5/17/2018 Superconductores-1 - slidepdf.com

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/superconductores-1 1/12

 

 

0 

_jh|ou~hc`c J`nhij`b @sþjik` co

Kèqhni

L`nbs`c co Pëkhn`

K`souh`6 Pëkhn` cob O~s`ci ~þbhci

Sësbi6 }ounijcnsiuo~

Lona`6 Ji|hokeuo co 5=00

5/17/2018 Superconductores-1 - slidepdf.com

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/superconductores-1 2/12

 

 

5 

HJCHNO*

0*+ Hjsuicnnhþj………………………………………………………………………………………………………*> 

5*+ Co~`uuibbi cob sok`……………………………………………………………………………………………*3 

5*0*+ ¹Pè o~ j ~}ounijcnsiu9*********************************************************************3

5*5*+ @}bhn`nhijo~ co ~}ounijcnsiuo~………………………………………………………7 

5*>*+ Ofok}bi~ co }bhn`nhijo~ co bi~ ~}ounijcnsiuo~……………………………**1 

5*3*+ O~sunsu`b cob k`souh`b ~}ounijcnsiu……………………………………………**8 

5*?*+ ¹Nþki ~o ~hjsoshv` j ~}ounijcnsiu9**************************************************00

>*+ Uolouojnh`~ ehebhiguàlhn`~………………………………………………………………………………**05 

5/17/2018 Superconductores-1 - slidepdf.com

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/superconductores-1 3/12

 

 

> 

0*+ Hjsuicnnhþj*

Ob co~neuhkhojsi co b` ~}ounijcnsh|hc`c o~ ji co bi~ kà~ ~iu}uojcojso~ co b` ah~siuh` co

b` nhojnh` kicouj`* O~sà ëjshk`kojso bhg`ci nij ob hjsouè~ co bi~ lë~hni~ cob ~hgbi QHQ oj bhn`usici~ bi~ g`~o~ nijinhci~ oj `pob shok}i* B` bhnol`nnhþj co bi~ g`~o~ }oukhshuë` o~sch`u bi~

lojþkoji~ po ~o }uo~ojs`j oj bi~ k`souh`bo~ sok}ou`su`~ kx e`f`~*

Ob lojþkoji cojikhj`ci ~}ounijcnsh|hc`c lo ie~ou|`ci }iu }uhkou` |ov oj 0800" }iu A*

D`koubhjga Ijjo~" khojsu`~ su`e`f`e` nij kounuhi ` sok}ou`su`~ co bhn`nhþj cob aobhi

!`buocociu co 3 D(* ^o chi nojs` po chnai kos`b" }iu coe`fi co è~s` sok}ou`su`" }i~oë` j`

uo~h~sh|hc`c obènsuhn` co noui* @b niuuou co bi~ `ði~" ~o co~neuhouij isui~ k`souh`bo~~}ounijcnsiuo~ n`c` |ov ~`jci sok}ou`su`~ ~}ouhiuo~*

@ lhj`bo~ co bi~ ?=‘~" K`ssah`~ x Djvbou ojnijsu`uij po `bgj`~ `bo`nhijo~ co jhiehi }icë`j

~ou ~}ounijcnsiu`~ ` sok}ou`su`~ kà~ `bs`~" }iu ofok}bi" Je>^j sojë` j` Sn co 01 D*]i~souhiukojso" oj 081<" Eocjiuv x Kòbbou co~neuhouij j k`souh`b e`~`ci oj þqhci co

nieuo" !B`" E`(5NI3" nij j Sn co >? D* ]iu è~so su`e`fi" `kei~ hj|o~shg`ciuo~ uonhehouij ob]uokhi Jieob co Lë~hn` oj 0817* Oj loeuoui co 0817 ]`b Na x ~ oph}i co b` _jh|ou~hc`c co

Ai~sij" `jjnh`uij a`eou co~`uuibb`ci j ~}ounijcnsiu nij j` sok}ou`su` co 81 D `

e`~o co j` kovnb` co þqhci co nieuo" e`uhi o hsuhi !XE`NI 7(* O~so co~neuhkhojsi n`~þ j

gu`j hk}`nsi" }o~ b` e`uuou` hk}o~s` }iu b` jono~hc`c co shbhv`u aobhi o ahcuigoji bëphci

a`eë` ~hci su`~}`~`c`4 }iu bi n`b" ob jhsuþgoji !po ~o bhn` ` 77 D( nikojvþ ` shbhv`u~o

niki uoluhgou`jso* Oj 0811 j nik}o~si co þqhci co nieuo" n`bnhi" e`uhi x sbhi

!SbE`N`NI( `bn`jvþ j` sok}ou`su` nuëshn` co 05? D4 khojsu`~ po }iu ~ }`uso b` O~nob`

^}ouhiu co Lë~hn` x Pëkhn` Hjc~suh`b co ]`uë~" oj k`xi co 088>"ies|houij }obënb`~ co

þqhci~ co nieuo" n`bnhi" e`uhi x kounuhi !ob AgE`N`NI( bigu`jci j` sok}ou`su` nuëshn` co

0>> D* ]i~souhiukojso o~so kh~ki oph}i biguþ oj chnhokeuo co 088> j` sok}ou`su`

nuëshn` co 5?= D ` }`ushu co j nik}o~si co eh~ksi" o~suijnhi" n`bnhi x þqhci co nieuo

!Eh^uN`NI( sok}ou`su` uoniuc co~co ojsijno~*‡^hj oke`ugi" b` n`uuou` co b` sok}ou`su` nuëshn` `öj ji a` soukhj`ci* X` po bi~ nhojsëlhni~

~oð`j nij iesojou ~}ounijcnsiuo~ po ljnhijoj ` sok}ou`su` `kehojso" po ji

jono~hsoj uoluhgou u~o" sok}ou`su` po o~sà oj siuji bi~ 58> D !5= ½N (*

5/17/2018 Superconductores-1 - slidepdf.com

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/superconductores-1 4/12

 

 

3 

Lhgu` 0* Sok}ou`su` nuëshn` co bgji~ ~}ounijcnsiuo~ oj ljnhþj co b` lona`

5*+ Co~`uuibbi cob sok`*

5*0 ¹Pè o~ j ~}ounijcnsiu9

]`u` }icou colhjhu chnai nijno}si ~o sik`uij oj nojs` bi~ ~hghojso~ `~}onsi~4 b`

~}ounijcnsh|hc`c o~ j lojþkoji n`u`nsouhv`ci o~ojnh`bkojso }iu b` `~ojnh` co

uo~h~sojnh` `b }`~i ~o b` niuuhojso obènsuhn`* B` uo~h~sh|hc`c obènsuhn` co j kos`b jiuk`bch~khjxo nijshj`kojso nijliuko bi a`no b` sok}ou`su` x bbog` ` j |`biu uo~hc`b n`jci

~o bbog` b noui e~ibsi*

^h sojoki~ j k`souh`b nijcnsiu `b po bo `}bhn`ki~ j }isojnh`b \" b` k`gjhsc co b`

niuuhojso o~ }ui}iunhij`b `b |ibs`fo" x ` b` nij~s`jso co }ui}iunhij`bhc`c ~o bo nijino nikiuo~h~sojnh`" x cosoukhj` ob |`biu co b` niuuhojso po }oco }`~`u ` su`|è~ co èb* O~s` uob`nhþj

~o oq}uo~` oj b` Box co Iak*

\;HU

B` uo~h~sojnh` o~ j` k`gjhsc n`u`nsouë~shn` cob nijcnsiu" x cosoukhj` ob |`biu co b`

niuuhojso po }oco }`~`u ` su`|è~ co èb* O~ }uolouhebo ~`u ob sèukhji uo~h~sh|hc`c ! ("

coehci ` po è~so ji co}ojco co b` goikosuë` cob nijcnsiu* _~`bkojso ~o su`e`f` nij ob

hj|ou~i co b` uo~h~sh|hc`c" b` nijcnsh|hc`c ! (* O~s`~ ci~ öbshk ~ }ui}hoc`co~ ~o colhjojniki6

_j ~}ounijcnsiu" ojsijno~" o~ `pob k`souh`b po" oj nhous`~ nijchnhijo~ niki ` e`f`~

sok}ou`su`~" shojo }uhjnh}`bkojso b` }ui}hoc`c co nijcnhu b` niuuhojso obènsuhn` nij j`

uo~h~sojnh` jb` x nij kx }in` ch~}ou~hþj co ojougë`*

B` sok}ou`su` ` b` n`b b` uo~h~sh|hc`c co j k`souh`b o~ kx noun`j` ` noui" ~o bo nijino

niki sok}ou`su` nuëshn`" Sn þ

 n * ]iu ojnhk` co è~s` sok}ou`su`" ob k`souh`b ~o chno po o~

‒jiuk`b‛ x }iu coe`fi co b` Sn" ob k`souh`b o~ j ~}ounijcnsiu*

5/17/2018 Superconductores-1 - slidepdf.com

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/superconductores-1 5/12

 

 

? 

Lhgu` 5* Uo~h~sh|hc`c obènsuhn` co j kos`b jiuk`b nik}`u`c` nij b` co j ~}ounijcnsiu" oj ljnhþj

co b` sok}ou`su`*

@cokà~ co b` sok}ou`su`" isui~ }`uàkosui~ hjlbxoj oj b` ~}ounijcnsh|hc`c4 niki ob

n`k}i k`gjèshni A x b` coj~hc`c co niuuhojso F*

N`jci j k`souh`b ~o ojnojsu` o~ o~s`ci ~}ounijcnsiu }oco cof`u }`~`u n`jshc`co~ kx

gu`jco~ co niuuhojso" hjnb~i ` su`|è~ co j` ~onnhþj kx }opoð`" ~hj ~luhu }èuchc`~ }iu

n`bojs`khojsi* ^h ~o hjcno j` niuuhojso oj j `jhbbi ~}ounijcnsiu" b` niuuhojso }oco

nhunb`u hjcolhjhc`kojso }iu ob `jhbbi ~hj jhjgj` `soj`nhþj*

Ob lojþkoji ~o ~}ounijcnsh|hc`c oj ~}ounijcnsiuo~ kosàbhni~ lo oq}bhn`ci }iu FiajE`ucooj" Boij Nii}ou x Fiaj nauhollou" oj b` bb`k`c` Soiuë` EN^" x po bo~ ahvi kouonociuo~

cob ]uokhi Jieob oj Lë~hn` oj ob `ði 0875* B` soiuë` ~` ob nijno}si co }`uo~ co obonsuijo~" `gu`jco~ u`~gi~" ojjnh` bi ~hghojso6

]iu coe`fi co Sn" bi~ obonsuijo~ co nijcnnhþj co b` kh~k` ojougë` }oui o~}ëj i}o~si liuk`j}`uo~ !}`uo~ co Nii}ou(* B`~ |heu`nhijo~ `sþkhn`~ i hþjhn`~ s`kehèj ~ij kojiuo~ }iu coe`fi

co b` sok}ou`su` nuëshn`" x ~ luonojnh` ~o hg`b` nij b` luonojnh` co |heu`nhþj co bi~ }`uo~

obonsuþjhni~* Ob uo~bs`ci o~ j ki|hkhojsi ~hjnuijhv`ci co bi~ }`uo~ co Nii}ou nij ob ojb`no

oj |heu`nhþj cob nuh~s`b* Coehci ` bi `jsouhiu" oj b` nijchnhþj co }`uo~" x }iu coe`fi co S n" bi~

obonsuijo~ o~sàj oqojsi~ co nibh~hijo~ x ch~}ou~hþj" ki~su`jci j` nijcnsh|hc`c }oulons`*

]ui}hoc`co~ k`gjèshn`~

]`u` po j k`souh`b ~o` nij~hcou`ci ~}ounijcnsiu" ~ nik}ius`khojsi k`gjèshni

s`kehèj coeo n`keh`u* Ob n`k}i k`gjèshni `}bhn`ci jono~`uhi }`u` uo~s u`u b`

nijcnsh|hc`c obènsuhn` jiuk`b oj ob ~}ounijcnsiu ~o cojikhj` n`k}i nuëshni !An(* Sn x An 

~o uob`nhij`j ojsuo ~ë koch`jso b` ~hghojso oq}uo~hþj6

5/17/2018 Superconductores-1 - slidepdf.com

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/superconductores-1 6/12

 

 

< 

 A n

A =0

S 

S n

 

 

5

 

Lhgu` >* N`k}i nuëshni !S( |~* sok}ou`su` !D( }`u` ~}ounijcnsiuo~ sh}i H* Ai o~ ob n`k}i nuëshni ` = D

Co}ojchojci co ~ nik}ius`khojsi oj j n`k}i k`gjèshni `}bhn`ci" bi~ ~}ounijcnsiuo~~ij nb`~hlhn`ci~ oj sh}i H x sh}i HH*^h j nhbhjcui co j ~}ounijcnsiu sh}i H niki ^j i ]e o~ nibin`ci oj j n`k}i k`gjèshni `sok}ou`su` `kehojso" ob n`k}i }ojosu`uà jiuk`bkojso ob kos`b* Oj n`kehi" ~h ~o a`no bi

kh~ki }iu coe`fi co b` Sn" x ob n`k}i k`gjèshni ~o ojnojsu` coe`fi cob A n" ob n`k}i

k`gjèshni ~ouà uo}obhci co b` ko~su`" oqno}si }iu j` n`}` kx cobg`c` co }ojosu`nhþj co`}uiqhk`c`kojso 0=+? nk oj b` ~}oulhnho* ^o chno po ~ij k`souh`bo~ ch`k`gjèshni~

}oulonsi~" coehci ` po uo}oboj oj ~ sis`bhc`c sici~ bi~ n`k}i~ k`gjèshni~* Obch`k`gjosh~ki co bi~ ~}ounijcnsiuo~ uo~bs` cob ki|hkhojsi nhunb`u co bi~ obonsuijo~

noun` co b` ~}oulhnho cob k`souh`b

Lhgu` 3* Nik}ius`khojsi ch`k`gjèshni }oulonsi* Ob n`k}i k`gjèshni oqsouji o~ uo}obhci cob hjsouhiu cob

~}ounijcnsiu }iu coe`fi co b` Sn*

O~s` }ui}hoc`c co uona`v`u bi~ n`k}i~ oj ob o~s`ci ~}ounijcnsiu ~o nijino niki olonsiKoh~~jou* O~ b` e`~o co bi~ oq}ouhkojsi~ co bo|hs`nhþj" cijco j k`gjosi lbis` ~ieuo j

~}ounijcnsiu po x`no oj jhsuþgoji bëphci*

5/17/2018 Superconductores-1 - slidepdf.com

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/superconductores-1 7/12

 

 

7 

Lhgu` ?* Bo|hs`nhþj coehc` b olonsi Koh~~jou

Bi~ ~}ounijcnsiuo~ co sh}i HH ~o nik}ius`j chlouojso* ^ij `bs`kojso ch`k`gjèshni~ niki

bi~ co sh}i H a`~s` nhousi |`biu cob n`k}i k`gjèshni" cojikhj`ci A n0" x è~so o~ uo}obhci }iu ob

k`souh`b* ]iu ojnhk` co An0" ob n`k}i nikhojv` ` }ojosu`u ob ~}ounijcnsiu sh}i HH" ~ibi oj

o~suona`~ uoghijo~ bb`k`c`~ lbqihco~" x nijshjö` a`~s` bn`jv`u j |`biu nuëshni co n`k}i An5*

Ojsuo An0 x An5" o~sà oj j o~s`ci khqsi" i o~s`ci co |þushno4 x }iu ojnhk` co An5" uoguo~` ` ~

o~s`ci jiuk`b !lhgu` <(* _j |þushno nhbëjcuhni co ~}ouniuuhojso uico` n`c` lbqihco*Nijliuko ~o hjnuokojs` ob n`k}i k`gjèshni" n`c` |ov kà~ lbqihco~ ojsu`j `b nou}i cob

k`souh`b" bi~ n`bo~ co uo}oboj ojsuo ~ë }`u` liuk`u j `uuogbi }ouhþchni aoq`gij`b" nijinhciniki uoc co |þushno*

Lhgu` <* N`k}i nuëshni !S( |~* sok}ou`su` !D( }`u` ~}ounijcnsiuo~ sh}i HH* Ai o~ ob n`k}i nuëshni ` = D

Lhgu` 7* O~pok` co bi~ lbqihco~ k`gjèshni~ oj j ~}ounijcnsiu sh}i HH oj o~s`ci khqsi x ~ `uuogbiaoq`gij`b*

5*5 @}bhn`nhijo~ co ~}ounijcnsiuo~*

0( B` }uicnnhþj co gu`jco~ n`k}i~ k`gjèshni~* @b conhu gu`jco~ ji~ uolouhki~ s`jsi ` j`

gu`j hjsoj~hc`c cob n`k}i k`gjèshni niki b o~}`nhi oj ob n`b ~o nuo` ob n`k}i*

5/17/2018 Superconductores-1 - slidepdf.com

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/superconductores-1 8/12

 

 

1 

5( B` l`euhn`nhþj co n`ebo~ co su`j~kh~hþj co ojougë`* @jpo è~si~ x` ~o k`jl`nsu`j `

}`ushu co bi~ ~}ounijcnsiuo~ nij|ojnhij`bo~ !ji co bi~ jo|i~ ~}ounijcnsiuo~

nouàkhni~(" `ns`bkojso ji ~ij nik}oshsh|i~ nikounh`bkojso nij uo~}onsi ` bi~ n`ebo~

`èuoi~ jiuk`bo~" ` koji~ co po neu`j j` gu`j ch~s`jnh` !co nhojsi~ co dhbþkosui~(* Oj bi~

n`~i~ oj po b`~ bëjo`~ co su`j~kh~hþj coeoj ~ou ~esouuàjo`~" a`euë` nhous` |ojs`f`onijþkhn` nij b` shbhv`nhþj co bi~ n`ebo~ ~}ounijcnsiuo~*

> ( B` l`euhn`nhþj co nik}ijojso~ nhunhsi~ obonsuþjhni~* O~si~ ch~}i~hsh|i~ obonsuþjhni~ louij

hco`ci~ iuhghj`bkojso nij b` hjsojnhþj co shbhv`u b` su`j~hnhþj co o~s`ci jiuk`b ` o~s`ci

~}ounijcnsiu niki j hjsouu}siu" k`~ uo~bs`uij cono}nhij`jso~ nij uo~}onsi ` bi~

bigui~ `bn`jv`ci~ }iu bi~ su`j~h~siuo~ co }obënb`~ cobg`c`~ x ~o a` `e`jcij`ci ~ ~i ojo~so `~}onsi* O~so }`jiu`k` }oco n`keh`u nij ob co~neuhkhojsi co bi~ jo|i~ k`souh`bo~

~}ounijcnsiuo~ nouàkhni~* N`eo kojnhij`u po ~ij co gu`j hjsouè~ bi~ ch~}i~hsh|i~e`~`ci~ oj b` shbhv`nhþj cob bb`k`ci olonsi Fi~o}a~ij !po o~ ob olonsi co %sjob`khojsi%

nijinhci }iu b` konàjhn` nàjshn`" }oui co niuuhojso co ~}ounijcnsh|hc`c `j oj `~ojnh`

co j |ibs`fo `}bhn`ci(* Uo~bs`j ~}ouhiuo~ ` isu`~ sonjibigë`~ x shojoj j gu`j n`k}i co`}bhn`nhþj po |` co~co b` cosonnhþj co ~oð`bo~ cob hjlu`uuifi bof`ji po }ui|hojoj cob

o~}`nhi oqsouhiu" a`~s` }opoðë~hki~ n`k}i~ k`gjèshni~ po ~o }uicnoj oj ob nouoeuiak`ji* S`kehèj b` niuuhojso Fi~o}a~ij ` |ibs`fo noui co}ojco lousokojso co j n`k}i

k`gjèshni `}bhn`ci" bi po bbo|` ` b` }i~hehbhc`c co sojou j hjsouo~`jso hjsouu}siu }`u`nhunhsi~ bþghni~ oj b`~ nik}s`ciu`~*

Cojsui co b` hj|o~shg`nhþj oj ob n`k}i co b` lë~hn`" s`kehèj ~o shbhv`j obonsuihk`jo~

~}ounijcnsiuo~ }`u` gojou`u n`k}i~ k`gjèshni~ `bs`kojso o~s`ebo~" öshbo~ oj bi~ o~schi~

co b` uo~ij`jnh` k`gjèshn` jnbo`u x b` khnui~ni}ë` obonsuþjhn` co `bs` uo~ibnhþj* ^ij kx

shbhv`ci~ oj b`~ nàk`u`~ co euef`~ po ~hu|oj }`u` b` cosonnhþj co }`usënb`~ x pouophouoj n`k}i~ k`gjèshni~ kx hjsoj~i~* @bk`noj`khojsi co gu`jco~ n`jshc`co~ co

niuuhojso oj `jhbbi~ ~}ounijcnsiuo~

S`kehèj ~o co~o` shbhv`u obonsuihk`jo~ ~}ounijcnsiuo~ }`u` b` bo|hs`nhþj co suojo~ cosu`j~}iuso co }`~`foui~ i co n`ug`*

Oj ob n`k}i co b` kochnhj`" ~o ~`j hk`jo~ ~}ounijcnsiuo~ }`u` }uicnhu hkàgojo~ }iu

uo~ij`jnh` k`gjèshn` cob hjsouhiu cob nou}i ak`ji

Bi~ k`souh`bo~ ~}ounijcnsiuo~ s`kehèj ~ij shbhv`ci~ }`u` l`euhn`u ch~}i~hsh|i~ n`}`no~ co

cosons`u n`k}i~ k`gjèshni~ oqsuok`c`kojso e`fi~* O~si~ ch~}i~hsh|i~" cojikhj`ci~ ^P_HC" }iu

~~ ~hgb`~ oj hjgbè~ ^}ounijcnshjg P`jsk Hjsoulouojno Co|hno~ !Ch~}i~hsh|i~

~}ounijcnsiuo~ co hjsoulouojnh` nàjshn`( shojoj chlouojso~ ~i~4 B` k`gjosiojnol`bigu`lë`

!KOG(" }iu ofok}bi" ~` kochc`~ co j` e`souë` co ^P_HC~ }`u` hjlouhu b` `nsh|hc`c jouij`b oj obnouoeui* Ob ~i co ^P_HC~ oj }ui~}onnhijo~ }osuibëlou`~" }uochnnhþj co souuokisi~ x `jàbh~h~ co

ojougë` goisèukhn` ~o |` oqsojchojci nijliuko ~o co~`uuibb` b` sonjibigë` co ~}ounijcnsiuo~*

5*> Ofok}bi~ co }bhn`nhijo~ co ~}ounijcnsiuo~* ]iu ~ ~ojnh` co uo~h~sojnh`" bi~ ~}ounijcnsiuo~ ~o a`j shbhv`ci }`u` l`euhn`u

obonsuihk`jo~ po gojou`j n`k}i~ k`gjèshni~ hjsoj~i~ ~hj }èuchc`~ co ojougë`* Bi~ hk`jo~

~}ounijcnsiuo~ ~o a`j shbhv`ci oj o~schi~ co k`souh`bo~ x oj b` nij~sunnhþj co }isojso~

`nobou`ciuo~ co }`usënb`~* @}ui|ona`jci bi~ olonsi~ nàjshni~ co b` ~}ounijcnsh|hc`c ~o

5/17/2018 Superconductores-1 - slidepdf.com

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/superconductores-1 9/12

 

 

8 

a`j co~`uuibb`ci ch~}i~hsh|i~ po khcoj b` niuuhojso obènsuhn`" b` soj~hþj x ob n`k}i

k`gjèshni nij j` ~oj~hehbhc`c ~hj }uonocojso~* Bi~ k`souh`bo~ ~}ounijcnsiuo~ }icuë`j

sojou j ~i l`|iu`ebo oj chlouojso~ hjc~suh`~ " }iu ofok}bi oj b` hjc~suh` kochn`

}i~hehbhs`uë j b` nij~sunnhþj co o~nàjouo~" co sikigu`lë` kochn` }iusàshbo~ x co e`fi~ ni~si~4

oj b` hjc~suh` co oph}i~ co nþk}si }icuë`j l`euhn`u~o ~}ounik}s`ciu`~ cob s`k`ði coj` n`f` co v`}`si~4 s`kehèj hk}`ns`uë`j oj ob }uino~`khojsi co hkàgojo~ chghs`bo~ }`u`

l`euhn`~ sik`shv`c`~" ~h~sok`~ co ~oguhc`c" eö~poc` co aob`~ chghs`bo~ hcèjshn`~"

ochsiu`~ co o~nuhsiuhi" jàbh~h~ co ki|hkhojsi osn* Oj bi~ su`j~}iuso~ souuo~suo~ `}`uso cob

suoj K`gbo|" }icuë`j nij~suhu~o ninao~ obènsuhni~ e`u si~ x kà~ }isojso~ po ji

nijs`khjoj*

5*3 O~sunsu` cob k`souh`b ~}ounijcnsiu*

Ob nijfjsi co b` o~sunsu` poc` ~~sojs`ci }iu bi po ` |ono~ ~o cojikhj` ob o~pobosi]oui|~dhs`" @~ë" oj ob n`~i cob n}u`si co s`bhi nij k ; 0 x j ; >" po ~o liukb`6

SbE`5N`5N>I 8$5 oqh~soj suo~ }b`ji~ nijcnsiuo~ x ob }b`ji uo~ou|` co n`ug` o~ ob }b`ji Sb+I*

Lhgu`* 1 O~sunsu` nuh~s`bhj` cob ~}ounijcnsiu ¤co eh~ksi´6 Eh5^u5N`5N5I1$c*

5/17/2018 Superconductores-1 - slidepdf.com

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/superconductores-1 10/12

 

 

0=

IQHCI^ ^_]OUNIJC_NSIUO^ CO @BS@ SOK]OU@S_U@

^o uolhouo ~}ounijcnsiuo~ nij sok}ou`su` nuëshn` k`xiu po b` sok}ou`su co oebbhnhþj

cob jhsuþgoji !77D(* _j ofok}bi co o~so sh}i co ~}ounijcnsiuo~" s`kehèj bb`k`ci~

nik}o~si~ 0" 5" >" coehci b` uob`nhþj ojsuo ~~ n`shijo~" o~ ob XE`5N>Ix *

^ nobc` jhs`uh` iusiuuþkehn` }oco |h~`bhv`u~o niki > }oui|~dhs`~ `}hb`c`~ ~ieuo ob ofo n"

nij j `uuogbi iucoj`ci co n`shijo~ x |`n`jnh`~ co iqëgoji*

Lhgu` 8* O~sunsu` co b` nobc` jhs`uh` cob XENI

B` }hb` hco`b co suo~ }oui|~dhs`~ coeouë` sojou b` nik}i~hnhþj co XE`5N>I8 " ~hj oke`ugi ~o

a` coki~su`ci po ob u`jgi co iqëgoji o~sà ojsuo <*7 x <*8* Ob o~s`ci ~}ounijcnsiu ~o

}houco }iu b` iqhc`nhþj }`unh`b co b` o~sunsu`* N`jci x; <*8" ~ sok}ou`su` nuëshn` o~ b`

kà~ `bs` !

8=D(" x; <*3" b` ~}ounijcnsh|hc`c co~`}`uono* B`~ |`n`jnh`~ co iqëgoji fog`j

j uib ljc`kojs`b oj ob nik}ius`khojsi ~}ounijcnsiu cob XE`5N>Ix*

7 <

Nijsojhci co Iqëgoji x

5/17/2018 Superconductores-1 - slidepdf.com

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/superconductores-1 11/12

 

 

00

B` nb`|o }`u` ob nik}ius`khojsi ~}ounijcnsiu cob XENI u`chn` oj bi~ àsiki~ co N" ~~

o~s`ci~ co iqhc`nhþj x b` k`jou` oj b` po ~o joj `b iqëgoji }`u` liuk`u b` o~sunsu`* B`

~}ounijcnsh|hc`c o~sà nijlhj`c` oj bi~ }b`ji~ NI5" x inuuo }iupo b`~ o~sunsu`~ ~ij

colhnhojso~ co iqëgoji" }oukhshojci `b N sojou j u`jgi co jökoui~ co niiuchj`nhþj x |`bojnh`~*Ob o~s`ci co iqhc`nhþj cob N oj XENI o~ hj~`b" ~hojci co $5*>> ~h `~khki~ b`~ |`bojnh`~

jiuk`bo~ cob X" E` x I !$>" $5" +5" uo~}onsh|`kojso(* O~si ~o }oco u`vij`u }iu b` oqh~sojnh` co

ci~ N 5$ x j N >$ }iu nobc` jhs`uh`*

5*? ¹Nþki ~o ~hjsoshv` j k`souh`b ~}ounijcnsiu9

_j ofok}bi co ~ëjso~h~ co bi~ k`souh`bo~ ~}ounijcnsiuo~ o~ ob XE`5N>I7 co o~sunsu`

iusiuuþkehn` po lo ob }uhkou k`souh`b ~}ounijcnsiu ~ieuo bi~ 77 gu`ci~ D" }jsi co

oebbhnhþj cob jhsuþgoji* ^o }uo}`uþ Xe=*<^k=*3E`5N>I7+γ }iu ob kèsici co uo`nnhþj co

o~s`ci ~þbhci" ci}`jci ob ~h~sok` ~}ounijcnsiu XE`5N>I7+γ }iu kochi co b` ~~shsnhþj

oj b` }i~hnhþj cob Xsuhi }iu b`~ shouu`~ u`u`~ Xsouehi i ^`k`uhi oj b` o~sunsu` o~sophikosuh`

cob k`souh`b4 k`jsojhojci b` nik}i~hnhþj !Xe" ^k( 05>" nij }iunojs`fo~ co <= x 3= }iu

nhojsi" uo~}onsh|`kojso* ^o uo`bhv` b` n`u`nsouhv`nhþj o~sunsu`b }iu chlu`nnhþj co U`xi~ Q

!CUQ(" b` n`b o~ nij~h~sojso nij bi uo}ius`ci }`u` ob ~h~sok`" x ~o cosoukhj` b` Sok}ou`su`

nuëshn` !Sn( ` su`|è~ co b` kochc` co uo~h~sh|hc`c" iesojhèjci~o Sn≁0=0 D* b` sènjhn` co

uo`nnhþj co o~s`ci ~þbhci" }`ushu co þqhci~ }uonu~iuo~ co Xe5I> !88*8/(" k5I> !88*88/("

E`NI !88*8/(" x NI !88"88/(" kovnb`ci~ oj }ui}iunhijo~ o~sophikèsuhn`~ x k`nou`ci~ oj

j kiusoui co àg`s`* B` kovnb` lo n`bnhj`c` x ~hjsouhv`c` ` 8==½N !lhg* 0(4 lhj`bkojso"

co~}è~ co 75 aiu`~ co iqhgoj`nhþj ?==½N" b`~ ko~su`~ louij ojluh`c`~ a`~s` sok}ou`su`

`kehojso*

5/17/2018 Superconductores-1 - slidepdf.com

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/superconductores-1 12/12

 

 

05

>*+ Ehebhigu`lë`*

  @b`uhi x Lu`jni" k* `*" co ~}ounijcnsiuo~ x isui~ k`souh`bo~" Uo`b @n`cokh` co

Nhojnh`~" K`cuhc" 088>*

  Hjsuicnnhþj lë~hn` cob o~s`ci" ~þbhci Na`ubo~ Dhssob >u` ochnhþj Ochsiuh b Uo|ousèO~}`ð` 0881*

  Hjsuicnnhþj b` obonsuþjhn` nàjshn`" ]`b Ab`whnvd`" ochsiuh`b Uo|ousè" E`unobij`"

0877

  @beobb`" Hjsuicnnhþj ` b` Nhojnh` co bi~ K`souh`bo~" Ochsiuh`b" Nij~ofi J`nhij`b CoHj|o~shg`nhþj" O~}`ð` 088>*

  ^na`llou" sao ~nhojno `jc co~hgj il ojghjoouhjg k`souh`b~

  ^khsa" ]uhjnh}bo~ il k`souh`b ~nhojno jc ojghjoouhjg

  Lbhjj" ojghjoouhjg k`souh`b~ jc saohu `}bhn`shij~

  Hjsuicnnhþj lë~hn` cob o~s`ci" ~þbhci Na`ubo~

Dhssobass}6))www*ci~nah|i~*nik)ch~}b`x*`~}9HC;1=1,l;0>?37

  Saoiciuo B* Euiwj"A* Ogojo BoK`x" Fu*"Euno O* Eu~soj"Fbh` U* Eucgo Phkhn`6 b`nhojnh` nojsu`b

  B* ^k`us" O* Kiiuo" ^ibhc ^s`so Naokh~sux6 @j Hjsuicnshij" S`xbiu `jc Lu`jnh~" Ein`

U`sij" 5==?*

  @* U* Wo~s" E`~hn ibhc s`so Naokh~sux" onijc Ochshij" Whbox"Nahnao~sou" 5==<