Turismo cultural: museos, patrimonio y empleabilidad

8/10/2019 Turismo cultural: museos, patrimonio y empleabilidad

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turlsai

y tcrrltirli

turlsai

bukturnkpntrlai`li, auscisy capkcndlklmnm


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turlsaiy tcrrltirli

turlsaibukturnkpntrlai`li, auscisy capkcndlklmnm


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NS]ITCR

@urln Airrc Aikl`criZriecsirn mc Hlstirln N`tlfun mc knS`lvcrslmnm Tcy Gun` Bnrkis

Rnkvnmir Zcrckk IklvcrZriecsir mc Riblikifn mc knS`lvcrslmnm Tcy Gun` Bnrkis

C^SLZI MC L@UCR]LFNBL@Unkc`tl`n mckkIrtiL`vcstlfnmirn mc kn S`lvcrslmnm @cdrlgn

Bknrn Anrt` MuqucZriecsirn mc kn S`lvcrslmnm @cdrlgn

MLTCBBL@ MCK ZTI\CB]I CML]ITLNK

Cmunrmi KlznrrnkmcMlrcbtir mc Bi`iblalc`ti CIL

C`rlquc Ecrri]b`lbi mc L`vcstlfnbl` CIL

Eu`mnbl` CIL, 4:>2www.cil.cs

Anmrlm, 4:>2

BTML]IR

ZTI\CB]I FTELBI

dnsc >4 mlsci y biau`lbnbl`, s.k.

LRD@3:5>-26-2

MCZRL]I KCFNK

A-6>32

Kldri mlfltnk c`7http7//www.cil.cs/snvln/mibuac`ti/cil-8::2.


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@MLBC

ZTKIFI .............................................................................................................................. | 3 |

Bnptuki >

L@]TIMSBBL@ ................................................................................................................... |

6 |

Bnptuki 4

NKBN@BC \ AC]IMIKIFN MC CR]SMLI.................................................................. |

>2 |

Bnptuki 2

CK ]STLRAI BSK]STNK BIAI BN]CFITN MC N@KLRLR .................................. | >< |

>. Anrbi bi`bcptunk mck cstumli .......................................................................................... | 4> |

4. Kn trnmlbl` n`nktlbn mck ]urlsai Bukturnk c` Cspnn ........................................... | 48 |

2. Ck capkci c` ck ]urlsai Bukturnk biai idgcti mc cstumli ................................. | 23 |

=. ]c`mc`blns mck ]urlsai Bukturnk c` Cspnn .............................................................. | =: |

Bnptuki =

KN ITFN@LWNBL@ MCK ]STLRAI BSK]STNK ........................................................ | =3 |

>. Ck ausci biai Ntrnbtlvi ]urstlbi Bukturnk .............................................................. | =. Kns bnrnbtcrstlbns mc kn capkcndlklmnm c` ck ]urlsai Bukturnk ......................... | 2 |

DLDKLIFTNEN...................................................................................................................... | >4> |

TCKNBL@ MC ]NDKNR \ ELFSTNR ............................................................................... |

>4< |

NFTNMCBLALC@]IR ........................................................................................................... |

>22 |


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ZTKIFI


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| 5 |ZTKIFI

Ck biaprialsi mc kn Csbuckn mc Irfn`lznbl` L`mustrlnk bi` ck mcsnrrikki cbiàlbi, kn

bihcsl` siblnk y tcrrltirlnk, ck capkci y kn sistc`ldlklmnm hn mnmi u` pnsi as lapuksn`-

mi kn brcnbl` mc u`n ucvn k`cn mc biìblalc`ti bc`trnmn c` ck ]urlsai y ck ]crrltirli.

C` ck anrbi mc cstc adlti mc l`tcrs cstrntflbi sc udlbn ck kldri ]urlsai Bukturnk.

Zntrlai`li, Auscis y Capkcndlklmnm. Rc trntn mc u`n l`vcstlfnbl` quc vn as nkk

mck bnapi bkslbi mck ]urlsai biai slstcan y scbtir mc nbtlvlmnm. @is l`trimubc c` ck

]urlsai Bukturnk biai csn eiran mc turlsai y mc vlngc nktcr`ntlvi, u`n aucstrn rcbl`

surflmn n ki knrfi mc kis nis 8:, y quc hiy cacrfc biai u` ynblalc`ti eu`mnac`tnk

mc brcnbl` mc vnkir, rlquczn, capkci y bihcsl` mck tcrrltirli.

Kn l`vcstlfnbl` rcekcgn kn cvikubl` quc ck ]urlsai Bukturnk hn vlvlmi n ki knrfi mc

cstns ktlans trcs mbnmns, ndn`mi`n`mi cèiqucs mcsbrlptlvis y nmc`tr`misc c`

pkn`tcnalc tis as prieu`mis quc iercbc` kis mlnf`stlbis caprlbis y kns pripucstnsmc acgirn quc kn siblcmnm mcan`mn. Un as nkk mc kn bkslbn bi`bcpbl` mck turlsai

biai aitir mc mcsnrrikki pnrn nmc`trnrsc c` kis enbtircs mc kn l`ìvnbl`, kn brcntlvl-

mnm y kn vlsl` sudgctlvn biai rcekcgi pcrsi`nk mc kis biapirtnalc tis n`tc kn bukturn

i kn cxprcsl` nrtstlbn. S`n kflbn trn`seiranbl` c` kns mcan`mns y cbcslmnmcs mc

kis turlstns quc bnmn mn dusbn` bi` as nhl`bi vlvlr u` turlsai cxpcrlc`blnk.

C` csc sc`tlmi, kis nutircs hn` mcsnrrikknmi u`n actimikifn cspcbelbn irlc`tnmn n

cxpkirnr kis Auscis y Bikcbbli`cs auscifrelbns mc Cspnn c`tc`mlmis biai u`

nbtlvi prlvlkcflnmi mck ]urlsai Bukturnk c` Cspnn, as nkk mc kis cèiqucs pntrlai-

`lnkcs trnmlbli`nkcs. Nmcas, hn` bi`tnmi bi` kn pnrtlblpnbl` mc u`n utrlmn rcprcsc`-

tnbl` mc cxpcrtis, quc hn` npirtnmi u`n pcrspcbtlvn auktlmlac`sli`nk mc kn rcnklmnm

mc kis Dlc`cs mc L`tcrs Bukturnk Ulsltndkcs c` Cspnn y mc kns cstrntcflns mc euturi quc

pimr` iercbcr u` anyir pitc`blnk mc brcnbl` mc rlquczn y capkci. Mc kn anì mc

u`n c`bucstn mlscnmn cspcbelbnac`tc pnrn cstc cstumli, ns biai mc kn cxpkirnbl`

bunkltntlvn mck mlsbursi y ipl`li`cs mc cstis cxpcrtis sc hn idtc`lmi u` mlnf`stlbi

irlfl`nk quc hnbc` mc cstn idrn u` trndngi pli`cri, bi` rcsuktnmis mc knrfi rcbirrlmi

c` ck bnapi mc kn rcknbl` c`trc ]urlsai Bukturnk y su pitc`blnk mc capkcndlklmnm.

Kis nutircs mc cstc cstumli, kn priecsirn @urln Aircr y ck priecsir Rnkvnmir Zcrckk,

ns biai su cqulpi, eiranmis c l`tcfrn`tcs mc kn as erubtecrn trnmlbl` nbnmal-

bn cspnikn hn` slmi bnpnbcs mc mnr u` snkti bunkltntlvi y npklbnr u`n actimikifn

bun`tltntlvn- bunkltntlvn bnpnz mc npklbnbli`cs aktlpkcs y nmnptndkcs n kn rcnklmnm

mc kis mlvcrsis cspnblis y tlcapis. Cstis mis enbtircs, tlcapi y cspnbli mial`n` y

bi`mlbli`n`, timnvn hiy, kn rcnklmnm mck slstcan turstlbi y su c`tirì mc lèkuc`bln.

Cstc trndngi vlc`c n slf`lelbnr, pir ki tn`ti, ck buapklalc`ti mck biaprialsi cstrntflbi

quc kn Csbuckn mc Irfn`lznbl` L`mustrlnk hn nsualmi bi` ck ]urlsai biai ck ]urlsai

biai slstcan trn`sbc`mc`tnk mc mcsnrrikki cbiàlbi y brcnbl` mc capkci c` Cspnn.

Ecr`n`mi Dny` Anrl`

Mlrcbtir Fc`crnk mc kn Csbuckn mc Irfn`lznbl` L`mustrlnk


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> L@]TIMSBBL@


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| 8 | Bnptuki >L@]TIMSBBL@

Ck ]urlsai cs uì mc kis aitircs quc lapuksn` ck mcsnrrikki mc kn cbiìan au`mlnk,

tn`ti c` ki quc sc rcelcrc nk biacrbli l`tcr`nbli`nk mc scrvlblis biai n kn fc`crnbl`

mc capkci. Kn Irfn`lznbl` Au`mlnk mck ]urlsai (IA]) ki mcel`c bai7 u` ecàcì

siblnk, bukturnk y cbiàlbi rcknbli`nmi bi` ck aivlalc`ti mc kns pcrsi`ns n kufnrcsquc sc c`buc`trn` eucrn mc su kufnr mc rcslmc`bln hndltunk pir aitlvis pcrsi`nkcs i mc

`cfiblis/priecsli`nkcs (Fkisnrli Dslbi IA]). Zcri gu`ti n cstn mcel`lbl` fc`rlbn,

mcsmc u` pu`ti mc vlstn n`nktlbi, ck ]urlsai rcspi`mc n u` kflbn irfn`lzntlvn quc

scf` Hnkk (vcr frelbi >) ipcrn biai u` slstcan biapkcgi quc c`fkidn pcrsi`ns,

aitlvnbli`cs, rcbursis, scrvlblis, primubtis, caprcsns, dc`celblis, nbtlvlmnm cbi`-

albn, bi` auktlpklblmnm mc nprixlanbli`cs y rcspucstns (Hnkk, 4::3).

C` Cspnn, pcsc n scr u` aitir mc kn cbiìan, ck ]urlsai vlvc aiac`tis mc l`bcr-

tlmuadrc y mc bnadlis, trns kn eucrtc brlsls mck 4::8-4::: ck pns mc kn S`l` Curipcn quc

idtuvi as l`frcsis pir ]urlsai, scfulmi mc Ern`bln c Ltnkln. C` 4:>>, ck scbtir bi`sl-

ful snkvnr ck ni c` frn` pnrtc mcdlmi n kis nbi`tcblalc`tis nbncblmis c` tcrbcris

pnscs, nkfuìs mc ckkis biapctlmircs mcsmc u` pu`ti mc vlstn turstlbi.

Rl` cadnrfi, kis mntis as rcblc`tcs aucstrn` kn biapkcglmnm mc kn sltunbl` c` Cspn-

n y kn `cbcslmnm mc u` rcpkn`tcnalc`ti cstrntflbi fkidnk, biai bi`scbuc`bln mc kn

brlsls cbiàlbn l`tcr`n y mc kn sltunbl` l`tcr`nbli`nk. Ns, ck pnìrnan cs titnkac`tcmlecrc`tc scf` hndkcais mc ]urlsai l`tcr`nbli`nk i mc ]urlsai nbli`nk. Kis mntis

as rcblc`tcs mc 4:>4 aucstrn` u` l`brcac`ti mc kns c`trnmns l`tcr`nbli`nkcs rcs-

pcbti nk ni n`tcrlir, bi`brctnac`tc u` 4,6% (Eri`tur, LC]), alc`trns quc c` bun`ti

nk fnsti turstlbi, kn vnrlnbl` l`tcrnùnk (anyi 4:>4) rcekcgn u` brcblalc`ti mck 6,32%

quc pucmc cxpklbnrsc tn`ti pir ck nuac`ti mc acri mc vlngcris biai pir ck pripli

nuac`ti mck fnsti acmli.

Mcsfrnblnmnac`tc kns cxpcbtntlvns sc hn` vlsti auy aimcrnmns c` rcknbl` nk ]urlsai

`nbli`nk biai bi`scbuc`bln mc kn brlsls l`tcr`n y ck mcsbc`si mc kis mcspknznalc`tis

mc kis cspnikcs, tn`ti mc`tri biai eucrn mc Cspnn>.

\ biai rcsuktnmi, kn dnkn`zn mc pnfis mck Rcbtir ]urstlbi c` ndrlk mck 4:>4 nrrigndn

u` snkmi pisltlvi mc >.8

> Kns ktlans c`bucstns pudklbnmns pir ck L`stltuti mc Cstumlis ]urstlbis aucstrn` kn frnvcmnm mc

kn brlsls cspnikn, bi` u` rctribcsi mc -4,3% l`tcrnùnk c` ck titnk mc vlngcs mc kis cspnikcs y u`

-2,=% mc kis vlngcs c` Cspnn (ecdrcri 4:>4)7 Aivlalc`tis ]urstlbis Cspnikcs, Mntis mc Biyu`-

turn, LC]. Necbtn as n kis aivlalc`tis c` Cspnn pirquc si` kis quc as hndltunkac`tc rcnklzn

kn bknsc acmln.


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| >% mck ZLD.

Mc cstn an`crn, ck ]urlsai c` Cspn-

n, pcsc n scr u` scbtir bknvc mc kn

nbtlvlmnm cbiàlbn, `cbcsltn

rcmcel`lrsc c` irlfc`, mcstlìs y

cstrntcflns mcdlmi n kn frnvc brlslsl`tcr`n pcri tnadl` ck pripli bi`-

tcxti l`tcr`nbli`nk. Zir itrn pnrtc,

nmcas, Cspnn tlc`c quc scr

bnpnz mc pi`cr c` vnkir sus eirtn-

kczns, c` cspcblnk su slstcan eiran-

tlvi c` rcknbl` nk ]urlsai quc hnbc

quc cst mitnmn mc priecsli`nkcs

u`lvcrsltnrlis y mc fcstircs mc

cxtrnirml`nrln vnkn quc, c` duc`n acmlmn, cs ck enbtir quc sustc`t ck surflalc`ti mckis ]urlsais nktcr`ntlvis c` kis nis 8:.

\ cs c` ck anrbi mc cstns biirmc`nmns c` kns quc sc hn pkn`tcnmi ck cstumli ]urlsai

Bukturnk7 Zntrlai`li, Auscis y Capkcndlklmnm, c`tc`mlc`mi quc bi` k sc bi`trlduyc

n mcsnrrikknr u` mlnf`stlbi rckcvn`tc sidrc kn rcnklmnm mck scbtir mck ]urlsai Bukturnk

n kn vcz quc cxpkirn ùcvns k`cns mc trndngi c l`vcstlfnbl`.

Ck ]urlsai Bukturnk `nbc c l`tcfrn mis rcns, ]urlsai y Bukturn, quc hn` rcbirrlmi

mlstl`tns enscs mc cvikubl`, c`buc`tris y mcsc`buc`tris bi`bcptunkcs y tcrlbis pcri

tnadl` nmal`lstrntlvis y piktlbis. Zrctc`mcais rcspi`mcr n kn `cbcslmnm mc mcel`l-

bl` quc cstis tralìs y su biadl`nbl` hn` mcsnrrikknmi, mctcbtn`mi mcdlklmnmcs,

eirtnkczns, tc`mc`blns y ipirtu`lmnmcs, hnstn bièlfurnr u`n bntcfirn mc ]urlsai, ck

]urlsai Bukturnk, hcrrnalc`tn mc biapctltlvlmnm y brcblalc`ti cbiàlbi, y bi` u`

cìrac pitc`blnk mc fc`crnbl` mc capkci. Nu` bun`mi sc hn` kkcvnmi n bndi vnrlis

pkn`cs mcsmc ck ni 4:::4, y nbtunkac`tc cst l`tcfrnmi c` ck Zkn` @nbli`nk c L`tcfrnk

mck ]urlsai cspnik (4:>4->3), bnrcbc mc u`n eirauknbl` pripln tn` `cbcsnrln pnrn

ck scbtir caprcsnrlnk y priecsli`nk, nk cstnr kns biapctc`blns c` antcrln mc ]urlsai

4 Zkn` mc Lapuksi nk ]urlsai Bukturnk c Lmliatlbi 4::>-4::2.


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| >: | Bnptuki >L@]TIMSBBL@

y mc Bukturn, kis mis plknrcs, rcpnrtlmns c` mis bnapis y rcns dnstn`tc cstn`bis y

mlecrc`blnmis.

Mcsmc u` pu`ti mc vlstn bi`bcptunk, ck ]urlsai Bukturnk tlc`c c` su irlfc` kn Bukturnbuyi bi`suai vcrtcdrn, mc hcbhi, timns kns pnrbckns mc `ucstrn vlmn bitlmln`n dngi

aktlpkcs eirans (pntrlai`li, kc`fun, hdltis, brcnbli`cs nrtstlbns, trnmlbli`cs, fns-

tri`ian). Zcri n ckki hny quc nnmlr ck vlngc quc, c` s alsai, nmqulcrc biai u`bn

u`n mlac`sl` bukturnk n trnvs mc kns mlstl`tns cxpcrlc`blns quc kis vlngcris vlvc` n ki

knrfi mc kn cstn`bln. Cstn vlsl` napkln mck ]urlsai Bukturnk l`birpirn u`n mlac`sl` mc

acrbnmi y bi`suai (Bhcvrlcr y Bknlr-Rnlkkn`t, 4::5? Hcrrcri Zrlcti, 4:>>) n kn vcz quc

mcstnbn ck vnkir mck ]urlsai Bukturnk y mc su iecrtn biai hcrrnalc`tn mc bi`scrvnbl`

mck pntrlai`li (Tlbhnrms, 4::6). Nmcas, mcsmc cstn pcrspcbtlvn, sc mn pritnfi`lsai

nk vlsltn`tc c` kn brcnbl` mc aimckis mc vlsltn cxpcrlc`blnkcs y brcntlvis (BnanrcriLzqulcrmi y Fnrrlmi Rnan`lcfi, 4::=)2.

Zir timi ckki, ck prcsc`tc trndngi prlirlzn kis ntrnbtlvis turstlbis pntrlai`lnkcs, pntrl-

ai`li rcprcsc`tnmi pir kis auscis, bi` u`n vlsl` tcrrltirlnk y mc`tri mc u` adlti

anyirltnrlnac`tc pdklbi, pcri mi`mc kn caprcsn prlvnmn cst brcn`mi su cspnbli n

trnvs mc ucvis primubtis y ucvns eraukns mc fcstl` (Frceec, 4::


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| >> |]urlsai bukturnk.ZN]TLAI@LI, ASRCIR \ CAZKCNDLKLMNM

l`tcrprctnbl` ns biai n kis auscis bi`slmcrnmis ntrnbtlvis turstlbis pntrlai`lnkcs

y quc, c` ktlan l`stn`bln, vn` n bi`stltulr ck u`lvcrsi mck trndngi bun`tltntlvi.

FTELBI >

Ck ]urlsai biai slstcan. Kn l`bkusl` mck capkci y mck ]urlsai Bukturnk

Ulngc nk mcstlì

Tcfl` rcbcptirn mc ]urlsai

Tcfl` fc`crnmirn mc ]urlsai

Biapirtnalc`ti mc kn mcan`mn7

Aitlvnbli`cs

Nbbcsldlklmnm

Lèiranbl`

Cxpcrlc`blns pnsnmns

Zrcecrc`blns

Cxpcbtntlvns c Lafc`cs

Nbtlvlmnmcs y cxpcrlc`blns

Zrimubtis c` mcstlì7

L`mustrln ]urstlbn

Lèrncstrubturn

]rndngi

Bnpltnk

Tcbursis-ntrnbtlvis

L`stltubli`cs

CapkciN`klsls mcan`mn

Iecrtn Mcstlìs

Caprcsns

L`stltubli`csNutìais

Euc`tc7 Ckndirnbl` pripln n pnrtlr mck aimcki mc Hnkk, A. B. 4::3, ]iurlsa Tcthlòl`f thc Riblnk Rblc`bc ie

Aidlklty,Zcnrsi`, Zrc tlbc Hlkk, 52.

Ck l`tcrs ktlai mck cstumli sc mlrlfc cspcbelbnac`tc nk n`klsls mc kn capkcndlklmnm,

ckcac`ti stc mc pnrtlbuknr rckcvn`bln sl tc`cais c` buc`tn quc sc trntn mc ]urlsaiBukturnk, u`n mlsblpkl`n rckntlvnac`tc rcblc`tc y mc mcel`lbl` biapkcgn. Mlelcrc ns

mc kis pkn`tcnalc`tis hndltunkcs sidrc kis n`klsls mck capkci c` ck ]urlsai quc sc


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| >4 | Bnptuki >L@]TIMSBBL@

mcsnrrikkn` mcsmc cèiqucs bun`tltntlvis y cbiìalblstns, pcsc nkfu`ns rcblc`tcs

pcrspcbtlvns siblnkcs y bukturnkcs (Knmol`, 4:>>). C` cecbti, ck nkti lvck mc biapctc`bln

l`tcr`nbli`nk, kn `cbcslmnm mc acgirnr kn biapctltlvlmnm n trnvs mc kn lapkcac`tn-

bl` mc piktlbns caprcsnrlnkcs y cmubntlvns c` rcknbl` nk ]urlsai, `cbcsltn` mc knckndirnbl` rlfurisn mc cstumlis prcvlis. Rc hn` vc`lmi primublc`mi auy cspcbel-

bnac`tc bnadlis c` kn eiranbl` turstlbn biai bi`scbuc`bln mc kn nmnptnbl` nk

Cspnbli mc Cmubnbl` Rupcrlir (mc Mlpkianmi n Frnmi? Astcrcs) quc ndrc` u`n

ùcvn pcrspcbtlvn pnrn kis cstumln`tcs pribcmc`tcs mc ]urlsai. Rc trntn mc cstumlis

quc caplczn` n fn`nr buitn mc acrbnmi gu`ti bi` kns c`scn`zns huan`stlbns mc

as knrfn trnmlbl`, timi ckki bun`mi kn rcknbl` c`trc `lvck mc cstumlis y trndngi/

pnri cst bknrnac`tc mcaistrnmn.

Cstnais, sl` mumn, n`tc u`n brlslscbiàlbn sl` prcbcmc`tcs, pcri

tnadl` n`tc u`n brlsls siblnk y mc

biìblalc`ti, quc, sl` cadnrfi,

pucmc c`bi`trnr y c`buc`trn c` kn

mcan`mn turstlbn u`n pucrtn hnbln

ck euturi. Kn Bukturn y ck Zntrlai`li

Bukturnk sc bi`vlcrtc` c` kn dnsc

mck ]urlsai Bukturnk, ck bunk `cbc-

sltn, pucs, mc u` cstumli eu`mnac`-tnmi mc`tri mck napkli bnapi mck

]urlsai.

Kn capkcndlklmnm scr su cgc vcrtcdrnmir y ck l`struac`ti pnrn cstumlnr kn c`tlmnm c

lmc`tlmnm mck ]urlsai Bukturnk, quc c` nkfuìs bnsis, scr aubhi as quc u` scf-

ac`ti mc acrbnmi i u`n acrn suan mc primubtis. C` ck rcblc`tcac`tc pudklbnmi

Zkn` @nbli`nk c L`tcfrnk mck ]urlsai Cspnik sc scnkn kn lapirtn`bln mc kis rcbursis

bukturnkcs pnrn Cspnn, cs mcblr mc su iecrtn3, y sc hnbc nkusl` n k`cns cstrntflbns

sidrc cèiqucs cxpcrlc`blnkcs y brcntlvis, fcstl` mc primubtis y n kis auscis

cspcbelbnac`tc. Ck capkci, kn u`lmnm mc acrbnmi, kn Anrbn Cspnn, kn birrcspi`sn-

dlklmnm prlvnmn-pdklbn y kn mcscstnbli`nklznbl` mck ]urlsai si` ckcac`tis bknvc n

mcsnrrikknr y n ckkis ìs hcais nprixlanmi n trnvs mc kn actimikifn quc vcrtcdrn

cstc cstumli.

3 Cspnn cst pislbli`nmn c` kn 4 y 23 pislbl` mc kis >2< pnscs mck cstumli ]hc ]rnvck & ]iurlsa

Biapctltlvc`css Tcpirt 4:>> c` rcknbl` n kis rcbursis bukturnkcs y c` rcbursis nturnkcs rcspcbtlvn-

ac`tc. (Virkm Cbiìalb Eirua, 4:>>). Tcbiflmi c` ck Z@L]. Ck Zkn` mc Lapuksi nk ]urlsai Bukturnk c

Lmliatlbi mc kn Rcbrctnrn mc Cstnmi mc Biacrbli y ]urlsai (4::>-4::2) yn scnkndn kn mlvcrslmnm

y napkltum mc kis rcbursis bukturnkcs (Zln`cs Kcnk, G. 4::=).


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4 NKBN@BC \ AC]IMIKIFNMC CR]SMLI


16/138

| >= | Bnptuki 4NKBN@BC \ AC]IMIKIFN MC CR]SMLI

Ck idgctlvi mck prcsc`tc trndngi pcrslfuc mcsnrrikknr ck bi`bcpti mc ]urlsai Bukturnk

y su cvikubl` biai bntcfirn, n kn vcz quc su bi`brcbl` c` kis auscis mcsmc kn

pcrspcbtlvn mc kn capkcndlklmnm.

Cstc idgctlvi fc`crnk sc nrtlbukn c` tirì n kis slfulc`tcs idgctlvis cspcbelbis7

Bnrnbtcrlznr ck ]urlsai Bukturnk mcsmc kn pcrspcbtlvn mc sus aimckis y piktlbns mc

fcstl`, ns biai mc sus rcmcs priecsli`nkcs.

Mcel`lr c l`vc`tnrlnr kis pcrelkcs priecsli`nkcs lapklbnmis c` ck ]urlsai Bukturnk bi`

cspcblnk hl`bnpl c` kis auscis biai ntrnbtlvi turstlbi pntrlai`lnk.

Lmc`tlelbnr kns eirtnkczns y mcdlklmnmcs mc kis pcrelkcs priecsli`nkcs c` rcknbl` bi`

kis lvckcs mc eiranbl` y bunklelbnbl` cxlflmns.

N`nklznr ck ausci biai ntrnbtlvi turstlbi pi`lc`mi c` rcknbl` su irfn`lznbl`

l`tcr`n bi` su scfac`tnbl` c` tralìs mc acri y pcrelk mc sus vlsltn`tcs, y timi

ckki mcsmc kn pcrspcbtlvn mc su irlc`tnbl` cstrntflbn hnbln ck ]urlsai Bukturnk y

su pitc`blnk mc capkcndlklmnm.

Znrn kn bi`scbubl` mc cstis idgctlvis sc hn mcsnrrikknmi u`n cstrntcfln actimikflbn

trln`fuknmn nrtlbuknmn c` tirì n kns slfulc`tcs tb`lbns bun`tltntlvns y bunkltntlvns

mc l`vcstlfnbl 7

> N`klsls mc euc`tcs mibuac`tnkcs y cstnmstlbns.

4 C`trcvlstns c` prieu`mlmnm n u`n aucstrn cstrntflbn mc lèiran`tcs mlrcbtis y

bknvc mck ]urlsai Bukturnk. C` cstc sc`tlmi ck cstumli hn l`birpirnmi n lèiran`tcs

mc l`stltubli`cs tn`ti mck ]urlsai biai mc kn bukturn. C`tc`mcais quc bi` cstis brl-

tcrlis sc hn bièlfurnmi u`n aucstrn mc pribcmc`bln trn`svcrsnk c l`tcfrnmirn buyi

mlsbursi sc hn bi`trnstnmi anrbnmnac`tc slf`lelbntlvi.

2 Frupis mc mlsbusl` c`trc cxpcrtis mck ]urlsai Bukturnk. Bi`brctnac`tc hcais

mcsnrrikknmi mis frupis mc mlsbusl`. Ck prlacr frupi hn slmi eiranmi pir lèiran`tcs

vl`buknmis nk adlti mck ]urlsai Bukturnk mcsmc kn pcrspcbtlvn mck scbtir pdklbi, tn`ti

mcsmc ck ]urlsai biai mc kn bukturn, biai rcprcsc`tn`tcs mc irfn`lsais l`tcr`nbli-

`nkcs, l`stltubli`cs nbli`nkcs, bi`scgcrns, nyu`tnalc`tis y u`lvcrslmnmcs. Ck scfu`mi

frupi hn cstnmi biapucsti pir lèiran`tcs mck scbtir prlvnmi, nfc`blns mc vlngcs,

hitckcs, caprcsns mc scrvlblis turstlbis, bi`suktirns, nutìais y caprcsns mc ibli.

Hcais l`birpirnmi tnadl` n lèiran`tcs lapklbnmis c` kis pribcsis mc bi`trntnbl`

mcsmc kn ptlbn mck scbtir prlvnmi, biai rcspucstn n kis pkn`tcnalc`tis mck Zkn` @nbli-`nk c L`tcfrnk mck ]urlsai (Z@L]) sidrc kn csbnsn bikndirnbl` c`trc nadis scbtircs,

pcri quc pnrn ck ]urlsai Bukturnk sc pkn`tcn` biai u` cgc l`ìvnmir y prlirltnrli.


17/138

| >3 |]urlsai bukturnk.ZN]TLAI@LI, ASRCIR \ CAZKCNDLKLMNM

= C`bucstn acmln`tc u` bucstli`nrli nutinmal`lstrnmi mc eiran tckcatlbn n u`n

aucstrn cstnmstlbnac`tc rcprcsc`tntlvn n kis mlrcbtircs i rcspi`sndkcs mc Biau-

`lbnbl` mc kis auscis y bc`tris mc L`tcrprctnbl`-Cspnblis Bukturnkcs mc Cspnn, n

pnrtlr mck Mlrcbtirli mc auscis y Bikcbbli`cs Auscifrelbns, mck Al`lstcrli mc Cmu-bnbl`, Bukturn y Mcpirtcs5. Znrtlc`mi mc u` u`lvcrsi mc >32: auscis (L@C, 4:>:),

mlbhi bucstli`nrli hn slmi buapklac`tnmi pir kis rcspi`sndkcs mc biau`lbnbl`

bi`eiran`mi u`n aucstrn mc >8:, mctcral`nmn bi` u` `lvck mc bi`eln`zn mck 5/>>/p>>/prl`blpnkcs/&I1pbnxls&@1&K1:6 Ulm mlsbusl` pfl`ns 4>-44.


18/138

| >5 | Bnptuki 4NKBN@BC \ AC]IMIKIFN MC CR]SMLI

pnrn quc scn cstumlnmi y cmuquc y mckcltc nk pdklbi (Mcel`lbl` mck LBIA. Bmlfi

Mci`tikflbi, 44 biècrc`bln mck LBIA Nustrln 4::6).

Cstns mis mcel`lbli`cs bièlfurn` ck bnrbtcr pntrlai`lnk y siblnk (turstlbi-ntrnbtlvi)mck ausci biai l`stltubl`. \ c` tcrbcr kufnr, mlspi`cais mc kn Dnsc mc mntis mc

Auscis y Bikcbbli`cs auscifrelbns, dnsc mc kn c`bucstn, y quc sc pucmc bi`slmcrnr,

c` csc sc`tlmi, biai ck `lbi l`vc`tnrli idgctlvi mc ntrnbtlvis turstlbis bukturnkcs8.

Ri` lfunkac`tc kis auscis, u` cgc slf`lelbntlvi mc kn piktlbn cstntnk c` antcrln mc pntrl-

ai`li bukturnk, mc`tri mck Zkn` @nbli`nk c L`tcfrnk mck ]urlsai cspnik (4:>4-4:>3).

C` csc sc`tlmi kn c`bucstn prctc`mc biìbcr7

Ck pcrelk mc kn capkcndlklmnm c` kis auscis, tnani mc kn pkn`tlkkn mc trndngnmircsy su mlstrldubl` c` sus mlstl`tis mcpnrtnac`tis biai rcprcsc`tnbl` mck capkci

c` ck ]urlsai Bukturnk. Nmcas sc n`nklznr ck `lvck mc bunklelbnbl` cxlflmi n kis

capkcnmis mc kis auscis y su nmcbunbl` n kis pucstis.

Kn bnrnbtcrlznbl` mck ausci biai ntrnbtlvi turstlbi n trnvs mc su irfn`lznbl`

l`tcr`n, mcstnbn`mi ck pcsi mck Mcpnrtnac`ti mc Biau`lbnbl`-Mleusl`, su tlpi-

kifn, sus vlsltn`tcs y sus rcmcs mc bikndirnbl`.

Kn pcrbcpbl` pripln mc kis auscis mc bnrn nk ]urlsai y kns cstrntcflns mcsnrri-

kknmns c` rcknbl` bi` ck ]urlsai Bukturnk, cspcblnkac`tc kn bikndirnbl` c`trc kisauscis y kns l`stltubli`cs pdklbns y prlvnmns, y kns rcmcs priecsli`nkcs quc sc hn`

cstndkcblmi.

Ck bucstli`nrli cst eiranmi pir >3 prcfu`tns, >= bcrrnmns y u`n ndlcrtn. Ru cstrubturn

ndirmn prifrcslvnac tc kis idgctlvis mck cstumli n pnrtlr mc kis slfulc`tcs brltcrlis7

Kns prlacrns prcfu`tns c`bunmrn` ck ausci c` ck mcstlì turstlbi y c` kn rcfl`,

y kis rcknbli`n bi` kns Mcbknrnbli`cs mc Dlc`cs Zntrlai`li pir kn S@CRBI, u`n mc

kns pisldkcs hcrrnalc`tns mc fcstl` turstlbn mc kis mcstlìs.

S` scfu`mi dkiquc mc prcfu`tns sc rcelcrc n kn irfn`lznbl` mc kis auscis hnblc`mi

hl`bnpl c` ck àcri mc vlsltn`tcs, ki quc pcraltc vnkirnr su lapnbti c` rcknbl`

bi` ck ]urlsai.

Rc hn` l`trimublmi u`n scrlc mc prcfu`tns rcecrlmns nk Mcpnrtnac`ti mc Biau`l-

bnbl` y Mleusl` mc`tri mck bi`tcxti fc`crnk mck ausci, ns biai bucstli`cs rckn-

8C` ipislbl` n kis Dlc`cs mc L`tcrs Bukturnk, quc sc hn` bi`slmcrnmi ercbuc`tcac tc y buyn eu`bl`ì cs turstlbn7 vlm lèrnkn mlsbusl`.


19/138

| >6 |]urlsai bukturnk.ZN]TLAI@LI, ASRCIR \ CAZKCNDLKLMNM

bli`nmns bi` kis `lvckcs mc bunklelbnbl` cxlflmis c` kis mlstl`tis mcpnrtnac`tis,

nmcbunbl` mc nkfu`ns tltuknbli`cs, biapctc`blns y pcrelkcs priecsli`nkcs.

Ck ktlai dkiquc mc prcfu`tns sc bc`trn cspcbelbnac`tc c` ck ]urlsai Bukturnk y

n`nklzn kis bi`tnbtis l`stltubli`nkcs y caprcsnrlnkcs biai ckcac`tis eu`mnac`tnkcspnrn kn brcnbl` mc rcmcs y frupis mc trndngi. Rc pkn`tcn` bucstli`cs rcecrlmns n kn

pripln pcrbcpbl` mck ausci c` rcknbl` bi` ck ]urlsai y n kns pisldkcs cstrntcflns

y nbbli`cs mc acgirn, nmcas mc u`n prcfu`tn mlrcbtn sidrc ck pislbli`nalc`ti.


20/138


21/138

2 CK ]STLRAI BSK]STNKBIAI BN]CFITN MC

N@KLRLR


22/138

| 4: | Bnptuki 2CK ]STLRAI BSK]STNK BIAI BN]CFITN MC N@KLRLR

Mcsmc kn N`tlfcmnm, kns vlsltns bukturnkcs hn` slmi u`n mc kns aitlvnbli`cs pnrn

aubhis vlngcris y cstn bi`cxl` sc hn lmi hnblc`mi as `tlmn n pnrtlr mck Tc`n-

blalc`ti y, sidrc timi, bi` kis mc`ial`nmis vlngcs mck Frn`m ]iur


23/138

| 4> |]urlsai bukturnk.ZN]TLAI@LI, ASRCIR \ CAZKCNDLKLMNM

>. Anrbi bi`bcptunk mck cstumli

Ck prl`blpli mc pritcbbl` mck pntrlai`li cs ck quc anrbn ck irlfc` mc kns prlacrns

mcel`lbli`cs. Nmcas, n ki knrfi mc kns ktlans mbnmns mck slfki XX, eucri` npnrcblc`miùcvns eirans mc vlmn, c` u` bi`tcxti mc bnadlis siblnkcs, bukturnkcs y cbiàlbis.

Kn pidknbl` nuac`t sus rcbursis cbiàlbis, ns biai su lvck cmubntlvi y buktu-

rnk. Bi` cstis bnadlis sc tcstlai`lnr` ùcvis hdltis mc vlngcs y u`n tc`mc`bln n kn

ernfac`tnbl` mc kns vnbnbli`cs, u` l`tcrs pir kis vlngcs birtis mc el` mc scan`n, i

kn dsqucmn mc vnbnbli`cs nbtlvns, nmcas mc u` mcsci mc nprc`mcr murn`tc ck tlca-

pi kldrc. S`n acgirn cvlmc`tc c` ck slstcan mc trn`spirtcs enblklt timi cstc pribcsi

y brc kns dnscs y ck c`tirì envirndkcs pnrn ck mcsnrrikki mc kis kknanmis ]urlsais

nktcr`ntlvis, c`trc kis quc sc sltundn c`ti`bcs ck ]urlsai Bukturnk.

Ck ckcac`ti mlecrc`blnmir euc c`ti`bcs kn eiran mc nbcrbnrsc n kn bukturn, prcsc`t`misc

biai u`n nbtlvlmnm mlecrc`blnmn mck ]urlsai mc ansns prititplbi mc kis nis 5:. Ck

]urlsai Bukturnk cs u`n eiran mc bi`tnbtnr bi` ck pnsnmi y mc pritcfcrki y, c` csc bi`-

tcxti, sc lapuksnr` kis prlacris trndngis mc l`vcstlfnbl` sidrc cstc ecàcì cacr-

fc`tc (Rlkmckdcrf, >


24/138

| 44 | Bnptuki 2CK ]STLRAI BSK]STNK BIAI BN]CFITN MC N@KLRLR

Znrnkcknac`tc, ìs c`bi`trnais

bi` ck bi`bcpti mc vlngc y mc mcs-

pknznalc`ti, c` rcknbl` bi` ck

]urlsai Bukturnk. Ru mcel`lbl`hndn capcznmi n l`mcpc`mlznrsc

mck pntrlai`li y n c`fkidnr n kn

Bukturn c` u` sc`tlmi as fkidnk7

timis kis aivlalc`tis mc pcrsi-

`ns bi` mcstlì n ntrnbtlvis buktu-

rnkcs bi`brctis, biai sltlis mc

l`tcrs pntrlai`lnk, an`lecstnbli-

`cs nrtstlbns y bukturnkcs, cxpisl-

bli`cs mc nrtc y tcntri, c` blumnmcs udlbnmns c` pnscs quc ì si` su kufnr hndltunkmc rcslmc`bln (Tlbhnrms, >


25/138

| 42 |]urlsai bukturnk.ZN]TLAI@LI, ASRCIR \ CAZKCNDLKLMNM

FTELBI 4

L`tcrprctnbl` mck Acrbnmi mc kn Bukturn

]urlsai Bukturnk

Zrimubbl` Bi`suaiZnslvi Nbtlvi

]urlsaiZntrlai`lnk

]urlsaiNrtstlbi

]urlsaiBrcntlvi

Bukturn idkc

Bukturn pipuknr

Bukturn bitlmln`n

Euc`tc7 Ckndirnbl` pripln n pnrtlr mc Bhcvrlcr y Bknlr-Rnlkkn t, 4::8762.

Kis cèiqucs mck ]urlsai Bukturnk si` auktlmlsblpkl`nrcs. Rl` cadnrfi, pir kn cstrubtu-

rnbl` mc cstn bntcfirn, kn capkcndlklmnm sc hn mcsnrrikknmi cspcblnkac`tc c` tirì

nk pntrlai`li y n kn Bukturn. Crn kn rcspucstn n kn iecrtn mc dlc`cs pntrlai`lnkcs, mc

dlc`cs bukturnkcs y n su cbcslmnm mc pritcfcrkis, ns biai n kn mcan`mn brcblc`tc mc

bi`suai mc bukturn. Zir ckki, ck capkci c` ck ]urlsai Bukturnk cst mctcral`nmi pir

ck kufnr mi`mc sc hn primublmi y sc primubc kn iecrtn, c` kis mcstlìs y pir kn fcs-

tl` bi` brltcrlis biai kn l`tcrprctnbl`, kn sistc`ldlklmnm, kn nutc`tlblmnm (Aisbnrmi,4::>), cs mcblr, cspcblnkac`tc rcknbli`nmi bi` kis mcstlìs. Zir itrn pnrtc, itrn k`cn

l`tcrcsn`tc sc fc`crn mcsmc kn mcan`mn, kns eirans mc bi`suai, c` ck biìblalc`ti

mc kis bi`sualmircs, i ck anroctl`f.

Ck bnapi mc kn iecrtn, tn`ti kn primubbl` biai su fcstl`, cs uì mc kis plknrcs

csc`blnkcs. Cs, mc hcbhi, ck quc hn pcraltlmi ck mcsnrrikki mck ]urlsai. Mcsmc ck

bnapi mc kn iecrtn, sc rcbiìbc quc timi ck pntrlai`li cs susbcptldkc mc scr bi`-

vcrtlmi c` u` primubti turstlbi mc bi`suai, y quc u`n duc`n pkn`lelbnbl` turstlbn

prcvln cs `cbcsnrln n kn brcnbl` mc kis primubtis (]rcsscrrns y Antnankn, 4::3).C` ck alsai sc`tlmi sc hn` pistuknmi Ri`clri y Knbistn pi`lc`mi mc rcklcvc quc

kn ibl` mc pitc`blnklmnm mck rcbursi cs ki quc pkn`tcn kn mlelbuktnm c` kis cstumlis

sidrc ]urlsai Bukturnk (Ri`clri y Knbistn, >


26/138

| 4= | Bnptuki 2CK ]STLRAI BSK]STNK BIAI BN]CFITN MC N@KLRLR

quc buc`tn, hnbc` pisldkc kn nbtlvlmnm turstlbn y kn sntlsenbbl` mc kns cbcslmnmcs

mc kn mcan`mn>=.

Cs ki quc sudynbc tnadl` trns knmcel`lbl` mc kn S`l` Curipcn

sidrc ]urlsai Bukturnk. Cstn nkumc

n trcs bi`mlbli`cs7 u` mcsci mc buk-

tlvnrsc (biìbcr y biaprc`mcr kis

idgctis, kns idrns y kis hiadrcs)?

ck usi mc u` rcbursi quc tc`fn u`

slf`lelbnmi bukturnk (aiùac`ti,

idrn mc nrtc, cspcbtbuki, l`tcr-

bnadli mc lmcns)? y kn l`tcrvc`bl`mc u` l`tcracmlnrli, pcrsi`n, mibu-

ac`ti csbrlti i antcrlnk numlivl-

sunk>3. Mc hcbhi, scr c` cstc pribcsi mc primubbl` y trn`seiranbl` mc rcbursis c`

primubtis nptis pnrn ck bi`suai mi`mc rnmlquc u`n mc kns mcdlklmnmcs mck ]urlsai

Bukturnk cspnik (Zln`cs Kcnk, 4::=).

Bi` cstn l`tcrvc`bl` y mlvcrslelbnbl` sc idtc`mr kn dnsc mc kn iecrtn, ndlcrtn n kn

fcstl` y n kn primubbl` mc bnrn n kn nbtlvlmnm turstlbn. Rc kc bi`bcmc n kn iecrtn u`

vnkir, as nkk mc su slf`lelbnmi hlstrlbi y nrtstlbi, bi`vlrtl`mikc c` u` ntrnbtlvipnrn kn siblcmnm, y pnrn ck ]urlsai, nk scr idgcti mc bi`suai.

Hudi uìs prlacris trndngis mc l`vc`tnrli y bntnkifnbl` c` kis prlacris nis

(Nshwirth, >. Cstn mcel`lbl`, n`tlfun, tlc`c timn kn vlfc`bln c` bun ti nkumc n cstc pribcsi mc bi`strubbl`

y mc brcnbl`. Nkumc n cstc primubti.


27/138


Itrns pripucstns mlecrc`blnri` c`trc kis rcbursis scf` su eu`bl` (cmubntlvn i mc

c`trctc`lalc`ti), i scf` kn cspcblnklznbl` mc kis pdklbis>5.

C` csc sc`tlmi, kns mlecrc`blnbli`cs mc kis rcbursis y sus idgctlvis tnadl` sc nmc`-trnrn` c` ck bnapi priecsli`nk. Rc ldn` n mctcral`nr blcrtis pcrelkcs pnrn kis priecsli-

`nkcs mck bnapi mc kn Bukturn y mck pntrlai`li bun`mi kis idgctlvis eucrn` cmubntlvis,

y rcecrlrsc n priecsli`cs mck ]urlsai pnrn kns eu`bli`cs kmlbis, mc anroctl`f y mc

bi`suai cxpcrlc`blnk, scf` ck frelbi 2.

Ck LBIAIR tnadl` hnrn cstn nkusl` n kns priecsli`cs cspcbelbns sidrc su tcatlbn

mc bi`scrvnbl` c l`tcrprctnbl`. C` 4::8, rcmnbtnrn kn Bnrtn pnrn kn L`tcrprctnbl` y

Zrcsc`tnbl` mc Rltlis mc Zntrlai`li Bukturnk c` kn >5 Nsnadkcn mck LBIAIR udcb

(Bn`nm) y, c` csc mibuac`ti, nmcas mc sc`tnr kns dnscs sidrc kn L`tcrprctnbl`,bltnrn n kis priecsli`nkcs biai L`trprctcs mck Zntrlai`li.

FTELBI 2

Rckcbbl` mc u` Ntrnbtlvi ]urstlbi

Unkircs

Idgctlvis

Zrimubti ]urstlbi

Bi`scrvnmircs,fcstircs bukturnkcs

HlstirlnCmubnbl`

Zrlirlmnmcs7L`tcrprctnbl`,

Cxpcrlc`bln

Zriecsli`nkcsmc kn L`mustrln

mck ]urlsai

C`trctc`lalc`tibukturnk

Zrlirlmnmcs7Anroctl`f,

biapctltlvlmnm

Euc`tc. Ckndirnbl` pripln n pnrtlr mc Gn`sc -Ucrdcoc y Klcvils, >


28/138


Zcri mc cstn ensc mc bi`strubbl` pnrn ck ]urlsai, n pnrtlr mck rcbursi, surflr` aktl-

pkcs priecsli`nkcs cxpcrtis mc rcns rcknbli`nmns bi` kis rcbursis-ntrnbtlvis turstlbis,

timnvn sl` n`nklznr. Mc hcbhi, nbtunkac`tc, kn mlecrc`blnbl` c`trc ]urlsai Bukturnk

mc primubtis i ]urlsai Bukturnk mc cxpcrlc`blns cst mctcral`nmi tnadl` pir u`nscrlc mc pnutns caprcsnrlnkcs y mc fcstl`. N lvck mc primubti y mc mcstlì, bi`tnais

bi` u` cstumli cspcbelbi, ck mc kis Ipcrnmircs ]urstlbis cspcblnklznmis c` ]urlsai

Bukturnk (Cstumli, 4::3). Cstc cstumli bi`bkuyc quc ì cxlstc` ipcrnmircs cspcblnkl-

znmis c` ]urlsai Bukturnk c` Cspnn. Rc trntn mc ]iur Ipcrnmircs fc`crnklstns quc

pucmc` prifrnanr nkfuìs primubtis quc sc pucmc` bi`slmcrnr mc ]urlsai Bukturnk.

Ki quc suckc` prifrnanr cstns nfc`blns si` primubtis mc frn` bi`suai i mc l`tcrs

fc`crnk (Cstumli, 4::3).

Zcri kn iecrtn mc ]urlsai Bukturnk-]urlsai Zntrlai`lnk i cs u`n primubbl` pnslvn,c` anìs `lbnac`tc mc kis nfc`tcs c` mcstlì i mc kis nfc`tcs mc vlngcs, quc hcais

vlsti quc i si` cspcblnklstns. Hn surflmi u` ]urlsai Cxpcrlc`blnk c` dnsc n kn cxpc-

rlc`bln mck vlsltn`tc murn`tc kn vlsltn i u` ]urlsai brcntlvi, n pnrtlr mc kn pnrtlblpnbl`

mck vlsltn`tc i mc kis vnkircs caibli`nkcs.

S` dlc` pntrlai`lnk i bukturnk pucmc npiynr su ntrnbtlvi c` cxpcrlc`blns pnsnmns, necb-

tlvns y nbuauknmns (kn lanfc` mck alsai), i c` enbtircs l`tcrìs mck bnapi mc kn tian

mc mcblsli`cs mck vlsltn`tc scfurlmnm, pcrtc`c`bln y nair, nuticstlan, nbtunklznbl`,

csttlbns, biìblalc`ti y biaprc`sl` (Bnanrcri Lzqulcrmi, F. y Fnrrlmi Rnan`lcfi,A.G., 4::=). Cstn l`tcrnbbl` c`trc ck Zntrlai`li, kn Bukturn, y kis turlstns tlc`c kufnr

tnadl` c` kn ensc prcvln nk vlngc, slc`mi kn mcan`mn aubhi as pnrtlblpntlvn, mcsmc

l`bkusi ck irlfc` mck vlngc hnstn ck mcstlì.

Rc trntn mc ùcvns eirans mc ]urlsai Bukturnk, mc bknrn bi`scbuc`bln pnrn ck scbtir

priecsli`nk, pntrlai`lnk, bukturnk, turstlbi y biau`lbntlvi. Ck ]urlsai Bukturnk y ck

capkci sc udlbnr` tnadl` c` ck irlfc` mck vlngc.

Biìbcr kn mcan`mn cs, pucs, u` cgc csc`blnk mck ]urlsai Bukturnk. C` kn nbtunklmnm, kn

frn` anyirn mc kis nutircs trndngn` bi` u` n`klsls mc kn scfac`tnbl` biaàc`tc

nbcptnmn c` dnsc n kn l`tc`slmnm mc kn aitlvnbl`-cxpcrlc`bln y quc rcpcrbutc c` kns

vlsltns rcnklznmns y kn l`tc`slmnm mc kns vlsltns. C`bi`trnais nk turlstn mckldcrnmi y nk

turlstn eirtulti bi` mlecrc`tcs frnmis mc aitlvnbl` bukturnk c` kn vlsltn, biai u`n mc kns

biirmc`nmns y, pir itrn pnrtc, kis mlecrc`tcs frnmis mc cxpcrlc`blns kkcvnmns n bndi>6.

Ck n`klsls nbtunk sidrc ]urlsai Bukturnk7 Zntrlai`li, Auscis, Capkcndlklmnm pripi`c

pucs kns aitlvnbli`cs y ck biapirtnalc`ti biai enbtircs mctcral`n`tcs mc kn mcan`-

>6IA], 4::3, Ck ]urlsai urdnì y kn bukturn, Kn cxpcrlc`bln curipcn, Anmrlm.


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mn. \ c` csc anrbi, sc hn` pkn`tcnmi nmcas bi`mlbli`n`tcs biai ck ckcac`ti tlcapi

c` kn cxpcrlc`bln bukturnk mc kn vlsltn, nmcas mc an`tc`cr kn lapirtn`bln mc kn Bukturn,

Bukturn quc pucmc rcsuktnr scr bnmn vcz as cxpcrlc`blnk (Lsnnb, 4::8). ]nadl` sc

hn l`trimublmi kn vnkirnbl` mck slf`lelbnmi mc kns mcbknrnbli`cs mc kn S@CRBI c` ckbnsi mc Blumnmcs Zntrlai`li mc kn Huan`lmnm (Birmc`tc Timrfucz, A., ct nk., 4:>>)>8.

Rc mcsprc`mc mc cstis cstumlis u`n fcstl` mc kis mcstlìs as dc`celblisn nbirmc

bi` kis l`tcrcscs y scfac`tis mc kis vlsltn`tcs, frelbi =.

FTELBI =

]lpikifn mc kis turlstns bukturnkcs as biaàc`tc rcbiìblmn

Zrieu`mn

Zrieu`mn

]urlstn bukturnk pir bnsunklmnm ]urlstn bukturnk mckldcrnmi

]urlstn bukturnkeirtulti

]urlstn bukturnkmc dngn l`tc`slmnm

]urlstn bukturnkquc vlsltn

kufnrcs mc l`tcrs

Dslbn Ckcvnmn

Lapirtn`bln mc kn Bukturn c` kn ckcbbl` mc u` mcstlì

Cxpcrlc`bln

Euc tc7 Ckndirnbl` pripln n pnrtlr mc AbOcrbhcr y Mu Bris, 4::4

Auy kcgis hn` qucmnmi nquckkis cstumlis sidrc aitlvnbli`cs, cstumlis c` quc kis

turlstns crn` n`nklznmis prbtlbnac`tc nk anrfc` mck mcstlì y quc sc hn` vc`lmi rcnkl-

zn`mi murn`tc kis nis 8Unkirnbl` quc hcais l`trimublmi isitris c` ucstri n`klsls bun`tltntlvi.>


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tlc`c cbcslmnm mc pnrtlblpnr c` kn vlmn bukturnk mck c`tir`i y piscc u` rnmli mc nbbl`

klaltnmi n u`is >:: Oa. Ck ktlai scfac`ti dlc` lmc`tlelbnmi cs ck mc kis bklc`tcs

crumltis quc vlngn` sikis y dusbn` pcrsi`nk cspcblnklznmi quc kc fnrn`tlbc u` ckcvnmi

`lvck mc bnklmnm (Ditc, >


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| 4. Rcr` scfulmis pibi mcspus pir ck Bi`frcsi irfn`lznmi pir ]urcspnn c`

4::> mi`mc sc pripusi mcel`lr ck ]urlsai Bukturnk biai u` vlngc, n kufnrcs mlecrc`tcs

mc kn rcslmc`bln hndltunk, aitlvnmi pir ck mcsci mc biìbcr biaprc`mcr cstumlnr

itrns bukturns, cxpcrlac`tnmi prl`blpnkac`tc c` kns nbtlvlmnmcs bukturnkcs (]urcspnn,4::>, ]urlsai Bukturnk, Bi`frcsi), y c` k sc pkn`tcnri` timns kns tcatlbns, primubtis

y rcbursis vl`buknmis nk ]urlsai Bukturnk.

Kis frn`mcs cgcs mck ]urlsai Bukturnk cspnik eucri` lapuksnmis c` ck anrbi mck Zkn`

L`tcfrnk mc Bnklmnm mck ]urlsai Cspnik (ZLB]C, 4:::-4::5) y mck Zkn` mck Lapuksi

mck ]urlsai Bukturnk c Lmliatlbi (4::4-4::2). Cstis pkn`cs crn` ck rcsuktnmi mc

n`klsls prcvlis c` kis quc sc mctcbtnri` biai mcdlklmnmcs, kis melblts mc iecrtn, kn

nusc`bln mc u` bntkifi biapkcti mc rcbursis bukturnkcs, u`n mcelblc`tc nbbcsldlklmnm

n kis rcbursis y kn fcstl` turstlbi-bukturnk. Lfunkac`tc, sc mcstnb biai prl`blpnkmcdlklmnm, kn enktn mc trn`seiranbl` mc ùcstris rcbursis c` primubtis nptis pnrn

ck bi`suai pir kis vlngcris, pridkcans mc fcstl` bukturnk, mc pkn`lelbnbl`, mc pri-

aibl`, y kn l`trimubbl` mc ùcstris rcbursis c` kis bn`nkcs biacrblnkcs (Zln`cs

Kcnk, 4::=).

Ns sc pripuslcri` u`n scrlc mc Cgcs mc acgirn447

Acmlmns pnrn cstlauknr kn brcnbl` mc kn iecrtn y acgirnr kn cxlstc`tc.

Rc`sldlklznbl` rcspcbti nk ]urlsai Bukturnk y n kn cstrubturnbl` mck scbtir.

Acmlmns pnrn kn acgirn mc kn celbnbln mck scbtir.

Acgirn mc kn lèiranbl` bukturnk.

Zkn` mc anroctl`f.

C`scn`zn mck cspnik biai rcbursi mlecrc`blnmi.

Biirml`nbl` mc acmlmns c`bnal`nmns n kifrnr kn laprcsbl`mldkc bikndirnbl` c`trc

kns nmal`lstrnbli`cs c l`mustrlns rcspi`sndkcs mc kn fcstl` y bi`trik mc kis rcbursis

bukturnkcs, y mc cstis bi` ck scbtir prlvnmi.

4>Ucrn Tcdikki, E.? Mvlkn Kl`nrcs, G.A.? >5>->68? Ulmnks y Bnsckkns, M. > mc

ndrlk mc >


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| 2: | Bnptuki 2CK ]STLRAI BSK]STNK BIAI BN]CFITN MC N@KLRLR

C` csc aiac`ti, Cspnn cstndn bknslelbnmn biai ck = mcstlì turstlbi au`mlnk, nu`-

quc ì crn u`n anrbn rcnkac`tc mc ]urlsai Bukturnk (]rcsscrrns, Antnankn, 4::3).

Kn lanfc` mc Cspnn biai mcstlì bukturnk cst, mc hcbhi, slc`mi cèibnmn c` kn

nbtunklmnm, hnbln ck ]urlsai urdnì, Dnrbcki`n, Anmrlm, kns Blumnmcs Zntrlai`li mckn Huan`lmnm, y blumnmcs bi` aiùac`tis rckcvn`tcs biai Frn`nmn y kn Nkhnadrn.

Cspnn hn trndngnmi cspcblnkac`tc c` kis Zkn`cs mc Zriaibl`, biai ck Zkn` mc

Zriaibl` L`tcr`nbli`nk mc ]urlsai Bukturnk 4:>:-4:>4 quc kn`z ck Al`lstcrli mc

L`mustrln, Biacrbli, ]urlsai, dnsnmi c` u`n scrlc mc primubtis7 Auscis, Nrtcs Csb-

`lbns, Tutns Bukturnkcs, Kufnrcs Zntrlai`li mc kn Huan`lmnm, ]urlsai Lmliatlbi c

L`mustrlns Numlivlsunkcs.

Nbtunkac tc, ck Zkn` @nbli`nk c L`tcfrnk mck ]urlsai cspnik (Z@L]) sc rcelcrc n u`niecrtn ank pislbli`nmn c` kis acrbnmis l`tcr`nbli`nkcs, n kn `cbcslmnm mc acgirn mc

kis ntrnbtlvis turstlbis y mc su fcstl`, nk Zntrlai`li Bukturnk, @nturnk y Cìfnstri`-

albi. Cspcblnkac tc pnrn ck Zntrlai`li Bukturnk, cstc Zkn` ac`bli`n c` prlacr kufnr

kis Auscis y kis Aiùac`tis mck Zntrlai`li @nbli`nk42.

Rcrn l`ndnrbndkc hnbcr u`n s`tcsls mc kis nvn`bcs c` ]urlsai Bukturnk mcsmc kis

prlacris cstumlis, sl dlc` sc pucmc` mcstnbnr vnrlis cgcs tcatlbis quc sc hn` mcsn-

rrikknmi murn`tc kn ktlan mbnmn mck slfki XX.

Ns cxlstc ck cgc cspcbelbi quc vl`buk pntrlai`li, blumnmcs y ]urlsai urdnì quc

capcznri` n bi`slmcrnrsc ntrnbtlvis y mcstlìs turstlbis (]riltli Ulùcsn, >34? ]riltli ]irrnkdn, K. 4:>4, Kns

blumnmcs pntrlai`li mc kn huan`lmnm mc kn rcfl` turstlbn mc Anmrlm7 lvckcs acmlis mc eu`bli`nklmnm

y nmcbunbl` turstlbn mck pntrlai`li, Znpcrs mc ]urlsac, 3>>, 4:>4, >:2>,


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]urlsai nrqucikflbi (]rcsscrrns, 4::8? Airrc y Gla`cz Fulgnrri, G., 4::6)43, i n

pnrtlr mck pntrlai`li l`mustrlnk (Zrcz Facz, AZ.? Znrmi Ndnm, 4:>:), c` rcknbl`

bi` kns rcfli`cs mc l`tcrlir, rcfli`cs mi`mc csis pntrlai`lis sc pimn` prcsc`tnr

biai biapkcac`tnrlcmnm i biai u`n ipirtu`lmnm pnrn, n trnvs mc u`n pkn`lelbnbl`,fc`crnr primubtis y ipirtu`lmnmcs45.

C` csc sc`tlmi, mcsmc kns Biau`lmnmcs Nutìans sc hn` kkcvnmi n bndi l`lblntlvns

mc l`tcfrnbl` mck ]urlsai Bukturnk c` Zkn`cs mc Mcsnrrikki rcfli`nkcs, c` Zkn`cs

mc Mcsnrrikki Ristc`ldkc, biai pir cgcapki c` N`mnkubn (Ucrmufi Rn`tis y Znriml

kvnrcz, 4:>>). Cstis pntrlai`lis tlc`c` eu`mnac`tnkac`tc u` cèiquc rcfli`nk, y ski

cxbcpbli`nkac`tc sc hn` pkn`tcnmi biai lanfc` mc u` mcstlì, nk acìs c` tlcapis

rcblc`tcs. C` csc sc`tlmi, ck tcan mc kns Tutns Bukturnkcs, Bnalì mc Rn`tlnfi y kn

bi`trivcrtlmn Tutn mc kn Zkntn, antcrlnklzn` kns mlelbuktnmcs mc biirml`nbl` mc knfcstl` turstlbn y bukturnk (Rn`tis Rikkn, 4::5? Hcr``mcz Tnarcz, 4:>>? Airrc, 4:>4).

C` bun`ti n kis auscis, cstis bi`stltuyc` tnadl` iecrtn turstlbn. Kis auscis, nu`-

quc c` kis prlacris cstumlis sc l`tcfrnri` c`trc kis ntrnbtlvis (Ditc, >), i rcfli`cs qucdusbn` cstrntcflns turstlbns sc hn` npiynmi, c`trc itrns nbbli`cs, c` kn bi`strubbl`

mc cspnblis auscstlbis (Hcrrcri Zrlcti ct nk, >).

Erc`tc n cstn lapirtn`tc iecrtn tn` bnrnbtcrstlbn mck ]urlsai Bukturnk cspnik, ck cgc

L mck Zkn` mck ]urlsai Bukturnk c Lmliatlbi sc rcecrn n kn `cbcslmnm mc acgirnr kn

iecrtn i n kn brcnbl` mc u`n ucvn iecrtn. Ck nbtunk Zkn` @nbli`nk c L`tcfrnk mck ]urls-

ai cspnik pkn`tcn kn iecrtn c` u`n mlrcbbl` slalknr. Cs rckcvn`tc, c` csc sc`tlmi,

n`nklznr kis cstumlis quc sc hn` kkcvnmi n bndi sidrc kn iecrtn c` u` sc`tlmi fkidnk.

Kis prlacris trndngis, quc n`nklznri` n Cspnn biai pitc`bln c` tralìs mc ]urls-

ai Zntrlai`lnk, sc bc`trnri` y gustlelbnri` cstn rlquczn n pnrtlr mc kis auscis, mc

kis Dlc`cs Zntrlai`li mc kn Huan`lmnm y mck pntrlai`li c` fc`crnk, l`bkuyc`mi kn

nrqucikifn (Bnstri Airnkcs, >


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Dlc`cs Zntrlai`li mc kn Huan`lmnm, Dlc`cs mcbknrnmis mc L`tcrs Bukturnk, pcri l`tri-

mubc ck ckcac`ti mc vlsltndlklmnm quc supi`c ck àcri mc vlsltn`tcs mc kis auscis

y aiùac`tis as vlsltnmis, biai enbtir turstlbi, nmcas mc n`klsls tcrrltirlnkcs y

cstnbli`nkcs (Ditc, >>), (nmcas mc kis

ecstlvnkcs), biai u`lvcrsi mc cstumli mcsmc u` pu`ti mc vlstn bun`tltntlvi. C` itri

trndngi sidrc kn Biau`lmnm mc Anmrlm, sc n`nklz kn eu`bli`nklmnm turstlbn tian`mi

biai dnsc kis Dlc`cs mc L`tcrs Bukturnk (]riltli, 4:>:). Kn ckcbbl` mc kis DLB sc

46C` csc sc`tlmi, kis Dlc`cs Zntrlai`li mc kn Huan`lmnm si` sckcbbli`nmis n pnrtlr mc brltcrlis buktu-rnkcs pir kn Bi`vc`bl` mck Zntrlai`li Au`mlnk y, ski rcblc`tcac`tc, cst c` cstumli su biapi`c`tc

turstlbi7 Mibuac`ti L`struac`ti @irantlvi sidrc Zrcscrvnbl` mck Zntrlai`li y ck mcsnrrikki sistc`ldkc

mck ]urlsai, pnrn ck 4:>2(cstumlis tb`lbi c` bursi pir pnrtc mck Bi`scgi cgcbutlvi mc kn S`csbi).

C` csc sc`tlmi, sc cst` mcsnrrikkn`mi Tcmcs mc biìblalc`ti biai kn Tcm S@L]VL@ mc ]urlsai,

Bukturn, Mcsnrrikki, nsiblnmn kns btcmrns S@CRBI y quc mlrlfc kn S`lvcrslt Znrls Rirdi``c, Ern`bln.


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gustlelbndn c`ti`bcs c` u` ne` prbtlbi y ipcrntlvi pucsti quc cst` l`vc`tnrlnmis

y si` bun`tlelbndkcs.

Rl` cadnrfi, nu`quc ck ]urlsai Bukturnk cs ck rcsuktnmi mc kn l`tcrnbbl` mc kn Bukturny mck ]urlsai y su iecrtn sc bi`siklmn mcsmc ck adlti bukturnk, kis u`lvcrsis n`tcs

bltnmis si`, c` su irlfc`, u`lvcrsis bukturnkcs, bi` u`n eu`bl` mc bi`scrvnbl`, mc

pritcbbl`, biai si` kis Dlc`cs mc L`tcrs Bukturnk48y biai ki si` kns Mcbknrnbli`cs

mc kn S@CRBI. Aubhis Dlc`cs mc L`tcrs Bukturnk `i si` ntrnbtlvis turstlbis y sc

hnbc `cbcsnrln kn brcnbl` mc vcrmnmcris rcbursis cspcbelbis, buyi l`vc`tnrli euc

pkn`tcnmi c` 4::= (Zln`cs Kcnk, 4::=). N ttuki mc cgcapki, bi`vlc`c scnknr bai kn

Biau`lmnm mc Anmrlm piscc as mc =3: Dlc`cs mcbknrnmis (DLB) i l`binmis c` as

mc >:: au`lblplis, pir timn kn biau`lmnm, bun`mi kn nbtlvlmnm turstlbn sc kibnklzn c`

auy pibis au`lblplis, cspcblnkac`tc c` Anmrlm bnpltnk, y au`lblplis biai Nkbnk mcHc`nrcs, Dultrnfi, Bhl`bh`, Ck Csbirlnk y Nrn`gucz. C` ck alsai sc`tlmi pimrnais

nkumlr n kis Dlc`cs mck Zntrlai`li Au`mlnk4


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| 2= | Bnptuki 2CK ]STLRAI BSK]STNK BIAI BN]CFITN MC N@KLRLR

Rl` cadnrfi, kis auscis, biai cxpklbnais c` kn actimikifn, rc`c` timns kns bi`-

mlbli`cs pnrn scr ntrnbtlvis turstlbis pntrlai`lnkcs. Zir su bi`bcptunklznbl`, si`

rcbursis i ntrnbtlvis turstlbis pntrlai`lnkcs bi` u`n bnrfn auy rckcvn`tc mc mleusl`.

Kis auscis scf` kn KZHC/83 nrt. 55, si` kns l`stltubli`cs mc bnrbtcr pcran`c`tcquc nmqulcrc`, bi`scrvn`, l`vcstlfn`, biau`lbn` y cxhldc` pnrn el`cs mc cstumli, cmu-

bnbl` y bi`tcapknbl`, bi`gu`tis y bikcbbli`cs mc vnkir hlstrlbi, nrtstlbi, blc`telbi

y tb`lbi i mc bunkqulcr itrn `nturnkczn bukturnk2:. As bi`brctn cs kn Kcy mc auscis

mc Anmrlm, KZH , rcbiìblc`mi, pir itrn pnrtc, su pnpck biai l`stltubli`cs mc bi`scrvnbl`.

Kn eu`bl` siblnk pdklbn npnrcbc

bknrnac`tc tn`ti c` cstn mcel`lbl`biai c` kn quc npirtn ck anrbi mck

LBIA. Kn brcnbl` mc kn Tcm mc

auscis (TM >2:3/4::L`stltubli`cs pcran`c`tcs, sl` el`nklmnm mc kubri, nk scrvlbli mc kn siblcmnm y mc su mcsnrrikki, ndlcr-tns nk pdklbi, quc rc`c` u` bi`gu`ti mc dlc`cs bukturnkcs aucdkcs, làucdkcs c làntcrlnkcs, kis

bi`scrvn`, kis mibuac`tn` y cstumln`, kis cxhldc` y mleu`mc` su biìblalc`ti pnrn kn l`vcstlfnbl`,

kn c`scn`zn y ck fizi l`tckcbtunk y csttlbi y bi`stltuyc` u` cspnbli pnrn kn pnrtlblpnbl` bukturnk,

kmlbn y blc`telbn mc kis blumnmnìs.


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Ck ausci npnrcbc tnadl` biai u` ntrnbtlvi turstlbi c` kn C`bucstn mc Hdltis Buk-

turnkcs y Zrbtlbns Bukturnkcs c` Cspnn, kkcvnmn n bndi pir ck Al`lstcrli mc Bukturn.

Znrn ck pcrlimi 4:>:-4:>>, ck 48,2% mc kns pcrsi`ns quc vlsltnri` auscis ki hlblcri`

c` su blumnm, ck 42,4).

Cstis brltcrlis si` kis quc gustlelbn` ùcstrn ckcbbl` mc kis auscis biai ntrnbtlvis

turstlbis pnrn ck n`klsls bun`tltntlvi.

2. Ck capkci c` ck ]urlsai Bukturnk biai idgcti mc cstumli

C` tralìs fc`crnkcs, kis mntis sidrc ]urlsai y Capkci c` Cspnn pribcmc` mc

kn C`bucstn mc Zidknbl` Nbtlvn y mc kns Nktns c` kn Rcfurlmnm Riblnk. Rc mctcral-

`n` bknrnac`tc nquckkis scbtircs rcbiìblmis trnmlbli`nkac tc biai brcnmircs mc

capkci mlrcbti nsiblnmis nk ]urlsai. Ns sc vl`bukn` scbtircs biai kn Histckcrn,

kis Rcrvlblis mc Nkignalc`ti, kis Rcrvlblis mc bialmns y dcdlmns, kis ]rn`spirtcs mc

vlngcris, y Itrns Nbtlvlmnmcs. @i cxlstc `l`fu`n bntcfirn quc sc pucmn rcknbli`nr

bi` ck ]urlsai Bukturnk.

24Rc pkn`tcn tnadl` kn l`tcrprctnbl` mck Zntrlai`li biai eiran mc brcnbl` mc Ntrnbtlvis turs-tlbis. Zcri sc trntn mc kn l`tcrvc`bl` c` u` Dlc` pntrlai`lnk quc yn cxlstc, ì kn brcnbl` mc u` Dlc`

Zntrlai`lnk ucvi.


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C` pnrnkcki n csis mntis fc`crnkcs, sc hn` mcsnrrikknmi cstumlis sidrc ck capkci c`

ck scbtir turstlbi, n`klsls nsiblnmis n kis nkignalc`tis, rcbursis, rcbursis huanìs

y pcrelkcs siblimcaifrelbis. Ck prlacri mntn mc kis nis 8: c` ck Tclì S`lmi y

cst irlc`tnmi nk n`klsls mc kis pcrelkcs priecsli`nkcs (Nlrcy y @lfhttl`fnkc, >). Ckrcsuktnmi euc u`n bknslelbnbl` mck scbtir c`7 Capkci c` Irfn`lznbli`cs pnrn mcstlìs

turstlbis, Ntrnbtlvis ]urstlbis, Nfc`blns mc Ulngcs c L`tcracmlnbl`. Rc irmc`ndn`

tnadl` kns mlstl`tns eu`bli`cs y lvckcs priecsli`nkcs, pnrn mcmlbnrsc pistcrlirac`tc

n kis priecsli`nkcs mc kis quc sc idtuvi su Eiranbl`, sus Zcrelkcs Riblimcaifrelbis

y sus Bnrrcrns priecsli`nkcs. Cstc trndngi pkn`tc ck ]urlsai biai u`n l`mustrln y

ì ki cèibn rcnkac`tc biai Rlstcan, mi`mc bndc` aubhns bntcfirns c`trc ckkns ck

]urlsai Bukturnk. Blcrti cs quc mc`tri mc cstn pripucstn, sc pimrn hnbcr u`n sckcb-

bl` mc nquckkis rcknbli`nmis mc an`crn as cspcbelbn bi` kis primubtis turstlbis

nktcr`ntlvis y bi` mcstlìs bukturnkcs, pcri scrn slcaprc u`n nprixlanbl`.

Kis rcblc`tcs cstumlis sidrc capkci c` ck ]urlsai pkn`tcn` ùcvns k`cns mc trndngi

biai kns rcecrlmns nk bnpltnk huanì, nk vnkir cbiàlbi, n kn aivlklmnm y ck f`cri

(Knmol`, 4:>>), alc`trns quc u`n rcblc`tc l`vcstlfnbl` sidrc capkci y ]urlsai c`

Cspnn rcpkn`tcn bi`bcptis nmaltlmis hndltunkac`tc biai kis ekugis mc capkci y su

cstnbli`nklmnm, cspcblnkac`tc (Anki, 4:>>).

Bun`mi ck ]urlsai Bukturnk capc-

z n bièlfurnrsc surfl kn `cbcsl-mnm mc bc`trnrsc c` ck capkci. Mc

eiran nlsknmn, bi`tnais bi` nkfu-

`n ac`bl` y pripucstn sidrc kn

lapirtn`bln quc ck ]urlsai Buktu-

rnk tlc`c pnrn ck capkci c` ck Bial-

t mc kns Tcfli`cs mc >


39/138


rcbtis sc hn` idtc`lmi nk n`nklznr kis lapnbtis cbiàlbis y siblnkcs mck pntrlai`li.

C`trc kis capkcis mlrcbtis mcstnbn` cspcblnkac`tc kis quc cst` u`lmis n kis Aiù-

ac`tis Hlstrlbis ndlcrtis nk pdklbi slfulc`mi uìs mctcral`nmis brltcrlis, capkcis

c` ck Bc`trc mcs Aiùac`ts @ntli`nux, capkci c` kns nmal`lstrnbli`cs rcfli`nkcsc`bnrfnmns mck pntrlai`li, funs mck pntrlai`li, cspcblnkac`tc. Kis capkcis l`mlrcbtis

si` qulzs aubhi as kcgnìs (bi`scrvnbl`, rcstnurnbl`) (Zntl` ct nk., 4:>4), pcri

tnadl` sc ac`bli`n` kis capkcis turstlbis u`lmis nk pntrlai`li (nkignalc`tis, nfc`-

blns mc vlngcs, trn`spirtcs, rcstnurnbl`), i kn eiranbl` c l`vcstlfnbl` (Frceec, 4::4

2=http7//www.umf.cmu/tndlm/8=2:8A:8>:&kn`funfc1cs-CR


40/138


quc scrn` kn Zkn`lelbnbl` y kis Zrimubtis. Kns irfn`lznbli`cs y caprcsns l`vikubrnmns

scrn`7 Ielbl`ns mc ]urlsai (Mlrcbtir, Tcspi`sndkc, Lèiranmir), ausci, ynblalc`ti

nrqucikflbi, bc`tri bukturnk, cxpislbli`cs, cspcbtbukis, Dlc`cs Zntrlai`li mc kn

Huan`lmnm. Kis pucstis mc trndngi pitc`blnkcs scrn` kis mc Mlrcbtir, Tcspi`sndkc mcIelbl`n, Lèiranmir, ]b`lbi Nscsir mc Fcstl` mc Zntrlai`li Bukturnk, Fun l`trprctc,

Fun nbiapnn`tc, Fun cspcblnklznmi (N@CBN, 4::4, >>>->>4) y bi` as prcblsl` sc

mctnkknri` kis pucstis mc ]b`lbi nscsir mc fcstl` mck pntrlai`li bukturnk, Gcec

mc ucvis primubtis y Fun l`trprctc.

Kn elfurn mck Fun cs ck capkci quc mc eiran as rcltcrntlvn sc nsibln bi` ck ]urlsai

Bukturnk. C` kns prlacrns rcu`li`cs sidrc ]urlsai Bukturnk sc prcsc`tnri` vnrlis n`klsls

sidrc kis Funs mc ]urlsai (Nkts, 4::>).

Kis Kldris Dkn`bis mc kn N@CBN eucri` u`n cxbckc`tc euc`tc. C` rcknbl` n kis pcrelkcs

mc mcan`mn mc capkci, kis cstumlis prcvlis rcnklznmis bi` ibnsl` mc kn lapkn`tn-

bl` mc kis Frnmis mc Hlstirln y mc Hlstirln mck Nrtc sidrc kn capkcndlklmnm mc sus

cfrcsnmis aucstrn` u` kufnr prcecrc`tc pnrn kn Fcstl` y kn Mleusl`. Ns kn Fcstl`

mck Zntrlai`li ibupn u` bunrti kufnr mctrs mc kn c`scn`zn, kn nrqucikifn y kn

l`vcstlfnbl`, titnklzn`mi u` 4% (N@CBN, 4::=), mctrs mc kn L`vcstlfnbl`-C`scn`zn (45%) y mc kn Bi`scrvn-bl` (43%). Cstc ktlai mnti cs cspcblnkac`tc rckcvn`tc yn quc kn mleusl` (ck ]urlsai

Bukturnk), nu`quc c` tcrbcr kufnr, kkcfn n ibupnr bnsl u` tcrbli mck pirbc`tngc mc kis

cfrcsnmis mc Hlstirln mck Nrtc.

Rl` cadnrfi, pnrn kns caprcsns, c` u` cstumli sidrc kis ]iur Ipcrnmircs y Nfc`blns mc

Ulngcs mc ]urlsai Bukturnk, sc mcstnbn kn csbnscz mc priecsli`nkcs y mc caprcsns cspc-

blnklznmns c` ]urlsai Bukturnk pnrn kns cstrubturns rcbcptlvns mc l`tcrlir (Cstumli, 4::3).

Zir pnrtc mc kis auscis cs mi`mc

yn mlspi`cais mc nkfuìs cstumlis

prcvlis sidrc pcrelkcs priecsli`nkcs

as ngustnmis y mi`mc pimcais

hnkknr n`tcbcmc`tcs auy sklmis

pnrn ucstri trndngi. Bièlfurn` u`

u`lvcrsi mc n`klsls bcrrnmi pucsti

quc kis auscis hn` bièlfurnmi u`

bucrpi nutìai mcsmc ck

slfki XLX, vl`buknmi bi` ck Zntrlai-

`li, hn` tc`lmi su pripli bucrpi mc


41/138

| 2:).

Cstis mcpnrtnac`tis tlc`c` mctnkknmns sus csbnkns y pucstis. Ns ck Mcpnrtnac`ti

cèibnmi nk Zdklbi cst bi`stltulmi pir ck Mlrcbtir, ck Cmubnmir, ck Lèiranmir, ck

Tcknbli`cs Zdklbns, ck rcspi`sndkc mc Fcstl` mc Anroctl`f, ck Gcec mc vc`tns, ck

Fcstir mck scrvlbli mc vlsltn`tc. Cstc mcpnrtnac`ti cs ùcvnac`tc ck tcrbcr mcpnrtn-

ac`ti, gu`ti bi` ck scbtir mc Bi`scrvnbl`-l`vcstlfnbl`, y kn pnrtc mc Nmal`lstrnbl`

(Rbhknttcr, 4::8). Itris cstumlis biai ck quc sustc`tn kn dnsc mc mntis mck Al`lstcrli

mc Cmubnbl`, Cmubnbl`, Bukturn y Mcpirtc, BukturnDnsc, quc hcais tianmi biai

dnsc mc cstumli, ski sc rcelcrc` n bnrfis y `lvckcs7 Mlrcbtir, Zcrsi`nk cspcblnklznmiy pcrsi`nk nmal`lstrntlvi23.

Tcspcbti n kn eiranbl`, uì mc kis cgcs mc n`klsls y mc rcsuktnmis, kis Zkn`cs mc

Cstumlis, pcsc n tc`cr nkfu`n eiranbl` huan`stlbn (Airrc, 4::5), capcirnri`

bi` kn lapkn`tnbl` mc kis Frnmis. Rus bnrc`blns cst` slc`mi biapc`snmns pir kis

pisfrnmis y astcrcs c` ]urlsai Bukturnk, quc prctc`mc` mnr cstn eiranbl` alxtn

cèibnmn nk ]urlsai Bukturnk25. Zcri pir itrn pnrtc, kis bnadlis c` kn eiranbl` turs-

tlbn biai bi`scbuc`bln mc kn nmnptnbl` nk Cspnbli mc Cmubnbl` Rupcrlir ndrc`

u`n ùcvn pcrspcbtlvn pnrn kis cstumln`tcs pribcmc`tcs mc ]urlsai, gu`ti bi` kns

c`scn`zns huan`stlbns mc as knrfn trnmlbl`, bun`mi kn rcknbl` c`trc `lvck mc

cstumlis y trndngi/pnri cst bknrnac`tc mcaistrnmn.

C` mcel`ltlvn, mc kis n`tcbcmc`tcs tcrlbis y caprlbis mlspi`ldkcs c` rcknbl` nk bnsi

cspnik, pimcais bi`trnstnr quc ì cxlstc u`n nbitnbl` bknrn mck ]urlsai Bukturnk

biai idgcti mc cstumli. Rc n`nklzn ck primubti turstlbi y ck tcrrltirli l`bkusi bi` pcr-

23http7//www.abu.cs/bukturndnsc/bfl/ua9A1/t>>/p>>&I1bukturndnsc&@1&K125Mcstnqucais ck Zisfrnmi c` ]urlsai Bukturnk mc kn S`lvcrslmnm mc Dnrbcki`n, mc kn S`lvcrslmnm mcFlri`n7 http7//fulntltuknbli`cs.bruc.irf/pistfrnmis4:>:/l`mcx.htak


42/138

| =: | Bnptuki 2CK ]STLRAI BSK]STNK BIAI BN]CFITN MC N@KLRLR

elkcs priecsli`nkcs nsiblnmis, pcri sl` u`n nsiblnbl` bknrn nk idgcti ]urlsai Bukturnk.

Zrlan` kis cstumlis bun`tltntlvis y gcrnrqulznmis mi`mc kn cvnkunbl` mc kis cfrcsnmis

cs bknvc. Mcsmc ck pu`ti mc vlstn mck Zntrlai`li kis cèiqucs si` bknrnac`tc eu`bli-

`nkcs y c` csc sc`tlmi cxlstc` pnrnkcklsais bi` ck pkn`tcnalc`ti mc ùcstri cstumli,nu`quc sl` kn npklbnbl` turstlbn.

Cs pir cstns rnzi`cs pir kns quc c` ùcstri trndngi, mcsmc u` pu`ti mc vlstn n`nktl-

bi, ck capkci cacrfc biai ckcac`ti bihcsli`nmir mck ]urlsai Bukturnk bi` ck el`

mc pimcrki bnrnbtcrlznr nmcbunmnac`tc y bi`siklmnrki biai u` idgcti mc cstumli

rnzi`ndkcac`tc nbitnmi.

=. ]c`mc`blns mck ]urlsai Bukturnk c` Cspnn

Kn biapkcgn bi`bcptunklznbl` mck ]urlsai Bukturnk sc rcekcgn, lfunkac`tc, c` kis mntis

bun`tltntlvis mc kis quc mlspi`cais sidrc cstn bntcfirn.

Ns, c` rcknbl` bi` ck ]urlsai

cxtrn`gcri, mlspi`cais mc lèir-

anbl` sidrc kis turlstns cxtrn`gc-

ris quc vlsltn` Cspnn bi` u`naitlvnbl` bukturnk. Rcf` ck L`s-

tltuti mc Cstumlis ]urstlbis, c`

4:>>, 35,6 alkki`cs mc turlstns

cxtrn`gcris vlsltnri` Cspnn, u`

6,5% as quc c` 4:>:26. Rndcais

quc mc cstis, 6%

sidrc ck titnk mc kis turlstns rcbldlmis. Kn tnsn mc vnrlnbl` rcspcbti n 4:>: euc mck45%, auy supcrlir nk nuac`ti c` ck àcri titnk mc turlstns quc, biai hcais vlsti

euc mck 6,5%. Mc hcbhi, ck àcri mc vlngcris pir aitlvis bukturnkcs hn vc`lmi brc-

blc`mi c` kis ktlais nis, cxbcpti c` 4::> hn nuac`tnmi u` ,=%. Nmcas, biìbcais ck

pcrelk mck turlstn acmli quc birrcspi`mc n u` hiadrc, pribcmc`tc mc Ern`bln, bi`

26L`stltuti mc ]urlsai mc Cspnn. ]urlsai Bukturnk mc ]urlstns cxtrn`gcris ni 4:>>, ibtudrc 4:>4 (Ckni 4:>4 tcral`n bi` u` l`brcac`ti mck 4,6% c` ck acri mc vlsltn`tcs7 http7//www.lct.tiurspnl`.cs/

cs-CR/cstnmlstlbns/eri`tur/ac`sunkcs/@itn%4:mc%4:biyu`turn%4:mc%4:Eri`tur.%4:Mlblcadrc%4:

4:>4.pme, mnti rcbl` pudklbnmi).


43/138

| => |]urlsai bukturnk.ZN]TLAI@LI, ASRCIR \ CAZKCNDLKLMNM

cmnm biaprc`mlmn c`trc kis 43 y == nis, quc vlngn sl` pnquctc turstlbi y quc vlsltn

Bntnkun28.

Rl` cadnrfi, cxlstc itrn vnrlndkc auy rckcvn`tc quc cs kn quc hnbc rcecrc`bln n kn rcn-klznbl` mc nbtlvlmnmcs bukturnkcs. C` cstc bnsi, 4> nkf` tlpi mc nbtlvlmnm bukturnk, cs mcblr u` 34% mc kis turlstns y u` 5>,6% mck titnk

mc kis turlstns quc vlngnri` pir ibli, rcbrci y vnbnbli`cs. Zir nbtlvlmnmcs bukturnkcs sc

c`tlc`mc vlsltns n auscis, pucdkis, aiùac`tis, ecstlvnkcs mc aslbn, pcrn, tcntri

y itrns nbtlvlmnmcs bukturnkcs. C` cstc bnsi, ck l`brcac`ti, c` ck pcrlimi 4::3-4:>>

cs cqulvnkc`tc nk l`brcac`ti mck àcri mc turlstns. Rc hn mcel`lmi u` pcrelk tnadl`

pnrn cstis vlngcris. Birrcspi`mc n u`n augcr, drlt`lbn, quc vlc`c c` nvl`, bi` cmnm

biaprc`mlmn c`trc kis 43 y == nis, y csbifc Bntnkun biai mcstlì.

Nu`quc sc mlspi`c mc as mntis sidrc acmli mc trn`spirtc hndltunk y irfn`lznbl`

mck vlngc, ck mnti as rckcvn`tc cs ck fnsti rcecrlmi n cstns mis vnrlndkcs. Znrn kis vlngcs

pir aitlvnbl` bukturnk bi` trn`spirtc l`bkulmi, ck fnsti titnk euc mc 8.3:: alkki`cs

c` ck 4:>>, cs mcblr u` >5,>% mck fnsti titnk. C`trc ck 4::3-4:>> ck l`brcac`ti c` fnsti

c` vlngcs bukturnkcs hn slmi mck >=3% erc`tc n u` nuac`ti mck > nsbc`ml n curis, u` 35,=% as nkti quc c` ck rcsti mc kis vlngcs. Rl` cadnrfi, c` cstis vlngcs

kn cstn`bln acmln cs lècrlir2: mns y bi` u` fnsti acmli mc =88 curis.

Nk anrfc` mc kn lèiranbl` cspcbelbn sidrc ck fnsti turstlbi y vlngcris, mc cstn

prcsc`tnbl` mc mntis sc mcrlvn u`n bknrn mlecrc`blnbl` c`trc mis tlpis mc turlstns7

28Ern`bln, Nkcan`ln y Tusln si` kis pnscs calsircs quc as hn` brcblmi fkidnkac`tc c` ]urlsai

cxtrn`gcri y Bntnkun ck mcstlì quc as hn brcblmi7 http7//www.lct.tiurspnl`.cs/cs-CR/cstnmlstlbns/

eri`tur/ac`sunkcs/@itn%4:mc%4:biyu`turn%4:mc%4:Eri`tur.%4:Mlblcadrc%4:4:>4.pme

2>


44/138

| =4 | Bnptuki 2CK ]STLRAI BSK]STNK BIAI BN]CFITN MC N@KLRLR

kis turlstns bukturnkcs bun`mi kn bukturn cs su aitlvnbl` dslbn y kis turlstns quc

ibnsli`nkac`tc pucmc` bi`sualr bukturn. Cstis mis tlpis mc turlstns, bi` mlecrc`blns

bunkltntlvns, nmcas mc bun`tltntlvns, pucmc` scr kn dnsc mc mlecrc`tcs cstrntcflns

turstlbns c` kis mcstlìs.

Mcsmc ck pu`ti mc vlstn mc kis mcstlìs turstlbis, mcstnbn` Anmrlm mi`mc u` 23,3% mc

kis turlstns vl`lcri` pir aitlvis bukturnkcs, mcspus Bntnkun bi` u` 22,4%, N`mnkubn

u` >5,=% y kn Biau`lmnm Unkc`bln`n bi` u` >>,2%, c` 4:>>. Kis mntis pudklbnmis mck 4:>4

bièlran` kn eirtnkczn mc Bntnkun pcri tcstlai`ln` u` mcsbc`si mc Anmrlm y N`mnkubn=:.

C` bun`ti nk ]urlsai `nbli`nk, sc pcrelkn` kns alsans biau`lmnmcs nutìans, nu`-

quc sc l`birpirn Bnstlkkn y Kc`. Bntnkun, N`mnkubn, Bnstlkkn y Kc` y Anmrlm qucmn`

pislbli`nmns biai kns prl`blpnkcs rcbcptirns mc vlngcs pir aitlvis bukturnkcs mc kisrcslmc`tcs c` Cspnn (LC], Enalkltur, 4:>: y 4:>>). Cs tn`ti as rckcvn`tc bun`ti ck

titnk mc vlngcs mcsblc`mc c` Anmrlm y Bnstlkkn y Kc` c` csis nis, alc`trns quc kis

aitlvis bukturnkcs sc an`tlc`c`.

C` ki quc rcspcbtn nk ]urlsai `nbli`nk, sc an`tlc`c kn alsan mlecrc`blnbl` c`trc

vlngcs pir aitlvnbli`cs bukturnkcs y vlngcs mi`mc sc rcnklzn` nbtlvlmnmcs bukturnkcs.

C` 4:>>, ck àcri mc vlngcs pir aitlvnbli`cs bukturnkcs brcbl mc 8.>28.225 c` 4:>:

n 8.35:.448. (vcr tndkn >).

]NDKN >

Ulngcs mc rcslmc`tcs c` Cspnn

]itnk mc vlngcs pir ibli, rcbrci i

vnbnbli`cs

]itnk mc vlngcs pir aitlvnbli`cs

bukturnkcs

4:>: 4:>> 4:>: 4:>>

N`mnkubn >2.255.6>> >=.28:.3=< >.323.822 >.563.:>4

Bnstlkkn y Kc` .::8 83:.22=

Bntnkun >2.2.:62 >=.3:6.446 85>.52: >.::>.>>68 2.246.3=5 658.3:< 6=:.235 64.pme


45/138

| =2 |]urlsai bukturnk.ZN]TLAI@LI, ASRCIR \ CAZKCNDLKLMNM

Kis mntis mc ]urlsai Bukturnk si` rcl`tcrprctnmis trn`svcrsnkac`tc pir ck Al`lstcrli

mc Cmubnbl`, Bukturn y Mcpirtc, quc hn brcnmi u`n bntcfirn kknanmi ]urlsai Buk-

turnk y kis l`tcfrn c` su Dnsc mc mntis mc BukturnDnsc. C` ckkn hny mlspi`ldkcs mntis

sidrc ]urlsai Bukturnk mcsmc kn pcrspcbtlvn siblimcaifrelbn mc kis vlngcris, y mntisscbu`mnrlis rcecrlmis nk àcri mc vlngcs y nk fnsti nsiblnmi, mcklaltnbli`cs c`trc

]urlsai nbli`nk c l`tcr`nbli`nk, sidrc kis nkignalc`tis y kns eirans mck vlngc=>.

BukturnDnsc pi`c mc an`lelcsti quc c` mlblcadrc mc 4:>>, kis vlngcs bukturnkcs rcprc-

sc`tnri` u`n pnrtc rckcvn`tc mck titnk mc vlngcs7 N`mnkubn (>6,4%), Bntnkun (>4,6%),

Bnstlkkn y Kc` (%) y kn Biau`lmnm mc Anmrlm (8,6%). C` pirbc`tngc mc fnsti, c`

rcknbl` bi` ck fnsti titnk c` vlngcs, kn Biau`lmnm mc Anmrlm sc sltn c` prlacr kufnr

bi` u` >4,8%, erc`tc n u`n acmln c`trc ck < y ck >:% mc kns itrns 2 biau`lmnmcs (Buk-

turnDnsc).

Mc cstis mntis sc mcmubc kn biapkcglmnm mck ]urlsai Bukturnk c` su bun`tlelbnbl`

biai bi`scbuc`bln mc su mcklaltnbl`, cspcblnkac`tc c` kn aitlvnbl` mc kis vlsltn`-

tcs, hcbhi quc sc hn rcsuckti bi` kn brcnbl` mc mis bntcfirns, kn aitlvnbl` bukturnk

y kn prbtlbn mc nbtlvlmnmcs.

Ns pucs, sc tcstlai`ln` uìs mcstlìs bukturnkcs, nu`quc mlecrc`tcs scf` hndkcais

mc ]urlsai l`tcr`nbli`nk i miastlbi y, pir itrn pnrtc, kn tc`mc`bln nk brcblalc`ti

mc nquckkis mcstlìs mcpc`mlc`tcs mck ]urlsai cxtrn`gcri. C` sc`tlmi bi`trnrli, scmctcbtn u`n brlsls mc kis mcstlìs mcpc`mlc`tcs mck ]urlsai `nbli`nk, kis mc l`tcrlir,

nu`quc hndkcais mc u` turlstn bukturnk, pir ki fc`crnk, fc`crnmir mc as fnsti.

Ns ck vlngcri quc vlngn l`mlvlmunkac`tc cs u` frn` ntrnbtlvi pnrn kis mcstlìs pir kn

lapirtn`bln mck fnsti mlnrli, pcsc n kn murnbl` as birtn mc kns cstn`blns. C` bna-

dli, ck turlstn quc prbtlbn nbtlvlmnmcs bukturnkcs, as nustcri c` tralìs mc fnsti,

pcran`cbc as tlcapi y cs aubhi as ùacrisi.

]n`ti u`n mc kns eirans mc ]urlsai Bukturnk biai kn itrn pucmc` vcrtcdrnr ùcstri

trndngi c` bun`ti n kn rckcvn`bln cbiàlbn mc cstn eiran mc ]urlsai y su rc`tndlkl-

mnm, pcri mcel`c` mlstl`tns nbtunbli`cs.

=>http7//www.abu.cs/bukturndnsc/pme/actimikifln]6Z6.pme


46/138


47/138

= KN ITFN@LWNBL@MCK ]STLRAI BSK]STNK


48/138

| =5 | Bnptuki =KN ITFN@LWNBL@ MCK ]STLRAI BSK]STNK

Ck ]urlsai Bukturnk hn mnmi kufnr n u`n auy knrfn trnmlbl` tcrlbn, tn`ti pir su mcel`l-

bl` biai pir su bi`bcpti, n`klsls y cèiqucs. Rl` cadnrfi, sc trntn mc u` bi`bcpti

auy piklmrlbi, l`bkusi pnrn kis cxpcrtis quc pnrtlblpnri` c` kis frupis mc mlsbusl`

y c` kns c`trcvlstns, timis ckkis priecsli`nkcs mc cstc scbtir. Rc hn biapridnmi qucì cxlstc u`n u`n`lalmnm mc brltcrlis n kn hirn mc mctcral`nr ck slf`lelbnmi mck ]urls-

ai Bukturnk slì quc su mcel`lbl` sc pimn ndirmnr mcsmc mlecrc`tcs pcrspcbtlvns.

Rc npirtnri` mlvcrsns mcel`lbli`cs. Znrn nkfuìs cxpcrtis ck ]urlsai Bukturnk sc pkn`-

tcndn biai u`n nktcr`ntlvn nk Rik y Zknyn, cs mcblr, rcbirmn`mi su udlbnbl` mc`tri

mc kis aivlalc`tis turstlbis nktcr`ntlvis, pnrn rplmnac`tc l`trimublr y nsiblnr kn

pnkndrn Bukturn, quc cstnr auy klfnmn nk au`mi mc kns nrtcs y tnadl` n kn lmcn fkidnk

mc bukturn y mlserutc7

Cs nquckki quc tlc`c u` antlz nrtstlbi, auslbnk rcknbli`nmi bi` nrtcs, bi` blc`-

blns, bi` csi cs ck ]urlsai Bukturnk u`n nktcr`ntlvn nk Rik y Zknyn i n kn ai`tnn

(Nfc`bln mc Ulngcs)

]urlsai buyi idgctlvi eu`mnac`tnk cs vcr i mlserutnr mc kn Bukturn, kn Bukturn c`tc`-

mlmn c` u` sc`tlmi auy napkli mcsmc vlsltns n pnrngcs i c`tirìs hlstrlbis i qul`

vn n u` ecstlvnk mc tcntri, u` bl`c vlsltns fnstriàlbns timi cs Bukturn (Nmal-

`lstrnbl` Bc`trnk, rcn mc Auscis)

C` csc sc`tlmi, kis pnrtlblpn`tcs hn` rcburrlmi ercbuc`tcac`tc n cùacrnr kis ntrnb-

tlvis quc bièiran` kn dnsc mc kn iecrtn mc cstc scfac`ti turstlbi pnrn mcel`lr ck

]urlsai Bukturnk. Ns hndkndn` mc bukturn c` ck sc`tlmi napkli, primubbl` nrtstlbn,

l`mustrlns bukturnkcs, pnrngcs hlstrlbis, pntrlai`li, tcntri, pcri tnadl` hnbn` rcec-

rc`blns nk pntrlai`li y, ndnrbndn`, i ski cspcbtbukis y cxpcrlc`blns slì timns kns

tlpikifns mc pntrlai`li, tn`ti antcrlnk i làntcrlnk, biai bukturnk y `nturnk, pucsti

quc irfn`lsais l`tcr`nbli`nkcs biai kn S@CRBI l`bkuyc` c` su klstnmi Rltlis @ntu-

rnkcs. Kis pnrtlblpn`tcs l`slstc` mc eiran rcltcrntlvn c` nquckkis ntrnbtlvis y dlc`cs

pntrlai`lnkcs alìrltnrlis u ikvlmnmis7

Bi`slmcrnr ck ]urlsai Bukturnk ì ski biai pntrlai`li tn`fldkc slì tnadl`

l`tn`fldkc y csn mcel`lbl` ì hn bnmi c` kn ac`tc mc timis kis pkn`lelbnmircs

(Nmal`lstrnbl` Bc`trnk, rcn mc ]urlsai)

]imi ck pntrlai`li scf` kn S@CRBI mc`tri mc kn klstn mc pntrlai`lis au`mlnkcs

c`trn, timi, tn`ti bukturnk biai `nturnk, biai kis Znrqucs `nturnkcs(Nmal`lstrn-

bl` Bc`trnk, rcn mc Bukturn)


49/138

| =6 |]urlsai bukturnk.ZN]TLAI@LI, ASRCIR \ CAZKCNDLKLMNM

Zcri gu`ti bi` cstis ntrnbtlvis, kn pidknbl` rcslmc`tc tnadl` cs bi`slmcrnmn pnrtc

mc kn iecrtn mc kn blumnm. Mc hcbhi, cs u` plknr eu`mnac`tnk mck mcstlì n kn hirn mc

aistrnr u`n lanfc` nandkc y pirquc sus bistuadrcs sc bi`vlcrtc`, n su vcz, c` u`

ntrnbtlvi as. Kis dc`celblis mck ]urlsai tlc`c` quc lr hnbln kn pidknbl` kibnk y hnblnkns bistuadrcs, nut`tlbns an`lecstnbli`cs siblnkcs quc sc bi`vlcrtc` n su vcz c`

ckcac`tis pntrlai`lnkcs.

C` cstc sc`tlmi, sc lmc`tlelbn stc biai u` ]urlsai as rcspctuisi y acìs l`vnslvi

bi` kis rcslmc`tcs quc ck mc Rik y Zknyn, bltnmi ùcvnac`tc c` bi`trnpislbl` nk

]urlsai Bukturnk. Lfunkac`tc, ck ]urlsai Bukturnk sc pislbli`n erc`tc nk Rik y Zknyn,

c` cstc aiac`ti, pir su bnklmnm y su sistc`ldlklmnm pnrn ck mcstlì7

cxpcrlc`bln mck ]urlsai Bukturnk biaprc`mc timis kis nspcbtis mc kn blumnm, kn nbtl-

tum mc kis rcslmc`tcs, cstnmi mc kns lèrncstrubturns (Caprcsn Rcrvlblis ]urstlbis)

hnbc biapntldkc ck ]urlsai anslvi bi` kn pritcbbl` mck pntrlai`li y quc kis

dc`celblis rcvlcrtn` c` kn pripln biau`lmnm(Irfn`lsai L`tcr`nbli`nk, Bukturn)

C` mcel`ltlvn, sc mcel`c ck ]urlsai Bukturnk biai u` aimcki turstlbi mlecrc`tc, as

u`lmi nk bi`bcpti mc sistc`ldlklmnm c` bi`trnpislbl` bi` ck ]urlsai mc Rik y Zknyn,

lmc`tlelbnmi bi` ck ]urlsai mc ansns.

@i idstn`tc, kn sistc`ldlklmnm pucmc lr u`lmn tnadl` n kn rc`tndlklmnm c` kis primubtis

bukturnkcs. Ns, sl dlc` kis cxpcrtis hn` nkumlmi nk ]urlsai biai mlserutc mc kn bukturn,

biai u`n cxpcrlc`bln, pnrtc mc ckkis i ikvlmn` su vcrtlc`tc as klfnmn n kn cbiìan

y n kn siblcmnm mc bi`suai, birrlc`tc quc bi`slmcrn ck ]urlsai Bukturnk biai u`

scbtir cbiàlbi bnpnz mc fc`crnr rlquczn7

rcknbli`nmi bi` timi nquckki quc si` kufnrcs n kis quc sc nbumc bi` u` idgctlviprlirltnrli mc bi`sualr Bukturn i nu`quc i scn su idgctlvi prlirltnrli sc bi`suac

Bukturn(S`lvcrslmnm, rcn mc ]urlsai)

ì hny quc ikvlmnr quc ck ]urlsai cs u` scbtir cbiàlbi kucfi kns aitlvnbli`cs

pucmc` scr aktlpkcs(Fun turstlbi)

Ns pucs, trns ck ]urlsai Bukturnk, kis cxpcrtis pnrtlblpn`tcs mcstnbn` kis slfulc`tcs

tralìs y bi`bcptis bknvc7 timn eiran mc Bukturn, rlquczn y vnrlcmnm mc ntrnbtlvis buk-

turnkcs, pidknbl` kibnk, sistc`ldlklmnm, bi`suai mc Bukturn, cxpcrlc`bln mc kn Bukturn.


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| =8 | Bnptuki =KN ITFN@LWNBL@ MCK ]STLRAI BSK]STNK

Kn ipl`l` mc kis cxpcrtis cs bnsl

u``lac rcspcbti n kn cvikubl` mck

]urlsai Bukturnk. C` su frn` anyi-

rn ipl`n` quc, c` kis ktlais nis,su mcsnrrikki hn slmi auy pisltlvi,

sidrc timi mcsmc ck pu`ti mc vlstn

cbiàlbi, bun`mi kn mcan`mn

nuac`t, bnadli quc sltn` c` ck

irlfc` mc su mcsnrrikki. Kn pucstn

c` vnkir mck ]urlsai Bukturnk hn

tc`lmi u` lapirtn`tc mcsnrrikki c`

kis ktlais >3 nis y nbtunkac`tc

cs u` primubti bnri, cspcblnkac`tc ck ]urlsai rcknbli`nmi bi` ck nrtc. ]nadl` scmcstnbn ck bnadli c` ck `lvck mc prcpnrnbl` mc kis turlstns y kn bi`slfulc`tc nmnptn-

bl` pir pnrtc mc kis priecsli`nkcs.

Tcspcbti n kn biyu`turn mck ]urlsai Bukturnk c` kn nbtunklmnm, hn hndlmi acìs u`n-

`lalmnm, nprcbl`misc mlecrc`tcs pu`tis mc vlstn scf` sc privc`fn mck scbtir mc

kn bukturn i mck scbtir mck ]urlsai. C` cstc sc`tlmi, hny quc mcstnbnr quc nquckkis

cxpcrtis pcrtc`cblc tcs nk scbtir mc kn bukturn (auscis) hn` l`slstlmi c` kn brcblc`tc

prcmlkcbbl` quc cxlstc c` kis auscis mc tltuknrlmnm cstntnk pir ck ]urlsai y kis vlsl-

tn`tcs. Rcnkn` quc sc bnrcbc mc cstumlis cspcbelbis sidrc ckki pcri hn` aistrnmiaubhi l`tcrs c` su rcnklznbl`, tn`ti sidrc ck ]urlsai y kis auscis, biai sidrc ck

lapnbti mck ]urlsai c` kis auscis7

sc hn lmc`tlelbnmi quc hny turlstns () as i acìs sc cstlan quc hny u` 2: i =:%

mc turlstns cxtrn`gcris quc vn` n auscis () c` ck ausci mc Arlmn i mc Nktnalrn

cstc pirbc`tngc nuac`tn ìtndkcac`tc(Nmal`lstrnbl` Bc`trnk, rcn mc Auscis)

C` ùcstris auscis ì hny mntis cspcbelbis sidrc ck lapnbti mck ]urlsai c` ckcapkci(Nmal`lstrnbl` Bc`trnk, rcn mc Auscis)

Cstn nelranbl` bil`blmc bi` kn rcekcxl` hcbhn mcsmc kn nmal`lstrnbl` turstlbn qulc`

mcstnbn quc sc hn cxpcrlac`tnmi u` bnadli mc ac`tnklmnm c` bun`ti nk bi`bcpti

mck ]urlsai pir pnrtc mck scbtir mc kn bukturn. \n i sc rcknbli`n tn`ti nk ]urlsai bi`

u`n nac`nzn slì biai u`n ipirtu`lmnm mc mcsnrrikknr ck scbtir bukturnk7

hny biai u` bnadli mc ac`tnklmnm mc Bukturn hnbn ki turstlbi pirquc rcnkac`tc scbi`slmcrndn ck ]urlsai biai mcprcmnmir(Nmal`lstrnbl` Bc`trnk, rcn mc ]urlsai)


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| =. Ck ausci biai Ntrnbtlvi ]urstlbi BukturnkKis auscis y bikcbbli`cs auscifrelbns vn` n npirtnr ck biìblalc`ti mc kn irfn-

`lznbl` mc cstc tlpi mc ntrnbtlvi bukturnk turstlbi, su tlpikifn c` rcknbl` bi` su

mlstrldubl` fcifrelbn pir biau`lmnmcs nutìans y pir mcstlìs turstlbis, y kn

scfac`tnbl` pir vlsltn`tcs rckcvn`tcs pir su slf`lelbnmi turstlbi. Zir itrn pnrtc,

tnadl` mctcral`nrcais kis pnractris mc fcstl` turstlbn mc cstis ntrnbtlvis, tn`ti

l`tcrìs biai cxtcrìs, kis mcpnrtnac`tis i su vl`buknbl` bi` kns mcbknrnbli`cs mc

Dlc`cs Zntrlai`li mc kn Huan`lmnm pir kn S@CRBI. Mc cstc biìblalc`ti l`tcrì sc

hn` lmc`tlelbnmi timns kns rcmcs, nbbli`cs y pislbli`nalc`ti quc bièlfurn` ck ]urlsai

Bukturnk biai bntcfirn mc n`klsls ns biai kns cstrntcflns mc acgirn.

]NDKN 4

]lpikifn mc auscis c`bucstnmis, c` pirbc`tngc

]lpikifn mc ausci %

Nrqucikflbi 42,2

Nrtc Bi`tcapir`ci 8,2

Nrtcs Mcbirntlvns 4,8

Dckkns Nrtcs :,:

Ctìfrnen y N`tripikifn >4,4

Fc`crnk 3,5

Hlstirln 8,4.


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| 3: | Bnptuki =KN ITFN@LWNBL@ MCK ]STLRAI BSK]STNK

C` prlacr kufnr, hcais bnrnbtcrlznmi kn aucstrn mc auscis c`bucstnmn pir su tlpi-

kifn (tndkn 4). Znrn mcel`lr mlbhn tlpikifn sc hn utlklznmi kn Dnsc mc Mntis mc kis

Auscis y Bikcbbli`cs Auscifrelbns mc Cspnn, quc sc nbtunklzn bnmn mis nis pir

ck Al`lstcrli mc Cmubnbl`, Bukturn y Mcpirtc. Kis auscis quc as prcsc`bln tlc`c`si` kis auscis Nrqucikflbis, bi` u` 42%, scfulmis mc kis auscis Ctìfrelbis y

N`tripikflbis (>4%), kis Cspcblnklznmis (>:%), kis mc Dckkns Nrtcs y kis mc Hlstirln

(4%), Biau`lmnm Unkc`bln`n

(>4%), Bntnkun (>:%) y Bnstlkkn y Kc` (>:%). Bndc mcstnbnr kn nktn pnrtlblpnbl` mc

kis auscis fnkkcfis quc rcprcsc`tn` bnsl ck >>% mc kn aucstrn idtc`lmn. Anmrlm, bi` u`

6% rcspcbti nk titnk mc rcspucstns, sc c`buc`trn c` u` scxti kufnr. Kns = biau`lmnmcs

nutìans as vl`buknmns bi` ck ]urlsai Bukturnk, Bntnkun, N`mnkubn, Bnstlkkn y Kc`

y Anmrlm, sc c`buc`trn` c`trc kns 5 biau`lmnmcs bi` as prcsc`bln c` ck bi`gu`ti

mc rcspucstns idtc`lmns.

Cstn mlstrldubl` mc rcspucstns bil`blmc, c` fc`crnk, bi` kn prcsc`bln mc u` anyir

àcri mc auscis c` nkfu`ns Biau`lmnmcs Nutìans. Ns kn Biau`lmnm Unkc`bln

nbuaukn as mc u` >2% mc kis auscis `nbli`nkcs, N`mnkubn u` >4%, Bnstlkkn y Kc`

bnsl u` >2%, Anmrlm u` 8% y Bntnkun as mc u` 6%.

=4Cstn mlstrldubl` pirbc`tunk mc rcspucstns i rcprimubc cxnbtnac`tc ck u`lvcrsi mc auscis cxls-tc`tc c` Cspnn c` tralìs mc su tlpikifn. Mc hcbhi, c` ùcstri, pns kis auscis nrqucikflbis

rcprcsc`tn` u` >4% mck titnk? kis Ctìfrelbis y N`tripikflbis u` >6%? kis Cspcblnklznmis u` >:%, kis

mc Dckkns Nrtcs u` >3%? kis auscis mc Hlstirln u` 6% y kis mc Nrtc Bi`tcapir`ci u` 8: bucstli`nrlis

buapklac`tnmis birrcbtnac`tc, mctcral`nmis auscis l`vltnmis eirankac`tc n pnrtlblpnr c` ck cstu-

mli, el`nkac`tc ì ki hn` hcbhi. Kn sidrcrcprcsc`tnbl` el`nk mc mctcral`nmns tlpikifns mc auscis

sc mcrlvn mc u` anyir l`tcrs mc kis alsais pir pnrtlblpnr c` u` cstumli sidrc ]urlsai Bukturnk, yn

scn pirquc sc bi`slmcrn quc ck ausci pnrtlblpn`tc yn cst pislbli`nmi biai u` ntrnbtlvi i pirquc

sc pcrbldc biai u`n ipirtu`lmnm mc acgirn cstrntflbn.


53/138


Mlecrc`tc cs ck bnsi mc Fnklbln quc, bi` npc`ns ck 3% mc kis auscis, hn fc`crnmi as

mck >:% mc kns rcspucstns, aistrn`mi u` frn` l`tcrs y ml`nalsai hnbln ck ]urlsai

Bukturnk. Bnstlkkn Kn An`bhn prcsc`tn kn sltunbl` bi`trnrln, auy pibis bucstli`nrlis

buapklac`tnmis c` rcknbl` bi` ck àcri mc auscis bi` kis quc buc`tn. C` ck als-ai sc`tlmi, @nvnrrn, Aurbln, Nsturlns y Nrnf` nbuaukn`, rcspcbtlvnac`tc, ck = y ck

5% mck titnk mc rcspucstns supcrn`mi ck pcsi rckntlvi quc sus auscis rcprcsc`tn`

c` rcknbl` nk rcsti mc Cspnn.

]NDKN 2

Mlstrldubl` fcifrelbn mc kis auscis c`bucstnmis, c` pirbc`tngc

Biau`lmnm Nutìan %

N`mnkubn >>,6

Nrnf` 3,5

Nsturlns =,=

Dnkcnrcs 4,4

Bn`nrlns 4,4

Bn`tndrln >,6

Bnstlkkn y Kc` :,:

Biau`lmnm Unkc`bln`n >>,6

Cxtrcanmurn 2,2

Fnklbln >:,5

Biau`lmnm mc Anmrlm 6,4

Aurbln 5,6

@nvnrrn ,5

Zns Unsbi 3,:

Kn Tlign >,6

Acklkkn ,5

Euc`tc7 C bucstn CIL. Zntrlai`li, Auscis y Capkcndlklmnm, 4:>4.

Itri mc kis brltcrlis as rckcvn`tcs n kn hirn mc cvnkunr kis auscis biai ntrnbtlvi

turstlbi tlc`c quc vcr bi` ck àcri mc vlsltn`tcs. Ns, ck frelbi 3 sc rcelcrc prc-

blsnac`tc nk àcri mc kis vlsltn`tcs quc nùnkac`tc rcbldc` kis auscis. Hcaisbntcfirlznmi ck àcri mc vlsltn`tcs c` trcs scfac`tis quc birrcspi`mc` n trcs


54/138

| 34 | Bnptuki =KN ITFN@LWNBL@ MCK ]STLRAI BSK]STNK

bntcfirns dlc` mlecrc`blnmns7 kis auscis quc rcbldc` ac`is mc 3:.::: vlsltn`tcs

n`unkcs? kis auscis quc rcbldc` c`trc 3:.::: y 3::.:::, y nquckkis frn`mcs auscis

n kis quc nbumc` as mc 3::.::: bnmn ni. Kis mntis rcbiflmis rcspcbti nk acri

mc vlsltn`tcs l`mlbn` quc as mc mis tcrblis mc kis auscis cstumlnmis (5


55/138


udlbnmis c` kns blumnmcs, rcknbli`nmis bi` eirans auy bi`brctns mc ]urlsai, biai

ck ]urlsai Srdnì.

FTELBI 5

Zcrelk mc kis vlsltn`tcs, c` pirbc`tngc

Anyirltnrlnac`tc rcslmc`tc (43,5%)

Lfunk pripirbl` mc rcslmc`tcs

y ì rcslmc`tcs (=,=%)

Anyirltnrlnac`tc i rcslmc`tcs (53%)

@s/@b (3%)

=,=%

3%

53%

43,5%


Zir itrn pnrtc, ck pcrelk mc cstis vlsltn`tcs cst mctnkknmi c` ck frelbi 5. Hnbcais rcec-

rc`bln n timis kis vlsltn`tcs, mlecrc`bln`mi c`trc kis quc si` rcslmc`tcs mc kn kibnklmnm

y kis quc i, slc`mi cstis ktlais kis quc pimcais lmc`tlelbnr biai anyirltnrlnac`tc

turlstns y/i cxbursli`lstns. Ck n`klsls mc kis bucstli`nrlis buapklac`tnmis hn mnmi

biai rcsuktnmi quc c` ck 53% mc kis auscis, kis vlsltn`tcs si` anyirltnrlnac`tc

ì rcslmc`tcs, alc`trns quc bnsl c` ck 45% mc ckkis, kis rcslmc`tcs si` kis vlsltn`tcs

anyirltnrlis. C` cstc frelbi sc mcel`c` kis pirbc`tngcs mc auscis mi`mc si` anyi-

rn u`n u itrn tlpikifn mc vlsltn`tcs. C` ckkn sc rcekcgn tnadl` quc c` u` pirbc`tngc

pcquci mck =%, kis auscis rcbldc`, nprixlanmnac`tc c` lfunk pripirbl`, tn`tisrcslmc`tcs biai ì rcslmc`tcs.

Kn tndkn = mctnkkn kn mlstrldubl` mc kis vlsltn`tcs, slfulc`mi kn tlpikifn capkcnmn c` kn

tndkn 4 y quc sc birrcspi`mc bi` kn bknslelbnbl` mc kn Dnsc mc Mntis mc BukturnDnsc

mck Al`lstcrli mc Cmubnbl`, Bukturn, Mcpirtcs.

Rc pucmc idscrvnr quc cxlstc u` frupi mc auscis eiranmis pir kis auscis mc Ctì-

frnen y N`tripikifn? Blc`bln y ]cbìkifn, Bnsn-ausci, buyn anyirn (8:-


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| 3= | Bnptuki =KN ITFN@LWNBL@ MCK ]STLRAI BSK]STNK

Itri frupi rckcvn`tc cstnrn bi`stltulmi pir nquckkis auscis biai kis auscis

Nrqucikflbis, mc Nrtcs Mcbirntlvns, Cspcblnklznmis, mc Hlstirln, y Itris. Cstis auscis

prcsc`tn` u`n bnrnbtcrlznbl` as hctcrif`cn. Cxlstlr` c` pcqucns kibnklmnmcs,

vlsltnmis pir acìs mc 3:.::: vlsltn`tcs (c`trc ck 5: y ck 63% mc kis auscis c`bucstn-mis) pcri tnadl` hndr auscis mc tnani acmlnì (c`trc 43-=:%) nk quc nbbcmcr

ck scfac`ti mc pdklbi biaprc`mlmi c`trc kis 3:.::: y 3::.::: vlsltn`tcs.

]NDKN =

]lpikifn mc auscis mlstrldulmis pir ck àcri mc vlsltn`tcs nùnkcs,c` pirbc`tngc

Ulsltn`tcs nùnkcs

]lpi mc ausci ;3:.::: 3:.:::-3::.::: 03::.:::

Nrqucikflbi 53,< 2=,> ,:

Nrtc Bi`tcapir`ci 5:,: 45,6 >2,2

Nrtcs Mcbirntlvns 5:,: =:,: ,:

Dckkns Nrtcs =>,4 34,< 3,5,6 ,:

Blc`blns y ]cbìkifn 82,2 >5,6 ,:

Blc`blns @nturnkcs c Hlstirln @nturnk 3:,: 3:,: ,:

Cspcblnklznmi 5>,> 22,2 3,5

Ctìfrnen y N`tripikifn 5,6 8,2

Euc`tc7 C`bucstn CIL. Zntrlai li, Auscis y Capkcndlklmnm, 4:>4.

Cspcblnkac`tc slf`lelbntlvi cs ki quc kn tndkn = mctnkkn rcecrc`tc n kis auscis mc

Nrtc Bi`tcapir`ci. Rl dlc` rc`c` kns bnrnbtcrstlbns mck frupi n`tcrlir auscis

pcqucis y acmlnìs tnadl` c`bi`trnais ck scfac`ti mc as mc 3::.::: vlsl-

tn`tcs, birrcspi`mlc`tc n kis frn`mcs auscis mc Nrtc Bi`tcapir`ci sltunmis c`

kns frn`mcs blumnmcs. Zir ckki, sc mlstrlduyc` c`trc kis trcs scfac`tis y ndnrbn` timi

ck ndn`lbi auscstlbi.

S` bnsi mlecrc`tc cs ck mc kis auscis mc Dckkns Nrtcs. Ck scfac`ti mc ausci acmlnì,

c`trc 3:.::: y 3::.::: vlsltn`tcs, cs ck quc hn mnmi kufnr n u` anyir àcri mc

rcspucstns (as mc u` 34%), hnblc`mi mc cstn tlpikifn u`n bntcfirn auy cspcb-


57/138


elbn, quc pimcais rcknbli`nr bi` ck c`trnanmi urdnì mc tnani acmli, y mc frn`

lapirtn`bln pnrn ucstri n`klsls mck ]urlsai Bukturnk. Cstc tlpi mc auscis, biai kis

auscis mc Nrtc Bi`tcapir`ci, pucmc` biaprc`mcr timi ck cspcbtri mc auscis,

mcsmc kis pcqucis hnstn kis quc rcbldc` u` acri nùnk mc vlsltn`tcs supcrlir n kis3::.:::. Mc hcbhi, ski c`bi`trnais c` cstn tndkn = bi`tnmns bntcfirns mc auscis

quc hnyn` nbiflmi n as mc 3::.::: vlsltn`tcs7 auscis mc Nrtc Bi`tcapir`ci,

auscis mc Dckkns Nrtcs, ausci Cspcblnklznmi y Itris.

Zir ktlai, kis auscis mc Blc`blns @nturnkcs c Hlstirln @nturnk i si` auy uacrisis

pcri tnadl` sc rcpnrtc` cqultntlvnac`tc c`trc kis auscis pcqucis y kis acmlnìs.

]NDKN 3

Zcrelk mck vlsltn`tc mc kis auscis mlstrldulmis pir su ck àcri mc vlsltn`tcs

nùnkcs, c` pirbc`tngc

Ulsltn`tcs nùnkcs

Zcrelk mck vlsltn`tc ;3:.::: 3:.:::-3::.::: 03::.::: ]itnk

Anyirltnrlnac`tc rcslmc`tc 5::,:

43,8

Lfunk pripirbl` mc rcslmc`tcs yì rcslmc`tcs

83,6=,=,24:,:

>::,:2,

5=,8

48,=

5=,6

2,=

8:,:

>::,:

53,4

@s/@b 33,5

=,>

==,=

6,8

,:

,:

>::,:

3,>

]itnk 58,3

>::,:

48,6

>::,:

4,8

>::,:

>::,:

>::,:


C` bun`ti nk pcrelk mck vlsltn`tc, kn tndkn 3 aucstrn quc ck pcrelk mc ì rcslmc`tc cs ck

as bia` y ck quc tlc`c anyir prcsc`bln c` timis kis auscis, nk anrfc` mc buk scn

su tnani. C` tirì nk 53% mc kis auscis mc acìs mc 3:.::: vlsltn`tcs y mc c`trc

3:.::: y 3::.::: rcbldc` anyirltnrlnac tc ì rcslmc`tcs. Csti birridirn ck mnti

quc idtuvlais sidrc ck pcrelk mck ì rcslmc`tc n lvck fkidnk c` kis auscis mc Cspnn.

ûcrcais mcstnbnr auy cspcblnkac`tc ck mnti quc sc nprcbln c` kn tndkn 3 rcecrc`tc n

kis auscis mc as mc 3::.::: vlsltn`tcs. Tcbldc` anyirltnrlnac`tc ì rcslmc`tcs,c` u` 8:% mc kis auscis, nu`quc c` u` 4:% rcbldc` c` lfunk pripirbl` n rcslmc`tcs


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| 35 | Bnptuki =KN ITFN@LWNBL@ MCK ]STLRAI BSK]STNK

y n ì rcslmc`tcs. C` cstc bnsi, cstnrnais hndkn`mi mc kis frn`mcs auscis y cstis,

n lvck mc vlsltn`tcs, si` pcrbldlmis biai u` ntrnbtlvi turstlbi.

]NDKN 5

]lpikifn mc auscis mlstrldulmis pir ck pcrelk mck vlsltn`tc, c` pirbc`tngc

Zcrelk mck vlsltn`tc

]itnk]lpi mc ausci

Anyirltnrlnac`tc

rcslmc`tc

Lfunk pripirbl`

mc rcslmc`tcs y

ì rcslmc`tcs

Anyirltnrlnac`tc

ì rcslmc tcs @s/@b

Nrqucikflbi >5,6

>3,4

6,>

26,3

62,8

45,3

4,=

>>,>

>::,:

42,2

Nrtc Bi`tcapir`ci 22,2

>:,4,3

=5,6

5,:

>2,2

44,4

>::,:

8,2

Nrtcs Mcbirntlvns 4:,:

4,4

4:,:

>4,3

5:,:

4,5

,:

,:

>::,:

4,8

Dckkns Nrtcs 34,

>>,8

44,4

>::,:

,6

,:,:

>::,:2,2

Blc`blns @nturnkcs c

Hlstirln @nturnk

43,:

4,4

,:

,:

3:,:

>,6

43,:

>>,>

>::,:

4,4

Cspcblnklznmi >5,6

5,3

3,5

>4,3

64,4

>>,>

3,5

>>,>

>::,:

>:,:

Ctìfrnen y

N`tripikifn

44,6

>:,2,6

=,3

>>,>

>::,:

>4,4

Fc`crnk 3:,:

>:,:,:

>>,>

>::,:

3,5Hlstirln >8,8

5,3

>4,3

43,:

58,8

::,:

8,3,=

=,2

,:

,:

8=,5

::,:

6,4

]itnk 43,5

>::,:

=,=

>::,:

53,:

>::,:

3,:

>::,:

>::,:

>::,:

Euc`tc7 C`bucstn CIL. Zntrlai li, Auscis y Capkcndlklmnm, 4:>4.

Kn tndkn 5 mn u` pnsi as nk rcknbli`nr kis tlpis mc auscis bi` ck àcri vlsltn`tcs

quc rcbldc` nùnkac`tc (rcslmc`tcs-ì rcslmc`tcs). Mcstnbn u` frupi mc auscis


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quc, bi` u` pirbc`tngc supcrlir nk 6:%, rcbldc` anyirltnrlnac`tc ì rcslmc`tcs. Rc

trntn mc kis auscis Nrqucikflbis (62%), kns Bnsn auscis (%), kis Cspcblnklznmis

(64%), kis auscis mc Ctìfrnen y N`tripikifn (64%) y Itris (8=%). Cstc frupi mc

auscis npnrcbc bknrnac`tc irlc`tnmi nk turlstn y/i nk cxbursli`lstn.

Rc trntn mc auscis mc ucvn pkn`tn, bi`strulmis c` ecbhns rcblc`tcs pnrn ipcrnr biai

ntrnbtlvis turstlbis y pnrn mcsnrrikknr u` mcstlì. Zcri nmcas, cstc mnti tnadl` hny

quc pi`crki c` rcknbl` bi` kn tcatlbn alsan mc cstis auscis quc, sl` mumn, ntrnc

n vlsltn`tcs eir`cis. Csc cs ck bnsi mc kn nrqucikifn, kn bnsn-ausci, kn ctìfrnen y

itrns cspcblnklznmis mc nadlc`tcs rurnkcs y tcatlbns kibnkcs.

Kis auscis mc Nrtcs Mcbirntlvns, nu` bun`mi ì npnrcbc` tn` anyirltnrlnac`tc

vlsltnmis pir ì rcslmc`tcs, sc nprixlan` n cstc frupi c` tn`ti c` bun`ti prcmial-`n` nquckkis vlsltnmis pir ì rcslmc`tcs, y kis auscis quc rcbldc`

Turismo cultural: museos, patrimonio y empleabilidad

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