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Transcript of Sistemas de 3G
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WCDMA Fundamentals
Henry A. Vasquez
UPAO
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Module Contents
Standardisation and frequency bands
Main properties of UMTS Air Interface
Overview of Radio Resource Management (RRM)
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Module Contents
Standardisation and frequency bands
Standardisation of 3G cellular networks IMT-2000 frequency allocations
UMTS FDD Frequency band evolution
Main properties of UMTS Air Interface
Overview Radio Resource Management (RRM)
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Standardisation of 3G cellular networks
ITU (Global guidelines and recommendations)
IMT-2000: Global standard for third generation (3G) wireless communications 3GPP is a co-operation between standardisation bodies
ETSI (Europe), ARIB/TTC (Japan), CCSA (China), ATIS (North America) and TTA (South Korea)
GSM
EDGE
UMTS WCDMA - FDD
WCDMA - TDD
TD-SCDMA
3GPP2 is a co-operation between standardisation bodiesARIB/TTC (Japan), CCSA (China), TIA (North America) and TTA (South Korea)
CDMA2000
CDMA2000 1x
CDMA2000 1xEV-DO
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IMT-2000 frequency allocations2200 MHz20001900 1950 2050 2100 21501850
JapanIMT-2000PHS
IMT-2000
ITUMobile
Satellite
IMT-2000 IMT-2000
EuropeUMTS(FDD)DE
CT
UMTS
(TDD)
GSM
1800
U
MTS
(TDD)
UMTS(FDD)
USAPCS
unlicensed
PCSPCS
UMTS
(TDD)
IMT-2000(TDD)
Mobile
Satellite
Mobile
Satellite
Mobile
Satellite
Mobile
Satellite
Mobile
Satellite
Mobile
Satellite
Mobile
Satellite
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UMTS FDD Frequency band evolution
Release 99
I 1920 1980 MHz 21102170 MHz UMTS only in Europe, Japan II 18501910 MHz 19301990 MHz US PCS, GSM1900
New in Release 5
III 1710-1785 MHz 1805-1880 MHz GSM1800
New in Release 6
IV 1710-1755 MHz 2110-2155 MHz US 2.1 GHz band
V 824-849MHz 869-894MHz US cellular, GSM850
VI 830-840 MHz 875-885 MHz Japan
New in Release 7
VII 2500-2570 MHz 2620-2690 MHz
VIII 880-915 MHz 925-960 MHz GSM900
IX 1749.9-1784.9 MHz 1844.9-1879.9 MHz Japan
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Module Contents
Standardisation and frequency bands
Main properties of UMTS Air Interface
UMTS Air interface technologies
WCDMA FDD
WCDMA vs. GSM
CDMA principle
Processing gain
WCDMA codes and bit rates
Overview of Nokia Radio Resource Management (RRM)
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UMTS Air Interface technologies
UMTS Air interface is built based on two technological solutions
WCDMA FDD WCDMA TDD
WCDMA FDD is the more widely used solution
FDD: Separate UL and DL frequency band
WCDMA TDD technology is currently used in limited number of networks
TDD: UL and DL separated by time, utilizing same frequency
Both technologies have own dedicated frequency bands
This course concentrates on design principles of WCDMA FDD solution, basic
planning principles apply to both technologies
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WCDMA FDD technology
Multiple access technology is wideband CDMA (WCDMA)
All cells at same carrier frequency Spreading codes used to separate cells and users
Signal bandwidth 3.84 MHz
Multiple carriers can be used to increase capacity
Inter-Frequency functionality to support mobility between frequencies
Compatibility with GSM technology
Inter-System functionality to support mobility between GSM and UMTS
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WCDMA Technology
5 MHz
3.84 MHz
f
5+5 MHz in FDD mode5 MHz in TDD mode
Frequency
TimeDirect Sequence (DS) CDMA
WCDMACarrier
WCDMA5 MHz, 1 carrier
TDMA (GSM)5 MHz, 25 carriers
Users share same time and frequency
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Principios de CDMA
CDMA combina 3 secuencias de ensanchamientopara crear un cdigo nico.
En el receptor las secuencias se utilizan en el ordeninverso que en el emisor
Las 3 secuencias son generadas en ambos extremosy necesariamente no son utilizadas simultaneamente
Secuencias de ensanchamiento
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Principios de CDMA
Walsh Codes: (64 disponibles)
64 chips de longitud dura 1/19200 Seg
Ortogonales mutuamente
PN Short codes: Se usa por pares (I + Q)
Longitud de 215 --- dura 26mS aprox
Se genera en registro de desplazamiento (15 bits)
PN Long Code: 1 disponible
Longitud de 242 --- se repita cada 40 dias
Se genera en un registro de desplazamiento (42 bits)
Secuencias de ensanchamiento
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rincipios de CDMA
Funciones Walsh
En CDMA cadasmbolo es
expandido con los
64 chips de los
cdigo de Walsh
Luego, por cada bit
de data se tendrn64 chips de salida.
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Principios de CDMA
Cdigos Offset de Pseudo Ruido (PN Offset) Son secuencias binarias con caractersticas aleatorias.
Si un mismo cdigo PN es cambiado en el tiempo (time offset), se obtienen dos cdigos que son casi ortogonales.
Para agregar el offset a un cdigo PN y crear secuencias cuasi ortogonales, se usa un sistema enmascaramiento. Con
diferentes time offsets, se lograrn tener varias secuencias cuasi ortogonales.
Autocorrelacin Generacin de cdigos de pseudo rudo
Seq A: 0010 1011 0011 011
Seq A: 1011 0011 0110 010
4 chips offset
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Principios de CDMA
Cdigos Offset de Pseudo Ruido (PN Offset)
Se usan tres cdigos PN en CDMA: 2 Cdigos Cortos y 1 Cdigo largo La secuencia corta PN sequence posee 32,768 bits, utiliza offset de 64 bits y un total de 512 time offsets,
La transmisin toma 26.667 ms por cada ciclo. PN offset se utiliza para identificar las celdas y sectores
0
Receptor / Correlador CDMA
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UMTS & GSM Network Planning
GSM900/1800: 3G (WCDMA):
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Differences between WCDMA & GSM
WCDMA GSM
Carrier spacing 5 MHz 200 kHz
Frequency reuse factor 1 118
Power controlfrequency
1500 Hz 2 Hz or lower
Quality control Radio resourcemanagement algorithms
Network planning(frequency planning)
Frequency diversity 5 MHz bandwidth givesmultipath diversity with
Rake receiver
Frequency hopping
Packet data Load-based packetscheduling
Timeslot basedscheduling with GPRS
Downlink transmitdiversity
Supported forimproving downlink
capacity
Not supported by thestandard, but can be
applied
High bit rates
Serviceswith
Different
qualityrequirement
sEfficient
packet data
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Multiple WCDMA carriers Layered network
F1
F2
F2
F3
F3
F3
Micro BTSMacro BTS
Pico BTSs
1 - 10 km
50 - 100 m200 - 500 m
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Spreading Code
Spread Signal
Data
Air Interface
CDMA principle - Chips & Bits & SymbolsBits (In this drawing, 1 bit = 8 Chips SF=8)
Baseband Data
-1
+1
+1
+1
+1
+1
-1
-1
-1
-1
ChipChip
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Energy Box
Duration(t = 1/Rb)
Originating Bit Received Bit
Energy per bit = Eb= const
Higher spreading factorWider frequency band Lower power spectral densityBUT
Same Energy per Bit
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FrequencyPowerdensity(Watts/Hz)
Unspread narrowband signal Spread wideband signal
Bandwidth W (3.84 Mchip/sec)
User bitrate
R
sec84.3
MchipconstW
RWdBGp Processing gain:
Spreading & Processing Gain
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Frequency (Hz)
Voice user (R=12,2 kbit/s)
Packet data user (R=384 kbit/s)
Powerdensity(W/Hz)
R
Frequency (Hz)
Gp=W/R=24.98dB
Powerdensity
(W/Hz)
R
Gp=W/R=10 dB
Spreading sequences
have a different length Processing gaindepends on the userdata rate
Processing Gain Examples
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Transmission Power
Frequency
5MHz
Power density
Time
High bit rate user
Low bit rate user
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WCDMA Codes
In WCDMA two separate codes are used in the spreading operation
Channelisation code
Scrambling code
Channelisation code
DL: separates physical channels of different users and common channels, defines
physical channel bit rate UL: separates physical channels of one user, defines physical channel bit rate
Scrambling code
DL: separates cells in same carrier frequency
UL: separates users
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DL Spreading and Multiplexing in WCDMA
User 3
User 2
User 1
BCCH
Pilot X
CODE 1
X
CODE 2
X
CODE 3
X
CODE 4
X
CODE 5
+
X
SCRAMBLINGCODE
RF
SUM
User 2
User 1
BCCH
Pilot
Radio frame = 15 time slots
Time
User 3
3.84 MHzRF carrier
3.84 MHz bandwidth
CHANNELISATION codes:
P-CPICH
P-CCPCH
DPCH1
DPCH2
DPCH3
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DL & UL Channelisation Codes
Walsh-Hadamard codes: orthogonal variable spreading factor codes (OVSF codes)
SF for the DL transmission in FDD mode = {4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256, 512}
SF for the UL transmission in FDD mode = {4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256}
Good orthogonality properties: cross correlation value for each code pair in the code set
equals 0
In theoretical environment users of one cell do not interfere each other in DL
In practical multipath environment orthogonality is partly lost Interference between users of
same cell
Orthogonal codes are suited for channel separation, where synchronisation betweendifferent channels can be guaranteed
Downlink channels under one cell
Uplink channels from a single user
Orthogonal codes have bad auto correlation properties and thus not suited in an
asynchronous environment Scrambling code required to separate signals between cells in DL and users in UL
C C
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Channelisation Code Tree
C0(0)=[1]
C2(1)=[1-1]
C2(0)=[11]
C4(0)=[1111]
C4(1)=[11-1-1]
C4(2)=[1-11-1]
C4(3)=[1-1-11]
C8(0)=[11111111]
C8(1)=[1111-1-1-1-1]
C8(2)=[11-1-111-1-1]
C8(3)=[11-1-1-1-111]
C8(0)=[1-11-11-11-1]
C8(5)=[1-11-1-11-11]
C8(6)=[1-1-111-1-11]
C8(7)=[1-1-11-111-1]
C16(0)=[.........
...]C16(1)=[.........
...]
C16(15)=[...........]
C16(14)=[...........]
C16(13=[...........]
C16(12)=[...........]
C16(11)=[...........]
C16(10)=[...........]
C16(9)=[............]
C16(8)=[............]
C16(7)=[............]
C16(6)=[............]
C16(5)=[............]
C16(4)=[............]
C16(3)=[............]
C16(2)=[............]
SF=1
SF=2
SF=4
SF=8
SF=16 SF=256 SF=512...
Ph i l L Bi R (DL)
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Spreadingfactor
Channelsymbol
rate(ksps)
Channel bitrate
(kbps)
DPDCHchannel bitrate range
(kbps)
Maximum userdata rate with -
rate coding(approx.)
512 7.5 15 36 13 kbps
256 15 30 1224 612 kbps
128 30 60 4251 2024 kbps
64 60 120 90 45 kbps
32 120 240 210 105 kbps
16 240 480 432 215 kbps8 480 960 912 456 kbps
4 960 1920 1872 936 kbps
4, with 3parallelcodes
2880 5760 5616 2.3 Mbps
Half rate speech
Full rate speech
128 kbps384 kbps
2 Mbps
Symbolphyb RR 2_SF
WRSymbol
(QPSK modulation)
Physical Layer Bit Rates (DL)
Ph i l L Bit R t (DL) HSDPA
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Physical Layer Bit Rates (DL) - HSDPA
3GPP Release 5 standards introduced enhanced DL bit rates with High Speed
Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) technology
Shared high bit rate channel between users High peak bit rates
Simultaneous usage of up to 15 DL channelisation codes (In HSDPA SF=16)
Higher order modulation scheme (16-QAM) Higher bit rate in same band
16-QAM provides 4 bits per symbol 960 kbit/s / code physical channel peak rate
Coding rate
QPSK
Coding rate
1/4
2/4
3/4
5 codes 10 codes 15 codes
600 kbps 1.2 Mbps 1.8 Mbps
1.2 Mbps 2.4 Mbps 3.6 Mbps
1.8 Mbps 3.6 Mbps 5.4 Mbps
16QAM
2/4
3/4
4/4
2.4 Mbps 4.8 Mbps 7.2 Mbps
3.6 Mbps 7.2 Mbps 10.7 Mbps
4.8 Mbps 9.6 Mbps 14.4 Mbps
HSDPA
Ph i l L Bit R t (UL) HSUPA
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Physical Layer Bit Rates (UL) - HSUPA
3GPP Release 6 standards introduced enhanced UL bit rates with High Speed
Downlink Packet Access (HSUPA) technology
Fast allocation of available UL capacity for users High peak bit rates
Simultaneous usage of up to 2+2 UL channelisation codes (In HSUPA SF=2 4)
Initial expected capability 1.46 Mbps
Coding rate
1/2
3/4
4/4
1 x SF4 2 x SF4 2 x SF22 x SF2 +2 x SF4
480 kbps 960 kbps 1.92 Mbps 2.88 Mbps
720 kbps 1.46 Mbps 2.88 Mbps 4.32 Mbps
960 kbps 1.92 Mbps 3.84 Mbps 5.76 Mbps
DL & UL Scrambling Codes
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DL & UL Scrambling Codes
DL Scrambling Codes
Pseudo noise codes used for cell separation 512 Primary Scrambling Codes
UL Scrambling Codes
Two different types of UL scrambling codes are generated
Long scrambling codes of length of 38 400 chips = 10 ms radio frame
Short scrambling codes of length of 256 chips are periodically repeated to get thescrambling code of the frame length
Short codes enable advanced receiver structures in future
Scrambling Codes & Multipath Propagation
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Scrambling Codes & Multipath Propagation
Scrambling code
C1
Scramblingcode C2
C1+2
UE has simultaneousconnection to two cells (soft
handover)
RAKE Receiver
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RAKE Receiver
Combination or multipath components and signal from different cells
Delay1
Code usedfor the
connection
Rx
Output
Finger
t
Cell-1
Cell-1
Cell-1
Cell-2
Rx
Rx
Rx
Finger
Finger
Finger
Delay2
Delay3
Channelisation and Scrambling Codes
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Channelisation code Scrambling code
Usage Uplink: Separation of physical data
(DPDCH) and control channels(DPCCH) from same terminal
Downlink: Separation of downlink
connections to different users within one
cell
Uplink: Separation of mobile
Downlink: Separation of sectors (cells)
Length 4256 chips (1.066.7 s)
Downlink also 512 chips
Different bit rates by changing the lengthof the code
Uplink: (1) 10 ms = 38400 chips or (2)
66.7 s = 256 chips
Option (2) can be used with advancedbase station receivers
Downlink: 10 ms = 38400 chips
Number of codes Number of codes under one scrambling
code = spreading factor
Uplink: 16.8 million
Downlink: 512
Code family Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor Long 10 ms code: Gold code
Short code: Extended S(2) code family
Spreading Yes, increases transmission bandwidth No, does not affect transmission
bandwidth
Channelisation and Scrambling Codes
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Physical, transport and logical channels in the network
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Module Contents
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Module Contents
Standardisation and frequency bands
Main properties of UMTS Air Interface
Overview of Nokia Radio Resource Management (RRM)
Load control
Admission Control
Packet Scheduler
Resource Manager
Power Control
Handover Control
Radio Resource Management
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Radio Resource Management
RRM is responsible for optimal utilisation of the radio resources:
Transmission power and interference
Logical codes
The trade-off between capacity, coverage and quality is done all the time
Minimum required quality for each user (nothing less and nothing more)
Maximum number of users
The radio resources are continuously monitored and optimised by several RRM
functionalitiesservice quality
cell coverage cell capacity
Optimizationand Tailoring
RRM Functionalities
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RRM Functionalities
LC Load Control
AC Admission Control
PS Packet Scheduler
RM Resource Manager
PC Power Control
HC HO Control
PC
HCFor each connection/user
LC
AC
For each cell
PS
RM
Load Control (LC)
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Load Control (LC)
LC performs the function of load control in association with AC & PS
LC updates load status using measurements & estimations provided by AC and PS
Continuously feeds cell load information to PS and AC;
Interference levels (UL)
BTS power level (DL)
LC
AC
PSNRT load
Load change
info
Load status
Load Control Load Status
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Load Control Load Status
Load thresholds set by radio network planning parameters
Overloadthreshold x
Load Targetthreshold y
Power
Time
Load Margin
Overload
Normal load
Measured loadFree capacity
Admission Control (AC)
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Admission Control (AC)
Checks that admitting a new user will not sacrifice planned coverage or quality of
existing connections
Admission control handles three main tasks
Admission decision of new connections
Take into account current load conditions (from LC) and load increase by the new
connection
Real-time higher priority than non-real time
In overload conditions no new connections admitted
Connection QoS definition
Bit rate, BER target etc.
Connection specific power allocation (Initial, maximum and minimum power)
Packet Scheduler (PS)
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( )
PS allocates available capacity after real-time (RT) connections to non-real time
(NRT) connections
Each cell separately
In overload conditions bit rates of NRT connections decreased
PS selects allocated channel type (common or dedicated)
PS relies on up-to-date information from AC and LC
Capacity allocated on a needs basis using best effort approach
RT higher priority
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How the AC, LC and PS work together
Resource Manager (RM)
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g ( )
Responsible for managing the logical radio resources of the RNC in co-operation
with AC and PS
On request for resources, from either AC(RT) or PS(NRT), RM allocates:
DL spreading code
UL scrambling code
Code Type Uplink Downlink
Scrambling codes
Spreading codes
User separation Cell separation
Data & control channels from same UE Users within one cell
Power control (PC) in WCDMA
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Fast, accurate power control is of utmost importance particularly in UL;
UEs transmit continuously on same frequency Always interference between users
Poor PC leads to increased interference reduced capacity
Every UE accessing network increase interference
PC target to minimise the interference Minimize transmit power of each link while
still maintaining the link quality (BER)
Mitigates 'near far effect in UL by providing minimum required power for each
connection
Power control has to be fast enough to follow changes in propagation conditions
(fading)
Step up/down 1500 times/second
Uplink power control target
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Minimise required UL received power
minimised UL transmit power and interference
UE1 UE2
min(Prx1
)
min(Prx2)
About equal when
Rb1 = Rb2
Target:
Ptx1Ptx1
Power Control types
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Power control functionality can be divided to three main types
Open loop power control
Initial power calculation based on DL pilot level/pathloss measurement by UE
Outer (closed) loop power control
Connection quality measurement (BER, BLER) and comparison to QoS target
RF quality target (SIR target) setting for fast closed loop PC based on connectionquality
Fast closed loop power control
Radio link RF quality (SIR) measurement and comparison to RF quality target (SIR
target)
Power control command transmission based on RF quality evaluation
Change of transmit power according to received power control command
Power Control types
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UL Outer Loop
Power Control
Open Loop Power Control (Initial Access)
Closed Loop Power Control
RN
C
BS
MS
DL Outer LoopPower Control
BLER target
Power control in HSPA
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In HSDPA (DL) the transmit power from base station is kept constant and the
signal modulation and coding is adapted according to the channel conditions
2 ms interval 500 Hz
In HSUPA (UL)
The power control of HSUPA channels in UL utilise both
Fast closed loop power control
Outer loop power control
Both work according to similar principles as the dedicated channel power control
Handover Control (HC)
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HC is responsible for:
Managing the mobility aspects of an RRC connection as UE moves around the
network coverage area
Maintaining high capacity by ensuring UE is always served by strongest cell
Soft handover
MS handover between different base stations
Softer handover
MS handover within one base station but between different sectors
Hard handover
MS handover between different frequencies or between WCDMA and GSM
Soft/softer handover
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UE is simultaneously connected to 2 to 3 cells during soft handover
Soft handover is performed based on UE cell pilot power measurements and
handover thresholds set by radio network planning parameters
Radio link performance is improved during soft handover
Soft handover consumes base station and transmission resources
BS1
BS2
BS3Rec
eivedsignalstrength
BS3
Distance from BS1
Threshold
Soft handover
BS2
BS1
Hard handover
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Hard handovers are typically performed between WCDMA frequencies and
between WCDMA and GSM cells
GSM/GPRSGSM/GPRS
f1
f2
f1
f2f2f2
Inter-System handovers (ISHO)
Inter-Frequency handovers (IFHO)
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WCDMA RNC dimensioning
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Sistemas de 3G
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Sistemas de 3G
http://www.3gpp.org/
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Sistemas de 3G
Evolution of HSPA maximum peak bit rate
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Si d 3G
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Si t d 3G
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Module 1
WCDMA Fundamentals
Summary
R di i t f t h l f UMTS i WCDMA ith FDD
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Radio interface technology of UMTS is WCDMA with FDD
and TDD versions
WCDMA networks can be built on European, US-based and
Asian/Japanese frequency bands
WCDMA air interface utilises combination of two spreading
codes
Radio Resource Management is responsible of efficient
utilisation of radio resources while offering required quality of
service to users
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Sistemas 3GUMTS network structure
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Access Stratum contains the message flows and procedures needed to establish the connection between the MT(mobile terminal) and network (roughly RNC in this case).
Serving Stratum handles message flows and procedures where the USIM+MT (same as UE, user equipment) and the
network establish a service. Service in this context means, for instance, setting up a bearer for further purposes. Thesemessage flows are transferred transparently over the Access Stratum.
Application Stratum is the 'layer' handling message flows and procedures related to the user's applications. Hence itsscope is wider. For example, the UE has Internet browser and requests a certain URL to be downloaded. The UMTSnetwork only provides the 'pipe' (Serving Stratum), but the real HTML page is downloaded from the Internet service
provider.
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The network management layers through the network
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Relationship between the RAB and the RRC
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The radio access bearer (RAB) contains a service connection between the UE and the
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The radio access bearer (RAB) contains a service connection between the UE and the
core network. A subscriber in UMTS may have several RABs and these are combined
into a radio resource connection (RRC) across the air interface.
There are basically two types of information: the user information and the control
information.
In the case of the RAB, the data (for instance a voice call or video) is the user plane.
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OSI model adaptation to UMTS
Sistemas 3GImplementation of the transport layers
Uu (air) interface
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The transport plane of the Uu interface covers the three lowest layers of the OSI stack. Layer 1, thephysical layer, uses WCDMA-FDD/TDD technology.
The Layer 1 is controlled by Layer 2, the data link layer. The structure of Layer 2 in the Uu interface is a
bit exceptional when compared to the other interfaces. Layer 2 has two sublayers in the Uu (air)
interface, MAC and RLC.
MAC (Medium Access Control) physically implements radio link management, that is, radio link set-up,
maintaining the physical radio channel configuration, error protection, encryption and radio link deletion.
The functionality of the RLC (Radio Link Control) is similar as in normal Layer 2. This means mainly
flow control-related activities like for instance data block sequencing.
The Layer 3 of the Uu interface contains functions needed for the transport plane control. The control
entity is called Radio Resource Control (RRC). RRC manages the physical layer and its activities
whenever required. If, for instance, a radio link is to be set up, the RRC gives a command to perform
this activity. The command is delivered via RLC to MAC, and MAC performs the activity. Finally, the
radio link set-u is carried throu h the La er 1.
Uu (air) interface
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Transport plane in the Uu interface
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Iub, Iur and Iu interfaces
Iub transport plane Iur interface transport plane
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Iu-PS interface transport plane
Iu-CS interface transport plane
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Control plane ( Serving Stratum)
I b i t f t l l (NBAP N d B A li ti P t)
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Iub interface control plane (NBAP - Node B Application Part)
In the Iub interface the control plane is maintained by the signalling protocol NBAP (Node B Application Part). In order to adapt the NBAPproperly on top of the AAL5 (ATM Adaptation Layer 5), some convergence protocols are required.
Note: In this chapter the term convergence protocol(s) means signalling protocols making adaptations between two protocol layers in general.
Iub radio network control plane
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Iu interface control plane (RANAP Radio Access Network Application Part)
In the Iu interface the control plane is maintained by the signalling protocol RANAP (Radio Access
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In the Iu interface the control plane is maintained by the signalling protocol RANAP (Radio Access
Network Application Part).
Iu interface control plane
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RAB and CN domains
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Bearer between the UE and core network circuit domain
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Bearer between the UE and core network packet domain
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User plane ( Application Stratum)The user plane signalling takes place between the application(s) of the UE (user) and the destination over the physical
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connection established over the transport plane by using the facilities the control plane offers.
In the Uu interface the user plane consists of the DPDCHs (Dedicated Physical Data Channels) allocated for theconnection (and the data they carry, naturally).
Iub user plane
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Iu interface user planes for CN circuit and packet domain
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