitom nad tagnames ,aod nakirebmem halet gnay

.silunep

.31 .utas rep utas naktubes silunep tapad kadit gnay kahip aumeS

em siluneP iradayn nanusuynep malad ispirks irad sapel kadit ini

mem gnay naras nad kitirk ,uti anerak helO .nagnarukek gnas nugnab silunep ta

.nakparah agomeS ispirks .aynacabmep igab taafnam ialin ikilimem tapad ini

aW s aumalas ’ hutakarabaw ihallutamhoraw mukial

atrakaJ , rebotkO 4102

siluneP

ix

ISI RATFAD

H namala

RATNAGNEP ATAK ................................ ................................ ......................... viii

ISI RATFAD ................................ ................................ ................................ ........ xi

RABMAG RATFAD ................................ ................................ ........................... vix

LEBAT RATFAD ................................ ................................ ................................ xvi

NARIPMAL RATFAD ................................ ................................ ....................... xvii

NAULUHADNEP I BAB

.1.1 rataL B gnakale ................................ ................................ ....................... 1

.2.1 halasaM nasumureP ................................ ................................ ............... 4

.3.1 setopiH si ................................ ................................ ................................ 4

.4.1 naitileneP naujuT ................................ ................................ .................... 4

.5.1 naitileneP taafnaM ................................ ................................ .................. 5

AKATSUP NAUAJNIT II BAB

.1.2 aglaorkiM ................................ ................................ ............................... 6

.2.2 aglaorkiM nahubmutreP esaF ................................ ................................ . 7

.3.2 aglaorkiM kayniM ................................ ................................ ................. 8

.4.2 iskartskE ................................ ................................ ................................ . 10

.5.2 leseidoiB ................................ ................................ ................................ 14

.6.2 yrtemotohportcepS ssaM yhpargotamorhC saG )SMCG( ..................... 61

NAITILENEP EDOTEM III BAB

.1.3 tapmeT nad utkaW ................................ ................................ ................. 21

.2.3 nahaB nad talA ................................ ................................ ....................... 21

iix

.1.2.3 talA ................................ ................................ ................................ ......... 21

.2.2.3 nahaB ................................ ................................ ................................ ..... 21

.3.3 ajreK rudesorP ................................ ................................ ....................... 22

.1.3.3 rutluK napaisreP aglaorkiM 700BBL ................................ ..................... 22

.2.3.3 700BBL aglaorkiM isavitluK ................................ ................................ 22

.3.3.3 leS natapareK 700BBL aglaorkiM ................................ .......................... 22

.4.3.3 700BBL aglaorkiM leS igolofroM ................................ .......................... 23

.5.3.3 assamoiB toboB nautneneP ................................ ................................ ..... 23

.6.3.3 sisilanA dipiL nagnudnaK ................................ ................................ ...... 23

.7.3.3 isakifiruP nad iskartskE dipiL ................................ ................................ . 42

.8.3.3 T kameL masA isakifiretsesnar ................................ .............................. 52

.9.3.3 isasiretkaraK retsE lyhteM dicA yttaF ( EMAF ) ................................ .... 52

.4.3 naitileneP rilA margaiD ................................ ................................ ......... 62

NASAHABMEP NAD LISAH VI BAB

.1.4 700BBL aglaorkiM talosI ................................ ................................ ...... 72

.2.4 nahubmutreP 700BBL aglaorkiM talosI ................................ ................. 72

.3.4 nagnudnaK 700BBL aglaorkiM dipiL ................................ .................... 73

.4.4 700BBL aglaorkiM sativitkudorP ................................ ........................... 14

.5.4 isasiretkaraK sretsE lyhteM dicA yttaF ( EMAF ) ................................ ... 44

V BAB NARAS NAD NALUPMIS

.1.5 S nalupmi ................................ ................................ ................................ 05

.2.5 naraS ................................ ................................ ................................ ...... 05

AKATSUP RATFAD ................................ ................................ .......................... 25

iiix

NARIPMAL ................................ ................................ ................................ ......... 55

vix

RABMAG RATFAD

rabmaG .1 avruK p nahubmutre m aborki ................................ ............................ 8

rabmaG iskaeR .2 e isakifirets ................................ ................................ ............. 41

rabmaG iskaeR .3 t isakifiretsesnar ................................ ................................ ...... 51

rabmaG amekS .4 i SMCG isatnemurtsn ................................ ............................. 71

rabmaG ahabureP .5 700BBL aglaorkim rutluk anraw n ................................ .... 82

rabmaG ruK .6 700BBL aglaorkim nahubmutrep av ................................ ........... 03

rabmaG .7 assamoib idajnem negortin isalimisa isaluger amekS ....................... 23

rabmaG .8 700BBL aglaorkim les igolofroM ................................ ..................... 33

rabmaG liforolk sisetnisoiB .9 ................................ ................................ ............ 53

.01 rabmaG sisetnisotof iskaer nad sesorP ................................ ............................ 63

.11 rabmaG 700BBL aglaorkim dipil nagnudnak esatnesrep atareR .................... 73

.21 rabmaG aglaorkim emsilobatem isalerokretnI ................................ ................ 93

itkudorp atareR .31 rabmaG 700BBL aglaorkim dipil sativ ................................ .. 24

anraw nahabureP .41 rabmaG iskudorp asam amales rutluk ................................ 34

ak lisaH .51 rabmaG SMCG nagned EMAF isasiretkar ................................ ........ 44

m rutkurtS .61 rabmaG lukelo masa kamel 700BBL aglaorkim ............................ 45

.71 rabmaG otua emsinakeM - tanelonil masa isadisko ................................ ......... 74

.81 rabmaG P isavitluk asam amales rutluk anraw satisnetni natakgnine ............. 16

1 rabmaG 9 . isarea nairebmeP & rutluk adap upmal ayahac ................................ 16

02 rabmaG . nagned dipil iskartskE )1:1( lonatem:mroforolk turalep .................. 26

12 rabmaG . retil 5 alaks rutluk nanenamep nad iskudorP ................................ ... 26

vx

22 rabmaG isakifiretsesnart lisaH . ................................ ................................ ....... 26

2 rabmaG 3 hubmutreP ujaL . FA( kifisepS na - )Mm 434,0 6 ................................ 96

2 rabmaG 4 bmutreP ujaL . FA( kifisepS nahu - )Mm 71,2 6 ................................ ... 96

ivx

LEBAT RATFAD

lebaT 1 l masa nagnudnaK . aglaorkim kame ................................ ........................ 9

agla kaynim aimik kisif tafis nad esatnesreP .2 lebaT ................................ ......... 01

iskartske edotem nagnidnabreP .3 lebaT ................................ .............................. 21

aT leb SMCG nemurtsni retemaraP .4 ................................ ................................ .. 52

lebaT mutrep ujaL .5 kifiseps nahub 700BBL aglaorkim ................................ ..... 14

lebaT ebret gnay EMAF awayneS .6 isakifiretsesnart lisah kutn ......................... 44

lebaT aideM .7 6FA radnats )sedauqa lm 001 malad( ................................ ........ 95

lebaT 8 )sedauqa lm 001 malad( isakifidomreT 6FA aideM isisopmoK . ........... 95

lebaT 9 malad( lateM VIP isisopmoK . )sedauqa lm 05 ................................ ...... 06

rutluK )DO( leS natapareK .01 lebaT FA aideM adaP - Mm 434,0 N 6 ............... 36

utluK )DO( leS natapareK .11 lebaT FA aideM adaP r - Mm 71,2 N 6 ................. 46

rutluK assamoiB .21 lebaT FA aideM adaP - Mm 434,0 N 6 ................................ 56

.31 lebaT aideM adaP rutluK assamoiB FA - Mm 71,2 N 6 ................................ .. 66

.41 lebaT rutluK dipiL FA aideM adaP - Mm 434,0 N 6 ................................ ...... 76

.51 lebaT utluK dipiL FA aideM adaP r - Mm 71,2 N 6 ................................ ........ 86

FA aideM adaP rutluK assamoiB .61 lebaT - Mm 434,0 N 6 ................................ 96

FA aideM adaP rutluK assamoiB .71 lebaT - Mm 71,2 N 6 ................................ .. 96

lebaT vitkudorP .81 700BBL aglaorkiM dipiL sati ................................ .............. 07

adaP kitsitatS ijU .91 lebaT )leS natapareK( nahubmutreP ................................ . 17

dipiL esatnesreP adaP kitsitatS ijU .02 lebaT ................................ ....................... 27

iivx

NARIPMAL RATFAD

L naripma .1 700BBL aglaorkiM hubmuT aideM isisopmoK .............................. 95

naripmaL .2 naitileneP isatnemukoD ................................ ................................ .. 61

naripmaL 3 ataD . P natamagne K ru av P nahubmutre ................................ ............ 36

naripmaL assamoiB toboB natamagneP ataD .4 ................................ ................. 56

naripmaL .5 dipiL toboB natamagneP ataD ................................ ........................ 76

naripmaL ( kifisepS nahubmutreP ujaL nagnutihreP .6 µ ) ................................ .. 96

naripmaL hreP .7 dipiL sativitkudorP nagnuti ................................ ..................... 07

naripmaL 8 . AVONAINU kitsitatS ijU ................................ .............................. 17

naripmaL 9 CG margotamorK . K isasiretkara EMAF ................................ .......... 37

1 naripmaL 0 SM margotamorK . K isasiretkara EMAF ................................ ......... 47

1 naripmaL 1 . yrarbiL SMCG ................................ ................................ ................ 97

1

I BAB

NAULUHADNEP

.1.1 gnakaleB rataL

rebmus nagned ayak gnay aragen nakapurem aisenodnI kiab igrene ayad

tafisreb gnay igrene secruoser elbawenernu tafisreb gnay nupuam elbawener

secruoser igrene nataafnamep helo isanimodid hisam igrene nahutubek ini huajeS .

tafisreb gnay lisof secruoser elbawenernu naaidesretek nakbabeynem ini isidnoK .

nagnadaC .nurunem nikames irah nikames hatnem kaynim aynsusuhk ,lisof igrene

nim rakab nahab iskudorp nad nanurunep imalagnem aisenodnI id )lisof( imub kay

atar kaynim ismusnok takgnit nakgnades )6002 ,gnabmaB( aynnuhat paites %01 -

naklubminem ini laH .)5002 ,osoruS( nuhat rep %6 kian atar ek nagnabmieskadit

iskudorp aratna kaynim rakab nahab ismusnok nagned .

b nairacnep gnorodnem kaynim rakab nahab sisirK fitanretla rakab naka

nakurabret halada nakgnabmekid tapad gnay fitanretla rakab nahab utas halaS .

babes ,ralos itnaggnep rakab nahab iagabes nakidajid tapad leseidoiB .leseidoib

akisif isisopmok - aratna aimik adebreb huaj kadit ralos nad leseidoib oyhacnuK( te

,.la )3102 . B rebmus irad taubret gnay fitanretla rakab nahab nakapurem leseidoi

naweh nad nahubmut kaynim itupilem ,iurabrepid tapad gnay mala ayad .

B kaynab halet aragen aparebe gnem isnetop nakgnabme eb macam iagabr

nemedner )7002( itsihC turuneM .itaban rakab nahab rebmus iagabes nahubmut

gnugaj utiay ,isairavreb itaban rebmus iagabreb malad gnudnakret gnay kaynim

271 l aglaorkim ,aH/l 298.1 karaj ,aH/l 059.5 tiwas ,aH/l 091.1 ialedek ,aH/

aH/l 009.631 ek tareb asamoib malad kaynim %03 ismusa( aglaorkim ,)gnir

2

aH/l 000.785 ynim %07 ismusa( .)gnirek tareb asamoib malad ka D tubesret ata

naktahilrepmem m awhab rakab nahab rebmus iagabes isnetop ikilimem aglaorki

,fitanretla p sativitkudor dipil iskudorp adapirad kiab hibel aglaorkim dipil irad

itrevnoC( nial namanat la te ,. .)9002 d nakgnidnabid alib uti nialeS namanat nagne

nial lairetam nad , isneisife utiay aynaratnaid nahibelek iaynupmem aglaorkim

amoib ,iggnit gnay sisetnisotof ss hibel gnay a ,tapec hibel nahubmutrep ,kaynab

hibel fitaler gnay iskudorp ayaib ,nagnap iskudorp nagned isitepmokreb kadit

harum saul gnay nahal nakhutubmem kadit nad .

dipil nagnudnak aynraseB aguj aglaorkim uata sinej adap gnutnagreb

iridnes uti aglaorkim seiseps . aK ; tukireb aglaorkim aparebeb dipil nagnudn

allerolhC 82 dipil nagnudnak ikilimem - ,%23 atcelomirp alleilanuD ,%32

anablag sisyrhcosI 52 - nad ,%33 ataluco sisporolhconnaN 13 - .)7002 ,itsihC( %86

m talosI gnit gnay dipil nagnudnak ikilimem agudid 700BBL aglaorki anerak ig

aglaorkiM .aynaidem adap isnepsusret uata nakhasipid tilus aynles kisif araces

ak nagned nagnudn les nataparek ikilimem ,relulesinu aynmumu iggnit gnay dipil

isnepsus malad nakumetid nad hadner gnay nahasimep taubmem gnay tilus

tawaR( ,.la te .)1102 talosI 700BBL aglaorkim gnay nariarep irad libmaid id

racnaP gnunuG ratikes - rogoB karakid muleb .aynseiseps uata sinej isasiret

nakaibmep isamitpo iggnit gnay dipil nagnudnak helorepmem kutnU

aglaorkim kisairavmem nagned isamitpo hakgnal ,nakulrepid isirtun rebmus na

halmujeS .aglaorkim emsilobatem ihuragnepmem tapad gnay nial rotkaf nad

aglaorkim adap dipil nagnudnak ihuragnepmem itkubret halet gnay rotkaf

aynaratnaid gnaseeY( negortin nagnarukek & aievuoG ; 1102 ,plisriehC &

abretek ,)9002 ,arievilO aievuoG( tafsof nasat & vilO ,)9002 ,arie erts ss uH( marag

3

& ( uhus isautkulf ,)5002 ,oaG )9002 ,doowraH & anihcsuG naitilenep aparebeB .

imalagnem aglaorkim awhab nakropalem aguj aynmulebes isisopmok nahaburep

.isairavreb rutluk isidnok akitek aimikoib nahabureP - rasebret aimikoib nahaburep

aynhadner nagned nakgnubuhid gnay nakaib aidem malad id negortin nagnudnak

nietorp nanurunep nakbabeynem nad dipil nagnudnak natakgninep nad aglaorkim

raseb pukuc gnay tardihobrak ( itrevnoC la te iL ;9002 ,. la te 002 ,. 8 .)

aidem adap negortin isartnesnok isairav 2 taubid naka ini naitilenep malaD

isidnok adap utiay ,700BBL aglaorkim isavitluk ialpus negortin hadner ( wol

lppus y ) nad ialpus negortin iggnit ( hgih pus lp y) . halet iduts aparebeB

nagnarukek isidnok malad isalumukaret gnurednec dipil awhab nakkujnunem

tsovurP( negortin la te aievuoG ;1102 ,. & ada ,mumu araceS .)9002 ,arievilO

aievuoG( tartin isartnesnok nad dipil nagnudnak aratna kilabret nagnubuh &

02 ,arievilO 90 : magiN ,.la te 1102 .) isidnok adap dipil nagnudnak natakgnineP

smadA( aglaorkim seiseps uata sinej paites kutnu isairavreb negortin nagnarukek

la te .)3102 ,. tluk sesorp amaleS silana aparebeb nakukalid isavi si aynaratnaid

( les nataparek ytisned lacitpo ) amoib tobob , s kutnu ,dipil nagnudnak nad as

agnem malad aglaorkim sativitkudorp iuhategnem irah 03 amales dipil isalumuk .

eS silana nakukalid naka ayntujnal si gnudnakret gnay kamel masa isisopmok

0BBL aglaorkim isnetop iuhategnem kutnu aglaorkim dipil malad iagabes 70

.leseidoib ukab nahab rebmus

ka akam tubesret gnakaleb ratal nakrasadreB gnatnet naitilenep nakukalid na

adap dipil nagnudnak nad nahubmutrep padahret negortin isartnesnok huragnep

0BBL aglaorkim leseidoib iskudorp kutnu 70 .

4

.2.1 halasaM nasumureP

.1 huragnep anamiagaB ialpus negortin hadner l( )ylppus wo nad ialpus

negortin iggnit s hgih( )ylppu nak nad nahubmutrep padahret nagnud

0BBL aglaorkim adap dipil ?70

.2 utkaw nad dipil isalumuka apareB aglaorkim isavitluk kutnu mumitpo

0BBL ?70

.3 a isisopmok anamiagaB kamel mas adap id gnay leseidoib naklisah irad

isakifiretsesnart iskaer 0BBL aglaorkim dipil 70 ?

.3.1 etopiH sis

.1 ialpus aynraseB ihuragnepmem naka negortin nad nahubmutrep

BBL aglaorkim adap dipil isalumuka 0 .70

.2 iggnitret dipil isalumuka iapacnem 700BBL aglaorkiM esaf adap

.renoisats

.3 kamel masA adap leseidoib gnay id naklisah irad isakifiretsesnart iskaer

0BBL aglaorkim dipil kamel masa apureb 70 61C - .81C

.4.1 naitileneP naujuT

: kutnu halada ini naitilenep irad naujuT

.1 huragnep aynraseb iuhategneM ialpus negortin nahubmutrep padahret

aglaorkim adap dipil nagnudnak nad 0BBL .70

.2 tkudorp nad nagnudnak iuhategneM 0BBL aglaorkim irad dipil sativi .70

.3 kamel masa nagnudnak isakifitnedI adap id gnay leseidoib naklisah irad

isakifiretsesnart iskaer 0BBL aglaorkim dipil .70

5

.5.1 naitileneP taafnaM

: kutnu halada ini naitilenep irad taafnaM

.1 et isamrofni nakirebmeM 0BBL aglaorkim isnetop gnatn iagabes 70

.itaban rakab nahab lisahgnep

.2 kamel masa liforp gnatnet isamrofni nakirebmeM adap leseidoib gnay

id naklisah irad retsesnart iskaer isakifi dipil 700BBL aglaorkim .

6

II BAB

AKATSUP NAUAJNIT

.1.2 aglaorkiM

aglaorkam utiay sinej aud idajnem nakadebid agla ,aynnaruku nakrasadreB

maharG( retemorkim narukureb gnay aglaorkim nad raseb narukureb gnay &

)2002 ,xocliW . gnay ,sipoksorkim narukureb gnay agla nakapurem aglaorkiM

agla irad sinej raseb naigabes nusuynem . gnay ada ,magareb aglaorkim les kutneB

aggnih ,kadit uata gnabacreb ,gnaneb itrepes gnajnamem ,gnojnol ,talub kutnebreb

nariarep id rabesret nad kopmolekreb pudih gnay narutareb kadit kutnebreb

.)3002 ,igoyanarP( iM gro nakapurem aguj aglaork gnilap nahubmut emsina

itimirp f notknalpotif natubes nagned lanekid mumu gnay relules narukureb

.)6002 ,zluhcS( gnitnep haltagnas notknalpotif ,nanakam adimarip rutkurts malaD

agnem ,remirp nesudorp iagabes isisop itapmenem anerak gnay isirtun gnudn

adap iatnar atam rasad iagabeS .kamel nad tardihobrak ,nietorp aynaratnaid iggnit

notknalpooz igab imala nanakam idajnem notknalpotif ,tual id nanakam sulkis

hisam gnay kiab .asawed hadus gnay nupuam licek

isnetop ikilimem aguj aglaorkiM agabes ,fitanretla rakab nahab lisahgnep i

02 aratna iggnit fitaler gnay hatnem kaynim nagnudnak anerak - .%86 rakab nahaB

lortep e rakab nahab aynnakulrepid nakbabeynem sipinem nikames gnay mu

irenem halet leseidoiB .leseidoib halada aynutas halas ,fitanretla kaynab am

helo isisopmokedret tapad anerak rihkaret nuhat aparebeb adap naitahrep

ab nahab nakapurem nad iurahabrepid tapad ,resopmoked nucareb kadit gnay rak

,ajajdiW( .)9002

7

nahab nakgnidnabid isulop tikides hibel nakirebmem aguj ini rakab nahaB

ep rakab kaynim irad isakifiretsesnart lisah irad helorepid tapad nad muelort

nakanuggneM .aglaorkim irad lasareb tapad ini lah malad gnay nahubmut

naaidesretek nakayahabmem naka kadit leseidoib iskudorpmem kutnu aglaorkim

udorp nad kanret naweh nakap ,nagnap nahab areb gnay nial k namanat irad las

,itsihC( nagnap .)7002 asib aynnataafnamep gnay aglaorkim hotnoc aparebeB

ada aratnaid leseidoib nakidajid nad ,pS aniluripS ,ataluco sisporolhconnaN

siragluv allerolhC .

.2.2 aglaorkiM nahubmutreP esaF

nahubmutreP aynraseb habmatreb nagned iadnatid rutluk malad aglaorkim

les natadapek ini taas aggniH .les halmuj aynkaynab habmatreb uata les naruku

rutluk malad aglaorkim nahubmutrep iuhategnem kutnu saul araces nakanugid

nahubmutrep esaf tapme adA .imala nakap utiay :

.1 gaL esaF

kadit isalupop ,rutluk aidem malad ek mulukoni nahabmanep haletes taaseS

araceS .takgninem aynmumu ini taas adap les narukU .nahaburep imalagnem

.urab nietorp sisetnis sesorp idajret tapad nad fitka tagnas aglaorkim ,sigoloisif

agnem emsinagrO emsilobatem imal isatpadareb nad idajret muleb ipatet ,

.takgninem muleb les natadapek aggnihes les nahalebmep

.2 laisnenopskE uata kimtiragoL esaF

adaP .patet nahubmutrep ujal nagned les nahalebmep helo ilawaid ini esaF

rep ujal ,mumitpo gnay rutluk isidnok p nahubmut .lamiskam iapacnem ini esaf ada

nakajnol imalagnem leS nad assam .naruku

8

.3 renoisatS esaF

nakgnidnabid nanurunep imalagnem ialum nahubmutrep ,ini esaf adaP

.kimtiragol esaf nagned halmuj nagnarugnep nad nahabmanep naikimed nagneD

.patet aglaorkim natadapek aggnihes ,gnabmies uata amas fitaler aglaorkim

.4 naitameK esaF

halmuJ .iskudorper ujal adapirad tapec fitaler naitamek ujal ,ini esaf adaP

nanuruneP .kirtemoeg araces nurunem les nagned iadnatid aglaorkim natadapek

,ria Hp ,ayahac ,rutarepmet helo ihuragnepid gnay mumitpo isidnok nahaburep

il isidnok aparebeb nad ada gnay arah halmuj oytesnansI( aynnial nagnukgn &

.)5991 ,ytutsainruK ikilimem )aglaorkim( emsinagroorkim mumu araceS esaf 4

malad nahubmutrep asam amales aynnahubmutrep )1 rabmaG( .

rabmaG .1 avruK p nahubmutre m reyemlheS( aborki ,.la te

)5002

.3.2 kayniM aglaorkiM

kaynim nad kameL )dipil( uata adiresilgirt halada audek ,loresilglisairt

ilg )irad( retseirt“ itrareb ini halitsi s .”lore kaynim nad kamel aratna naadebreP

.riac kutnebreb kaynim nad tadap kutnebreb kamel ramak rutarepmet adap ,utiay

resilg nakgnades ,kamel apureb halada naweh adap adiresilg raseb naigabeS adi

.)2891 ,nednesseF & nednesseF( kaynim apureb gnurednec nahubmut malad

02,04,06,08,012,1

0 5 01 51

mn006 D

O

)h( emiT

esahp yranoitatS

esahp htaeD laisnenopskE

esahp gaLesahp

9

laisnese kamel masa nad kilobatem igrene rebmus iagabes halada dipil isgnuF

.narbmemoib satirgetni nad naarahilemep ,relules rutkurts malad narepreb gnay

L dipi ,rebmus nakapurem aguj kamel malad tural gnay nimativ nad dipilofsof

ruN ;3002 ,namkloV( & uti gnipmasiD .)4002 ,nifirA dipil nakapurem aguj

onraniW .nietorp nad tardihobrak nakgnidnabid fitkefe hibel gnay igrene rebmus

9 naklisahgnem tapad kamel marg 1 awhab nakatagnem )1991( nad ,lakk

.lakk 4 naklisahgnem nietorp nad tardihobrak

aorkiM l ag men gnudnag kamel d mala ju halm ay ng eb s ra te amatur masa

tanodihcara ,AA( )6ω4:02 ay( ng acnem p ia %63 irad latot masa )kamel nad

halmujes dica cionatnepasocie E( P ,A 5:02 ω )3 . eS l nia kamel ,uti aglaorkim aguj

ayak naka as ma kamel op li kadit hunej )AFUP( de nagn 4 a at hibel u ik nata

nar g .pak gabeS ai ,hotnoc y na g s ire ng pmujid ai ya uti cioneatnepasocie

dica ( ,APE C )5:02 nad cioneaxehasocod a dic ,AHD( ,itsihC( )6:22C .)7002

assamoiB aglaorkim halada rebmus gnay ka ay naka ,neirtun aparebeb itrepes

masa le kam 3ω nad ,6ω masa a onim laisnese ,nisuel( is ,nilav ,nisuelo nad nial -

)nial res ta netorak . 1 lebaT seiseps aparebeb kamel masa nagnudnak nakkujnunem

: utiay ,aglaorkim

lebaT 1. nagnudnaK a mas l kame m eorawaK( aglaorki ,.la te 0102 )

awayneS amaN sumsedenecS.ps

sisporolhconnaN.ps

allerolhC.ps

aniluripS.ps

tarual masA 22,0 99,0 20,0 80,3 tatsirym masA 43,0 60,7 - 2

etaraets masA 58,31 - 05,92 5,3 tatimlap masA 92,02 70,32 90,8 82,71

taelo masA - 52,21 14,2 85,22 tarelav masA - - 60,01 -

taelotimlap masA 87,9 23,24 51,2 42,0 taelonil masA 61,52 74,2 70,54 39,9 tanelonil masA 61,61 - 94,11 -

01

ukab nahab iagabeS gnay isakifiseps ikilimem surah agla dipil leseidib

.rakab nahab iagabes iakapid tapad kutnu aragen utaus helo nakpatetid hadus

lebaT 2 nakkujnunem agla dipil lepmas aparebeb irad kitsiretkarak :

Ta leb 2. esatnesreP nad si taf f si ik ki aim m yni ak a agl (K amu r te la ., 102 )1

lepmaS esatnesreP)w/w( kaynim

Hp sinej tareBmc/g( 3)

C°04 adap satisoksiVmm( 2 )ces/

xirhtopyloT 87,21 7 758,0 1,4 arohpohtiP 73,01 7 378,0 2,4

arygoripS 28,41 7 488,0 4,4 noytcidordyH 85,31 6 868,0 9,3 muinolcozihR 46,11 7 988,0 3,4

arohpodalC 67,11 6 298,0 8,3

lebaT 2 m nakkujnune awhab almuj h dipil bes e ras 01 -15% utnu k mes u a

lepmas agla . Al ag ajih u goripS y ar nakkujnunem halmuj li dip mumiskam rasebes

28,41 % . tareB j es sine m ed iauses agla dipil au n ner nag tan ad sinej tareb g r leufoib i

gnay nakirebid helo NE 41241 nad OSI 70651 (0 68, - 9,0 0 ah ,)mc/g n ay lepmas

li ip d xirhtopyloT gnay nakkujnunem ialin gnay hibel hadner tikides ay i ut 758,0

mc/g 3. atneR ng tisoksiv as ay ng irebid k na helo EN 41241 ad n OSI 0651 7 halada

5,3 - mm 0,5 2 kutnu ,ces/ s s aume a s lepm e d iaus e gn a ts n a dn a sret r e .tub

.4.2 iskartskE

nenopmok hibel uata utas nahasimep arac utas halas nakapurem iskartskE

asib ini kinkeT .utnetret nenopmok rebmus nakapurem gnay nahab utaus irad

,nainrumep ,fitaraperp naulrepek kutnu nakanugid adap sisilana atres nahasimep

apureb tapad iskartske nagned nakhasipid gnay nenopmoK .iskartske alaks aumes

tadap narupmac metsis utaus nad natadap - tadap narupmac uata riac - nad ,tadap

riac narupmac metsis utaus irad nariac apureb nenopmok - nahasimeP .riac

k uata nanakenep nagned nakukalid tapad aynrasad adap ,aynrebmus irad nenopmo

gnay nenopmok nagned turalep naanuggnep nad ,nasanamep ,naserpegnep

11

isneukerf : nial aratna kartske nalisahrebek ihuragnepmem gnay rotkaF .turalret

ep macam ,isartnesnok ,iskartske ydarB( iskartske uhus nad tural & ,notsimuH

.)6891

tadap iskartske utiay ,sinej aud irad iridret iskartskE - riac nad riac - .riac

tadap iskartskE - idajret ini iskartske anamid ,telhkos tala nagned nakajrekid riac

nad tadap asaf aratnaid nenopmok nagnabmiesek .)6991 ,asI( )turalep( riac asaf

riac iskartskE - naadebrep adap nakrasadid gnay nahasimep utaus nakapurem riac

alibapA .rupmacreb gnilas kadit gnay turalep aud malad nenopmok naturalek

creb gnilas kadit gnay turalep aud maladek nakkusamid turalret taz utaus rupma

nad uhus adaP .tubesret turalep aud aratnaid isubirtsidret naka turalret taz akam

turalep aud malad isubirtsidret gnay taz aynkaynab nagnidnabrep ,patet nanaket

.)3891 ,ssieW( patet halada

ta kaynim naktapadnem kutnu arac utas halas halada iskartskE irad kamel ua

,iskartske arac aparebeb adA .kamel uata kaynim gnudnagnem agudid gnay nahab

( naserpegnep nagned iskartske utiay noitcartxe lacinahcem tubesid gnires gnay )

( turalep nagned iskartske ,kinakem naserpegnep noitcartxe tnevlos iskartske nad )

namep ( nasa gniredner iskartske arac utaus nakapurem sinakem naserpegneP .)

naserpegnep nakanuggnem nagned kaynim gnudnagnem gnay nahab irad kaynim

irebid aynkaynim kartskeid naka gnay nahab ini naserpegnep adaP .kinakem

gnotopid aynlasim ,nauluhadnep naukalrep -p naidumek ,nakrucnahid uata gnoto

id sserp ,nerataK( kiluardih naserpegnep nakanuggnem iggnit nanaket nagned

.)6891

ahab nakanuggnem nagned iskartske arac halada turalep nagned iskartskE n

d sesorp nagned kamel turalep i nu nakanugid aynasaib ini araC .isalits nahab kut

21

nagned nakturalid nahab malad kameL .hadner aynkaynim nagnudnak gnay

turalep halada kamel uata kaynim nakturalem kutnu iakapid gnay turaleP .turalep

nagned iskartske edoteM .notesa nad ,nezneb ,mroforolk ,rete itrepes kinagro

ahgnem upmam turalep numan ,iggnit gnay nemedner nagned kaynim naklis

gnay isatsevni ayaib nakulremem anerak nakanugid kaynab kadit ini edotem

.raseb

( nasanamep nagned iskartskE gniredner iskartske arac utaus nakapurem )

amel gnudnagnem agudid gnay nahab irad kamel uata kaynim kaynim uata k

sanap naanuggnep ,gniredner arac aumes adaP .iggnit gnay ria radak nagned

adap nietorp naklapmuggnem kutnu naujutreb gnay kifiseps gnay lah utaus halada

les gnidnid lepmas hadum aggnihes tubesret les gnidnid nakhacemem kutnu nad

helo submetid gniredner sesorP .aynmalad id gnudnakret gnay kamel uata kaynim

hasab araces utiay ,arac aud malad nakukalid tapad )gniredner tew( araces nad

gnirek .)gniredner yrd( gniredner teW nagned gniredner sesorp halada

yngnusgnalreb amales ria halmujes nahabmanep .)6891 ,nerataK( tubesret sesorp a

nad kinakem araces iskartske edotem nagnidnabrep nakkujnunem 3 lebaT

.turalep nagned iskartske

lebaT 3 . nagnidnabreP M edote E ibmaH( iskartsk ,.la te )7002

kinakeM iskartskE

turaleP iskartskE

.1 gnudnagnem sserp edoteM kaynim21( kartskeret gnay - )%71

.1 iapmas kartskeret gnay kayniM%89

.2 hadner isatsevni ayaiB .2 iggnit isatsevni ayaiB

.3 noitpmusnoc ygrene woL 08()s/hwk

.3 noitpmusnoc ygrene hgiH 074()s/hwk

.4 ,hadner hibel ilak 6 sesorp utkaW nasanamep naukalrep ilawaid

nauluhadnep

.4 naukalrep nagned ilawaid kadiT nakulremem ,nasanamep sesorp amales susuhk nasawagnep

gnusgnalreb

31

arac nagned helorepid tapad gnay izig taz nakapurem kamel nad kayniM

uata kamel gnudnagnem agudid gnay naweh uata namanat nagniraj iskartskegnem

ini kaynim ayak gnay rebmus irad kaynim nalibmagnep uata nahasimeP .kaynim

aynedotem nupadA .nahalognep isarepo malad amatrep hakgnal nakapurem

adap gnutnagreb ,isairavreb tagnas kaynim nalibmagneP .kaynim halmuj nad epit

nagned nakukalid aynasaib gniredner turalep iskartske nagned uata naserpegnep ,

.)3891 ,ssieW(

helorepmem kutnu iskartske edotem naktubeynem halet rutaretil aparebeB

aglaorkim irad dipil lilekid aglaorkim aneraK . edotem akam ,les gnidnid igni

edotem nagned nakkukalid tapad kadit nikgnum nakanugid gnay iskartske

aglaorkim uti nialeS .)nanakam kutnu nakanugid gnay aynlasim( asaib iskartske

nahubmut nad naweh irad adebreb gnay kamel masa nad dipil gnudnagnem

t takgnit iskartskE .iggni latot si kutnu nakanugid aynlawa dipil nad isalo

dipil latot nainrumep naweh nagniraj irad )1:2( lonatem:mroforolk nakanuggnem

kartske irad dipil non awaynes nakgnalihgnem kutnu ria nad hcloF( ,.la te )7591 .

guj )9591( reyD nad hgilB edoteM nakanugid gnires a latot dipil iskartke kutnu

iskartke nagned itukiid )2:1( lonatem:mroforolk nakanuggnem aglaorkim irad

.mroforolk

huragnep gnatnet nakkukalid halet naitilenep aparebeb ,ini taas iapmaS

noitpurtsid llec reB .dipil latot iskartke padahret edotem aparebeb ini tuki llec

noitpurtsid kutnu ,isasinegomoh ,isakinos utiay latot dipil iskartske daeb gnitaeb ,

,isasilifoil sevaworcim , citomso kcohs hcsobekcyR nakkukalid gnay idutS . la te ,.

)1102( awhab naktubeynem noitpurtsid llec les aratna atayn huragnepreb kadit

isasilifoil naukalrep irebid gnay les nagned iskartske mulebes naukalrep apnat

41

halada iggnitret dipil latot kartke naklisahgnem gnay turaleP .aynles padahret

onate:natemorolkid nagned nakgnidnabid )1:1( lonatem:mroforolk ,)1:1( l

litem ,rete liteid ,notesa ,)1:2( lonatem:mroforolk ,)2:3( lonaporposi:naskeh - tret -

rete:litub - .)3:01( lonatem

.5.2 leseidoiB

id gnay kamel masa retse awaynes halada leseidoiB iskaer irad naklisah

isakifiretse )2 rabmaG( nim irad asareb gnay kamel masa inaweh uata itaban kay

.leseid rakab nahab iagabes nakanugid nad kednep iatnar lohokla nagned

Ga rabm 2. iskaeR e isakifirets ilA( ,.la te )2102

leseidoib nataubmep kutnu nakukalid asaib isakifiretsE da ir nim y ka

radakreb masa el m ka sabeb ggnit i areb( n kg a asam ≥ 5 mg-K HO / .)g adaP ahat p

,ini masa amel k abeb s a nak akisrevnokid n jnem a id em t li .retse pahaT se t isakifire

nakamapmuid ek pahat ,isakifiretsesnart ria d na gab i na ebret s ra silatak masa ay n g

ngnudnakid y nalihid surah a g .uluhad hibelret nak

isakifiretsesnarT )3 rabmaG( ada l ha iskaer aratna kamel uata im n ay k

nagned itaban lohokla kutnu kutnebmem retse nad ilg s .lore asaiB n ay malad

iskaer anugid ini k na silatak kutnu takgninem k na ujal iskaer nad uj m hal

y dlei kudorp . aneraK iskaer ini halada iskaer er v elbisre , akam d nakanugi al lohok

belreb ih ggnem kutnu e res bmiesek a gn an pr kudo ek arah pr kudo .

51

rabmaG 3. iskaeR t )0102 ,ijamatsuR( isakifiretsesnar

iurahabrepid tapad gnay fitanretla leseid rakab nahab nakapurem leseidoiB

nad dnabid ini rakab nahab taafnaM .natujnalekreb rakab nahab nagned nakgni

lisof gnareleb isime lon ripmah nad hadner hibel satisiskot utiay aynaratnaid

itehcraM( .,la te ignarugnem tapad aguj leseidoib naanuggnep uti nialeS .)8002

,)OC( adiskonom nobrak isime adiskoid ruflus nad lekitrap ,latot nobrakordih

OS( 2 kadit leseidoib narakabmep adap nad sesorp naraulek adap pasa atres )

OC( adiskoid nobrak level takgnit habmanem 2 uhS( refsomta adap ) ,.la te .)6002

nagnukgnil hamar gnay rakab nahab nakapurem leseidoiB tapad nad

tafisreb atres iurahabrepid elbadargedoib nagnukgnil hamar tagnas leseidoiB .

paresid naka refsomta ek naksapelid gnay aynnarakabmep lisah gnaub sag anerak

sisetnisotof sesorp naulrepek kutnu nahubmut helo ilabmek .)8002 ,irdnevaH(

adit leseidoiB irad ruflus nagnudnak nad ,litalov kinagro awaynes gnudnagnem k

idajret kadit itrareb ruflus aynada kadiT .lon akgna itakednem itaban kaynim

OS sag isime helo nakbabesid gnay masa najuh 2.

aynaratnaid leseidoib taubmem kutnu nakanugid gnay itaban kayniM

da ( ragap karaj ,gnacak ,apalek ,tiwas hala sacruc ahportaJ ( idnal karaj ,) ahportaJ

ailofipyssog inailuY( aynnial gnay igal kaynab nad ) ,.la te itaban kayniM .)8002

ipateT .leseid nisem rakab nahab iagabes gnusgnal araces naktaafnamid tapad aguj

61

soksiv anerak nakbabeynem leseid rakab nahab nakgnidnabid iggnit ulalret aynsati

nagned gnusgnalreb tapad kadit rakab nahab isasimota nad naiskejnignep sesorp

nagned anrupmes gnaruk gnay narakabmep naklisahgnem naka aggnihes ,kiab

rakab gnaur malad tisoped aynkutnebret irsauB( ,.la te .)9002

.6.2 amorhC saG yhpargot yrtemotohportcepS ssaM )SMCG(

K sag ifargotamor halada araces nakhasipret lepmas anamid ,asilana edotem

lukelom kutneb idajnem kifiseps - tapad nahasimep lisah( licek hibel gnay lukelom

.)margotamork apureb tahilid edotem halada assam ipoksortkeps nakgnadeS

noi idajnem habuid naka sisilanaid gnay lepmas anamid ,sisilana - nad ,aynsag noi

noi irad assam - apureb isketed lisah nakrasadreb rukuid tapad tubesret noi

I .assam murtkeps nemurtsn nakanugid SMCG sakifitnedi kutnu kinagro awaynes i

.lukelom sumur nautnenep nad lukelom tobob nautnenep utiay ini nemurtsnI

tafis nahasimep adap nakrasadid - taz kisif tafis - paugnem hadum gnay kinagro taz

sag apureb kareg esaf nagned libatsomret nasanamep adap treni ,muileh itrepes(

egortin apureb rotketed nakanuggnem nakisanibmokid gnay ,)nogra nad ,n

irad awaynes sinej nad fitaler lukelom tareb iuhategnem kutnu assam murtkeps

.)5002 ,hafinuM( naklisahid gnay kifarg kacnup paites

ilanaid uata nakhasipid gnay narupmac ,sag ifargotamork malaD nikgnum sis

nahasimep kutnU .natadap apureb lah aparebeb malad uata nariac ,sag apureb

pau nanaket ikilimem nad ,libats gnay nahab utaus nakulrepid kiab hibel gnay

molok isignep nahab nagned iskaretnireb nad isarepo taas adap mta 1 rasebes

egnep sag apureb naadebrep aynidajret halada ini iskaretni irad tabikA .nabm

nenopmok irad isubirtsid - gnay tubesret esaf audek aratnaid lepmas nenopmok

71

nenopmok nahasimep naklisahgnem - anoz idajnem lepmas nenopmok - uata anoz

atip - yaD( atip & )6891 ,doowrednU

ta sag narupmaC gnay molok malad ek nakkitnusid gnay lepmas nariac ua

adap gnutnagret idajret nahasimeP .aynkareg esaf nakapurem nebrosba isireb

esaf( nebrosba helo paresid kutnu narupmac malad nenopmok paites naupmamek

eynem hibel naka ralop tafisreb nebrosbA .)renoisats tafisreb gnay nenopmok par

ynem hadum hibel naka ralop non tafisreb gnay nebrosba nakgnades ,ralop pare

yaD( ralop non nenopmok & .)6891 ,doowrednU ameks nakkujnunem 4 rabmaG

.nenopmok aparebeb irad iridret gnay SMCG isatnemurtsni

rabmaG 4. SMCG isatnemurtsnI amekS ( tnavinnuD & )1102 ,hcabsniG

nalibmes adA nenopmok yaD( nial aratna SMCG irad gnitnepret &

: )6891 ,doowrednU

81

.a sag narila narutagneP )rellortnoc wolf sag(

1 ratikes rutaid nanakeT - 1 rutaid narila nakgnades ,mta 4 - retil 0001 rep sag

halada nakanugid mizal gnilap gnay ,awabmep sag halada kareg esaF .tinem

sativitkudnok rotketed kutnu ipatet ,nogra ,negordih ,negortin ,muileh

saG .iggnit gnay aynsativitkudnok anerak iakusid hibel muileh ,lamret

dap uluhad hibel nakrilaid awabmep isireb rednilis utaus a eveis ralucelom

.rotognep isanimatnok aynada gniraynem kutnu

.b lepmas iskejni tapmeT )rotcejni(

pmaS utaus nagned nakiskejniid le im c egnirys or murtkeps utaus iulalem

reb lepmas aynkaynaB .sanap gnay magol katok malad ek nokilis etrak rasik

5,0 - .Lμ01

.c relipak moloK )nmuloc relipac(

nenopmok nakhasimem kutnu isgnufreb relipak moloK - lukelom nenopmok

03 aratna rasikreb molok gnajnaP .lepmas - 1,0 nalabetek nagned retem 06 - 3

halada nakanugid asaib gnay molok utas halaS .norkim detaoc llaw nepo

ralubut apureb sipit remilop helo isipalid gnay molok utiay ,)TOCW(

locylgenelyteylop .malad naigab molok gnidnid adap

.d ecafretnI

ecafretnI nagned SM ek CG irad lepmas nakmirignem kutnu isgnufreb

.namirignep taas adap lepmas nagnalihek naklaminimem

.e isasinoi rebmuS )ecruos noI(

mulebes sag kutneb ek lepmas naknoignem kutnu isgnufreb isasinoi rebmuS

malad ek kusam ssam - rezylana tapad gnay isasinoi macam agit adA .

: utiay nakukalid

91

.1 IE )tcapmI nortcelE(

kele nakanuggnem nagned isasinoi kinket halada IE igrene nort

naka lukelom irad nortkele aggnihes ,Ve 07 rasebes utiay ,iggnit

.lakidar noitak naklisahgnem raulek rapmelret

.2 ICP )noitazinoI lacimehC evitisoP(

.utnabmep sag nakanuggnem nagned isasinoi kinket halada ICP

nial aratna nakanugid tapad gnay saG uata anatubosi ,anatem

nagnir hibel gnay isasinoi sesorp kutnu nakanugid ICP .kainoma

gnay fitisop sag noi naklisahgnem naka ICP .IE nakgnidnabid

.lepmas nagned iskaereb naka

.3 ICN )noitazinoI lacimehC evitageN(

utnabmep sag nakanuggnem gnay isasinoi kinket halada ICN

gnay sag noi adap katelret aynnaadebreP .ICP nagned amas

sisilana malaD .fitagen sag noi naklisahgnem utiay ,naklisahid

rusnu gnudnagnem gnay awaynes kutnu nakanugid nahab

.negolah

.f mukav apmoP ucav( )pmup mu

: utiay mukav epit aud adA

.1 nad ignarugnem kutnu isgnufreb ,iggnit mukav apmoP

iggnit nanakeT .sisilana taas SM adap nanaket naknahatrepmem

sesorp adap sativitisnes habmanem tapad aguj naknahatrepid gnay

rad iridret iggnit mukav apmoP .SM sisilana haub aud i obrut

.pmup relucelom

02

.2 aradu nanaket ignarugnem kutnu isgnufreb ,hadner mukav apmoP

noi raga nakulrepid ini metsiS .raul - iskaer imalagnem kadit noi

.relukelom noi iskaer ignarugnem nad nial lekitrap nagned

.g assam sisilanagneP )rezylana ssam(

,nataum irebid gnay magol gnatab tapme irad iridret assam sisilanagneP

kutnu sativitkeles isgnuf ikilimem gnay ,fitagen nupuam fitisop nataum kiab

.naknigniid gnay esatlov adap noireb lukelom

.h rotketeD

nenopmok padahret akep rotketeD - hasipret gnay nenopmok malad id nak

aynhamel tauK .kirtsil laynis idajnem aynnaakepek habugnem atres molok

isartnesnok adap nakub nad lepmas assam narila ujal adap gnutnagreb laynis

.gnajnunep sag lepmas

.i ataD halogneP metsiS

buhid gnay retupmok nakanuggnem atad halognep metsiS adap nakgnu

.SMCG nemurtsni

12

III BAB

NAITILENEP EDOTEM

.1.3 tapmeT nad utkaW

naitileneP adap nakukalid iapmas 3102 rebmeseD nalub iluJ 4102 .

nakukalid sisilana nad isavitluk ,isaraperP arobaL id nad igreneoiB muirot

sesorpoiB - IPIL igolonketoiB tilsuP ,gnonibiC nalaJ gnonibiC 64 mK rogoB ayaR

nad ( EMAF isasiretkarak sretsE lyhteM dicA yttaF isakifiretsesnart lisah )

id nakukalid kisneroF muirotarobaL tasuP - IRLOP SEBAM 3 .oN oyojonurT nalaJ

.nataleS atrakaJ ,uraB naroyabeK

.2.3 nahaB nad talA

.1.2.3 talA

nakanugid gnay natalareP alada h nagnabmit ,rotarea ,saleg natalarep

,kitilana rerits citengam ,noclaf gnubat ,)Lμ0005 ,Lμ0001 ,Lμ002( orkim tepip ,

egufirtnes ,falkotua ,LEGTC camiH ihcatiH wolf ria ranimal , xetrov , ,nevo

VU retemotofortkeps - ,0071 cepsamrahP uzdamihS siV yrator ve rotaropa eknaJ

leknuK & 50 VR - ,TS ,skulfer SMCG SM C5795 ,metsyS CG A0987 tneligA .

.2.2.3 nahaB

kilim( 700BBL aglaorkim talosi halada nakanugid gnay nahaB

IPIL igolonketoiB tilsuP ,sesorpoiB nad igreneoiB muirotarobaL - ,)gnonibiC

6FA aidem L( )1 naripma 6FA aidem , isakifidomret L( 1 naripma ) ,sedauqa ,

lCHC( mroforolk 3 HC( lonatem ,) 3 ,)HO muirtan adiskordih ( aN O )H , norob

FB( adirolfirt 3 ,) )lCaN( adirolk muirtan 5% n , - naskeh

22

.3.3 P ajreK rudesor

.1.3.3 rutluK napaisreP aglaorkiM 700BBL

irad 700BBL aglaorkim talosI iskelok nakpaisid muirotarobal kutnu

.rutluk kots kaynabrepmem 700BBL aglaorkim talosi rutluk napaisreP kalid naku

FA aidem adap - 5 kaynabeS .6 700BBL aglaorkim rutluk talosi lm 0 iskelok(

)muirotarobal malad ek nakkusamid lm 054 FA aidem - ayntujnales ,lirets 6

id koni isalu .natsnok gnay ayahac nad uhus adap irah 41 amales

.2.3.3 aglaorkiM isavitluK 700BBL

isakifidomret 6FA halada nakanugid gnay aglaorkim isavitluk aideM

Mm 434,0 rasebes negortin isartnesnok isairav 2 nagned (l wo s )ylppu 71,2 nad

Mm (h hgi s )ylppu aideM . 001 mures lotob malad taubid ayntujnales gnay ,lm

)v/v( %01 rutluk tubesret aidem malad manatid 700BBL aglaorkim ialin nagned

1,0 rasebes isavitluk lawa )mn 086 DO( les nataparek isnabrosba . rutluK

utiay amas gnay isidnok adap isavitlukid 700BBL aglaorkim ,C°52 uhus adap

isarea nad upmal ayahac nakirebid A . ilan sis les nataparek samoib tobob , s nad a

700BBL aglaorkim talosi adap dipil nagnudnak nakukalid utkaw lavretni nagned

ek irah adap utiay irah 2 - ,1 ,3 ,5 ,7 ,9 ,11 ,31 ,51 ,71 .92 nad ,72 ,52 ,32 ,12 ,91

.3.3.3 leS natapareK 700BBL aglaorkiM

aynidajret iuhategnem kutnu naujutreb les nataparek narukugneP

idajret gnay les halmuj natakgninep rutluk adap gnisam adap les rutluK . - gnisam

k narukugnep nakukalid kutnu lm 3 kaynabes libmaid isavitluk aidem natapare

.aynles les natapareK irah paites rukuid nagned nakanuggnem retemotofortkeps

VU - siV 0071 cepsamrahP uzdamihS 86 gnabmoleg gnajnap adap mn 0 bibrA( te

,.la )4102 .

32

.4.3.3 leS igolofroM 700BBL aglaorkiM

aglaorkim rutluK 700BBL nad ,kejbo acak adap nakkatelid Lµ 02 kaynabes

poksorkim hawabid tahilid rutluk ayntujnales putunep akim nagned pututid

narasebrep nagned utiay pahatreb araces .x001 nad x04 ,x01

.5.3.3 samoiB toboB nautneneP s a

nakhasipid isavitlukid halet gnay aglaorkim rutluK aynaidem irad gnubaT .

W( gnabmitid hisreb nad gnirek gnay noclaf 0 naidumek ,) aglaorkim rutluk lm 001

noclaf gnubat malad ek nakkusamid nad 0006 natapecek nagned isagufirtnes mpr

amoib ayntujnaleS .tinem 01 amales s samoiB .natanrepus irad nakhasipid as s a

haleteS .maj 84 amales C°05 uhus adap nevo malad nakgnirekid uti noclaf gnubat

amoib isireb gnay s gnirek as gnabmitid W( 1) . amoib tobob nautneneP s as

.irtemivarg edotem nagned nakutnetid

𝑡𝑜𝑏𝑜𝐵

𝑎𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑖𝐵

�

𝑊

1

�

𝑊

0 ................................ . )1(

.6.3.3 silanA si dipiL nagnudnaK

gnirek assamoiB naidumek noclaf gnubat maladek nakkusamid

)1:1( lonatem:mroforolk turalep narupmac lm 6 nakhabmatid ( hcsobekcyR ,.la te

1102 ) , xetrov turalep narupmac lm 2 nakhabmatid ayntujnaleS .kited 03 amales

,sedauqa lm 2 nad )1:1( lonatem:mroforolk v xetro .negomoh aggnih ilabmek

tinem 01 amales mpr 0002 natapecek adap isagufirtnes nakukalid naidumeK

ralop esaf nakhasimem kutnu )sata nasipal( ralop non nad )hawab nasipal( . F esa

ralop non )hawab nasipal( nad gnirek gnay irtep nawac adap nakhadnipid .hisreb

atapecek nagned assamoib nad ralop esaf ilabmek isagufirtneS n amales mpr 0006

,gnaubid ralop esaF .assamoib nagned ralop esaf nakhasimem kutnu tinem 01

amoib s lonatem:mroforolk turalep narupmac lm 4 nagned ilabmek kartskeid as

42

sedauqa lm 1 nad )1:1( nakkusamid ralop non esaF .ilabmek isagufirtnes , ilabmek

irtep nawac malad ek . tapad latot dipil radak nad ,nakpauid turalep ayntujnaleS

.irtemivarg arac nagned nakutnetid

%

𝑑𝑖𝑝𝑖𝐿

𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑇

�

𝑡𝑜𝑏𝑜𝐵

𝑑𝑖𝑝𝑖𝑙

𝑡𝑜𝑏𝑜𝐵

𝑎𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑖𝑏

𝑛𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑘

𝑔

𝑥

%001 ............................. 2( )

.7.3.3 isakifiruP nad iskartskE dipiL

silana nakukalid haleteS si s audek adap irah 03 amale nagned aidem airav is

dipil sativitkudorp aynraseb akam negortin isartnesnok ,nosirraH & shtiffirG(

9002 ) nagned nakutnetid tapad aglaorkim naklisahid gnay : sumur

𝑍

�

𝜇

�

𝑐𝐿 ..................... 3( )

: nagnareteK

Z dipil sativitkudorP =

µ kifiseps nahubmutrep ujaL =

( dipil esatnesreP = cL tnetnoc dipil )

ks adap dipil iskudorP airav adap nakukalid raseb ala n nad isartnesnok

utkaw isavitluk sativitkudorp ialin nagned iskudorP .iggnitret adap nakukalid dipil

5 alaks .L maladek nakkusamid assamoib ,nakukalid nanenamep haleteS

p narupmac nakhabmanem nagned nakkukalid dipil iskartskE .reyemnelre turale

,reyemnelre maladek lm 005 kaynabes )1:1( lonatem:mroforolk rekahs males ± a

ria nakhabmatid ,hasip gnoroc maladek kartske nakkusam ayntujnaleS .tinem 06

idajret haleteS .)hawab( ralop non esaf nad )sata( ralop esaf nakhasimem kutnu

kutnu libmaid )mroforolk malad dipil( ralop non esaf ,anrupmes nahasimep

aynturalep isaropaveid nagned tinem 51± amales nakkukalid isaropavE . yrator

rotaropave aJ leknuK & ekn VR - .TS 50 kep kartske naktapadid uti haleteS dipil ta

kukalid kutnu pais nad .isakifiretsesnart na

52

.8.3.3 kameL masA isakifiretsesnarT

nakkusamid marg 1,0 kaynabes dipil takep kartskE ,skulfer ubal malad ek

OaN lm 4 nakhabmatid id ,)lonatem malad( %2 H C°08 uhus adap naksanap

.tinem 02 amales FB lm 4 nakhabmatid ayntujnaleS 3 amales ilabmek naksanapid ,

nad %5 lCaN lm 4 nakhabmatid ,iaseles isakifiretsesnart sesorp haleteS .tinem 02

kocokid n lm 4 nakhabmatid ,tinem 1 ± amales - 1 ± amales kocokid nad naskeh

nakpadneid nad hasip gnoroc malad ek nakkusamid narupmac naidumeK .tinem

naigab adap padnegnem naka loresilg ,anrupmes hasipret haleteS .maj 6 ± amales

sata naigab adap leseidoib nad hawab .nakhasipid kutnu hadum aggnihes

.9.3.3 isasiretkaraK retsE lyhteM dicA yttaF )EMAF(

EMAF awayneS naidumek naklisahid gnay id isasiretkarak masa isisopmok

nagned aynkamel SMCG SM C5795 ,metsyS CG A0987 tneligA 4 lebaT .

gnay SMCG nemurtsni retemarap nakkujnunem isasiretkarak kutnu nakanugid

.EMAF

lebaT .4 nemurtsnI retemaraP SMCG CG A0987 tneligA metsyS SM C5795 ,

noitidnoC CG

loC nmu PH - SM5 6 mμ 52.0 x mm 52.0 x m 0 ( W&J tneligA )

reirraC g sa muileH )nim/lm1(

nevO nim 0 rof C° 001

82 rof C° 072 ot nim/C° 51 neht nim

noitidnoC SM

ecruoS 230 C˚ 003 xam C˚

dauQ 051 C˚ 002 xam C˚

egnar nacS 05 - amu 055

62

.4.3 naitileneP rilA margaiD

erP - rutluk aglaorkiM

)lm 005( 700BBL

isavitluK aglaorkiM

)lm 001( 700BBL

woL ylppuS

)Mm 434,0 negortiN(

S hgiH ylppu

)Mm 71,2 negortiN(

leS natapareK

)mn 086 DO( asamoiB toboB dipiL nagnudnaK

irah 03 amales irah 2 / gnilpmaS

kudorP dipiL sativitrasebreT

iskartskE & isakifiruP dipiL

isakifiretsesnarTkameL masA

isasiretkaraK EMAF SMCG nagned

kudorP alakS is5( raseB - )L 01

72

VI BAB

NASAHABMEP NAD LISAH

.1.4 700BBL aglaorkiM talosI

sI helorepid 700BBL aglaorkim talo gnay ria lepmas isalosi lisah irad

nahubmutrep aidem iagabeS .rogoB racnaP gnunuG nariarep irad libmaid rutluk

nakanugid tsedauqa FA aidem nenopmok nagned nakhabmatid gnay - naripmaL( 6

glaorkim nahubmutrep kutnu nagnukgnil isidnok nad aidem mumu araceS .)1 a

isidnok ,aglaorkim ilsa tatibah adap nagnukgnil isidnok nagned nakiausesid surah

,ayahac satisnetni ,Hp ,uhus aynaratnaid nakitahrepid surah gnay nagnukgnil

nial nad nababmelek - utnet aglaorkim hubmut nagnukgnil isidnok naadebreP .nial

ap huragnepreb naka .aglaorkim sigoloisif sativitka ad

FA aidem adap aynles kaynabrepid 700BBL aglaorkim talosI - ialin anerak ,6

FA aidem )Hp( namasaek tajared - namasaek tajared nagned adebreb huaj kadit 6

s itrepes aynnial nagnukgnil isidnok kutnU .racnaP gnunuG nariarap )Hp( ,uhu

kutnu apur naikimedes taubid tapad nababmelek ,ayahac satisnetni

.racnaP gnunuG ratikes id isidnok nagned aynnaksaraleynem tdimhcS turuneM

nad nosugreF )1591( T nasawak , nama W atasi A )AWT( ri racnaP gnunuG

atar najuh haruc nagned B milki epit malad ek kusamret - 000.3 atar - .ht/mm 005.4

051 aratna rasikreb nuhat rep najuh irah halmuJ - atar aradu uhuS .irah 052 - atar

nagned irah gnais adap C°33 iggnitret uhus nad irah malam adap C°42

radu nababmelek atar a - 85 atar - .%28

.2.4 700BBL aglaorkiM talosI nahubmutreP

laggnut talosi nakanuggnem ini naitileneP aglaorkim gnay 700BBL

aynrutluk nakpaisid adap aidem FA -6 irah 41 amales isavitlukid halet gnay .

82

aidem adap manatid nad nakanugid gnay ini irah 41 rumureb gnay rutluK

.isakifidom ayntujnaleS FA aidem isakifidom -6 nakukalid nakisairavmem nagned ,

negortin isartnesnok ONaN( tartin muidos irad rebmusreb gnay 3) . aglaorkim talosI

tlukid gnay 700BBL isavi lad FA aidem ma - isairav nagned isakifidomret 6

rasebes negortin isartnesnok Mm 434,0 (l wo s )ylppu 71,2 nad Mm (h hgi s )ylppu

mumu araces aglaorkim nahubmutrep naadebrep aynada naktahilrepmem

ynaratnaid les nataparek ,rutluk anraw a nad les igolofrom .

700BBL aglaorkim rutluK adap audek aidem isakifidom nakkujnunem

aynada nahubmutrep tid gnay iadna reb gnay rutluk anraw nagned uajih habmat

irah ek irah irad ( 5 rabmaG ) nad les nataparek isnabrosba ialin natakgninep DO(

mn 086 .) awhab nakkujnunem ini laH adap hubmut tapad 700BBL aglaorkim

FA aidem audek - aynnegortin isartnesnok gnay 6 isakifidomid .

.5 rabmaG 00BBL aglaorkim rutluk anraw nahabureP asam amales 7H isavitluk - ( 3 A H ,) - ( 71 B H ,) - ( 92 C) isartnesnok , Mm 434,0 negortin

)2( Mm 71,2 negortin isartnesnok nad )1(

adaP G araces itamaid gnay 5 rabma k sipoksorkam rutlu 700BBL aglaorkim

FA aidem adap - d 6 isartnesnok nagne iggnit 71,2 negortin Mm )2C ,2B ,2A(

adap rutluk nagned nakgnidnabid uajih hibel tahilret FA aidem - nagned 6

nesnok isart hadner Mm 434,0 negortin )1C ,1B ,1A( . p agudid ini laH aidem ada

1A 2A 1B 2B C1 2C

92

FA - d 6 71,2 negortin isartnesnok nagne tapec hibel aynles nahubmutrep Mm

aggnihes rutluk anraw uajih hibel ab isakidni idajnem nad hibel aynles halmuj awh

.kaynab negortin nasatabretek isidnoK hubmut aidem adap nakbabeynem

nagnem gnay nenopmok sisetnisnem kutnu les naupmamek nanurunep gnud

liforolk ,nietorp itrepes ,negortin nad gnay awaynes iagabeS .taelkun masa

idajnem nahubmutrep takgnit ,les nahalebmep nad nahubmutrep kutnu nakulrepid

iL( relulesartni negortin isartnesnok adap gnutnagret ,.la te .)8002

A naadebrep aynad satisnetni anraw adap tahilret nupiksem rutluk paites

kid ek irah adaP .amas gnay utkaw adap isavitlu - naadebrep tahilret muleb 3

satisnetni gnay rutluk anraw atayn i lah , irah adap anerak agudid in ek - 3 rutluk

adap adareb aglaorkim gnades 700BBL aglaorkim rutluk anamid ,gal esaf

gnisam adap isatpadareb - naadebrep aggnihes isavitluk aidem gnisam rutluk anraw

muleb tahilret .nakifingis nakgnadeS ek irah adap - naadebrep tahilret 71 atayn

anraw satisnetni uk aidem adap rutluk audek aratna irah adap agudid ,isavitl ek - 71

adap adareb gnades rutluk audek gnisam anamid ,laisnenopske esaf - rutluk gnisam

adebreb gnay nahubmutrep imalagnem 700BBL aglaorkim , adap gnutnagreb

.isavitluk aidem adap isirtun naaidesretek ek irah adaP - tahilret hisam 92

ep naadebr atayn anraw satisnetni gnisam adap rutluk audek aratna - aidem gnisam

ek irah adap agudid ,isavitluk - 92 audek rutluk renoisats esaf adap adareb .

laH tubesret id isnabrosba ialin nagned taukrep les nataparek )mn 086 DO(

aglaorkim rutluk 700BBL gnay FA aidem audek adap isavitlukid - isakifidomret 6 .

nahubmutrep avruK adap G alop aynada awhab nakkujnunem 6 rabma

gnay nahubmutrep adebreb FA aidem adap rutluk aratna - snok nagned 6 isartne

d Mm 434,0 negortin nagne FA aidem adap rutluk - negortin isartnesnok nagned 6

03

71,2 .Mm kitsitats iju lisaH AVONA nakanuggnem 8 naripmaL( ) nakkujnunem

awhab isavitluk aidem adap negortin isartnesnok atayn adebreb lisah nakirebmem

( giS )50,0< padahret .700BBL aglaorkim les nataparek ialin

avruK .6 rabmaG p nahubmutre m 700BBL aglaorki

G nakkujnunem 6 rabma awhab rutluk aratna nahubmutrep alop 3 tapadret

FA aidem adap isavitlukid gnay - FA aidem adap rutluk ,6 - isartnesnok nagned 6

nad ,Mm 434,0 negortin FA aidem adap rutluk - 71,2 negortin isartnesnok nagned 6

esaf ,gal esaf aynaratnaid nahubmutrep esaf naadebrep tapadreT .Mm

af ,laisnenopske F .naitamek esaf nad renoisats es isatpada uata gal esa dap rutluk a

aidem FA - Mm 434,0 negortin isartnesnok nagned 6 ad ek irah ir - ek irah iapmas 1 -

5 01,0 aratnaid adareb 086 DO ialin nagned - 54,0 kutnu nad dap rutluk a aidem

FA - Mm 71,2 negortin isartnesnok nagned 6 ek irah irad - ek irah iapmas 1 -7

1,0 aratnaid adareb 086 DO ialin nagned 0- 65,0 . K gnay 700BBL aglaorkim rutlu

imalagnem agudid Mm 71,2 negortin isartnesnok nagned aidem adap isavitlukid

kutnu amal hibel utkaw nakhutubmem aggnihes ,iggnit gnay negortin namakec

.aynnagnukgnil nagned isatpadareb k aytujnaleS rutlu adap FA aidem - nagned 6

nok Mm 434,0 negortin isartnes ikusamem ske esaf laisnenop ek irah adap -6

ek iapmas -19 54,0 aratnaid adareb 086 DO ialin nagned - 53,3 nakgnades rutluk

0

1

2

3

4

0 5 01 51 02 52 03

)sbA( les natapare

K

)irah( utkaW

Mm 434,0 N

Mm 71,2 N

6-FA

13

FA aidem adap - d 6 71,2 negortin isartnesnok nagne Mm idajret laisnenopske esaf

adap ek irah -8 ek iapmas - 02 65,0 aratnaid adareb 086 DO ialin nagned - 20,3 nad

ayntujnales gnisam - gnisam asam rihka iapmas renoitats esaf ikusamem rutluk

.isavitluk

p awhab nakkujnunem 6 rabmaG irad tahilid gnay nahubmutrep naadebre

mn 086 DO ialin atayn adebreb FA aidem adap rutlukid gnay aglaorkim aratna - 6

FA aidem nad Mm 434,0 negortin isartnesnok nagned - d 6 isartnesnok nagne

71,2 negortin .Mm uti nialeS awhab nakkujnunem 6 rabmaG adap gnay rutluk

FA aidem adap isavitlukid - saf( DO ialin ikilimem isakifidomret 6 )laisnenopske e

iggnit hibel gnay FA aidem adap rutluk nagned nakgnidnabid - radnats 6 . ini laH

iggnit hibel isakifidomret aidem adap )tartin( negortin isartnesnok nakanerakid

FA aidem adap )tartin( negortin isartnesnok adapirad - ayniggnit anamiD .radnats 6

k gnay aglaorkim les nahubmutrep naktakgninem tapad negortin isartnesno

.DO ialin natagninep nagned nakkujnutid

nay negortin napusa nakirebid irah 03 amales isavitlukid gnay rutluK

sreb rebmu irad ONaN( tartin muidos 3 .) M nimA turune la te ,. naktubeynem )3102(

.negortin rebmus helo ihuragnepid mn 086 DO ialin natakgninep awhab rebmuS

irad lasareb gnay negortin utiay aglaorkim nahubmutrep kutnu kiab gnay negortin

id hadum hibel kinagro negortin aneraK .aeru itrepes kinagro nahab helo ismusnok

m ismusnokid tapad aeru ,aeru halada kinagro negortin rebmus utas halaS .aglaorki

.kiportoreteh nupuam kiportotua isidnok malad aglaorkim helo rebmus aumeS

gnaret isidnok adap nahubmutrep gnukudnem upmam )negortin( kinagro isirtun

paleg aguj nad )ayahac ada( )ayahac apnat( zereP( - aicraG ,.la te )1102 .

23

nahubmutrep padahret fitisop huragnep nakirebmem negortin ,mumu araceS

itrepes negortin rebmus aparebeb isalimisagnem tapad aglaorkiM .aglaorkim les

HN( muinomma 4+ ON( tartin ,) 3

- ,igar kartske atres ,aeru nad ) onima masa ,notpep

nirup nad mlehliW ;6002 ,nehC & nehC( ,.la te azunaG ;6002 ,.la te )8002 .

s ,aynaimik iskaer nakrasadreB ihuragnepmem naka negortin rebmu isidnok

muinomma irad rebmusreb gnay negortin ialpus anamiD .rutluk aidem nagnukgnil

unem gnurednec irad rebmusreb gnay negortin nakgnades rutluk aidem Hp naknur

zereP( rutluk aidem Hp natakgninep nakbabeynem tartin - aicraG ,.la te nad )1102

huragnepreb naka alup .aglaorkim les emsilobatem atres nahubmutrep adap

rabmag adaP 7 les malad id negortin isalimisa isaluger ameks naksalejid

et aggnih aglaorkim .assamoib aynkutnebr

7 rabmaG assamoib idajnem negortin isalimisa isaluger amekS .)3102 ,sitruC & zlohrehcS(

7 rabmag adaP rebmus iagabes muinoma nad tartin awhab naksalejid

id aglaorkim les raul irad lasareb gnay negortin les malad ek nakisatropsnart

amsalp narbmem iulalem muinoma nad )tiN( retropsnart tartin nautnab nagned

33

egortin rebmus aumes ayntujnaleS .)tmA( retropsnart malad id adareb halet gnay n

ned muinoma idajnem habuid les helo sisilatakid nag aynaratnaid mizne aparebeb

)tiN( esatkuder tirtin nad )RN( esatkuder tartin muinoma salporolk malad id ,

nusuynep onima masa utas halas nakapurem gnay tamatulg idajnem habuid

rp nieto assamoib uata . tamatulg uti nialeS salporolk malad id tapad aguj sesorpid

nad kamel masa ,liforolk sisetnis kutnu tilobatem kudorp aynnial drofwarC( ,.la te

.)0002

m ,les igolofrom araceS 700BBL aglaorki gnubat adap aynanraw tahilid alib

,uajih anrawreb rutluk .uajih anrawreb nup aynles sipoksorkim araces akaM

700BBL aglaorkim agudid malad kusam irogetak ( uajih agla atyhporolhC .)

kutnu poksorkim nakhutubid akam ,licek tagnas aglaorkim les aneraK itamagnem

narasebrep x001 halada nakukalid gnay narasebreP .aynles naruku nad kutneb

adaP .kejbo asnel G rabma 8 aglaorkim les naruku nad kutneb tahilid tapad

FA aidem adap isavitlukid halet gnay 700BBL - .isakifidomid gnay 6

A B

C D

rabmaG 8 igolofroM . les aglaorkim 700BBL )x001 narasebrep( , H- aidem 51FA - ,)A( Mm 434,0 N 6 H- FA aidem 51 - 71,2 N 6 ,)B( Mm H- FA aidem 32 - N 6

,)C( Mm 434,0 H- FA aidem 32 - 71,2 N 6 )D( Mm

43

rabmaG 8 mumu igolofrom nakkujnunem les aglaorkim 700BBL gnay

FA aidem adap isavitlukid - .negortin isartnesnok isairav nagned 6 mumu araceS

iric - iric les utnebreb utiay itamaret gnay 700BBL aglaorkim les retemaid ,talub k

mµ01< uajih anrawreb nad FA aidem adap leS . - negortin isartnesnok nagned 6

)C nad A( Mm 434,0 naruku ikilimem )licek hibel retemaid( licek hibel gnay

FA aidem adap les nagned nakgnidnabid - d 6 71,2 negortin isartnesnok nagne Mm

.)D nad B( aidem adap les anraw utiay itamaret gnay naadebrep ,les naruku nialeS

FA - d 6 71,2 negortin isartnesnok nagne B( Mm hibel gnay anraw ikilimem )D nad

FA aidem adap les nagned nakgnidnabid uajih - negortin isartnesnok nagned 6

.)C nad A( Mm 434,0 naktabikagnem isavitluk aidem malad negortin isartnesnoK

ulsU( les isisopmok malad nakifingis gnay nahaburep la te .)1102 ,.

les anraw naadebreP liforolk nagnudnak anerak agudid ,adebreb les malad

FA aidem adap isavitlukid gnay rutluk - d 6 71,2 negortin isartnesnok nagne Mm

aynles nad rutluk anraw aggnihes kaynab hibel gnay liforolk nagnudnak ikilimem

uajih hibel nakgnidnabid akij nagned FA aidem adap isavitlukid gnay rutluk - 6

negortin isartnesnok nagned 434,0 Mm awhab nakisakidnignem ini laH .

aglaorkim 700BBL naktaafnamem ialpus negortin iggnit gnay kutnu oib sisetnis

.liforolk

791( reyaM & norepaC helo nakukalid aguj apures idutS aparebeb adap )2

aglaorkim sinej ps alleilanuD . ps sisyrhconoM , . nad ps aletolcyC . gnay

natakgninep nagned itukiid negortin isartnesnok natakgninep awhab nakkujnunem

K .liforolk isartnesnok liforolk nagnudna agla atamlap airamlaP isavitlukid gnay

gnay liforolk anamid ,naadebrep nakkujnunem tartin isartnesnok isairav adap

in isartnesnok nagned aidem adap isavitlukid gnay rutluk adap gnudnakret negort

53

irad iggnit hibel Mµ 044 gnay rutluk adap gnudnakret gnay liforolk adap

isavitlukid ( Mµ 03 negortin isartnesnok nagned aidem adap iealokijraP ,.la te

)3102 .

iggnit negortin ialpus nagned aidem adap liforolk nagnudnak ayniggniT

nakanuggnem aglaorkim agudid j liforolk sisetnisoib rula gnay tare natiakreb

,negortin naaidesretek nagned anamid irad kudorp nakapurem gnay nimatulg

nakanugid gnay amatu awaynes nakapurem salporolk malad id negortin isalimisa

ad G adaP .liforolk sisetnisoib mal nagned liforolk sisetnisoib nakkujnutid 9 rabma

.nimatulg masa rosrukerp

isetnisoiB .9 rabmaG liforolk s )0002 ,igoyiN & niklaM(

adaP G sahid gnay kudorp awhab nakkujnunem 9 rabma isalimisa adap nakli

( negortin G malad gnitnep gnay awaynes idajnem tamatulg apureb )7 rabma

negortin isartnesnok awhab nakatakid tapad aggniheS .liforolk sisetnisoib

ialpus ayniggniT .aglaorkim les malad id liforolk nagnudnak adap huragnepreb

63

rkim liforolk nagnudnak naktakgninem negortin anerak nakbabesid ini lah ,aglao

nakukalid ayntujnales kutnu les malad ek paresid gnay negortin kaynab nikames

malad rosrukerp iagabes tamatulg awaynes naklisahgnem gnay negortin isalimisa

.liforolk sisetnisoib

olk kutnebmem kutnu aglaorkim nagnuredneceK ialpus isidnok adap lifor

nagnusgnalek kutnu liforolk awaynes gnitnep narep anerak agudid ,iggnit negortin

malad nakhutubid tagnas gnay awaynes nakapurem liforolK .aglaorkim pudih

apurem gnay aglaorkim anamid ,sisetnisotof sesorp emsinagroorkim nak

otuaotof .fort adaP G nakujnutid 01 rabma kutnu aglaorkim les malad liforolk narep

sisetnisotof sesorp iulalem aynpudih nagnusgnalrebek .

nad sesorP .01 rabmaG r iskae f sisetnisoto )8002 ,otnamreH(

G adaP adap tapadret gnay liforolk awhab naksalejid 01 rabma aglaorkim les

gnay HPDAN nad PTA idajnem aynhabugnem nad ayahac pareynem tapad

nobrak habugnem kutnu sisetnisotof iskaer malad nakanugid aynaudek naidumek

OC( adiskoid 2 H( ria nad ) 2 C( asokulg idajnem )O 6H 21 O6 O( negisko nad ) 2 .)

kiportotuaotof emsinagroorkim nakapurem aglaorkiM ranis naktaafnamem gnay

OC isaskif kutnu )upmal ayahac( irahatam 2 iagabes tardihobrak naklisahgnem nad

naka gnurednec aglaorkim isavitluk lawa adaP .nanakam nagnadac rebmus

73

p tilobatem kudorp iskudorpmem naka gnay kamel nad tardihobrak itrepes remir

iagabes napmisid kutnu ilabmek hacepid naka nad nanakam nagnadac

.nakulrepid taas igrene naklisahgnem

.3.4 700BBL aglaorkiM dipiL nagnudnaK

edotem nakanuggnem ini naitilenep adap dipil nagnudnak naijugneP hgilB

dna reyD hcsobekcyR( isakifidomret la te )1102 ,. , hadum nad tapec gnay edotem

.sigoloib nahab irad dipil isakifirup nad iskartske kutnu halada dipil isgnuF

malad narepreb gnay laisnese kamel masa nad kilobatem igrene rebmus iagabes

hisgninaidiW( narbmemoib satirgetni nad naarahilemep ,relules rutkurts la te ,.

.)1102 narepreb gnay remirp tilobatem awaynes utas halas halada dipil awayneS

lad .nahubmutrep ma

neP naijug ak nagnudn amales ilakes irah 2 paites nakukalid dipil irah 03

rabmaG .isavitluk asam 11 nakapurem atad atarer esatnesrep dipil nagnudnak

aglaorkim lukid gnay 700BBL FA aidem audek adap isavit - id 6 nagned isakifidom

naijugnep irah 2 paites gnisam adap - .isavitluk aidem gnisam

1 rabmaG 1 . p atareR dipil nagnudnak esatnesre aglaorkim 700BBL

adaP G rabma 11 dipil nagnudnak esatnesrep awhab nakkujnunem

natsnok gnurednec irad isavitluk lawa asam .isavitluk asam rihka aggnih

0

01

02

03

04

1 3 5 7 9 11 31 51 71 91 12 32 52 72 92

dipiL esatnesreP

)irah( utkaW

Mm 434,0 N

Mm 71,2 N

83

narasik adap adareb 700BBL aglaorkim dipil nagnudnak esatnesreP 02 -30% adap

FA aidem audek - .isakifidomret 6 AVONA nakanuggnem kitsitats iju lisaH

8 naripmaL( ) awhab nakkujnunem utkaw nad aidem adap negortin isartnesnok

isavitluk lisah nakirebmem kadit gnay atayn adebreb padahret dipil esatnesrep

.700BBL aglaorkim

M nakifingis pukuc gnay dipil isalumuka imalagnem kadit 700BBL aglaorki

savitluk asam amales FA aidem audek adap i - isartnesnok isakifidomid gnay 6

aynnegortin P . esatnesre y dipil nagnudnak gna agudid fitautkulf tafisreb

aynaratnaid rotkaf aparebeb helo nakbabesid kadit gnay rutluk nagnukgnil isidnok

edotem ,dipil isalumukagnem kutnu 700BBL aglaorkim rutluk gnukudnem

gnay 700BBL aglaorkim emsilobatem nad ,ukab kadit gnay dipil iskartske

nad tardihobrak itrepes nial remirp tilobatem kudorp isalumukagnem gnurednec

orp .niet

isavirped uata isatimil isidnok malad aglaorkim aynmumu adaP negortin

utnu aglaorkim isalumitsnem naka itrepes aynemsilobatem rulaj habugnem k

numan ,dipil isartnesnok natakgninep 700BBL aglaorkim adap idajret kadit

nahaburep dipil emsilobatem b gnay dipil isalumuka adap kapmadre . talosi agudiD

kutnebmem gnurednec negortin namakec isidnok malad 700BBL aglaorkim reyal

aynles gnililekesid tardihobrak apureb (G )8 rabma nenopmok ignudnilem kutnu

.aynles malad id ada gnay turuneM itawardnE ,.la te )2102( adap aglaorkim

sisnetalp aniluripS naadaek( hubmut kutnu lamitpo raul id naadaek malad

)mirtske nanakam nagnadac iagabes napmisid kaynab hibel naklisahid gnay igrene

isatpada sesorp kutneb iagabes tubesret naadaeK .)itap( sisnetalp aniluripS kutnu

trepmem .pudih naknaha

93

malad id idajret kamel masa sisetnisoib aglaorkim les emsilobatem adaP

naaidesretek adap gnutnagreb aynah kadit sisetnisoib rulaj anamid ,salporolk

.rutluk aidem adap negortin masa sulkis nagned natiakreb kamel masa sisetnisoiB

gnay talam awaynes kutnebmem tubesret sulkis audeK .taliskoilg sulkis nad tartis

nagned tavurip idajnem habuid kutnu salporolk malad ek nakisatropsnartid tapad

esanegordihed talam nautnab s ,)04.1.1.1 CE( avurip ayntujnale habuid naka t

litesa idajnem - Aok tamrof tavurip nautnab nagned - elyoB( )45.1.3.2 CE( esail &

G .)9002 ,nagroM 21 rabma dipil sisetnisoib aratna nagnubuh nakkujnunem

.aglaorkim adap emsilobatem rulaj nagned

21 rabmaG . isalerokretnI lobatem aglaorkim emsi zereP( - aicraG ,.la te

)1102

G adaP 21 rabma gnilas aglaorkim les emsilobatem awhab nakkujnutid

.aynnial gnay sulkis nagned utas gnay sulkis aratna isargetniret masa sisetnisoiB

,negortin naaidesretek adap gnutnagreb aynah kadit )dipil( kamel aguj ipatet

nay itrepeS .nahurulesek araces les emsilobatem rulaj adap gnutnagreb halet g

( aynmulebes naksalejid G les malad ek raul irad paresid negortin awhab )7 rabma

04

gnay kudorP .negortin isalimisa sesorp nagned naktujnalid nad aglaorkim

irad naklisahid halas nakapurem gnay tamatulg apureb negortin isalimisa sesorp

esanegordihed tamatulG .tartis masa sulkis malad narepreb gnay awaynes utas

α idajnem tamatulg awaynes habugnem - ayntujnales gnay ,taratulgotek

kutnu airdnokotim malad ek nakisatropnartid kusam malad ek tartis masa sulkis

zereP( - aicraG ,.la te )1102 .

kamel masa nakutnebmep nagned natiakreb gnay nial emsilobatem rulaJ

.sisilokilg nad taliskoilg sulkis utiay )dipil( masa awaynes emsilobatak rulaJ

taliskobrak masA .kamel masa nakutnebmep nagned natiakreb aguj taliskobrak

litesa idajnem hacepid naka - sulkis malad ek naktujnalid nad Aok taliskoilg gnay

mel masa sisetnisoib adap rosrukerp iagabes talam awaynes naklisahgnem .ka

masa nakutnebmep nagned natiakreb aguj sisilokilg emsilobatem rulaj aynadA

.tavurip idajnem hacepid naka les malad id asokulg naaidesretek anamid ,kamel

litesa idajnem habuid naka ayntujnales tavuriP - sulkis malad ek kusam nad Aok

aguj gnay tartis masa talam awaynes naklisahgnem naka zereP( - aicraG ,.la te

)1102 .

nakapurem nakub )dipil( kamel masa awhab nakatakid tapad ,mumu araceS

kutnebid tapad )dipil( kamel masa aneraK .emsilobatem malad amatu kudorp

adap agudiD .emsilobatem rulaj aparebeb iulalem kudorp 700BBL aglaorkim

tardihobrak apureb emsilobatem amatu iagabes napmisid tardihobrak anamid ,

nanakam nagnadac igrene uata kamel masa idajnem hacepid tapad aynitnan gnay

.nakhutubid taas

14

.4.4 700BBL aglaorkiM sativitkudorP

amaleS irah 03 isavitluk asam ukalid assamoib tobob nagnutihrep nak paites

ilakes irah 2 aglaorkim kifiseps nahubmutrep ujal iuhatekid tapad ini atad irad ,

gnisam adap 700BBL - isavitluk aidem gnisam s nahubmutrep ujaL . aguj kifisep

aidem audek adap 700BBL aglaorkim assamoib sativitkudorp nakkujnunem tapad

.isavitluk T leba 5 kifiseps nahubmutrep ujal nakkujnunem 700BBL aglaorkim

adap isavitluk id gnay .aynnegortin isartnesnok isakifidomid gnay aidem

T mutrep ujaL .5 leba 700BBL aglaorkim kifiseps nahub L( 6 naripma )

FA aidem adap aglaorkim nahubmutrep ujaL - 6 negortin isartnesnok nagned

71,2 raseb hibel Mm 1,0 inkay 978 nahubmutrep ujal nakgnades ,irah/L/g

FA aidem adap aglaorkim - 434,0 isartnesnok nagned 6 Mm 1,0 rasebes 522

irah/L/g isartnesnok gnay aidem adap aglaorkim awhab isakidnignem ini lah ,

iggnit hibel aynnegortin ikilimem gnay assamoib iskudorp ujal tapec hibel

m adap aglaorkim nagned nakgnidnabid ynnegortin isartnesnok gnay aide hibel a

hadner ragnepmem naka negortin isartnesnok natakgnineP . ihu nahubmutrep ujal

assamoib isartnesnok nad magiN nakukalid gnay itrepes , la te ,. gnay )1102(

ONK isartnesnok isairav nakanuggnem 3 ayniggnit awhab naktubeynem

assamoib isartnesnok natakgninep gnukudnem negortin isartnesnok . ini laH

sulkis malad gnitnep naigab utas halas nakapurem negortin nakanerakid

in anamid ,aglaorkim les nahalebmep sesorp malad nakhutubid negort

.les nahalebmep malad narepreb gnay mizne uata nietorp nakkutnebmep

FA aideM adap negortiN isartnesnoK -6 )µ( kifisepS nahubmutreP ujaL

(gL-1 irah -1)

Mm 434,0 5221,0

71,2 Mm 1,0 978

24

sativitkudorp adap huragnepreb naka kifiseps nahubmutrep ujal aynraseB

dipil ipil sativitkudorp aynraseb ini tukireB .naklisahid gnay adap d rutluk audek

FA aidem adap isavitlukid gnay - isakifidomret 6 naamasrep irad naktapadid gnay

3 L( 7 naripma ):

31 rabmaG p atareR . 700BBL aglaorkim dipil sativitkudor

adaP G rabma 31 dipil sativitkudorp awhab nakkujnutid FA aidem adap - 6

negortin isartnesnok nagned 71,2 Mm ,irah/L/gm 579,64 rasebes raseb hibel

adap dipil sativitkudorp nagned nakgnidnabid FA aidem - 434,0 negortin nagned 6

Mm irah/L/gm 526,03 rasebes . laH awhab nakkujnunem ini adareb gnay rutluk

( negortin iggnit isartnesnok nagned aidem adap ylppus hgih fitkudorp hibel )

gnay rutluk adapirad dipil naklisahgnem malad nagned aidem adap adareb

( negortin hadner isartnesnok ylppus wol .)

ujal helo ihuragnepid tagnas 700BBL aglaorkim dipil sativitkudorP

k irad dipil isalumuka esatnesrep nad kifiseps nahubmutrep gnisam adap rutlu -

isalumuka idajret kadit isavitluk asam amales aneraK .isavitluk aidem gnisam

dipil nagnudnak esatnesrep akam isavitluk aidem audek adap nakifingis gnay dipil

02 narasik adap adareb utiay patet paggnaid - %03 ujal naktapadid nad

nahubmutrep iggnit isartnesnok nagned aidem adap adareb gnay rutluk kifiseps

579,64

526,03

0 01 02 03 04 05

Mm 71,2 N 6-FA

Mm 434,0 N 6-FA

)irah/L/gm( dipiL sativitkudorP

34

( negortin ylppus hgih aidem adap adareb gnay rutluk adapirad iggnit hibel )

( negortin hadner isartnesnok nagned ylppus wol ) naktapadid aggniheS .

FA aidem adap rutluk dipil sativitkudorp - gned 6 isartnesnok na iggnit negortin

aidem adap rutluk dipil sativitkudorp nagned nakgnidnabid raseb hibel Mm 71,2

FA - .Mm 434,0 negortin isartnesnok nagned 6

ayntujnales iggnitret gnay sativitkudorp kutnU malad nauca idajnem

rP .dipil iskudorp dipil iskudo kukalid retil 5 alaks adap na )41 rabmaG( adap ,

FA aidem - nagned 6 71,2 negortin isartnesnok jnales nad Mm rutluk ayntu

amales isavitlukid natsnok gnay uhus nad ayahac nagnukgnil isidnok adap .

esaf ikusamem halet rutluk taas adap nakukalid assamoib nanenameP .renoitats

41 rabmaG nahabureP . iskudorp asam amales rutluk anraw H , - A( 0 H ,) - ( 5 B ,)

H- 72 C( )

G adaP 41 rabma 5 alaks gnubat adap rutluk anraw nahaburep nakkujnutid

iskudorp aidem adap hubmut rutluk awhab nakkujnunem ini lah ,retil 5 rutluk retil

hubmut tapad 700BBL aglaorkim sam rihka aggnih ayntujnaleS .isavitluk a

ukalid artske nak )1:1( lonatem:mroforolk turalep nagned dipil isk nad isakifirup

nagned nakukalid rotaropave yrator pil kartske naktapadid aggnih , nad takep di

id ayntujnales ukal .isakifiretsesnart nak

A B C

44

00.01 00.11 00.21 00.31 00.41 00.51 00.61 00.71

000005

0000001

0000051

0000002

0000052

0000003

0000053

>--emiT

ecnadnubA

sm.atad\D.EMAF :CIT

.5.4 K isasiretkara lyhteM dicA yttaF tsE re )EMAF(

K isasiretkara awaynes EMAF iskaer lisah irad kutnebret gnay

isakifiretsesnart nakanuggnem nagned 700BBL aglaorkim kaynim saG

retemotohportcepS ssaM yhpargotamorhC ( )SMCG G adap nakkujnutid 51 rabma .

51 rabmaG lisaH . isasiretkarak EMAF nagned SMCG

awaynes akam tubesret margotamork nakrasadreB EMAF )6 lebaT( gnay

ret kukalid haletes kutneb isakifiretsesnart iskaer na aglaorkim kaynim 700BBL

: tukireb iagabes halada

6 lebaT . awayneS EMAF isakifiretsesnart lisah kutnebret gnay

P kae aerA % Rt awayneS amaN %napirimeK

1 05,0 761,11 liteM taonakedartet )0:51C( 59 2 53,6 064,21 liteM 01,7 - taonekedaskeh )2:61C( 99 3 43,01 315,21 liteM 31,01,7 - akedaskeh eirt taon )3:61C( 89 4 31,31 136,21 liteM h ke akedas taon )0:61C( 99 5 54,51 150,41 liteM 21,9 - taonekedatko )2:81C( 99 6 51 ,81 621,41 liteM 51,21,9 - akedatko eirt taon )3:81C( 99 7 35,1 342,41 liteM o taonakedatk )0:81C( 59 8 90,2 817,51 liteM 41,11,8,5 - taonartetasocie )4:02C( 79 9 85,9 882,71 2( siB - )liskeh lite e rets h aske n ida tao 22C( )0: 99

1

2

3

4 5

6

7 8

9

54

T iraD 6 leba awhab iuhatekid awaynes EMAF tapad nad kutnebret gnay

SMCG helo isketedret tapadreT . amatu kacnup 4 G( 51 rabma ) nanimod gnay

utiay litem 51,21,9 - akedatko eirt ,)%51,81( taon litem 21,9 - ,)%54,51( taonekedatko

litem askeh nad )%31,31( taonaked litem 31,01,7 - akedaskeh eirt .)%43,01( taon

51,21,9 masa awaynes isakifiretsesnart lisah nakapurem tubesret awayneS -

aoneirtakedatko 21,9 masa ,)3:81C( t - taonakedaskeh masa ,)2:81C( taonekedatko

31,01,7 masa nad )0:61C( - .)3:61C( taoneirtakedaskeh

B nakrasadre L( SM atad 01 naripma ) kutnu 51,21,9 masa - taoneirtakedatko

)3:81C( isneter utkaw adap lucnum ,621.41 21,9 masa - taonekedatko )2:81C(

isneter utkaw adap lucnum .41 150 taonakedaskeh masa , )0:61C( adap lucnum

1 isneter utkaw gnay 136.2 aynagitek p ikilimem %99 rasebes napirimek esatnesre

kutnu nad 31,01,7 masa - taoneirtakedaskeh )3:61C( isneter utkaw adap lucnum

ikilimem nad 315.21 89 rasebes napirimek esatnesrep .% napirimek esatnesreP

awhab nakkujnunem isatnemgarf litem awaynes malad gnudnakret gnay awaynes

isakifiretsesnart lisah retse aglaorkim dipil tapadret gnay awaynes nagned kitnedi

malad yrarbiL yelliW .11N 9 ujnunem 61 rabmaG tapmeek lukelom rutkurts nak

kamel masa ret gnay .700BBL aglaorkim dipil adap tapad

rutkurtS .61 rabmaG m lukelo kamel masa m 700BBL aglaorki

64

masa halada aynaratnaid aglaorkim adap tapadret mumu gnay kamel masA

,)1:81C( taonekedatko masa ,)0:81C( taonakedatko masa ,)0:61C( taonakedaskeh

,ehtonK( )3:81C( taoneirtakedatko masa nad )2:81C( taoneidakedatko masa

.)9002 uhaS nakukalid gnay idutS la te ,. 21 irad awhab nakkujnunem )3102(

adebreb gnay kamel masa liforp ikilimem aglaorkim seiseps - nagned utas adeb

.nial gnay kamel masa helo isanimodid aglaorkim adap kamel masa nagnudnaK

eeL( 2:81C nad 1:81C ,0:81C ,0:61C ,.la te ,)0102 dica cioneatnepasocie ,APE(

nad )5:02C xehasocod dica ciona adap tapadret )6:22C ,AHD( .ps allerolhC uhaS(

,.la te 3102 aicraG & vocteP ; .)7002 ,

kutnu kiab gnay ukab nahab halas iagabes nakropalid halet aglaorkiM

iskudorp leseidoib gnay kamel masa nad dipil nagnudnak aneraK . adap isairavreb

aorkim seiseps aparebeb ukalid ulrep uti kutnu ,agl gnay aglaorkim gninirks nak

knehcS turuneM .nakurabret rakab nahab rebmus iagabes raseb isnetopreb la te ,.

kamel masa isisopmok ikilimem kiab gnay satilauk nagned leseidoib )8002(

81C ,1:61C .1:4:5 oitar nagned 0:41C nad 1: shtffirG nakukalid gnay idutS la te ,.

iauses gnay dipil liforp helorepmem kutnu awhab naktubeynem )2102 ,9002(

dipil narupmacnep nakhutubid leseidoib iskudorp kutnu aporE radnatS nagned

.aglaorkim seiseps aparebeb irad

lauK nad hunej kamel masa oitar aynraseb helo nakutnetid leseidoib sati

hunej kat kamel masa ( stivokadaR ,.la te .)0102 iggnitret kamel masa nagnudnaK

51,21,9 hunej kat kamel masa halada 700BBL aglaorkim dipil malad -

ENU( leseidoib kutnu aporE radnatS ,%51,81 rasebes )3:81C( taoneirtakedatko -

iatnar hunej kamel masa nad 3:81C irad nagnudnak isatabmem )3002 ,41241 NE

( gnajnap gnisam )pakgnar nataki 4 ≥ - .%1 nad %21 rasebes gnisam uti nialeS

74

hunej kat kamel masa alup tapadret 21,9 masa - )2:81C( taonekedatko nad masa

31,01,7 - taoneirtakedaskeh esatnesrep natakgninem naka aynutnet gnay )3:61C(

yniggniT .hunej kat kamel masa nagnudnak kamel masa nagnudnak esatnesrep a

itrepes leseidoib rakab nahab kitsiretkarak adap huragnepreb naka hunej kat

rebmuN enateC ,)NC( tnioP gniggulP retliF dloC nad satisoksiv ,)PPFC(

isadisko satilibats naoD( ,.la te .)1102

gnay hunej kat kamel masa nagnudnak ikilimem 700BBL aglaorkim dipiL

.iggnit pukuc hunej kat kamel masa nagnudnak ayniggniT taubmem naka

.libats kadit leseidoib isadarged nagned naktiakid aynasaib leseidoib satilibatS

sko satilibats( fitadisko i darged ,)isad asam amales idajret fitadisko isa

nad ayahac ,sanap ,aradu nagned )iskaer( katnok aynada nagned nanapmiynep

.nadiskoorp masa isadisko aynidajret napahat nakkujnutid 71 rabmag adaP

.kamel

otua emsinakeM .71 rabmaG - sa isadisko tanelonil ma bokaaY( te ,.la )4102

84

masa awaynes adap pakgnar nataki awhab nakkujnunem 71 rabmaG adaP

orp( rotadisko aynada anerak isadiskoret kamel - kutnebmem naka gnay )nadisko

nagned iskaereb naka lakidar awaynes naklibatsnem kutnU .lakidar awaynes

O( aradu 2 awaynes aynkutnebreT .adiskorep awaynes kutnebmem naka nad )

aimik akisif tafis nad satilauk adap huragnepreb naka utnet ini adiskorep

)kamel masa( pakgnar nataki awaynes utaus naupmamek aynraseB .leseidoib

adebreb isadisko napahat imalagnem kutnu - eP .adeb isadisko natapecek natakgnin

araces idajret kadit kamel masa adap pakgnar nataki halmuj natakgninep nagned

.isadiskoret tapad awaynes utaus natapecek iskiderpid tapad kadit aggnihes ,raenil

( )5002 ,ehtonK ;5002 ,nnuD

unej kat kamel masa nagnudnak ayniggniT 700BBL aglaorkim dipil adap h

tapad akam ,iggnit aynisadisko takgnit awhab iskiderpid l awhab nakatakid dipi

700BBL aglaorkim irad gnaruk paggnaid kiab iagabes nakisakilpaid akij rebmus

aisenodnI id leseidoib rakab nahab isidnok adaP . ylppus hgih m negortin aglaorki

.hunej kat kamel masa iskudorp naktakgninem gnurednec 700BBL araceS ,mumu

aidem itrepes( nagnukgnil isidnok helo ihuragnepid kamel masa isisopmok

oH( aglaorkim sinej paites igoloisif ,)rutluk ,.la te heY ; 2102 ,.la te nad )2102

.aglaorkim irad dipil iskartske sesorp

L dipi iagabes nakisakilpaid tapad ini 700BBL aglaorkim lio elbide anamid ,

nad hubut sigoloib isgnuf malad gnitnep narep ikilimem hunej kat kamel masa

fitisop kefereb .tikaynep sinej aparebeb adap io elbidE l gnay kamel sinej halada

nanakam nahab narupmac iagabes nagned kiab ,aisunam helo ismusnokid tapad

.nanakam nahab gneroggnem kutnu aidem iagabes nupuata nial lio elbidE gnay

id kiab O gnudnagnem gnay utiay ismusnok agem -3 agemO nad - agemO anamid ,6 -

94

irad iridret 3 dica cionatnepasocie ,)APE( dica cionaxehasocod nad )AHD( ahpla -

dica cinelonil agemO nakgnades )ALA( - irad iridret 6 dica cielonil adaP .)AL(

tapadret 700BBL aglaorkim dipil dica cielonil nad )2:81C( ahpla - dica cinelonil

)3:81C( .

05

V BAB

NARAS NAD NALUPMIS

.1.5 S nalupmi

S : halada ini naitilenep irad naktapadid gnay nalupmi

.1 S ialpu negortin hadner (l wo s lppu )y iggnit negortin ialpus nad (h hgi

s pu lp )y atayn adebreb trep adap ,700BBL aglaorkim talosi nahubmu

DO( les nataparek ialin natakgninep adap nad naruku ,)086

numan ,les isisopmok nagnudnak isalumuka adap huragnepreb kadit

700BBL aglaorkim dipil irah 03 isavitluk asam amales .

.2 reb 700BBL aglaorkim dipil isalumukA 02 narasik adap ada - %03

isidnok adap l wo s pu lp y nad h hgi s pu lp y utkaw nagned ,negortin

02 aratna isavitluk mumitpo - .irah 72

.3 kamel masa isisopmoK adap rpid gnay leseidoib dipil irad iskudo

0BBL aglaorkim 70 3:61C ,)%54,51( 2:81C ,)%51,81( 3:81C utiay

.)%31,31( 0:61C nad ,)%43,01(

.4 700BBL aglaorkim dipiL isidnok adap ylppus hgih negortin

uti kutnu ,)%06±( hunej kat kamel masa helo isanimodid dipil

iagabes nakisakilpaid kiab hibel 700BBL aglaorkim lio elbide

adapirad abes .lesidoib rakab nahab rebmus iag

.2.5 naraS

naitilenep lisah nakrasadreB nakukalid gnay kutnu naras tapadret ,

nagnabmegnep kaynab hibel gnay isamrofni habmanem nad nauhategnep

utiay ,tiakret gnay naitilenep ianegnem :

15

.1 aynkiabes nagnukgnil isidnoK isavitluk taas nakitahrepid hibel

nial nad isarea ,ayahac satisnetni ,Hp ,uhus itrepes aglaorkim - .nial

.2 nad nietorp ,tardihobrak nagnudnak narukugnep nakukalid ulreP

.liforolk

.3 aidem isamitpo naujut nagned natujnal naitilenep nakukalid ulreP

gnay nial nenopmok nakisairavmem nagned aglaorkim isavitluk

FA aidem adap gnudnakret - .6

.4 aglaorkim isnetop gnatnet natujnal naitilenep nakukalid ulreP

taubmep ukab nahab rebmus iagabes 700BBL na lio elbide .

25

AKATSUP RATFAD

gnidnatsrednU .3102 .B ecurB ,S ecnaL ,W darB ,G eirelaV ,.sitruC ,smadA

S negortiN noisicerP & htworG ehT ezimitpO ot ssert tnetnoC dipiL .eaglaorciM neerG ffoedarT iB : 131 ygolonhceT ecruosero 881 - .491

namanaT nataafnameP .2102 .irjaF dammahuM ,.onrawuS ,irdneH ,.miharbI ,ilA

leseidoiB nataubmeP ukaB nahaB fitanretlA iagabeS ragaP karaJ & ( narupmaC namanatreP erutlucyloP irasgnapmuT edoteM nakanuggneM )

( gnipporcretnI ) . .atrakaJ .alisacnaP satisrevinU

,.F aidaN ,nimA ,.hallafalahK ,A demahoM A demahoM , ,A halaS ,.ilA uobA - ,aredS & ,A miharbI rettaM . no secruoS negortiN emoS fo tceffE .3102

eaglaorciM fo dipiL & htworG ps allerolhC . .noitcudorP leseidoiB roF lanruoJ 5484 :)8(9 ,hcraeseR secneicS deilppA fo - .5584

zeravlA olbaP ,.R suseJ ,.ryahuoZ ,bibrA - odirraG nemraC ,.zaiD - .A esoJ ,.zereP

roF seicepS eaglaorciM tnereffiD fo ytilibapaC .4102 .selarePyraitreT retawetsaW : sessecorP noitaidemerotyhP OC ,tnemtaerT 2 oib -

noitaxif & .noitcudorP sleufoiB tsoC woL 94 hcraeseR retaW . 564 - .474

gnaY raloS itnaggneP fitanretlA igrenE rebmuS leseidoiB .6002 .gnabmaB : ayabaruS .ragaP karaJ kayniM iskartskE iraD taubreT .anarasirgA suburT

.9591 .JW reyD ,GE hgilB m dipar A dna noitcartxe dipil latot fo dohte

.noitacifirup ygoloisyhP yrtsimehcoiB lanruoJ naC 119:73 – 719

ni msilobatem yramirp fo sisylana ecnalab xulF .9002 ,.A.J ,nagroM ,.R.N ,elyoB .iitdrahnier sanomodymalhC loiB .tsyS CMB ygo .4 ,3 .

.E.J ,ydarB , & .E .G elpicnirP yrtsimehC lareneG .6891 .notsimuH & .erutcurtS

yelliW nhoJ & .cnI ,snoS

,.C ,tuwattaN ,.A ,irsauB & edurC morf noitcudorP leseidoiB .9002 .K aparpmiP htiw liO mlaP a sdicA yttaF eerF fo tnetnoC hgiH & .UMC .seitreporP leuF

.icS .taN .J 1( 8.loV .dnaliahT ,)

negortiN .2791 .J ,reyeM & ,.J ,norepaC - .notknalpotyhp eniram fo htworg detimilydaets htiw scitsiretcarahc noitalupop ni segnahC .1 - .etar htworg etats peeD

106 :91 .seR aeS - 816

.G ,nehC - .thgil tuohtiw sllec cihportotohp gniworG .6002 ,.F ,nehC ,.QtteL .lonhcetoiB .616e706 ,82 .

morf leseidoiB .7002 .Y ,itsihC M .eaglaorci lonhcetoiB ygo 492 :52 ,.vdA . - 03 ,6

.vdahcetoib.j/6101.01 IOD 100.20 .

35

azzassaC .A.A ,.A ,itrevnoC . zitrO .Y.E , . ogereP .P , . .9002 .ihgroB .D.M & , fo tceffE T erutarepme & N negorti C no noitartnecno T eh G htwor & L dipi

C fo tnetno ataluco sisporolconnaN & allerolhC siragluv rof B leseidoiP .noitcudor noitacifisnetnI.corP .gnE .mehC 6411 :)6(84 , - .1511

.ruflus & negortiN .0002 ,.R.S ,gnoL ,.T ,ketsueL ,.L.M ,nhaK ,.M.N ,drofwarC

,).sdE( .R ,senoJ ,.W ,messiurG ,.B ,nanahcuB :nI dna yrtsimehcoiB ,ASU ,DM ,ellivkcoR ,.loisyhP tnalP .coS .mA .stnalP fo ygoloiB raluceloM

.948e687 .pp

.A.R ,yaD , & .amiL ek isidE fitatitnauK aimiK sisilanA .6891 .doowrednU .L.A .atrakaJ ,aggnalrE

eniram fo gnineercS .1102 .P.J ,drabbO ,.B ,nahtanagolaviS ,.Y.T.T ,naoD

.kcotsdeef leseidoib rof eaglaorcim 3452 53 ygreneoiB dna ssamoiB - .4452

lyhteM fo ytilibatS evitadixO ehT no tnadixoitnA fo tceffE .5002 .O.R ,nnuD .)leseidoiB( etayoS 1701:68 lonhceT ssecorP leuF - 5801 .

1102 .hcabsniG & ,.tnavinnuD . ,yhpargotamorhC diuqiL ,yhpargotamorhC saG siserohportcelE yrallipaC - yrtemortcepS ssaM . egelloC namtihW .

latoT nagnudnaK nad satisneD .2102 .C ,gnallunaM .hisgninaidiW .H ,itawardnE

aglaorkiM dipiL sisnetalp aniluripS natakgniT adap rutlukiD gnaydoirepotoF naadebreP 42 : 1 .hcraeseR eniraM fo lanruoJ . - 82 .

.2891 .nednesseF & nednesseF .)nahamejreT( 2 diliJ agiteK isidE kinagrO aimiK

atrakaJ .aggnalrE

.7591 .SHG yelnatS ,M seeL ,J hcloF dna noitalosi eht rof dohtem elpmis A .seussit lamina morf sedipil latot fo noitacifirup lacigoloiB lanruoJ

yrtsimehC 794:622 – .905

hgiH .8002 ,.C ,egdeltaR ,.J.A ,nosrednA ,.E ,azunaG - llec - fo noitavitluc ytisneddef tatsoxuaHp/muinomma na ni .ps muirtyhcozihcS - .metsys hctab

lonhcetoiB ygo tteL . .4651e9551 ,03 .

.L ,aievuoG , & eaglaorciM .9002 arievilO .C.A a s a R wa M rof laireta B sleufoiP .noitcudor 962 :63 ,.lonhcetoiB .loiborciM .dnI .J - :IOD ,472

59201s/7001.01 - 800 - 5940 -6.

E.L ,maharG ,. ecitnerP .eaglA .2002 .xocliW .W.L & - .ASU ,llaH

rof citsiretcarahc yek a sa ytivitcudorp dipiL .9002 .S ,nosirraH ,.M ,shtiffirG gnisoohc rof seiceps lagla .noitcudorp leseidoib J deilppA fo lanruo

locyhP ygo 12 394 , – .705

45

gnilttes ,ytivitcudorP dipiL .2102 .nosirraH ,.L.T.S ,elliH nav ,.M ,shtiffirG rednu nworg seiceps laglaorcim 11 fo eliforp dica yttaf dna laitnetop

& etelper negortin .snoitidnoc detimil 1 ygolocyhP deilppA fo lanruoJ - .31

& .A.I ,anihcsuG .L.J ,doowraH .9002 tnemnorivnE eht fo tceffE dna sdipiL laglA nI .yrtsimehcoiB riehT no smetsysocE citauqA ni sdipiL ,nilreB :regnirpS ;

1 .pp ,ynamreG – .42

hapiladjuM ,.E ,ibmaH ,nanubmaT ,.S , ,.W.A ,riwittaP ,.H.A & .okordneH .R .atrakaJ ,akatsuP aideM orgA .TP .7002

isatserP latnemirepskE ijaK .8002 .yldA ,irdnevaH & rotoM gnauB saG isimE

leseidoiB rakaB nahaB narupmaC isairaV nakanuggneM leseiD rakaB ahportaJ( karaJ kayniM .raloS nagned ).L sacruc 92.oN A kinkeT lanruJ

.gnadaP ,VX.nhT 1.loV

aimikoiB nahailukreP tatkiD .8002 .ardnaS ,otnamreH - ,aimiK idutS margorP .II.atrakaJ hallutayadiH firayS NIU .igolonkeT & sniaS satlukaF

ceffE .2102 .S.J ,gnahC ,.Y.C ,nehC ,.H.S ,oH negortin & ytisnetni thgil fo t

OC no noitavrats 2 na fo noitcudorp etardyhobrac / dipil & noitaxif eaglaorcim suonegidni WNC suuqilbo sumsedenecS -N . ecruoseroiB

311 ygolonhceT : 442 - .252

.H ,uH , & htworG fo esnopseR .5002 .oaG .K & fo snoitisopmoC dicA yttaF sisporolhconnaN .ps OC detavelE rednU srotcaF latnemnorivnE ot 2

.noitartnecnoC 789 :82 ,.tteL lonhcetoiB - 92501s/7001.01:IOD .299 - 600 -6209 -6.

turaleP isairaV nagned ialedeK kayniM iskartskE isasilamitpO .6991 .I ,asI &

narukU .kubreS .atrakaygoY ,adaM hajdaG satisrevinU .siseT

,.A ,oytesnansI & notknalpotiF rutluK kinkeT .5991 .ytutsaydiW & .notknalpooZatrakaygoY ,suisinaK .

kameL igolonkeT ratnagneP .6891 .S ,nerataK & .nagnaP kayniM satisrevinU

.atrakaJ ,sserP aisenodnI

M ,eorawaK . T ,onotrarP , . A ,niddunuS , . W.D ,iraS , . .0102 .D ,enitsuguA , :aglaorkiM P isneto & P kutnu aynnataafname P iskudor B oi B naha B raka . TP

.sserP BPI tibreneP .rogoB

fo erutcurtS ehT no seitreporP leuF leseidoiB fo ecnednepeD .5002 .G ,ehtonK9501:68 lonhceT ssecorP leuF .sretsE lyklA dicA yttaF - .0701

9002 .G ,ehtonK . retse yttaf gniyfidom yb seitreporp leuf leseidoib gnivorpmInoitisopmoc . 957 ,2 .icS .norivnE ygrenE – .667

55

N ,.N.C ,atpugsaD ,.K ,ramuK .D ,saD ,.P ,dalbdniL ,.B ,kaya tnempoleveD .1102 fo S elbatiu P OC rof srotcaeroibotoh 2 S noitartseuqe A gnisserdd G labol

W gnimra U gnis G neer A eagl & C .airetcabonay ecruoseroiB ygolonhceT5494 ,201 – .3594

aisilanA .3102 .nimeS ,.hallahtaF .M ,.idhuZ ,kugA ,.idahoyirP ,oyhacnuK rakaB nahaB nemelpuS iagabeS leseidoiB ukaB nahaB isnetoP iskiderP

.aisenodnI id leseiD rotoM nkeT lanruJ ,1 .oN ,2 .loV stimoP ki 7332 :NSSI - .9353

lareves fo nosirapmoC .0102 ,.M.H ,hO ,.Y.C ,nhA ,.Y.S ,nuJ ,.C ,ooY ,.Y.J ,eeL .lonhceT .ruoseroiB .eaglaorcim morf noitcartxe dipil evitceffe rof sdohtem

575 ,101 – .775

negortin fo stceffE .8002 .QC naL ,N uW ,B gnaW ,M namsroH ,Y iL no secruoslec org l & htw agla neerg fo noitalumucca dipil snadnubaoelo sirolhcoeN .

926:4 lonhcetoiB loiborciM lppA – .636

a .R ,niklaM 0002 .K ,igoyiN dn ,messiurG ,.B .B ,nanahcuB :nI .sisehtnysotohP)0002( .sde ,.R ,senoJ dna ,.W fo ygoloiB raluceloM dna yrtsimehcoiB

stnalP . stsigoloisyhP tnalP fo yteicoS naciremA 575 .pp ,DM ,ellivkcoR , -.775

ehcraM .U.V ,leugiM ,.M .J ,it , & fo ydutS cimonocE onhceT .8002 .F.A ,uzarrE

.noitcudorP leseidoiB rof evitanretlA tnereffiD ygolonhceT gnissecorP leuF047:98 - .847

.5002 .I ,hafinuM .aimiK isatnemurtsnI kinkeT mukitkarP kujnuteP feirayS NIU

.atrakaJ ,hallutayadiH

R .P akinoM ,.ahsahbuS ,magiN ,. htworG no negortiN fo tceffE .1102 .S ilapuR & fo tnetnoC dipiL dna asodioneryp allerolhC . fo lanruoJ naciremA

ygolonhcetoiB dna yrtsimehcoiB 421 :)3( 7 - .921

ruN , A ,. isirtuN .4002 .nifirA .Z & & F isalumro P naka I nemetrapeD .nak natualeK & ,uayaP riA ayadiduB nagnabmegneP raseB ialaB ,nanakireP

.arapeJ

oB leahciM ,.nhurB ettennA ,.retsolK aliaL ,.izaR zanheB ,iealokijraP thgiL fo tceffE .3102 .nesnetsirhC .V dunK ,.étterF .C reivaX ,.nessumsaR tnemgiP dna noitcudorP ssamoiB eht no ytilibaliavA negortiN dna ytilauQ

fo tnetnoC airamlaP atamlap )atyhpodohR( . gnireenignE lacimehC.2612331TEC/3033.01 :IOD .23 .loV snoitcasnarT

zereP - ,aicraG O ,. .etnalacsE ,EMF , ,EL ed - nahsaB ,. ,Y .1102 .nahsaB

.tcudorp laitnetop & msilobateM :eaglaorcim fo serutluc cihportoreteH .54 hcraeser retaW II - :IOD .63 .730.80.0102.sertaw.j/6101.01

65

& G ,vokteP .ps allerolhC agla neerg eht fo sdica yttaf era hcihW .7002 .G ,aicraGlocE .tsyS .mehcoiB 182 ,53 . – .582

liforolK nemgiP isnetoP idutS .3002 .D ,igoyanarP & aglaorkiM irad dionetoraK

sineJ .eaecyhporolhC gnupmaL ,gnupmaL satisrevinU .naitileneP naropaL .

nerooV .G ,.J ,tsovurP . ciuoG .B , . noissoM .A , & citametsyS .1102 .dnargeL.JI fo noitagitsevn B ssamoi & L dipi P yb ytivitcudor M ni eaglaorciP rof srotcaeroibotoh B leseidoi A .noitacilpp ecruoseroiB :201 ,.lonhceT

051 - 351.60.0102.hcetroib.j/6101.01 :IOD .851 .

citeneG .0102 .C.M ,ztiwesoP ,.A ,snizraD ,.E.R ,nosrekniJ ,.R ,stivokadaRnoitcudorp leufoib decnahne rof eagla fo gnireenigne 9 lleC citoyrakuE .

684 - .105

tawaR , I. htijnaR , , R ramuK . , T adnatuM . lauD .1102 .F xuB , R fo elo M :eaglaorciP fo noitaidemerocyh D citsemo W retawetsa & B ssamoi P rof noitcudorS elbaniatsu B sleufoi P .noitcudor ygrenE lppA ; 1143:88 – .42

0102 .H ,ijamatsuR . nagned ragaP karaJ kayniM isakifiretsesnarT iskaeR akiteniK

aK isataflusreT ainokriZ rotasilat . .MGU anajrasacsaP siseT

trealyuM ,.E ,hcsobekcyR , trebuoF ,.K , I .1102 . lacitylanA na fo noitazimitpO .eaglaorciM morf sdipiL fo noitcartxE rof erudecorP liO naciremA lanruoJ

64711s/7001.01 IOD .coS mehC - 110 - 3091 - .z

,.S ,ayrahcattahB ,.S ,raditaP ,.T ,hsohG ,.C ,lawilaP ,.D ,niaJ ,.I ,ahcnaP ,.A uhaS .eaglaorciM fo srekramoiB sa dicA yttaF .3102 .S arhsiM & yrtsimehcotyhP

98 35 . - .85

yrd dna tew no desab epyt llafniaR .1591 .nosugreF .A.H.J dna ,.H.F ,tdimhcS nairetnemeK .aeniruG weN nretseW htiw aisenodnI rof oitar doirep

atrakaJ .akisifoeG nad igoloroeteM natawaJ .nagnubuhreP

ehT .6002 .T ,zluhcS E fo cimonoc M eaglaorci P noitcudor & P otni gnissecorB leufoi . erutlucirgA fo tnemtrapeD metsyS gnimraF & .dooF oG tnemnrev

.ailartsuA nretseW fo

,.A ,retsroH ,.B ,reyemekierK ,.G ,reyemlheS & sisylanA .5002 .A ,iksleibdoP foT eh G htwor T detaicossA esahP fo emotpircsnar tnI .senegoyp succocotpertS

161 :592 loiborciM deM J - .771

samohT ,.M.P ,knehcS - ,.R.S ,llaH ,.H.J ,gungssuM ,.C.U ,xraM ,.E ,snehpetS : sleufoib noitareneg dnoceS .8002 .B ,remaknaH ,.O ,esurK ,.C ,netsoP

hgih - ycneiciffe .noitcudorp leseidoib rof 02 ,1 .seR .greneoiB - .34

75

laglaorciM ni lortnoC Hp gniveihcA .3102 .R.W ,sitruC ,.L.M ,zlohrehcS erutluCdeF hguorhT - yllacirtemoihciotS fo noitiddA hctaB - htworG decnalaB

.93:31 ygoloncetoiB CMB .aideM

.S gniQ ,.H nauY ,.B gnaY ,.Q uhS & morf leseidoiB fo sisetnyS .6002 .G uhZ liO naebyoS & aL htiw deifidoM ateB etiloeZ yb dezylataC lonateM +3 .

9512:)21(8 ,noitacinummoC sisylataC - .5612

11 soP awaJ igaP nairaH ,naklamitpoiD MBB nahalogneP gnaliK .5002 .osoruS .5002 teraM

ENU - rof )EMAF( sretse lyhtem dica yttaF.sleuf evitomotuA .3002 .41241 NE

.sdohteM tseT & stnemeriuqeR .senigne leseid

no seicneicifed negortin fo stceffe ehT .1102 .nasköG & coK .K ,kisI .O ,.L ,ulsU fo stnetnoc nietorp & dipil eht sisnetalp aniluripS . fo lanruoJ nacirfA

683 ,)3(01 .ygolonhcetoiB - .983

.smsinagroorciM ni sloretS .3002 .K.J ,namkloV loiborciM .lppA lonhcetoiB :06 ,.594 - .605

sliO dooF .3891 .J ,ssieW & gnihsilbuP ivA ,noitidE dnoceS .sesU riehT

,ynapmoC .tucitcennoC ,traPtseW .cnI

dipiL .9002 .A ajajdiW P morf noitcudor M a sa eaglaorci P gnisimor C rof etadidnaB leseidoi P .noitcudor arakaM J - igolonkeT 74:)1(31 - .15

huragneP .1102 .R.V ,inairI .E ,itaiduY .H ,itawardnE .H ,onteR .hisgninaidiW

nagnarugneP tafsoF tneirtun isartnesnoK & nagnudnaK padahreT tartiN .ataluco sisporolhconnaN latoT dipiL 42 :61 .natualeK umlI - 92 .

,.J ,duavaL ,.J ,ehcoRaL ,.T ,bokaJ ,.R ,ssoG ,.J ,nhasiF ,.C ,lehcüB ,.C ,mlehliW ehT .6002 .G.P ,htorK ,.K ,nitnelaV ,.K ,tsefhetS ,.U ,llesebeiR ,.M ,rhoL yltnacifingis si smotaid ni noitalimissa tneirtun dna nobrac fo noitaluger

la neerg morf tnereffid .eag 751 tsitorP .421e19 ,

nagnaP aimiK .1991 .G.F ,onraniW & iziG . ,amatU akatsuP aidemarG .TP .atrakaJ

.C ,gnaseeY & fo tceffE .1102 .plisriehC .B N ,negorti S ,tla & I nor C ni tnetno T eh

G htwor M muide & L thgi I no ytisnetn L dipi P yb noitcudor M eaglaorciI morf detalos F retawhser S .dnaliahT ni secruo :201 ,.lonhceT ecruoseroiB

4303 - .310.01.0102.hcetroib.i/6101.01 :IOD .0403

aidem & snoitidnoc noitavitluc fo tceffE .2102 .S.J ,gnahC ,.L.K ,heY& htworg llec no noitisopmoc eaglaorim suonegidni fo ytivitcudorp dipil

PSE siragluv allerolhC - 13 . 501 ygolonhceT ecruoseroiB 021 : - 721

85

ariM ,.F ,inailuY , P. ,.R .aedisrO , & silataK huragneP .8002 .halleomihcaR .MH( masA 2 OS 4 ) & teraK ijiB kayniM isakifiretsE iskaeR adap iskaeR uhuS

.leseidoiB idajnem )sisneilisarb aeveH( .loV ,lanruoJ gnirenignE lacimehC.ayabaruS ,1.oN 3

A .4102 .P.M ,rabkA ,.K.S ,innU ,.libmarapakkidaP ,.N.B ,nanayaraN ,.Y ,bokaaZ elbaniatsuS dna elbaweneR .leseidoiB fo ytilibatS noitadixO ehT no weiveR

eR ygrenE 631 : 53 weiv - 351

95

700BBL aglaorkiM hubmuT aideM isisopmoK .1 naripmaL

aideM .7 lebaT 6FA radnats )sedauqa lm 001 malad(

nenopmoK halmuJ

ONaN( tartin muirtaN 3) gm 41

HN( tartin muinommA 4 ON 3) gm 2,2

OSgM( taflus muisengaM 4) gm 3

K( tafsof negordih muissatoP 2 OPH 4) gm 5,0

HK( tafsof negordihid muissatoP 2 OP 4) gm 1

lCaC( tardihid adirolk muislaK 2 H2. 2 )O gm 1

OCaC( tanobrak muislaK 3) gm 1

C( tartiS iseB 6H5 OeF 7) gm 2,0

C( tartiS masA 6H8O7) gm 2,0

VIP lateM lm 1

lebaT 8 6FA aideM isisopmoK . T )sedauqa lm 001 malad( isakifidomre

nenopmoK halmuJ

S woL ylppu S hgiH ylppu

ONaN( tartin muirtaN 3) gm 733,61 gm 586,18

OSgM( taflus muisengaM 4) gm 3

K( tafsof negordih muissatoP 2 OPH 4) gm 5,0

muissatoP HK( tafsof negordihid 2 OP 4) gm 1

lCaC( tardihid adirolk muislaK 2 H2. 2 )O gm 1

OCaC( tanobrak muislaK 3) gm 1

C( tartiS iseB 6H5 OeF 7) gm 2,0

C( tartiS masA 6H8O7) gm 2,0

lateM VIP lm 1

06

9 lebaT )sedauqa lm 05 malad( lateM VIP isisopmoK .

nenopmoK halmuJ

iseB lCeF( tardihaskeh adirolk )III( 3 H6. 2 )O 4, 9 mg

lCnM( tardihartet adirolk )II( nagnaM 2 H4. 2 )O 0, 9 mg

OSnZ( tardihatpeh taflus kniZ 4 H7. 2 )O 0, 55 mg

lCoC( tardihaskeh adirolk )II( tlaboK 2 H6. 2 )O 0, 1 mg

OoMaN( tardihid tadbilom muidosiD 4 H2. 2 )O 0, 1 mg

aN( tardihid ATDE muidosiD 2 H2.ATDE 2 )O 52 mg

16

2 naripmaL . naitileneP isatnemukoD

81 rabmaG . P isavitluk asam amales rutluk anraw satisnetni natakgnine

91 rabmaG . isarea nairebmeP & rutluk adap upmal ayahac

26

02 rabmaG . )1:1( lonatem:mroforolk turalep nagned dipil iskartskE

12 rabmaG . retil 5 alaks rutluk nanenamep nad iskudorP

22 rabmaG . t lisaH isakifiretsesnar

36

naripmaL 3 aD . nahubmutreP avruK natamagneP at

FA aideM adaP rutluK )DO( leS natapareK .01 lebaT - N 6 Mm 434,0

iraH nagnalU DO ataR - atar DO iraH nagnalU DO ataR - atar

DO

0 1 501,0

501,0 51 1 523,2

823,2 2 0 501,

2 033,2

1 1 921,0

031,0 61 1 585,2

095,2 2 0 131,

2 595,2

2 1 012,0

012,0 71 1 539,2

808,2 2 0 012,

2 086,2

3 1 523,0

623,0 81 1 570,3

540,3 2 723,0

2 510,3

4 1 493,0

893,0 91 1 575,3

543,3 2 104,0

2 511,3

5 1 444,0

644,0 02 1 030,3

583,3 2 844,0

2 047,3

6 1 407,0

507,0 12 1 002,3

003,3 2 607,0

2 004,3

7 1 858,0

648,0 22 1 590,3

383,3 2 0 338,

2 076,3

8 1 641,1

241,1 32 1 511,3

034,3 2 1 731,

2 547,3

9 1 662,1

962,1 42 1 041,3

864,3 2 1 272,

2 597,3

01 1 164,1

554,1 52 1 511,3

544,3 2 1 944,

2 577,3

11 1 446,1

736,1 62 1 080,3

514,3 2 926,1

2 057,3

21 1 908,1

308,1 72 1 590,3

815,3 2 797,1

2 049,3

31 1 599,1

689,1 03 1 513,3 556,3

2 779,1

2 599,3

41 1 151,2

841,2 2 541,2

46

FA aideM adaP rutluK )DO( leS natapareK .11 lebaT - Mm 71,2 N 6

iraH nagnalU DO ataR - atar DO iraH nagnalU DO ataR - atar

DO

0 1 801,0

801,0 51 1 520,2

810,2 2 801,0

2 010,2

1 1 211,0

211,0 61 1 071,2

861,2 2 211,0

2 561,2

2 1 841,0

841,0 71 1 083,2

373,2 2 841,0

2 563,2

3 1 132,0

132,0 81 1 065,2

075,2 2 032,0

2 085,2

4 1 092,0

592,0 91 1 517,2

537,2 2 003,0

2 557,2

5 1 023,0

143,0 02 1 000,3

020,3 2 163,0

2 040,3

6 1 205,0

115,0 12 1 571,3

540,3 2 025,0

2 519,2

7 1 035,0

265,0 22 1 020,3

049,2 2 395,0

2 068,2

8 1 597,0

197,0 32 1 561,3

840,3 2 687,0

2 039,2

9 1 941,1

341,1 42 1 585,2

819,2 2 731,1

2 052,3

01 1 323,1

223,1 52 1 532,3

899,2 2 023,1

2 067,2

11 1 074,1

574,1 62 1 543,3

511,3 2 974,1

2 588,2

21 1 416,1

626,1 72 1 045,3

001,3 2 836,1

2 066,2

31 1 638,1

448,1 03 1 19,2 868,2

2 158,1

2 528,2

41 1 719,1

619,1 2 419,1

56

naripmaL 4 ataD . natamagneP assamoiB toboB

assamoiB .21 lebaT FA aideM adaP rutluK - Mm 434,0 N 6

iraHeK - nagnalU

toboBassamoiB ataR - assamoiB toboB atar

)Lm 001/gm( )Lm 001/gm(

1 1 8,8

3,9 2 8,9

3 1 7,41

7,41 2 7,41

5 1 6,71

4,61 2 1,51

7 1 6,32

3,52 2 9,62

9 1 2,32

6,62 2 9,92

11 1 6,24

9,73 2 2,33

31 1 2,55

1,45 2 9,25

51 1 0,56

1,85 2 1,15

71 1 6,74

2,44 2 7,04

91 1 7,64

4,55 2 0,46

12 1 6,94

6,84 2 6,74

32 1 0,36

1,46 2 2,56

52 1 2,25

5,15 2 7,05

72 1 5,16

7,86 2 8,57

92 1 8,611

6,821 2 4,041

66

.31 lebaT assamoiB FA aideM adaP rutluK - N 6 71,2 Mm

iraHeK - nagnalU

assamoiB toboB ataR - assamoiB toboB atar )Lm 001/gm( )Lm 001/gm(

1 1 8,4

4,5 2 9,5

3 1 0,11

7,11 2 4,21

5 1 5,31

8,31 2 0,41

7 1 3,61

9,71 2 5,91

9 1 2,82

5,43 2 7,04

11 1 3,43

8,93 2 2,54

31 1 8,73

6,24 2 3,74

51 1 7,35

1,65 2 4,85

71 1 1,74

3,25 2 5,75

91 1 1,17

9,18 2 7,29

12 1 2,85

4,95 2 5,06

32 1 0,27

7,47 2 3,77

52 1 4,18

3,97 2 1,77

72 1 2,65

0,85 2 8,95

92 1 2,001

4,79 2 5,49

76

naripmaL 5 ataD . natamagneP dipiL toboB

.41 lebaT dipiL FA aideM adaP rutluK - Mm 434,0 N 6

eK iraH - nagnalU dipiL toboB ataR - atar dipiL toboB

)Lm 001/gm( )Lm 001/gm(

1 1 9,2

8,2 2 7,2

3 1 5,4

4,4 2 3,4

5 1 8,4

8,4 2 8,4

7 1 7,7

1,7 2 5,6

9 1 9,6

6,6 2 3,6

11 1 7,31

2,31 2 7,21

31 1 0,91

1,12 2 1,32

51 1 8,51

7,81 2 6,12

71 1 1,51

8,51 2 4,61

91 1 2,81

4,61 2 5,41

12 1 8,61

7,61 2 6,61

32 1 6,22

9,22 2 2,32

52 1 4,12

8,91 2 2,81

72 1 4,23

8,72 2 2,32

92 1 6,43

2,13 2 8,72

86

51 lebaT . dipiL FA aideM adaP rutluK - N 6 71,2 Mm

eK iraH - nagnalU dipiL toboB ataR - toboB atar dipiL

)Lm 001/gm( )Lm 001/gm(

1 1 1,1

7,1 2 3,2

3 1 5,2

5,3 2 5,4

5 1 1,4

1,4 2 1,4

7 1 3,5

7,4 2 1,4

9 1 6,7

8,7 2 0,8

11 1 1,01

4,01 2 7,01

31 1 4,31

3,61 2 2,91

51 1 1,02

5,32 2 9,62

71 1 8,42

7,02 2 6,61

91 1 1,32

5,22 2 9,12

12 1 4,81

4,81 2 4,81

32 1 2,02

9,12 2 6,32

52 1 0,02

5,02 2 0,12

72 1 0,12

3,22 2 6,32

92 1 1,72

9,72 2 6,82

96

naripmaL 6 . kifisepS nahubmutreP ujaL nagnutihreP (µ)

FA aideM adaP rutluK assamoiB .61 lebaT - N 6 Mm 434,0

eK iraH - Lg( assamoiB toboB -1) assamoiB nL

9 51,0 8 - 48,1

31 03,0 9 - 71,1

81 84,0 2 - 37,0

32 rabmaG FA( kifisepS nahubmutreP ujaL . - )Mm 434,0 6

71 lebaT oiB . FA aideM adaP rutluK assam - 71,2 N 6 Mm

eK iraH - Lg( assamoiB toboB -1) nL assamoiB

9 ,0 311 - 81,2

31 ,0 153 - 50,1

81 ,0 036 - 64,0

rabmaG 42 FA( kifisepS nahubmutreP ujaL . - 6 71,2 )Mm

x5221,0 = y - 388,2

00,2-

00,1-

00,00 5 01 51 02assa

moiB n

L

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:C 05.0 761.11 3 \ taD esaba \ L.11N 9yelliW

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:C 93.0 107.11 4 \ esabataD \ L.11N 9yelliW

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:C 26.0 398.11 5 \ esabataD \ L.11N 9yelliW

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:C 44.0 220.21 6 \ esabataD \ L.11N 9yelliW

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08

:C 37.0 412.21 7 \ esabataD \ elliW L.11N 9y

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:C 95.0 243.21 8 \ esabataD \ L.11N 9yelliW

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18

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0.2 817.51 12 :C 9 \ esabataD \ L.11N 9yelliW

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28

:C 59.0 878.51 22 \ esabataD \ L.11N 9yelliW

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:C 39.0 479.51 32 \ esabataD \ L.11N 9yelliW

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24.0 830.61 42 :C \ esabataD \ L.11N 9yelliW

590910 891597 ,9,9,7,7,5,5,3,3,1,1 ,enaxolisatcO - 42 - 78 0 51,51,31,31,11,11 - lyhtemacedaxeh - 590910 991597 51,31,31,11,11,9,9,7,7,5,5,3,3,1,1 - 42 - 78 0 51, - MACEDAXEH LYHTE - ENAXOLISATCO H1 - elodnI -2- 6 ,dica cilyxobrac - 4( - 795899 548795 - 48 - 66 5 )lynehpyxohte -3- lyhtem -4- oxo - 6,5,4 7, - rdyhartet

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.EMAF 4102 83:73:41 01 luJ uhT M

lawa iagabes nakhabmesrepuk ini ispirkS

ukauT gnarO audek adapek ukitkab

nad a’od nakirebmem ulales gnay

hirmap apnat nabrokreb halet

uknaaigahabek kutnu ...

A uk gnay nupapa awhab ayacrep uk amiret nahuT irad kiabret gnay halada ini taas

nad ulales naka aiD ayacrep uka nakireb gnay utkaw adap ukkutnu kiabret gnay

nakpatet aI halet .