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@LBHA^H REDEL O^N@LO[@ D_E[@IHW`es`jos rur`los iol noatrh y ahrhosto io Osp``

iur`ato ol sedlh R

L` eadoato `ntevei`i `rquohlden` ios`rrhll`i` iur`ato lhs ltemhs ieoz

`hs prhphrneha` nl`vos subeneoatos p`r` tr`asbhrm`r r`ien`lmoato l` bhrm`io cesthre`r lh sunoieih oa ol moieh rur`l io l`s rodehaos ah moietorrao-`s io l` poaasul` Ekren` iur`ato l` queat` noature`. Ol dr`ih io roshlu-nea io lhs ltemhs i`ths, roahv`i`s corr`meoat`s `a`lten`s y l` phsekele-i`i io roves`r sea iotormea`ihs l`stros cesthrehdrbenhs l` oveioane``rquohlden` iesphaeklo c`noa phseklo prhphaor ua osnoa`reh oa ol quo,nhmh voromhs, iost`n` ua` prhbuai` y iobeaetev` iesnhateauei`i oatro olmoieh rur`l t`rihrrhm`ah y lhs p`es`jos phstempore`los. @ lhs tros dr`aiosbroatos shkro lhs quo c` iosn`as`ih n`se oa oxnlusev` ol ios`rrhllh io l`eavosted`nea shkro osto porehih (ol iesnuteih bea`l io l`s vell`o, ol druphio aonrphles nha `ju`ros `am`lhs h ol `aleses io l`s ostruntur`s supor-veveoatos io n`rntor ms h moahs mhaumoat`l) iokor`a sum`rso `chr`ol boamoah io l` omordoane` io `soat`meoaths bhrteben`ihs h io `ltur` y

[osult`ih io nhat`r nha sonuoane`s ostr`tedrben`s io n`lei`i nhmkea`i`s nha l`

vesea p`ahrmen` prhphrneha`i` phr l`s n`i` voz ms aumorhs`s oxn`v`nehaos oaoxtoasea. @. Nc`v`rre` @ra`u, Rell`s oa Cesp`ae` iur`ato l` @atedoi`i t`ri`, oa @.Nc`v`rre`, J. @rno, D.W. Krhdehlh (ois.), Rell`s t`rih`atedu`s oa ol MoietorraohHnneioat`l. @aojhs io @rncevh Osp`hl io @rquohlhd`, SSSES, M`irei, , pp.-6 @. Nc`v`rre`, Ol bea`l io l`s vell`s oa Cesp`ae` (sedlhs ER-REEE). Keklehtquo iol@atequet Y`rievo, , Yurachut: Krophls, . @. Buoatos Ihmaduoz , L` aonrphles t`rihrrhm`a` io @lk`l`to io l`s Ahduor`s(Nuoan`) y ol prhklom` io l`s ioahmea`i`s Aonrphles iol Iuorh, (@rquohlhd` Nhaquoaso

S), Nuoan`,

. W. M`tohs Nruz, L. N`k`llorh (ois.),[oporthreh io `rquetontur` nreste`a` oa Oxtrom`iur`:phn` t`rih`atedu` y `lthmoieov`l, @aojhs io @rncevh Osp`hl io @rquohlhd` SSES,Mrei`, , pp. -.J.@. Duterroz Dhazloz, L` bhrteben`nea proboui`l oa ol ahrto poaeasul`r: n`strhsy roneaths n`mposeahs oa l` @lt` Oi`i Moie`, oa E.N. Borroer` Bora`aios (nhhri.),

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ol surdemeoath io l`s premor`s m`aebost`nehaos io bhrm`s onhamen`s y ioshne`kelei`i n`mposea` io n`rntor lio`ah. Ol ost`klonemeoath io rol`neh-aos prhbuai`s oatro thihs lhs olomoaths net`ihs nhaiuno ` ua sust`ane`l

n`mkeh io porspontev` quo nhatrekuyo ` c`nor io l` queat` noature` uaporehih tr`snoaioat`l p`r` oatoaior l` nhmplojei`i y lhs m`tenos nha lhsquo nhmeoaz` ` tojorso ol nu`irh io l` @lt` Oi`i Moie`. Ah hkst`ato, l`ompros` roqueoro thi`v` shlt`r ua` soreo io osthrkhs nhanoptu`los, iorre-k`r l`s k`rror`s lov`at`i`s phr l` tr`ieneha`l nhmp`rtemoat`nea `n`ime-n` oatro ol porehih rhm`ah y ol eamoie`t`moato phstorehr y roiobeaer y`ionu`r l` eastrumoat`nea `a`lten` emprosneaieklo, t`ro` ost` ltem`nuyhs premorhs p`shs c`a rr`an`ih c`no slh muy phnh teomph. L` eavos-

ted`nea io osto porehih oa l`s rodehaos ekren`s eatorehros `ihaio ah llod`anha blueioz lhs prhiunths normenhs emphrt`ihs iokor, phr htr` p`rto,supor`r ol m`r`smh oa quo so oanuoatr` ol nhahnemeoath io l` ovhlunea iol`s ltem`s prhiunnehaos io Yorr` ^edell`t` Cesp`aen` Y`ri` (oa `iol`atoY^CY) y ol ibenet ostruntur`l quo p`iono ol `aleses io l` normen` nhma.

@ l` luz io l` ihnumoat`nea `rquohlden` ms roneoato, p`rono n`i` vozms oveioato quo ` p`rter iol sedlh R so m`aebeost`a lhs sedahs io ua nro-

Mel @ahs io Bhrteben`os a` Woaasul` Ekren` o ah M`drok (-). @nt`s ih ^emphsehEatora`neha`l shkro N`stolhs , W`lmol`. Leskh`, , pp. -6 J.@. PuersN`stellh, N`stlos ai vell`dos hb tco O`rly Meiilo @dos ea ahrtcwost hb p`ea, oa @.[oyahlis (oi.),L`aisn`po hb Ioboano ea tco Refead @dos, Lhaiha (bhrtcnhmead). J.@. Puers N`stellh, @. Redel-Osn`lor`, Aotwhrfs hb po`s`at vell`dos kotwooaYhloih `ai _olode` @l`koaso, Ahrtcwostora ^p`ea (R-Stc noatureos), @rncohlhde`

Moieov`lo SSSEEE, , pp. -6 @. Redel-Osn`lor`, Dr`aj`s y `lio`s `lthmo-

ieov`los `l Ahrto io Yhloih (- i.N.),@rncevh Osp`hl io @rquohlhd`, Rhl. ,, pp. -. Nc. Tenfc`m, Br`mead tco O`rly Meiilo @dos. Ourhpo `ai tco Moietorr`ao`a, -. Hxbhri, .. Whr ojomplh, nha ol ronhahnemeoath io l`s cotorhdao`s bhrm`s io l` `rquetontur`ihmsten` `lthmoieov`l (nbr. @. @zf`r`to, J.@. Puers, @rquetontur` ihmsten``lthmoieov`l oa l` poaasul` Ekren`,@rncohlhde` Moieov`lo, SSREEE, , pp. -). Ol puath io p`rtei` p`r` `khri`r ol ostuieh y sestom`tez`nea io l` normen` ioosto porehih os t`mkea muy roneoato: L. N`k`llorh, W. M`tohs, M. [otuorno (ois.),Normen`s t`rihrrhm`a`s y `lthmoieov`los oa l` Woaasul` Ekren`. [uptur` y nhateauei`i

(EE ^emphseh io @rquohlhd`. Mrei`, ), @aojhs io @rncevh Osp`hl io@rquohlhd`, SSREEE. M`irei, N^EN, . Whnh h a`i` so c` `v`az`ih phr lh quo rospont` ` l` Y^CY iosio ol `aleses io J.@.W`z Wor`lt`, Normen` io mos` rhm`a` io lhs sedlhs EEE `l RE i.N. oa l` prhveane` ioZ`r`dhz`. Z`r`dhz`, .

W`es`jos rur`los iol noatrh y ahrhosto io Osp``

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neoato `at`dhaesmh oatro ihs uaevorshs, urk`ah y rur`l, quo so porbel`anha auovhs r`sdhs. U osth os `s ah t`ath phr l`s tr`asbhrm`nehaos quo teo-aoa lud`r oa ol premorh nhmh phr l` rolov`ane` io lhs sedahs io ruptur`

hksorv`klos oa ol soduaih. @a `s, l` neui`i iokor` oatoaiorso nhmh ua`oatei`i quo rok`s` lhs murhs quo l` iolemet`a bsen`moato, seoaih nhmple-n`ih soduer ` tr`vs iol teomph l` n`mke`ato oxtoasea ro`l io su osbor`ieront` io eabluoane` shkro ol torrethreh quo l` nernuai`. Yhi`v` os muy phnhlh quo so nhahno shkro oso oathrah eamoie`th ` l`s neui`ios t`rih`atedu`s,su sukurkeh oa soateih ostrenth, l`s teorr`s tr`k`j`i`s ie`re`moato phr l`phkl`nea quo roseio ioatrh io su pormotrh h oa sus vene oxtr`murhs. Oa l`cesthre` io l` neui`i quoi`r` robloj`i` l` n`mke`ato y nhateadoato bhrtua`

io sus ost`moaths prhpeot`rehs h ieredoatos, su n`p`nei`i io ihmeaeh (v`re`-klo oa eatoasei`i ` lh l`rdh iol teomph) shkro l`s nhmuaei`ios rur`los io suprotoaiei` juresiennea torrethre`l (`imeaestr`tev`, besn`l, roledehs`). Iosio l`porspontev` iol rostreadeih mketh io ostuieh iol torrethreh m`ireloh,Yhloih y Nhmplutum roprosoat`a io bhrm` p`r`iedmten` c`st` qu puathn`i` noatrh urk`ah iesphair io ua` cesthre` prhpe` ` p`rter iol sedlh R. L`io l` `iquesenea io ua` auov` phsenea codomaen` y io noatr`lei`i(Yhloih) h l` io ua prhnosh erromoie`klo io ionlevo h suk`ltoraei`i(Nhmplutum) voair oa p`rto iotormea`i` phr l` bhrm` oa quo lhs `v`t`rosio ost` queat` noature` so`a rosuolths phr n`i` uah io oshs noatrhs.

Ol druosh io l` eabhrm`nea `rquohlden` m`aoj`i` oa osto tr`k`jh prh-noio io l`s n`mpe`s iol ^ur io l` Nhmuaei`i io M`irei y iol v`llo iol

J`r`m`, osp`nehs setu`ihs ` ua` iest`ane` maem` io oatro voeato y nu`roa-t` y neanh felmotrhs iol noatrh urk`ah ms prxemh (Bedur` ). L` ihnu-moat`nea io premor` m`ah `a`lez`i` pormeto ah shl`moato iekuj`r uanu`irh k`st`ato pronesh `norn` iol p`tra io phkl`meoath n`mposeah phs-tempore`l, su multebhrmo sponth y l` mple` v`reoi`i io rodestrhs phseklo,

seah nhmoaz`r ` oatrovor lhs auovhs r`sdhs io l` rol`nea quo so ost`klono-r oatro osths ihs phlhs `at`daenhs. Lhs oanl`vos rur`los mojhr ostuie`ihsso uken`r`a oa ua moieh slh oa p`rto moie`tez`ih phr l` neui`i6 easor-ths oa lh quo phir` sor su torrethreh io eabluoane` phlten`, porh n`p`nos `lmesmh teomph io `rrodlrsol`s phr s mesmhs oa kuoa` p`rto io l`s ner-nuast`ane`s. Yhihs lhs eaienehs `puat`a ` quo osths auovhs `soat`meoathsio n`rntor n`mposeah so redoa phr sus prhpe`s lden`s shne`los y onhame-n`s `uaquo p`rono proveseklo quo ostuveor`a doaor`aih oxnoioatos oa

ieronnea `l noatrh io bhrm` ms h moahs sestomten`.

J. @rno, Krk`rhs y rhm`ahs oa Cesp`ae`. -@.I. M`irei, , p. .

@lbhash Redel Osn`lor` Duer`ih

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Oa ol aleses ntu`l io l`s bhrm`s io phkl`meoath rur`l lthmoieov`l, t`ly nhmh osta seoaih rovol`i`s phr eatorvoanehaos `rquohlden`s oa oxtoa-sea, ah puoio shsl`y`rso phr ms teomph l` emkren`nea oxestoato oatroro`s roseioane`los, lud`ros io oatorr`meoath y thi` l` d`m` io osp`nehs io`prhvonc`meoath prhiuntevh ` iesphsenea io l`s nhmuaei`ios. ^lh nha-tompl`aih oshs tros olomoaths iol rodestrh oa nhajuath sor phseklo ua`norn`meoath ` l` doaor`nea io l` nl`so io iosnrepnehaos ioas`s shkro l`squo nhastruer ua nhahnemeoath nrtenh quo ahs pormet` ` su voz roiobeaerl`s prehrei`ios oa l` `doai` io eavosted`nea.

Iotrs io l`s `p`reoane`s: R`liothrros iol J`r`m`

Hrell`aih oa ost` hn`sea su lontur` nhmh ostruntur` mhaumoat`l, ol`aleses io neorths iot`llos iol oiebeneh hnthdha`l portoaoneoato ` l` vell` ioR`liothrros iol J`r`m` oaneorr` `ldua`s nl`vos io eators shkro ol tr`sbha-

N. Doortz, Ycenf iosnrepteha: thw`ris `a eatorprot`tevo tcohry hb nulturo, oa N.Doortz, Yco Eatorprot`teha hb Nulturos. Auov` Uhrf, , pp. -. R`aso, oatro htr`s puklen`nehaos, J. @rno, L. N`k`llorh, M.@. Olver`, Ol oiebenehhnthdha`l io R`liothrros iol J`r`m` (M`irei), Nhadrosh Eatora`neha`l L` Cesp`ae` io

W`es`jos rur`los iol noatrh y ahrhosto io Osp``

Bed. . Lhn`lez`nea io lhs y`nemeoaths net`ihs oa ol toxth.

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ih io l` shneoi`i t`rihrrhm`a` oa su nhajuath. @atos io oatr`r oa m`to-re`, sea omk`rdh, rosult` aonos`reh `nl`r`r `lda `sponth proveh. @ pos`r iol` doaor`lez`i` suphsenea (iebus` oa trmeahs ostrent`moato prhk`threhs)

io quo l`s vell`o io phn` t`ri` roprosoat`rha ol sodmoath io phkl`meoa-th nhanoatr`ih ` l`ih io ua cket`t iesporsh io n`r`ntorsten`s munch msmhiost`s, ol nu`irh hbroneih phr l` m`sev` `ntevei`i `rquohlden` ios-`rrhll`i` iur`ato lhs ltemhs queano `hs oa M`irei nuosteha`r`, `lmoahs phr lh quo rospont` ` l` m`yhr p`rto io lhs torrethrehs iol eatorehrpoaeasul`r, l` v`leioz io osto supuosth. L`s c`neoai`s k`jhempore`los ioost` rodea, dr`aios y ah t`ath, nha sus sonthros ahklos io n`rntor ms hmoahs suatu`reh, nhabhrm`a ol aenh tostemhaeh io phkl`meoath iur`ato

ol K`jh Emporeh `l moahs oa lhs mkeths ah osponben`moato `isnreths ` lhsquo phir`a iobeaerso nhmh neaturhaos sukurk`ahs.Nhmh lhs ieronthros io l`s oxn`v`nehaos oa R`liothrros y` hksorv`rha oa

su i`, ol oqueph io `lk`elos oan`rd`ih io l` nhastrunnea iol nhmplojhah rosult c`kor ost`ih lh subeneoatomoato nu`leben`ih p`r` l` t`ro` oanh-moai`i`. @lduahs orrhros io kulth oa l` ojonunea io l` treancor` ionemoat`nea iol hntdhah eatorehr c`k`a toaeih quo sor suks`a`ihs shkrol` m`rnc`. Lhs nemeoaths iol murh io peoir` tuveorha quo sor ropl`ato`-ihs atodr`moato ua` voz oxn`v`i` su treancor`. Eanlush nha os` nhrron-nea, auan` so lhdr ms quo ua` `p`roato semotr` io thih ol oiebeneh(Bedur` ). _ahs pl`ahs y ua prhyonth io hkr` iedahs iol ms `lth r`adhsoa`thre`l c`k`a seih ojonut`ihs phr ua` pl`atell` ah prones`moato ieos-tr` oa ol ropl`atoh io ua` dohmotr` soanell`.

Yohihseh (^odhve`-Nhn` ), Rhl. . odhve`: Juat` io N`stell` y Loa-_aevorsei`i OF,

, pp. -. N. Wuort`, M.@. Olver`, Y. @rted`s, L` nhlonnea io osnultur`s c`ll`-i` oa R`liothrros io J`r`m`, @rncevh Osp`hl io @rquohlhd , Rhl. , ams. /,, pp. -. M. N`rr`snh, M.@. Olver`, M`rbelos nhpths oa R`liothrros io J`r`m`(M`irei),@rncevh Osp`hl io @rquohlhd`, Rhl. , ams. /, , pp. -. Nbr. Tenfc`m, Hp. Net., p. . @l m`rdoa io lh quo puoi` ost`r hnurreoaih io m`aor` nhotao` oa iotormea`ihsosp`nehs oxnatrenhs h muy porebrenhs, quo nhastetuer`a ua` ro`lei`i roseiu`l muymeahret`re` phr ost`s bonc`s rosponth `l sestom` phltenh torrethre`l nhaieneha`ih phrl` tr`m` urk`a`.J. @rno ot `l., hp. Net., p. . Osths iobonths io semotr` so ropetoa oa ua oloanh aumorhsh io y`nemeoaths k`jhem-pore`los io l` Woaasul`. Ol ul` `ksei`i` preanep`l io l` vell` io Ror`aos (Deja) hbro-no htrh ojomplh nl`mhrhsh (N. Boraaioz Hnch`, B. Del, @. Hroj`s, L` vell` rhm`a`io Ror`aos. Ol nhmplojh rur`l t`rihrrhm`ah y prhpuost` io ostuieh iol torrethreh,

@rncevh Osp`hl io @rquohlhd`, , , pp. -).

@lbhash Redel Osn`lor` Duer`ih

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L` nhastrunnea iol oiebeneh so prhiuno nha k`st`ato prhk`kelei`i oa uamhmoath eamoie`t`moato `atorehr ` l` dr`a nreses iol moieh rur`l iol pre-mor nu`rth io l` queat` noature`. @poa`s ronhpel`i` l` v`lehs` y cotorhd-ao` nhlonnea io ost`tu`re` quo ionhr`r` l`s `rn`i`s noatr`los, east`l`ihslhs muoklos ionhr`ihs nha m`rbelos hreoat`los y phseklomoato `poa`s tor-mea`ihs htrhs iot`llos hra`moat`los iol oiebeneh, ievors`s `nnehaos iooxphleh `sestomtenh h rodul`r io m`tore`l muoklo y nhastruntevh so suno-ioa, so `rr`an`a lhs p`vemoaths io mhs`enh y phstorehrmoato so east`l`a`l moahs ihs sopultur`s oatro sus murhs. Yhi` ua` n`ioa` io `prot`i`s`ntevei`ios io iesteath sedah p`rono sunoiorso oa ua krovsemh pl`zh ioteomph `atos io i`rso phr bea`lez`i` l` premor` met`i iol sedlh R i.N.

@ p`rter io ost` nl`so io oveioane`s so `kro, oa auostr` hpeaea, l` phse-kelei`i io robloxeha`r shkro ol kesmh oxestoato oatro ua` shneoi`i p`roa-to y l` k`so ro`l oxestoato iotrs, oa l` shmkr`, rovol`aih `uaquo so` oa

N. Wuort` ot `l., Hp. Net. M. N`rr`snh, M.@. Olver`, Hp. Net. ^oda auostr` eatorprot`nea p`rtenul`r io l` sonuoane` io `nuorih ` lhs i`ths pukle-n`ihs, ah aonos`re`moato nhanhri`ato oa thihs sus oxtromhs ` l` io lhs `uthros net`ihs.

W`es`jos rur`los iol noatrh y ahrhosto io Osp``

Bed. . R`liothrros: semotr` emporbont` iol oiebeneh hnthdha`l.

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p`rto `ldua`s io l`s bl`dr`atos nhatr`iennehaos oxestoatos oa l` shneoi`it`rih`atedu` cesp`a`, hnult`s k`jh ol `mpleh p`r`du`s iol muaih io l`s`p`reoane`s io l` nevelez`nea urk`a` empore`l. @semel`r l` tr`snoaioane` io

osths iot`llos y su renh sedaeben`ih emplen`r` `nopt`r quo `uaquo l` nultu-r` urk`a` io ost`s oletos `resthnrten`s k`jhempore`los so` p`rto eatodr`atoio lh quo phir` ioahmea`rso ua` fheap`amoietorrao`, l`s nernuast`a-ne`s shne`los osponben`s (l`s ro`lei`ios lhn`los) oa l`s quo osta r`ien`i`spuoioa rosult`r muy lemet`i`s y k`st`ato iesp`ros io ua ompl`z`meoathdohdrbenh ` htrh, prhpe`s y iesnremea`atos io n`i` torrethreh. Ol ios`rrh-llh io l`s nhaienehaos m`tore`los io os`s prhiunnehaos oa l` prnten` nhte-ie`a` ost` oar`ez`ih oa p`es`jos shne`los, onhamenhs y nultur`los k`st`ato

ponule`ros iopoaieoaih io n`i` prhveane`, rodea h neui`i (o eanlush ion`i` teph io `ntevei`i `rtos`a`l, nhmh puoio `prone`rso oa l`s ro`lez`neh-aos io lhs iesteaths t`lloros musev`rehs eteaor`atos). ^o nhmpruok` oa ostoy`nemeoath nhmh, ` vest` io pj`rh, lhs rosths `rquohldenhs nhasorv`ihspormetoa ol`khr`r neorths iesnurshs, robloxehaos o eatorprot`nehaos shkro olmuaih io l`s oletos, sus smkhlhs io phior, lodetemei`i h codomha`, lhsprhnoshs io omul`nea h nhmpotetevei`i b`nneha`l vedoatos y ` l` voz susbhrm`s io iesbrut`r iol hneh, meoatr`s quo ` r`s io suolh, ` htr` osn`l`,htrhs rol`ths surdoa nha ievorshs prht`dhaest`s y htr`s vhnos: l` nhmuae-i`i lhn`l, l` supor`nea io setu`nehaos nhyuatur`los io nreses io prhyonneaemproioneklo, l` `i`pt`nea ` nernuast`ane`s shne`los y onhamen`s eaospo-r`i`s nha rosult`ihs nhateadoatos. L`s osponben`s porspontev`s io p`r`n`e-iest`s y kusn`ihros io trub`s iokora oanhatr`r osp`nehs io nhabluoane`quo pormet`a l` nhastrunnea io iesnurshs eatodr`ihros, osp`nehs ihaio som`tenoa mutu`moato, y iosio ihaio so`a n`p`nos io `prhvonc`r l`s ovoa-tu`los nhrreoatos `snoaioatos quo so doaoroa p`r` `ln`az`r phr auov`sv`s lud`ros `a iosnhahneihs.

Nha bronuoane` so c` nuieih ua supuosth blhronemeoath io ro`lei`ios shne`los pro-rrhm`a`s p`r` oxplen`r ost` nl`so io prhnoshs, nu`aih oa ro`lei`i l` p`rto quo `shm`l` n`koz`, shkro thih ` p`rter iol sedlh R, nhrrosphaio ` ro`lei`ios nultur`los n`mpo-sea`s c`st` oathanos hp`n`s k`jh l` `pl`st`ato codomha` io l` nevelez`nea urk`a`empore`l. Oa nu`lqueor n`sh, p`rono phnh soas`th nhaioa`r ` l` ms oxtrom` eamut`-kelei`i cestren` os`s ro`lei`ios nultur`los io n`rntor lhn`l nu`aih so eavhn` sun`rntor eaidoa` h prorrhm`ah. [. Chidos, W`r`ncutests `ai Yrubblo-cuators: `t tco brhateors hb @rnc`ohlhdy `aiCesthry, oa M. @stha, N. Iyor (ois.), Yco rur`l sottlomoat hb moieov`l Oadl`ai. Hxbhri,, pp. -. O. Es`yov, @rnc`ohlhdy hkjont `s cesthry toxt: auidead tco spone`l rol`tehascepeath tco phst-erhaen, Thrli @rnc`ohlhdy (), , p. .

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Yr`k`j`ihros io l`s c`neoai`s k`jhempore`los: Ol [`sellh

W`r` lhdr`r ol hkjotevh io n`r`ntorez`r lhs r`sdhs iol n`mposea`ih `lthmo-

ieov`l, rosult` oveioato quo ua` t`ro` prove` iokeor` sor ronhahnor l` setu`-nea io lhs tr`k`j`ihros io l`s c`neoai`s k`jhempore`los, l` bhrm` y iesph-senea io sus veveoai`s, l` nl`so io `ju`r ihmstenh ` su iesphsenea, h olteph io tr`k`jhs quo iosompo`k`a y l` m`aor` io ojonut`rlhs. @lduahsrodestrhs `rquohldenhs m`irelohs ahs kreai`a ua` hphrtuaei`i oxnoloatop`r` `nl`r`r `ldua`s nuostehaos oa osto soateih, nhatrekuyoaih ` iobeaer l`ruptur` iol sestom` k`jhempore`l oa l`s rodehaos iol eatorehr poaeasul`r.

L` vell` io Ol [`sellh, hkjoth io oxn`v`nehaos `rquohlden`s io s`lv`moath

oa oxtoasea c`no phnhs `hs

, ahs c` pormeteih ihnumoat`r ua` veveoai`n`se nhmplot` io lhs iopoaieoatos io l` c`neoai`. _a` sonuoane` `rquohlde-n` ospone`lmoato `bhrtua`i` ahs pormeto `ioms hrioa`r nrhahlden`moatoiesteaths `nhatonemeoaths quo teoaoa lud`r oa ol seteh ` p`rter io l` premor`met`i iol sedlh ER y c`st` ol `k`aihah pronepet`ih io l`s east`l`nehaos pl`u-seklomoato oa ol tr`asnursh iol premor nu`rth io l` queat` noature`.

Ol l`rdh nhrroihr io uahs queano motrhs io `ancur` shkro ol quo so ios-`rrhll l` eatorvoanea `rquohlden` veah empuosth phr ol tr`z`ih io ua`z`aj` p`r` ol shtorr`meoath io ua` lao` io tr`asphrto olntrenh io lt` toa-sea `l khrio io ua` io l`s auov`s pest`s io vuolh iol `orhpuorth ioM`irei-K`r`j`s. L` empl`at`nea iobeaetev` io l` hkr` oa osto puath buohkjoth io iok`to, oledeaihso ua` v`re`ato quo m`atoa` ua` iest`ane`subeneoato iol noatrh io l` c`neoai` y io sus sonthros ms ahklos nha hkjo-th io meaemez`r l` `bonnea prhvhn`i` phr l` hkr` nevel. Oa ol oxtromhmoreieha`l iol mketh oxplhr`ih so ihnumoat ua dr`a vortoiorh oa ushiur`ato l` premor` met`i iol ER i.N. (b`so .). _ahs motrhs ms `lAhrto, htrh dr`a vortoiorh soll`ih ` eaenehs iol ltemh nu`rth iol sedlh ER

(b`so .) veah ` nhlm`t`r ol eatorehr io ua` dr`a bhs` hredea`re`moato rol`-neha`i` nha l` oxtr`nnea y b`kren`nea io m`tore`l nhastruntevh (`ihko).^hkro ol oxtromh Ahrto io oso vortoiorh so lov`at`rha bea`los io os` mesm`noature` ua p`r io n`s`s quo neorr`a l` osquea` surhosto iol dr`a p`teh io l`c`neoai` (b`so .). Ost`s n`s`s so `k`aiha`rha pronepet`i`moato io bhrm`

I. Whzuolh Lhroazh, @. Redel-Osn`lor`, L` hnult`nea io ua `ju`r ihmstenh ` eae-nehs iol sedlh R i.N. oa Ol [`sellh (K`r`j`s, M`irei). @ldua`s phsekelei`ios io `ale-ses o eavosted`nea, Khlsf`a , Cuosn`, , pp. -6 @. Redel-Osn`lor`,Auov`s porspontev`s shkro l` `rquohlhd` m`irelo` io phn` vesedhi`.@nt`s io l`s

Wremor`s Jhra`i`s io W`tremhaeh @rquohldenh oa l` Nhmuaei`i io M`irei (@toaoh ioM`irei, - ahv. ), M`irei, , pp. -.

W`es`jos rur`los iol noatrh y ahrhosto io Osp``

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quo ol iorrumko io sus nukeort`s io toj` soll lhs nhrrosphaieoatos aevolosio bronuoat`nea. K`jh ol suolh io ua` io l`s ost`ane`s (@), puih ihnumoa-t`rso l` hnult`nea promoiet`i` oa ua` bhs` io ua `ju`r ihmstenh nhmplo-

th (normen`, veireh, hkjoths motlenhs). Oa l` nhatedu` (@), k`jh l`toncumkro iorrumk`i`, y`n` l` n`rn`s` nhmplot` io ua n`k`llh.

Lhs nhatoxths io l` ltem` b`so io hnup`nea ah iebeoroa sust`ane`lmoa-to oa su nhmphsenea io lhs io l` b`so eamoie`t`moato pronoioato: `prhxe-m`i`moato ua % io l` normen` ost` nhmpuost` phr prhiunnehaos ioY^CY io v`re`s prhnoioane`s (v`llos iol Okrh y Iuorh y soreos io r`sdhsmoreieha`los). Oa ol vortoiorh `p`ronoa t`mkea io bhrm` osphrien` br`d-moaths io v`jell` bren`a` (C`yos y ) y hkjoths ionhr`ihs oa cuosh. L`

n`atei`i io m`tore`l ronupor`ih oa lhs ostr`ths io `k`aihah io l` ltem`b`so os ms osn`s` y `ldh moahs roprosoat`tev`: Y^CY t`ath iol premorostelh nhmh iol soduaih, Y^CY moreieha`l y ua` `mple` v`reoi`i ionormen` nhma rhm`a` t`ri`. W`rono eaiui`klo quo l` Y^CY or` ua prh-iunth nhasumeih phr l` phkl`nea oa doaor`l io m`aor` k`st`ato nhaspe-nu`, y ah ua `rtnulh io lujh.

L`s veveoai`s io lhs tr`k`j`ihros io l` c`neoai` so hrioa`a yuxt`puost`s` lh l`rdh iol pormotrh io ua dr`a p`teh. _a` io oll`s c` phieih ihnu-moat`rso io bhrm` n`se nhmplot` (Bedur` ). L` ost`ane` preanep`l (@, nha, m io l`rdh phr , io `anch, m telos), iesphao io ua chd`r-nhnea` io pl`at` ront`adul`r, nhastrueih nha l`irellhs kepoi`los oatorhs yronhrt`ihs, quo so uken` `prhxem`i`moato oa ol noatrh iol l`ih l`rdhHosto. @ ost` c`ket`nea so ihs`a phr ol Hosto htrhs ihs mkeoatos moah-ros (@ y @, io prhxem`i`moato , phr , m), uah io lhs nu`los pro-soat` edu`lmoato ua poquoh chd`r shkro ua phyoto io n`aths rhi`ihs.^us p`vemoaths sha io semplo teorr` k`tei`. Brosquor`s h poquo`s tea`jo-r`s io pl`at` ront`adul`r oxn`v`i`s k`jh l` nht` iol suolh so iesphaoa `le-

ao`i`s nha lhs murhs poremotr`los oa l`s c`ket`nehaos moahros. L` pl`at`nhmplot` io ost` n`s`, quo suphaomhs hnup`i` phr ua` aen` uaei`iihmsten`, `ln`az`r` lhs m io suporbeneo tel eatorehr.

Ah muy ievors` rosult` htr` nhastrunnea ihmsten` io ush roseioane`lihnumoat`i` t`mkea oa bonc`s roneoatos oa ol y`nemeoath io Z`rz`lojh(@rrhyhmhleahs), ua ost`klonemeoath rur`l k`aiha`ih phseklomoato oa l`soduai` met`i iol sedlh EEE i.N. sea oveioane`s io nhastrunnehaos ahklos hio roprosoat`nea. Oa osto n`sh, l` c`ket`nea preanep`l (@) teoao ua dr`a

Dr`aios nrnulhs tr`z`ihs ` nhmps (J.@. W`z, hp. Net.). M. Hrbel`, Yorr` sedell`t` cespaen` t`ri` moreieha`l, @rncevh Osp`hl io

@rquohlhd`, (ams. -), , pp. -.

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chd`r nu`ir`adul`r oa su noatrh, nha shl`ih io l`irellhs (Bedur` ). _a`mkeoato moahr, setu`ih `l Ahrto (@), `lhj` nhmh oa [`sellh ua` bhs`sukront`adul`r (tea`jor`). Oa ol setu`ih `l ^ur (@), nha su suolh p`rne`l-moato oxn`v`ih oa ol sustr`th dohldenh, so ios`rrhll`rha prhk`klomoato

t`ro`s prhiuntev`s (`l moahs osh ioaht`r` ol c`ll`zdh io osnhre`s io bhrj`y v`re`s pos`s io tol`r). Whnhs motrhs iol`ato io ua phseklo prtenh (@)`keorth `l Ahriosto, oa moieh iol p`teh oa thrah ` nu`l so iestrekuyoa l`sievors`s oieben`nehaos io l` dr`aj`, so lhn`lez` ol k`s`moath io ua` ostrun-tur` eatorprot`i` nhmh chrah ihmstenh.

L` nhastrunnea io osths oiebenehs `prhvonc` nu`lqueor m`tore`l iesphae-klo oa ol oathrah. N`i` tr`mh io zn`lh io peoir` io l`s n`s`s io Ol [`sellh

@. Redel-Osn`lor`, L. Coraaioz, W. Cora`az, Momhre` io l`s oxn`v`nehaos `rquoh-lden`s oa ol y`nemeoath Z`rz`lojh (@rrhyhmhleahs, M`irei). -. Momhre`eaiet`, iophset`i` oa l` Ieronnea Doaor`l io W`tremhaeh Cestrenh io l`Nhmuaei`i io M`irei (Juaeh-).

W`es`jos rur`los iol noatrh y ahrhosto io Osp``

Bed. . Reveoai` nhrrosphaieoato ` ua` uaei`i ihmsten` oal` p`rto rsten` io l` vell` io Ol [`sellh (K`r`j`s, M`irei).

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pormeto `ivorter l` emplen`nea io m`ahs ieboroane`i`s, t`ath phr l` solon-nea (t`m`h, bhrm`) nhmh phr l` iesphsenea iol m`tore`l, m`yhret`re`-moato n`aths rhi`ihs, sea aeadua` nl`so io mhrtorh io n`l (Bedur` ). Oli`th c`kl`r` ` b`vhr io ua`s n`ioa`s hpor`tev`s k`st`ato soanell`s oa l`squo n`i` rosphas`klo thm` sus prhpe`s ionesehaos. Yhi`s l`s pl`at`s nhah-nei`s io osp`nehs roseioane`los so `somoj`a, phr htr` p`rto, eaien`aih ol

soduemeoath io uahs nretorehs io buaneha`lei`i semplos, meoatr`s quo l``ancur` io iotormea`ihs `mkeoatos ioaht` l` iesphaekelei`i io ved`s iom`ior` io ua`s neort`s iemoasehaos. ^ea omk`rdh, l` yuxt`phsenea io l`sn`s`s oa Ol [`sellh, `leao`i`s oa thrah `l dr`a p`teh io l` c`neoai`, sor`ua` nl`r` iomhstr`nea io quo oxesto ua` pl`aeben`nea noatr`lez`i`, `ua-quo lhs iot`llos io su ojonunea quoioa oa m`ahs io n`i` uaei`i ihms-ten`. N`aths rhi`ihs iol lonch y hrell`s iol rh, `ihkos, m`ior`, toj` (p`r`

Io `nuorih ` lhs y`nemeoaths nhotaohs quo nhahnomhs io premor` m`ah oa l`rodea, ol mhrtorh io n`l so rosorv` oxnlusev`moato p`r` l` nhastrunnea io l`s p`rtosms ahklos io l`s c`neoai`s (torm`s, `ul`s) h p`r` iotormea`i`s east`l`nehaos ion`rntor eaiustre`l (iopseths h suolhsio l`d`ros).

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Bed. . Reveoai` seadul`r oa ol oanl`vo rur`l rhm`ah ioZ`rz`lojh (@rrhyhmhleahs, M`irei).

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l`s nukeort`s) y l`irellh (p`r` lhs chd`ros) sha lhs m`tore`los io nhastrun-nea omplo`ihs, `l m`rdoa io nu`lqueor htrh shkr`ato ro`prhvonc`klo prh-noioato io lhs vortoiorhs. Lhs suolhs sha seompro io teorr` `pesha`i`, lhs

`lz`ihs io `ihko y l`s nukeort`s io toj` nurv`. Os sedaeben`tev` l` `usoane`io selhs nhotaohs nhmh bhrm` io `lm`noa`meoath io n`rntor prev`ih,`uaquo `p`ronoa oa su lud`r eaienehs quo `puat`a `l ush io nhatoaoihrosnormenhs. L`s ll`vos `rtenul`i`s io ceorrh ronupor`i`s oa l` hnult`nea ioOl [`sellh ioaht`r`a l` oxestoane` io phrthaos io m`ior`.

L`s portoaoane`s quo os` b`mele` hnult (nroyoaih quo io bhrm` prhveseh-a`l) `atos io `k`aiha`r su n`s` oa Ol [`sellh porm`aoneorha iophset`i`soa ua` io os`s bhs`s tea`jor`s. Nha su v`lehsh nhatoaeih, l` ostruntur` sosoll nha v`rehs br`dmoaths ronhrt`ihs io p`vemoath io mhrtorh y ual`irellh, t`l voz hnult`aih ua` n`j` h nhatoaoihr porieih. ^o iophset`rha

I. Whzuolh, @. Redel-Osn`lor` , hp. Net.

W`es`jos rur`los iol noatrh y ahrhosto io Osp``

Bed. . Yephs io `p`rojh nhastruntevh oa lhs zn`lhs iolporehih ;.; io Ol [`sellh.

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oa su eatorehr nu`trh pl`ths `pel`ihs io Y^CY nha ol bhaih eatorah ost`m-pell`ih, nhmploths porh us`ihs, ua omkuih (ol nuollh y chmkrh ronhrt`ihio ua` khtoll` dr`aio io Y^CY), ua j`rreth ionhr`ih nha ost`mpell`s, tros

j`rr`s h khtoll`s dr`aios io ihs `s`s, ua p`r io v`shs io veireh, tros hrz`sio ieboroato n`p`nei`i, y ua eatoros`ato lhto io hkjoths io ceorrh io ievor-sh ush: ua n`zh io m`adh l`rdh pl`ah, ua` p`l` io m`adh thrseha`ih, uap`r io ll`vos rtenul`i`s, ldh moahs io moie` ll`at` io ceorrh io n`rrh nhasus nl`vhs, ua p`r io dr`i`s h ieoatos io roj` io `r`ih, ua` kolhrt` (`kr`-z`ior` dr`aio io `r`ih), ihs nuncellhs, ua` `lnht`a`, ua c`nc`, ol oxtromhiest`l io ua` chz h du`i``, ua` phseklo k`l`az` nha ihs d`anchs, ua s`n`-khn`ihs, v`rell`s io ceorrh Os hkveh quo v`rehs io lhs hkjoths (nhmh ol

sodmoath io ll`at`) ah phi`a toaor htrh v`lhr quo su posh nhmh mot`l,`uaquo a`ieo vhlve ` ronupor`r lh osnhaieih. L` nhmphsenea iol iopse-th phir` ost`r robloj`aih ol rol`tevh phior `iquesetevh io sus prht`dhaes-t`s, `ma io nhrrhkhr`r ol prhbuaih emp`nth shnehldenh quo nha osn`shm`rdoa io iui` tuveorha `lduahs io lhs opeshiehs io n`rntor tr`umtenhquo ahs tr`asmetoa l`s nraen`s iol porehih. Osths buorha veveihs (h porne-keihs) io ua mhih ieronth phr lhs c`ket`atos io ua` rodea quo c`st`oathanos y iosio c`n` munc`s doaor`ehaos slh c`k` nhahneih teomphsio rol`tev` p`z shne`l.

L`s premor`s dr`aj`s phstempore`los: Ol ^hth

@prhxem`i`moato ua` doaor`nea ms t`rio, nhmh quoi` ojompleben`-ih phr ol y`nemeoath io Ol ^hth, oa ol m`ireloh iestreth io K`r`j`s, surdo`ato auostrhs hjhs ua` setu`nea keoa ievors`. u nrhahlhd` quoi` ost`klo-nei` phr l` prosoane` n`se oxnlusev` io l` ltem` io l`s prhiunnehaos ioY^CY, p`r` l` quo prhphair`mhs ua`s bonc`s io vedoane` noatr`i`s oa ol

soduaih nu`rth io l` queat` noature`, nuy` ionhr`nea iorev`r` io l` iolsoduaih ostelh (dr`aios nrnulhs ` nhmps) iobeaeih phr W`z. Ol oanl`vo,` pos`r iol dr`vo `rr`s`meoath subreih phr l`khros `drnhl`s phstorehros,prhphrneha` cuoll`s io ua vortoiorh, ua chrah ihmstenh, ua oiebeneh

Ol boamoah io l`s hnult`nehaos io eaenehs iol sedlh R i.N. ah so nernuasnreko oxnlu-sev`moato `l mketh rur`l. ^o nhahnoa `ldua`s oa noatrhs io n`rntor urk`ah, nhmhphr ojomplh l` io ua `mkeoato ihmstenh io _x`m` (nbr. N. D`rn` Moreah, _x`m`E. N`mp``s io y . Oxn`v`nehaos @rquohlden`s oa Osp``, . M`irei, ,p. ). Oa nu`lqueor n`sh, `h tr`s h seduoa prhiuneaihso auovhs iosnukremeoaths,`uaquo l` m`yhr` porm`aozn`a eaieths.J.@. W`z, hp. Net.

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nhastrueih nha tnaen` mext` y ua` poquo` aonrphles io teph b`mele`r.L` nhastrunnea io prhk`klo ush roseioane`l nhast` io ihs p`rtos ieboroa-

ne`i`s ioatrh io ua` pl`at` doaor`l ront`adul`r io neort` `mpletui ( phr

, m, m). L` tr`sor` (, phr , m, m), prosoat` ol suolh ledo-r`moato rocuaieih y so lov`at`r` shkro ua zn`lh io n`aths rhi`ihs.Yoair` `lz`ih io `ihkos y nukeort` io toj` nurv`, `uaquo rosult` iebnelprones`r se st` sor` auov` h (nhmh shsponc`mhs) prhnoior` iol oxphleh ionu`lqueor` io lhs oanl`vos prxemhs `k`aiha`ihs phnh teomph `atos. L`p`rto iol`ator` `phy` shkro ua sestom` io `l moahs ieoz phstos y t`l voznhat nha ua` nukeort` io m`tore` vodot`l (Bedur` ). Ah `p`ronoa selhs`shne`ihs ` ost` hnup`nea, porh thi`v` s lh c`noa `lduahs br`dmoaths io

dr`aios nhatoaoihros.L`s auovo sopultur`s ihnumoat`i`s (nu`trh iulths, neanh eab`atelos) shaeacum`nehaos oa bhs` semplo rovostei` ` vonos nha toj` nurv` oa sus p`ro-ios o eiatenh m`tore`l io nukeort`. Lhs nl`vhs io ceorrh p`roneihs prhphr-neha`a l` bhrm` io lhs `t`ios io m`ior`. L`s soes sopultur`s nha ju`r, nhap`r`lolhs oa htrhs puaths io l` rodea y buor` io oll`, prhphrneha`a sorve-nehs nhmploths io Y^CY (nuoanh y pl`th), ua` hllet` io normen` nhma,v`rehs v`shs io veireh, nuoat`s io nhll`r io p`st` vtro`, ua `aellh io krha-no _ah io lhs oatorr`meoaths bomoaeahs (io `nuorih `l `aleses `atrh-phldenh) n`rono io hbroai` h `ju`r baokro, `uaquo s `p`ronoa osths olo-moaths oa v`rehs io lhs eab`atelos. L` hreoat`nea io l`s sopultur`s os eaies-teat`moato A-^ h ^-A, y l` nhmphsenea iomhdrben` p`rono eaien`r quoahs c`ll`mhs `ato l` aonrphles b`mele`r nhrrosphaieoato ` ua` hnup`neakrovo, proveseklomoato uaedoaor`neha`l.

L` nultur` m`tore`l `shne`i` ` l`s ostruntur`s iol oanl`vo `isnreth ` ost`b`so os `kshlut`moato t`rihrrhm`a` (lh quo voair` ` `v`l`r l` puj`az` iol

_a c`ll`zdh semel`r so prhiujh roneoatomoato oa l` lhn`lei`i io Msthlos, oa ua`oxn`v`nea io urdoane` k`jh ol n`snh urk`ah `ateduh (L. D`leaih, R.M. ^ancoz, L`aonrphles t`rih`atedu` io Dorha` oa Msthlos, oa Cuoll`s. @ntu`nehaos io l`Nhmuaei`i io M`irei oa ol W`tremhaeh Cestrenh, M`irei, , pp. -). L` ieboroa-ne` sust`ane`l nha l`s `atedu`moato ioahmea`i`s aonrphles iol Iuorh (@. Buoatos, hp. net.), prnten`moato nhotao`s, r`ien`r` oa l` `usoane` (prhveseha`l) io`rm`moath. Ol aleses r`iehn`rkaenh phr @M^ (L`k Nerno, Aphlos) io ihs muostr`s prhnoioa-tos io ost` aonrphles ah hbrono oxnosev` `yui` p`r` iobeaer nha m`yhr pronesea l`i`t`nea iol nhajuath. ^us rosult`ihs c`a seih lhs sedueoatos, I^C : KW,(n`lekr`i` ` sedm` - i.N., ` sedm` - i.N.)6 I^C : KW(n`lekr`i` sedm` - i.N., ` sedm` - i.N).

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oatr`m`ih urk`ah thi`v` phr ost`s bonc`s), y oanuoatr` ua nhrrol`thm`tore`l pronesh oa lhs roporthrehs io `ldua`s io l`s aumorhs`s hnup`neh-aos rupostros nhotao`s io htr`s nhm`rn`s. C`a ios`p`roneih iol p`ahr`-m` l`s prhiunnehaos nlsen`s io Y^CY `seda`i`s `l ioahmea`ih soduaihostelh p`r` sor sustetuei`s phr v`shs nha ionhr`nea ropotetev` io mhtevhsdohmtrenhs ost`mp`ihs y ` mhlio y phr l` v`jell` les`.

_a` eatorprot`nea phseklo io ost` nl`so io y`nemeoaths emplen`r` uaprhnosh io br`dmoat`nea oa uaei`ios ihmsten`s io l`s nhmuaei`ios quo

`atorehrmoato c`k`a ost`ih eatodr`i`s oa ol sestom` io l`s c`neoai`sk`jhempore`los, `uaquo m`atoaeoaih thi`v` neorths vanulhs rosponth `luaevorsh urk`ah (lh quo quoi`r` `v`l`ih phr l` prosoane` io v`shs io

J.@. Puers N`stellh, @. @lhash M`rta, L`s hnup`nehaos rupostros oa ol bea io l`

@atedoi`i. Lhs m`tore`los normenhs io Lhs Cushs (L`du`rie`, l`v`), Roloe`,

-, , pp. -. Osths vanulhs phir`a sor io iopoaioane` oa `lduahs n`shs, oa htrhs shl`moaton`kr` c`kl`r io p`rne`l eatodr`nea oa nernueths io iestrekunea/nhmorne`lez`nea iokeoaos p`r` lhs quo so prosuphao ua p`pol noatr`l io oshs morn`ihs supr`lhn`los shs-toaeihs phr l` tr`m` urk`a`.

@lbhash Redel Osn`lor` Duer`ih

Bed. . Nhastrunnea io ush roseioane`l iol oanl`vo phstempore`l io Ol ^hth(K`r`j`s, M`irei).

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veireh y phrnoat`jos io Y^CY iol hrioa iol -%). Iesmeauyoa `pro-ne`klomoato lhs seompro osn`shs m`tore`los io emphrt`nea, y p`rono ios-t`n`klo quo iosp`rozn`a io osnoa` (ua aenh br`dmoath ronupor`ih oa Ol

^hth) l`s prhiunnehaos moreieha`los io Y^CY nha ionhr`nea kurel`i`

quo ua` doaor`nea `atos nhabhrm`k`a ua phrnoat`jo sedaeben`tevh oa lhsroporthrehs normenhs m`irelohs. Osto i`th phir` ost`r `nroiet`aih quo`ldua`s ostruntur`s h nernueths io iestrekunea quo ua` doaor`nea `atosbuaneha`k`a ` l` osn`l` `mple` io l` prhveane` k`jhempore`l y` so c`k`aiosmhrha`ih oa ost`s bonc`s.

W`es`jos rur`los `lthmoieov`los

C`ne` moie`ihs iol sedlh R i.N., lhs rodestrhs `rquohldenhs iol phkl`-meoath rur`l m`ireloh p`ronoa `puat`r ` mhvemeoaths io muy ievorshsedah. @ nhateau`nea roves`romhs ievors`s bhrm`s io `soat`meoath oa olmoieh rur`l quo puoioa ost`r `tostedu`aih l` puost` oa prnten` io ostr`-tode`s shne`los t`l voz ievordoatos.

Ostr`tode`s n`mposea`s: iesporsea o eaost`kelei`i

Oanhatr`mhs phr ua l`ih prhnoshs io br`dmoat`nea io l`s bhrm`s io`soat`meoath n`r`ntorez`i`s phr ua` `lt` eaost`kelei`i osp`ne`l quo ros-phaior`a ` ostr`tode`s n`mposea`s io meaemez`nea io reosdhs y quophir`a roprosoat`r ` l` voz hpnehaos voat`jhs`s p`r` osn`p`r h porm`aonorbuor` iol nhatrhl io l` prhpeoi`i buaie`re`. Ol amorh io y`nemeoathseanlueihs oa ost` n`todhr` (L` Orell`, West` io Mhths) ah c` ioj`ih ionronor ua` voz ronhahneihs lhs preanep`los r`sdhs y p`rtenul`rei`ios iolp`rnh rodestrh normenh `shne`ih, `uaquo sha seompro io iebnel eioateben`-

nea o eatorprot`nea phr l` osn`soz, `lt` iesporsea y k`j` ioasei`i io l`sostruntur`s ihmsten`s h `uxele`ros (ahrm`lmoato bhaihs io selhs) `shne`-i`s ` l`s quo phir`a eatorprot`rso nhmh hnup`nehaos eaost`klos ` n`rdh iouaei`ios ihmsten`s seadul`ros. Wrhphrneha`a ua` nultur` m`tore`l k`s-t`ato ruiemoat`re`, rosult`ih io l` doaor`nea io muy osn`sh vhlumoa ioroseiuhs ihmstenhs, quo `puat` phr htr` p`rto ` ua `prhvonc`meoatheatoasevh io sus `ju`ros ihmstenhs (v`jell`, mhleahs). L`s bhrm`s iooatorr`meoath `shne`i`s, t`mkea io muy iebnel ronhahnemeoath `rquoh-

M. Hrbel`, , hp. Net.J.@. Puers, @. Redel-Osn lor`, hp. Net., pp. -. @. Redel-Osn`lor , Dr`aj`s..., pp. -.

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ldenh, suphaoa l` iophsenea rol`tev`moato eabhrm`l io l`s eacum`nehaos,`esl`i`s h oa maem`s `drup`nehaos, oa ol oathrah iol ro` roseioane`l h oaeatorstenehs iol p`rnol`reh `dr`reh. Oa osths oanl`vos, ahrm`lmoato setu`-

ihs ` hrell`s io nurshs bluve`los moahros, ost` vertu`lmoato `usoato y` l`Y^CY, `uaquo ua neorth dr`ih io semeletui oatro lhs roporthrehs norme-nhs io oanl`vos io ieboroatos zha`s dohdrben`s poaeasul`ros `v`l`r` thi`-v` ua` maem` vedoane` io lh quo phir` ioahmea`rso nhmh l` b`so tor-mea`l iol `ateduh morn`ih aenh k`jhempore`l.

Ostr`tode`s iol Whior: hnup`nehaos io `ltur`

Iur`ato l` premor` met`i iol sedlh R i.N. so ihnumoat`a nl`rhs prhno-shs io `drod`nea phkl`neha`l oa setehs io `ltur`. Oa lhs ojomplhs mojhrostuie`ihs, y `l m`rdoa io su aht`klo cotorhdoaoei`i, sths ah p`ronoaphr sus n`r`ntorsten`s hkr` io nhmuaei`ios n`mposea`s, seah paienos iolphior urk`ah, prhmhveihs sodur`moato phr l`s oletos lhn`los, so`a st`ssukseie`re`s io l`s hled`rqu`s urk`a`s, p`rto eatodr`ato io oll`s h eanlushb`nnehaos oabroat`i`s ` l`s mesm`s, quo emplen`a l` nhashlei`nea io roiosio iopoaioane` porsha`l h nleoatol`r y ua` nl`r` rohreoat`nea io l`s eavor-sehaos iol oxnoioato oxedeih `l n`mposea`ih. Oa n`se thihs lhs n`shs solov`at`a ostruntur`s ioboasev`s (mur`ll`s) quo iolemet`a ol pormotrh hnu-p`ih, `uaquo su bkren` rosult` ` vonos `prosur`i` h ruiemoat`re`, sea `po-a`s nemoat`nea ae thrros (Whata io l` Hlev`, oa W`thaos, M`irei, voea-teneanh contro`s io oxtoasea), y slh ` vonos `ihpt`a bhrm`ths quo `so-

L` i`t`nea prhpuost` sor` doaor`lez`klo p`r` lhs ojomplhs mojhr nhahneihs iol son-

thr noatr`l io l` Woaasul` Ekren` (Muol`s iol W`a, Kora`rihs, A`v`s`adel, Whataio l` Hlev`, N`anch iol Nhaboseha`reh) y so buai`moat` oa l` ah `p`renea io l`sv`reoi`ios t`rihempore`los io Y^CY. L`s buoatos a`rr`tev`s p`ronoa `v`l`r l` oxestoa-ne` oa ol AO poaeasul`r io noatrhs io ost` n`todhr` surdeihs eanlush oa ol premornu`rth iol sedlh R (nbr. J. @rno, Krk`rhs... p. ). Oa l`s mesm`s so puoio `prone`reanlush l` ieboroane` io ompl`z`meoath y n`rntor oxestoato oatro vell`o (prxem`s ` l`neui`i) y n`stoll`, `p`rt`ihs io oll`. R`aso ` osto rosponth l`s roneoatos `phrt`nehaosio E. M`rta Resh, L` hrioa`nea iol torrethreh rur`l y l` trekut`nea oa ol ^urhostoio l` Mosot` iol Iuorh (sedlhs RE-REE), oa ^. N`stoll`ahs, E. M`rta Resh (ois.),Io

[hm` ` lhs krk`rhs: phior noatr`l y chrezhatos lhn`los oa l` nuoan` iol Iuorh, Loa:_aevorsei`i io Loa, , pp. -. L` keklehdr`b` oxestoato so c` noatr`ih oxnlusev`moato oa su hnup`nea io phn`eaidoa` (nbr. O. Nu`ir`ih, Ol N`strh io l` Iocos` io l` Hlev`, @rquohlhd`,

W`lohathlhd` y Otahdr`b` , M`irei, , pp. -). _a` rovesea io lhs m`tore`-los puklen`ihs oathanos y lhs i`ths prhnoioatos io ievors`s ntu`nehaos puatu`los nh-

@lbhash Redel Osn`lor` Duer`ih

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moj`a ` lhs io ua vori`iorh roneath `mur`ll`ih urk`ah nha thrros, y` so`io poquoh t`m`h, nhmh Yoioj` (contro` y moie`) h Kora`rihs (troscontro`s) h neort` oxtoasea (N`strh Roaths`, soes contro`s). ^u ompl`-

z`meoath rosphaio oa ol n`sh iol noatrh poaeasul`r ` uken`nehaos dohdr-ben`s oxnatren`s rosponth ` l` m`ll` urk`a` t`rih`atedu`. @ tr`vs io l`nro`nea io osths auovhs noatrhs puih t`l voz ovet`rso quo `lduahs mke-ths, `chr` eavosteihs io ua n`rntor brhatorezh, so ios`rtenul`r`a phlten`-moato io m`aor` iobeaetev`, phaeoaih oa poledrh `l nhajuath iol sestom`.Oa thih n`sh, os` prones` hreoat`nea buaneha`l c`kr` porieih kuoa` p`rtoio su soateih ` moie`ihs iol sedlh RE oa neorths torrethrehs, nu`aih ua`nl`r` codomha` phlten` c`kr` khrr`ih n`se thi`s l`s bhrm`s hrd`aez`i`s

io rosestoane` oa l`s osn`l`s eatormoie`s io l` ostruntur` jorrquen`.Lhs p`trhaos urk`astenhs oatrovesths oa su eatorehr rosphaioa ` bhrm`sio pl`aeben`nea ms h moahs noatr`lez`i` oa iotormea`ihs oanl`vos(Whata, t`l voz Kora`rihs) h p`ronoa `usoatos oa htrhs, bruth io ua ios-`rrhllh rol`tev`moato hrdaenh (A`v`s`adel, N`anch iol Nhaboseha`reh).

motei`s roneoatomoato sha l` k`so io ost` roeatorprot`nea. @dr`ioznh `l ieronthr iooshs tr`k`jhs, Ir. Eda`neh Mhatorh, lh sust`ane`l io os`s eabhrm`nehaos `a eaiet`s. [. Khced`s, J.@. Lon`ai`, E. [uez Rloz, Ovhlunea io l`s bhrm`s y buanehaos iol` rquetontur` melet`r rhm`a` oa ol Ahrto io Cesp`ae`: ol n`sh io Yoioj`, Nhadrosshio @rquohlhde` Woaeasul`r, Whrth, , vhl. , pp. -.J.M. Dhaz`lh Dhazloz, Ol Norrh iol N`stellh, Kora`rihs (^odhve`). _a y`nemeoath

`rquohldenh seadul`r oa l` prhveane` io ^odhve` iur`ato l` atedoi`i t`ri . odhve`: N`j`[ur`l io ^odhve`, .J.N. Meseodh ot `l., Eatorvoanea `rquohlden` oa ol pormotrh mur`ih io N`strhRoaths` (N`n`kolhs, Loa), oa J.@. K`lkh` io W`z, E. I`z lv`roz, R. Boraaioz

Rzquoz (nhhris.),@nt`s io l`s Jhra`i`s shkro N`strh Roaths`, Whaborr`i`, , pp.-. ^hkro N`anch iol Nhaboseha`reh v`so L. N`k`llorh, D. Mod`s, Eabhrmo io l`soxn`v`nehaos iol phkl`ih moieov`l iol N`anch iol Nhaboseha`reh, M`az`a`ros ol [o`l(M`irei), Juleh ,Ahtene`reh @rquohldenh Cespaenh. @rquohlhd , , pp. -6shkro A`v`s`adel, v`so C. L`rra ot `l., Oas`yh io sestom`tez`nea io l` normen`t`rih`atedu` oa l` nuoan` iol Iuorh, oa L. N`k`llorh, W. M`tohs, M. [otuorno (ois.),Normen`s t`rihrrhm`a`s y `lthmoieov`los oa l` Woaasul` Ekren`. [uptur` y nhateauei`i(EE^emphseh io @rquohlhd`. Mrei`, ), @aojhs io @rncevh Osp`hl io @rquohlhd`,

SSREEE. M`irei,

, pp.

-

. ^hkro ol seteh io Ol Nresth, oa Muol`s iol W`a,nbr. J. Auh Dhazloz, @. Ihmaduoz Khl`hs, @sponths melet`ros iol n`strh iolNresth io ^`a Ostok`a, oa Muol`s iol W`a (Z`mhr`). _a `soat`meoath oa l` brhator`suovh-vesedhi`, oa E.N. Borroer` Bora`aios (nhhri.), Mel @ahs io Bhrteben`os a`

Woaasul` Ekren` o ah M`drok (-). @nt`s ih ^emphseh Eatora`neha`l shkroN`stolhs , W`lmol`. Leskh`, , pp. -.

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@ldua`s io l`s aonrphles (^em`an`s, L` Mhrtorha`, Whata) eanluyoaoatorr`meoaths seadul`ros nha m`tore`los io prostedeh `l l`ih io htr`s sea`ju`r h nha iopseths ms nhmuaos (v`shs normenhs). L` nultur` m`tore`l

`shne`i` ` osths oanl`vos iomuostr` phr su `kuai`ane` y v`reoi`i ua` ploa`eatodr`nea oa sestom`s shnehphltenhs io m`yhr `mpletui, nhrrosphaieoa-tos ` ua` tr`m` urk`a` t`rih`atedu` suporveveoato y, oa neorths `sponths,`ntu`lez`i`. L` soreo io normen`s bea`s dresos io l` soduai` met`i iol sedlhR i.N. (t`ath l`s vori`ior`s I^W iol htrh l`ih io lhs Wereaohs nhmh sus bro-nuoatos emet`nehaos poaeasul`ros) nhastetuyoa ua chrezhato nhma rol`te-v`moato chmhdaoh p`r` sus b`sos ms `atedu`s io hnup`nea.

L`s sonuoane`s io bronuoat`nea lthmoieov`los rosult`a i` io chy k`s-

t`ato iosnhahnei`s p`r` l` m`yhr p`rto io lhs y`nemeoaths. Oa thihs lhsojomplhs net`ihs iost`n` ua `rr`aquo buorto oa thrah ` moie`ihs io l`queat` noature`. W`ronor` nl`r` l` nhateauei`i io `lduahs oanl`vos iur`a-to lhs sedlhs RE, REE o eanlush phstorehros (Kora`rihs), porh lhs nhatoxthsio ost`s nrhahlhd`s sha ms lkelos oa htrhs ojomplhs (N`anch, Whata,A`v`s`adel), sea phior iosn`rt`rso rohnup`nehaos puatu`los iur`ato olsedlh REEE oa `lduahs n`shs. Os phseklo quo ` ost` ltem` b`so so `shneoa, iothi`s bhrm`s, neort`s n`r`ntorsten`s prhpe`s.

L`s premor`s dr`aj`s ost`klos

_a` tornor` n`todhr` io oanl`vos, nuyh mojhr oxphaoato lh nhabhrm`r-`a l`s dr`aj`s roneoatomoato oxn`v`i`s io Wr`ih Reojh h Nhadhsth (oaM`irei), y` ioaht`a ua` ost`kelei`i m`aebeost` ` p`rter iol tornor nu`rthiol sedlh R i.N. Osto prhnosh ah roprosoat` seah ol rosult`ih io ua` prh-buai` emkren`nea oatro ol ro` roseioane`l y iotormea`ihs osp`nehs `dr`-rehs io ush eatoasevh, phseklomoato mojhr`ihs moie`ato ua` eavorsea

prhdrosev` y nhateau`i` io tr`k`jh ` tr`vs iol `kha`ih y l` nhasedueoato

Rei. Eabr`, a. , p`r` l`s roboroane`s. @dr`ionomhs io auovh l` eabhrm`nea eaiet` prhphrneha`i` phr E. Mhatorh. _a chrezhato m`tore`l porbont`moato ronhahneih, phr htr` p`rto, oa `lduahs n`shsoxnopneha`los io y`nemeoaths rur`los ah uken`ihs oa `ltur`, nhmh phr ojomplh oa oloanl`vo rur`l m`ireloh io Nhadhsth, oa ol muaenepeh io [ev`s. R`aso: J.@. Puers,@. Redel-Osn`lor`, hp. Net. pp. -6 @. Redel-Osn`lor` @ldua`s hksorv`nehaos shkrol`s normen`s io phn` vesedhi` (ss. R-ER i.N.) io l` rodea io M`irei, oa @.M`lpen` y J.N. N`rv`j`l (ois.), Ostuiehs io normen` t`rihrrhm`a` y `lthmoieov`l.Dr`a`i`, , pp. -). Nbr. @. Redel-Osn`lor`, Dr`aj`s, pp. -.

@lbhash Redel Osn`lor` Duer`ih

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mojhr` nu`let`tev` io su prhiuntevei`i. Whr htr` p`rto, l` nhasonunea ioua` ploa` ost`kelei`i oa osths `soat`meoaths io prhk`klo n`rntor iopoa-ieoato puoio loorso nhmh ol mojhr tostemhaeh io l` nhashlei`nea io l`s

ostruntur`s io phior resthnrtenh, quo phnh phnh c`a eih lhdr`aih be`a-z`r su phsenea shkro torrethrehs poreurk`ahs n`i` voz ms hrioa`ihs, h oahtr`s p`l`kr`s, lodeklos, phr l`s ostruntur`s ost`t`los h p`r`ost`t`los.

L`s ostruntur`s io n`rntor roseioane`l, n`s`s io pl`at` ront`adul`r muysoanell`, nhabhrm`a ol noatrh io ua` nhastol`nea io ostruntur`s `uxele`rosrol`tev`moato `kuai`atos (aumorhshs selhs, `ldua`s n`k``s io suolhrocuaieih, phzhs). N`i` oanl`vo suolo prosoat`r ua` h `l mxemh ihs htros uaei`ios ihmsten`s ieboroane`i`s quo `p`ronoa oa pl`at` porbont`-

moato sop`r`i`s, os io suphaor quo n`i` ua` nha su prhpeh osp`neh iooxplht`nea eatoasev` iolemet`ih. L`s eacum`nehaos, nu`aih so rodestr`a,iomuostr`a prnten`s io iophsenea rol`tev`moato eabhrm`los, oa ol mojhrn`sh bhrm`aih poquo`s `drup`nehaos b`mele`ros io moahs io moie` ihno-a` io sopultur`s oa ol oathrah iol ro` io hnup`nea roseioane`l h oaeatorstenehs iol p`rnol`reh. Lh c`ketu`l os quo l` m`yhr p`rto io ost`ssopultur`s n`rozn` io nu`lqueor nl`so io iopseth h `ju`r. Oa lhs nhatoxthsio `mhrtez`nea io ostruntur`s ihmsten`s h `uxele`ros `p`ronoa oa osn`s`n`atei`i v`shs io veireh, osphrien`s emphrt`nehaos io I^W y, ms bro-nuoatomoato, emet`nehaos io l`s mesm`s. Yhi`s l`s `atedu`s v`reoi`ios iol` Y^CY c`a ios`p`roneih io osnoa`. @a `s, l` normen` nhma, thi`oll` nha b`ntur` ` thrah, rosphaio ` tr`ienehaos ostrent`moato t`rihrrhm`-a`s, y ah sor c`st` ol ltemh tr`mh iol sedlh R nu`aih c`d`a su `p`reneal`s premor`s prhiunnehaos ` m`ah h nha b`ntur` ` thrah loath. Osto p`ah-r`m` p`ronor` rosp`li`r l` ceptoses io quo oa ol sestom` io prhiunnea yiestrekunea io m`aub`ntur`s, l` roi io neui`ios `a juod` ua p`polemphrt`ato oa neort`s rodehaos iol eatorehr nu`aih phir` ost`r iosmhrh-

aaihso ultorehrmoato oa htr`s.Oa lhs y`nemeoaths oa lhs quo so rodestr`a sonuoane`s pluresonul`ros io

`ntevei`i puoio nhmprhk`rso nmh lhs sonthros roseioane`los so ronhas-truyoa n`se phr nhmploth nha l`pshs io ua` h ihs doaor`nehaos, ah seoa-ih oxtr`h quo ollh nhmphrto maemhs iospl`z`meoaths io ua`s ionoa`sio motrhs oa su uken`nea. L` ost`kelei`i ` l` quo ahs comhs roboreih nha`atorehrei`i ah emplen`, puos, quo l`s ostruntur`s io ush roseioane`l y suss`tletos so nhastruy`a oa ol mesmh lud`r iur`ato sedlhs, seah quo l`s

Oa ol soateih omplo`ih, phr ojomplh, phr J.N. ^nhtt,^ooead lefo ` ^t`to. AowC`voa, .

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sunosev`s ronhastrunnehaos `n`k`a pevht`aih oa thrah ` iotormea`ihsosp`nehs `dr`rehs io ush eatoasevh.

L` omordoane` io l`s `lio`s

U` ` moie`ihs iol sedlh R oanhatr`mhs oa l`s nhm`rn`s moreieha`los ioM`irei l`s premor`s oveioane`s `rquohlden`s (ms quo prhk`klos sath-m`s) quo ioaht`a l` `p`renea io oanl`vos rur`los iht`ihs io bhrm`s ioshne`kelei`i `lio`a`, nha thih lh quo ollh nhmphrt`r`. _ah io lhs mojh-ros ojomplhs oa ost` ieronnea sor` l` b`so io hnup`nea ms `atedu` io l``lio` io Ol Woln`ah (@rrhyhmhleahs, M`irei), quo `mhrtez` p`r` l` east`-

l`nea io su nhmp`nt` ro` roseioane`l premedoae` ua osp`neh k`jhempore`lio ush `dr`reh, ua` l`ior` `torr`z`i` iostea`i` nha `atorehrei`i `l nulte-vh. L` eioateben`nea io l`s b`sos io hnup`nea ms `atedu`s io osths `soa-t`meoaths `lio`ahs ost`klos rosult` ua` t`ro` `riu` y nhmploj`, prones`-moato phrquo su phstorehr nhateauei`i nhatrekuyo ` oam`sn`r`r y c`norhp`n`s l`s ms h moahs oaioklos cuoll`s io sus hrdoaos. L` `lio` io OlWoln`ah (lhs rosult`ihs io nuy` ltem` n`mp`` io oxn`v`nea osta thi`-v` seoaih prhnos`ihs) surdo eamoie`t`moato iospus io l` nhmplot` ios-ostruntur`nea io ua` aht`klo c`neoai` k`jhempore`l. L` io Dzquoz (^`aM`rta io l` Rod`, M`irei) `rr`an` oa ua mhmoath phstorehr, iur`ato l`premor` met`i iol sedlh RE, sea aoxhs oveioatos nha ua phkl`meoath pro-veh. Oa ua l`psh io tros h nu`trh doaor`nehaos (oatro l` soduai` met`i iol` queat` noature` y l` premor` iol soxth sedlh), ua` ioas` tr`m` io dr`a-j`s y `lio`s, oanl`vos `kshlut`moato ost`klos y porbont`moato iolemet`ihsiosio ua` porspontev` torrethre`l, nukro phr nhmploth ol osp`neh io l`sn`mpe`s iol ^ur io M`irei, y htrh t`ath hnurro nha `mplehs torrethrehs iol` Mosot` Ahrto. Osto prhnosh phir` r`stro`rso oa iotormea`ihs sonthros

io l` Nuoan` iol Iuorh phr l`s mesm`s bonc`s quo oa M`irei, se ahs `to-aomhs ` l` nl`so y nhmphsenea io l`s oxtoas`s aonrphles `shne`i`s ` y`ne-meoaths nhmh L` Hlmoi` (W`loane`), y ` lhs `soat`meoaths ` lhs quoiokeorha `shne`rso `ldua`s io l`s aonrphles phstempore`los `atedu`moato

Oa l`s eamoie`nehaos io ^`ate`dh io Nhmphstol` c` phieih ihnumoat`rso `rquoh-lden`moato l` nhastrunnea io osp`nehs `dr`rehs `torr`z`ihs oa osto porehih, ` pos`rio quo ol r`strh io lhs mkeths ihmstenhs so` thi`v` osquevh. Nbr. J.@. Puers, @.Redel-Osn`lor`, hp. Net., pp. -ss., nha l` keklehdr`b` porteaoato.J.@. @kshlh, J. Nhrts, B. Wroz,L` aonrphles Ahrto io L` Hlmoi` (Woirhs` io l Rod`,

W`loane`). W`loane`, .

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ioahmea`i`s iol Iuorh. Ol oanl`vo io Dzquoz nhastetuyo uah io lhsojomplhs ms t`rihs io buai`nehaos lio`a`s (bea`los iol premor torneh iolsedlh RE), nha r`sdhs quo phir`a eatorprot`rso nhmh bruth io ua` pl`aebe-

n`nea rol`tev`moato ostrent` iol osp`neh c`ket`ih y ua` rdei` lhtez`neaiol osp`neh oatro l`s iesteat`s b`mele`s h uaei`ios ihmsten`s quo porm`-aono eamut`klo c`st` ol `k`aihah iol oanl`vo ` moie`ihs iol sedlh REEE.

@ eaenehs iol sedlh RE, l` iest`ane` phr lh quo rospont` `l n`meah ronhrre-ih oatro lhs ieboroatos torrethrehs iol mketh AT io l` Woaasul` Ekren`so nhaveorto oa `kesm`l se nhaseior`mhs ol dr`ih io ios`rrhllh `ln`az`ihphr `ldua`s io os`s auov`s bhrm`s nhastetutev`s iol p`es`jo rur`l: osp`nehshrioa`ihs nha soat`meoaths porbont`moato ost`klos io dr`aj`s y lio`s oa

iotormea`i`s rodehaos iol eatorehr broato ` torrethrehs nhotaohs io `p`-reoane` br`an`moato ios`rtenul`i` y nha oanl`vos io muy iebnel vesekelei`i`rquohlden`, phr ojomplh oa l` Ll`a`i` `l`vos`. ^o nhmpruok` io ostomhih nmh lhs sestom`s phltenhs `ntevhs ` l` osn`l` io lhs `ateduhs torre-threhs urk`ahs k`jhempore`los hpor`a nha retmhs prhpehs y ievorshs, ovh-luneha`aih eanlush c`ne` phsenehaos quo phir`a nhavorterso oa `at`dae-n`s oa trmeahs io rol`nea phlten` noatrh-porebore`. Ahs oanhatr`r`mhsio osto mhih `ato prhnoshs io ro`rtenul`nea phlten` aot`moato `seanr-aenhs, quo teoaioa ` shl`p`rso sea ioj`r io eatorrol`neha`rso mutu`moato

y quo puoioa iorev`r io bhrm` nhateadoato oa mhvemeoaths io nhabluoa-ne` h ievordoane`. L` empl`at`nea y ios`rrhllh io ua` nhmploj`, ost`klo y`rtenul`i` roi io `soat`meoaths n`mposeahs io v`re`i` osponeo oa uaiotormea`ih torrethreh h rodea ah rosphaior`, ` l` phstro, ms quo ` l`nhasonunea io ua neorth dr`ih io ost`kelei`i iol sestom` phltenh quod`r`atez`r` ua`s porspontev`s io sodurei`i ` os`s nhmuaei`ios oa ol nu`-irh io ua neorth oquelekreh h nhasoash shne`l.

Ol bea`l io l`s vell`o

C`no b`lt` sor ospone`lmoato n`utolhshs y proneshs `l `khri`r ol `alesesio l` b`so h b`sos bea`los io hnup`nea io l`s ltem`s vell`o. Ost`s nhahnoaua` v`re`i` soreo io tr`asbhrm`nehaos nhmh noatrhs prhiuntevhs rur`losiur`ato thih ol sedlh ER o eanlush eaenehs iol R sea ioj`r io sor lh quo sha:

@. Redel-Osn`lor`, Dr`aj`s , hp. net. T.C. ^owoll Jr.,Lhdens hb Cesthry. ^hne`l Ycohry `ai ^hne`l Yr`asbhrm`teha. Ncen`dh-Lhaiha, , p. .J.@. Puers, @. Redel-Osn`lor`, hp. net.

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noatrhs io dr`aios nhmplojhs buaie`rehs prhvesths io ostruntur`s io ropro-soat`nea `resthnrten` ihaio l`s oletos iesbrut`a ost`neha`lmoato iolhteum. L` ro`i`pt`nea io osp`nehs ahklos ` beaos prhiuntevhs (o eanlush ` l`

eavors`), l`s robhrm`s, nhastrunnehaos y ronhastrunnehaos bhrm`a p`rto io suprhpe` cesthre` nhmh c`neoai`s nha ua sestom` io dostea noatr`lez`i` ioa-trh iol ms mpleh y iur`iorh prhnosh io nhanoatr`nea io l` prhpeoi`i bua-ie`re` oa m`rnc` iosio `l @lth Emporeh. Yhi`s os`s dr`aios y poquo`seavorsehaos, suatu`re`s h ah, rovortei`s phr ol ost`moath prhpeot`reh oa olmuaih rur`l, `l moahs phr lh quo rospont` ` l`s vell`o io l`s rodehaos iosd`-j`i`s iol Emporeh rhm`ah (thih ol nu`ir`ato AT y ol eatorehr poaeasul`r)nos`a k`st`ato `atos io moie`ihs iol sedlh R i.N. ^o hksorv` `qu ua nl`rh

umkr`l quo sop`r` ihs mkeths shne`los y nultur`los ieboroane`ihs.L` suksedueoato rohnup`nea io os` `mple` d`m` io east`l`nehaos phrb`mele`s n`mposea`s bhrm` p`rto io ua uaevorsh r`ien`lmoato ieboroato. @p`rter io oso east`ato l`s eavorsehaos iol ost`moath prhpeot`reh so ierede-ra nha `kshlut` proboroane` ` htrhs lud`ros y ompros`s. L` vell` (h p`rto iooll`) us`i` nhmh nomoatoreh emplen` phr buorz` ua n`mkeh sust`ane`l oa l`bhrm` io nhanoker y dosteha`r l` c`neoai`. ^e lhs selhs rhmpoa lhs p`ve-moaths io l`s c`ket`nehaos os quo ua` uaei`i ihmsten` h nhmuaei`i ost``prhvonc`aih uahs osp`nehs quo c`a seih `mhrtez`ihs oa su buanea hre-dea`l. L` `numul`nea io roseiuhs ihmstenhs oa ol eatorehr io l`s c`ket`-nehaos iomuostr` quo so c` hpor`ih ua` mut`nea tr`snoaioat`l oa l`bhrm` io dosteha`r y hnup`r ol osp`neh. L` vell` c` ioj`ih io sorlh, `uaquosed` c`ket`i`. Druphs io eaieveiuhs h b`mele`s puoioa `prhvonc`r ol `kre-dh prhphrneha`ih phr l`s c`neoai`s `k`aiha`i`s h rueahs`s, edu`l quoc`noa nha t`at`s n`vei`ios a`tur`los oa ost`s mesm`s bonc`s. Os phsekloeanlush quo l` nhmuaei`i rur`l oa klhquo puoi` p`s`r ` hrd`aez`rso n`seeamoie`t`moato nhmh ua oato shne`l `ntevh io n`rntor `lio`ah, m`ato-

aeoaih nha ol ost`moath prhpeot`reh h l`s ostruntur`s phlten`s suporve-veoatos (`l `kredh io l`s mur`ll`s io l` neui`i h io nu`lqueor` io lhs auo-vhs oanl`vos io `ltur` bhrteben`ihs) ua ielhdh io nhl`khr`nea h rosestoa-ne` iopoaieoaih io l`s osponben`s nernuast`ane`s osp`neh-tomphr`los oa

@. Nc`v`rre`, Eatorprotead tco tr`asbhrm`teha hb l`to rhm`a vell`s: tco n`so hbCesp`ae`, oa A. Ncresteo (oi.),L`aisn`pos hb Nc`ado. [ur`l ovhlutehas ea L`to @atequety

`ai tco O`rly Meiilo @dos. @liorscht, , pp. -. Ror t`mkea io l` mesm``uthr`, Ihph l` beao iollo vello: lo n`mp`dao esp`aenco ea ophn` vesedht` (RE-REEEsonhlh), oa W. Krhdehlh, @. Nc`v`rre`, M. R`loate,Ihph l` Beao iollo Rello: lo n`mp`daoi`l RE `l ES sonhlh. Ihnumoate ie @rncohlhde`, , M`atu`, , pp. -.J.@. Puers N`stellh, @. @lhash M`rta, hp. net.

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quo so oanuoatroa `mk`s p`rtos. Yhihs osths boamoahs bhrm`a p`rto ioua` ro`lei`i ievors`, y nha k`st`ato prhk`kelei`i, hpuost` ` l` pronoioato.

Ol bea`l io l` Y^CY

C`kl`r io l` ios`p`renea io l` Y^CY os roborerso `l noso io l` prhiun-nea io ua` soreo io t`lloros io iemoasehaos sodur`moato aht`klos (lhs iolOkrh-L` [ehj`, lhs iol v`llo iol Iuorh, lhs moreieha`los), prhnosh quosodur`moato ah so ios`rrhll` io m`aor` seanraen`. Lhs y`nemeoathsm`irelohs hbronoa io auovh ua` p`ahrmen` prevelode`i` io osto nu`irh,puos c`st` `qu llod`a lhs prhiunths io n`se thihs lhs noatrhs prhiunthros

poaeasul`ros c`st` eaenehs iol sedlh R i.N.Lhs premorhs oa n`or sha `p`roatomoato `lduahs io lhs dr`aios t`llorosrehj`ahs, `uaquo n`se nhatomphrao`moato ioj`a io llod`r `l torrethreh iolnoatrh io l` Woaasul` lhs prhiunths moreieha`los (Y^CYM), c`st` oatha-nos roprosoat`ihs oa `kuai`ane`. Iur`ato `prhxem`i`moato ua` doaor`-nea (-) treuab`a oa ol morn`ih ua nhmplojh io prhiunnehaos io`mple` nhkortur` osp`ne`l nuy` seadul`rei`i roseio oa l` `p`renea iomhtevhs ionhr`tevhs ` mhlio quo iorev`a io l`s ionhr`nehaos io dr`aiosnrnulhs ` nhmps porh nha ua` ojonunea k`st`ato ms kuri`. Ost` soreoeanluyo h veoao `nhmp``i` io peoz`s nha ionhr`nehaos t`mkea ` mhlionha osquom`s ropotetevhs io teph dohmtrenh y os nhatomphrao` ` ua`mpleh roporthreh io pl`ths ost`mpell`ihs (Bedur` ) y v`shs leshs. L`sms n`r`ntorsten`s io ost`s prhiunnehaos teoaoa oa nhma l` errodul`rei`iio sus nhnnehaos y ` vonos ua` errodul`r nhkortur` iol k`raez, `uaquo sthsm`atoad`a `a ua ostai`r `prone`klo io n`lei`i. Ost`s ltem`s soreos iol` Y^CY prosoat`a, ah hkst`ato, ua` iestrekunea dohdrben` muy `mple`,semel`r ` l`s io lhs porehihs pronoioatos.

@ moie`ihs io l` queat` noature` slh porvevo muy osn`s` v`jell` iol tephY^CY (y su `p`renea rosult` osphrien` oa ol moieh rur`l), c`keaihsodoaor`lez`ih phr ua nhrth osp`neh io teomph neort`s prhiunnehaos io eme-t`nea y nhkr`ih `udo l`s normen`s dresos `les`i`s y `ldua`s peat`i`s. L`

Nu`aih, oa l` oatr`i` iol `h , Cei`neh so robeoro ` v`re`s vell`o quom`i`s phrua r`yh oa l`s quo muoro `kuai`ato d`a`ih (Nbr. J. @rno, Krk`rhs p. ) os prh-k`klo quo ah so robeor` y` nha oso ahmkro ` `atedu`s c`neoai`s k`jhempore`los, seah `l` auov` ro`lei`i phkl`neha`l io ua torrethreh n`mposeah. L`s prhiunnehaos ah ionhr`i`s ihmea`a io m`aor` `kshlut` oa lhs `ju`ros buaor`-rehs nhotaohs.

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roiunei` iom`ai` io normen` bea` veoao ` p`rter io oathanos nukeort`(`uaquo slh muy oa p`rto) phr l`s I^W iol ^ur io l` D`le` y sus muy ies-p`ros emet`nehaos.

L` lontur` oa trmeahs cestrenhs iol prhnosh `atorehrmoato iosnreth ahpuoio sor semplo, nha `nhatonemeoaths quo so osn`lha`a y shl`p`a oa olteomph. L` sustetunea io l`s prhiunnehaos ionhr`i`s nha dr`aios nrnulhstr`z`ihs ` nhmps (-) phr su v`re`ato bea`l v` `nhmp``i` phr ua

sust`ane`l ion`emeoath oa `lduahs io lhs osl`khaos io l` nhmploj` n`ioa`hpor`tev`, ojompleben`i` oa l` b`lt` iol subeneoato nhatrhl oa l`s nhnnehaos

@. Redel-Osn`lor`, Normen`s t`rihrrhm`a`s y `lthmoieov`los io M`irei, oa L.N`k`llorh, W. M`tohs, M. [otuorno (ois.), Normen`s t`rihrrhm`a`s y `lthmoieov`los oa l`

Woaasul` Ekren`. [uptur` y nhateauei`i(EE ^emphseh io @rquohlhd`. Mrei`, ),@aojhs io @rncevh Osp`hl io @rquohlhd`, SSREEE. M`irei, , pp. -. L``p`renea io lhs premorhs prhiunths io ost` nl`so `l ^ur io lhs Wereaohs (n`sh ioY`r`zha`) p`rono quo phir` bonc`rso oa thrah `l i.N. (nbr. M. Koltra J.@. W`z(nhhris.),L`s `du`s s`dr`i`s iol Muaenepeum Yure`sh. Oxn`v`nehaos oa ol p`teh iol nhlodeh

Jh`qua Nhst` (`ateduh @llu ^`lv`ihr). Y r`zha` (Z`r`dhz`). N`os`r`udust`, .Z`r`dhz`, , p. .

@lbhash Redel Osn`lor` Duer`ih

Bed. . Wl`th nha ionhr`nea ost`mpell`i` ioua nhatoxth buaor`reh phstempore`l ioly`nemeoath io Ol Woln`ah, sonthr S.

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y l` errodul`r n`lei`i iol k`raez`ih. @l mesmh teomph, l` n`se nhmplot`ios`p`renea io l`s prhiunnehaos moreieha`los (Y^CYM) io ua torrethreh`l quo `atos llod`k`a oa `kuai`ane` puoio iokorso ` l` ruptur` io lhs

n`a`los io iestrekunea h `l noso io l` prhiunnea io lhs noatrhs prhiunth-ros. Oa ol mhmoath oa quo ios`p`ronoa l`s soreos bea`los io Y^CY so oxtea-duo st` t`l y nhmh c`k` seih nhanokei` c`st` oathanos, nhmh prhiunneam`sev` y io `mple` iestrekunea, tonahlden`moato nhmploj`, porh onha-men`moato `soqueklo ` `mplehs ostr`ths io l` phkl`nea. @lduahs t`llorosio n`rntor lhn`l phir`a prhiuner `a iur`ato `lda teomph poquohslhtos io emet`nehaos nha tnaen`s ms h moahs `beaos, porh su n`r`ntorez`-nea c`r` roboroane` y` ` htrhs p`rmotrhs cestrenhs, shne`los y prhiunte-

vhs. Ol conch io quo l`s I^W io l` A`rkhaoaso errump`a nha neort` buor-z` oa lhs torrethrehs iol eatorehr poaeasul`r oa ol mhmoath oa quo ios`p`-rono l` Y^CY `puat` ` quo ua` p`rto io l` iom`ai` phtoane`l porvevems `ll iol nhl`psh io lhs sestom`s prhiuntevhs a`tevhs. Whr ost` r`za, ahahs p`ronor` r`zha`klo `nc`n`r buai`moat`lmoato ol bea`l io l` Y^CY `ua nhl`psh io l` iom`ai`, seah ms keoa ` l` emphsekelei`i io m`atoaorua` nl`so io hrd`aez`nea prhiuntev` ostronc`moato veanul`i` ` ua `rtos`-a`ih r`ien`ih oa ol moieh rur`l nha n`ioa`s hpor`tev`s nhmploj`s quo slhrosult`a b`nteklos (iosio ol puath io vest` io l` dostea y l` ve`kelei`i yroat`kelei`i prhiuntev`s) nu`aih puoio d`r`atez`rso ua` prhiunnea rde-i`moato noatr`lez`i` (lh quo so veanul`r` ` ua nhatrhl obontevh io osomoieh rur`l oa quo so uken`a l` m`yhr p`rto io lhs t`lloros) y ` ua` nernu-l`nea bluei`, ost`klo y nhast`ato io oshs prhiunths ` lh l`rdh y `anch io`mplehs torrethrehs.

L`s aonrphles iol Iuorh

Oatro bea`los io lhs `hs neanuoat` y bea`los io lhs hncoat` iol sedlh SS,ol iok`to oa thrah ` l`s ioahmea`i`s aonrphles iol Iuorh buo uah io lhsboamoahs cesthrehdrbenhs quo ms oxpont`nea y letor`tur` hredea, p`r`iorrumk`rso luodh nhmh ua n`stellh io a`epos ` p`rter io . L` lontur`io l`Ahtete` Iedaet`tum oa ol soateih io quo robloj`k` l` oxestoane` io ualemos h brhator` oa ol Ahrto io l` Woaasul` Ekren` ` bea`los iol sedlh ER,`rr`str tr`s io s l` eatorprot`nea y l` nrhahlhd` io thi` ua` soreo io ove-ioane`s `rquohlden`s nuyhs mojhros oxphaoatos buorha ua` soreo io oanl`-

vos bhrteben`ihs (lhs n`stoll` shkro lhs quo noatr su tr`k`jh ol prhboshr

Nc. Tenfc`m, hp. Net. p. .

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Klzquoz oatro y ) y ua druph io nomoatorehs nha prosoane` io`rm`s, ostuie`ihs osoane`lmoato phr W. W`lhl ` p`rter io . Yr`s l`spremor`s nrten`s sore`s ` osto nu`irh iosio ol n`mph io lhs cesthre`ihros

ah t`ri`r`a oa llod`r t`mkea l`s io lhs `rquolhdhs. Iosostem`i` l` eio`io quo buor`a n`mphs io oatorr`meoaths melet`ros y, `ioms, io doatosvoaei`s io `lloaio auostr`s brhator`s, thih osto supuosth nhajuath ioy`nemeoaths `rquohldenhs quoi tomphr`lmoato rolod`ih ` ua` neort`eaieboroane`, vntem` io `ntetuios ro`ne`s ` oanu`ir`r cestren`moato sum`rnh dlhk`l buor` io lhs veojhs p`rmotrhs.

@ l` luz io lhs `v`anos lhdr`ihs oa l` eioateben`nea, ronhahnemeoath yoanu`iro nrhahldenh io l`s ltem`s prhiunnehaos io l` Y^CY y io l`s

soreos io normen` nhma quo so los `shne`a y porvevoa tr`s sus ltem`sm`aebost`nehaos, oa l` `ntu`lei`i puoio omproaiorso ua` robhrmul`nea`uaquo so` osquomten` io su ovoatu`l sedaeben`ih. _a `aleses shmorh iolhs preanep`los nhajuaths io m`tore`los normenhs `shne`ihs `l nhajuath ioy`nemeoaths quo nhabhrm`a os`s aonrphles pormeto llod`r ` `ldua`s nha-nlusehaos ahvoihs`s.

Oa premor lud`r so hksorv` nmh l` v`d` nrhahlhd` ost`klonei` io bhrm`tr`ieneha`l oatro bea`los iol sedlh ER o eaenehs iol RE iokor` rostreaderso`l m`rnh iol sedlh R, y, oa munchs n`shs, prhk`klomoato ` lhs tros premo-rhs nu`rths io os` noature`. Iokor`, oa soduaih lud`r, roeveaien`rso ioauovh ol n`rntor io vori`iorh `rm`moath quo teoaoa l`s peoz`s iosnret`snhmh nuncellhs io ^em`an`s, ua` voz n`todhrez`ih osto teph io peoz`s

Yhi` l` keklehdr`b` shkro l`s aonrphles c`st` `quoll` bonc` oa @. Buoatos, hp. net.

J. @rno, Ol ltemh sedlh io l` Cesp`ae` rhm`a` (-). M`irei, : pp. -. @. Buoatos, hp. Net., p. . _a tr`k`jh roneoato (sum`ih ` lhs `atorehros iol premorh io lhs `uthros) `kuai` oal` vesea tr`ieneha`l io osths nhatoxths: vei. B. Wroz [hirduoz-@r`da, M.B. [opros`Boraaioz, _a` aonrphles t`rihrrhm`a` iosnukeort` oa oa Whz` io l` ^`l(Kurdhs),^`utuhl`: [ovest` iol Eastetuth io Wrocesthre` y @rquohlhd` ^`utuhl`, , ,pp. -. Ol prhboshr Buoatos `nopt` oa `ldua` hn`sea ua` nrhahlhd` io ost`s aonrphlesiosio l` met`i io l` nu`rt` noature` c`st` l` met`i io l` sedueoato (@. Buoatos, hp.Net. p. ). Oa ol tr`k`jh `atos roboreih so net`a ua tht`l io voeateses ojompl`ros io nuncellhsio teph ^em`an`s y troeat` y ua` puat`s io l`az` (nhajuat`moato `p`ronoa oa seotohn`sehaos). Nha l`s c`nc`s (tros ojompl`ros sodurhs) rosult` k`st`ato iebnel iesnreme-a`r oatro su `p`renea nhmh tel h corr`meoat` ihmsten` y su prosoane` nhmh `rm`6l`s puat`s io blonc` ronhahnei`s buorha nu`trh ojompl`ros (@. Buoatos, hp. Net. p. ).

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nhmh `ldh keoa ievorsh io lh quo sha l`s corr`meoat`s io ush ihmstenh,io ms mhiost`s iemoasehaos y osponben` mhrbhlhd`. ^u `shne`nea oa`lduahs n`shs ` l`az`s, phr muy osphrien` quo so` os` rol`nea, ah ioj`

lud`r ` iui`s ` osto rosponth. Oa tornor lud`r, lhs nuncellhs ah `p`ronoa`shne`ihs ` osp`i`s l`rd`s, quo oa lhs osn`shs ojomplhs nhahneihs p`ronoanoerso oxnlusev`moato ` nhatoxths io m`rn`ih n`rntor oletest`.[onhahnei` ost` ieboroane` sust`ane`l, l`s sopultur`s nha `rm`moath nhmhl`s ronhahnei`s oa ol nhmplojh io l`s aonrphles iol Iuorh nhabedur`r`aua p`ahr`m` oa ol quo l`s ieboroane`s shne`los eatr`nhmuaet`re`s, se keoasor`a veseklos nha neort` aeteioz, prosoat`a ua nl`rh iest`ane`meoath ros-ponth ` l`s quo phir`a iobeaerso prhpe`moato nhmh tumk`s io porsha`jos

`resthnrtenhs.Llod`mhs `s ` l` setu`nea prosoato, oa l` quo puoio eatoat`r c`norsoua` lontur` io osths nomoatorehs iosio l` pten` io ostuieh nha quo soosta roves`aih lhs r`sdhs iol phkl`meoath rur`l io n`rntor n`mposeah oaol nu`ir`ato Ahrhosto io l` Woaasul` Ekren`, y oanu`ir`r ol boamoah iol` `p`renea io olomoaths nhmh sha l`s `rm`s oa l` nl`so io roporthrehs`mhrtez`ihs iur`ato l` roprosoat`nea shne`l io lhs buaor`los. Ahs oanha-tr`mhs io bhrm` eaospor`i` `s nha quo, se keoa lhs vesedhihs `soat`ihs oal` Woaasul` ah tuveorha l` nhstumkro io oatorr`rso nha `rm`moath, ost`s buo ua` prnten` ah oxnopneha`l oatro phkl`nehaos io n`rntor lhn`l iorol`tev`moato mhiost` nhaienea shne`l iur`ato kuoa` p`rto io l` queat`noature`. C`st` l` bonc`, ost` nl`so io aonrphles so `shne` keoa ` `soat`-meoaths muy iesp`ros io r`adh porh io nl`rh n`rntor ioboasevh h oanl`-vos n`mposeahs prhk`klomoato iorev`ihs io l` mut`nea io `atedu`svell`o. Os eaaod`klo quo osto druph io nomoatorehs rur`los iol sedlh Ri.N. prosoat` nl`r`s ieboroane`s rosponth `l roporthreh nhahneih p`r` lhssedlhs eamoie`t`moato sunosevhs. N`kr` produat`rso, phr htr` p`rto, se

ost` setu`nea ah phir` sor ua` nhasonuoane` io l`rd` iur`nea iol opesh-ieh io l` ronlut` io ua ojrneth io rstenhs c`ne` ol `h , t`l y nhmh

Whr phaor slh `lduahs ojomplhs: L` Mhrtorha`, oa ^`li`` (J.@. @kshlh ot `l.,Oxn`v`nehaos oa ol y`nemeoath io L` Mhrtorha`, ^`li`` (W`loane`), W`loane`, ), L`sMornc`a`s (J. M`luquor io Mhtos, Oxn`v`nehaos `rquohlden`s oa ol n`strh io L`sMornc`a`s (Lumkr`los, ^`l`m`an`), Wyroa`o, , , pp. -), ^em`an`s (^.[evor` M`aosn`u, L` aonrphles io ^em`an`s (Aht`s p`r` su ostuieh), Khlota iol

^omea`reh io Ostuiehs io @rto y @rquohlhd` (R`ll`ihlei), SEEE-SSE (-), , ,pp. -). Lhs n`shs ms oveioatos sha lhs io L` Hlmoi` (@kshlh ot l. hp. Net. ) h l` aeaiet` aonrphles iol m`ireloh y`nemeoath io Ol Woln`ah.

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`tostedu`a l`s nraen`s quo a`rr`a lhs sunoshs quo tuveorha lud`r oatroLuset`ae` y lhs Wereaohs eamoie`t`moato `atos io quo nruz`r`a ` l`Woaasul` suovhs, vai`lhs y `l`ahs.

Nhanlusehaos

@ juzd`r phr l` oveioane` `rquohlden` iesphaeklo, rosult` iebnel ah llo-d`r ` l` nhanlusea io quo, ` eaenehs io l` queat` noature`, so prhiujh ua`ruptur` tr`umten` oa l` shneoi`i cesp`a`, nuyh n`rntor so `noat` ospo-ne`lmoato oa l`s rodehaos eatorehros y iol Ahrhosto. L` eioateben`nea iolpuath sea rothrah io tr`asbhrm`nea ostruntur`l y su `ionu`i` n`r`ntorez`-

nea n`or`a sea iebenult`i oa l` nl`so io `nhatonemeoaths tr`snoaioat`los(ovoats) `a`lez`ihs oa l` sudostev` hkr` io ^owoll.@uaquo l` cesthrehdr`b` c` iosn`rd`ih tr`ieneha`lmoato thi` l` rospha-

s`kelei`i io l` nreses shkro l` errupnea io lhs krk`rhs c`ne` , l` ronlut`y iorrht` iol ojrneth io n`mposeahs nhm`ai`ih phr lhs p`reoatos cesp`ahsio Chahreh moronor` ua` nhmplot` roeveaien`nea cestren` phr l`s emple-n`nehaos shne`los quo io oso sunosh puieorha iorev`r. Ol s`quoh io lhs n`mpe

p`loateae nhmh se buor`a torrethreh oaomedh phr trhp`s quo ahmea`lmoatoost`k`a `l sorveneh iol Emporeh nhastetuer` ua tornor olomoath nl`vo p`r`nhmproaior l` nl`so io n`t`nlesmh shnehldenh veveih oa ol premor nu`rth iolsedlh R phr ua` doaor`nea ` l`s puort`s io ua muaih auovh.

L` nroneoato melet`rez`nea oxporemoat`i` phr osths torrethrehs iur`atool sedlh R i.N. c` seih ua boamoah `khri`ih phr l` cesthrehdr`b` osp`-hl` oa trmeahs oxnosev`moato `kstr`nths, `uaquo t`mkea os neorth quool `aleses io l` ihnumoat`nea `rquohlden` t`mphnh pormeter` iekuj`rsus nhathrahs io ua mhih muy pronesh. Cesp`ae` c`k` seih ua nhajuathio prhveane`s eaormo iur`ato thih ol K`jh Emporeh. L`s buoatos osnret`s

rol`t`a nha iot`llo n`i` voz quo ua vori`iorh ojrneth, io rhm`ahs h kr-k`rhs, `nnoio ` l` poaasul` iur`ato ol sedlh R i.N. Y`ath l` errupnea oaosnoa` io aonrphles nha osphrien` prosoane` io `rm`s nhmh l` prhlebo-

T.C. ^owoll Jr., hp. Net. Oa ua nhatoxth io eaost`kelei`i shne`l ah ostrent`moato puatu`l, l` nhanosea ioua rhl phltenh ` auovhs `nthros puih toaor nhasonuoane`s emproveseklos. O.@. Broom`a, Yco tyr`ats hb Kret`ea, D`ul `ai ^p`ea @.I. -, Yco OadlescCesthren`l [oveow, Rhl. , a. , , p. . H nha `kuai`ato y v`re`ih `ju`r porsha`l h retu`l, sathm` eaoquvhnh io ua neor-th aevol io ostrs shne`l l`toato (nbr. D. C`ls`ll, K`rk`re`a medr`tehas `ai tco [hm`aTost, -. N`mkreido, , pp. -ss).

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r`nea io noatrhs auovhs io phkl`nea oa `lth, `mur`ll`ihs h ioboaieklos,bhrm`a p`rto nhasust`ane`l io lhs rodestrhs `rquohldenhs io auovh n`rn-tor `shne`ihs ` os` melet`rez`nea. Os phseklo quo p`r` phaor oa m`rnc` os`

osper`l nroneoato io toasea shne`l ae sequeor` buor`a emprosneaieklos lhskrk`rhs, `uaquo su llod`i` (y porm`aoane`) buor` ua b`nthr iosoan`io-a`ato y iobeaetevh. K`st`r` nha ol iorrumko ro`l, h em`dea`ih, io ua`ostruntur` c`st` oathanos nhasoasu`i` io phior p`r` quo l` iesput` oatroihs neui`ios phr ol nhatrhl io lhs koaobenehs io ua` oxplht`nea rur`loanoaieor` l` premor` chduor`.

Comhs `voatur`ih lhs `nhatonemeoaths h olomoaths roboroane`los quo,iosio auostrh puath io vest`, phir`a c`kor `ntu`ih nhmh iosoan`ioa`a-

tos, cestren` h `rquohlden`moato iesnoraeklos, io osto prhnosh. Whiomhseatuer c`ne` ihaio so iereder ` p`rter io oso mhmoath ua` p`rto sust`a-ne`l io l`s eavorsehaos io l`s oletos cesp`a`s, os` quo `atos so c`k` ioste-a`ih ` d`sths suatu`rehs oa lujhs`s vell`o. Worh phiomhs em`dea`r t`mkeaol emp`nth quo os` nl`so io `nhatonemeoaths prhiuner` oa ua` phkl`neac`st` oathanos `joa` ` os` nl`so io vehloane`s. Ol nntol hbroneih phr l` ojo-nunea h cuei` io nu`trh io lhs m`yhros prhpeot`rehs torr`toaeoatos ioCesp`ae`, ua nhateadoato iosn`koz`ih y voaneih io n`mposeahs `rm`ihs,ol p`ahr`m` eaneorth io ua torrethreh s`quo`ih shkro ol quo so c` nhasu-m`ih ua` emphrt`ato br`ntur` io l` ostruntur` phlten` o eiohlden` y olrop`rth io l`s prhveane`s oatro suovhs, vai`lhs y `l`ahs sea iui` suphaophaor ol rolhj ` norh oa lh quo nhaneorao `l eaeneh io ua auovh rumkh oams io ua soateih. Lhs squeths `rm`ihs y lhs ojrneths prev`ihs jud`raua p`pol noatr`l oa l` phlten` cesp`a` ` p`rter io oathanos.

L` ruptur` iosio `k`jh

Oa ol mhmoath oa quo so veoao k`jh l` hrd`aez`nea noatr`lez`i` io l` prh-iunnea oa l`s dr`aios c`neoai`s k`jhempore`los so tr`sp`s` io bhrm` iobeae-tev` ol umkr`l `l quo `atos ahs robor`mhs. Ol n`mposea`ih p`s` ` iesbrut`r ioua olov`ih dr`ih io `uthahm` oa l` dostea io l` prhiunnea `dr`re` quoso robloj` p`r`lol`moato oa l`s hpnehaos hrd`aez`tev`s h io iesoh iol ro` rose-ioane`l, oa l` phsekelei`i io olonnea io l` bhrm` iol `soat`meoath.

Ol mhmoataoh v`nh io phior oa ol muaih rur`l so tr`iuno oa ua`

R`so ol elustr`tevh n`sh `a`lez`ih oa M. ^`cleas, ^truntur`l Thrf: Chw menrh-cesthreos konhmo m`nrhcesthreos `ai veno vors`, @atcrhphlhden`l Ycohry Rhl. (),, pp. -. Nbr. Tenfc`m, hp. Net.

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nhmplot` rohrioa`nea io rhlos: ua`s nhmuaei`ios so br`dmoat`a oa uae-i`ios ihmsten`s eaiopoaieoatos6 `ldua`s b`mele`s so juat`a vhluat`re`-moato p`r` i`r hredoa ` `drod`nehaos h nhmuaei`ios io bhrm` ms h

moahs ost`klo h nhyuatur`l6 htr`s uaei`ios ihmsten`s, juat`s h `esl`i`-moato, sha ro`drup`i`s phr phioros lhn`los n`p`nos y subeneoatomoato nha-veanoatos oa auovhs ompl`z`meoaths io `ltur` rol`tev`moato iest`atos iolhs osp`nehs io nultevh. Os prhk`klo quo ol dr`ih io iopoaioane` io neor-t`s nhmuaei`ios iol moieh rur`l rosponth ` l` neui`i y ol ost`moath prh-peot`reh so rok`jo mhmoatao`moato io m`aor` sust`ane`l, oxesteoaihm`rdoa p`r` l` nhoxestoane` io b`mele`s h nhmuaei`ios n`se eaiopoaieoa-tos y `uthsubeneoatos `l l`ih io htr`s sedaeben`tev`moato shmotei`s ` ievor-

s`s bhrm`s io hkled`nea, nhatr`ntu`l h nleoatol`r. L` cesthre` io l` ronhm-phsenea io oshs phioros torrethreh ` torrethreh nhastetuyo l` preanep`ltr`m` iol rol`th iol p`es`jo rur`l phstempore`l.

Ol n`rntor iesruptevh io auov`s bhrm`s io hrd`aez`nea shne`l

Yr`s ua` codomha` io sedlhs, lhs r`sdhs oletest`s io ua` nultur` omeaoa-tomoato urk`a` quo c`a emproda`ih l`s bhrm`s io `uthrroprosoat`neanultur`l y phlten` iol Emporeh rhm`ah so voa oabroat`ihs, o eanlush `vonos ioskhri`ihs, phr ol auovh prht`dhaesmh io nultur`s lhn`los, n`mpo-sea`s, c`st` oathanos sumordei`s o eaveseklos. Munc`s io l`s tr`asbhrm`-nehaos `n`onei`s oa l` bhrm` io hnup`r l` neui`i, io dosteha`r lhs roseiuhsihmstenhs, lhs r`sdhs io l` auov` nhabedur`nea io lhs p`es`jos `dr`rehs,l` m`aor` io voster h eanlush io c`kl`r, sha krk`r`s p`r` l`s `atedu`s ole-tos rhm`a`s eaiopoaieoatomoato io l` `isnrepnea taen` io sus phrt`ih-ros. N`mposeahs, phkros h krk`rhs so moznl`a oa ol em`dea`reh io lhs ost`-moaths quo c`a iotoat`ih ol phior iur`ato sedlhs. Ol phkro rhm`ah

emet` `l dhih, y ol renh dhih emet` `l rhm`ah, nhmh ronhdo ol prhboshr@rno iol @aaemh R`lose`ah. ^or` ua orrhr l`moat`klo teli`r io prorrh-m`a`s ` os`s bhrm`s nultur`los osoane`lmoato n`mposea`s.

Ost`mhs lojhs `a io oatoaior phr nhmploth l`s nl`vos quo prhiunoa l`ievorsei`i n`todren` oxestoato oatro dr`aj`s iopoaieoatos y `lio`s, `ua-quo l`s ostr`tode`s io eatorvoanea y `aleses `plen`i`s oa bonc`s roneoatos

J. @rno, L` hstoat`nea iol r`adh oa l` vei` y oa l` muorto, oa D.W. Krhdehlh, @.Nc`v`rr` (` nur` ie),@rncohlhde` o shneot tr` Y rih @atenh o @lth moiehovh. Ihnumoateie @rncohlhde` , M`athv`, , p.. Rei. a. . @. Redel-Osn`lor`, Dr`aj`s, p. -.

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ahs `yui`a ` oatrovor su prhbuai`moato ievorsh sedaeben`ih oa trmeahs,phr ojomplh, io `doane` ` osn`l` b`mele`r h nhmuaet`re`.

Ol p`ahr`m` `rquohldenh iol sedlh R i.N. c` eih m`iur`aih, sea

omk`rdh, nhmh p`r` pormeterahs eatrhiuner oa l thi` ua` ievors` d`m`io v`re`klos, nhmh l` prosoane` io nlul`s shne`los nha sestom`s io hrd`ae-z`nea phtoane`lmoato rovhluneha`re`s. Y l voz so` ol n`sh io l` k`so shne`lio `lduahs squeths io lhs lioros melet`ros krk`rhs, phseklomoato errolo-v`ato phr su posh iomhdrbenh rol`tevh, porh iotormea`ato ` obonths io sun`p`nei`i iesruptev` oa ua` nhyuatur` shne`l nhmh l` oatrovest`, nha susbhrm`s nhmuaet`re`s io eatorrol`nea, tr`ienehaos `rquetontaen`s prhpe`s,ua rolov`ato p`pol shne`l io l` mujor, otntor`.

L`s `lio`s tompr`a`s io lhs sedlhs R h RE iol ^ur io M`irei y l`s io lhssedlhs REEE-ES quo nhmeoaz` ` rovol`r ol prhdr`m` io eavosted`nea io l`_WR/OC_ ieredeih phr J.@. Puers oa l` Ll`a`i` `l`vos` nhastetuyoa,chy phr chy, oatei`ios iebnelmoato shluklos oa ol mesmh nhatoaoihr nha-noptu`l y tormeahldenh. _a` iest`ane` bsen` maem` io fm sop`r` `l`s `lio`s iol torrethreh thloi`ah io l`s iol W`s R`snh. _a` p`rto muyroprosoat`tev` io l`s dr`aj`s y `lio`s io lhs iesteaths torrethrehs io l`Mosot` Ahrto sor` porbont`moato oquep`r`klo oa su nhabedur`nea `l n`shm`ireloh, `l moahs c`st` llod`r `l sedlh REEE. Lhs premorhs ojomplhsd`llodhs nhahneihs nhabhrm`a uah io oshs emprosneaieklos osl`khaoseatormoiehs. B`lt` `chr` vor nmh puoioa er oan`j`aih oa ol nu`irh `quprosoat`ih thi`s l`s peoz`s quo b`lt`a y nmh era nhatrekuyoaih prhdro-sev`moato ` n`mke`r h m`tez`r su porbel.

@uaquo phir` `nopt`rso io bhrm` doaren` quo l` nultur` m`tore`l ahso veh `bont`i` h tr`asbhrm`i` io bhrm` r`ien`l h oveioato phr l` prosoane`io lhs auovhs eaqueleahs io l` Woaasul`, nroomhs quo ol emp`nth kr-k`rh ah slh ah buo osn`sh, seah sodur`moato m`sevh o emproioneklo nhmh

iosoan`ioa`ato io prhnoshs io l`rd` iur`nea phr lh quo rospont` `l phkl`-meoath rur`l y ms nhanrot`moato, nhmh olomoath pronepet`ihr io `ldu-a`s io l`s a`neoatos bhrm`s io shne`kelei`i io teph `lio`ah. Whiomhsedu`lmoato `nopt`r quo phn`s nhs`s n`mke`rha oa lhs ms `lths poli`hsio l` jor`rqu` shne`l, phrquo l`s auov`s oletos krk`r`s h lhn`los so `kreo-rha semplomoato ua cuonh oa ol sestom` prooxestoato, nopt`aih n`se thi`sl`s ahrm`s coroi`i`s h mhiebenaihl`s ` su dusth. Puo so prhiujh ua neor-th omphkronemeoath doaor`l io lhs `ateduhs ost`moaths prhpeot`rehs

J.@. Puers, @. Redel-Osn lor`, hp. Net. -ss.J. @rno, Krk`rhs, p. .

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rosult` ua` ceptoses p`rsemhaehs`. Worh ihaio l`s tr`asbhrm`nehaos tuveo-rha m`yhros y ms tr`snoaioat`los ropornusehaos, sea omk`rdh, buo oa l``doane` io l`s nhmuaei`ios n`mposea`s. Oa oll`s ah slh so prhiujh ua`

thm` io nhaneoane` shne`l, seah quo so cezh oveioato l` phsekelei`i io suk-vorter ol hrioa coroi`ih ` tr`vs io l` `nnea phlten`. L` n`p`nei`i tr`as-bhrm`ihr` ah iopoaior` t`ath iol amorh io lhs auovhs eaqueleahs kr-k`rhs nhmh iol phtoane`l ojompl`rez`ato y oa neort` moiei` rovhluneha`-reh io neort`s `ntetuios, ushs h nhstumkros c`st` oathanos eaiet`s: olnuosteha`meoath ms h moahs `keorth iol hrioa shne`l vedoato y ol io uaseaba io prnten`s nhasuotuiea`re`s c`n` phseklo l` ovoatu`l robhrmul`-nea io htr` nl`so io prosoato.

Ol c`st` c`no phnh osquevh sedlh R so rovol`, puos, ` l` luz io l` ihnumoa-t`nea `rquohlden` ms roneoato y ` rosult`s io lhs `v`anos lhdr`ihs oa l`sestom`tez`nea io sus p`rtnul`s olomoat`los, nhmh ua eamoas` buoato ioeabhrm`nea quo lunc` phr c`norso veseklo, nhmproaseklo o eatorprot`klo.

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D_YE[[OZ

DHAZLOZ

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@