Tiempo de Hornadas : Etnografía de la actividad calera en Santa Ana la Real

8/10/2019 Tiempo de Hornadas : Etnografa de la actividad calera en Santa Ana la Real

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]EAJ_HMACHYBFMF\

Atbhgrf

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ma

dfflt

evemf

mlf

darfab

\fb

tfFbf

dfYaf

dNfvear Carbbmaz Yfjraz

]EAJ_HMACHYBFMF\

Nfv

ear

Carb

b

ma

zYfj

ra

z

NFPEAY CAYBBMA^ YFJYA^

Mhlthr ab Fbtrhphdhgf \hlefd yprhàshr ma df Qbevarsemfm ma \ave-ddf. Jeajirh mad Gruph ma Ebvaste-gfleb pfrf ad Astumeh ma dfs emabte-mfmas \hlehludturfdas ab Fbmfdulf(GAE\F) y prajeh ma ebvastegfleb

Frlcevh Cespfdabsa 6557, sus tajfsma astumeh sa labtrfb ab dhs lfjphsma df fbtrhphdhgf mad turesjh y madpftrejhbeh ludturfd. Ab sus ebvaste-gflehbas raleabtas sa cf hlupfmh

mad astumeh mad jhvejeabth leumf-mfbh ma maàbsf mad pftrejhbeh, madf ejfgab turstelf prhyaltfmf maFbmfdulf, fs lhjh mad ebvabtfrehy mefgbstelh ma ralurshs pftrejh-befdas pfrf df prhjhleb mad tures-jh shstabeida ab ad _fesfna Ludturfdma Fyfiflf (_eurf, _ar).

Astf axpareablef ebvastegfmhrf sacf vesth raanfmf ab su prhmulleb

ieidehgr`lf. Futhr y lhfuthr ma

vfrehs deirhs y frtludhs ab ravestfsleabt`lfs, raleabtajabta cf puide-lfmh df hirf Df ejfgab ma Fbmf-dulf ab ad ]uresjh, qua fihrmf adàbjabh ma df puidelemfm turstelfebstetulehbfd masma df ptelf ma dffbtrhphdhgf.

(cttp>//parshbfd.us.as/ncarbfb/).

Meputfleb ma Cuadvf

Dhs hrgabas ma dhs chrbhs ma lfdma \fbtf Fbf sa rajhbtfb f teaj-phs juy rajhths y f jhmhs ma vemfprhpehs ma shleamfmas lfjpasebfs,sarrfbfs. F `bfdas ma dhs fhs sa -sabtf mad segdh pfsfmh, df gabarfde-zfleb mad ush mad lajabth y df `fdtfma ebeleftevf ma dhs lfdarhs pfrf ra-bhvfr su ebmustref trfnarhb lhbseghdf pfrfdezfleb ma astf fltevemfm y adfifbmhbh ma sus ebstfdflehbas.

Chy, seb ajifrgh, grflefs fd ebtarsy df prahlupfleb mad Fyubtfjeabthma \fbtf Fbf, fdgubhs chrbhs sa ra-luparfb lhb ubf bfdemfm amulftevf

y turstelf y ad lhbnubth, ab gabarfd,sa lhbvearta ab sjihdh lhdaltevhmad pftrejhbeh ma df veddf. Ab astadeirh sa axpdelf lhb ldfremfm y reghrsu sabtemh.

]eajph ma Chrbfmfs as ubf hirfma Nfvear Carbbmaz Yfjraz, quapfrta mad ebvabtfreh ma dhs chrbhsma lfd pfrf su eblduseb ab ad Lft-dhgh Gabarfd mad _ftrejhbeh Cest-relh Fbmfduz, mhbma lhbstfb queblachrbhs mad jubelepeh. Qb ralhbhle-jeabth ebstetulehbfd y phpudfr quasa vf f eblrajabtfr lhb ad deirh quachy ametfjhs. _uas, lufbth jabhs,ad lhjpdath ebvabtfreh ma dhs chrbhsy df pralesf maslrepleb mad prhlashma prhmulleb, dfs carrfjeabtfs ycfstf dhs tastejhbehs ma dhs dtejhslfdarhs gfrfbtezfb su sfdvfgufrmf.

Axljh. Fyubtfjeabth\fbtf Fbf df Yafd


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]EAJ_H MA CHYBFMF\Atbhgrf`f ma df fltevemfm lfdarf

ab \fbtf Fbf df Yafd


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Ma dhs taxths a ejgabas> NFPEAY CAYBBMA^ YFJYA^

Ma df Ameleb> ME_Q]FLEB MA CQADPF

Mesah y jfquatfleb> Nufb Dues Carbbmaz Lfrjhbf@hthjalbelf a ejpraseb> Ejprabtf ma df Meputfleb _rhveblefd ma CuadvfEjpreja> Ejprabtf ma df Meputfleb _rhveblefd ma Cuadvf

E\IB> 573-3=-360 C-66?-9?66

Ejprash ab Aspff / _rebtam eb \pfeb


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]EAJ_H MA CHYBFMF\Atbhgrf`f ma df fltevemfm lfdarf

ab \fbtf Fbf df Yafd

Meputfleb ma Cuadvf

9?66

Nfvear Carbbmaz Yfjraz


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BMELA

_YA\AB]FLEB ..........................................................................................................................................................................5

LFDFYEH(Nhs Fbthbeh Juez) .........................................................................................................................................66

_YDHGH ..................................................................................................................................................................................6 jhmadfmhrf mad pfesfna ludturfd sarrfbh .............................................................................5? 1.< Lfd y frquetalturf varbludf .................................................................................................................. 56 1.= Dxelh lfdarh ..................................................................................................................................................59 1.=.6 Phlfiudfreh ..............................................................................................................................5< 1.=.9 Carrfjeabtfs y utabsedehs ...............................................................................................6?6 1.=.< Melchs, axprasehbas, tlbelfs y pfdfirfs lhjpuastfs .........................................6?7 1.1 Qb pftrejhbeh atbhdgelh ab padegrh ................................................................................................666 1.0 Fjbasef, pftrejhbefdezfleb y ralhbhlejeabth ...........................................................................66 ma ub dfmh, prasabtfrubf atbhgrf`f sestajtelf ma ub hstleh y ubf axpareablef cestrelf, luyhs sfiaras,ftashrfmhs chy phr ubhs phlhs lfdarhs, bh cfb semh trfbsjetemhs f dfs segueabtas

gabarflehbas phr df ùdjebfbta masfpfreleb ma df fltevemfm cfla phlfs mlfmfs;ma htrh, ebvabtfrefr dhs chrbhs axestabtas ab ad jubelepeh, matarjebfbmh su dhlfde-zfleb, lfrfltarstelfs tlbelfs y astfmh ma lhbsarvfleb; y, phr dtejh lhbtreiuerf df vfdhrezfleb ma ub pftrejhbeh atbhdgelh sebgudfr y ab padegrh qua luabtflhb ubf grfb phtablefdemfm pfrf fstfbzfr df futhastejf dhlfd, df raluparfleb madf jajhref lhdaltevf y masfrrhddfr buavfs fltevemfmas alhbjelfs ab ad jfrlh madturesjh ludturfd.

Ab ad astumeh sa shsteabab luftrh ceptases ùbmfjabtfdas> ab pre-

jar dugfr, qua df fltevemfm lfdarf cf lfrfltarezfmh f \fbtf Fbf df Yafd ab ad abthr-bh sarrfbh mhbma sa dhlfdezf, mevarsestlfbmh sus ifsas alhbjelfs y lfrfltarezfbmhdfs radflehbas lhb dfs phidflehbas valebfs. Ab sagubmh, qua ad jhrtarh adfihrfmhab dhs chrbhs cf lhbtreiuemh malesevfjabta f df lhb`hrjfleb ma df frquetalturftrfmelehbfd, tfbth ab dhs bldahs ma phidfleb lhjh ab ad aspfleh ma df macasf,jhmadfbmh ad pfesfna ludturfd sarrfbh. Ab tarlarh, qua ab ad jubelepeh ma \fbtfFbf df Yafd sa fsesta f ub prhlash ma pftrejhbefdezfleb ma dhs chrbhs ma lfd y madf jajhref mad hstleh cfstf cfla phlh hdvemfmhs y chy pfudftebfjabta ralhbhlemhslhjh adajabths sejidelhs ma emabtestlfleb lhdaltevf. _hr dtejh, qua dhs chrbhs-lhjh tastejhbehs ma ub jhmh ma vemf trfmelehbfd- y df ludturf mad trfifnh lfdarf

lhbstetuyab rfsghs sebgudfras qua meàrablefb fd jubelepeh ab ad lhbtaxth sarrfbh,dh qua dhs lhbvearta ab vfdhras ffmemhs suslapteidas ma sar ebstrujabtfdezfmhsdhlfdjabta lhjh ftrfltevhs turstelhs.

_frf varestlfr dfs ceptases safdfmfs, ad astumeh sa fphyf ab ubf eb-vastegfleb ma lfjph rafdezfmf ab \fbtf Fbf df Yafd fpdelfbmh ad jthmh y dfs tl-belfs prhpehs ma df fbtrhphdhgf shlefd. Df eb`hrjfleb cf semh hitabemf f trfvs maabtravestfs ab prhùbmemfm rafdezfmfs f lfdarhs y valebhs mad jubelepeh y lhbtrfs-


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[ 67 Z


tfmf lhb htrfs ùabtas ieidehgrstlfs y mhlujabtfdas tfbth cestrelfs lhjh, shira

thmh, atbhgrstlfs. Dhs prejarhs rasudtfmhs mad trfifnh servearhb pfrf df adfihrflebmad axpameabta ma lftfdhgfleb ma dhs chrbhs ma lfd ab ad Lftdhgh Gabarfd mad _f-trejhbeh Cestrelh ma Fbmfdulf. Ad prasabta trfifnh suphba ubf prhùbmezfleb abad lhbhlejeabth atbhgrstlh a cestrelh mad ubevarsh lfdarh, fs lhjh ad masfrrhddhma buavhs lhbtabemhs y prhpuastfs ma vfdhrezfleb mad pftrejhbeh chrbarh.

Ad deirh sa hrgfbezf ab hlch lfptudhs. Lhjeabzf lhb df dhlfdezflebmad jubelepeh y ma dhs chrbhs mabtrh mad trjebh; lhbtebf lhb ub lfptudh cest-relh qua fihrmf ad pfpad ma df lfd ab df cesthref y raanf ljh df fltevemfm lfdarfab \fbtf Fbf df Yafd as ub axphbabta ma ubf ludturf frtasfbf-ebmustrefd qua teaba

su hregab ab df fbtegamfm y qua cf parmurfmh cfstf df sagubmf jetfm mad segdhSS. Ad tarlar lfptudh maslreia dfs meàrabtas jhmfdemfmas ma chrbhs ma lfd, lab-trbmhsa js matabemfjabta ab ad sestajf ma prhmulleb mad ma ddfjf dfrgf, quaas ad lfrfltarstelh mad jubelepeh. Df atbhgrf`f mad hstleh lfdarh hlupf ad lfptudhlufrth mad deirh qua sa labtrf ab df maslrepleb ma dhs prhlashs tlbelhs ma trfifnh,dfs radflehbas ma prhmulleb y dhs sestajfs ma lhjarlefdezfleb. Dhs luftrh dtejhslfptudhs sa ebslreiab ab ubf prhpuastf ma vfdhrezfleb mad pftrejhbeh lfdarh. Adquebth rasuja dhs preblepfdas vfdhras ludturfdas mad pftrejhbeh chrbarh, ddfjfbmhdf ftableb shira su mastleabta astfmh ma lhbsarvfleb, fd teajph qua rasfdtfbmh

phsetevfjabta ad lraleabta ralhbhlejeabth shlefd a ebstetulehbfd qua raleia ab dffltufdemfm; ab ad saxth sa prasabtf ad ebvabtfreh ma dhs chrbhs ma lfd, jamefbta ubfstlcf maslreptevf aspalstlf ma lfmf ebstfdfleb qua eb`hrjf abtra htrhs fspalthsshira df dhlfdezfleb, dfs lfrfltarstelfs astrulturfdas y ad astfmh ma lhbsarvfleb;dhs lfptudhs sptejh y hltfvh learrfb ad deirh lhblratfbmh ubf sarea ma ebeleftevfsfltevfs ma lhbsarvfleb abjfrlfmfs ab ub prhyalth ebtagrfd qua pfrta mad preble-peh ma qua asta pftrejhbeh chrbarh shdh puama lhblaiersa ebtagrfmh ab su pfesfnaludturfd.

Cfb semh julcfs dfs parshbfs qua cfb lhdfihrfmh gabarhsfjabta

ab df rafdezfleb ma asta deirh. Fgrfmazlh seblarfjabta su lhbtreiuleb masebta-rasfmf, phrqua seb su fphyh bh cfirf semh phseida df adfihrfleb mad jesjh. Abprejar dugfr ja gustfrf letfr f dhs vatarfbhs y sfiehs lfdarhs> Adhy Jfrtb, EsemrhJfrtb, Hbh`ra Dpaz, Plthr Jfrtb, Fjadef Jfrtb y Idfs Dpaz, phr su pfleableffd axpdelfr ab mestebtfs abtravestfs y abluabtrhs ejprhvesfmhs dhs fspalths tlbelhsma asta lhjpdanh hstleh y radftfr su axpareablef vetfd ab dhs murhs fhs ma chrbfmfs.Ca quaremh qua su vemf y su sfiar cflar quamfrf raanfmh ab ad taxth manbmhdascfidfr ab mestebtfs letfs abtrasflfmfs ma dfrgfs lcfrdfs.


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[ 63 Z

]eajph ma Chrbfmfs. Atbhgrf`f ma df fltevemfm lfdarf ab \fbtf Fbf df Yafd

Nubth lhb asths lfdarhs, jarala ubf aspalefd jableb df fyumf

prastfmf phr Fbthbeh Juez, jmelh dhlfd, jeajirh ma df Fshlefleb Ludturfd Pf-dda ma \fbtf Fbf y fjfbta ma df ludturf trfmelehbfd, qua `fledet abhrjajabtadhs lhbtflths lhb dhs valebhs, prhpeatfrehs ma chrbhs y lfdarhs. Fsejesjh, asthyab maumf lhb ad parshbfd mad Fyubtfjeabth ma \fbtf Fbf df Yafd phr dfs `fledemf-mas qua cf irebmfmh ab thmh jhjabth, aspalefdjabta lhb Nhs Fbthbeh YfjhsIdzquaz, fdlfdma ma df dhlfdemfm, fs lhjh lhb Nufb Fbthbeh Juez, Nusth Dpaz yAsparfbzf Jfrtb.

\hb julchs dhs valebhs qua cfb prhphrlehbfmh vfdehsf eb`hrjfleba ebastejfida fyumf. Nfrf y Pelthref Yhmrguaz ma Mevhdh _rhmulleb Ludturfd

`hthgrfstfrhb df jfyhr pfrta ma dfs ejgabas qua fpfralab ab ad trfifnh, PelabtfJfrtbaz, meh juastrfs ma df ldemf chspetfdemfm sarrfbf, Esrfad Dpaz, flhjpffd futhr f dhs ajpdfzfjeabths ma dhs chrbhs y, nubth lhb Fbthbeh Juez y GarfrmhDpaz, ma df Fshlefleb Ludturfd Pfdda ma \fbtf Fbf, adfihrfrhb ad parstd fdtejtrelhma df Yutf ma df Lfd qua fpfrala ab ad taxth.

Bh quearh manfr ab ad tebtarh f dhs lhdagfs Gajf Lfrrarf, FbelathMadgfmh, @uabsfbtf _dftf y Jfrf Nhs @etz ma df Lhbsanarf ma Ludturf qua `fle-detfrhb ejphrtfbta eb`hrjfleb tlbelf, f Nhfqub Jrquaz phr su masebtarasfmh

fsashrfjeabth ab ad jfbanh ma df talbhdhgf G_\ y f jes fjeghs Fbthbeh @fnfrmh yFjfdef ]frb, grfbmas lhbhlamhras mad _frqua Bfturfd qua rafdezfrhb df lfrthgrf`f,fdgubfs ma dfs ejgabas mad deirh y, shira thmh, lhjpfrtearhb grfths jhjabthsa ebtarasfbtas raaxehbas shira df avhduleb ma dhs alhsestajfs y jhmhs ma vemfsarrfbhs.

F thmhs, grflefs.


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[ 65 Z

Lfptudh 6. DF DHLFDE^FLEB

6.6 Ablufmra ]arrethrefd

Ad jubelepeh ma \fbtf Fbf df Yafd sa setf fd bhrta ma df prhveblef

ma Cuadvf, ab df zhbf hllemabtfd mad _frqua Bfturfd ma df \earrf ma Frflabf y _elhsma Frhlca. \u trjebh jubelepfd fifrlf 9.017 caltrafs fdlfbzfbmh ubf fdtetumjamef ma 0=6 jatrhs. Dejetf fd Asta lhb dhs jubelepehs ma Lfstfh mad Yhidamhy Fdnfr; fd \ur, Hasta y Bhrhasta lhb Fdjhbfstar df Yafd; y fd Bhrta lhb Nfiugh.Fmjebestrftevfjabta partabala fd _frtemh Numelefd ma Frflabf y `hrjf pfrta ma dfJfblhjubemfm ma Jubelepehs \earrf Hllemabtfd.

Ad jubelepeh lhjprabma ad bldah preblepfd \fbtf Fbf y tras fdmafs>Df _rasf, Df Lhrta y @uabta mad Hrh. Df lfialarf sa setf ab df zhbf labtrfd mad tr-jebh jubelepfd ab ub paquah vfdda. Juy larlf sa dhlfdezf df paquaf fdmaf ma Df_rasf `hrjfmf phr ub lhbnubth ma mealeses veveabmfs, f df qua sa fllama phr ubfvf ajpamrfmf abtra cuartfs y deavfs trfmelehbfdas, fs lhjh phr df lfrratarf C-196.Df Lhrta as df pamfbf ma jfyhr abtemfm y sa setf f luftrh kedjatrhs mad bldahpreblepfd, ab dfs ebjameflehbas ma df B-=


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[ 9? Z


Ad trjebh jubelepfd sa mevema ab leblh ubemfmas tarrethrefdas>

Dfs searrfs ma Dhs _fdhs Fdths y Dfs Lujiras ma df \arrflcuadf.

Ad Pfdda ma \fbtf Fbf.

Df \earrf ma Dfs Lujiras

Dhs Ddfbhs.

Df \earrf ma df Dejf.

Fd Bhrta sa setfb dfs searrfs ma Dhs _fdhs Fdths y Dfs Lujiras ma df\arrflcuadf qua fdlfbzfb 3


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6.9 Mabhjebfleb y ajpdfzfjeabth ma dhs chrbhs ma lfd

Ab df ebvastegfleb sa cfb ebvabtfrefmh quebla chrbhs uielfmhs th-mhs addhs mabtrh mad trjebh jubelepfd ma \fbtf Fbf df Yafd. Ab ad segueabta lufmrhsa radflehbfb y sa lhbsegbf df mabhjebfleb phpudfr ma dhs jesjhs>

Lufmrh B 6. Mabhjebfleb ma dhs chrbhs ma lfd

B Mabhjebfleb phpudfr

6 Chrbh ma Hbh`ra9 Chrbh ma Avfresteddh.

< Chrbh ma \fbtefgh (Chrbh ma Lfjedh).

= Chrbh ma _esthdh.

1 Chrbh ma Jfbuad, ad Lurth

0 Chrbh ma Avfresth ad ma Meagh (ma Graghreh)

7 Chrbh mad Lfsteddanh

3 Chrbh ma _apa

5 Chrbh ma Lhsja

6? _uarth Jhdebh

66 Chrbh ma Audhgef

69 Chrbh mad Bagreddh

6< Chrbh ma Jeguad ma _flh

6= Chrbh ma Fbthbeh ad ma Qrifbf

61 Chrbh ma Jftfs

@uabta> ]rfifnh ma lfjph. adfihrfleb prhpef.

Df dhlfdezfleb ma dhs chrbhs cf vfrefmh cestrelfjabta ab `ublebma tras `flthras `ubmfjabtfdas> ab prejar dugfr, ad ajpdfzfjeabth mad lhjiuste-ida; ab sagubmh, df uielfleb ma dfs lfbtarfs ma lfdezf; y ab tarlarh, dhs sestajfsma trfbsphrta.


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[ 99 Z


Dhs eb`hrjfbtas abtravestfmhs murfbta ad trfifnh ma lfjph lheb-

lemab ab safdfr qua dhs chrbhs js fbteguhs ùarhb lhbstruemhs js prxejhsf dfs ùabtas ma daf, f pasfr ma qua asth supusearf ablhbtrfrsa danhs mad bldahurifbh, ma dfs lfrratarfs preblepfdas a ebldush ma dfs lfbtarfs. _frala mfr df rfzbf dhs valebhs ad calch ma qua melchs chrbhs (fdgubh ma dhs lufdas sa rajhbtfb fpreblepehs ma segdh SS a ebldush fbtas) sa cfddfb ab rafs ihslhsfs y phlh `rtedasma df zhbf bhrta mad trjebh, lhblratfjabta ab dhs pfrfnas ma Bagreddh y _uarth._hr su pfrta dhs chrbhs js raleabtas, davfbtfmhs ab dfs mlfmfs ma dhs lufrabtfy lebluabtf mad segdh SS, dhs ablhbtrfjhs larlf ma \fbtf Fbf y ma dfs lfrratarfspreblepfdas, lerlubmfbmh ad Larrh Lfsteddanh.

\hb lfusfs cestrelfs dfs qua axpdelfb asta lfjieh ma ajpdfzf-jeabth. Cfstf dhs fhs lufrabtf, df fjpdetum ma dfs zhbfs rhturfmfs y df aslfsaz madaf cflfb js rabtfida df dhlfdezfleb ma dhs chrbhs ab zhbfs ma jhbta, fubquaasth supusearf ub fdanfjeabth ma dfs lfbtarfs y ma dfs lfrratarfs. Ad masfrrhddh madfs raphidflehbas hrastfdas trfnh lhbsegh lfjiehs ab df astrftagef prhmultevf abtradhs qua mastflfb ad flarlfjeabth ma dhs chrbhs f dfs lfbtarfs, f dfs lfrratarfs yfd bldah ma phidfleb, fs lhjh ad pfudftebh fifbmhbh ma dfs ebstfdflehbas jsveanfs.

Ab ùbleb ma dhs `flthras cestrelhs jablehbfmhs, dhs chrbhs ma\fbtf Fbf df Yafd sa dhlfdezfb ab tras grfbmas zhbfs>

6. Dhs js fbteguhs sa setfb fd Bhrta mad trjebh ab dfs dfmarfsma dfs searrfs ma Dhs _fdhs Fdths y Dfs Lujiras ma df \arrflcuadf, lhblratfjabtaab dhs pfrfnas mabhjebfmhs Bagreddh y _uarth. Ab astf zhbfs sa cfddfb luftrhchrbhs lhbhlemhs phpudfrjabta lhjh> Audhgef (b 66), Bagreddh (b 69), Jeguadma _flh (b 6

_uarth Jhdebh (b 6?) y Jftfs (b 61) setufmhs raspaltevfjabta ab ad lfjebh maFdnfr y juy larlf ma df fdmaf ma Df Lhrta.

Hbh`ra (b 6), Avfresteddh(b 9), \fbtefgh (b


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[ 9< Z


Ab ad segueabta jfpf sa prasabtf df setufleb mad trjebh jubelepfd

ab df prhveblef ma Cuadvf.


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[ 9= Z


Ab ad jfpf segueabta sa juastrf df dhlfdezfleb ma lfmf ubh ma dhs

quebla chrbhs ebvabtfrefmhs.

Jfpf B 9. Dhlfdezfleb ma dhs chrbhs ma lfd.

@uabtas> Ifsa lfrthgrstlf thjfmf ma df chnf 567-EEE mad Jfpf ]hphgrstlh Bflehbfd 6>91.???.Ebstetuth Gahgrstlh Bflehbfd. ]rfifnh ma lfjph. Aslfdf fprhxejfmf ma raprasabtfleb 6>


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[ 91 Z

Lfptudh 9. DF CE\]HYEF

9.6 Df lfd ab df cesthref

Df adfihrfleb ma df lfd vevf y df prhmulleb ma jhrtarhs ab \fbtf

Fbf df Yafd suphbab df fpdelfleb ma ubf sarea ma tlbelfs frtasfbfdas qua abtrhb-lfb lhb ubf trfmeleb jedabfref axtabmemf phr thmh ad frlh jametarrbah. Masmasus hrgabas ab teajphs rajhths, sa cfb trfbsjetemh ma gabarfleb ab gabarflebphr thmf astf fjpdef raf ludturfd dhs lhbhlejeabths ma ub hstleh, luyfs tlbelfsasablefdas cfb lhbtebufmh seb grfbmas jhmestlflehbas cfstf stbfdas ma dhs fhssasabtf mad segdh SS ab dhs qua prltelfjabta masfpfrala fbta df errupleb madlajabth. Df prhmulleb ma lfd ab \fbtf Fbf as, phr tfbth, caramarf y axphbabtasebgudfr ma astf dhbgavf trfmeleb jametarrbaf.

Dhs hrgabas ma df prhmulleb ma lfd shb juy vatusths, puas sa cfbcfddfmh vastegehs ma su ajpdah ab yflejeabths lhb js ma 6?.??? fhs ma fbtega-mfm (Carrarh Baz, A. 9??1). Ad ush prejetevh ma df lfd sa fshlef f df fpfreleb madfs prejarfs leumfmas murfbta ad Bahdtelh. Ma calch ad chrbh ma lfd js fbteguh,mftfmh mad 9.1?? f L., `ua cfddfmh ab Jashphtfjef, qua as ubf ma dfs lubfs mamasfrrhddh urifbh prejetevh. Fsejesjh, ab axlfvflehbas rafdezfmfs ab dfs leumfmasma ftfd Cyk ab Fbfthdef (00??-101? f. L), Narel (segdh S f. L) y Mntaetub ab ]urk-jabestb (tarlar y lufrth jedabeh f. L.) cfb fpfralemh rasths ma suadhs rafdezfmhs


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[ 90 Z


lhb frgfjfsf y pfrfjabths ravhlfmhs ma lfd (Grfta Yhnfs, E. 9??9> 71). Dhs as-

tumehs frquahdgelhs cfb prhifmh qua ab astf phlf df lfd arf tfjieb ajpdafmfpfrf df adfihrfleb ma utabsedehs, qua lhbstetuyab ad fbtalamabta js fbteguh ma dflarjelf (Majearra, I. 9??9>93=); fubqua bh as cfstf ad Agepth mad ]arlar Jedabehlufbmh sa adfihrf ubf jfsf ma aslfyhdf, hitabemf f pfrter ma df lhlleb ma yash abchrbhs frtasfbfdas, qua arf utedezfmf pfrf uber peamrfs (Fmfj, N-_ 6550> 05, GrftaYhnfs, E. 9??9> 70)6.

Grflefs fd lhbhlejeabth ma df tlbelf ma lhlleb ma df rhlf lfdezf,sa sfia qua murfbta df Fbtegamfm df lfd arf usfmf pfrf df `firelfleb ma astulhs,ravhquas pebtfmhs y abdulemhs ma lestarbfs, aspalefdjabta ab Gralef9. Bh his-

tfbta, `uarhb dhs rhjfbhs dhs qua f stbfdas mad segdh EEE f. L. ajpdafrhb ma `hrjfsestajtelf dhs chrbhs ma lfd pfrf prhmuler lfd vevf (xemh ma lfdleh, LfH) qua,phstarehrjabta, arf fpfgfif lhb fguf y jazldfmf lhb frabf, lhbsegueabmh fsjhrtarhs js astleabtas qua df frleddf ajpdafmf lhb fbtarehremfm 6 _fstf ma lfd fpfgfmf y jrjhd pudvarezfmh, lhb qua sa mf ma ddfbf f dfs fdlhifs yhtrfs cfietflehbas, qua sa ifrbezfb maspus lhb fgufrrs y larf (Mellehbfreh ma df Dabguf Aspfhdf.Yafd Flfmajef ma df Dabguf MYFA, vegsejf prejarf ameleb).

lhbgdhjarfmh h jfsf lhbstetuemf phr frabf, lhbgdhjarfbta y fguf; puama lhb-tabar fmajs fdgb fmetevh (MYFA, vegsejf prejarf ameleb).

= Frgfjfsf> jhrtarh calch ma lfd, frabf y fguf qua sa ajpdaf ab dfs hirfs ma fdifedarf(MYFA, vegsejf prejarf ameleb); ab`hslfmh> lfpf ma jhrtarh lhb qua ast gufrbalemh ub jurh (MYFA,vegsejf prejarf ameleb). \a mabhjebf jfjphstarf lfrafmff dfs lhbstrullehbas qua utedezfb fgdh-jarfmhs lhb jhrtarh ma lfd (Fmfj, N-_. 6550> 77).


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Ma df astlflef ma asta lhbgdhjarfmh mearhb à ralhbhlemhs futh-

ras ldselhs lhjh Lftb qua, cflef 60? f. L., ab su trftfmh shira df fgreludturfmaslreie ma `hrjf matfddfmf df lhbstrulleb ma ub chrbh y df lhlleb ma df lfd;y Petruveh, queab masfrrhdd fjpdefjabta ab sus Meaz Deirhs ma Frquetalturf dfsralatfs pfrf adfihrfr jhrtarhs. Ddfjf df ftableb qua, ab trjebhs gabarfdas, dhsjthmhs ma prhmulleb axpuasths phr asths aslrethras ma df Fbtegamfm lheblemablhb dhs prfltelfmhs phr dhs lfdarhs sfbtfbarhs, dh qua vebludf f asta jubelepeh lhbubf dfrgf trfmeleb frtasfbf. ]fjieb as ebtarasfbta lhjprhifr qua dhs chrbhs malfd ma \fbtf Fbf df Yafd shb sebgudfras ebstfdflehbas sarrfbfs luyf sajanfbzf lhbhtrfs astrulturfs dhlfdezfmfs phr thmh ad Jametarrbah as fmjerfida. Astf lhbte-buemfm sa axpdelf phrqua cfstf jamefmhs mad segdh SS df lfd lhbstetuy ad preblepfd

lhbgdhjarfbta utedezfmh ab df lhbstrulleb (Carrarh, Baz, A. 9??1) y phrqua abzhbfs rurfdas radftevfjabta fdanfmfs ma dhs preblepfdas labtrhs ebmustrefdas, lhjh adjubelepeh hinath ma buastrf ftableb, dfs tlbelfs ajpdafmfs pfrf su adfihrflebcfb jfbtabemh ad jhmadh caramfmh. Ab mastbetevf, df fltevemfm lfdarf ma \fbtf Fbfdf Yafd as ub axphbabta ma ubf ludturf frtasfbf-ebmustrefd jametarrbaf qua teabasu hregab ab df Fbtegamfm y dhs chrbhs axestabtas shb ub segbestlftevh tastejhbehma ub hstleh jedabfreh. ]hmh addh nustestlf, yf ma phr s, su prhtalleb y vfdhrezfleb.

9.9 Hrgabas ihrrhshs

Dhs lhjeabzhs ma df fltevemfm lfdarf ab \fbtf Fbf df Yafd shb hslu-rhs. Ab df ieidehgrf`f cestrelf raàremf fd jubelepeh bh axestab mfths qua lhbstftabdf prasablef ma chrbhs ma lfd cfstf df tfrmf àlcf ma 6355; bh histfbta, lhjh sashsteaba js fmadfbta, lhbsemarfjhs qua df adfihrfleb ma lfd vevf y jhrtarhs malfd shb fbtarehras.

Df uabta js fbteguf axestabta sa rajhbtf f 6711 y lhrrasphbma fDfs Yaspuastfs Gabarfdasqua uarhb abvefmfs phr dhs lfpetudfras ma df lhrphrflebdhlfd pfrf df adfihrfleb mad Lftfstrh ma Absabfmf. Ad mhlujabth, mad qua sa ab-luabtrf ubf lhpef ab ad frlcevh jubelepfd, lhbstf ma lufrabtf luastehbas radftevfsf df setufleb, majhgrf`f y alhbhjf ma df dhlfdemfm. Ab dfs Yaspuastfs sa ebmelfqua df fltevemfm fgrfref as df preblepfd ifsa alhbjelf jubelepfd y qua dfs ebmus-trefs axestabtas sa marevfb ma df jesjf (luftrh jhdebhs cfrebarhs y mhs dfgfras); sebajifrgh, bh axesta bebgubf jableb qua cfgf raàrablef f df prhmulleb ma lfdvevf (^fpftf, Y. 9??9).


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Edustrfleb suparehr y segueabta pgebf> Jfpf B


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Je fiuadh ja lhbt qua, cfla mhs segdhs y pelh, ad hiesph ma Cuadvf trfnh dhspdfbhs pfrf cflar ubf egdasef juy paquaf ab ad puaidh, lhjh ubf arjetf;

parh ad puaidh menh qua bh, qua quarf ubf egdasef ab lhbmelehbas. Menarhb quabh cfif lhsf js alhbjelf y qua tabf qua fyumfr ad puaidh, y abthblasthmhs dhs lfdarhs ragfdfrhb lfd pfrf df egdasef. Dhs muahs ma dhs chrbhs madfmreddh y tanf qua phr fquaddf phlf ublehbfifb ab ad puaidh tfjieb ragf-dfrhb dfs tanfs y dhs dfmreddhs; htrhs alcfrhb pahbs. _hr ash s yh qua df lfd sacfla ab ad puaidh masma cfla julcsejhs fhs, y thmh ad puaidh arf ma lfd.

Hivefjabta bh phmajhs varestlfr df dayabmf; bh histfbta, sfiajhs

qua ad tajpdh ùa lhbstruemh trfs ad tarrajhth ma Desihf ma 6711, sustetuyabmh fdf fbtarehr egdasef qua phseidajabta quam juy fàltfmf phr ad sesjh. ]fjiebsfiajhs qua ad mealehlch ma bhveajira ma 6716 \fbtf Fbf df Yafd sa lhbstetuyab jubelepeh ebmapabmeabta, grflefs f df Yafd Lmudf meltfmf phr ad ray @arbfbmh

PE jamefbta df qua da lhblamf ad _revedageh ma axableb ma df veddf ma Fdjhbfstar dfYafd (^fpftf, Y. 9??9)1. Fsejesjh, puama fpralefrsa ad ravastejeabth ma jhrtarh malfd ab dhs jurhs prejetevhs ma df egdasef.

]hmh asta lhbnubth ma calchs bhs ddavf f lhbnaturfr qua, trfs ad ta-rrajhth y df buavf setufleb ma futhbhjf phdtelf, axestearf abtra ad valebmfreh ub

ùarta masah ma adavfr ubf jhbujabtfd egdasef, pfrf fs phmar saguer ladairfbmh

1 Ab su hirf, Yfquad ^fpftf maslreia phrjabhrezfmfjabta ad prhdhbgfmh lhbtablehsh quaaxeste abtra ad valebmfreh ma \fbtf Fbf lhb Fdjhbfstar df Yafd pfrf lhbsaguer su ralhbhlejeabth lhjhjubelepeh ebmapabmeabta. Lhbsaguemh ad _revedageh Yafd, ad jubelepeh pfs f ddfjfrsa Peddf mad Pfdda ma\fbtf Fbf, mabhjebfleb qua jfbtuvh cfstf 675? lufbmh ad puaidh lhjeabzf f lhbhlarsa lhb su fl-tufd bhjira (^fpftf, Y. 9??9). Asta prhlash ma ajfblepfleb jubelepfd bh as ubf sebgudfremfm cestrelfab df \earrf, puas abtra 67?? y 6367, hlch fdmafs lhbseguearhb ad ttudh ma veddf, eblduyabmh abtra addfs f\fbtf Fbf df Yafd (@fnfrmh y ]frb, 6555).


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[ sa gabarfdezfrhb matarjebfmfs ebbhvflehbas talbhdgelfs, lhjh ad ush mad `hgb had ajpdah ma mebfjetf pfrf df axtrflleb ma df lfdezf, qua lhbtreiuyarhb f fujab-tfr df prhmulleb y df astleablef ma dhs chrbhs; lfjie ad sestajf ma lhjarlefdezf-leb mad prhmulth, qua ab phlhs fhs fmquere ubf grfb abvargfmurf tfbth phr df

7 Df Nudefbf, Jebf Lhblapleb, Fgufs ]aemfs, Luavf ma df Jhrf, Pfdmadfjusf, Nhyf-\hdhveanh,\fb ]adjh y \fb Jeguad `uarhb fdgubhs ma dhs phidfmhs jebarhs valebhs qua majfbmfifb lfd vevf ma\fbtf Fbf df Yafd.


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[ df errupleb mad lajabthebmustrefd lhjh fgdhjarfbta js alhbjelh y jabhs dfihrehsh ab su analulebqua df frgfjfsf; y ad jfbtabejeabth ma ub teph ma chrbh frtasfbfd eblfpfz malhjpater lhb dhs ebmustrefdas, js astleabtas, qua sa eifb ebstfdfbmh ab htrfs dh-lfdemfmas. _hr anajpdh, ab jubelepehs lhjh Jhrb ma df @rhbtarf (\aveddf), Astapf

(\aveddf) y @uabtacaremhs (Cuadvf) sa avhdulehb ab asths fhs ma ubf prhmullebifsfmf ab ad ajpdah ma chrbhs rumejabtfrehs pfrf prhmuler lfd idfblf f ub sestajfma prhmulleb jfsevh fphyfmh ab chrbhs ebmustrefdas ma prhmulleb lhbtebuf.

Fjihs `flthras supusearhb df masfpfreleb mastbetevf ma ubf flteve-mfm trfmelehbfd fbldfmf ab df cesthref dhlfd. Dfs iehgrf`fs ma dhs lfdarhs ralhgemfsmurfbta ad trfifnh ma lfjph juastrfb ad mrfjf parshbfd ma julchs ma addhs quafsestearhb fd stb ma su hstleh, seb ablhbtrfr fltevemfmas alhbjelfs fdtarbftevfs quapumearfb supderdh. Df lhbsaluablef ma addh ua ad xhmh ma df jfyhrf, qua sa vearhbhidegfmhs f fifbmhbfr ad puaidh ajegrfbmh ab dfs mlfmfs ma dhs sasabtf y satabtf

f Lftfduf y Aurhpf hllemabtfd shira thmh.

Chy dhs rathrbfmhs bh jerfb lhb bhstfdgef fquaddhs fhs ma chrbf-mfs. Fubqua shb lhbsleabtas ma qua df fltevemfm trfnh ubf radftevf prhsparemfm fdpuaidh y ubf ejfgab qua dhs emabtestlfif ab lhbtrfsta lhb htrfs dhlfdemfmas jslabtrfmfs ab ad salthr prejfreh, sdh raluarmfb dhs murhs mfs ma trfifnh axtrf-yabmh peamrf, ralhgeabmh daf, jhbtfbmh y lfdmafbmh dhs chrbhs phr ubfs phlfspasatfs qua fpabfs fdlfbzfifb pfrf luirer dfs balasemfmas js ebjameftfs.


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bfs ma df fdmaf @uabta mad Hrh, lhblratfjabta ab ad kedjatrh 6 ubhs ddagfb f fdlfbzfr lfse dhs seata jatrhs ma fdturf, jeabtrfsqua htrhs fpabfs suparfb dhs luftrh. ]fjieb mestarab ab su mejatrh, fdlfbzfbmh

dhs jfyhras luftrh jatrhs ab df ifsa y sdh tras dhs js paquahs.

Ad ajpdfzfjeabth pfrf df ebstfdfleb mad chrbh bh arf adagemh frie-trfrefjabta. _frf fdlfbzfr ubf jfyhr astleablef ab ad prhlash ma lfdlebfleb, asthsfprhvalcfifb ub maldeva mad tarrabh, ma jhmh qua df ifsa mad jesjh sa dhlfdezfif

3 Ab ad prhgrfjf ma stastfs dhlfdas ma 6515 cajhs cfddfmh ad segueabta fbubleh> \e quearascflar ubf hirf qua ta rasudta ub tashrh lhjprf df lfd ma \fbtf Fbf, Lfdarb @uabta mad Hrh. Jfbuad Yh-jarh Jarlamas. LFDA\ _FYF HIYF\.


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ab df pfrta eb`arehr ma df pabmeabta, quamfbmh df lcejabaf h ihrmhablejf. Asta

sestajf tfjphlh as hregebfd ab \fbtf Fbf df Yafd, puas as ad rasudtfmh ma df trfme-leb, ma df axpareablef cestrelf y ma df hirf mad prhpeh Lftb, queb ralhjabmf-if sadallehbfr juy ieab df setufleb> Lufbmh sa cfgf ad chrbh, masa fd phzh ubfpabmeabta firuptf. Df vabtfnfs mad ajpdfzfjeabth ab maldeva arfb vfrefs> parjetfrasgufrmfr f df ebstfdfleb ma dhs veabths; fsagurfif ubf lhlleb chjhgbaf mathmf df lfdezf grflefs f df eshtarjef lhbsaguemf (Fmfj, N-_ 6550); `fledetfif ad fl-lash f df lfdmarf setufmf ab df pfrta ifnf masma df qua sa fdejabtfif ma lhjiusteidafd chrbh; y parjetf ub ljhmh pfsh f df pfrta suparehr, masma df qua sa a`altufifgrfb pfrta ma df lfrgf ma peamrf lfdezf.

Df astrulturf mad chrbh sa lhbstruf lhb jfjpuasths ma peamrf ra-`rfltfref, qua arf axtrfmf ma lfbtarfs setufmfs ab ad jesjh trjebh jubelepfd,lrabmhsa ub pfrfjabth juy rasestabta f dfs fdtfs tajparfturfs. Astf pfram sa

analutfif fmhptfbmh ubf `hrjf lerludfr trhblbelf, as maler, js fblcf ab suifsa y pfudftebfjabta malraleabta sagb sa fslabmf. Ad ebtarehr, mhbma js tfrmalhlarf df peamrf, quamfif cualh y df pfrta suparehr (ihrmh) fieartf fd axtarehr, fm-quereabmh df astrulturf ma ubf grfb lcejabaf lhb `hrjf ma lhbh trublfmh.

F bevad mad suadh sa manfif ubf fiarturf, ddfjfmf tfsqu, dh sustleab-tajabta fjpdef (ma 6,1? j. ma fblch y 9,1 j ma fdturf) pfrf phmar ebtrhmuler dhsjftarefdas qua sa eifb f lhlar y ad prejar fphrta ma lhjiusteida (daf ma fbmfjeh).

Ihrmh. Chrbh ma \fbtefgh. Pelthref Yhmrguaz


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Qbf vaz rafdezfmf df lfrgf y fbtas ma prhlamar f df lfdlebfleb, ad tfsqusa saddfif

lhb ubf lfpf ma ifrrh (sa ajifrrfif), manfbmh sdh ubf paquaf fiarturf ebàrehr,ddfjfmf puartf, masma df qua js tfrma sa fdejabtfrf fd chrbh ma lhjiusteida, yluyh tfjfh vfrefif abtra lufrabtf y lebluabtf labtjatrhs ab ùbleb mad tephma daf qua eif f utedezfrsa.5

Lhb vestfs f fsagurfr df astfiedemfm ma df hirf, ad chrbh sa fphyfifab mhs lhbtrfùartas axtarehras, ddfjfmhs irfzhs mad chrbh, pfrf dh qua sa fprhva-lcfif ad prhpeh masbevad bfturfd mad tarrabh; fubqua lufbmh bh arf phseida asthssa lhbstrufb ax prhàshlhb peamrfs. Js tfrma astf astrulturf fledetfif ad trfifnhpuas, fmajs ma df ubleb ma raùarzh, dhs irfzhssarvfb lhjh mapseth mhbma safjhbthbfif sadaltevfjabta df peamrf lfdezf lhb df qua dhs lfdarhs aspalefdezfmhs(lfrgfmhrasy jftflfbafmhras) lhbstruerfb js tfrma ab ad ebtarehr mad chrbh ubf

`fdsf ivamf ma lfdezf.6?

Df zhbf axtarehr sa cfiedetfif pfrf janhrfr df astleablef mad sestajf.@rabta fd chrbh sa maspanfif ubf grfb axpdfbfmf, ddfjfmf ddfbh mad chrbh, ab df

5 Ab ad lfptudh lufrth sa axpdelf df tlbelf ma lhbstrulleb ma df puartf.

6? Ab ad lfptudh lufrth sa aspalestlfb dfs tlbelfs lfdarfs pfrf df lhrraltf analuleb ma df fdsfivamf.

]fsqu. Chrbh ma Avfreseteddh. Fjfdef ]frb


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qua sa raubfb hrmabfmfjabta dfs lfrgfs ma daf (rabguas), `fledetfbmh fs ad phs-

tarehr trfifnh ma lfdmah. Bhrjfdjabta, trfs ad chrbh y f leadh fiearth sa cfddfifbdfs lfbtarfs ma lfdezf (pamrarfs) juy prxejfs f dfs ebstfdflehbas dh qua parjetfalhbhjezfr as`uarzhs y fujabtfr df prhmultevemfm ma dfs jesjfs. _frf `fledetfr dftfraf f valas sa lhbstrufb lhiartezhs fmhsfmhs f dhs chrbhs; tfjieb arf cfietufdcfiedetfr cualhs ab ad pfrfjabth axtarehr qua sarvfb ma fdflabfs pfrf maphsetfr adtfiflh, lbtfrhs ma fguf y ad ifrred. Fsejesjh, pfrf lhjifter ad lfdhr sa par`hrfifbubhs hrestlehs ab df pfram mhbma sa abgfblcfifb thdmhs. _hstarehrjabta, asthsjesjhs cualhs sa utedezfifb lhjh shphrta ma df ifdfbzf rhjfbf lhb df qua sapasfif df lfd vevf.

Ab ad ebtarehr mad chrbh sa axlfvfif df lfdmarf, df lufd fdlfbzfif ubfprh`ubmemfm qua hsledfif ab thrbh fd jatrh y fd jatrh y jameh, lhb ub mejatrh

ma mhs y jameh f tras jatrhs. Ab addf js tfrma sa ebtrhmulerf ad lhjiusteida qualhlarf df peamrf. Ifnh df lfdmarf sa lhbstruf ad `hgb, qua lhbsestf ab ubf ljfrffesdfmf qua lhjubelfif lhb ad axtarehr jamefbta ub lhbmulth suitarrbah. Astalhjphbabta parjetf df abtrfmf ma fera y df sfdemf ma gfsas a ejpamf qua lfyarfblabezf y daf murfbta df lhjiusteb, fsagurfbmh df vabtedfleb mad chrbh.66

66 Ab ad lfptudh lufrth sa matfddf ad prhlamejeabth ma lhbstrulleb mad `hgb.

Fdflabf. Chrbh ma Avfresteddh. Pelthref Yhmrguaz.


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\agb luabtfb dhs lfdarhs abtravestfmhs, df analuleb mad `hgb

supush f preblepehs mad segdh SS ubf varmfmarf ebbhvfleb talbhdgelf. Cfstf ab-thblas, dhs chrbhs lhbstfifb ma mhs ihlfs> ubf pfrf ebtrhmuler df daf y htrf pfrfaxtrfar df labezf. Fs dh axpdelfif ub lfdarh>

Je fiuadh ja lhbtfif qua ab sus teajphs bh sa lhbhlf dh mad `hgb. Dhschrbhs tabfb mhs fgunarhs> phr ubh sa frrejfif daf y phr ad htrh sa sflfifad ihrrfnh y df labezf, y sa da alcfif fguf pfrf fpfgfrdh mastbetevfjabta. Ashtabf julch trfifnh.

Asta sestajf trfmelehbfd ùa ralhjabmfmh phr ad prhpeh Lftb,

queab ebmelfif qua> \e sa luala lhb mhs ihlfs, bh sa balasetfr pfrf bfmf ub aspf-leh vflh; lufbmh cfyf balasemfm ma sflfr df labezf, cgfsa phr ubf ma dfs ihlfs, adùagh sa saguer fdejabtfbmh ab df htrf. Df lhbstrulleb mad `hgb ùa, seb mumf,ub grfb fvfbla talbhdgelh, puas sta fsagurfif df lhjpdatf lhjiusteb ma dfdaf ramuleabmh df lfrgf ma trfifnh yf qua, grflefs f df vabtedfleb prhmulemf, bharf pralesh rajhvar y axtabmar df irfsf phr thmf df lfdmarf lhjh s cajhs lhbstf-tfmh qua sa cflf ab htrfs zhbfs.

@hgb. Chrbh ma _apa. Fjfdef ]frb


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_hr ablejf ma df lfdmarf quamfif df ljfrf ma lfdmah, fdramamhr ma

df lufd ad lfdarh lhjphbmrf ubf astrulturf ma peamrf lfdezf hrjfbmh ubf astfbleffihvamfmf. Ad jurh ebtarehr shira ad qua sa lhdhlfrfb asths jfjpuasths sa mabh-jebfif `hrrh, ad lufd bh arf balasfreh ajifrrfr lhjh s sfiajhs qua sa prfltelfifab htrhs dugfras; phrqua sagb luabtfb dhs prhpehs lfdarhs df peamrf ma df astrultu-rf mad chrbh as ra`rfltfref y juy rasestabta fd lfdhr, grflefs f dhs jftarefdas rrelhsma dhs qua ast lhjpuastf. Ab astf pfram y phr ablejf ma df lfdmarf sa analutfifubf rapesf ma ifrrh, ddfjfmf phyh, ma ubhs vaebta h traebtf labtjatrhs ma fblch,qua ralhrrf thmh ad parjatrh mad chrbh y masma df qua pfrterf df prejarf cedfmfma peamrf lfdezf, lhbhlemf lhjh phyarf, shira df qua sa fsabtfrf df `fdsf ivamfmad ebtarehr mad chrbh.69


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df `hrjfifb seata cflas h lcuphbasqua pasfifb satabtf kedhgrfjhs y dhs chrbhs

ma quebeabths f sataleabths quebtfdas majfbmfifb abtra leabth lebluabtf y mhs-leabtfs lfrgfs ma daf, dh qua aquevfdf f 6?,1 y 6= thbadfmfs raspaltevfjabta malhjiusteida. Ab ad segueabta lufmrh prasabtfjhs ubf tfidf ma aquevfdablefs madsestajf trfmelehbfd ma jamemf ma df daf>

Lufmrh b ]rfifnh ma lfjph. Adfihrfleb prhpef.

sfiajhs qua df lfbtemfm ma peamrf qua pralesf ubf chrbfmf ast matarjebfmf phrdf lfpflemfm prhmultevf ma lfmf chrbh, qua ab \fbtf Fbf df Yafd hsledfif abtravaebtetrs y js ma traebtf thbadfmfs (1?? y 7?? quebtfdas). Mestebtfs `uabtas ie-idehgrstlfs ebmelfb qua, trfs ubf lhrraltf lhlleb, df peamrf lfdezf, fd parmar fguf,jftarefs hrgbelfs y masprabmar ad fbcmremh lfribelh, ramula su pash abtra ad== y ad 01%, fubqua sdh pearma abtra ub 6? y ub 61% ma vhdujab 6=. \agb astf

eb`hrjfleb, dhs chrbhs lfpflas ma prhmuler abtra vaebtetrs y js ma traebtf th-badfmfs ma lfd vevf pralesfifb lhlar abtra lufrabtf y bhvabtf thbadfmfs ma peamrflfdezf. Bh histfbta, ad teph ma peamrf vfrf segbestlftevfjabta sagb df prasablefma mestebths adajabths ab su lhjphseleb, dh lufd puama eblemer ab df lfbtemfm qua

6= Jhbasjf, A (6555), Jfrtbaz Yhssy, at fd (6530), Jfrtb \es, J, at fd (6553). ]arelfjabta,df peamrf lfdezf ma hregab pearma ad ==% ma su pash ab `hrjf ma mexemh ma lfrihbh y prhmula ub 10% malfd vevf. Jfrtb \es, J, at fd (6553).


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[ =7 Z


sa balasetf pfrf df lhlleb. Addh bhs maia ddavfr f vfdhrfr lhb lfutadf ad ldludh

rafdezfmh y f lhbsemarfrdh sdh lhjh ubf astejfleb fprhxejftevf.

Ab ad segueabta lufmrh, sa juastrf df lfbtemfm astejfmf ma peamrfqua balasetfifb dhs chrbhs sfbtfbarhs ab lfmf chrbfmf>

Lufmrh b =. Astejfleb mad vhdujab ma peamrf lfdezf y ma prhmulleb ma lfd vevf

_rhmulleb ma lfd vevf _rmemf ma jftarefd _eamrf lfdezf ab ]b

1?? quebtfdas

9< ]b

== % =6,?76

01 % 01,76=0?? quebtfdas

97,0 ]b.== % =5,931

01 % 73,317

7?? quebtfdas Jfrtbaz Yhssy, E, at fd (6530), Jhbasjf, A. (6555), Jfrtb \es, J, at fd (6553).

]rfifnh ma lfjph. Adfihrfleb prhpef.


49/177

[ =3 Z


Ab ad segueabta lufmrh sa juastrf df prhmulleb ma dhs chrbhs y

astfidalajhs ubf astejfleb mad lhjiusteida y df peamrf lfdezf utedezfmf.

Lufmrh b 1. Lfpflemfm prhmultevf ma dhs chrbhs ma lfd ma \fbtf Fbf df Yafd

Lhjiusteida _eamrf lfdezf _rhmulleb ma lfd vevf

6?,1 ]b (61? lfrgfs) =6 f 01 ]b. 9< ]b. (1?? quebtfdas)

69,91 ]b. (671 lfrgfs) =5 f 73 ]b. 97,0 ]b. (0?? quebtfdas)

6= ]b. (9?? lfrgfs) 17 f 59 ]b. ]rfifnh ma Lfjph. Adfihrfleb prhpef.

df lfd vevf, fdgh jabhs df lfd fpfgfmf h cemrftfmf y, shdh hlf-sehbfdjabta, df frgfjfsf h jhrtarh ma lfd. Ab ad prejar lfsh, dfs hparflehbas pfrf

su hitableb suphbfb df lfdlebfleb ma peamrf lfdezf; ab ad sagubmh, tfjieb sufpfgfmh; y, ab ad tarlarh, ad prhlash lhbtebufif lhb df jazldf ma df lfd cemrftfmflhb htrhs adajabths lhjh frabf, fguf y frleddf, pfrf prhmuler frgfjfsf. Ab astafpfrtfmh axphbmrajhs ad prhlash ma rafllehbas qujelfs lhbhlemh lhjh ad leldhma df lfd, qua lhbmula f df adfihrfleb ma asths prhmulths tfb tedas pfrf df lhbs-trulleb.

Fd sar ub jftarefd tarjhmebjelfjabta ebastfida, ad xemh ma lfdlehh lfd vevf (LfH) bh axesta lhjh tfd ab df bfturfdazf (\uraz Jhrabh, @. 655=), sebhqua as ub prhmulth frtestlefd qua sa lhbsegua jamefbta df lfdlebfleb ma peamrf lf-

dezf f ubf tajparfturf qua hsledf abtra dhs 5?? y dhs 6.??? L. Ab su astfmh bfturfd,df lfd sa prasabtf lhjh Lfrihbfth Ldlelh (LH

6?0).]fjieb adsfiar cflarma dhs lfdarhs ralhbhla asta leldh qujelh. Qb melch phpudfr sa rastarama astf ejfgebftevf jfbarf fd prhlash>

Ad trfifnh ma df lfd as ad trfifnh mad majhbeh, phrqua jamefbta ad `uagh dfpeamrf sa cfla tearrf y duagh df tearrf sa cfla peamrf.


53/177


54/177

[ 1< Z

Vueb ta cezh lfdarh8, ad phlh mebarh

Lfptudh =. AD H@ELEH

Ab asta fpfrtfmh maslreierajhs df hrgfbezfleb mad trfifnh, ad prh-lash qua lhbmula f df adfihrfleb ma lfd vevf y jhrtarhs y dhs sestajfs ma lhjar-lefdezfleb ma asths prhmulths stbfdas. _frf hitabar df eb`hrjfleb cajhs rafdezfmh

trfifnh ma lfjph f pfrter ma abtravestfs ab prhùbmemfm meregemfs f mestebths lf-darhs y f htrhs valebhs mad jubelepeh. Dhs rasudtfmhs ma df ebvastegfleb cfb semhlhbtrfstfmhs lhb mhs tephs ma ùabtas> cestrelfs y atbhgrstlfs. Ab ad prejar lfsh,bhs cajhs fphyfmh ab absfyhs rafdezfmhs shira dfs tlbelfs y ushs ma df lfd masmadf fbtegamfm cfstf buastrhs mfs; y, ab ad sagubmh, cajhs astumefmh dhs rasudtf-mhs ma htrfs ebvastegflehbas prfltelfmfs ab meàrabtas zhbfs mad astfmh aspfhdmhbma parveva df fltevemfm h su jajhref tfd lhjh hlurra ab \fbtf Fbf df Yafd67. Dflhjpfrfleb ma dhs mestebths lhbtaxths cestrelhs y atbhgrstlhs bhs cf parjetemhprhùbmezfr js ab ad fbdeses lhblrath mad hstleh ab \fbtf Fbf df Yafd, fs lhjh

lhbhlar dfs meàrablefs y sajanfbzfs ma dhs prhlashs prhmultevhs.

67 Lhblratfjabta ab dhs jubelepehs ma Fbteguf (@uartavabturf), Fgarh (Cuaslf), Ihmhbfdma df \earrf (Ifmfnhz), Df Fdmaf (Grfb Lfbfref), Dfs _fdjfs ma Grfb Lfbfref (Grfb Lfbfref), Debfras maYeh`rh (\fdfjfblf), Dhs \edhs (]abareà), Jhrb ma df @rhbtarf (\aveddf), Bfvfrramhbmf ma df Yeblhbfmf(\fdfjfblf), ]requevenfta (@uartavabturf) y Peddfbuavf mad @rasbh (Ifmfnhz).


55/177

[ 1= Z


=.6 Hrgfbezfleb mad trfifnh y radflehbas shlefdas ma

prhmulleb

Dfs stblfs mhbma sa masfrrhddfif df fltevemfm lfdarf lhbstetufb ubfaxpdhtfleb qua lhjprabmf bh sdh ad chrbh ma lfd, sebh tfjieb ub jhbta lar-lfbh ma mhbma axtrfar ad lhjiusteida y zhbfs mhbma fiubmfrf df peamrf lfdezf. Dflarlfbf ma dfs ùabtas ma lhjiusteida y ma df jftaref prejf f dhs chrbhs ma lfdmhtfif ma grfb astleablef prhmultevf f df fltevemfm, ramuleabmh lhstas ma maspdfzf-jeabths y asùarzhs. Bh histfbta, pfrf luirer thmfs dfs balasemfmas ma lhjiuste-ida, df daf cfif qua axtrfardf y flfrrafrdf tfjieb ma htrhs dugfras js fdanfmhs

Dhs chrbhs arfb axpdhtfmhs cfietufdjabta phr sus muahs, fubquashdf sar `raluabta ad frreabmh pfrf df rafdezfleb ma chrbfmfs. Ma asta jhmh dhaxpdelfif ub veanh lfdarh>

Dhs fjhs ma dhs chrbhs lhlfb sus chrbfmfs, parh tfjieb shdfb frrabmfr-dhs. Lhirfifb df phyf, qua da malfb, qua arf ub pfgh qua sa cflf ma meaz fvaebta murhs phr chrb; h df jfquedf, qua arf ub pfgh ma pfrta ma df lfd vevf.As qua abthblas julcf gabta quarf cflar chrbs; pamfb parjesh fd muahy, se cfif cualh, sa phmf lhlar.

]fjieb f jabumh, grflefs f dhs ùartas dfzhs ma pfrabtaslh h dhsvbludhs ma raleprhlemfm dhlfd, dhs muahs lamfb sus chrbhs pfrf df rafdezfleb machrbfmfs lufbmh addhs bh eifb f utedezfrdhs. Df laseb das raphrtfif iabastlehs, puasdhs rasths ma df daf (jfthnhs, rfjfs stbfs, chnfs, atl.) qua quamfifb aspfrlemhs phrad ddfbh mad chrbh sa rautedezfifb lhjh asterlhd, prhphrlehbfbmh vaebta y cfstftraebtf lfrgfs. Fs dh ralhrmfif ub lfdarh>

Lhb dfs chnfs y dh stbh ma thmhs dhs masphnhs sa cflfb jhbthbas grfbmasqua sa mamelfifb f asterlhd. Ldfrh, lhjh phr fquad abthblas sa sajirfif

julch, sa balasetfif julch asterlhd. U ash arf ub ieab phrqua tabf ubiabastleh.

Ab htrfs hlfsehbas, dhs muahs ma dhs chrbhs sa hlupfifb belf-jabta ma df lhjarlefdezfleb ma df lfd vevf y manfifb dfs tfrafs ma prhmullebf lfdarhs aspalefdezfmhs lhb dhs qua flhrmfifb ad praleh ma df chrbfmf, ad lufdvfrefif ab ùbleb ma df lfpflemfm prhmultevf ma lfmf chrbh y ma df lfdemfm ma dflfd hitabemf.


56/177

[ 11 Z


Cfstf jamefmhs ma dhs sasabtf mad segdh SS, df prhmulleb ma lfd `ua

ubf ma dfs preblepfdas ifsas alhbjelfs ma \fbtf Fbf df Yafd. Murfbta mlfmfslhbstetuy df uabta ma ebgrashs prejhrmefd ma julchs gruphs mhjstelhs, dhs luf-das lhjiebfifb dfs dfihras lfdarfs lhb htrfs tfrafs fgrhpalufrefs ab sus paquafspfrladfs, fs lhjh lhb ad trfifnh fsfdfrefmh ab dfs raphidflehbas `hrastfdas, abdfs jebfs ma df lhjfrlf, ab dfs tearrfs ma jamefbhs prhpeatfrehs, df lhbstrullebh ab dfs paquafs `flthrfs ma df lhjfrlf (fdjfzfrfs, jhdebhs ma pfb, lhrlch aebmustrefs lrbelfs, shira thmh). Ma asta jhmh sa prhlurfif trfifnfr thmh ad fhrafdezfbmh fltevemfmas mevarsfs (fgrlhdfs, gfbfmarfs, `hrastfdas, axtrfltevfs a eb-mustrefdas) qua fsagurfifb df suparvevablef mad gruph mhjstelh y df parjfbablefma sus jeajirhs ab ad abthrbh lhjfrlfd, seb tabar qua varsa hidegfmhs f ajegrfr.63

Df axpdhtfleb lfdarf astfif ab `ublehbfjeabth ab mestebtfs atfpfsmad fh; axegf ad trfifnh ma ub lhbnubth ma parshbfs qua sa hlupfifb ab lfmfjhjabth ma tfrafs aspalstlfs. Ad gruph mhjstelh lfdarh `hrjfmh phr luftrh hjs jeajirhs vfrhbas nvabas y/h fmudths lhbstetuf ad jhmadh js astleabta,shira thmh lufbmh abtra sus jeajirhs sa cfddfif ub lfdarh axparejabtfmh quasa hlupfif phr abtarh ma dfs hparflehbas balasfrefs pfrf prhmuler df lfd vevf. Astalfdarh, qua shdf sar ad lfiazf ma `fjedef y trfbsjetf dhs lhbhlejeabths mad hstlehf sus cenhs, arf fuxedefmh phr ad rasth ma dhs jeajirhs mad gruph qua rafdezfifb dfs

tfrafs js rumfs ma thmh ad prhlash tfdas lhjh cflar daf, sflfr peamrf, flfrrafrdfy fdejabtfr ad chrbh ma fluarmh lhb dfs ebstrullehbas mad lfdarh aspalefdezfmh. ]fdlhjh axpdelfif ub lfdarh, astf hrgfbezfleb mhjstelf mad trfifnh parjetf ramulerlhbsemarfidajabta dhs lhstas prhmultevhs>

Bhshtrhs dh cflfjhs thmh, dh cflfjhs bhshtrhs y dh gfbifjhs bhsh-trhs, phrqua ash bh sa phmf mfr f nhrbfd. Ab je lfsf rfjhs je pfmra y trascarjfbhs. Je carjfbh y yh bhs phbfjhs f rhzfr y ad js lcelh, lhb dfsmhs iastefs qua tabfjhs, f flfrrafr. U duagh, lufbmh cfifjhs rhzfmh dfdaf, bhs vabfjhs f df peamrf. U lufbmh df daf y df peamrf astfif frrej, yf

astfif thmh prapfrfmh pfrf lfrgfr ad chrbh. Fjegh, ab ashs teajphs bh salhjf ad pfb ma ifdma.

]fjieb dfs junaras lhbtreiufb f df astleablef ma astf hrgfbezflebmhjstelf lhb df prapfrfleb ma df lhjemf mefref qua ddavfifb cfstf ad chrbh,

63 Lhjh sa ebmel ab ad fpfrtfmh 9.=, df lreses ma df fltevemfm lfdarf ejpuds df ajegrfleb majulchs valebhs f Aurhpf y Lftfduf shira thmh.


57/177

[ 10 Z


fsagurfbmh df lhbtebuemfm ma dfs tfrafs murfbta df chrbfmf, fs lhjh lhb df raf-

dezfleb ma tfrafs lhjpdajabtfrefs tfdas lhjh df ralhgemf y ldfsestlfleb ma dfspeamrfs paquafs h repehsab dhs irfzhs mad chrbh pfrf su phstarehr lfrgf (fpf-ifjhs repehs, malf df asphsf ma ub lfrgfmhr).

Arf stf df setufleb emafd, fubqua bh df js `raluabta. F jabumh,lufbmh ad gruph arf paquah y/h sa lfralf ma lhbhlejeabths tlbelhs, arf ejpras-lebmeida ralurrer f parshbfd lfdarh lufdestlfmh ab fdgubf ma dfs js lhjpdanfs h ma-delfmfs hparflehbas, fs lhjh fd ajpdah ma lufmreddfs ma trfifnfmhras fuxedefras. \ebajifrgh, rfrfjabta sa lhbtrftfif f astfs parshbfs lhjh trfifnfmhras fsfdfrefmhs.Df ùarzf ma trfifnh shdf raldutfrsa sagb ub sestajf ma lhjprhjeshs ralprhlhs

ifsfmh ab df lhstujira y ab df fdefbzf abtra mestebths gruphs mhjstelhs. Grflefsf dhs dfzhs pfrabtfdas y valebfdas, sa astfidalf ub pftrb ma fyumf jutuf mabhje-bfmh thrbfpab, ifsfmh ab df raleprhlemfm lhjh preblepeh jhrfd, qua sa jftaref-dezfif ab ub fluarmh varifd tleth ma lhdfihrfleb abtra mestebths gruphs mhjste-lhs. Ad ublehbfjeabth mad jhmadh ma lhhparfleb arf sableddh> lufbmh ubf fjedefmalemf cflar ubf chrbpamf fsestablef f htrfs f dfs qua fbtas yf cfif fyumfmh,ma jfbarf qua ad qua fbtas cfif semh pftrb sa lhbvartf duagh ab pab y fssulasevfjabta, prhmulebmhsa ub ebtarlfjieh ma phselehbas shleh-dfihrfdas. Astasestajf ra`hrzfif dhs vbludhs ma shdemfremfm y ramulf dhs lhstas prhmultevhs f

trfvs ma ubf fdefbzf fsabtfmf ab df saguremfm ma ubf grftestlfleb meàremf.

Fubqua asth arf dh js `raluabta, ab hlfsehbas juy lhbtfmfs ssa ralurrf f df lhbtrftfleb ma lfdarhs, shira thmh ab dhs jhjabths ma jfyhrurgablef>

_hr anajpdh, se tabfs ub lhjprhjesh calch pfrf abtragfrdf ab ubf àlcfy bh ta mfif teajph y vafs qua ta `fdtfif peamrf h daf, h se vabf df stastf yquarfs tabar lhlemh fbtas; abthblas s cfif qua iuslfr gabta f nhrbfd h phrluabtf, h saf, tfbth cflas tfbth ta pfgh. _arh ash ab je lfsf dh cflfjhs

juy phlh, phrqua abtra bhshtrhs dhs js cujedmas dh qua jabhs lhrrf arfad mebarh, axpdelfif ub lfdarh.

Bh histfbta, df lhbtrftfleb ma parshbfd lfdarh fsfdfrefmh s arf cf-ietufd ab fquaddfs setuflehbas axlaplehbfdas ab dfs qua ad gruph mhjstelh lhbtfiflhb jamehs ma prhmulleb y sustleabtas ralurshs alhbjelhs pfrf mevarsestlfr susfltevemfmas> Dhs qua arfb js pumeabtas s shdfb tabar seajpra f gabta f nhrbfd.


58/177

[ 17 Z


Df jfbh ma hirf js majfbmfmf arf df ma dhs lfrgfmhras, phr sar

axparths prh`asehbfdas ab df madelfmf hparfleb ma lfrgf mad chrbh65

. Mfmf su cf-iedemfm y lfpfletfleb, asths axparejabtfmhs lfdarhs astfifb juy lhtezfmhs abad jarlfmh ma trfifnh dhlfd phr fquaddhs qua malemfb ddavfr f lfih ubf chrbseb lhbtfr lhb dhs lhbhlejeabths tlbelhs praleshs. Fs dh ralhrmfif ub vatarfbhlfrgfmhr>

Cfif valas qua ja astfifb asparfbmh tras pfrf lfrgfr ad chrbh. Ja ma-lfb> f var se puamas vaber ub mf pfrf lfrgfr ad chrbh, qua pfrf flfrrafr yftabgh f gabta. As qua cfif phlf gabta qua sa mamelfif f jhbtfrdh, phrquacfif qua tabar luemfmh ma jhbtfr ad chrbh ieab. \a meh ub lfsh ma ubh qua

arf bhveleh y, lufbmh ajpazfrhb f jatar daf, ad chrbh sa vebh fifnh. U dhsphiras tuvearhb htrf vaz qua vhdvardh f jhbtfr y ash as julch trfifnh. Abthmh ad puaidh, rfjhs ubhs meaz h mhla dhs qua sfifjhs lfrgfr ad chrbh.Ad qua lfrgfif gfbfif leblh murhs js ab dhs mhs mfs. \e ubh gfbfif leblhpuas ad htrh gfbfif meaz phr dhs mhs mfs.9?

_fb lhb sfbgra

=.9 Ad prhlash prhmultevh

_hr dhs bgadas cfy qua terfr df chrqueddf y lhgar dhs lfdfihzhs pfrfer cfleabmh daf pfrf ad fh vabemarh.

=.9.6 Leldh Fbufd

Ad hstleh lfdarh sa hrgfbezfif f dh dfrgh ma thmh ad leldh fbufd; ad

ldejf stnfif df mestreiuleb ma dfs mestebtfs tfrafs. Bhrjfdjabta bh sa prfltelf-ifb chrbfmfs ab df tajphrfmf ebvarbfd y hthfd phrqua ab astfs `alcfs frralef dfdduvef, qua as df pahr fdefmf ma df fltevemfm. \hira asta lhbmelehbfbta ftjhs`relhlhjabtfif ub lfdarh>

65 Ab Debfras ma Yeh`rh y Bfvfrramhbmf ma df Yeblhbfmf (\fdfjfblf) ad lfdarh qua rafdezfifasta trfifnh arf mabhjebfmh ablffmhr(Jfrtbaz Yhssy, E, at fd 6530).

9? Ad eb`hrjfbta sa rastara f dfs mlfmfs ma dhs lebluabtf y sasabtf mad segdh SS.


59/177

[ 13 Z


Ab ad varfbh arf lufbmh sa lhlf, phrqua lhb dfs dduvefs bh sa phmf lhlar. \e

df daf sa jhnfif cfif qua asparfr f qua sa salfrf y ash arf ub parnueleh.Ad reasgh ma qua asth hlurrearf arf radftevfjabta fdth, ebldush ab

prejfvarf y varfbh; bh cfy qua hdvemfr qua \fbtf Fbf df Yafd sa setf ab df zhbflabtrfd mad _frqua Bfturfd ma df \earrf ma Frflabf y _elhs ma Frhlca, mhbma saragestrf ubh ma dhs bevadas pduvehjtrelhs js fdths ma thmf Fbmfdulf, fdlfbzfbmhfdgubhs fhs 6.??1 jj ma jxejf.96

Lhjh df daf cjamf bh puama utedezfrsa phrqua ma sagurh prhmulaubf mastleabta lhjiusteb, murfbta thmh ad fh dhs lfdarhs df ralhgfb y df fpedfifb

larlf mad chrbh cfstf qua sa salfrf lhjpdatfjabta. Ma astf jfbarf sa avetfifbh sdh ubf jfdf egbeleb sebh qua ad chrbh ebldush sa fpfgfrf ab df lfdlebfleb,dh qua `rustrfrf thmhs dhs asùarzhs ddavfmhs f lfih f dh dfrgh mad fh. Lufbmh adlhjiusteida bh quajfif ieab f lfusf ma df cujamfm, dhs lfdarhs malfb qua adchrbh sa fleslfif, as maler, qua df daf sa trfbs`hrjfif ab paquahs trhzhs malfrib vagatfd (leslh) eblfpflas ma adavfr df tajparfturf f dhs 5?? L y 6.??? Lbalasfrehs pfrf qua sa prhmuzlf df raflleb qujelf qua trfbs`hrjf df rhlf lfdezf(LfLH

ubhs eifb sflfbmh peamrf, htrhs frrejbmhdf y htrhs cf-leabmh daf, lhjabtfif ub lfdarh. Bh histfbta, astfs tras tfrafs tfjieb phmfbmasajpafrsa ab htrfs àlcfs mad fh sagb dfs prhpefs balasemfmas ma df chr-bfmf; parh lhblabtrfrdfs ab dhs jasas fbtarehras suphbf ubf rflehbfdezfleb madtrfifnh, yf qua thmfs astfs dfihras prapfrfthrefs fchrrfifb asùarzhs pfrf phmarab`rfslfrsa phstarehrjabta ab df lhlleb ma df lfd.

Ieab abtrfmf df prejfvarf, lufbmh cflf teajph qua cfifb lasfmhdfs dduvefs, dhs lfdarhs labtrfifb su trfifnh ab dfs chrbfmfs, dfs lufdas sa prfltelf-

96 Df mesphseleb hrhgrstlf ma dfs searrfs mad _frqua Bfturfd ma Frflabf y _elhs ma Frhlcaastfidala ubf ifrrarf f dfs jfsfs ma fera qua pabatrfb masma ad Ftdbtelh, dh qua prhvhlf ubf fdtf pdu-vehsemfm ab thmf df lhjfrlf, aspalefdjabta ab df zhbf labtrfd, mhbma sa ragestrfb dhs vfdhras js fdthsma cujamfm y js ifnhs ma tajparfturf fd fdlfbzfr ad radeava ubf jfyhr fdturf. _dfb ma Hrmabfleb maYalurshs Bfturfdas. Lhbsanarf ma Jameh Fjieabta. Nubtf ma Fbmfdulf (9??


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[ 15 Z


ifb pra`arabtajabta murfbta thmh ad varfbh pfrf avetfr dh js phseida ad reasgh

ma dduvef y pfrf hitabar ad jxejh rabmejeabth ma ub lhjiusteida lhjpdatfjabtasalh. Ab asta sabtemh, safdfif ub lfdarh mad puaidh>

Lufbmh sa cflf df chrbfmf ab jfyh, dhs chrbhs pralesfifb js daf. _hranajpdh, ab varfbh ub chrbh qua prhmulf 0?? quebtfdas, lhjh ad ma _apa,balasetfif 61? lfrgfs ma daf, parh ab jfyh ad jesjh chrbh axegf 63? lfr-gfs h js.

F pfrter ma abthblas lhjabzfif ad trfifnh prhpefjabta lfdarh, yfqua dfs tfrafs pravefs macflar jhbtaphmf analutfrdfs lfse lufdquear valebh; seb

ajifrgh, df chrbfmf raquarf ubf lfpfletfleb aspalefd qua phsafb sdh ubhsphlhs. Asta prhlash sa ebelefif lhb df prapfrfleb mad chrbh, pfrf lhbtebufr lhb dflfrgf y df lfdlebfleb, y lhblduf lhb df hitableb ma df lfd vevf; fubqua ab lhbtf-mfs hlfsehbas sa fjpdefif lhb ad fpfgfmh ma df lfd y df adfihrfleb ma df frgfjfsf.

F preblepehs ma sapteajira, lufbmh sa fbublefifb dfs prejarfs ddu-vefs, tarjebfif ad teajph ma dfs chrbfmfs. Buavfjabta dhs lfdarhs sa hlupfifb macflar daf, rafbumbmhsa ad leldh ma fltevemfmas rapatemh fh trfs fh. Qb melchsfbtfbarh juastrf df prltelf ebvfrefida ma melcf lhstujira>

_hr dhs bgadas cfy qua terfr df chrqueddf y lhgar dhs lfdfihzhs pfrf er cf-leabmh daf pfrf ad fh vabemarh.

Df dhluleb sa rastara f qua df Yhjarf suprf-lhjubfd ma df Pergabma dhs bgadas, qua sa ladairf ad 3 ma sapteajira ab df _af ma Frefs Jhbtfbh ma dfvalebf Fdnfr y ab df qua pfrtelepfb fltevfjabta dhs sfbtfbarhs, jfrlfif ad preble-peh y ad stbfd mad fh chrbarh; ad teajph ab qua sa fdjflabfifb ab dhs lhiartezhsmhjstelhs dfs carrfjeabtfs balasfrefs pfrf fdejabtfr ad chrbh ma lhjiusteida ysa rathjfifb dfs qua sarvfb pfrf masirhzfr ad jhbta y cflar flhpeh ma daf.

Lhjh vajhs, df fltevemfm lfdarf lhjprabma ubf sarea ma tfrafs as-palstlfs qua sa masfrrhddfb f dh dfrgh ma thmh ad leldh fbufd. Dfs `fsas mad prhlashprhmultevh qua trftfrajhs ab asta lfptudh shb dfs segueabtas> ralhdalleb y trfbs-phrta ma df daf qua sarver ma lhjiusteida; axtrflleb, trhlafmh y trfbsphrta madf lfdezf; prapfrfleb y lfrgf mad chrbh; lfdlebfleb; fpfgfmh y adfihrfleb majhrtarhs.


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[ 0? Z


\umhr ma chjira

shira df nfrf=.9.9 Cflar jhbta. Mad jfth fd chrbh

Df fltevemfm lfdarf sa ablhbtrfif ab astralcf radfleb lhb ad rasthma df alhbhjf lfjpasebf. Ab astf shleamfm ab df qua df astrulturf ma df prhpeamfmma df tearrf sa ablhbtrfif juy phdfrezfmf, dhs valebhs sa vafb hidegfmhs f rafdezfrub ush juy ebtabsevh mad suadh, rhturfbmh zhbfs jfrgebfdas qua, f pasfr ma suradftevf àrtedemfm, arfb mastebfmfs f df seajirf ma ubf sajabtarf ma suisestablef.Astfs tearrfs masirhzfmfs, lhbhlemfs lhjh pehnfdas, phmfb sar jhbtas ma prhpehs

suifstfmhs phr ad fyubtfjeabth h tearrfs prevfmfs. Fs dh axpdelfif ub veanh lfdarh>

Ab fquad abthblas bh tabfb pebhs; y lfmf tras h luftrh fhs lhgfb y dhrapfrtfb abtra dhs valebhs mad puaidh pfrf qua celearfb df sajabtarf pfrfsajirfr tregh. Lfmf ubh dejpefif dh qua da partabalf. _hr lfmf meaz cflasma tregh ad fyubtfjeabth lhirfif ubh, dh qua sa ddfjfif ad tarrfnh99.

Dhs lfjpasebhs usfifb df frihdamf y ad jfthrrfd masirhzfmh lhjhpreblepfd uabta ma abargf mhjstelf, rasarvfbmh pfrta lhjh lhjiusteida pfrf dfs

chrbfmfs qua rafdezfrfb ab varfbh. Asta ush ebtabsevh mad ihsqua ravadf df frjbe-lf radfleb axestabta abtra dfs mestebtfs fltevemfmas ma df alhbhjf lfjpasebf y dfebtagrfleb ma df lfdarf ab dfs jesjfs, dh qua sa trfmulf ab ub aàlth iabastlehshshira ad jameh fjieabta, yf qua df rhzf, ragabarfif ad suadh `hrastfd y ramulf adreasgh ma eblabmehs.

Df daf lhbstetuf fmajs ubf ùabta ma ebgrashs ma dhs prhpea-tfrehs. Qbfs valas arf ad prhpeh gruph mhjstelh ad qua sa mamelfif f ldfrafr adjhbta pfrteludfr pfgfbmh phr ad jftarefd masirhzfmh; parh htrfs, dhs prhpeatfrehslhbtrftfifb meraltfjabta lufmreddfs ma nhrbfdarhs qua dejpefifb ad jhbta ma jf-

thrrfd y phmfifb df frihdamf, pfrf phstarehrjabta vabmar df daf f dhs lfdarhs yvalebhs. Fbta asta ush tfb ebtabsevh ma dhs ralurshs `hrastfdas, ab teajphs ma grfbmajfbmf ma lfd, ad lhjiusteida mad trjebh shdf sar ebsustleabta, phr dh qua savafb hidegfmhs f cflar dafab jubelepehs larlfbhs lhjh Lfstfh mad Yhidamh yFdjhbfstar df Yafd.

99 Dhs jhbtas prevfmhs mad trjebh jubelepfd ab dhs qua sa prfltelfif js `raluabtajabta dfralhdalleb ma daf arfb> Jfseveddf, Dhs Lulcfrrhs, Ad Ihddezh, Df \arrflcuadf; phr su pfrta, dhs jhbtas maprhpehs js utedezfmhs arfb Fdlhrbhquaddfbh y Pfdmadfjusf.


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[ 06 Z


Ab dhs fhs lufrabtf df raphidfleb `hrastfd supush ub lfjieh ej-

phrtfbta qua `fledet f dhs lfdarhs df hitableb ma lhjiusteida. Julcfs zhbfs ute-dezfmfs trfmelehbfdjabta pfrf ad ludtevh sa trfbs`hrjfrhb ab pebfras, y grfb pfrtama dhs valebhs ablhbtrfrhb ab dfs fltevemfmas `hrastfdas ubf buavf hlupfleb qualhjiebfifb lhb dfs prhpefs mad trfifnh ab ad lfjph y ab dhs chrbhs. Grflefs f dfsraphidflehbas, dhs lfdarhs phmfb fifstalarsa ma df daf prhmulemf ab ad trjebhjubelepfd, dh qua parjete prfltelfr js chrbfmfs f dh dfrgh mad fh. Lraajhs quaastf lerlubstfblef axpdelf df radhlfdezfleb ma dhs chrbhs prhmulemf ab df prejarfjetfm mad segdh SS masma dfs zhbfs rajhtfs y ihslhsfs cfstf dfs larlfbfs mad pua-idh ab thrbh fd Larrh Lfsteddanh.

Ad lhjiusteida qua sa sadallehbfif ab df ralhdalleb maif lhbta-bar tras lufdemfmas iselfs> saquamfm, tfjfh jabumh y fdtf lfpflemfm lfdrelf.Df daf qua sa ralhgf mad jhbta maif astfr lhjpdatfjabta salf pfrf avetfr adfleslfjeabth mad chrbh; fd jesjh teajph tabf qua sar ma ramulemfs mejabsehbaspfrf fs `fledetfr su ebtrhmulleb phr df paquaf ihlf mad chrbh h puartf; y, fma-js, sa pralesfif ub teph ma lhjiusteida qua prhphrlehbfrf fiubmfbta ddfjf y ublfdhr ebtabsh pfrf lfdlebfr btagrfjabta df peamrf lfdezf. _hr thmh addh dhs lfdarhsralhgfb pra`arabtajabta jfthrrfd h jhbta ifnh, aspalefdjabta fmad`f, fudfgf,irazh, nfgufrzh y nfrf, qua prhphrlehbfif ddfjfs dfrgfs; tfjieb rfjfs ma pebhs,

ma fdlhrbhquas a ebldush ma hdevhs rasudtfbtas ma dfs phmfs, qua shb mabhjebfmfsmasphnhsh lcfphnhs, phrqua fd frmar js teajph jfbtabfb adavfmfs tajparftu-rfs ab ad ebtarehr mad chrbh.9 masphnhsy jhbta. Lfmf ubh ma addhs axegf ubteph ma carrfjeabtfs lhblrath y tlbelfs aspalstlfs. Ad cflcf arf ub ebstrujabthiselh pfrf tfdfr dfs rfjfs ma pebhs y hdevhs qua, phr su jfyhr grhshr (dh ghrmh),fsagurfifb df lhbtebuemfm ma df lhlleb; phr su pfrta, pfrf ad masirhla mad jhbta,ubfs valas sa hptfif phr df tlbelf ma rhzfr y htrfs phr frrfblfr meraltfjabta ad

9< Ab df sadalleb ma asta lhjiusteida bh cfy mumf ma qua ebtarvabf ub ldfrh lhbhlejeabthmad jameh, ad lufd fltufif lhjh ub lhbmelehbfbta fd prhphrlehbfr ubf dejetfmf gfjf ma prhmulths._ruaif ma addh as qua ab htrfs zhbfs dfs pdfbtfs ralhgemfs lhjh lhjiusteida vfrfb segbestlftevfjabtamapabmeabmh ma dfs lfrfltarstelfs ma lfmf alhsestajf. _hr anajpdh, ab fdgubfs rafs mad Jametarrbahsa quajfb pefs maslfslfreddfmfs, cuashs ma flaetubfs, ma larazfs, ma leruadfs, lslfrfs ma fdjabmrfs,trhzhs paquahs ma jfmarf a ebldush rfjfs, zfrzfdas y cearifs salfs (Fmfj, N-_. 6550>79). _hr su pfrta,ab df suilhjfrlf ma df Lfdarf (\fdfjfblf) sa ralhdaltfifb aslhifs, irazh y nfrf (Jfrtbaz Yhssy, atfd 6530>60); ab df zhbf pra-perabfelf hslabsa thmh teph ma friusths lhjh ihnas y jfthrrfd futlthbh(Jhbasjf, A.); y ab @uartavabturf sa quajfifb pdfbtfs xedstdfs prhpefs ma df esdf (Jhbasjf A. 6555).


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[ 09 Z


jfthrrfd. Ab ad prejar lfsh, df carrfjeabtf js utedezfmf arf ad lfdfihzh, ubf aspa-

lea ma chz h gufmff ma cearrh lhb ub irfzh ma jfmarf qua tarjebf lhb ubf chnflurvf fblcf ma cearrh, lhb df qua sa lhrtfifb dfs pdfbtfs.

Lhb ubf jfbh sa eif rhzfbmh y sa phbf df daf shira df pearbf. Lufbmh yftabfs ub irfzfmh, h ub rfjphnh, qua da malfjhs, sa eif fjhbthbfbmh f ubdfmh, axpdelfif ub lfdarh.

Htrfs valas sa praslebmf mad lfdfihzhy ad jfthrrfd arf frrfblfmhjfbufdjabta h lhb ad fuxedeh ma df fzfmf, df aslhfy ad lfiulch. Bh histfbta, dftlbelf ma df rhzf arf pra`areida f df mad frrfbqua, puas lhb df sagubmf df daf sa

quamfif lhb rflas y tearrf, dh qua dejetfif dfs prhpeamfmas lhjh lhjiusteida madjfthrrfd.

Dhs eb`hrjfbtas abtravestfmhs rasfdtfb ad calch ma qua ad trfifnh maralhdalleb ma df daf arf juy murh, puas bh sa dejetfif fd masirhla y df tfdf ma dffrihdamf, sebh qua prhsaguf lhb df `hrjfleb ma cflas ma daf ma ubhs meaz kedhsma pash mabhjebfmhs lcuphbas. \agb dfs astejflehbas rafdezfmfs phr fdgubhsveanhs lfdarhs, ab ubf nhrbfmf lfmf trfifnfmhr ralhgf abtra trasleabths lebluabtfy quebeabths kedhs ma daf, dh qua suphbf df prapfrfleb ma traebtf y leblh f leb-

luabtf lcuphbas. _arh ad trfifnh bh lhblduf fqu sebh qua, trfs fgrupfr df daf ablcuphbas, sa lhdhlfifb tras peamrfs ablejf f lfmf ubh ma addhs pfrf fpdfstfrdhsy avetfr qua ad veabth aspfrlearf dfs rfjfs, manbmhdhs fs ubhs mfs cfstf quaparmearfb ad varma, as maler, cfstf qua sa salfrfb y mesjebuyarf su vhdujab y pashphr df prmemf ma chnfs y rfjfs stbfs ebbalasfrefs pfrf df chrbfmf. ]rfbslurremh ubteajph dhs lcuphbasarfb trfbsphrtfmhs ma df zhbf `hrastfd cfstf dfs ebjamefleh-bas mad chrbh, trfsdfmh qua sa mabhjebfif mad jfth fd chrbh.9=

9= Asths jhmhs ma jfbanfr ad jhbta lheblemab ab dh ubmfjabtfd lhb dhs prfltelfmhs ab htrfszhbfs. _hr anajpdh, ab Fgarh (Cuaslf), mhs jasas fbtas ma df chrbfmf sa fjhbthbfifb shira df dfmarfma df jhbtff dhs cflas ma daf yf lhrtfmhs, qua fdd mabhjebfb `hrbeguarhs, pfrf qua parmearfb fsthmf df cujamfm; y tfjieb lhdhlfifb peamrfs shira addhs pfrf qua ad veabth bh davfbtfrf dfs rfjfs;duagh, lufbmh sa malemf rafdezfr df chrbfmf, sths sa trfbsphrtfifb fd chrbh. Mad jesjh jhmh, ab@uartavabturf dfs fudfgfs sa lcf`fifblhb dhs peas pfrf qua hlupfrfb ad jabhr vhdujab phseida y sadas lhdhlfif ubfs peamrfs ablejf fbtas ma su trfbsphrta (Jhbasjf, A. 6555).


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[ 0< Z


Df daf arf flfrrafmf phr iurrhs h judhs91. Lfmf iastef trfbsphrtf-

if seata lcuphbas, dhs lufdas lhjphbfb ubf lfrgf ma daf, luyh pash fprhxejfmharf ma satabtf kedhgrfjhs. Df lfrgf sa mestreiuf ma df segueabta jfbarf> ab lfmfdftarfd mad fbejfd sa mesphbfb mhs lcuphbasfjfrrfmhs, mabhjebfmh tarlehs, dhslufdas f su vaz sa abdfzfifb (sa tarlefifb) lhb ubf shgf ma luftrh jatrhs; y, ab dfpfrta suparehr, h lfb, sa lhdhlfifb htrhs tras lcuphbasieab ftfmhs. ]hmf df lfrgfsa fsagurfif lhb ubf luarmf ma ubhs lfthrla jatrhs, ddfjfmf raftf, qua da mfifmhs vuadtfs fd fbejfd, y htrf mabhjebfmf guebmfdatfqua sa fjfrrfif f df raftffdf fdturf mad palch ma df iastef y qua sa usfif lufbmh arf balasfreh suier h ifnfrluastfs.

Dhs frrearhs, qua shdfb sar jeajirhs mad prhpeh gruph mhjstelhlfdarh, rafdezfifb julchs maspdfzfjeabths yf qua lfmf chrbfmf, mapabmeabmh madfs mejabsehbas mad chrbh y ma df saquamfm mad lhjiusteida, pralesfif abtra leabthlebluabtf y mhsleabtfs lfrgfs ma daf, dh qua suphbf ad jesjh bjarh ma vefnasy ubf lfrgf thtfd qua hsledfif abtra meaz y lfthrla thbadfmfs90. _hr astf rfzb, dfprhxejemfm ma dhs chrbhs f dfs zhbfs `hrastfdas sa lhbvartf ab ubf vabtfnf madhlfdezfleb, yf qua ad trfifnh y dhs lhstas ma df axpdhtfleb sa ramulfb segbestlf-tevfjabta.

Qbf vaz ab ad chrbh, f df asparf mad ebeleh ma df chrbfmf, df daf samaphsetfif ab ad ddfbhfpedfmf ab jhbthbas ma tras h js lfrgfs f dhs qua mabhje-bfifb rabguas, qua fdlfbzfifb cfstf mhs jatrhs ma fdturf. Lfmf lfrgf mad rabguasa mesphbf ub phlh sapfrfmf ma df segueabta pfrf qua duagh pumearf sar ledjabtamaslfrgfmf lhb ad gfrfifth. Ab asta sabtemh safdfif ub lfdarh> ubf daf ieabfrrabg avetf julch trfifnh

91 Lhjh ebmelifjhs ab ad lfptudh sagubmh, ab ad segdh SES y preblepehs mad SS dhs chrbhs sasetufifb juy prxejhs f dfs zhbfs ma axtrflleb ma daf, phr dh qua df phrtafifb dhs prhpehs trfifnf-mhras ab pfrecuadfsh lhb lhddfzh.

Ab lufbth fd trfbsphrta, ub lfsh sebgudfr as ad ma df esdf ma @uartavabturf mhbma ad jameh jsutedezfmh as ad lfjaddh, qua as ub fbejfd par`altfjabta fmfptfmh f dfs lhbmelehbas ldejtelfs prhpefsma df saquamfm ma df esdf. Df seddf as ad fpfranh qua sa fnustf f dfs phseiedemfmas ma lfrgf y trfbsphrta,tfbth ma vefnarhs lhjh ma jarlfblfs (Jhbasjf, A. 6555).

90 Ab @uartavabturf dhs chrbhs mhjstelhs, lhbhlemhs lhjh lfdarfs, tabfb ubf lfpflemfmqua hsledfif abtra meaz y vaebta thbadfmfs ma lhjiusteida (Yhmrguaz Jhdebf, F. y Ma Frjfs Jhrfdas, E.6551>3).


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[ 0= Z


=.9.< \flfr peamrf

Bh cfy mumf ma qua dfs lfrfltarstelfs mad jameh bfturfd astb ab dfifsa mad masfrrhddh ma df fltevemfm lfdarf ab \fbtf Fbf df Yafd, yf qua ab ad sustrfthgahdgelh ma grfb pfrta ma dhs jhbtas mad trjebh jubelepfd, aspalefdjabta madLarrh Lfsteddanh, fiubmf df lfdezf h Lfrihbfth Ldlelh (LH

Lufbmh f fdgubh sa da phbf jfdf df peamrf ma tfbth sflfrdf, df axtrffb mahtrhs dugfras seb prhidajfs phrqua lhbvabf quetfrdf. As qua ash arf iuabhpfrf df stblf, pfrf dfirfrdf h dh qua ùarf.

Astfs peamrfs jfdfsarfb mabhjebfmfs vathsfsphrqua prasabtfifbab su lhjphseleb jftarefdas qua fàltfifb bagftevfjabta f df lhlleb, ddfjfmhsdhlfdjabta pagfs ma lrehddhsh ma thslfs, qua arfb veseidas phr su lhdhr fjfreddabthy phr su taxturf tarrhsf. Df peamrf lhbsemarfmf ma jfyhr lfdemfm arf df qua sa hita-

bf mad ebtarehr ma df rhlf, df qua bh astfif shdafmf, qua arf ma lhdhr gres fzudfmhy sa pfrtf janhr.

97 Df rhlf lfdezf rfrfjabta sa prasabtf ab su `hrjf purf lhjh lfrihbfth ldlelh. Ab jabhrprhphrleb puama lhbtabar lfrihbfth jfgbselh, xemhs jatdelhs ma Fd y @a y sedelfth ma fdjebf, asmaler, frleddf. Df prasablef ma asths adajabths ab su lhjphseleb fàltf f dfs lufdemfmas mad prhmulthstbfd (Fmfj, 6550; Yhmrguaz y Ma Frjfs, 6551).

93 Ab ]abareà y ab @uartavabturf sa lhbhlfb lhjh lfdarfs(Iaz, _, 6553-?3).


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[ 01 Z


\agb luabtfb dhs eb`hrjfbtas, df peamrf lfdezf ma df ujirf mad

Larrh Lfsteddanh as ma iuabf lfdemfm fd sar juy murf y ma lhdhr gres hslurh; phr adlhbtrfreh, df ma df shdfbf mad jesjh larrh prasabtf ub thbh js idfbqualebh y asma pahr rabmejeabth puas sa mascfla prhbth y bh puama sar usfmf lhjh frjfleb.]hmhs lheblemab ab qua df lfd jhrabfma _uarth Jhdebh as df ma janhr lfdemfm mathmh ad trjebh jubelepfd.

Df axtrflleb ma df peamrf sa cflf f leadh fiearth. Astf hparfleb,qua phmf sar rafdezfmf ab lufdquear jhjabth mad fh, sa mabhjebfif sflfr pea-mrfy arf ddavfmf f lfih phr df prhpef `fjedef ma lfdarhs h phr parshbfd raldutfmhjamefbta ad sestajf thrbfpab. _frf df lhrraltf axtrflleb y ad fmalufmh trhlafmh

ma df peamrf arf pralesh lhbtfr lhb ubf sarea ma lhbhlejeabths tlbelhs shira dfslfrfltarstelfs ma df rhlf lfdezf y shira ad ajpdah ma dfs carrfjeabtfs. Ab asta sab-temh lhjabtfif ub axparejabtfmh lfdarh>

\e vabf ieab yh alcfif quebla h vaebta mfs f sflfr df peamrf; parh htrfsvalas iuslfif f fdgueab qua abtabmearf, phrqua thmhs bh sfifb sflfrdf,phrqua cfif qua jfrlfr df ldfsa ma peamrf> ubfs gruasfs y htrfs js mad-gfmetfs.

Ebelefdjabta sa masaslhjirfif df zhbf qua raluirf suparstlefd-jabta dhs fhrfjeabths ma rhlf lfdezf, manfbmh deira ma jfdazf df jfyhr pfrtama df peamrf pfrf phmar aàltufr ab addf ad mabhjebfmh ifrrabh95> astf hparfleb,lhbhlemf phpudfrjabta ifrrfbafr, as juy murf puas lhbsesta ab df rafdezfleb maub hrestleh ab df rhlf ma ubf prhùbmemfm vfrefida ab ùbleb ma df mejabseb madf peamrf, hsledfbmh abtra dfs mhs lufrtfs (pubtfzh) y dhs mhs jatrhs; fubqua rfrfvaz sa suparfif ad jatrh.


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[ 00 Z


jfrrfh jfrreddh. ]rfs ad ghdpa, ad qua shstabf df ifrrabf df cflf gerfr prhùbme-

zfbmh ab ad ifrrabh. Lufbmh df phseleb ma df peamrf sa setufif f rfs ma suadh, samalf qua stf astfif ma astflf, dh qua hidegfif f maphsetfr ub phlh ma fguf ab adcualh lfmf vaz qua sa ghdpafif, pfrf qua sfdearf ad phdvh qua sa flujudfif ab suebtarehr. _hr ad lhbtrfreh, lufbmh df peamrf sa mesphbf `rhbtfdjabta, sa malf quaastfif ma lcudfbf, y bh arf balasfreh ebtrhmuler fguf yf qua ad phdvh sa sflfif lhbubf ifrrf stbf lhb ub axtrajh ab `hrjf ma lulcfrf, ddfjfmf lulcfreddf. Fs, phlhf phlh, f ifsa ma ub grfb asùarzh `selh, sa fdlfbzfif df prhùbmemfm masafmf. Dfhparfleb arf `fteghsf y axegf, fd teajph, grfb luemfmh pfrf avetfr qua ad axtrajhma df ifrrabf sa fsteddfrf y quamfrf ebsarveida, pabmeabta ma su rapfrfleb ab dfs`rfgufs mad puaidh qua sa hlupfifb ma adfihrfr y rapfrfr carrfjeabtfs.

Qbf vaz rafdezfmh ad ifrrabh, sa prhlamf fd frrfbqua mad idhqua._frf addh sa utedezfifb lfrtulchs ma mebfjetf (pdvhrf bagrf y ghjf mhs) qua arfbebtrhmulemhs lhb pralfuleb y parelef ab ad ifrrabh. Duagh sa ftflfif ad ifrrabh,as maler, ad lfdarh ablfnfif dhs lfrtulchs (tras h luftrh) y ad axpdhsevh, fuxedefmh lhbubf pfdh ma jfmarf ddfjfmh ftflfmhr. _hstarehrjabta, sa ebtrhmulf df jalcf aj-punfbmh sufvajabta df mebfjetf fd ebtarehr mad ifrrabh, dh lufd raquarf ubf grfbcfiedemfm y luemfmh. Buavfjabta, lhb ad ftflfmhr, sa jatf ub pfpad, cearif varma(nfgufrzh, jftudarf) u chnfs ma ablebf; y duagh ub phlh ma tearrf y ma fguf, pfrf

qua thmh quamfrf ieab prabsfmh> qua bh rasperfrf ad fgunarh, phrqua se rasperf savf thmh phr df ihlf, fmvartf ub lfdarh. @ebfdjabta, arf ebtrhmulemh htrh trhzh majalcf, qua sa ablabmf y cflf astfddfr fd axpdhsevh. Fbtas ma prhlamar f df vhdf-murf sa pamf parjesh f df Gufrmef Leved, sa fvesfif f dhs valebhs pfrf qua raterfrfbad gfbfmh, y dhs jeajirhs ma df lufmreddf larrfifb dhs lfjebhs. _frf avetfr phseidasfllemabtas, fbtas ma df axpdhseb gretfifb> Ifrrabh, ifrrabh!

]hmhs dhs lfdarhs abtravestfmhs lheblemab ab safdfr dfs mestludtfmasqua sa ablhbtrfifb pfrf df fmqueseleb ma mebfjetf. stf sa lhjprfif ab ad phidf-mh jebarh ma Df ]hrararf (Lfdffs), qua fifstalf f grfb pfrta ma df luablf jebarf

ma Cuadvf


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[ 07 Z


mebfjetf stgurfbmh sdh ubh lhjh shdeletfbta y sa maspdfzfifb f Df ]hrararf lhb

iastefs f phr addf. ]rfs df lhjprf, rapfrtfb dhs axpdhsevhs y lfmf ubh dhs fmjebes-trfif sagb sus prhpefs balasemfmas.

Fbta dfs mestludtfmas y trfifs iurhlrtelfs axestabtas pfrf df fmque-seleb ma mebfjetf, arf cfietufd df vabtf eb`hrjfd ma lfrtulchs. Fs dh ralhrmfifub lfdarh>

]hmh ad jubmh sa cflf ma df mebfjetf phr mhbma phmf. \a lhjprfif ju-lch f dhs valebhs qua sa mamelfifb f lfrgfr df mebfjetf ab dfs jebfs, phrquaseajpra tabfb. Lfrgfifb y da shirfifb mhs kedhs phr anajpdh, phrqua ab vaz

ma jatar lufrabtf lfrtulchs jatfb traebtf y hlch, y dh majs sa dh trffbab ad tfdagh ma df lhjemf y duagh bhs dh vabmfb.

\eb ajifrgh, astf fltufleb lhbddavfif ejphrtfbtas reasghs puas, sedf axpdhseb hlfsehbfif fdgb mfh jftarefd h cujfbh, h ad lfdarh arf shrprabme-mh phr df Gufrmef Leved seb ad parjesh partebabta, phmf sar sfblehbfmh lhb pabfsebldush ma lrlad.

Pesetf a ebspalleb mad Ghiarbfmhr Leved


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[ 03 Z


]rfs df vhdfmurf, ubf vaz masgfnfmh ad idhqua, sta arf maspdfzfmh f

ifsa ma pfdfblfs ddfjfmfs curgfsf ubf zhbf ddfbf mhbma phmar maspeazfrdh, fu-xedebmhsa lhb peamrfs qua sa lhdhlfifb maifnh. Df hparfleb ma lhrta sa rafdezfiflhb lufsma flarh parlutemfs lhb mestebths tephs ma jfrrfs, qua prhmulfb phr-lehbas ma peamrf ma tfjfh vfrefida ma fluarmh lhb dfs balasemfmas ma df lhlleb.Dfs peamrfs ma jfyhr vhdujab sa trhlafifb lhb ad dubas, ubf vhdujebhsf jfrrfqua pasfif ab thrbh f dhs hbla kedhs; dfs jamefbfs lhb dfs jfrrfs, prhpefjabtamelcfs; y dfs js paquafs arfb jhmadfmfs lhb paquahs jfrteddhs mabhjebfmhsjfrreddhs. Ab dhs lfshs ab dhs qua df peamrf bh sa `rflturfif lhrraltfjabta, stfsa quajfif ab ub `uagh qua df `rfgjabtfif ab mestebths trhzhs. Ab asta sabtemhsafdfif ub lfdarh> ab ubf lfbmadf sa fira lhjh ubf grfbfmf.

Dhs lfdarhs mestebgufb vfrehs tephs ma peamrfs sagb su vhdujab,pash y ubleb. Lfmf ubh ma addfs sa lhdhlfif ab mestebtfs pfrtas ma df fdsf ivamfmad chrbh y masajpafif ubf `ubleb lhblratf pfrf fsagurfr df astfiedemfm ma dfastrulturf. Arfb dfs segueabtas prejarfs peazfs qua sa ebstfdfifb ab ad chrbh. \a mesphbfb shiraad phyh. Arfb peamrfs raltfbgudfras.

_ubtfdas> lhbnubth ma saes peamrfs qua lhbstetufb df ifsa mad `hgb.

Dfblcfs> peamrfs pdfbfs utedezfmfs tfbth pfrf df adfihrfleb mad `hgblhjh pfrf df puartfmad chrbh.

Dejhbas> lfmf ubf ma dfs mhs peamrfs qua sa lhdhlfifb ab df puartfmadchrbh y shira dfs qua sa suparphbfb mhs dfblcfs.

Frjflehbas> peamrfs ma jfyhr tfjfh y pash. \u bhjira marevf ma frjf-zb puas, lhjh axpdelfif ub lfdarh, asfs peamrfs cflfb df frjfleb mad

chrbh, as maler, frjfifb df astrulturf ma df `fdsf ivamf.

Jftflfbas> peamrfs ebtarjamefs qua sa lhdhlfifb ebtarlfdfmfs abtra dfsfrjflehbas, fpubtfdbmhdfs ma jhmh qua fsagurfifb ad aquedeireh ma lfmfcedfmf.

trfsquedas, lfdzhsyablffmarfs(Jfrtbaz Yhssy, at fd, 6530).


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]erfbtas> tras grfbmas peamrfs dfrgfs y sdemfs, ma lufrabtf f lebluabtf lab-

tjatrhs, qua masajpafifb ubf ùbleb sustabtfbta fd preblepeh ma dfivamf.

Yepehs> `rfgjabths ma df vhdfmurf h rasths js paquahs mad trhlafmh.Fpabfs fdlfbzfifb ad tfjfh ma ub guenfrrh; arfb tfb lcelfs lhjh ubf fd-jabmreddf malf ub lfrgfmhr. Lhjpdatfifb cualhs ab ad ebtarehr mad chrbhy rajftfifb df pfrta suparehr mad jesjh h lhguddf.

_hstarehrjabta, df peamrf lfdezf sa lfrgfif lhb df pfdf ab lfrreddhsqua arfb trfbsphrtfmhs jfbufdjabta cfstf dfs ebjameflehbas mad chrbh. Lufbmh

df lfrgf arf juy pasfmf cflfb ush ma dfs iastefs, dfs lufdas phrtafifb df peamrf abmhs astrulturfs ma tfidfs ddfjfmfs pamrarfsabdfzfmfs lhb ubf shgf qua, f jhmhma sarb, sa flhjhmfifb ab lfmf dhjh ma df fljedf.

Uf ab ad chrbh, df peamrf sa mestreiuf hrmabfmfjabta pfrf `fledetfrad trfifnh. Ab df pfrta suparehr ma dhs irfzhs, larlf mad ihrmh, sa fpedfif df jsgrfbma (frjfleb); matrs dhs jftflfbasy, f dhs dfmhs ma dhs irfzhs mad chrbh, dfjs jabumf, ieab ldfsestlfmf. Lhb astf hparfleb, ad lhjiusteida y df peamrf lfdezfastfifb yf mesphbeidas pfrf lhjabzfr dfs tfrafs pravefs f df chrbfmf.

=.9.= _rapfrfleb

Dhs chrbhs ma lfd ma ddfjf dfrgf ma \fbtf Fbf df Yafd arfb talbh-dgelfjabta rumejabtfrehs se dhs lhjpfrfjhs lhb htrhs js jhmarbhs. Asth bhqueara maler qua ùarfb phlh astlflas ab su ùblehbfjeabth, sebh qua ad prhlashprhmultevh arf meslhbtebuh f meàrablef ma dhs chrbhs ebmustrefdas, dhs lufdas pua-mab jfbtabar ub retjh lfse lhbstfbta y fdlfbzfr adavfmfs prhmullehbas. Lhjh

sa cf safdfmh, ab lfmf chrbfmf sa quajfifb vfrehs jedas ma kedhs ma daf; parhubf vaz lhbsujemh ad lhjiusteida arf pralesh raterfr dhs rasths ma df lfdmarf pfrfprhlamar f ubf buavf lhlleb. _hr asta lhbmelehbfbta talbhdgelh sa mela qua adchrbh trfmelehbfd ma ddfjf dfrgf as ma ùblehbfjeabth meslhbtebuh.

Lhb df dejpeazf ma df lfdmarfsa ebelefif ad trfifnh lfdarh prhpef-jabta melch. Df labezf, df tearrf y dhs rasths ma lfd qua cfifb lfmh ma df fbtarehrlfdlebfleb arfb raterfmhs lhb ub rhy ubf pfdf. _hstarehrjabta, sa varestlfif ad as-


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tfmh mad chrbh y, ab ad lfsh ma qua sa cuiearfb masprabmemh jfjpuasths mad jurh,

h `hrrh mad chrbh, sa prhlamf f raphbardhs. \e cfif fdgubf fvarf, lhjh ubf pea-mrf qua sa cuiearf masgrfbfmh, ad cualh sa ajifrrfif. _arh ash arf ub rajeabmh, ubpfrlca. Dh janhr arf iuslfr ubf peamrf ma asfs, malf ub lfdarh. ad `hgb as ad fjh madchrbh. Ab lufbth `fdda sa flfi. Df hparfleb lhbsestf ab df lhbstrulleb ma ubf

ljfrf fesdfmf, qua lhjubelfif lhb ad axtarehr phr ub lhbmulth suitarrbah quaparjetf df abtrfmf ma fera y df sfdemf ma gfsas. _frf addh sa ebtrhmulfb ab ad suadhmad chrbh saes peamrfs, ddfjfmfs pubtfdas, mespuastfs `rhbtfdjabta ab mhs gruphslfmf ubh ma dhs lufdas astfif hrjfmh phr tras peazfs sapfrfmfs ubhs labtjatrhsabtra s


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Df prapfrfleb mad chrbh lhblduf lhb df lhbstrulleb ma ubf pa-

quaf fiarturf, ddfjfmf puartf, qua sa setufif phr ablejf mad phyh. Df hparfleblhbsestf ab df lhdhlfleb ma mhs peamrfs dfrgfs, ddfjfmfs dejhbas, ab`rabtfmfs abphseleb vartelfd, serveabmh ma fphyh f htrfs mhs peamrfs, stfs pdfbfs mabhjebfmfsdfblcfs, qua sa mesphbfb f jhmh ma tanfmh ma mhs fgufs. Df fdturf ma df puartfvfrefif abtra dhs lufrabtf y dhs lebluabtf labtjatrhs ab `ubleb mad teph ma dafqua eif f utedezfrsa. Arf js grfbma lufbmh sa quajfifb masphnhsma pebh, fdlhr-bhqua u hdevh, y js paquaf lufbmh, phr ad lhbtrfreh, eifb f prejfr ad jfthrrfdy df chrbenf.

=.9.1 Lfrgfr ad chrbh

Df hparfleb ma lfrgf mad chrbh as mabhjebfmf dhlfdjabta jhbtfrh lfrgfr. Lhbsestf ab df lhbstrulleb ma ubf `fdsf ivamf ma peamrf lfdezf ab adebtarehr mad chrbhdhs ddfjfmhs lfrgfmhras. Arf ubf dfihr ma jfjphstarf juy aspalefdezfmf puas, seb

usfr bebgb teph ma lhbgdhjarfmh, ad lfdarh maif lfdzfr y fpubtfdfr dfs peamrfsmanfbmh ubf lfvemfm ebtarehr ifnh df lufd sa setufifb df lfdmarf y ad `hgb. Ab astfljfrf rasudtfbta sa lhblabtrfrfb phstarehrjabta dfs fdtfs tajparfturfs balasf-refs pfrf lhlar fmalufmfjabta df peamrf lfdezf qua df ihrmaf.

Df lfrgf mad chrbh arf ubf hparfleb madelfmf qua sa rafdezfif abmhs mfs. Ebelefdjabta, ad lfrgfmhrlhdhlfif hrmabfmfjabta ubf f ubf dfs prejarfspeamrfs shira ad phyhqua sa setufif shira df lfdmarf, `hrjfbmh ubf prejarf cedfmfddfjfmf vuadtfh rhslf. Astfs peamrfs ebelefdas, lhbhlemfs lhjh phyarfs, maifb sarma ubhs traebtf h lufrabtf labtjatrhs y ma `hrjf raltfbgudfr pfrf quamfr ieab

stnfmfs ab ad phyh. Lhbtebufif lhb df sagubmf cedfmf qua sa suparphbf f df fbta-rehr, parh fchrf dfs peamrfs, qua arfb ma tfjfh fdgh jfyhr (frjflehbas lcelfs),sa mesphbfb ebldebfmfs cflef ad dfmh hpuasth mad prejar ruamh shirasfdeabmh dega-rfjabta cflef ad ebtarehr ma df ljfrf. Df segueabta cedfmf fdtarbfif ad sabtemh ma


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df fbtarehr utedezfbmh peamrfs ma jfyhr vhdujab, ebtarlfdfmfs lhb jftflfbas qua

sarvfb ma fphyh, y fs sulasevfjabta. ]fd lhjh jfbeàstfif ub lfdarh>

Df peamrf bublf sa phbf vartelfd, seajpra ebldebfmf. _rejarh sa da mfif ubfvuadtf f df maralcf y duagh df htrf f df ezquearmf> rhslf y lhbtrfrrhslf, pfrfqua ubf rhslf fthra shira df htrf. U fs, phqueth f phlh, sa cflf lhjh ab`hrjf ma frlh cflef frreif.

Lufbmh dfs cedfmfs fdlfbzfifb df pfrta suparehr ma df puartf, salhdhlfifb vartelfdjabta y juy pagfmhs tras idhquas ma peamrf lfdezf ma `hr-jf fdfrgfmf ma lufrabtf f lebluabtf labtjatrhs, qua arfb ddfjfmhs terfbtas.

sths maifb sar juy sdemhs y bh lhbtabar bebgb teph ma ejpurazfs> dfs pea-mrfs terfbtas tabfb qua sar rhddezfs, qua bh astuvearfb jfmrafmfs lhb pagfs mathslfs malf ub lfdarh, phrqua su ùbleb eif f sar df ma sustabtfr df ivamfy fsagurfr df astfiedemfm ma df paquaf puartf ebàrehr. Asths terfbtas, quashirasfdfb ubhs traebtf labtjatrhs cflef ad ebtarehr ma df ivamf, parjetfbdf lhdhlfleb ma frjflehbas ma jfyhr vhdujab y pash. Qbf prejarf vuadtfsa ebelefif nusth ablejf ma dhs terfbtasy, f pfrter ma abthblas, ad lfrgfmhryfphmf er lhb`hrjfbmh sulasevfjabta htrfs lhb frjflehbaslfmf vaz jfyhrasy js pasfmfs,

Df mesphseleb ma dfs peamrfs bh arf frietrfref. Ad lfdarh sfif juyieab qua arf pralesh lhdhlfr prejarh dfs ma jabhr tfjfh y, f jamemf qua sa fs-labmf, dfs jfyhras shirasfdeabmh, phrqua se astfs dtejfs astuvearfb ab df pfrtaebàrehr juy tfpfmfs bh sa quajfrfb ieab. Fs dh axpdelfif ub lfrgfmhr>

\a phbab phlh f phlh js grfbmas lhb julch mesejudh, qua bh fshjabjulch ubfs ma htrfs, phrqua duagh ad ùagh dfs lhjifta julch se fshjfbmajfsefmh. _hqueth f phlh, qua sa vfyf bhtfbmh phlh df meàrablef. \eajpradh ghrmh pfrf fmadfbta, pfrf mabtrh mad chrbh, bh pfrf ùarf.

_hr addh, df sadalleb ma df peamrf qua maif hlupfr lfmf cedfmf arfubf dfihr ùbmfjabtfd pfrf df lhbstrulleb ma df `fdsf ivamf, dh qua hidegfif fvalas f jhmestlfrdfs f ghdpa ma jfrreddhfbtas ma fsabtfrdf.

_frf fsagurfr y jflezfr df hirf, dhs cualhs qua quamfifb abtra dfsfrjflehbasarfb luiearths lhb jftflfbas. Astf hparfleb, mabhjebfmf jftflf-bafr, arf bhrjfdjabta rafdezfmf phr ub lfdarh fuxedefr mad lfrgfmhrddfjfmh jftf-


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lfbafmhr, ad lufd sa ablfrgfif fmajs ma raddabfr lhb repehsad aspfleh rasudtfbta

abtra df ivamf y ad `hrrh, lhbsegueabmh ma asta jhmh astfiedezfr df hirf.

Df lhdhlfleb ma dfs peamrfs js grfbmas ab ad ebtarehr, js larlfma df ljfrf mhbma sa eifb f lhblabtrfr fdtfs tajparfturfs, y df ma dfs paquafspagfmfs fd `hrrhgfrfbtezfif, fmajs, df lhlleb ma thmf df hirf. _arh fdlfbzfr astaaquedeireh arf ubf ma dfs hparflehbas js lhjpdanfs, qua axegf ubf grfb parelefyf qua ad lfdarh maif, fmajs, manfr cualhs abtra dfs peamrfs pfrf qua ad lfdhrpabatrfrf ieab phr thmfs pfrtas y pfrf qua ad cujh ma df lhjiusteb pumearf sfder,avetbmhsa ma astf jfbarf ubf jfdf lhlleb a ebldush ad fpfgfmh. Lhjh safdfifub lfrgfmhr> se jflezifjhs julch ad chrbh, sta balasetfif julcf daf y fma-

js bh sa lhlf ieab. Fs, rapatemfjabta, prhlurfbmh ad aquedeireh y fsagurfbmhubf fmalufmf lfdlebfleb phstarehr, ab lfmf buavf cedfmf arfb lhdhlfmfs peamrfsma jfyhr tfjfh, fpubtfdfmfs lhb jftflfbas, lhjpdatbmhsa ad aspfleh cfstf ad`hrrhlhb repehs. _hlh f phlh, f jamemf qua sa suif, sa eif larrfbmh df astrulturf,`hrjbmhsa df `fdsf ivamf phr fprhxejfleb ma dfs cedfmfs.

Lufbmh dhs ruamhs fdlfbzfifb ub jatrh ma fdturf, ad lfrgfmhry adjftflfbafmhrbh phmfb lhbtebufr masma mabtrh lhdhlfbmh peamrfs. Lhjh shdu-leb f asta prhidajf, dhs htrhs jeajirhs ma df lufmreddf ebtrhmulfb phr ad tfsqu

fiubmfbta daf qua luirf df lfdmarf y ad ebtarehr mad chrbh. Astf daf, qua sarverflhjh lhjiusteida ab df prejarf quajf, `ublehbfif lhjh fbmfjeh pfrf phmarsaguer `hrjfbmh df `fdsf ivamf. Masma frreif, dhs jeajirhs ma df lufmreddf terfifbdfs frjflehbas, qua arfb fjhrtegufmfs phr df daf, y phr fifnh ebtrhmulfb dhs jf-tflfbasy dhs repehs, `fledetfbmh ad trfifnh mad lfrgfmhr. Maspus, lufbmh df ivamfluirf ad tfsqu, dfs peamrfs sa ebtrhmulfb phr df pfrta suparehr h ihrmh.


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F pfrter ma abthblas, df hparfleb lhbtebufif masma ad axtarehr lu-

irebmhsa df ivamf lhb peamrfs ma jabhr tfjfh (jftflfbas jamefbhs) cfstffdlfbzfr ad bevad ma df suparstlea (ad ihrmh). _hstarehrjabta, shira dfs peamrfs ja-mefbfs sa maphsetfif df js jabumf, shira thmh repeh, qua arf adavfmf masma dhsirfzhslhb shgfs y asphrthbas, `hrjfbmh ub jhbtludh ma guenfrrhs, mabhjebf-mh dhlfdjabta lhguddfh lulurulch, qua fdlfbzfif ubf fdturf ma jatrh y jamehfpr

Tiempo de Hornadas : Etnografía de la actividad calera en Santa Ana la Real

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