8/17/2019 Terremoto 16 de Abril 2016

1/1

U.S. DEPARTMENT OFTHE INTERIOR 

U.S. GEOLOGICALSURVEY

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_̂

Manizales

Ibague

Piura

Medellin

Cali

Quito

Guayaquil

Pacific Ocean

Colombia

Ecuador 

Peru

75°

75°

85°

85°

5°

5°

5° 5°

#*

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_̂

CaribbeanSea

 Atlantic Ocean

Pacific Ocean

68 mm/yr 

78 mm/yr 

74 mm/yr 

19 mm/yr 

20 mm/yr 

20 mm/yr 

65 mm/yr 

58 mm/yr 

71 mm/yr 

68 mm/yr 

61 mm/yr 

65°

65°

75°

75°

85°

85°

95°

95°

15° 15°

5° 5°

5° 5°

15° 15°

M7.8 Coastal Ecuador Earthquake of 16 April 2016

0 250 500125Kilometers

_̂

65°

65°

75°

75°

85°

85°

95°

95°

5° 5°

5° 5°

0 500 1,000 1,500250

Kilometers

 Prepared in cooperatio

Global Seismograph

Tectonic Setting 

Seismic Hazard 

 Epicentral Region

  TECTONIC SUMMARY

The April 16, 2016 M 7.8 earthquake, offshore of the west coast of northern Ecuador, occurred as the result of shallow thrust faulting on or near the plate boundary between the Nazca and Pacific plates. At thelocation of the earthquake, the Nazca plate subducts eastward beneath the South America plate at a velocity of 61 mm/yr. The location and mechanism of the earthquake are consistent with slip on the primary plateboundary interface, or megathrust, between these two major plates. Subduction along the Ecuador Trench to the west of Ecuador, and the Peru-Chile Trench further south, has led to uplift of the Andes mountainrange and has produced some of the largest earthquakes in the world, including the largest earthquake on record, the 1960 M 9.5 earthquake in southern Chile.

While commonly plotted as points on maps, earthquakes of this size are more appropriately described as slip over a larger fault area. Events of the size of the April 16, 2016 earthquake are typically about 160x60 kmin size (length x width).

Ecuador has a history of large subduction zone related earthquakes. Seven magnitude 7 or greater earthquakes have occurred within 250 km of this event since 1900. On May 14th, 1942, a M 7.8 earthquakeoccurred 43 km south of this April 16th, 2016 event. On January 31st, 1906 a M 8.3 earthquake (reportedly as large as M 8.8 in some sources) nucleated on the subduction zone interface 90 km to the northeast of the

 April 2016 event, and ruptured over a length of approximately 400-500 km, resulting in a damaging tsunami that caused in the region of 500-1,500 fatalities. The April 2016 earthquake is at the southern end of theapproximate rupture area of the 1906 event. A shallow, upper crustal M 7.2 earthquake 240 km east of the April 2016 event on March 6th, 1987 resulted in approximately 1,000 fatalities.

EXPLANATION

Main Shock

_̂Aftershocks

!(

Earthquake Magnitude

( 5.5 - 6.5

( 6.5 - 7.0

( 7.0 - 7.5

( 7.5 - 8.0

( >8.0

Earthquake Depth (km)

!( 0- 69

!( 70 -299

!( ≥ 300

Finite Fault Model

Slip (mm)

Ô < 50

Ô 50 - 150

Ô 150 -250

Ô 250 -270

Ô 270 -340

Ô > 340

Plate Boundaries

# Subduction

Transform

Divergent

Others

Seismichazard is expressed as peak 

ground acceleration (PGA) on firm

rock,in meters/sec²,expectedto be

exceededin a 50-yr period with a

 probabilityof 10 percent.

EXPLANATION

Mag ≥ 7.0

!( 0 - 69 km

!( 70 - 299

!( 300 - 600

Plate Boundaries

# Subduction

Transform

Divergent

Others

0 500 1,000 1,500250

Kilometers

Peak Ground Acceleration in m/sec**2

.2 .4 .8 1.6 2.4 3.2 4.0 4.8

Epicentral Region

_̂

Epicentral Region

DATASOURCES

EARTHQUAKES AND SEISMIC HAZARD USGS,National Earthquake Information Center   NOAA,NationalGeophysical DataCenter 

 IASPEI, CentennialCatalog (1900 - 1999) and  extensions (Engdahl andVillaseñor,2002)EHB catalog (Engdahletal., 1998)HDF (unpublished earthquake catalog, Engdahl,2003)Global Seismic HazardAssessment ProgramVolcanoes of the World (Siebertand Simkin,2002)

PLATE TECTONICS AND FAULTMODEL

PB2002(Bird,2003)Ji,C., D.J. Wald,and D.V.Helmberger, Sourcedescriptionof the 1999Hector Mine, California earthquake;Part I:Waveletdomain inversion theory and resolution analysis, Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,Vol 92, No.4. pp.1192-1207, 2002.DeMets, C., Gordon,R.G., Argus,D.F., 2010.Geologically current plate motions, Geophys. J.Int. 181,1-80.

BASE MAP NIMAand ESRI,DigitalChart of the WorldUSGS, EROS Data Center  NOAAGEBCO and GLOBE Elevation Models

REFERENCES

Bird, P.,2003,Anupd boundaries:Geochemno.3,pp.1027-80.

Engdahl, E.R.,and VSeismicity:1900-199and others,eds., InterEngineering SeismolElsevierAcademic Pr

Engdahl, E.R.,Vande1998,Globalteleseismimproved traveltimedetermination;Bull.Se

EARTHQUA

NAZCAPLATE

 PAGER

Distribution of the amplitude and direction of slip for subfault elements of the fault rupture from the inversion of teleseismic body waveforms and long period surface waves. Arrows iand direction of slip (of the hanging wall with respect to the foot wall); the slip is also coloreview of the rupture plane is from above. The strike of the fault rupture plane is 29° and thedimensions of the subfault elements are 14 km in the strike direction and 10 km in the dip surface is approximately 70 km along strike and 20 km along downdip. The seismic momeupon this plane is 7.1e+27 dyne.cm.

DISCLAIMER 

Basemap data,such as boundaries,are the bestcurrentor may contain ishouldnot be regarded

Map updatedby U.S. GEarthquake Information18 April 2016http://earthquake.usgs.Map not approved for r

M7.8 Coastal Ecuador Earthquakeof 16 April 2016

 

16 April2016 23:58:37 UTC

 

0.371° N.,79.94° W.

Depth19.2 km

Mw = 7.8 (USGS)

COCOSPLATE

 Finite Fault Model 

SOUTH AMERICA  PLATE

CARIBBEAN  PLATE