Tesis procesos cognitivos

8/17/2019 Tesis procesos cognitivos

1/52

REPUBLICA BOLIVARIANA DE VENEZUELA MINISTERIO DEL PODER POPULAR

PARA LA EDUCACION SUPERIOR UNIVERSIDAD RÓMULO GALLEGOS

DECANATO DE POSTGRADODOCTORADO EN CIENCIAS DE LA EDUCACION

HERMENEUSIS TEORICA EN LA CONSTRUCCION DEL CONOCIMIENTO DELOS PROCESOS CONGNITIVO DESDE LA APROPIACIÓN DE SABERES EN

EL CONTEXTO DE LA EDUCACION RURAL

AUTORA: CARMEN QUINTANA

C.I: 9.917.342


2/52

!"#!#$% 2&14

ESCENARIO I

CONTEXTO EMPÍRICO

Caracterización del Objeto de Investigación

L' !()*'*+,- !% +-()('"/!0!-!% /' "'! '#' /' $#0'*+,- (! *)'/)+!#

*$0)-+('(% $*+!('( $ '5 6 0 !!*5+*'0!-!% /' )! *$-#+")6! ' /' *$-$#0'*+,-

(! )- !# 8)0'-$ $*+'"/!. T$0'-($ !- *$-+(!#'*+,- $ #!*!$% ! #!!-(!

(!'##$//'# )-' +-!+;'*+,- )! +;' !' ')' 0'#*'(' !- ) (!+-+*+,-% ($-(!

! !-(# )! +-#)+#% /$ *)'/ '0!#+' )- +!0$ +0#!*+$% !#5$($ ()#'-! !/ *)'/ !

)$-! /' '*)0)/'*+,- (! *$-$*+0+!-$.

E- *$-*$#('-*+' *$- /$ '-!#+$# )#;+# )- #'"'


3/52

E- '!-*+,- ' /$ !=)!$% /' +-!+;'*+,- !-(# *$0$ !*!-'#+$ !/ /+*!$

"$/+'#+'-$ B$/+'#+'-$ O/;' E+-$>' (! G$->/!>% U"+*'(' !- !/ *'!#5$ E/ *'#$ (!

/' N!;#'% M)-+*++$ R+"'% )! !//' ! )"+*'(' !- !/ *$-!=$ #)#'/ 6 +#! *$0$

-*/!$ *!-#'/ (! )- *$-' !- !/

0!(+$ #)#'/% !$% (!"+($ ' /$ !)!#>$ (!/ M+!#+$ (!/ P$(!# P$)/'# '#' /'

E()*'*+,- )+!- )+/+>'-($ !=!#$ !- (+(*+*' +;)! #!'/+>'-($ !!-$ 6 '/+*'-($

$/5+*' '#' !-*$-#'# !#'!;+' '/+*'"/! 6 !+*'*!? +- !0"'#;$% ! */'#$ )!

'- /' +)'*+,- (! !=!#+0!-'*+,- 6 *'0"+$ !#+! !- !/ '5.

C'0"+$ )! #!*$-$*! )! /' *'/+('( !()*'+' ! 5-+0'0!-! /+;'(' ' /'

!/'"$#'*+,-% $# '#! (!/ ($*!-!% (! !#'!;+' 6 #!*)#$ '#' !/ '#!-(+>'

)! )"6'*! !- $(' /' +-'-*+' (! /' '*++('(! $*+'/! 8'*+' /' ")!(' (! /'

!=*!/!-*+'. A5 /$ (!


4/52

E- /$ *+'($% ! !#*+"! !/ (!!$ (! *$0'#+# *$- $($ !/ 0)-($ +(!' )!

+-*/)6'- ' $(' /' $*+!('(!% //!'-($ ) #!/!=+$-! 6 '-/++ ' 0'-!#' (!

#$)!'% !-'-($ !- #+0!#' +-'-*+' !- /$ -+@$ 6 /$ '($/!*!-!% )! !//$

!#- /$ )! $0!- !/ #!/!$ (! )+!-! 8$6 ! !-*'#;'- (! /$ 8!*8$ !()*'+$. S!

'#!*+' '0"+- )! !' C$0++,- ! ' /' !()*'*+,- *$0$ )- */'0$# (! '0$# $# /'

+-'-*+'% /' ' (!"! !'# (+#+;+(' 8'*+' /' ")!(' 6

!/'"$#'*+,- (! 0!' )! /! !#0+'- '/ !)(+'-! #!/!=+$-'# !- *)'-$ ' ) *)/)#'%

$*+!('( 6 !$#5' )! )!('- !# '/+*'(' ' /' +)'*+$-! *$+(+'-'.

E-/'>'-($ ' +(!' *$- !/ !0' (! /'% constrcción del conoci!iento de los

"rocesos cognitivo desde la a"ro"iación de saberes en el conte#to de la edcación

rral; !- !/ )! ! #!*+'# ' /' ! !#*+"! )! )+!- !-!@' !- !/ 0!(+$ #)#'/ (!"!

'*+/+'# /' !=!#+0!-'*+,- (! +(!'% ($-(! /' *#5+*' 6 /' ')$*#5+*' !' /' '!#)#'

8'*+' '#;)0!-$ )! //!!- '/ !)(+'-'($ ' '#$+'! (! )- '"!# !- '#+*)/'# 6 '

$0'# *$-*+!-*+' (! /$ ''-*! #$()*+($ $# /' -)!' ;!-!#'*+$-! !*-$/,;+*'.


5/52

C$- "'! !- /$ !=)!$% ! +0$#'-! !@'/'# )! !- /' *$-#)**+,- (!/

*$-$*+0+!-$ !=+! )-' ;#'- #$"/!0+*' )! ! #!/'*+$-'(' *$- /' 0'-!#'

#'(+*+$-'/ (! #!'/+>'# /$ #$*!$ *$;-++$% !/ *)'/ 8' ;!-!#'($ )-' !#+! (!

(++*)/'(! )! +!-!- )! !# *$- !/ ;#'($ (! $#0'*+,- (! *$-$*+0+!-$ )!

'()+!#!- /$ !)(+'-!. E- '/ !-+($ V+//'##$!/ 2&&% !@'/' )!:

E- V!-!>)!/' 8'6 *$-!-$ !- /$ 0!(+$ ($*!-! '*!#*' (!/ $"'F'#!-(+>'

L$ '-!#+$#% +;-++*' )! ! -!*!'#+$ '*)'# $"#! !/ #$*!$ (! *$-#)**+,- (!/

*$-$*+0+!-$ '#' #''# (! #'-$#0'#/$% (+#+;+($ ' ($'# '/ !)(+'-! (! '"!#!%

8'"+/+('(!% '*+)(! 6 (!#!>'% $"#! /' "'! (! *#+!#+$ )! #'*+$-'/+*!- /'

'()++*+,- (! /$ (+!#$ +$ (! '#!-(+>'

';/$0!#'*+$-! (! 8'"+/+('(!? '- 0 '// (! /' #!;/' $ 8"+$ )! '*$-!

*+!#' '*++('(! (!/ '#!-(+>'' (! /' -$*+$-! /,;+*' !- !/ '#!-(+>'


6/52

P'#+!-($ (! /' +(!' '-!#+$#0!-! !=)!'% ! 8'*! -!*!'#+$ !-$-*!%

)-('0!-'# /$ #$*!$ *$;-++$ !- /$ ))!$ (!/ C$-#)*++0$% '/ 6 *$0$

/$ /'-!' C!#!>$ 2&&:

E/ *$-#)*++0$ ! #+0!#'0!-! )-' !+!0$/$;5'% ! (!*+# )-'!$#5' (! *,0$ /$ 8)0'-$ '#!-(!- ' #!$/!# /$ #$"/!0' 6(+/!0' )! ) 0!(+$ '0"+!-! /! #!!-'% ! )-' !$#5' )! +-!-'!=/+*'# *)/ ! /' -')#'/!>' (!/ *$-$*+0+!-$ 8)0'-$% $ $# (!*+#/$0 *#)('0!-! ! +0/!0!-! )-' !$#5' (! *,0$ $-!0$*$-$*+0+!-$ !- -)!#' *'"!>' . 39.

E (!*+#% ! )-' *$##+!-! )! '+#0' )! !/ *$-$*+0+!-$ (! $(' /' *$' ! )-

"roceso !ental (!/ +-(++()$% )! ! (!'##$//' (! 0'-!#' +-!#-' *$-$#0! ' /'

0'-!#' *$0$ !/ +-(++()$ $"+!-! +-$#0'*+,- ! +-!#'*' *$- ) !-$#-$. D! '//5

)!% )! !/ C$-#)*++0$ ! !/ '#!-(+>'

*$-#)6! '*+'0!-! -)!' +(!' $ *$-*!$ "''($ !- *$-$*+0+!-$ #!!-! 6

''($.

E- !! !-+($% !- !/ /+*!$ B$/+'#+'-$ O/;' E+-$>' (! G$->/!> ! 8'*!-!*!'#+$ !'"/!*!# '#0!#$ '/! *$0$: +'

+-(+*'($#! (! /' (++-' !'' !- )! ! ('- /$ #$*!$ *$;-++$ M'#*'-($ '5

/' ')' )! +!0'+>'- /$ '$ (!+-'($ ' /$;#'# !- !/ !()*'-($ )- '#!-(+>'

!+*'> /$ *$-!-+($ (!'##$//'($. A/ #!!*$ L'$)#*'(! 1997% !@'/' )!:

L' !()*'*+,- ! )- #$*!$ +!0+*$ (!+-'($ ' /$;#'# *'0"+$()#'(!#$ 6 $++$ !- /' *$-()*' (! /$ )

(+!@'(' '#' '/ +-.

http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mentehttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informaci%C3%B3nhttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informaci%C3%B3nhttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mente


7/52

L$ '-!#+$# +-()*! ' #!/!=+$-'# $"#! /' #!'/+('( !()*'+' (!/ 0!(+$ #)#'/ !-

/$ /+*!$ "$/+'#+'-$ 6 /' !-!@'->' )! '//5 ! +0'#!% #!)0+!-($ )! !/

*)0/+0+!-$ (! )- *$-

8'*+' !/ ($0+-+$ 6 )$ (! $($ ''-*! )! #'!- /' #$()**+,- *+!-5+*' 6!*-$/,;+*'.

L$ '-!#+$#% +;-++*' )! ! -!*!'#+$ '*)'# $"#! !/ #$*!$ (! *$-#)**+,-

(!/ *$-$*+0+!-$ '#' #''# (! #'-$#0'#/$% (+#+;+($ ' ($'# '/ !)(+'-! (!

*$-$*+0+!-$% 8'"+/+('(!% '*+)(! 6 (!#!>'% $"#! /' "'! (! *#+!#+$ )!

#'*+$-'/+*!- /' '()++*+,- (! /$ (+!#$ +$ (! '#!-(+>'' 6 (! '#!-(+>'

($*!-! 6 ) #'"'


8/52

!()*'+$ )! '(' ! '-'/+>'(' ' /' /)> (! /$ ('$ )!$"!-!0$ (! !//' 6 (! -)!#' #!!-+$-!. E! *$-+-)$ *+*/$)! )!(! +#! (!'##$//'-($ *$- !/ +!0$% -$ $"/+;' '-$ '*)!+$-'# /' #*+*' #!'/ '/ 6 *$0$ $*)##! 6 ! +-!##!'(' $# )(+!#!-! #$';$-+'% *$0$ ' *)!+$-'# -)!#' *$0#!-+,- (! /'0+0' 6 /' !#!*+' !(';,;+*' (!(! /' )! /' '-'/+>"'0$. 3.L' +-!+;'*+,- !- /' '**+,-% #!'/+>'(' (!(! /$ #$+$ ($*!-! !-+!-($

*$0$ $"

$"!#'*+,-J#!/!=+,-J#'-$#0'*+,-. E- (+*8' (+'/*+*' !/ ($*!-! ! !/ *!-#$ (!/

!)(+$% !#$ ' /' !> -!*!+'# (+'-*+'#! (! /' #!-$*+$-! )! +!-! (! /' #*+*'%


9/52

-$ ,/$ '#' #'-$#0'#/'% )! ! !/ $"

+-(++()'/+' 6 #'(+*+$-'/+' !' #!0/'>'(' $# )-' '*+)( *#!'+'% (! '*)!#($ *$-

/' -!*!+('(! (!/ 0!(+$ 6 )+/+>'-($ /$ #!*)#$ (!/ !-$#-$? !- $#' '/'"#'%

+-!;#'# /' *$0)-+('( ' /$ '"!#! )! ! !-!@'- !- /$ /'-!/! !()*'+$ 8'*+!-($

-'+ !- /' #$()**+,- (! *$-$*+0+!-$ 6 0$(!/$ (! ($*!-*+'% /$ *)'/! (!"!#- !#

#$0$+($ 6 $#'/!*+($ *$0$ +/'#! (!/ *'0"+$ !- /' *)/)#' (! /' '#$+'*+,- (!/*$-$*+0+!-$% 0!(+'-! !/ #'"''

0!(+$ #)#'/? $# /$ )! !# -!*!'#+$ '"#+# -)!' 5' 6 $+"+/+('(! '*+/+-($/! '

/$ !()*'-($ )- '*!#*'0+!-$ 8'*+' /$ *$-!-+($ $# '#!-(!# 6% ' /' +--$'*+,- (!

!#'!;+' )! !#0+'- #'*!-(!# ' $(' /' #!' (!/ '"!# '#' /$;#'# )-' 0!


10/52

PROP$SITOS %E &A IN'ESTI(ACI$N

G!-!#'# ))-' 8!#0!-!)+ !,#+*' !- /' *$-#)**+,- (!/ *$-$*+0+!-$ (! /$ #$*!$

*$;-++$ (!(! /' '#$+'*+,- (! '"!#! !- !/ *$-!=$ (! /' !()*'*+,- #)#'/

C$-$*!# !/ +;-++*'($ )! /! $$#;'- /$ !)(+'-! '/ #$*!$ *$;-++$ !- /'

*$-#)**+,- (!/ *$-$*+0+!-$

I-!##!'# !/ +;-++*'($ )! /! $$#;'- /$ ($*!-! ' /' *$-#)**+,- (!/ *$-$*+0+!-$

(!(! /$ '"!#! (!/ *$-!=$ #)#'/.

D!*#+"+# /' !#'!;+' '#' /' *$-#)**+,- 6 '#$+'*+,- (!/ *$-$*+0+!-$ )+/+>'('

$# /$ ($*!-! (!/ /+*!$ B$/+'#+'-$ O/;' E+-$>' (! G$->/!>% U"+*'(' !- !/

*'!#5$ E/ *'#$ (! /' N!;#'% M)-+*++$ R+"'.

)*STI+ICACION %E &A IN'ESTI(ACION

E/ +- (! /' !()*'*+,- ! *#!'# 8$0"#! )! !'- *''*! (! 8'*!# *$' -)!'%-$ +0/!0!-! (! #!!+# /$ )! $#' ;!-!#'*+$-! 8'- 8!*8$? +-$ 0 "+!- $#0'#

+-(++()$ )! !'- *#!'($#!% +-!-$#! 6 (!*)"#+($#!? *$- )-' 0!-'/+('( *#5+*'

#!-! ' /$ (+!#$ !-,0!-$ (! +('% (! '/ 0'-!#' )! /$ #$*!$ !()*'+$

#!*+"+($% *$/0!- !/ /!-$ (!'##$//$ (! /' !#$-'/+('( (!/ !)(+'-'($.

D! '*)!#($ *$- /$ '-!#+$#% /' !-(!-*+' 8'*+' )-' !-!@'->' $#+!-'(' '

*$-+(!#'# /$ !/!0!-$ (!/ !-$#-$ (!/ !)(+'-! *$-'


11/52

#+0'#+' 6 !*)-('#+' *'(' (5' *$- )- 0'#*'($ '*!-$ /$ )! +-(+*' )! /$ !)(+'-!

8'- (! (+!@'# +-!+;'*+$-!% $#0)/'# #!;)-' (! +-!+;'*+,- 6 #!*$;!# (! /'

*$0)-+('(! $($ /$ )! /! )!(! !#+# (! )-('0!-'*+,- '#' $#'/!*!# )

'#!-(+>'

8'*! '/;- +!0$ !- /' !()*'*+,- *$- #!!*$ '/ !*$# #)#'/% ! -!*!'#+' /'

/!=+"+/+('( *)##+*)/'# ' '#+# (! !#'!;+' )! #$0)!'- /' '#$+'*+,- (!/

*$-$*+0+!-$ $# '#! (! /$ !)(+'-!? (! 0'-!#' )! !//$ )!('- '/+*'#

*$-*!$ '#' /' /!*)#' ! +-!##!'*+,- (! '/;)-$ #$()*$ +-!/!*)'/! +- /'+-!#!-*+,- (!/ ($*!-! 6 )! '/ 0+0$ +!0$ /$ //!! ' +-!+;'# ')!//$

*$-!-+($ )! /! $- (! ) +-!# !#$ )! $# '/;)-' *+#*)-'-*+' -$ )!#$- #''($

!- */'!. E$% (! '/;)-' 0'-!#'% /$ )! *$-*+!#-! ' /$ $"*)/$ )! *$-+;)!- /$ !)(+'-! (!/ -+!/ !*)-('#+$ '/

'"$#('# )- -)!$ *$-$*+0+!-$ !- /' *)'/ (!"!#5'- /'0'# ) +-!##!'*+$-! ' '#+#

(! /' +-$#0'*+,- $"!-+(' $ #!*+"+('% (! '*)!#($ *$- /$ ''-*! !*-$/,;+*$ )! !

!-*)!-#'- !- /' !()*'*+,-.

E- !! !-+($% !' +-!+;'*+,-% $(#5' !# )!-! (! 0$+'*+,- !- !/ '"$#('

+-*$#$#'-($ /$ *$-*!

#!)!' !- !/ $#(!- !+!0$/,;+*$% 6' )! !# )- #$()*$ )#;+($ (!/ 0+0$ !-$

($-(! ! ;!-!#' !/ #$"/!0'. A(!0% /$ *$-#)*$ !#- (+*)+($% +-!##!'($ 6


12/52

'-'/+>'($? '#' ;!-!#'# (! '//5 )-' !$#5' //!-' (! #!/!=+$-! !- #$ (! /' !()*'*+,-%

)! )!('- !# )+/+>'($ $# )+!-! !()*'- !- !/ !*$# #)#'/.

A5 0+0$% ! #$0)!! !/ #'"'#'(+*+$-'/% "''($ !- /' #'-0++,- (! *$-$*+0+!-$% ' )-' $#0'*+,- *$-#)*++'

)! *$-//!! ' /' *''*+'*+,- (!/ !)(+'-'($ !- 8'"+/+('(!% '*+)(! 6 8"+$ )!*$-#+")6!- ' ) (!'##$//$ !#$-'/.

E- !! !-+($% /' +-!+;'*+,- *$-#+")+# ' /' *$-#)**+,- (! '/!#-'+'

#'-$#0'($#' )! !#0++#- ;!-!#'# !- !/ !)(+'-! (!/ /+*!$ B$/+'#+'-$ !- !/

!*$# #)#'/ )- *$-$*+0+!-$ (! '/ 0'-!#'% )! )!(' ;/$"'/+>'# !/ '#!-(+>'

#'*!-(!#/$ !- /$ (++-$ *'0$ (!/ '"!#. P)! *$0$ ! '"!% /' !()*'*+,-

V!-!>$/'-' ! +-0!#' !- )- #$*!$ ;!-!#'/+>'($ (! #!$#0' !*$/'#% /$

#$!+$-'/! (! /' !()*'*+,- ! !-#!-'- ' -)!$ #!$: ")!(' (! -)!'!#'!;+'% #!*)#$ (+(*+*$ 6 (! -)!' $#0' (! !-!@'# 6 '#!-(!#.

C$-+(!#'-($ )! /' $*+!('( ! *'#'*!#+>'(' $# !/ *$-+-)$ *'0"+$ $*+'/% *)/)#'/%

+(!$/,;+*$% !*$-,0+*$% !-#! $#$ 6 #!*+'- (! +-#)0!-$ '*+/+'($#! (!/ 0+0$.

E- !! *$-!=$% /' !()*'*+,- ! //'0'(' ' 0

!!-*+'/% '-$ *$0$ *''/+>'($#' (!/ #-+$% *$0$ '*+'($#' (! /$ #!$#! )!

'6)('- ' /$ )'# !- ')!//$ *$-$*+0+!-$ 6 !#'!;+' )! /$ //!!- '

0'-!-!# '*+$ ' ) !)(+'-!. C$0"+-'-($ /$ !'"/!*+($ !- !/ C)##5*)/$ B+*$

N'*+$-'/ 2&&7 6 '5% *$/'"$#'# *$- /' $#0'*+,- (!/ -)!$ *+)('('-$ 6 /' -)!'

*+)('('-' )! !/ '5 #!*/'0'% "'


13/52

E (!(! !' !#!*+'% )! ! *$-*+"! !! #'"'

/$ !)(+'-! 6 ' $($ ')!//$ )! (! )-' ) $#' $#0' *$-+(!#!- (! +0$#'-*+' /'

*$-#)**+,- (!/ *$-$*+0+!-$ !- /$ #$*!$ (! !-!@'->' 6 '#!-(+>'

!% ! +!-'- /' "'! (!/ +-(++()$ '#' (+*)+#% +-!##!'#% #!/!=+$-'# 6 ('# )

'$#! *$0$ !)(+'-! '#' !/ #$;#!$ (! /' *$0)-+('(! #)#'/!.

E! #'"'

$#0'*+,- +-!;#'/ #$()*+!-($ *'0"+$ *)'-+'+$ 6 *)'/+'+$ +0$#'-! !- !/

#$*!$ (! '#!-(+>'

N'*! ')5% !/ #!!-! *'5)/$% *$- /' +(!' (! *+'# ')$#! *)6$ #'"'


14/52


15/52

8+!#0!(+' '(''+$. E! ')$#% *$-*/)6! )! /$ !)(+'-! (! "''

!,#+*$ )! *'#'*!#+>'- /' $#0' '#+*)/'# )+/+>'(' $# /$ !)(+'-! (!/ !*$# #)#'/

'#' '#!-(!# 6 (!'##$//'# *$-$*+0+!-$ )! /$ //!'- ' /$;#'# /$ $"

#$)!$ !- *'(' *)#$ ()#'-! ) !)(+$ (! "'*8+//!#'$.S+;)+!-($ !! $#(!- (! +(!'% ! *+' ' H'6' 2&&% )+!- "'


16/52

!)(+'-! ! ! "!-!+*+'($ !- /' '()++*+,- (! /' +-$#0'*+,- (!"+($ ' )! ! #'' (!

8'*!#/' /$ 0 *$-!=)'/ $+"/! )+/+>'-($ !/!0!-$ (! /' /$*'/+('(.

E/ 0!-*+$-'($ ')$#% *$-*/)6! )! /' *$0"+-'*+,- (! +-$#0'*+,- *$-!=)'/

*$- /$ !-$#-$ *$-//!' )-' !#+! (! *$0/+*'*+$-! )! (++*)/'- !/ (!'##$//$ (!

'/+*'*+$-! !-+"/! '/ *$-!=$ $# /$ )! #!*$0+!-(' +-!;#'# 6 ;!+$-'# )-'

0!>*/' 8!!#$;-!' (! !*-$/$;5' )! !#0+'- *')#'#% (+#+")+# 6 0$(++*'# !/

*$-!=$ ($-(! ! (' !/ +-!#*'0"+$ (! *$-$*+0+!-$.

D! ')5% /' #!/'*+,- (+#!*' *$- /' +-!+;'*+,- +)/'(' “La #onstrucción del

#onocimiento en los procesos co"nitivos desde la apropiación de saberes en el

conte$to de la %ducación &ural en el Liceo 'olivariano” $# *)'-$% !- !//'% !

#!!-(! (!*#+"+# /$ #!*)#$ +-!/!*)'/! )+/+>'($ $# !)(+'-! (!/ !*$# #)#'/ '#' '#$+'#! (!/ *$-$*+0+!-$ +0'#+($ !- !/ L+*!$ B$/+'#+'-$% ($-(! ! $0' !-

*)!-' '0"+- /' *$-(+*+$-! '0"+!-'/! (!/ !-$#-$ #!$-(+!-($ *$- *+!#$ ;#'($

(! #$ '*++('( 6 !/ )#;+0+!-$ (! -)!$ *$-#)*$ !,#+*$% ")*'-($ ('# '$#!

!,#+*$ ' /' !()*'*+,- #)#'/ )! !' 0$('/+('( (! !)(+$ '0"+- #!)+!#! (!

*'0"+$ 6 0!'

+!0$ #!*)##+!-($ ' (+!#' !$#5'% *)6' "'! ! #!0$-'- ' #!;)-' '/! *$0$:

KL$ *$-*!$ $- +--'$ KS! $#0'- ' #' (! /' !=!#+!-*+' KS$- )-' #!)!''/ !+0)/$ !#*!+$

#!-! ' !! '-$#'0' ! #!!-'#'- /' !$#5' )! !#+#- (! )-('0!-$

'#' !/ (!'##$//$ (! /' +-!+;'*+,- !-+!-($ *$0$ 0'#*$ #!!#!-*+'/ /' !-!@'->' !-

!/ *$-!=$ #)#'/ ' -+!/ (!/ /+*!$ "$/+'#+'-$ "''(' !- )-' (!*#+*+,- (! *'(' )-' (!

/' !$#5' '#' ('# +-+*+$ ' !' '#! (!/ #'"'


17/52

A"rendizaje Signi-icativo de Asbel

E' ! $#' (! /' +(!' !,#+*' )!

!/ )-$ (! +' *$;-$*++$ +- (!

!- /' !#)*)#' *$;-$*++' (!/ +-(++()$. L' !#)*)#' *$;-$*++' ! *$-+(!#'

*$0$ )- *$0/!'($ !- ) 0!-!

0!(+'-! /$ #$*!$ (! '+0+/'*+,- (!/ 0)-($.

L' !#)*)#' *$;-$*++' !% )!% /' $#0' *$0$ !/ +-(++()$ +!-! $#;'-+>'($

!/ *$-$*+0+!-$ #!+$ ' /' +-#)**+,-. E )-' !#)*)#' $#0'(' $# ) *#!!-*+' 6

*$-*!$ )! (!"!- !# $0'($ !- *$-+(!#'*+,- '/ /'-++*'# /' +-#)**+,- (! '/

0'-!#' )! )!(' !#+# (! '-*/'


18/52

L' +(!' *!-#'/ (! /' !$#5' (! A))"!/% ! /' -$*+,- (! '#!-(+>' *)'-($ /' +-$#0'*+,-

-)!' ! +-*)/' *$- )- *$-*!$ #!/!'-! #!!=+!-! !- ) !#)*)#' *$;-$*++'.

E$ +0/+*' )! !/ -)!$ *$-$*+0+!-$ )!(! !# '#!-(+($ +;-++*'+'0!-!.

E/ '#!-(+>'

'#"+#'#+$% +-$ )'-*+'/ *$- /$ )! !/ '/)0-$ 6' *$-$*!. E/ 0'!#+'/ )! '#!-(!% !

$!-*+'/0!-! +;-++*'+$ '#' !/ )! '#!-(!. E (!*+#% /' +(!' -)!' ,/$ )!(!-

'#!-(!#! 6 #!!-!#! + !- #!/'*+$-'(' *$- *$-*!$ $ #$$+*+$-! (+$-+"/!

!- !/ )

!=+!- (+*8' '-*/' *$-*!)'/!% $*)##!- *$-/+*$% )! +0+(!- !/ '#!-(+>'

E/ '#!-(+>'

0'-!#' $#;-+*'. D! !' 0'-!#'% $0' )- /);'# '#$+'($ !- /'


19/52


20/52

Teor,a de los ca!"os conce"tales

L' !$#5' (! /$ *'0$ *$-*!)'/! )+/+>' /' -$*+$-! *$;-++' (!

E)!0' ! +-'#+'-! $!#'$#+$. P'#' V!#;-')( 199& )- !)!0' ! /' $#;'-+>'*+,-

+-'#+'-! (! /' *$-()*' '#' )-' */'! (! +)'*+$-! ('('. C$-+(!#' )! ! !- /$

!)!0' ($-(! ! (!"!- +-!+;'# /$ *$-$*+0+!-$ !- '*$ (!/ )

!/!0!-$ *$;-++$ )! !#0+!- ' /' '**+,- (!/ )'*+,- +0/5*+'%

+!-($ /$ *$-*!$ !- '*$ 6 !)!0' $!#'$#+$. A ) !> *$-+(!#' )! /$!)!0' $- /$ !/!0!-$ )! +#!- (! "'! ' /' *$0!!-*+' (! )- (!!#0+-'($

*$-$*+0+!-$. U- !)!0' ! )-' $'/+('( $#;'-+>'(' )! !#0+! ;!-!#'# )-' */'!

(! *$-()*' (+!#!-! !- )-*+,- (! /' *'#'*!#5+*' '#+*)/'#! (! *'(' )-' (! /'

+)'*+$-! (! /' */'! ' /' *)'/ ! (+#+;!.

C$0$#' /$ +;)+!-! *$0$-!-!: + +-'#+'-! $!#'$#+$ *$-*!$ !-

'*$ )! (+#+;!- !/ #!*$-$*+0+!-$ $# !/ )

(! '**+,- (!/ +$ + !-$-*! )! !#0+!- ;!-!#'# /' !#+! (! '**+$-! (!/ )

+-!#!-*+' $ #'>$-'0+!-$ )! !#0+!- *'/*)/'# /' #!;/' 6 /' '-+*+'*+$-! '

'#+# (! /' +-$#0'*+$-! 6 (!/ +!0' (! +-'#+'-! $!#'$#+$ (! /$ )! (+$-! !/

)

D!(! !' !#!*+' )- !)!0' ! '$*+'($ ' )-' */'! (! +)'*+$-!%

!-!-(+(' *$0$ '#!'% 0+!-#' )! /$ *$-*!$ $- *$-+(!#'($ *$0$ )- *$-'"/! !- /' '**+,- 6 !/ !-+($ (! )-' (!!#0+-'(' '#!'%

+;-++*'-!% +)'*+,- $ #$"/!0'% ! !/ *$-


21/52

P+';! $"#! /' +*$;-!+ (! /$ *$-$*+0+!-$ '/ #$"/!0' (! /' '()++*+,- 6 !/

(!'##$//$ (! *$-$*+0+!-$ 6 (!#!>' !!*5+*'% !- '#+*)/'# (! *$-$*+0+!-$.

P'#' V!#;-')(% !' -$*+,- #!)/' -!*!'#+' $#)!: + ! (+5*+/ !)(+'#

!'#'('0!-! /' '()++*+,- (! *$-*!$ +-!#*$-!*'($% (!!-(+!-! !-#! 5? ++

(!(! !/ )-$ (! +' (!/ (!'##$//$ 6 (! /' !$/)*+,- (! /$ *$-$*+0+!-$ !- )- /'#;$

!#5$($ (! +!0$% ! *$-!-+!-! !'"/!*!# ($0+-+$ '0/+$ (! *$-$*+0+!-$

#!/'*+$-'($ !-#! 5% )! *)"#'- )-' '0/+' '#+!('( (! +)'*+$-! 6 )! '(0+'-

(+!#!-! -+!/! (! '-/++? 6% +++ !- !/ ($0+-+$ (! )-' 0+0' */'! (! #$"/!0' !

0!>*/'- #$*!(+0+!-$% *$-*!*+$-! 6 #!#!!-'*+$-! +0",/+*' (+!#!-! )!

8'*!- $+"/! /' !=+!-*+' (! (++-$ -+!/! $ ;#'($ (! ($0+-+$ $"#! )"*/'! (!

#$"/!0' 6 )! !#0+!- !)(+'# /' !$/)*+,- (! /$ *$-$*+0+!-$.D! 0$($ )!% /$ '!*$ !- /$ )! !=/5*+'0!-! ! $+*+$-' V!#;-')(% $-

/$ +;)+!-!: '($'- )- )-$ (! +' *$-#)*++' *'+ #++'/ *$- #!/'*+,- ' /'

;-!+ (!/ *$-$*+0+!-$ +-(++()'/% $# /$ )! ) !$#5' (!/ '#!-(+>'

*$-#)*++'. S) !$#5' (! /' !-!@'->' ! +-!#!' $# /' *$-(+*+$-! )! $+"+/+'-

)- '#!-(+>'

*$-$*+0+!-$ 6 ,/$ +-!-'- !=/+*'# /' #!#!!-'*+$-! (!/ *$-$*+0+!-$ (! /$

+-(++()$? +- #$"/!0'+>'# !- /$ $-$/,;+*$ -+ !- /' !+!0$/$;5' (!/ #!'/+0$*+!-5+*$.

El Constrctivis!o Social

E- /' #!!-! +-!+;'*+,- ! 8'# '/;)-$ !@'/'0+!-$ '*!#*' (! #! (! )

/5-!' (! !-'0+!-$ !- /$ *)'/! ! )!-' 6 !#)*)#'% (! 0'-!#' )! !' /5-!'

(!0'#*'- )-' +-#$()**+,- ' /$ )! ! *$-$*! *$0$ *$-#)*++0$ $*+'/. E/ *)'/ ! )!(! *$-+(!#'# *$0$ )- +-!-$ (! 5-!+ (! (+!#!-! /5-!' (! !-'0+!-$. P$#

)-' '#!% 8'6 )! *$-+(!#'# )-' /5-!' )! 8' #!/!=+$-'($ $"#! /' -')#'/!>' (! /'

0'!0+*' (!'*'-($ '-$ ) '/+"+/+0$ *$0$ ) #!/'*+,- *$- /' *$-#)**+,-

$*+'/? !- !' !#!*+' !+!0$/,;+*'% !/ *$-#)*++0$ $*+'/ 8' +($

(!'##$//'($ $# E#-! 1991% 1992% 199.

P$# $#' '#!% 8'6 )! *$-+(!#'# $($ /$ #'"'


22/52


23/52

O#$ !/!0!-$ +0$#'-! !- /' !$#5' (! V6;$6% (! '*)!#($ *$- /' #'(+*+,-

0'#=+'% ! !/ '!/ *!-#'/ )! $*)' !/ #'"'

)! /' #$+!('(! !!-*+'/! (! /$ $"

*$0)-+*'*+,- *$- /$ $#$ !-+!-($ !- *)!-' /' '*++('( #*+*' (!/ )$ (!

8!##'0+!-'.V6;$6 $". *+% //!;' ' #$$-!# )! !/ /!-;)'

(! +;-$ ! )-' 8!##'0+!-' +*$/,;+*' +/ '#' !/ !-'0+!-$ 6' )!

'-+0'/!. E/ 0!-*+$-'($ ')$# $#!*! )-' ++,- (!/ /!-;)'

*$0$ !/'",- !0+,+*$ !-#! /$ $*+'/ 6 /$ +-(++()'/. L$ 50"$/$ 0!-'/! '/'"#'

!-'('% +0;!-! 0!-'/!% $- *$-+(!#'($ *$0$ +;-$ 0!(+'($#! !-#! /$ $*+'/

6 /$ +-(++()'/ $# )-' '#! 6% $# $#'% *$0$ 0!(+'($#! !-#! !/ !50)/$ 6 /'

#!)!'.L' !$#5' (! V6;$6 8'*! '#+' *$-#+")*+$-! +0$#'-! ' /' *$0#!-+,-

(!/ (!'##$//$ +-!/!*)'/ !- ;!-!#'/ 6% !- '#+*)/'#% '/ (!'##$//$ (!/ *$-$*+0+!-$. L'

#+0!#' ! )! !@'/' /' +0$#'-*+' (! /' +-+)*+$-! !- /' )! !/ '/)0-$ !

+-0!#$ 6 !=/+*' *,0$ ' +-*+(!- !- /' $#0'*+,- (! /' )-*+$-! +*$/,;+*'

)!#+$#!. E' !=/+*'*+,- !#' /' )! -!*!+'"'- /' $+*+$-! !+!0$/,;+*' )!

*$-+(!#'"'- '/ *$-$*+0+!-$ *$0$ )-' *$-#)**+,- $*+'/ '#' !=/+*'# *,0$ /'

+-+)*+$-! ;!-!#'- /' *$-#)**+$-! (!/ +-(++()$. A5% '#' !/ *$-#)*++0$


24/52

$*+'/ !/ )

(! (!'##$//$ #,=+0$. P'#' /% /$ )! )- !)(+'-! ! *''> (! '#!-(!# $# 5 0+0$

+!-! (!!#0+-'($ $# ) -+!/ (! (!'##$//$ !$/)+$ 6 $# ) *$-$*+0+!-$ #!+$?

'(!0% *$-+(!#' )! 8'6 )! (+!#!-*+'# !' *''*+('( (! '#!-(+>'

#$!$#!% '0"+- /$ '0+;$% '(#!% *$0'@!#$% !*.. L' (+!#!-*+' !-#! !$ ($

-+!/! (! *''*+('( ! /$ )! V6;$6 //'0' /' >$-' (! (!'##$//$ #,=+0$. A5 )!%/' !-!@'->' 0 !+*'> ! ')!//' )! '#! (!/ (!'##$//$ !!*+$ (!/ !)(+'-! -$

'#' '0$/('#! ' /% +-$ '#' 8'*!#/$ #$;#!'# ' #' (! /' >$-' (! (!'##$//$

#,=+0$% 6 (! !' 0'-!#' ;!-!#'# -)!' >$-' (! (!'##$//$ #,=+0$.

%l constructivismo "en(tico.

!'- P+';! 19F19& )! )- "+,/$;$ )+>$ )! (!'##$//, )-' +-!+;'*+,-

!=/+*'-($ /' $#0' *,0$ ! $#+;+-' !/ *$-$*+0+!-$ !- !/ !# 8)0'-$. E$ #'"'(5' (! +(' /$ 8)0'-$ !=8+"!- *''*+('(! '#' +# +-!#'*)'-($ *$- /$ $"

/$ #$(!'-. L)!;$ '- !$/)*+$-'-($ ' !'' $ !'(+$ !*)!-*+'/0!-! 0 *$0/!'


25/52

/ //'0$ !/ (!'##$//$ *$;-$*++$. E' $#0' (! '"$#('# !/ *$-$*+0+!-$ !

(!-$0+-'(' *$0$ *$-#)*++0$ *)6' !#!*+' !+!0$/,;+*' 6 +*$/,;+*'%

#$$-! )! /' !#$-' $#0'- $ *$-#)6!- 0)*8$ (! /$ )! '#!-(!- 6 !-+!-(!-

H!#--(!> S-*8!>% M$$ C$+-$ 6 V'#;' A/'#'($% ... A(!0 $-! -'+ !- /'

+-!#'**+,- (! /' !#$-' *$- ) !-$#-$ '#' '()+#+# 6 #!+-'# (!#!>' 6

*$-$*+0+!-$.

E' !$#5' );+!#! )-' +-!#'**+,- (!/ +-(++()$ *$- !/ 0)-($ *+#*)-('-!

($-(! ) '#+*+'*+,- ! '*+' 6 ) !#*!*+,- ! '#+*)/'#. T$($ !$ !

0!(+'+>'($ $# '*$#! ;!-+*$ )! /! !#0+!- $#;'-+>'# /' +-$#0'*+,- !#*+"+('

'#' /)!;$ '(''#/' ' ) !#)*)#' *$;-++'.

E=+!- ($ )-*+$-! 0!-'/! )! !;- !' !$#5' ! '*+'- !- !/'#!-(+>''*+,-

*$;-++' )! !/ )


26/52

'#!-(! $"#! )-' !#)*)#' *$;-++' #!+' S!+//'% 2&&. L' !;)-(' ! ('

0!(+'-! /$ #$*!$ (! '+0+/'*+,- 6 '*$0$('*+,-.

C$- /' '+0+/'*+,- !/ +-(++()$ +-*$#$#' +-$#0'*+,- ' ) !#)*)#'

*$;-++' '

'#!-(+*!. D! !! 0$($ ! (!. D!(! !/ -'*+0+!-$ 8'' /$ ($ '@$

(! !('( '#$=+0'('0!-!. E- ' /' *$-()*' (!/ +-'-! ! !!-*+'/0!-! 0$$#'. E/

+-'-! '' (! #!'/+>'# 0$+0+!-$ #!/! 6' (! $#0'# 6 0'-!


27/52

4. C)'#' !'': O!#'*+$-! $#0'/! $ '"#'*'. D!(! /$ 12 '@$ !- '(!/'-!%

')-)! *$0$ P+';! (!!#0+-,% /' !*$/'#+>'*+,- )!(! '(!/'-'# !! 0$0!-$ 8''

/$ 1& '@$ +-*/)$. L$ -+@$ $ '($/!*!-! ! *'#'*!#+>'- $# ) *''*+('( (!(!'##$//'# 8+,!+ 6 (!()*+# -)!$ *$-*!$% 0'-! #$*!$ (! '+0+/'*+,- 6 '*$0$('*+,-. D! !' $#0' !/ '#!-(+> 0'-+!-! !'

(+-0+*' (! +-!#'**+,- *$- ) !-$#-$. I;)'/0!-! *$-+(!#' /' #!/'*+,- (!/ +-(++()$

*$- ) !0!

E/ (!'##$//$ !,#+*$ (! !'- P+';! 8' !-+($ +0/+*'*+$-! 0)6 +0$#'-!

'-$ !- /' !()*'*+,- *$0$ !- /' (+*+/+-' )! !)(+'- !/ '#!-(+>'

-+!/ (! (++*)/'( $ '"#'**+,- ' /' !'' (! (!'##$//$ *$;-++$. I;)'/0!-! /$

($*!-! )! 8'- !-+($ *$-*+!-*+' (! !' +-!+;'*+$-! )!(!- !-!-(!# )! /$

!)(+'-! -!*!+'- (! )-' *+!#$ -+!/ (! (!'##$//$ *$;-++$ '#' (!!#0+-'('

'#!'.

U-' (! /' *#5+*' 8!*8' ' !' !$#5' ! /' (+*$-+-)+('( )! )$-!- /'

!'' (!/ (!'##$//$ *$;-++$. A-! !' $"

*$-+(!#'($ *$0$ )- *$-+-)$ !- !/ *)'/ /$ +-(++()$ )!('- )"+*'#! (! 0'-!#'

/!=+"/!. S)#;! '5 )-' !$#5' )! #$$-! )-' $#0' (! !-!-(!# !/ #$*!$ (!

'#!-(+>'


28/52

!eor)a del aprendizaje si"nificativo.


29/52


30/52


31/52

*$' )! !/ +-(++()$ *$-$>*' '*!#*' (! /' #!'/+('(% +!-! )! !# 0!(+'('% -$ ,/$ $#

/$ ,#;'-$ (! /$ !-+($% +-$ '0"+- $# )- *$0/!$-'0+!-$% +0';+-'*+,-% $0' (! (!*++$-!% !-'0+!-$ 6 /!-;)'

)!#+$# !- ) '*++('( *!#!"#'/.

T$0'-($ !- *)!-' /' ($ (!+-+*+$-! #!*!(!-! ! +-+!#! )! /' *$;-+*+,- +0/+*'

#$*!$ 0!-'/! #!/'+$ '/ '#!-(+>'

E- !' (!+-+*+,- ! -$0"#' !/ +-) !-$#+'/ #0+-$ )! 8'*! #!!#!-*+' ' /'

!-#'(' (! +-$#0'*+,-. E$ ! '/;$ '5 *$0$ )- 0!*'-+0$ )! /! !#0+! '/ !#

8)0'-$ #!*+"+# ('$ )! $- !50)/$ !#*+"+($ $# /$ ,#;'-$ !-$#+'/!. D! !'

$#0' +-!#+!-! /' !-'*+,- )! )!(! *$-+(!#'#! *$0$ )- '*$ )-('0!-'/0!-!

"+$/,;+*$ 6 ++$/,;+*$. E- ' +-!#+!-!- /$ ,#;'-$ (! /$ !-+($ '*+'($ $# !/

+!0' -!#+$$ *!-#'/ 6 !#+#+*$.L' !#*!*+,- $# ) '#! *$-+)6! )- #$*!$ (! 0 !/'"$#'*+,- ($-(! '#+*+'-

'-$ #$*!$ "+$/,;+*$ *$0$ $#$ (! *'#*!# +*$/,;+*$. '*$#! '/! *$0$ /'

!=!#+!-*+'% /$ )-$ (! +'% !#)*)#' *$-*!)'/!% *$-(+*+$-'- 17


32/52

D! '/;)-' $#0' !! #$*!$. A0"$% !-'*+,- 6 !#*!*+,-% !#0+!- /' '()++*+,-

(! +-)0$ '#' !/ *$-$*+0+!-$.

E- $($ !$ /' '!-*+,-

+*$/,;+*' (!/ +-(++()$ *$- /' *)'/ (+*#+0+-' /' +-$#0'*+,- !-$#+'/ 6 (+#+;! /$

#$*!$ 0!-'/!. C$-'-!0!-! !/ +-(++()$ ! +!-($ $0!+($ ' +--)0!#'"/!

!50)/$ !#$ ,/$ )!(! #$*!'# +0)/-!'0!-! '/;)-$ $*$. C)'-($ ')0!-' /'

'!-*+,- 8'*+' )-' +)'*+,- ! ! !- #!!-*+' (! /' *$-*!-#'*+,-.

A(!0 (! /$ '!*$ 0!-*+$-'($ '-!#+$#0!-! #!!*$ ' /' *$;-+*+,-

!=+!- $#$ )! #!#!!-'- )- -+!/ 0 !/'"$#'($ 6 $# !-(! 0 *$0/!'*+,-% ; /'

+-!#!-*+' 6 8 !;)+# +-#)**+$-!. E-#! /$ !;)-($ ! *)!-'-: ' $0' (!

(!*++$-!% " #!$/)*+,- (! #$"/!0' 6 * *#!'++('(.

*roceso #o"nitivos 'sicos:

1. L' $"!#'*+,-% ! '#! (! /' !#*!*+,- 6 !#0+! +(!-++*'# '#+")$% *)'/+('(!%

#$+!('(! $ *'#'*!#5+*' !- !/ 0!(+$ *+#*)-('-!. ' (!!-(! (! /' ';)(!>' (! /$

!-+($ 6 /' 8'"+/+('( '#' *$0"+-'# /$ )! *''- /$ !-+($. E=+!- (+!#$

;#'($ (! *$0/!


33/52

2. L' *$0'#'*+,-% '#! (! /' #!/'*+,- (! !0!;'# '-'/$;5' $ (+*#!'-*+'. E$ );+!#! *+!#$

;#'($ (! #!/'++('( ('($ )! + '/;$ ! +;)'/ '#' )-$ )(+!#' -$ !#/$ '#' $#$.

3. C/'++*'*+,-% ' )#;! (! /' (+!#+('( 6 /' -!*!+('( (! 0'-!*' ' 0

(! )- ;#)$ 6 )! /' )0' (! ) !/!0!-$ !' !)+'/!-! ' /' !=!-+,- (! /$

*$-'*+,-% !#0+! '/0'*!-'# 6 #!*)!#'# *$-$*+0+!-$ '*)0)/'($% !$*'#

!=!#+!-*+' ++(' 6 #!!-!# /$ '#!-(+($ '#' '*'#/$ ' /' /)> *)'-($ !' -!*!'#+$.

M!0$#+>'# '/;$ +0/+*' *$0#!-(!#/$ #+0!#$ (! $#$ 0$($ ! +!-(! ' !#(!#

+-$#0'*+,- *$- !/ +!0$. L' *''*+('( '#' '/0'*!-'# 6 #!*)!#'# +-$#0'*+,- !

!!-*+'/0!-! +0$#'-! '#' !/ '#!-(+>'

7. I-!#!-*+'% *$-+! !- ''# (! )-' !#('( *$-$*+(' ' $#' (!*$-$*+('% ! /'

*''*+('( '#' '*'# *$-*/)+$-! ' '#+# (! /' !=!#+!-*+' !- +)'*+$-! !0!


34/52

. S!;)+# +-#)**+$-!% +0/+*'% !- #+0!#' +-'-*+'% #!*+'# #0+-$% !*)!-*+'%

#!*)#$ 6 0!'% !- !;)-($ /);'#% #'()*+#% )+/+>'# 6 '/+*'# #$*!(+0+!-$ !#"'/! $

;#+*' !- '**+$-! 5+*' $ !- $!#'*+$-! +-!/!*)'/!.

*rocesos #o"nitivos #omplejos:

1. T$0' (! (!*++$-!% ! *$-+(!#'($ )- #$*!$ *$;-++$ (! $#(!- )!#+$#% *$-+!

!- !/!;+# !-#! ($ $ 0 $*+$-!. E )- !

')$(!!#0+-'*+,- 6 ')$-$05'

2. R!$/)*+,- (! #$"/!0'% !! #$*!$ *$-+! !- +(!-++*'# )-' +)'*+,-

#$"/!0+*' /' *)'/ #!#!!-' )- $"*)/$ 6 ")*'# /' 0'-!#' (! )!#'#/$. P'#'

$(!# /$;#'#/$ ! #!)+!#! (! /$ +;)+!-! '!*$ *$;-++$: 8'"+/+('( '#' #!*$#('#

#$"/!0' +0+/'#!% #!*$-$*+0+!-$ (! '#$-! ! +-+*+'+' '#' (!'##$//'# -)!'

$/)*+$-!.

3. C#!'++('(% ! )-' *)'/+('( #$+' (!/ !# 8)0'-$ 6 ) $#0' (! (!+-+#/' ! '-

'#+'(' *$0$ '#+'(' ! /' !#$-'/+('( (! *'(' +-(++()$. E /+;'(' '% /' $#0' *,0$

'/;)+!- !-*'#' /$ *$+(+'-$% /' !=#!+,- '#5+*'% /' +-!+;'*+,- *+!-5+*'% /'

+--$'*+,- !*-$/,;+*'% /' *$0)-+*'*+,-% /' !()*'*+,-% /$ 0$+0+!-$ $*+'/!% !-#!

$#$. E )- !

#!'/+('(.

L' */'++*'*+,- $0'(' (! R5$ C'"#!#' #!#!!-' )-' "#!! 0!-*+,- (! /' 0+0'. N$

$"'-!% ! -!*!'#+$ ';#!;'# )! !- ) $"#' L' A!-)#' (! A#!-(!# ! !=/+*' *$-

0 (!'//! *'(' )-' (! !//'. E/ /!*$# +-!#!'($ )!(! '0/+'# /' (!*#+*+,- ')5

#!!-'('.

L$ #$*!$ *$;-++$ '- /+;'($ ' $#$ )! $# ) -')#'/!>' +-#5-!*' '/ +-(++()$

0)*8' !*! ''- (!'!#*+"+($ +- !0"'#;$ ) +0$#'-*+' ! +-'/)'"/!.


35/52


36/52


37/52

#$*!$.

ESCENARIO III

CONTEXTO METODOLÓGICO

E- !! ''#'($ ! #!!-' /' !#!*+' 0!$($/,;+*'% ' #' (! /' *)'/% !/

+-!+;'($# #!$#' /' #)' 6 /' 8!##'0+!-' )! /! +#+!#$- '#' #'-+'# !/ *'0+-$

)! /! !@'/' ) $+*+,- '#'(+;0+*' 6 ) 0$($. D! '/ 0'-!#'% )! *$0+!->'

$)/'-($ !/ !-$)! '/ 6 *$0$ ! (!*#+"! ' *$-+-)'*+,-.

En-o.e E"iste!ológico

E' +-!+;'*+,- ! ')0+, "'


38/52

*$0#!-+,- !- #$)-(+('( (! /$ !-,0!-$ !()*'+$ 6 $*+'/!% ' /'

#'-$#0'*+,- (! #*+*' 6 !*!-'#+$ $*+$!()*'+$% ' /' $0' (! (!*++$-! 6

'0"+- 8'*+' !/ (!*)"#+0+!-$ 6 (!'##$//$ (! )- *)!#$ $#;'-+>'($ (!

*$-$*+0+!-$. A5 /' !$#5' (!/ *$-$*+0+!-$ $ +/$$5' (! /' *+!-*+' !- )! ! '$6'

/' 0!$($/$;5' *)'/+'+' '*!' !/ #$*!$ (+'/*+*$% )! ! (' !-#! !/ )

+-!#!!% '/$#!% *#!!-*+' 6 /' *$-+;)#'*+,- (!/ $"

D!(! '/ !#!*+' !+0+*'% M'#5-!> 2&&4:122 '*$' )! -$ !=++#5'-

$# *$-+;)+!-! *$-$*+0+!-$ !#+*'0!-! $"

'#+*+'- 0)*8$ '*$#!% '*$#! "+$/,;+*$% $*+'/!% *)/)#'/!? $($ !//$ +-/)6!-

!- /' *$-*!)'/+>'*+,- )! ! ( $"

U- *'0$ +-!#(+*+/+-'#% #'-(+*+/+-'#% 6 !- $*'+$-!*$-#'(+*+/+-'#. A#'+!' /' 8)0'-+('(!% /' *+!-*+' $*+'/! 6 /' 5+*'. L'+-!+;'*+,- *)'/+'+' ! 0)*8' *$' '/ 0+0$ +!0$. E0)/+'#'(+;0+*' !- ) !-$)!. L$ )! /' #'*+*'- $- !-+"/! '/ '/$# (!/!-$)! 0)/+0$($. E- $0!+(' ' /' !#!*+' -')#'/+' 6 /'*$0#!-+,- +-!##!'+' (! /' !=!#+!-*+' 8)0'-'.

L' $+"+/+('( (! '"$#('# /' #!'/+('(! 8)0'-' (!(! )- !-$)! -')#'/ 0*!#*'-$ 0 8)0'-$% /! (' +(' '/ //'0'($ '#'(+;0' +-!##!'+$% $"#! $($% $#)!

/' -')#'/!>' 8)0'-' (++!#! (! '#$-! #5;+($% !- '/'"#' 0 !-*+//' *'(' *'"!>'! )- 0)-($% !#$ )-+($ '/ *$-!=$ (! #!'/+('(! 8)0'-' '/ )! !#!-!*!

P$# ) '#!% T'6/$# 6 B$(;'- 1994:29% *$-+(!#'- !- )- !-+($ 0 '0/+$ )!/' +-!+;'*+,- *)'/+'+' ! ')!//' )! #$()*! )-$ ('$ +-$#0'+$(!*#++$% 6 +!-! *$0$ *'#'*!#5+*' /' +-()**+,-. E/ +-!+;'($# ! !/ !*!-'#+$ '/' !#$-' (!(! )-' !#!*+' 8$/5+*'? /' !#$-'% /$ !*!-'#+$ $ /$ ;#)$ -$$- #!()*+($ ' '#+'"/!% +-$ $- *$-+(!#'($ )- $($. L$ +-!+;'($#!


39/52

*)'/+'+$ #''- (! *$0#!-(!# ' /' !#$-' (!-#$ (! )- 0'#*$ (! #!!#!-*+' (!!//' 0+0'. L$ 0$($ *)'/+'+$ $- 8)0'-+'.

M/todo

E' +-!+;'*+,- ! #!'/+>, "'

!=!#+0!-'-% *$-*!)'/+>'-% !#*+"!- 6 *$0#!-(!- (+!#$ +$ (!!-,0!-$.P$# ) '#!% M'#5-!> 2&&4:2% !=#!' )!:

E- !/ !-$)! !-$0!-$/,;+*$ ! !)(+' /$ !-,0!-$ '/ *$0$ $-!=!#+0!-'($ 6 !#*+"+($ $# !/ 8$0"#! 6% $# /$ '-$% !#0+! !/!)(+$ (! /' #!'/+('(! *)6' -')#'/!>' 6 !#)*)#' !*)/+'# ,/$ )!(!-!# *''(' (!(! !/ 0'#*$ (! #!!#!-*+' +-!#-$ (!/ )

A/ #!!*$% !/ 0+0$ ')$# #!'/' )! !/ $"'(' *)6' '#! *$-+)6!-! $"!#'- )!#! +-!#'**+,- !-#! 5. E-!! !-$)! /' #!'/+('( -$ ! )-' *$'% )- $"

!+!0$/,;+*$ 6 ($-(! ! )+/+>' /' (!*#+*+,- (!/ 0)-($ )"

(! ) !=!#+!-*+' *$-*+!-! )! *$-//!' ' /' 0!(+'*+,- #!/!=+' $"#! /$ $#5;!-!

(! /' !=!#+!-*+'% /' +-!+;'*+,- ! !-*'0+-, ' /' ")!(' )0!#;! (!-#$ (! /'


40/52

(+0!-+,- +/$,+*'% /' *)'/ $#+!-' !/ +;-++*'($ (! /' !=!#+!-*+' ++(' 6 ! +-!#!'

$# /' *$0#!-+,- ! +-!##!'*+,- (! /' #!'/+('( (!/ !-$#-$ !()*'+$ ($-(! !

(!'##$//' /' +-!+;'*+,-. M'#5-!>% 2&&4:7% #!(!+-! /' !-$0!-$/$;5' *$0$ !/

!)(+$ (! /' !#)*)#' (! /' *$-*+!-*+' )! *''*+' '/ *$-$*+0+!-$ '#' #!!#+#! '/

$"

!- /$ )! / !% -$ !- /$ )! ''#!-' !#.

P'#' M'#5-!> 2&&4:1&2 !/ 0$($ 8!#0!-)+*$ ! !/ #$*!$ $# 0!(+$ (!/

*)'/ *$-$*!0$ /' +(' 5)+*' *$- /' '6)(' (! +;-$ !-+"/! )! $- )

0'-+!'*+,-. S! )+/+>, !/ 0$($ 8!#0!-)+*$% *$- !/ #$,+$ (! !-!-(!#% '*/'#'#

6 '8$-('# !- /$ +;-++*'($ (! /' $"!#'*+,- (!(! /' !#!*+' (!/ +-!+;'($#

'#' $(!# !'"/!*!# #!/'*+$-! *$-$#0! '/ *$-!=$ (! /' +)'*+,- #$"/!0+*'

(!-#$ (! /' *$0)-+('( !- !)(+$.

D! '/ 0'-!#'% )! !/ 0$($ 8!#0!-)+*$ !#0++, $"!-!# )-' *$0#!-+,-

#$)-(' !- /$ +;-++*'($ '#' !#++*'# !/ !#('(!#$ ('$ ! +-!##!'# /$

+;-++*'($ )! /$ '*$#! *$-)/'($ $$#;'- ' ) 0)-($ (! /' +(' !- #!/'*+,- ' /'

*$-#)**+,- (!/ *$-$*+0+!-$ (! /$ #$*!$ *$;-++$ (!(! /' '#$+'*+,- (!

'"!#! !- !/ *$-!=$ (! /' !()*'*+,- #)#'/.

Ti"o de Investigación

L' +-!+;'*+,- !)$ *!-#'(' !- )-' +-!+;'*+,- (! *'0$% *$-+(!#'('

(!(! !/ !-$)! *)'/+'+$% ! (!*+# /' +-$#0'*+,- )! $"!-+(' *'#' ' *'#' *$- /$


41/52

'*$#! $*+'/! )! 8'*!- +(' !- /' #!'/+('( +-!+;'('. E- !! !-+($% !/ M'-)'/ '#' /' !/'"$#'*+,-% #!!-'*+,- 6 !'/)'*+,- (!/ #'"'


42/52

L$ +-$#0'-! $- /' !#$-' )! +#!- (! +-#$()*$#! '/ +-!+;'($# !- /'

*$0)-+('( 6 ) 0!,- ! #!)+!#! )!

!'- #!#!!-'+$ 6 *$-$*!($#! (! ) ;#)$. A 0!-)($ ! *$-+!#!- !- /$ 0!'($ (!-#$ (! )-'$#;'-+>'*+,- 6 ! ' *$0'#+# *$- !/ +-!+;'($#. P$# !//$ !/ !-#!+'($

*$-#)6! ) (+*)#$ !#$-'/ (!!$% -!*!+('(! (! $#0' *$-+'(' *,0$('.

E- !' 0+0' /5-!' (! !-'0+!-$% /$ )

$!+,- (! *$-$*+0+!-$% ') $ (!#!>' *$0)-+*'+' !!*+'/! 6 )! !-

(+)!$ ' *$$!#'# *$- !/ +-!+;'($#. #!*)!-!0!-! $- !/!;+($ $#)! +!-!-

'**!$ $# +!0$% !'*+$ $ !#!*+' ' ('$ +-'**!+"/! '#' !/ +-!+;'($#.

P)!(! #''#! (! !#$-' #!+(!-! ()#'-! 0)*8$ +!0$ !- )-' *$0)-+('(%

0+!0"#$ (! +-+)*+$-! *$0)-+'#+' )-('0!-'/! $ *$-$*!($#! (! /$ +(!'/!

*)/)#'/!.

E- !! 0+0$ $#(!- (! +(!'% R))! 2&&7:1&7 '*$' )!: /' !/!**+,- (! /$

)


43/52

)-+('(! (! '-/++% *'!;$#5' 6 )"*'!;$#5' )! )#

'#+*+'- 0)*8$ '*$#!% '*$#! "+$/,;+*$% $*+'/!% *)/)#'/!? $($ !//$ +-/)6!-!- /' *$-*!)'/+>'*+,- )! ! ( $"

U- *'0$ +-!#(+*+/+-'#% #'-(+*+/+-'#% 6 !- $*'+$-! *$-#'(+*+/+-'#.A#'+!' /' 8)0'-+('(!% /' *+!-*+' $*+'/! 6 /' 5+*'. L' +-!+;'*+,-*)'/+'+' ! 0)*8' *$' '/ 0+0$ +!0$. E 0)/+'#'(+;0+*' !- )!-$)!. L$ )! /' #'*+*'- $- !-+"/! '/ '/$# (!/ !-$)! 0)/+0$($.E- $0!+(' ' /' !#!*+' -')#'/+' 6 /' *$0#!-+,- +-!##!'+' (! /'!=!#+!-*+' 8)0'-'.

L' $+"+/+('( (! '"$#('# /' #!'/+('(! 8)0'-' (!(! )- !-$)! -')#'/ 0

*!#*'-$ 0 8)0'-$% /! (' +(' '/ //'0'($ '#'(+;0' +-!##!'+$% $"#! $($% $#)!


44/52

/' -')#'/!>' 8)0'-' (++!#! (! '#$-! #5;+($% !- '/'"#' 0 !-*+//' *'(' *'"!>'! )- 0)-($% !#$ )-+($ '/ *$-!=$ (! #!'/+('(! 8)0'-' '/ )! !#!-!*!.

P$# ) '#!% T'6/$# 6 B$(;'- 1994:29% *$-+(!#'- !- )- !-+($ 0 '0/+$)! /' +-!+;'*+,- *)'/+'+' ! ')!//' )! #$()*! )-$ ('$ +-$#0'+$(!*#++$% 6 +!-! *$0$ *'#'*!#5+*' /' +-()**+,-. E/ +-!+;'($# ! !/ !*!-'#+$ '/' !#$-' (!(! )-' !#!*+' 8$/5+*'? /' !#$-'% /$ !*!-'#+$ $ /$ ;#)$ -$$- #!()*+($ ' '#+'"/!% +-$ $- *$-+(!#'($ )- $($. L$ +-!+;'($#!*)'/+'+$ #''- (! *$0#!-(!# ' /' !#$-' (!-#$ (! )- 0'#*$ (! #!!#!-*+' (!!//' 0+0'. L$ 0$($ *)'/+'+$ $- 8)0'-+'.

T/cnicas e Instr!entos de Recolección de la in-or!ación

P'#' /' #!*$;+(' (! /' +-$#0'*+,-% ! 8+>$ -!*!'#+$ '/+*'# (! 0'-!#'

$#;'-+>'(' '/;)-' (! /' *-+*' 0 !0/!'(' !- /' +-!+;'*+,- *)'/+'+'. A

#$,+$ L!'/ 2&&:11 ')-' )!: /' *-+*' (! #!*$/!**+,- (! +-$#0'*+,- !- /'

+-!+;'*+,- *)'/+'+' (!"!- !#0++# )! !/ +-!+;'($# ! )0!#


45/52

P$# !' #'>,-% !/ )$ (! /' !-#!+' !- #$)-(+('( -$ !#)*)#'(' *$0$ )-

#!*)#$ '#' ")*'#% !- !/ (+*)#$ (! /$ )

(!*$-$*+($% +-$ )! /' #!/'*+,- +-!+;'($#F)

6 /' '#+*+'*+,-% *$- !/ #$,+$ (! *''# ) )"

0)-($ $ #$"/!0' /'-!'($.

P$# /$ '-$% ' '#+# (!/ 0$0!-$ !- )! !/ )

+)'*+$-!% !#$-' $ *$0)-+('(! '#' !# )+/+>'(' !- /' !/'"$#'*+,- (!

*$-$*+0+!-$.

D! '//5 )! ! #!!-(+, '"!# )! !-'"' /' !#$-' 6 *$-$*!# (! !//' (!'//! )!

-$ !- ' /' +'% *$0$ ) +(!'% !-'0+!-$% !-+0+!-$% !-#! $#$ '!*$. D!

0'-!#' '#+*)/'#% +-!#!, +-!##!'# !/ +;-++*'($ )! /! '#+")6!- /$ '*$#!

!()*'+$% 0!(++*$ 6 $*+'/! ' /' !()*'*+,- 6 ' /' !/!++,- *$0$ 0!(+$ (!

*$0)-+*'*+,- $*+'/.


46/52

T/cnicas de Inter"retación de In-or!ación

L' $"!-*+,- 6 !/ '-/++ (! /' +-$#0'*+,-% !- /' +-!+;'*+,- *)'/+'+'% $-

#$*!$ *$0/!0!-'#+$% *$-+-)$% +0)/-!$ ! +-!#'*+$ 0 )! !*)!-*+'/!.

E/ '-/++ (! /' +-$#0'*+,- ! )- #$*!$ *5*/+*$ 6 +!0+*$% +-!;#'($ !- $(' /'

'! (!/ #$*!$% *$0+!->' *$- /' #!*$;+(' (! /$ #+0!#$ ('$ 6 *$-+-' ()#'-!

$($ !/ #$*!$. L' +-$#0'*+,- ! !;0!-' !- )-+('(! (! +;-++*'($% +- )! !//$

)$-;' !#(!# !/ !-+($ (! /' $'/+('(. E' '*++('( ! )!-'(' !- /'

#!*$0!-('*+$-! 8!*8' $# M'#5-!> 1999:122 !- #!/'*+,- *$- /' #*+*' '#' /'

*'!;$#+>'*+,-. L' +-$#0'*+,- )! ! #!*'", ! #!+, (!(! /' !#!*+'

$"!#'*+$-'/F(!*#++' 6 !,#+*$F*$-*!)'/ )! (!#+, )- '-/++% +-!##!'*+,- 6

!=/+*'*+,-.

T$($ !$ !#0++, #!+'# /' +-$#0'*+,- #!*'"'(' ' '#+# (! /' #!/!=+,- (! /$ '*$#!

*$0#!-(+($ *$- !/ #$*!$ (! +-!+;'*+,-% '#' !/ #!!*+$ '-/++ 6 !=/+*'*+,-.

E/ +-!+;'($# 8+>$ !/ '-/++ ! +-!##!'*+,- (! /' +-$#0'*+,- $"!-+(' ' #' (! /'

/!*)#' #!!++' 6 (! 0'-!#' *)+('($' (! /' #!)!' $"!-+(' (! /$ !-#!+'($

6 $"!#'($. P'#' !//$% ! #!'/'#$- /' '/'"#' ! +(!' #!/!'-! 6 ! !*)*8'#$-

*)+('($'0!-! /' ;#'"'*+$-! '#' !/ #!;+#$ ! +-!##!'*+,- (! /' !=#!+$-!

+0$#'-! '#' /' +-!+;'*+,-.

C'(' '!*$ *$-+(!#'($ !- !/ +-#)0!-$ 6 !- /' ;#'"'*+$-! ! +-!##!, "'


47/52

E- !/ *'$ (! #!)!' '"+!#' ! ")*, !-#! /' (+!#!-! *$-!'*+$-! ('('%

*'!;$#5' #!#!!-'+' (! /$ '#;)0!-$ $"!-+($.

Categorización

L' *'!;$#+>'*+,- ! )-' (! /' *-+*' 0 *'#'*!#5+*' (! /' +-!+;'*+,-

*)'/+'+'% ! )- #!*)#$ )! ! +#! (! '#+!('( (! )!-! (! ('$% (! +-!+;'($#!%

!-#! $#$. D! '//5 /' #!/!'-*+' )! *$"#' /' )+/+>'*+,- (! /' *'!;$#+>'*+,-% 6

+;)+!-($ /$ #$)!$ $# M'#5-!> 1999:131 )! *$-+(!#'($ *$0$ )- #$*!$

(!*#++$ )! (!+!-! (! /$ !=#!'($ $# /$ +-$#0'-! 6 (!/ !

+-!##!'+$ (! /$ #0+-$ ';#)'($ !- )" *'!;$#5'.

Teorización

C$- #!/'*+,- ' !! '!*$% G/'!# 6 S#')% 197:17 !=#!' )! /' !$#+>'*+,-

#!#!!-':

E/ #$*!$ *$;-++$ *$-+!-! !- (!*)"#+# $ 0'-+)/'# /' *'!;$#5'

'"#'*' 6 #!/'*+$-! !-#! !//'. E +-(+!-'"/! !- $(' +-!+;'*+,- 6 !

)' '#' (!'##$//'# $ *$-+#0'# /' !=/+*'*+$-! (!/ *,0$ 6 $# ) (! /$

!-,0!-$.


48/52

V'/! (!*+# )! /' !$#+>'*+,- ! )- #$*!$ )+/+>'($ $# /$ +-!+;'($#!

*)'/+'+$. L' +(' *$+(+'-' !=+;! )! ! #$*!! +-$#0'*+,-: /$ +-(++()$

!#*+"!- /$ !-,0!-$ )! ! #$()*!- ' ) '/#!(!($#% /$ (++-;)!- *$0'#-($/$ 6

*$-#'-($/$ *$- ) !=!#+!-*+' ''('% )- *$-

E/ '-/++ (! /$ ('$ (!!-(! (! /' !$#+>'*+,-% *$- #!*)!-*+' #!)/' (+5*+/ ' /$

+-!+;'($#! (!*#+"+# ) #$+$ #$*!$ (! !$#+>'*+,-. E- $($ *'$% /' '#!'

$#0'/! )! /$ *$-+)6!- $-: !#*!*+,-% *$0'#'*+,-% *$-#''*+,-% ';#!;'*+,- 6

$#(!-'*+,-% !'"/!*+0+!-$ (! 5-*)/$% 6 #!/'*+$-!.

Trianglación

D!(! /' '/+*'*+,- (! /$ +/#$ !+!0$/,;+*$% ! $")+!#$- /' *'!;$#5' )!

/)!;$ (! !# +!0'+>'('% +#+!#$- '#' '/+*'# /' '/+('*+,- #!!*+' ' #' (! /'

#+'-;)/'*+,-. D!(! !' !#!*+' R))! 2&&7 !=#!' )! /' #+'-;)/'*+,- ! /'

5' ($-(! ! *$-+(!#'#- /$ !/!0!-$% /' #!()**+,- (! /$ ('$% ) #!!-'*+,- !+-!##!'*+,- 6 /' !#++*'*+,- $($ !//$ $0'-($ !- *)!-' !/ /'-$ !0$#'/ !- )! !

#!'/+>'#..7.


49/52


50/52

Procedi!iento

E- /' 0!$($/$;5' *)'/+'+' !;- T'6/$# 6 B$;('- 1994:14% /$

+-!+;'($#! (!'##$//'- *$-*!$% +-!/!**+$-! 6 *$0#!-+$-! '#+!-($ (!

')' (! /$ ('$% *$- )- (+!@$ /!=+"/! 6 )-' !#!*+' 8$/5+*'% +- #!()*+# /$

!*!-'#+$ ' /$ ;#)$ $ '#+'"/!. S$"#! !' "'!% !/ #!!-! !)(+$ ! (!'##$//, (!

'*)!#($ ' /' +;)+!-! '!:

+ase I1 Estdio E#"loratorio 2diagnóstico34 E- )- +-!-$ (! '#$=+0'*+,- ' /'#!'/+('(% *$- #!!*$ ' /' *$-!#;!-*+' $-$F!+!0$/,;+*' !-#! /' !()*'*+,- 6 /$0!(+$ (! *$0)-+*'*+,- $*+'/ ! #!'/+>, )-' +-!+;'*+,- *)'/+'+' *$- /$ )

+ase II1 Estdio Anal,tico5Inter"retativo4 T$($ !/ *0)/$ (! +-$#0'*+,- #!*$+/'('! #$*!, ' #' (! 0/+/! 5'. P'#' !//$ ! *$-+(!#'#$- $($ /$ #$$*$/$%(!*#+"+!-($ (! 0'-!#' +!/ 6 !='*' /$ #!/'$ 6 !+0$-+$ '/ *$0$ /$ !=#!'- )')$#!. E- !! !-+($% ! )+/+>'#$- *)'(#$% 0'#+*! 6 ;#+*$ *$0$ )-' $#0' (!#!#!!-'*+,- #!)0+(' (! /' +-$#0'*+,-. M'#5-!> 2&&4% !@'/' )! $(' '**+,-8)0'-' ! )!(! '-'/+>'# ! +-!##!'# (! 0/+/! $#0' (! '*)!#($ '/ *$-!=$($-(! ! #$()>*'.

D! !' 0'-!#'% /' *-+*' )! ! )'#$- '#' !/ '-/++ (! /' +-$#0'*+,- )!#$- /'

#+'-;)/'*+,- 6 !/ '-/++ (! *$-!-+($. E- #!/'*+,- ' /' *-+*' (! #+'-;)/'*+,-

M'#5-!> 2&&4% !@'/' )! '#' '*+/+'# !/ #$*!$ (! *$-+#0'*+,- !#)*)#'/ (! /'

+-!+;'*+,- *)!-' *$- /' *-+*' (! #+'-;)/'*+,- (! (+!#!-! )!-! (! ('$%

!#!*+' !,#+*'% (+!#!-! $"!#'($#!% #$*!(+0+!-$ 0!$($/,;+*$ !-#!

$#$% )! /! !#0++!#$- $"!#'# 6 '-'/+>'# /$ 8!*8$ #!!+(' !*!. E/ !-+($ (!/


51/52

'-/++ (! /$ ('$ !- /' +-!+;'*+,- *)'/+'+' *$-+! !- #!()*+#% *'!;$#+>'#%

*/'++*'#% +-!+>'# 6 *$0'#'# /' +-$#0'*+,- *$- !/ +- (! $"!-!# )-' ++,- /$ 0

*$0/!' $+"/! (! /' #!'/+('( $"

E- *)'-$ !/ '-/++ (! *$-!-+($. P#!> 2&&1:9% /'-!' )!: !/ +-!+;'($# +!-! )! $0'# 0)*8' (!*++$-! )! (!!-(!- (! / !=*/)+'0!-!? -')#'/!>' (!/'-/++ )! ! 8' (! #!'/+>'#% !/!**+,- (! /' )-+('( (! *$-!-+($% *'!;$#5'!/'"$#'('% !=!*'+' (!/ +-!+;'($#. T$($ !//$ 8'*! (!/ '-/++ (! *$-!-+($ )-''+#0'*+,- )! !/'"$#' !/ +-!+;'($# !- *)'-$ ' ) 0'-!#' (! '#!*+'# /$ )! /$

('$ /! '##$

L)!;$% ! #$*!(+, ' /' (+*)+,- (! /$ #!)/'($. E- !! !-+($ M'#5-!>

2&&4:14% !@'/' )! ! ! )- #$*!$ !0+-!-!0!-! *#!'($#% *)6' *$-(+*+,- #!+' ! )-' +-0!#+,- 6 #!/!=+,- /$ 0 *$0/!' $+"/! !- !/ *'0$ !-$0-+*$)! ! ' ' !)(+'#. );'-($ *$- ) !/!0!-$ ' #' (! /' *'!;$#+>'*+,-F'-/++F+-!##!'*+,- (! *-+*' ! +-#)0!-$ '#' *#)>'#% *$-#''# 6 *$0'#'# /$ #!/'$ 6!+0$-+$% #!'/'-($ !0' *!-#'/!% 6 )-+('(! !0+*'.

+ase III1 Estdio Pro0ectivo5(enerativo4 L$ 8'//'>;$ !+(!-*+'($ 8+*+!#$-

$+"/! )-' !)!0'+>'*+,- +(!'/ (! !)(+$% !/ *)'/ ! *$0/!0!-' (! 0'-!#';#'()'/ ' 0!(+(' )! ! +-*$#$#'#$- *$-*!$ 6 #!/'*+$-!% '(!0% !;- /$ '*$'B)-;! 1999% /' +!-*+' 6 !=!#+!-*+' '$#'(' $# /$ '#+*+'-!. D! !'0'-!#'% ! (!#+, )- #$*!$ (! !$#+>'*+,- '#' *$-#)+#% ;!-!#'# $ (!'##$//'# /'!$#5'% /$ *)'/ #!)+!#! '0"+- (! +0';+-'*+,- *#!'($#'.

E- !! !-+($% M'#5-!> 2&&4% !@'/' )! /' !$#+>'*+,- ! )- #$*!$ *$;-++$)! *$-+! !- (!*)"#+# 6 0'-+)/'# *'!;$#5' 6 /' #!/'*+$-! )! ! ('- !-#! !//'.


52/52

E- )- #$*!$ (! !+#'/ )! ' +0)/-!'0!-! (!/ $($ ' /' '#! 6 (! /' '#! '/$($.

+-'/0!-! ! !!#' ;!-!#'# )-' 8!#0!-)+ !,#+*' !- /' *$-#)**+,- (!/

*$-$*+0+!-$ (! /$ #$*!$ *$;-++$ (!(! /' '#$+'*+,- (! '"!#! !- !/ *$-!=$

(! /' !()*'*+,- #)#'/

Tesis procesos cognitivos

Documents

Transcript of Tesis procesos cognitivos