SISTEMA DIGESTIVO. SISTEMA DIGESTIVO: bioreactores.
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Transcript of SISTEMA DIGESTIVO. SISTEMA DIGESTIVO: bioreactores.
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SISTEMA DIGESTIVO
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SISTEMA DIGESTIVO: bioreactores
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SISTEMA DIGESTIVOEs un tubo abierto: extensión del medio ambiente!E S
absorción
Digestión: •mecánica (trituración)•química (enzimas hidrolíticas)
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- Direccionalidad
- Compartimentalización
- Almacenamiento.
Sistema de Tubos y Esfínteres
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EL TRACTO DIGESTIVO
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Anatomía del sistema Anatomía del sistema digestivodigestivo
Digestive tractDigestive tract Alimentary tract or Alimentary tract or
canalcanal GI tractGI tract
Accessory Accessory organsorgans Primarily glandsPrimarily glands
RegionsRegions Mouth or oral cavityMouth or oral cavity PharynxPharynx EsophagusEsophagus StomachStomach Small intestineSmall intestine Large intestineLarge intestine AnusAnus
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Cavidad oralCavidad oral Mouth or oral Mouth or oral
cavitycavity VestibuleVestibule: Space : Space
between lips or between lips or cheeks and alveolar cheeks and alveolar processesprocesses
Oral cavity properOral cavity proper Lips (labia) and Lips (labia) and
cheekscheeks PalatePalate: Oral cavity : Oral cavity
roofroof Hard and soft Hard and soft
Palatine tonsilsPalatine tonsils TongueTongue: Involved in : Involved in
speech, taste, speech, taste, mastication, mastication, swallowingswallowing
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DientesDientes
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DientesDientes
Two setsTwo sets Primary, deciduous, Primary, deciduous,
milk: Childhoodmilk: Childhood Permanent or Permanent or
secondary: Adult secondary: Adult (32)(32)
TypesTypes Incisors, canine, Incisors, canine,
premolar and premolar and molarsmolars
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Glándulas salivalesGlándulas salivales Produce salivaProduce saliva
Prevents bacterial Prevents bacterial infectioninfection
LubricationLubrication Contains salivary Contains salivary
amylaseamylase Breaks down starchBreaks down starch
Three pairsThree pairs Parotid: LargestParotid: Largest SubmandibularSubmandibular Sublingual: Sublingual:
SmallestSmallest
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Producción de saliva
- 99.5 % agua
-HCO3- , ph 6.5
-moco, enzimas
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SECRECIONES SALIVALES
1. Secreción serosa: amilasa salival:
hidrólisis -1-4 polisacáridos
2.Secreción mucosa:
lubrica y protege.
3.IgA y lisozima:
antimicrobiana
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Reflejo de degluciónReflejo de deglución
Fase voluntaria
Bolo alimenticio desde boca a faringe
Fase refleja
Apertura del esófago, cierre de laringe
Fase refleja
Transporte por esófago
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Histología del tracto Histología del tracto digestivodigestivo
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Peritoneo y Peritoneo y MesenteriosMesenterios
PeritoneumPeritoneum VisceralVisceral: Covers organs: Covers organs ParietalParietal: Covers interior : Covers interior
surface of body wallsurface of body wall RetroperitonealRetroperitoneal: Behind : Behind
peritoneum as kidneys, peritoneum as kidneys, pancreas, duodenumpancreas, duodenum
MesenteriesMesenteries Routes which vessels Routes which vessels
and nerves pass from and nerves pass from body wall to organsbody wall to organs
Greater omentumGreater omentum Lesser omentumLesser omentum
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EstómagoEstómago
OpeningsOpenings GastroesophaGastroesopha
gealgeal: To : To esophagusesophagus
PyloricPyloric: To : To duodenumduodenum
RegionsRegions CardiacCardiac FundusFundus BodyBody PyloricPyloric
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Histología del Histología del estómagoestómago
LayersLayers Serosa or visceral Serosa or visceral
peritoneum: peritoneum: OutermostOutermost
Muscularis: Three Muscularis: Three layerslayers
Outer longitudinalOuter longitudinal Middle circularMiddle circular Inner oblique Inner oblique
SubmucosaSubmucosa MucosaMucosa
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Gastric pits and Gastric pits and glandsglands: : Contain cellsContain cells
Surface mucous: Surface mucous: MucusMucus
Mucous neck: Mucous neck: Mucus Mucus
Parietal: Parietal: Hydrochloric acid Hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor and intrinsic factor
Chief: Pepsinogen Chief: Pepsinogen Endocrine: Endocrine:
Regulatory Regulatory hormoneshormones
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Secreción de HCl Secreción de HCl en células parietalesen células parietales
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Barrera mucus – HCO3Barrera mucus – HCO3--
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Fases de la Fases de la secreción secreción gástricagástrica
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FASE CEFÁLICAFASE CEFÁLICA- percepción sensorial del alimento- percepción sensorial del alimento
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FASE GÁSTRICAFASE GÁSTRICA- presencia del alimento- presencia del alimento
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Ondas de mezclaOndas de mezcla
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FASE INTESTINALFASE INTESTINAL
VIP
Gastrin
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Duodeno y PancreasDuodeno y Pancreas
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PancreasPancreas
AnatomyAnatomy EndocrineEndocrine
Pancreatic islets Pancreatic islets produce insulin and produce insulin and glucagon glucagon
ExocrineExocrine Acini produce Acini produce
digestive enzymes digestive enzymes and HCO3-and HCO3-
RegionsRegions: Head, : Head, body, tailbody, tail
SecretionsSecretions Pancreatic juice Pancreatic juice
(exocrine)(exocrine) TrypsinTrypsin ChymotrypsinChymotrypsin CarboxypeptidaseCarboxypeptidase Pancreatic amylasePancreatic amylase Pancreatic lipasesPancreatic lipases ElastaseElastase Nucleases (DNA, Nucleases (DNA,
RNA)RNA) HCO3-, H20HCO3-, H20
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Secreción de HCO3-Secreción de HCO3-
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EnzimasEnzimas
TrypsinogenTrypsinogen ChymotrysinogenChymotrysinogen CarboxypeptidasCarboxypeptidas
eses Pro-elastasePro-elastase PhospholipasePhospholipase pancreatic lipasepancreatic lipase Pancreatic Pancreatic
amylaseamylase
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HígadoHígado LobesLobes
MajorMajor: Left and right: Left and right MinorMinor: Caudate and : Caudate and
quadratequadrate DuctsDucts
Common hepaticCommon hepatic CysticCystic
From gallbladderFrom gallbladder Common bileCommon bile
Joins pancreatic duct Joins pancreatic duct at hepatopancreatic at hepatopancreatic ampullaampulla
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Figure 24.20a, b
Histología del hígadoHistología del hígado
triadaportal
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Funciones del hígadoFunciones del hígado Bile productionBile production
Salts emulsify fats, contain pigments as bilirubinSalts emulsify fats, contain pigments as bilirubin
StorageStorage Glycogen, fat, vitamins, copper and ironGlycogen, fat, vitamins, copper and iron
Aminoacid synthesisAminoacid synthesis Cholesterol and tryglicerid synthesisCholesterol and tryglicerid synthesis Gluconeogénesis, glucogénesis, Gluconeogénesis, glucogénesis,
glucogenólisisglucogenólisis Hepatocytes remove ammonia and convert to ureaHepatocytes remove ammonia and convert to urea
PhagocytosisPhagocytosis Kupffer cells phagocytize worn-out and dying red and white blood Kupffer cells phagocytize worn-out and dying red and white blood
cells, some bacteriacells, some bacteria
Plasma proteins and hemostatic factorsPlasma proteins and hemostatic factors Albumins, globulins, fibrinogen, heparin, K vitaminAlbumins, globulins, fibrinogen, heparin, K vitamin
Detoxification and drug Detoxification and drug metabolismmetabolism Hormonal secretion: trombopoietin, Hormonal secretion: trombopoietin, angotensinogenangotensinogen
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BilisBilis
Bile acidBile acid PhospholipidsPhospholipids CholesterolCholesterol BilirubinBilirubin Waste productsWaste products ElectrolytesElectrolytes MucinMucin HCO3-HCO3-
…each day around 600 ml of bile is produced…
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ConductosConductos
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Intestino delgadoIntestino delgado Site of greatest Site of greatest
amount of digestion amount of digestion and absorptionand absorption
Divisions Divisions DuodenumDuodenum JejunumJejunum Ileum: Peyer’s patches Ileum: Peyer’s patches
or lymph nodulesor lymph nodules ModificationsModifications
Circular folds or plicae Circular folds or plicae circulares, villi, lacteal, circulares, villi, lacteal, microvillimicrovilli
Cells of mucosaCells of mucosa Absorptive, goblet, Absorptive, goblet,
granular, endocrinegranular, endocrine
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Secreciones del int. Secreciones del int. delgadodelgado
Mucus and HCO3-Mucus and HCO3- Protects against digestive enzymes and Protects against digestive enzymes and
stomach acidsstomach acids EnzymesEnzymes
DisaccharidasesDisaccharidases PeptidasesPeptidases Nucleotidases, nucleosidasesNucleotidases, nucleosidases Enteroquinase: tripsinógeno Enteroquinase: tripsinógeno tripsina tripsina
Duodenal glands (Brünner)Duodenal glands (Brünner) Stimulated by vagus nerve, secretin, chemical Stimulated by vagus nerve, secretin, chemical
or tactile irritation of duodenal mucosaor tactile irritation of duodenal mucosa
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DuodenoDuodenollegan: quimo ácido, jugos llegan: quimo ácido, jugos
pancreáticos, bilispancreáticos, bilis
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Absorción intestinalAbsorción intestinal
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MonosacáridosMonosacáridos
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LípidosLípidos
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LipoproteinasLipoproteinas
TypesTypes ChylomicronsChylomicrons
Enter lymphEnter lymph VLDLVLDL LDLLDL
Transports Transports cholesterol to cellscholesterol to cells
HDLHDL Transports Transports
cholesterol from cholesterol from cells to livercells to liver
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Intestino gruesoIntestino grueso
Extends from ileocecal junction to anusExtends from ileocecal junction to anus Consists of cecum, colon, rectum, anal canalConsists of cecum, colon, rectum, anal canal Movements sluggish (Movements sluggish (18-24 hours18-24 hours))
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Intestino grueso: Absorción Intestino grueso: Absorción de Hde H22O y DefecaciónO y Defecación
Figure 21-27: Anatomy of the large intestine
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Large IntestineLarge Intestine
CecumCecum Blind sac, vermiform appendix attachedBlind sac, vermiform appendix attached
ColonColon Ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoidAscending, transverse, descending, sigmoid
RectumRectum Straight muscular tubeStraight muscular tube
Anal canalAnal canal Internal anal sphincter (smooth muscle) Internal anal sphincter (smooth muscle) External anal sphincter (skeletal muscle) External anal sphincter (skeletal muscle)
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Histology of Large Histology of Large IntestineIntestine
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Figure 21-28: NaCl reabsorption by colonocytes
Water and Water and electrolyte electrolyte secretion &/or secretion &/or absorptionabsorption
Bacterial Bacterial fermentation of fermentation of HCHC
Bacterial Bacterial synthesis of Vit. synthesis of Vit. K , B.K , B.
Bacterial Bacterial degradation of degradation of bile acids and bile acids and esterolsesterols
Absortion of Absortion of lactate & butyratelactate & butyrate
Prevents Prevents infections and infections and immune immune alterations alterations
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Figure 21-29: NaCl secretion by colonic crypt cells
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Toxina coléricaToxina colérica- ADP-ribosilación de G G-GTP AC cAMP PKA p-
CFTR
PKA
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SecrecionesSecreciones
Mucus provides protectionMucus provides protection Parasympathetic stimulation increases rate Parasympathetic stimulation increases rate
of goblet cell secretionof goblet cell secretion PumpsPumps
Exchange of bicarbonate ions for chloride Exchange of bicarbonate ions for chloride ionsions
Exchange of sodium ions for hydrogen ionsExchange of sodium ions for hydrogen ions Bacterial actions produce gases called Bacterial actions produce gases called
flatusflatus
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Reflejos enReflejos en Colon y Colon y RectoRecto
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Secreciones del tubo Secreciones del tubo digestivodigestivo
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Enzimas del tubo Enzimas del tubo digestivodigestivo
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Regulación nerviosa y Regulación nerviosa y hormonalhormonal
Nervous regulationNervous regulation Involves enteric Involves enteric
nervous systemnervous system Types of neurons: Types of neurons:
sensory, motor, sensory, motor, interneuronsinterneurons
Coordinates Coordinates peristalsis and peristalsis and regulates local regulates local reflexesreflexes
Chemical regulationChemical regulation Production of Production of
hormoneshormones Gastrin, secretinGastrin, secretin
Production of Production of paracrine chemicalsparacrine chemicals
Histamine Histamine Help local reflexes in Help local reflexes in
ENS control digestive ENS control digestive environments as pH environments as pH levels levels
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Regulating Digestion: CNS Regulating Digestion: CNS and Enteric Nervous and Enteric Nervous
System (ENS)System (ENS)
Figure 21-9: The enteric nervous system
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Hormonas gastrointestinalesHormonas gastrointestinales