UN-HABITAT - UNIDO - TAM KY
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Cities and Economic Zones Arnault Morisson Tam Ky – 7 May 2015:
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Transcript of UN-HABITAT - UNIDO - TAM KY
Cities and Economic Zones
Arnault Morisson Tam Ky – 7 May 2015:
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AGENDA
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UNIDO in brief
Cities are more important than ever
Two emerging trends in urban development
Eco-Industrial Parks (EIP)
Innovation Districts (ID)
Wrap-up
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In brief
UNIDO is the specialized agency of the United Nations that promotes industrial development for poverty reduction, inclusive globalization and environmental sustainability.
The mandate of the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) is to promote and accelerate inclusive and sustainable industrial development in developing countries and economies in transition.
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In brief
UNIDO aspires to reduce poverty through inclusive and sustainable industrial development. All countries should have the opportunity to grow a flourishing productive sector, to increase their participation in international trade and to safeguard their environment.
Inclusive and sustainable industrial development (ISID) means that:
• Every country achieves a higher level of industrialization in their economies, and benefits from the globalization of markets for industrial goods and services.
• No one is left behind in benefiting from industrial growth, and prosperity is shared among women and men in all countries.
• Broader economic and social growth is supported within an environmentally sustainable framework.
• Unique knowledge and resources are combined of all relevant development actors to maximize the development impact of ISID.
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Industrial Parks
Trafford Industrial Park Manchester (UK), 1898
Special Economic Zones
Shannon SEZ Ireland, 1958
Eco-Industrial Parks
Kalundborg Denmark, 1990
Technology Parks
Research Triangle Park North Carolina (USA), 1959
Innovation Districts
22@ Barcelona Barcelona (Spain), 2000
THE FIVE TYPES OF ECONOMIC ZONES
ECONOMIC ZONES aim to strengthen the competitiveness of a location
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INDUSTRIAL PARKS
SPECIAL ECONOMIC
ZONES
ECO-INDUSTRIAL
PARKS
TECHNOLOGY PARKS
INNOVATION DISTRICTS
STA
GE
OF
ECO
NO
MIC
DEV
ELO
PM
ENT
TYPE OF ECONOMIC ZONES
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GLOBAL SCALE: International regulatory systems (e.g. WTO, UN…)
PLURI-NATIONAL SCALE: Multinational trading blocs (e.g. EU, ASEAN…) Free-trade areas (e.g. TPP )
NATIONAL SCALE: Convergence to neo-liberal policies dismantlement of the welfare state
Urban competitiveness is increasingly important:
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ICT: making the world flat? Not really.
GLOBALIZATION: outsourcing
In the developed countries, old industrial centers such as Detroit (USA), or the Ruhr (GERMANY) are in crisis Innovative clusters however, such as the Silicon Valley are thriving.
3 URBAN POLICIES: from comparative advantage to competitive advantage
4 FOCUS ON INNOVATION: highly localized
Urban competitiveness is increasingly important:
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ECO-INDUSTRIAL PARKS
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What is an Eco-Industrial Park?
EIP is a community of manufacturing and service businesses seeking enhanced environmental and economic performance by collaborating in the management of environmental and reuse issues. By working together the community of businesses seeks a collective benefit that is greater than the sum of the individual benefits each company would realize if it optimized its individual performance only.
The United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA)
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Contribute to the economic and environmental well-being of the community
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Improve the economic performance of the participating companies
Minimize the companies’ environmental impacts
The three objectives of an EIP are to:
(Lowe, 2001).
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Three types of Eco-Industrial Parks:
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Top-down EIPs refer to planned Eco-Industrial Parks from scratch by a private, nongovernmental, or public authority; some EIPs in China are Top-down EIPs.
Bottom-up EIPs refer to industrial parks that have independently transformed themselves into EIPs. Kalundborg in Denmark is the most famous bottom-up EIP.
Retrofitted EIPs refer to industrial parks that were transformed into EIPs thanks to the actions of a private, nongovernmental, or public authority. Retrofitted EIPs are the most common types of EIPs.
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How to achieve the Eco-Industrial Parks:
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Industrial Ecology – Byproduct exchanges
Information technologies – (GIS) geographic information system
Clean energy and efficient water management
Efficient EIP management
Industries - adopt energy efficiency production models
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Kalundborg – The model Eco-Industrial Park
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Industrial Ecology – Byproduct exchanges
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The concept of Eco-Industrial Park is the by-product of two powerful ideas: sustainability and industrial ecology. However, even though EIPs are supposed to be primarily based on an environmental and social agenda, the primary driver for eco-industrial parks is financial benefits.
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Industrial parks have been essential in Viet Nam’s economic transformation
1991 The first industrial park opens in HCMC, today there are 289 industrial parks in Viet Nam
Industrial parks represent 40 % of the total exports
40%
However, there is an impact on the environment. 91 industrial parks have not constructed a central waste water treatment Employees suffer occupational hazards such as bronchitis… Water, seawater and groundwater pollution Negative effects on agriculture
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The first Eco-Industrial Parks in Viet Nam In 2015, launch of the project on Eco-Industrial parks in Viet Nam, the three-years project is funded by GEF and SECO and implemented by UNIDO and MPI. UNIDO is retrofitting three existing industrial into eco-Industrial parks, they have been chosen due to their diverse industrial base and their proximity to unique ecosystem Red River Basin and Mekong delta. They are also located in three distinct regions, North, Center, and South, so that the EIP concept can spread to every Vietnamese province.
Name/City IZ Khanh Phu / Ninh Binh IZ Hoa Khanh / Danang IZ Tra Noc1&2 / Can Tho
Year of operation 2004 1998 1968 (renovated 1995)
Total surface area (ha) 366 396 (298 leased) 320
Number of companies 27 139 187
Number of employees 6800 28070 17267 (Tra Noc 1)
Industrial sectors Iron&steel processing, chemical
industry, communication devices,
construction material, glass,
garment, plating
Iron&steel processing, chemical
industry, energy generation,
construction material,
food&beverage, textile, garment,
electronics, pharmaceutical,
plastics, paint manufacture,
pulp&paper, packaging, plating
Iron&steel processing, chemical
industry, energy generation,
food&beverage, garment,
electronics, leather,
pharmaceutical, plastics, ceramics,
construction material, packaging
Environmental features nearby Day River (distributary of red
river)
Bau Tram lake (water supply for
agriculture and aquaculture), sea
coast
Adjacent to Mekong river (Song
Hau)
Settlement areas Residential areas of Khanh Phu
commune nearby
Residential area adjacent 10 km from Can Tho city
Industrial waste water (m3/d) 5000 (treated) 2000-3000 (treated) 12,000 (no central treatment)
Hazardous waste (kg/d) N/A >1000 100
Environmental issues Gaseous emissions (dust, SO2,
NOx, GHG, UP-POP)
Waste water quality (COD),
groundwater contamination,
gaseous emissions (GHG, UP-
POP)
Waste water quality (SS, COD,
BOD), gaseous emissions (dust,
GHG, UP-POP)
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Overview
Policy review
Capacity-building
Energy efficiency
Byproduct exchange
Water
Provisions in the planning of industrial parks
improving the IZ policy and regulatory framework
Raising awareness among managers on energy efficiency funding mechanisms (e.g. Swiss Green Credit Fund, Vietnam Environmental protection fund)
Selecting 30 companies for funding for energy efficient production method
Survey among the industries to identify and map potential byproduct exchanges
Centralized Wastewater facilities, efficient water management system
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Benefits of the project on Eco-Industrial Parks in Viet Nam
For industries
For the industrial parks
For the communities
Less air and water pollution
Quality Agriculture and fishing
Better and healthier lives
New employment opportunities
Attractive to green companies
New employment opportunities
Regional anchor for sustainable practices
Reducing waste and raw materials costs
Increased profits
More competitive and efficient
Green image
For the environment
182,000t/a CO2 of estimated saving
Reducing waste water by six million cubic meters per year
Reducing Persistent Organic pollutants (POPs )
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INNOVATION DISTRICTS
INNOVATION IS FLOWING BACK TO CITIES
FROM TECHNOLOGY PARKS e.g. Sophia Antipolis
TO CITIES
Where innovation is created
“The 20th century urban planning represents a reaction to the evils of the 19th century city.” The 21th century urban planning is thus a reaction of the evils of the 20th century. Peter Hall (1988).
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THE AUTOMOBILES
URBAN SPRAWL
The two evils of 20th Century.
Automobiles and urban sprawl = pollution and inefficiencies
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THE CREATIVE CLASS – LIVE/WORK/PLAY
SINGLE-PERSON HOUSEHOLDS
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THE EXPERIENCE ECONOMY
URBAN MOBILITY
Many factors explain the migration from the suburbs to downtown
22@ Barcelona
Before
After
WHAT IS THE FRAMEWORK?
CREATIVE PRODUCTIVE
URBAN INNOVATIVE
LEADERSHIP
URBAN PRODUCTIVE CREATIVE INNOVATIVE LEADERSHIP
ENTREPRENEURS
REAL-ESTATE COMPANIES
MUNICIPALITY
MIXED-USED
SMART CITY
DIVERSITY
DENSITY
COMPACT
HISTORIC BUILDING
INFRASTRUCTURES
ICONIC BUILDINGS
CREATIVE CITY
IDENTITY
CREATIVE CLASS
STREETCULTURE BRANDING
UNIVERSITIES
TRIPLE-HELIX
TACIT KNOWLEDGE
PROXIMITY
CLUSTERS
DIVERSITY
KNOWLEDGE-ACTIVITIES
ENTREPRENEURSHIP
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Wrap-up:
Cities have more power today due to the relative decline of countries’ sovereignty. The right local economic strategy depends on the country’s stage of economic development.
Viet Nam is the middle-income country, the focus has to be on innovation and sustainable growth.
The local economic strategy has to deliver financial benefits when planning for sustainable urban developments in order to be viable in the long-run.
Eco-Industrial Parks and Innovation Districts have to not only be environmentally sound but also have to bring financial and social benefits to the industries, companies, and wider community.
