Sistemas sostenibles de producción agropecuaria en el Mosaico las Orquídeas

7/30/2019 Sistemas sostenibles de produccin agropecuaria en el Mosaico las Orqudeas

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2/28

5 Kflq}b pe}e je Hlf{qhdekhl fl [h{qfne{ [b{qflhmjf{ af _}bavkkhl Ed}bpfkve}he #Khpe(,= E{bkhekhl af p}bavkqb}f{ hladfle{ x kenpf{hlb{ af ]hb{vkhb* Kejae{ #E{p}bhlke(,

Elqblhb [bje}qf5* Keqejhle Wepeqe5 x ldfje Dnfw5*=KE_QVJB 1

[H[QFNE[ [B[QFLHMJF[ AF_]BAVKKHL ED]B_FKVE]HEKBNB F[Q]EQFDHE _E]ENFGB]E] JB[ NFAHB[ AF PHAE

FL FJ NB[EHKBAF KBL[F]PEKHL

JE[ B]UVAFE[Jb n{ jjeneqhb af f{qf p}bkf{b* f{ jb uvf f{q hhflab fj kenpf{hlb* f{b f{`vlaenflqej pb}uvf lb {f f vl qfne lh bmjhdeab lh af bpb}qvlhaea {hlb af enb} ef{e qhf}}e, Flqblkf{ f vlb fj nfgb}enhflqb af je kejhaea af hae af f{f kenpf{hlb*pf}b kbl fj kblbkhnhflqb kje}b af uvf f{q hhflab fl vlb af jb{ {hqhb{ n{

f{pfkhejf{ afj nvlab, F{b lb{ chwb pfl{e} uvf lb {bjb qflenb{ uvf epbxe} fjp}bkf{b {hlb uvf bgej {f }fpjhke}e fl kvejuvhf} }hlkl afj nvlhkhphb,Jvh{F}lf{qb Pjfw Nea}ha* Ejkejaf afj nvlhkhphb af V}}eb* =?55,

;=;


3/28

HLQ]BAVKKHL

KE_QVJB 1

Fj kblkfpqb af nb{ehkb af kbl{f}ekhlkbnb f{q}eqfdhe af b}aflenhflqbenmhflqej afj qf}}hqb}hb* p}bnvff jep}f{f}ekhl x fj v{b {b{qflhmjf af jb{}fkv}{b{ leqv}ejf{ pb} pe}qf af jb{pbmjeab}f{ af }fe{ ejfaee{ b wble{enb}qhdveab}e{ af vl }fe p}bqfdhae, [f}fkblbkf kbnb p}hlkhphb m{hkb* jelfkf{haea af pjelh`hke} x ekqve} af{af je

f{keje jbkej pe}e pbaf} hl`jvh} fl jef{keje af peh{egf x af f{qe nelf}ehlkhah} fl je p}bh{hl af mhflf{ x{f}hkhb{ enmhflqejf{ e lhfj }fdhblej,

Fl fj _e}uvf Je{ B}uvafe{ {f }fejhw fl=??4 vl ahedl{qhkb af je {hqvekhlenmhflqej x p}bavkqhe* x {f kbl`b}n vlD}vpb af Ekkhl Jbkej #DEJ( fl je kvflkeafj }b Je Flke}lekhl* vmhkeae fl je

wble enb}qhdveab}e* {fkqb} uvf `vf{fjfkkhbleab kbnb pe}qf af vl nb{ehkb

;=1


4/28

af kbl{f}ekhl, Fj Kflq}b pe}e je Hlf{qhdekhl fl [h{qfne{ [b{qflhmjf{ af _}bavkkhl Ed}bpfkve}he #Khpe(* ekqv kbnb kb.fgfkvqb} aff{qf Nb{ehkb x `b}nvj fl =??3 fj {vmp}bxfkqb Af{e}}bjjb af fspf}hflkhe{ pe}qhkhpeqhe{ af b}aflenhflqb x df{qhl enmhflqej e lhfj afnhk}b.kvflke{ x p}fahb{* kbnb f{q}eqfdhe{ af kbl{f}ekhl x p}bavkkhl {b{qflhmjf fl je Kvflke Flke}lekhl* wble enb}qhdveab}e afj_LL Je{ B}uvafe{, [v hnpjfnflqekhl {f af{e}}bjj fl e}qhkvjekhl kbl je E{bkhekhl af _}bavkqb}f{ Hladfle{ x Kenpf{hlb{ af]hb{vkhb* Kejae{ #E{p}bhlke(* flq}f {fpqhfnm}f af =??3 x ne}wb af =?5=,

Fj bmgfqhb dflf}ej uvf b}hflq fj af{e}}bjjb afj {vmp}bxfkqb `vf nfgb}e} je{ kblahkhblf{ af hae af je{ ènhjhe{ mflf`hkheae{, Je f{q}eqfdheaf hlqf}flkhl {f fl`bk fl jb{ kbnpblflqf{ af b}aflenhflqb enmhflqej* {h{qfne{ {b{qflhmjf{ af p}bavkkhl x nelfgb af }fkv}{b{leqv}ejf{* x `b}qejfkhnhflqb af je pe}qhkhpekhl x b}delhwekhl kbnvlhqe}he,

_e}e je hnpjfnflqekhl afj {vmp}bxfkqb {f vqhjhw kbnb ep}bshnekhl nfqbabjdhke fj fl`buvf af Nfahb{ af Phae [b{qflhmjf{ #FNP[( x fjNe}kb af Kephqejf{ af je Kbnvlhaea #NKK( #A@HA 5888(, _e}e fj {fdvhnhflqb x nblhqb}fb af je{ ekkhblf{ p}bpvf{qe{ {f fnpjfe}bl jb{hlahkeab}f{ af {v{qflqemhjhaea #E}eldb fq ej, =??0(, Fj eljh{h{ }fejhweab kbl enme{ nfqbabjbde{ pf}nhqh kblbkf} fj f{qeab hlhkhej x fjepb}qf af jb{ {h{qfne{ {b{qflhmjf{ af p}bavkkhl ed}bpfkve}he hnpjfnflqeab{* e jb{ ah`f}flqf{ kephqejf{ x }fkv}{b{ uvf vqhjhwel je{ènhjhe{ af f{qf Nb{ehkb* pe}e nelqflf} x nfgb}e} {v{ kblahkhblf{ af hae,

F{qf Nb{ehkb `vf {fjfkkhbleab pe}e }fkhmh} }fkv}{b{ afj `blab peq}hnblhej afj _}bd}ene Nb{ehkb{ af Kbl{f}ekhl, Kbl f{qb{ }fkv}{b{fkblnhkb{ {f kblq}hmvh} e {fdvh} pb} fj kenhlb uvf {f fnpfw* eelwelab cekhe je {b{qflhmhjhaea af je{ ènhjhe{ uvf cemhqel f{qb{qf}}hqb}hb{, Fl f{qf kblqfsqb* f{qf abkvnflqb }fkbphje jb{ p}hlkhpejf{ hnpekqb{ afj {vmp}bxfkqb fl vl fgf}khkhb phjbqb uvf pvfaf {f}

fnpjfeab fl `vqv}b{ p}bkf{b{ af fejvekhl x uvf pf}nhqf ae} dve pe}e kblqhlve} `b}qejfkhflab je{ ekkhblf{ fl fj Nb{ehkb,

;=6Nb{ehkb{ . _eq}hnblhb Leqv}ej


5/28

KBLQFSQBAFJ ]FE AF Q]EMEGB

Fj _e}uvf Je{ B}uvafe{* k}feab fl fj eb5841* {f flkvflq}e vmhkeab fl fjafpe}qenflqb af Elqhbuvhe* fl fj `jelkbbkkhaflqej af je kb}ahjjf}e Bkkhaflqej* ejlb}bkkhaflqf af Kbjbnmhe, Qhflf vlefsqfl{hl ep}bshneae af ;=,??? ce* afje{ kvejf{ 4,==; pf}qflfkfl ejnvlhkhphb af V}}eb* =;,=;= ce ejnvlhkhphb af @}blqhlb x 5,616 ce ejnvlhkhphb af Em}heuv#Nepe 5(, Fj

}fe p}bqfdhae eme}ke vl }eldb ejqhqvahlejflq}f jb{ ;?? ce{qe jb{ ;,??? n{ln*ejmf}delab jb{ fkb{h{qfne{ {fje cnfaeq}bphkej* mb{uvf {vmelahlb x mb{uvfelahlb #_e}uvf Lekhblej Leqv}ej Je{B}uvafe{ =??6(,

Je wble enb}qhdveab}e afj _e}uvf Je{B}uvafe{ lb {f flkvflq}e kbnpjfqenflqfafjhnhqeae x }fdjenflqeae, Je kvflke afj}b Je Flke}lekhl `vf p}hb}hweae kbnbvlb af jb{ {fkqb}f{ fl ablaf {f afmel

hlhkhe} je{ ekqhhaeaf{ pe}e je afkje}ekhlaf je wble enb}qhdveab}e* xe uvf {vpe}qf nfahe x ejqe {f kbl`hdv}e kbnb}fe af kblfshl flq}f fj _e}uvf x fjp}enb Fj [bj b af @}blqhlb,

F{qe kvflke cha}bd}`hke {f flkvflq}evmhkeae fl fj nvlhkhphb af V}}eb* ah{qelqf;8 in af je kemfkf}e nvlhkhpej, Fj ekkf{bf{ pb} ke}}fqf}e af{qepeae ce{qe fjkb}}fdhnhflqb af Je Flke}lekhl x af{af

ejj {f jjfde e je{ f}fae{ pb} kenhlb{ afcf}}eav}e, Fj {fkqb} hlkjvxf je{ f}fae{Fj Ne}ehjjb* Je Kje}e* [el Gb{* [elMe}qbjb* [el ]e`efj x fj kb}}fdhnhflqbaf Je Flke}lekhl* kbl vl qbqej af=0,;8; ce#Ke}able x ]vhw =??8(,

Je }fdhl x fl f{pfkhej fj kb}}fdhnhflqbaf Je Flke}lekhl* ce {hab f{kfle}hb afjkbl`jhkqb e}neab, Fj =3 af em}hj af 5883*nhfnm}b{ af je{ evqbaf`fl{e{f{qhab{ kbl p}flae{ af v{b fskjv{hbaf je{ @vf}we{ Nhjhqe}f{ x pb}qelabe}ne{ je}de{* hlkv}{hble}bl fl fjkb}}fdhnhflqb Je Flke}lekhl, F{qb{

ekqb}f{ e}neab{ }fejhwe}bl fj nh{nb aeab{ ne{ek}f{* je p}hnf}e fl je kemfkf}eafj kb}}fdhnhflqb x je {fdvlae fl jef}fae Fj Ne}ehjjb* dflf}elab vl {ejabaf =5 kqhne{ #PF]AEAEMHF]QE {,`,(,

Je ah`khj {hqvekhl af b}afl pmjhkb cedflf}eab hlh{hmhjhaea afj }fe fl fj kblqfsqb}fdhblej x afpe}qenflqej* p}bbkelab megep}f{flkhe hl{qhqvkhblej afj f{qeab, E{* je

eanhlh{q}ekhl afj _e}uvf Je{ B}uvafe{f{ je lhke hl{qhqvkhl uvf ce pf}nelfkhabfl fj {fkqb} af{af {v k}fekhl* }fejhwelabekkhblf{ fl fj }fe p}bqfdhae x {vfsqfl{e wble enb}qhdveab}e,

KE_QVJB 1;=0


6/28

NE_E 5

VMHKEKHL AFJ _E]UVF JE[ B]UVAFE[X FJ ]FE AF ENB]QHDVEKHLFL JE KVFLKE AFJ ]B JE FLKE]LEKHL,

_E]UVFJE[ B]UVHAFE[

ELQHBUVHE_LL B]UVHAFE[_]B_VF[QEAF EN_JHEKHL

]BFLKE]LEKHL

KVFLKEFLKE]LEKHL



7/28

Je f{q}eqfdhe af hlqf}flkhl afj{vmp}bxfkqb {f me{ fl af{e}}bjje}kepekhaea jbkej pe}e vl b}aflenhflqbenmhflqej x p}bavkqhb af{af fj p}fahb*hlkvjelab e je{ 5= `enhjhe{ afj DEJ*

ej _e}uvf Je{ B}uvafe{ x e je{hl{qhqvkhblf{ pmjhke{ jbkejf{ kblhlkhaflkhe fl je }fdhl, Fl f{qffl`buvf {f kblq kbl epbxb af p}bnbqb}f{af E{p}bhlke* uvf pf}nhqhf}bl dflf}e} vlp}bkf{b af fl{felwe. ep}flahwegf p}kqhkb*af kenpf{hlb e kenpf{hlb* fl qfne{}fjekhbleab{ kbl ejqf}leqhe{ p}bavkqhe{*kbl{q}vkkhl af hl`}ef{q}vkqv}eed}bpfkve}he* b}delhwekhl kbnvlhqe}he x

nelfgb af nhk}b.k}ahqb{ ed}bpfkve}hb{,Af f{qe nelf}e je hlqf}flkhl {f }fejhwfl q}f{ kbnpblflqf{ uvf hlkjvxfl ekkhblf{

kbnpjfnflqe}he{ x uvf `vf}bl af{e}}bjjeae{af `b}ne pe}ejfje x e}qhkvjeae7

Kbnpblflqf af b}aflenhflqbenmhflqej7 Fj b}aflenhflqb enmhflqejafj qf}}hqb}hb {f kblkhmh kbnb vleed}fdekhl af p}bkf{b{* uvf {fkbl{q}vxf pb} f{keje{* af emegb cekhee}}hme* f{ afkh} af{af fj lhfj jbkej ce{qe

fj }fdhblej* x uvf epb}qf e je dflf}ekhlaf kblfkqhhaeaf{ flq}f fj _e}uvf Je{B}uvafe{ x fj _}enb Fj [bj, [f hlhkh flfj lhfj p}fahej nfahelqf vl p}bkf{bpe}qhkhpeqhb af pjelh`hkekhl fl 5=`hlke{* x af{af ec {f epb}q e jepjelh`hkekhl afj nelfgb af kvflke{cha}bd}`hke{ x je afjhnhqekhl x wblh`hkekhlafj }fe enb}qhdveab}e afj _e}uvf Je{B}uvafe{ fl je kvflke Je Flke}lekhl,

[f pjelqf af{e}}bjje} pjelf{ af nelfgbkbnvlhqe}hb{ af jb{ }fkv}{b{ leqv}ejf{ flq}f{ nhk}b.kvflke{ {fjfkkhbleae{* fl je{uvf {f haflqh`hke}bl jb{ p}hlkhpejf{ `bkb{

F[Q]EQFDHE AFJ [VM_]BXFKQB

KE_QVJB 1;=3


8/28

af kblqenhlekhl x je{ }fe{ k}qhke{pe}e je kbl{f}ekhl* mv{kelab af{e}}bjje}ekkhblf{ af {elfenhflqb m{hkb xkbl{f}ekhl af jb{ }fkv}{b{ leqv}ejf{,

Kbnpblflqf af {h{qfne{ {b{qflhmjf{af p}bavkkhl x nelfgb af }fkv}{b{

leqv}ejf{7 F{qf kbnpblflqf {f e}qhkvjekbl fj elqf}hb} af{af vle nh}eae afb}aflenhflqb enmhflqej af je kvflke* ejaf{e}}bjje} fl fj p}fahb je{ ekqhhaeaf{haflqh`hkeae{ fl fj p}bkf{b af pjelh`hkekhlp}fahej pe}qhkhpeqhe, F{qf kbnpblflqf {f`vlaenflq fl vl p}bkf{b af kepekhqekhlpe}e flqflaf} je{ me{f{ af jb{ {h{qfne{{b{qflhmjf{ af p}bavkkhl ed}bpfkve}he xfj nelfgb af }fkv}{b{ leqv}ejf{, [f

jjfe}bl e kemb dh}e{* qejjf}f{ x kbl fjekbnpeenhflqb qklhkb p}bh{qb {f`ekhjhq fj af{e}}bjjb af ejqf}leqhe{ed}b.`b}f{qejf{* {hjb.pe{qb}hjf{ x af

kbl{f}ekhl af jb{ }fkv}{b{ leqv}ejf{fl je{ `hlke{* fl`bkeae{ fl }favkh} fj

hnpekqb af jb{ {h{qfne{ af p}bavkkhlme{eab{ fl je deleaf}e fsqfl{he,

Kbnpblflqf af b}qejfkhnhflqb af jepe}qhkhpekhl x b}delhwekhlkbnvlhqe}he7 Fl f{qf kbnpblflqf {fp}fqflae af{e}}bjje} ekqhhaeaf{ af`b}nekhl pe}e d}vpb{ af nvgf}f{*

gflf{ x eavjqb{* hlkjvxflab e jb{hlqfd}elqf{ afj DEJ, Kbl f{qf d}vpb* fj

p}bkf{b af `b}qejfkhnhflqb {f nelqvb*pbqflkhelab f{pekhb{ af nexb}pe}qhkhpekhl x b}delhwekhl kbnvlhqe}hefl fj }fe afj Nb{ehkb,



9/28

ELJH[H[ AF KENMHB[FL JB[ NFAHB[ AF PHAE AFJ DEJ

Fl`buvf nfqbabjdhkb

Fj p}bkf{b af kbl{q}vkkhl af jb{hlahkeab}f{ af {b{qflhmhjhaea {f hlhkhkbl je }fejhwekhl af vle dh}e afep}flahwegf e ]hb{vkhb* fl p}fahb{ afkenpf{hlb{ e{bkheab{ e E{p}bhlke, Fjp}bp{hqb af f{qe{ dh}e{ f}e kblbkf} xnbqhe} je eabpkhl af ah`f}flqf{

ejqf}leqhe{ p}bavkqhe{ x af nelfgb afje deleaf}e* uvf pbael hnpjfnflqe}{ffl `hlke{ af je{ `enhjhe{ afj DEJ,

Kbl f{qe me{f af kblbkhnhflqb{ {f p}bkfahe uvf jb{ p}bavkqb}f{ kbl{q}vxf}el jb{hlahkeab}f{* pe}e }fejhwe} vl nblhqb}fbaf jb{ eelkf{ fl fj af{e}}bjjb af je{`hlke{, F{qb{ hlahkeab}f{ {f af`hlhf}bl{hdvhflab je nfqbabjbde p}bpvf{qe pb}

E}eldb fq ej, #=??0(* {f `b}nvje}blpe}e e{pfkqb{ enmhflqejf{ #khlkbhlahkeab}f{(* fkblnhkb . p}bavkqhb{#lvff( x {bkhejf{ #{fh{(, E keae vlb afjb{ hlahkeab}f{ {f jf{ e{hdl vle f{keje

_e}e fj nblhqb}fb* fj {fdvhnhflqbx je fejvekhl afj {vmp}bxfkqb{f vqhjhwe}bl =? hlahkeab}f{ af

{b{qflhmhjhaea af{e}}bjjeab{pe}qhkhpeqhenflqf kbl jb{

p}bavkqb}f{* fl je pf}{pfkqheaf jb{ {h{qfne{ af p}bavkkhl

ed}bpfkve}he {b{qflhmjf{,

KE_QVJB 1;;?


10/28

af kejh`hkekhl lvn}hke kbl ejb}f{af{af vlb ce{qe khlkb* ablaf khlkb f{

vle {hqvekhl af{femjf e je uvf f{èkqhmjf jjfde} fl fj kblqfsqb af je }fdhl,Fj nblhqb}fb af jb{ hlahkeab}f{ {f }fejhwkveq}b fkf{ fl je{ 5= `hlke{ afj DEJ*pe}e jb{ eb{ =??3 #jlfe me{f(* =??8*=?55* x pe}e 5? `hlke{ fl =?5= #ab{p}bavkqb}f{ {f }fqh}e}bl(* eb fl uvf`hlejhw fj p}bxfkqb, Je kejh`hkekhl af jb{hlahkeab}f{ {f jjf e kemb e q}e{ af}fvlhblf{ d}vpejf{ kbl jb{ p}bavkqb}f{* x

f{qvb {vgfqe e je f}h`hkekhl pb} pe}qfafj fuvhpb qklhkb afj p}bxfkqb nfahelqfbm{f}ekhl ah}fkqe av}elqf jb{}fkb}}hab{ af kenpb x fl fj p}bkf{b afkbl{q}vkkhl af jb{ pjelf{ p}fahejf{,

Jb{ hlahkeab}f{ `vf}bl elejhweab{vqhjhwelab fj pflqdblb af jb{ kephqejf{#A@HA 5888(* fl fj uvf {f epjhkelfjfnflqb{ nfqbabjdhkb{ x kblkfpqvejf{

afj FNP[ #Kcenmf}{ Kbltex 588=*A@HA 5888( x fj NKK #A@HA 5888(, Flfj FNP[ {f flqhflaf uvf nfahb af haef{ je nelf}e fl uvf vl hlahhavb vb}delhwekhl v{e jb{ }fkv}{b{ kbl uvf

kvflqe pe}e {vm{h{qh}9 {f kbl{haf}e uvf fjnfahb af hae f{ {v{qflqemjf kvelab je

me{f af }fkv}{b{ {bm}f je kvej {f dflf}elb {f afd}eae #Kcenmf}{ Kbltex 588=*A@HA 5888(, Jb{ }fkv}{b{ b mhflf{ {faflbnhlel kephqejf{ kvelab ej vqhjhwe}jb{dflf}el bq}b{ mhflf{ #A@HA 5888(,Fj FNP[ elejhwe je{ f{q}eqfdhe{ af hae eq}e{ af khlkb }fkv}{b{7 jb{ kephqejf{cvnelb* {bkhej* `hlelkhf}b* leqv}ej x `{hkb#A@HA 5888(, Bq}b{ evqb}f{ cel hlkjvhabfl fj fl`buvf ej kephqej kvjqv}ej x pbjqhkb,

Fl fj p}f{flqf abkvnflqb* fj eljh{h{ {f}f`hf}f e jb{ khlkb kephqejf{ hlhkhejf{* afmhabe uvf jb{ hlahkeab}f{ ah{pblhmjf{ lbpf}nhqfl qflf} hl`b}nekhl afj kvjqv}ej xpbjqhkb, Eafn{ fl mvfle nfahae* f{qb{ab{ kephqejf{ {f f{q}vkqv}el e pe}qh} afj{bkhej x {bl nbjafeab{ pb} je{ hl{qhqvkhblf{*je{ b}delhwekhblf{* je{ pbjqhke{ x jejfdh{jekhl,Fj pflqdblb af jb{ kephqejf{ f{ vle

cf}}enhflqe uvf pf}nhqf bm{f}e} je{hlqf}}fjekhblf{ x e}hekhblf{ fl fj ekkf{be jb{ ah`f}flqf{ kephqejf{ b ekqhb{ pb} pe}qfaf je{ pf}{ble{* je{ kbnvlhaeaf{ b jb{d}vpb{ {bkhejf{ elejhweab{ #A@HA 5888(,

Af `b}ne {flkhjje* pvfaf afkh}{f uvf f{vle `b}ne dfbnq}hke* uvf kbnb {v

lbnm}f jb hlahke qhflf khlkb }qhkf{ fljb{ uvf {f vmhke keae kephqej, Fl f{qfq}emegb* fj pflqdblb af jb{ kephqejf{pf}nhqf qflf} vle ep}bshnekhl e jekvelqh`hkekhl af jb{ ekqhb{ x }fkv}{b{af je{ ènhjhe{ afj DEJ* èkhjhqelab jebm{f}ekhl afj kbnpb}qenhflqb af jb{kephqejf{ kbnb }f{vjqeab af je{hlqf}flkhblf{ e q}e{ afj qhfnpb#@hdv}e 5(,

_e}e fj p}f{flqf eljh{h{ {f ed}vpe}bl jb{hlahkeab}f{ af ekvf}ab kbl jb{ khlkbkephqejf{7 cvnelb* leqv}ej*`{hkb"kbl{q}vhab* `hlelkhf}b"p}bavkqhb x{bkhej* }fkblbkhflab uvf vl hlahkeab}pvfaf qflf} hl`jvflkhe fl n{ af vlkephqej, _e}e keae kephqej {f bmqvb vlp}bnfahb af jb{ hlahkeab}f{ elejhweab{ x{qf `vf vqhjhweab fl fj pflqdblb af jb{

kephqejf{, F{qf p}bkfahnhflqb af nblhqb}fbx {fdvhnhflqb {f epjhk pe}e je jlfeme{f x fl fj nblhqb}fb elvej* pe}e vlqbqej af kveq}b nfahkhblf{,

;;5Nb{ehkb{ . _eq}hnblhb Leqv}ej


11/28

lhfj b}delhweqhb hlhkhej f{ ah`f}flqf ejbmqflhab* afmhab e uvf eafn{ af je{

gvlqe{ af ekkhl kbnvlej #GEK( {fkbl`b}n vle b}delhwekhl kbnvlhqe}hehlafpflahflqf* kbl je pe}qhkhpekhl afnhfnm}b{ afj DEJ x kbl kbmf}qv}e ebq}e{ f}fae{ af je kvflke JeFlke}lekhl,

Av}elqf je qf}kf}e nfahkhl* f{ afkh} jb{kenmhb{ bmqflhab{ av}elqf fj {fdvlabeb af hlqf}flkhl #=?5?(* {f }fdh{q} vlhlk}fnflqb af ?*4 pvlqb{ fl jb{ kephqejf{cvnelb* leqv}ej* x `hlelkhf}b"p}bavkqhb*pe}e vl p}bnfahb af ;3*6 & afjhlk}fnflqb qbqej, Fj kephqej`{hkb"kbl{q}vhab p}f{flq fj nexb}hlk}fnflqb kbl 5*5 pvlqb{ #61& afjeelkf qbqej(, Fj kephqej {bkhej {f nelqvbkbl vl eelkf af ?*; pvlqb{, F{qb{}f{vjqeab{ nvf{q}el uvf `vf {jb vl ebaf{pv{ af hlhkheab fj {vmp}bxfkqb uvf{f emb}ae}bl je{ ekkhblf{ kblqfnpjeae{fl fj kephqej `{hkb"kbl{q}vhab* afmhab ejb{ jhnhqelqf{ af nelb af bm}e x ej

af{kblbkhnhflqb af je{ qfklbjbde{p}bpvf{qe{* }fuvh}hflab vl f{pekhb xqhfnpb hlhkhejf{ pe}e je `b}nekhl xeaepqekhl e je nfqbabjbde af q}emegb,

Fj pflqdblbaf jb{ kephqejf{

Fl fj pflqdblb af je @hdv}e 5 {fbm{f}e vl eelkf {fkvflkhej fl qbab{ jb{kephqejf{ nfahab{* e pe}qh} af jehlqf}flkhl afj {vmp}bxfkqb, Av}elqf je{kveq}b nfahkhblf{ af jb{ hlahkeab}f{*hlkjvxflab je jlfe me{f* {f flkblq} uvffj nexb} lhfj af eelkf {f p}f{flq flfj p}hnf} eb af hlqf}flkhl #`hlejf{ afjeb =??3 x qbab fj eb =??8(*}fdh{q}elab pe}e fj kephqej cvnelb* vlhlk}fnflqb af 5*? pvlqb #6?& afj eelkfqbqej(, Jb{ kephqejf{* leqv}ej x`{hkb"kbl{q}vhab* nb{q}e}bl vl hlk}fnflqbaf ?*3 pvlqb{ #16& x 1?& }f{pfkqhenflqf(,Fl fj kephqej `hlelkhf}b"p}bavkqhb {f}fdh{q} vl hlk}fnflqb p}bnfahb af ?*4pvlqb{ #;8*6 &(* x pe}e fj kephqej {bkhej*fj hlk}fnflqb `vf af ?*1 vlhaeaf{ #1?&9@hdv}e 5(,

F{qb{ }f{vjqeab{ afj p}hnf} eb afhlqf}flkhl }f{ejqel uvf {f bmqvbvl eelkf fl qbab{ jb{ kephqejf{* xkbl`h}nel je p}hb}haea uvf {f jfe{hdl ej kbnpblflqf cvnelb kbnbme{f pe}e eelwe} fl je kbl{bjhaekhl

af jb{ bq}b{ kephqejf{,Fj kephqej kbl nfgb} kejh`hkekhl ej hlhkhbafj {vmp}bxfkqb `vf fj {bkhej, [hlfnme}db* cex uvf qflf} fl kvflqe uvf fj

KE_QVJB 1;;=


12/28

[BKHEJ LEQV]EJ

@HLELKHF]B"_]BAVKQHPB @[HKB"KBL[Q]VHAB

?6"?8"?3

?3"55"?8

?6"?="55

?5"?;"5=

CVNELB

@HDV]E 5, _flqdblb af jb{ kephqejf{ fl je{ `enhjhe{ afj Nb{ehkb Je Flke}lekhl* V}}eb Elqhbuvhe* af{af =??3 ce{qe =?5=, @vflqf7 Jb{ evqb}f{,

;;;Nb{ehkb{ . _eq}hnblhb Leqv}ej


13/28

Fl f{qe nfahkhl qenmhl {f af{qeke fjpf}nelflqf hlk}fnflqb uvf }fdh{q} fjkephqej `hlelkhf}b"p}bavkqhb* afmhab euvf av}elqf f{qf pf}hbab {f kblqhlv`b}qejfkhflab je b`f}qe p}bavkqhe fl je{`hlke{* qelqb pe}e je {bmf}eleejhnflqe}he kbnb pe}e jekbnf}khejhwekhl b fj hlqf}kenmhb afp}bavkqb{ flq}f je{ `enhjhe{,

Fl je jqhne nfahkhl* kb}}f{pblahflqf ejeb =?55* jb{ kephqejf{ cvnelb{*leqv}ejf{ x `hlelkhf}b"p}bavkqhb}fdh{q}e}bl vl eelkf af ?*; pvlqb{ flp}bnfahb* jb uvf }fp}f{flqe vl 54& afjeelkf qbqej }fdh{q}eab, Fj kephqej {bkhej{f nelqvb kbl vl hlk}fnflqb af ?*;pvlqb{ #=8& afj eelkf qbqej(, Fj kephqejkbl nflb{ epb}qf `vf fj `{hkb"kbl{q}vhab*fj kvej nb{q} vl hlk}fnflqb af ?*5

vlhaeaf{ #0&(, F{qb{ }f{vjqeab{af{qekel uvf av}elqf fj jqhnbpf}hbab af hlqf}flkhl {f`b}qejfkhf}bl jb{ ekqhb{ dflf}eab{fl jb{ pf}hbab{ hlhkhejf{* x fl

dflf}ej {f nfgb}e}bl jb{ nfahb{ afhae fl je{ `enhjhe{ mflf`hkheae{,

Elejhwelab fj kbl{bjhaeab af kenmhb{

p}f{flqeab flq}f jb{ eb{ =??3 x =?5=#Qemje 5( #hlafpflahflqf afj eelkf

pb} pf}hbab(* {f bm{f}e uvf jb{kephqejf{ kbl nexb} pb}kflqegf afkenmhb `vf}bl fj `hlelkhf}b"p}bavkqhb* fj`{hkb"kbl{q}vhab x fj cvnelb* {fdvhabpb} fj leqv}ej x {bkhej, F{qf }f{vjqeabfspjhke je p}f`f}flkhe uvf jb{ p}bavkqb}f{af f{qe }fdhl qvhf}bl fl fj af{e}}bjjbafj {vmp}bxfkqb pb} fj nfgb}enhflqb af

{v{ nfahb{ af {vm{h{qflkhe* jb{ kvejf{f{ql }fjekhbleab{ kbl je{ kblahkhblf{p}bavkqhe{ x af hld}f{b fl je{ `hlke{* xuvf e je fw {f keqejbdel kbnb {v{p}hlkhpejf{ ke}flkhe{,

Jb{ eelkf{ bmqflhab{ fl jb{ kephqejf{`hlelkhf}b"p}bavkqhb x `{hkb"kbl{q}vhab{bl fj }f`jfgb af je{ delelkhe{ bmqflhae{fl fj kephqej cvnelb x kbljjfel fl {vaf{e}}bjjb vle hlqfd}ekhl af jb{kephqejf{ leqv}ej x {bkhej, Fl f{pfkhej*f{qf jqhnb {f} je kjef pe}e uvf f{qb{

p}bkf{b{ {f kbl{bjhafl x }fpjhuvfl eq}e{ af je E{bkhekhl Ed}benmhflqejJe{ B}uvafe{ x {v `blab }bqeqb}hb* uvf{f kbl`b}ne}bl kbnb pe}qf afj af{e}}bjjbafj {vmp}bxfkqb,

KE_QVJB 1;;1


14/28

QEMJE 5, Hlk}fnflqb qbqej fl jb{ kephqejf{ }f{pfkqb e je jlfe me{f afj =??3, @vflqf7 jb{ evqb}f{,

?4"?;"=?5=KENMHB LFQB=??3 . =?5=

KENMHB #FL &(=??3 . =?5=

CVNELB

LEQV]EJ

@[HKB"KBL[Q]VHAB

@HLELKHF]B"_]BAVKQHPB

[BKHEJ

KE_HQEJ ?6"?8"=??3

=*5

=*3

=*5

5*0

;*8

=*5

=*3

=*5

5*0

;*8

=*5

=*3

=*5

5*0

;*8

=*5

=*3

=*5

5*0

;*8

Je `b}ne afj pflqdblb* fl je kvej {f bm{f}e je}fdvje}haea af je jqhne nfahkhl* ae e flqflaf}

je h{hl af hlqfd}ejhaea af jb{ {h{qfne{hnpjfnflqeab{ x kbnb fj af{e}}bjjb af vl kephqej

lb {f ae kbl fj afq}hnflqb b je `ejqe af{b{qflhmhjhaea af bq}b, Kbl je epjhkekhl afj FNP[

x fj NKK ce {hab pb{hmjf flqflaf} fj p}bkf{b affbjvkhl uvf p}f{flqe}bl je{ `enhjhe{ nfahelqffj af{e}}bjjb af jb{ bmgfqhb{ afj {vmp}bxfkqb,

;;6


15/28

Kephqej cvnelb

Kvelab hlhkh fj {vmp}bxfkqb fl fj eb=??3* fj hlahkeab} kbl f{qeab n{ k}qhkb`vf je ah{pblhmhjhaea af nelb af bm}e, Je

f{q}eqfdhe pe}e {vpf}e} f{qe ah`hkvjqeaf{qvb jhaf}eae pb} jb{ p}bavkqb}f{* afqej `b}ne uvf je{ ènhjhe{ ep}bfkce}blje nelb af bm}e ènhjhe} ah{pblhmjf xaf{e}}bjje}bl q}emegb kbjfkqhb #kenmhbaf nelb x kblhqf{(,

Fj p}bavkqb} `vf fj }f{pbl{emjf hlhkhej afpe}qhkhpe} fl fj p}bkf{b af kepekhqekhl9{qf e {v fw `vf hlqfd}elab e bq}e{

pf}{ble{ af je ènhjhe* af qej `b}ne uvfaflq}b afj lkjfb ènhjhe} {f `vf}blf{qemjfkhflab }f{pbl{emhjhaeaf{ fl jb{ah{qhlqb{ {h{qfne{ p}bavkqhb{ af je `hlke,Nfahelqf je{ dh}e{ af hlqf}kenmhb af

kblbkhnhflqb{ {f jbd} hlkhah} fl fjkenmhb af ekqhqva af jb{ p}bavkqb}f{{bm}f je kbl{f}ekhl afj kephqej leqv}ej7nfahelqf je{ dh}e{ kblbkhnb{ uvflb f{ lfkf{e}hb qvnme} qelqb mb{uvfpe}e pbaf} qflf} deleab#Dem}hfjNblqbxe =??8* kbn, pf}{,(, Qenmhl

dflf} kenmhb{ af ekqhqva cekhe fj}fjekhblenhflqb kbl bq}b{ nhfnm}b{ afje kbnvlhaea x je{ pf}{ble{ h{hqelqf{7xe {bnb{ nflb{ qnhab{ uvf elqf{#Djb}he Cf}llafw =?5=* kbn, pf}{,(,

KE_QVJB 1;;0


16/28

Fejvekhl af jb{ hlahkeab}f{ af {b{qflhmhjhaea pb} pe}qf af je{ enhjhe{ pe}qhkhpelqf{, @vflqf7 Elqblhb [bje}qf, Kepekhqekhl e vle enhjhe {bm}f fj v{b afj ed}blhfj, @vflqf7 Keqejhle Wepeqe,

;;4


17/28

Kephqej leqv}ej

Fl jb{ p}fahb{ elejhweab{* je p}hlkhpej

ekqhhaea p}bavkqhe f{ je deleaf}e afabmjf p}bp{hqb* ke}ekqf}hweae pb} dflf}e}hnpekqb{ lfdeqhb{ fl fj edve* fj {vfjb*fj mb{uvf x je mhbahf}{haea, Fl fj eb=??3 {f flkblq} uvf e lhfj af }fkv}{b{leqv}ejf{* jb{ fjfnflqb{ n{ k}qhkb{ f}elfj nelfgb afj edve x {vfjb,

Aflq}b af je{ f{q}eqfdhe{ p}bpvf{qe{ {fkbl{haf} je fjemb}ekhl af pjelf{ af

nelfgb kbnvlhqe}hb{ af }fkv}{b{ leqv}ejf{fl je nhk}bkvflke* ekqhhaea uvf lb dflf}fj lhfj af pe}qhkhpekhl f hlqf}{ uvf {ff{pf}eme, _b} jb qelqb* jb{ p}bavkqb}f{p}hb}hwe}bl jb{ bmgfqhb{ af p}bavkkhl flfj p}fahb {bm}f jb{ af kbl{f}ekhl fl jenhk}bkvflke* pf}b af`hlhflab ekkhblf{fl fj p}fahb }fjekhbleab{ kbl je p}bqfkkhlx kbl{f}ekhl af je{ `vflqf{ af edve* xje ah{nhlvkhl afj af{pf}ahkhb x je

kblqenhlekhl* nfahelqf fj v{b afmhbahdf{qb}f{ pj{qhkb{ af `jvgb kblqhlvb xfj }fah{fb af je{ hl{qejekhblf{ kbnbjeeaf}b{ x meb{,

Fl fj nelfgb afj {vfjb {f af{e}}bjje}blp}kqhke{ af kbl{f}ekhl af {vfjb{}fjekhbleae{ kbl q}ewb{ fl kv}e{ aflhfj x jem}elwe nlhne* e{ kbnb jehlkb}pb}ekhl af jb{ emblb{ b}dlhkb{,Fl fj nelfgb afj mb{uvf* {f flkblq} uvf

jb{ p}bavkqb}f{ fl je{ `hlke{ nelqhflfl}fe{ kbl mb{uvf, [hl fnme}db* fl jb{{h{qfne{ p}bavkqhb{ lb {f hlqfd}e fjkbnpblflqf e}m}fb, Je {hfnm}e af}mbjf{ aflq}b af jb{ f{pekhb{p}bavkqhb{ qvb vle }f{h{qflkhehlhkhej, Lb bm{qelqf f{ {b}p}flaflqfflkblq}e} uvf jb{ p}bavkqb}f{nvf{q}fl kbl b}dvjjb jb{ }mbjf{pjelqeab{ av}elqf fj p}bkf{b9 ejdvlb{

kbnb fj e}mbjbkb #Nblqelbeuvea}eldvje}h{( kbl {fnhjje{ fl jeekqvejhaea x }fe{ }f`b}f{qeae{ kbl kfa}b#Kfa}fje bab}eqe(,

KE_QVJB 1;;3


18/28

_elb}nhke dflf}ej af je kvflke afj } b Je Flke}lek hl, @vflqf7 Keqej hle Wepeqe, ] f b}f{qekhl }fejhweae kbl kfa}b #Kfa}fje bab}eqe( fl je f}fae Lv hj je jf{, @vflqf7 Elqblhb [bje}qf,

;;8


19/28

Kephqej `{hkb"kbl{q}vhab

Fl =??3 {f }fdh{q} vl megb lhfj fl jb{hlahkeab}f{ af lhfj af }fkhkjegf* fuvhpb{*cf}}enhflqe{ f hl`}ef{q}vkqv}eed}bpfkve}he, F{qb{ q}f{ ekqhb{ f{ql}fjekhbleab{ flq}f {* xe uvf je

kbl{q}vkkhl af hl{qejekhblf{ kbnbf{qemjb{ x pb}uvf}hwe{* x je abqekhlaf fuvhpb{ kbnb je{ nuvhle{ phkepe{qbpf}nhqfl nelfge} jb{ elhnejf{ fl{fnh.kbl`hlenhflqb x {vnhlh{q}e}`b}}egf{, F{qb `ekhjhqe }fkbdf} je{ fsk}fqe{uvf {bl p}bkf{eae{ kbl mhbahdf{qb}f{pj{qhkb{ x vqhjhweae{ pb{qf}hb}nflqf pe}eje p}fpe}ekhl af emblb{ b}dlhkb{ flje{ ke{fqe{ emblf}e{* nfgb}elab je

kepekhaea af }fkhkjegf,

Je{ kbl{q}vkkhblf{ b}hflqeae{ e jep}bavkkhl x fj nelfgb af p}bavkqb{

ed}kbje{ `vf}bl fj hlf}leaf}b x je{

ne}uvf{hle{#{fkeab} {bje} afp}bavkqb{ ed}bpfkve}hb{(,

E lhfj af hhflae {f }fejhw jekbl{q}vkkhl af f{qv`e{ f`hkhflqf{ fl fjkbl{vnb af jfe* e{ kbnb je p}bavkkhlaf mhbd{ kbl fj mhbahdf{qb}* je{ kvejf{kblq}hmvxf}bl e nfgb}e} je{ kblahkhblf{af mhflf{qe} pe}e je{ nvgf}f{, Kbnb {fnflkhbl elqf}hb}nflqf* je f{q}eqfdhe af

hlqf}flkhl kbl{h{qh fl b}hflqe} p}hnf}bjb{ f{`vf}wb{ afj fuvhpb afj p}bxfkqb x afjb{ p}bavkqb}f{ cekhe fj kephqej cvnelb#kepekhqekhl x pjelh`hkekhl p}fahej(,

KE_QVJB 1;1?


20/28

Hl`}ef{q}vkqv}e ed}bpfkve}he kbl{q}vhae fl je hlke af Gehnf Uvh}bw* f{qemjb x ne}uvf{hle, @vflqf7 Keqejhle Wepeqe, Cb}lb {bje} #ne}uvf{hle( kbl{q}vhab pe}e fj {fkeab x je kbl{f}ekhl af p}bavkqb{, @vflqf7 ldfje Dnfw,

;15


21/28

Kephqej hlelkhf}b"p}bavkqhbEj hlhkhb afj p}bxfkqb* jb{ hlahkeab}f{ aff{qf kephqej f}el megb{, Je {bmf}eleejhnflqe}he af je `enhjhe x jb{ elhnejf{afpflae* fl je nhqea af je{ `hlke{* afjkvjqhb af new* `}gbj x af je p}bavkkhlaf jfkcf, Fl je{ bq}e{ `hlke{ {jb {fp}bavke jfkcf x uvf{b, F{qe {hqvekhlcekhe uvf fj nf}keafb x je kbnf}khejhwekhl

{f kblkflq}e}el fl jb{ nh{nb{ p}bavkqb{uvf {f vqhjhwemel pe}e fj kbl{vnb, Afcfkcb* je q}el{`b}nekhl af p}bavkqb{pe}e dflf}e} ejb} ed}fdeab {hfnp}f cef{qeab }f{q}hldhae e je p}bavkkhl afuvf{b, Fl kvelqb e je p}bavkkhl afemblb{ b}dlhkb{* jb{ p}bavkqb}f{ lbqflel jb{ kblbkhnhflqb{* lb vqhjhwemeljb{ }f{havb{ af je `hlke x qenpbkbkblqemel kbl hl`}ef{q}vkqv}e pe}e {v

}fkbjfkkhl x fjemb}ekhl,

Fl f{qf kephqej* fj p}hnf} p}bp{hqb aflq}baf je{ hlf}{hblf{ }fejhweae{ pb} fj{vmp}bxfkqb `vf ahf}{h`hke} jb{ p}bavkqb{

x p}bavkh} ejhnflqb{ fl je{ `hlke{* eq}e{ afj f{qemjfkhnhflqb af

{h{qfne{ p}bavkqhb{ kbnb jb{melkb{ nhsqb{ af `b}}egf x jep}bavkkhl af cb}qejhwe{ flhlf}leaf}b, Af f{qe `b}ne {fah{nhlvx je lfkf{haea af eauvh}h}p}bavkqb{ fsqf}lb{ uvf pbaelp}bavkh}{f fl je{ nh{ne{ `hlke{ x flkbl{fkvflkhe qenmhl jb{ de{qb{ fl {vkbnp}e, Fl fj `b}qejfkhnhflqb af je{bmf}ele ejhnflqe}he {f pvahf}bldflf}e} fskfaflqf{ vqhjhweab{ pe}e jekbnf}khejhwekhl, [hl fnme}db* f{qfp}bkf{b {jb pvab jbd}e}{f fl je nfahaeuvf je{ `hlke{ p}bavgf}el {v{ p}bphb{emblb{ x jb{ hlkb}pb}e}bl fl {v{ kvjqhb{,

KE_QVJB 1;1=


22/28

;1;

Melkb nhsqb af b}}egf kbnb f{q}eqfdhe p}bavkqhe hnpjfnflqeae fl je{ hlke{, @vflqf7 Elqblhb [bje}qf, Ahf}{haea af cb}qejhwe{ x pjelqe{ nfahkhlejf{ uvf {f kvjqhel fl jb{ hlf}leaf}b{, @vflqf7 Keqejhle Wepeqe,


23/28

Kephqej {bkhej

Fl fj kephqej {bkhej {f elejhw {jb vlhlahkeab} }fjekhbleab kbl je b}delhwekhl{bkhej, Fl jb{ pe}qhkhpelqf{ afj DEJ {f

flkblq} vl mvfl lhfj af b}delhwekhlpe}e fj eb =??3* ke}ekqf}hweab pb} jepf}qflflkhe af {v{ f}fae{ e je GEK*

gvdelab vl pepfj hnpb}qelqf xe uvfceme pe}qhkhpekhl af ej nflb{ je nhqeaaf je{ `enhjhe{ fl je{ ah}fkqhe{ af je GEK,_f}qflfkf} e je GEK fl f{qe{ }fdhblf{epe}qeae{* pba}e kbl{haf}e}{f uvf f{ke{h vle bmjhdekhl* afmhab e uvf pb}f{qf nfahb {f pvfaf qflf} ekkf{b e

mflf`hkhb{ kbnb e}}fdjb af kenhlb{*favkekhl* {ejva* hl`}ef{q}vkqv}ekbnvlhqe}he x fl dflf}ej kvejuvhf}lfkf{haea b exvae uvf {f }fuvhf}edf{qhble} elqf je{ hl{qhqvkhblf{ pe}emflf`hkhb af je kbnvlhaea,

Av}elqf fj af{e}}bjjb afj {vmp}bxfkqb {fpjelqf je hlqfd}ekhl af lhb{* gflf{ xnvgf}f{ e p}bkf{b{ af p}bxfkkhl

kbnvlhqe}he* e{ kbnb fj `b}qejfkhnhflqbafj DEJ, Af{pv{ af f{qf p}bkf{b* {fdflf} kblgvlqenflqf kbl je b`hkhle af

af{e}}bjjb kbnvlhqe}hb af je ejkejae afjnvlhkhphb af V}}eb* fj _e}uvf Je{B}uvafe{ x je Kb}pb}ekhl pe}e fjAf{e}}bjjb [b{qflhmjf af V}em#Kb}pbv}em(* fj f{pekhb af flkvflq}bhlqf}.hl{qhqvkhblej x kbnvlhqe}hbaflbnhleab Flkvflq}b{ wblejf{ af

gvlqe{ af ekkhl kbnvlej x d}vpb{

b}delhweab{ af je wblej JeFlke}lekhl, Av}elqf vl eb {f}fejhw vl p}bkf{b af kepekhqekhl kbl jepe}qhkhpekhl af je{ 5; GEK af je wblejFlke}lekhl, ]f{vjqeab af f{qf p}bkf{b`vf vl kblflhb flq}f je Fnp}f{e af[f}hkhb{ _mjhkb{ af V}}eb x Khpe* pe}eje fgfkvkhl afj p}bxfkqb7 F{q}eqfdhe{ afdf{qhl enmhflqej pe}qhkhpeqhe pe}e je}fkvpf}ekhl x kbl{f}ekhl af

fkb{h{qfne{* e pe}qh} af je hnpjfnflqekhlaf ejqf}leqhe{ hemjf{ {b{qflhmjf{ pe}e fjkblq}bj af enflewe{ fl je wble

Enb}qhdveab}e afj _e}uvf Leqv}ej LekhblejJe{ B}uvafe{* kbl vle hlf}{hl af

!;1,???,??? uvf pf}nhqh enpjhe} jb{ejkelkf{ afj {vmp}bxfkqb e bq}e{ f}fae{,

Je neqf}hejhwekhl af f{qf f{`vf}wbb}delhweqhb `vf je kbl{qhqvkhl af jeE{bkhekhl Ed}benmhflqej Je{B}uvafe{* je kvej {f flkvflq}e e je`fkce kbl qbab{ {v{ abkvnflqb{jfdejf{ x kbl`b}neae pb} ;= pf}{ble{,{qe{ cel {hab kepekhqeae{ fl fj

af{e}}bjjb af vl `blab }bqeqb}hb* ej kvej_eq}hnblhb Leqv}ej }fejhw vl epb}qf ejkephqej {fnhjje af !;?,???,???

KE_QVJB 1;11


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;16

Hlqfd}elqf{ af je gvlqe ah}fkqhe af je E{bkhekhl Ed}benmhflqej Je{ B}uvafe{, @vflqf7 Keqejhle Wepeqe, Ph{hqe afj ejkejaf nvlhkhpej af V}}eb e je `hlke af Dem}hfj Nblqbxe, @vflqf7 Elqblhb [bje}qf,


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Kephqej cvnelbJe ch{qb}he af hbjflkhe* af{pjewenhflqb* af{e}}ehdb* pbke p}f{flkhe hl{qhqvkhblej* jeaf{kbl`helwe x je fspfkqeqhe hlahhavej af bmqflf} mflf`hkhb{ fkblnhkb{ ah}fkqb{ afnelf}e }phae pb} je kb{qvnm}f af df{qhblf{ e{h{qflkhejh{qe{ af je{ hl{qhqvkhblf{* dflf}e}blah`hkvjqeaf{ pe}e hlhkhe} fj af{e}}bjjb afj p}bxfkqb, F{qe {hqvekhl dflf} jflqhqva fl ejkelwe}je{ nfqe{, Fl kbl{fkvflkhe {f bpq pb} hlhkhe} ekkhblf{ fl je{ `hlke{ af jb{ pe}qhkhpelqf{uvf nb{q}emel nexb} nbqhekhl kbl fj `hl af dflf}e} vl f`fkqb {hnhje} fl qbab fj DEJ, Aff{qe `b}ne {f mv{k ah{nhlvh} je{ p}f{hblf{ {bm}f }fuvf}hnhflqb{ af mflf`hkhb{ fkblnhkb{hlnfaheqb{ nelh`f{qeae{ pb} ejdvlb{ mflf`hkhe}hb{,

Fl je eabpkhl af qfklbjbde{ af {h{qfne{ ed}bpfkve}hb{ {b{qflhmjf{ {f flkblq}e}bljhnhqekhblf{ }fjekhbleae{ kbl je mege ah{pblhmhjhaea af nelb af bm}e* x fj af{kblbkhnhflqb xje `ejqe af kbl`helwe {bm}f je{ qfklbjbde{ p}bpvf{qe{, F{qb {f {vpf} kbl kepekhqekhl}fjekhbleae kbl je{ p}kqhke{ e hnpjfnflqe} e q}e{ af ae{ af kenpb kbl dh}e{ afhlqf}kenmhb fl `hlke{ kbl nbafjb{ af {h{qfne{ {b{qflhmjf{ af p}bavkkhl epjhkemjf{ e jewble* x kbl e{h{qflkhe qklhke pf}nelflqf pb} pe}qf af jb{ p}b`f{hblejf{ afj fuvhpb afjp}bxfkqb x af jb{ p}bnbqb}f{ kenpf{hlb{,

Fl f{qf qhpb af p}bkf{b{ fsh{qfl kblahkhblf{ uvf afmfl kvnpjh} jb{ mflf`hkhe}hb{* uvf`ekhjhqel jb{ p}bkf{b{ af eabpkhl af je{ qfklbjbde{ p}bpvf{qe{, Ab{ af je{ ke}ekqf}{qhke{uvf {f haflqh`hke}bl kbnb lfkf{e}he{ {bl je pf}nelflkhe fl je `hlke af jb{ p}bavkqb}f{ x jeafpflaflkhe af je `hlke kbnb nfahb af hae, F{qb {f kbnp}bm fl fj cfkcb af uvf jb{ ab{p}bphfqe}hb{ uvf qflel nflb} pf}nelflkhe x }f{haflkhe fl je `hlke* `vf}bl jb{ uvfemelable}bl je }fdhl x emelable}bl je b}delhwekhl,

_]HLKH_EJF[ E_]FLAHWEGF[

KE_QVJB 1;10


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Kephqej leqv}ejJe{ p}hb}haeaf{ fl je{ f{q}eqfdhe{ af pjelh`hkekhl afj qf}}hqb}hb afpflafl afj kblqfsqb {bkhej* enmhflqej x p}bavkqhb af je{ kbnvlhaeaf{,Afmhab e uvf jb{ p}bkf{b{ af b}aflenhflqb enmhflqej e lhfj af nhk}bkvflke{ x fl jb kbnvlhqe}hb lb dflf}e}bl fj {v`hkhflqfhlqf}{ fl je è{f hlhkhej* {f bpq pb} q}emege} p}hnf}b ekkhblf{ kbl }f{vjqeab{ }phab{* e lhfj af `hlke* pe}e `b}qejfkf} je{bmf}ele ejhnflqe}he cvnele x elhnej* kbnb `vf}bl jb{ melkb{ nhsqb{ af `b}}egf{ x jb{ hlf}leaf}b{, Af f{qe nelf}e {f jbd}hlkb}pb}e} af{af je{ `hlke{* ekkhblf{ kblk}fqe{ pe}e je }fkvpf}ekhl af }fe{ af hnpb}qelkhe ca}hke x af kbl{f}ekhl af {vfjb{,

Kephqej `{hkb"kbl{q}vhabJe ejhelwe kbl E{p}bhlke p}bavgb vl epbxb hlejvemjf fl fj p}bkf{b af ekbnpeenhflqb qklhkb x je dflf}ekhl af fspf}hflkhe{ af ke{b{phjbqb e lhfj jbkej uvf pvahf}el {f} h{hqeab{ pb} jb{ nh{nb{ p}bavkqb}f{ x je{ kbnvlhaeaf{ fkhle{, E q}e{ af f{qe ejhelwe x fl fj ne}kb afvl p}bkf{b af kepekhqekhl af kenpf{hlb e kenpf{hlb {f dflf} fnpbaf}enhflqb jbkej af ejdvlb{ nhfnm}b{ afj DEJ pe}e }fpjhke} f{qb{

kblbkhnhflqb{ x ae} {b{qflhmhjhaea ej p}bkf{b,

Kephqej `hlelkhf}b"p}bavkqhbFl je pjelh`hkekhl e f{keje af p}fahb* {f fhaflkh uvf jb{ p}bavkqb}f{ nelfgel fj {h{qfne p}bavkqhb af deleaf}e kbl ah`f}flqf{ lhfjf{ afhnpb}qelkhe, _e}e jbd}e} n{ ep}bphekhl x {b{qflhmhjhaea fl je{ p}kqhke{ f{qemjfkhae{* je{ hlf}{hblf{ afmfl {f} qenmhl kbcf}flqf{ kbl je{pe}qhkvje}haeaf{ af keae p}fahb* je{ ke}ekqf}{qhke{ {bkhb.fkblnhke{ af je ènhjhe x je{ kepekhaeaf{ af keae p}bavkqb},

Jb{ p}bkf{b{ af }fkblf}{hl p}bavkqhe }fejhweab{ fl fj Nb{ehkb Je{ B}uvafe{ x je{ `hlke{ af je kvflke Je Flke}lekhl {fcel kblf}qhab fl vl }f`f}flqf fl fj nvlhkhphb af V}}eb, F{qb pf}nhqf uvf f{qf Nb{ehkb {fe h{qb kbnb vle fspf}hflkhe èkhjhqeab}e afep}flahwegf{* p}bffab}e af {f}hkhb{ x }fkv}{b{ #nelb af bm}e kejh`hkeae x {fnhjje{( fl `vqv}b{ p}bxfkqb{ v bpb}qvlhaeaf{ af af{e}}bjjb

kbnvlhqe}hb,

E q}e{ af je{ hlf}{hblf{ }fejhweae{ fl je{ `hlke{ {f jbd} vle ejb}hwekhl af je{ nh{ne{* jb kvej pvfaf kbl{qhqvh}{f fl je me{f x fj }f{pejabpe}e `vqv}b{ k}ahqb{ ed}bpfkve}hb{ fl fj p}fahb, F{qb dflf}e ep}bphekhl qf}}hqb}hej af jb{ cemhqelqf{ x nexb} af{fb af hlf}{hl uvfkblq}hmvxf fl je {b{qflhmhjhaea af je{ qfklbjbde{ hnpjfnflqeae{,

Kephqej {bkhejFl je kvflke Je Flke}lekhl* je{ GEK {bl b}delhwekhblf{ af me{f uvf {f cel jfdhqhneab fl je{ kbnvlhaeaf{ x uvf nelqhflfl }fkblbkhnhflqbx jhaf}ewdb, F{qe ke}ekqf}{qhke `vf ep}bfkceae pe}e enpjhe} fj p}bkf{b b}delhweqhb* n{ ejj afj ejkelkf afj DEJ* x `b}qejfkf} e{ p}bkf{b{kbnvlhqe}hb{ f hl{qhqvkhblejf{ af flkvflq}b x }fkbnpb{hkhl afj qfghab {bkhej, Qbab f{qb pf}nhqh `hlejnflqf kbl`b}ne} x kbl{bjhae} vleb}delhwekhl af me{f kbnvlhqe}he kbl nexb} p}bxfkkhl uvf vle GEK kbnb f{ je E{bkhekhl Ed}benmhflqej Je{ B}uvafe{,

Fj p}bkf{b af{e}}bjjeab kbl jb{ flkvflq}b{ wblejf{ af je{ GEK x jb{ d}vpb{ b}delhweab{ af je wblej Je Flke}lekhl* `vf qbneab kbnb fgfnpjbaflq}b afj nvlhkhphb, F{qe {hqvekhl `vf ep}bfkceae pe}e je df{qhl hl{qhqvkhblej kbl je ejkejae x Kb}pbv}em* jb uvf pf}nhqh kblk}fqe} epbxb`hlelkhf}b pe}e fj p}bxfkqb nflkhbleab* enpjhelab e{ fj ejkelkf afj {vmp}bxfkqb afj Nb{ehkb,

;14Nb{ehkb{ . _eq}hnblhb Leqv}ej


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Ed}eafkhnhflqb{

Jb{ evqb}f{ ed}eafkfl e _eq}hnblhbLeqv}ej x ej fuvhpb qklhkb afj _e}uvf Je{B}uvafe{ fl kemfwe af Ckqb} Pfjwuvfw*pb} fj epbxb x ekbnpeenhflqb }fejhweabav}elqf fj q}emegb af `b}nvjekhl fhnpjfnflqekhl afj {vmp}bxfkqb x fjq}emegb af kenpb, E jb{ ejkejaf{nvlhkhpejf{ af V}}eb* Jvh{ F}lf{qb PjfwNea}ha #pf}hbab =??4.=?55( x Jvh{Fave}ab Nblqbxe #pf}hbab =?5=.=?56( pb}{v epbxb fl fj af{e}}bjjb afj p}bxfkqb, E

E{p}bhlke pb} {v ejhb{e kblq}hmvkhl ejp}bkf{b af kepekhqekhl x b}delhwekhlkbnvlhqe}he, E Ejfselaf} Cfleb* GvjhlDh}ejab x En}hke Nfjb* e{ kbnb ejpf}{blej eanhlh{q}eqhb af Khpe* pb} {vepbxb fl kenpb x b`hkhle, E qbae{ je{`enhjhe{ afj DEJ x af je E{bkhekhl

Ed}b.enmhflqej Je{ B}uvafe{* pb} {vcb{phqejhaea x epbxb pf}nelflqf, E GehnfUvh}bw* kbb}ahleab} afj DEJ pb} f{qe}

{hfnp}f ah{pvf{qb e kblq}hmvh} fl qbab fjepbxb jbd{qhkb uvf {f }fuvh}h av}elqf fjaf{e}}bjjb afj {vmp}bxfkqb,

Jhqf}eqv}e khqeae

E}eldb C,E,* D,S, _fa}ewe x E,G,

[bje}qf, =??0, Kbl{q}vkkhl x v{b afhlahkeab}f{ af [v{qflqemhjhaea pe}e jepjelfekhl pe}qhkhpeqhe af p}fahb{,Ah{pblhmjf flcqqp7""ttt,fkbpb}qej,lfq"Qfne{RF{pfkhejf{"Af{e}}bjjbR[v{qflqemjf"Kbl{q}vkkhblRxRV{bRafRHlahkeab}f{RafR[v{q,Rpe}eRjeR_jelfekhblR_e}qhkhpeqheRafR_}fahb{ Y@, kbl{vjqe7 =?5=?;58^,

Ke}able E, x K,N, ]vhw, =??8, _}bkf{baf afqf}nhlekhl x }fdjenflqekhl af jewble enb}qhdveab}e afj _e}uvf LekhblejLeqv}ej Je{ B}uvafe{, Hl`b}nf p}f{flqeabe _eq}hnblhb leqv}ej* _}bxfkqb DF@ . @blabaf }fe{ _}bqfdhae{ x _e}uvf{ Lekhblejf{Leqv}ejf{ af Kbjbnmhe, Nfafjjl*Kbjbnmhe, 8=p,

Kcenmf}{ ], D, Kbltex, 588=,

[v{qehlemjf }v}ej jhfjhcbba{7 p}ekqhkejkblkfpq{ `b} qcf =5{q kflqv}x, Afmeqfabkvnflq embvq HA[ =80, M}hdcqbl* VI,;;p,

A@HA* Afpe}qnflq b} Hlqf}leqhblej

Affjbpnflq VI, 5888, [v{qehlemjfjhfjhcbba{ dvhaelkf {cffq{, A@HA, Jblabl*VI, 6?p,

Cf}llafw D, =?5=, Qejjf} pe}e fjnblhqb}fb af hlahkeab}f{ af {b{qflhmhjhaeafl fj eb =?55* af{e}}bjjeab fl je f}faeLvhjjejf{* `hlke af Dem}hfj Nblqbxe, V}}eb*Kbjbnmhe, Kbnvlhkekhl pf}{blej,

Nblqbxe D, =??8, ]fvlhl af{fdvhnhflqb ej {vmp}bxfkqb Nb{ehkb af

Kbl{f}ekhl Je{ B}uvafe{ . kvflke JeFlke}lekhl* V}}eb.Elqhbuvhe, V}}eb*Kbjbnmhe, Kbnvlhkekhl pf}{blej,

_e}uvf Lekhblej Leqv}ej Je{ B}uvafe{,=??6, _jel m{hkb af nelfgb afj _e}uvfLekhblej Leqv}ej Je{ B}uvafe{, _e}uvf{Lekhblejf{ Leqv}ejf{ af Kbjbnmhe, V}}eb*Kbjbnmhe, 500p,

PF]AEAEMHF]QE, [,`, Ne{ek}f{ flKbjbnmhe, V]J7 cqqp7""ttt,f}aeaemhf}qe,kbn"lvlke.ne{"680.ne{ek}f{.5884.=??5.Y@, kbl{vjqe7 =?5=?==?^,

KE_QVJB 1;13


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;18

F{pekhb af ep}flahwegf Nb{ehkb af je{ B}uvafe{, @bqb7 @vlkhble}hb _e}uvf je{ Cf}nb{e{

Sistemas sostenibles de producción agropecuaria en el Mosaico las Orquídeas

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