VILLASEÑOR VS.doc

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VILLASEÑOR VS. HON. ABAÑO, ET ALSANCHEZ, September 29, 196

NATURE

ORIGINAL ACTION i t!e S"preme C#"rt. Certi#r$ri.

%ACTS

&'etiti#er, $ mere (#)ermet emp*#+ee, e$ri(b"t $ m#t!*+ $*$r+, #- '21.,$/ t!e #*ebre$/0ier #- $ -$mi*+ #- -i)e, 0$ !$r(e/ 0it! t!em"r/er #- $ B#$p#*ie er(e$t. He 0$ $/mitte/t# $ '6 b$i* 0!i! 0$ re/"e/ t# '3.

T!epetiti#er # 4$+ 29 p#te/ $ pr#pert+ b#/ $/ 0$et $t pr#)ii#$* *ibert+.&H#0e)er, rep#/et 'r#)ii$* %i$* $me/e/ t!ei-#rm$ti#, #0 $"i( t!epetiti#er 0it! 5iretA$"*t Up# $ A(et #- $ 'er# i A"t!#rit+ 0it!4"r/er7be-#re t!e $rr$i(met # t!e m"r/er!$r(e. S# # A"("t 8, rep#/et "/(e

$e**e/t!e petiti#er: b#/ $/ #r/ere/ !i imme/i$te$rret.&O September 9"p# petiti#er: m#ti# t#re#i/er, t!e rep#/et "/(e re#*)e/ t#$/mitpetiti#er t# b$i* pr#)i/e/ !e p"t "p $ $! b#/ #- '6.&O September 1;,# petiti#er: m#ti# t!$t#ri(i$* b#/ pre)i#"*+

(i)e

be reit$te/,rep#/et "/(e re#*)e/ t# -i< 7t!e b#/ $e0 ire$* pr#pert+ i t!e$m#"t #- '6,, b"t t# bep#te/ #*+ b+ rei/et #- t!e pr#)ie #- 4$ri/"="e$t"$**+ t$+i(, t!erei7 0it! pr#pertie0!i! 7m"t be i t!e p#ei# $/#0er!ip #- $i/ rei/et -#r -i)e +e$r.7&O Ot#ber 1, petiti#er -i*e/ $ pr$+er

-#r pre*imi"ti# t# SC, eei( t# et $i/e rep#/et "/(e #r/er #- A"("t 8,September 9 $/ 1;, $/t# reit$te t!e b$i* b#/ $ppr#)e/ # 4$+ 29>#ri(i$*b#/?, !$r(i( t!e rep#/et "/(e #- !$)i( $te/ 0@# $/@#r i e<e #- !i

"ri/iti#$/ 0@(r$)e $b"e #- /ireti#, $/ 0@ )i#*$ti# #- t!e C#ti $/ t!eROC i i"i( t!e /ip"te/ #r/er&Ot t!e C#"rt i"e/ $ 0rit #-pre*imi$r+i"ti# "p# $ '1 b#/.&N#) ; SC $**#0e/ #ti"$ti# #- t!epr#ee/i( #- t!e rimi$* $e t# $)#i/ /e*$+ i it pr#e"ti#.

ISSUES

1. ON t!e #r/er #- A"("t 8 $/ 9 !#"*/ be et$i/e2. ON THE '6D b#/

-i<e/ b+ rep#/et "/(etr$(re t!e #tit"ti#$* i"ti# t!$t7>e?<ei)eb$i* !$** #t be re="ire/. ON t!e #/iti# t!$t t!e pr#pert+ b#/ bep#te/#*+ b+ 7rei/et #- t!e pr#)ie #- 4$ri/"="e $t"$**+ t$+i( t!erei7 i 0it!it!ep#0er #- t!e rep#/et "/(e3. ON t!e re="iremet t!$t pr#pertie t# be#--ere/$ b#/ m"t be 7i t!e p#ei# $/ #0er!ip #- t!e "retie -#r $t *e$t-i)e +e$rF i 0it!i t!ep#0er #- t!e rep#/et "/(e

HEL1. NO NEE



Re$#i(

ei(!i( $ !e$)i*+ $($it petiti#er$e i t!e -$t t!$t $ re$/i( #- !i petiti#-$i* #- $ $)ermet t!$t t!e re="iite e<$te/ t!$tb#/me be rei/et #- $/$t"$**+ t$+i( i4$ri/"="e 0#"*/ $"e !im pre"/ie. T!e b"r/e#- !i

$r("met #*e*+ i t!$t "! $ #/iti# r"#"ter t# t!e r"*e #- #"rt >Seti# 9, R"*e 113,R"*e #- C#"rt

1

?

.&re$# 0!+ rep#/et "/(e i"e/ "! #/iti#it i !$r/ t# e/ #tie t#pe#p*e #"ti/e #- t!epr#)ie t!r#"(! re(itere/ m$i* $#mp$ie/ b+ret"r $r/0!i! i m$+ it$e !$)e #t beereei)e/ i #"rt 0!e tri$* #me $/ 0!et!ep$rtie -$i* t# $ppe$r, t!ere i # 0$+ #- #0i(0!et!er t!e #tie !$)e bee

/"*+ reei)e/t!ere-#re, !e $#t #r/er t!e #-i$ti# #- t!eb#/ $/ t!e $rret#- t!e $"e/ be$"e !e i #t"re 0!et!er t!e b#/me !$)e bee /"*+#ti-ie/t!$t e/i( te*e(r$m t# pe#p*e #"ti/e t!epr#)ie i #t*+, $/ t!e#"rt $#t $--#r/ t#i"r m"! e<pee.

3. KES

Re$#i(

Cir"*$r 2 #- t!e Seret$r+ #- J"tie,$//ree/, $m#(t #t!er, t# J"/(e #-%irtIt$e reite t!$t it !$/ bee br#"(!t t# t!e$tteti# #- t!e ep$rtmet #-

J"tie t!$t i ert$ipr#)ie, "r"p"*#" per# 0!# $re p"ri#"*$/ #0er!$)e bee $epte/ $ "retie. T!eSeret$r+ t!e "((ete/ t!$t 7>1?t m$+ be $(##/p#*i+ #t t# $ept $ b$i* b#/ re$* pr#pertie #t#)ere/ b+ erti-i$te #-tit*e "*e t!e+ !$)e bee/e*$re/ -#r t$<$ti# p"rp#e i -$)#r #- t!eper##--eri( t!em $ b#/ -#r $t *e$t -i)e >;? +e$r.7&r$ti#$*e #- Cir"*$r 2 p

re)et t!e #mmii# #- -r$"/ i #eti# 0it! t!e p#ti( #- per#$*b$i*b#/ $/ t# pr#tet t!e iteret #- t!eG#)ermet.& t!e #r/er #- September1;, 1963 i t# be"/ert##/ $ e<*"/i( pr#pertie #)ere/ b+ T#rre tit*e -r#mt!e re="iremet t!$t pr#pertie t#be #--ere/ $ b#/ m"t be 7i t!e p#ei#$/#0er!ip #- t!e "retie -#r $t *e$t -i)e +e$r.

ip#iti#

it! t!e #ber)$ti# !eret#-#re$/)erte/ t#, 0e )#te t# /imi t!e petiti#-#rerti#r$ri, $/ t# /i#*)e t!e 0rit #- pre*imi$r+i"ti# i"e/ !erei. C#t$($it petiti#er. S##r/ere/.



HARVEY V. DEFENSOR-SANTIAGO [162 SCRA 840; G.R. NO.82544; 28 JUN 1988]Wednesday, February 04, 2009 Posted by Coffeeholic Writes

Labels: Case Digests, Political Law

Facts: This is a petition for Habeas Corpus. Petitioners are the

following: American nationals Andrew Harvey, 5 and !onh "herman #.

$utch Citi%en Adriaan &an $en 'lshout, 5(. All reside at Pagsan)an *aguna

respondent Commissioner +iriam $efensor "antiago issued +ission rders

to the Commission of -mmigration and $eportation C-$/ to apprehended

petitioners at their residences. The 0peration 1eport2 read that Andrew

Harvey was found together with two young boys. 1ichard "herman was

found with two na3ed boys inside his room. 4hile &an $en 'lshout in the

0after +ission 1eport2 read that two children of ages 6 and 7 has been

under his care and sub)ects confirmed being live8in for sometime now.

"ei%ed during the petitioner9s apprehension were rolls of photonegatives and

photos of suspected child prostitutes shown in scandalous poses as well as

boys and girls engaged in se. Posters and other literature advertising the

child prostitutes were also found.

Petitioners were among the suspected alien pedophiles. They were

apprehended # ;ebruary<(( after close surveillance for = month of the

C-$ in Pagsan)an, *aguna. # of the arrested aliens opted for self8

deportation. ne released for lac3 of evidence, another charged not for

pedophile but wor3ing with > &-"A, the = petitioners chose to face

deportation proceedings. n 6 +arch<((, deportation proceedings were

instituted against aliens for being undesirable aliens under "ec.7< of 1evised

Administrative Code.

4arrants of Arrest were issued #+arch<(( against petitioners for violation

of "ec=#, 65 and 67 of -mmigration Act and sec7< of 1evised Administrative

Code. Trial by the ?oard of "pecial -n@uiry --- commenced the same

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date. Petition for bail was filed +arch <(( but was not granted by

the Commissioner of -mmigration. 6 April<(( Petitioners filed a petition for

4rit of Habeas Corpus. The court heard the case on oral argument on

April <((.

Issues:

/ 4hether or >ot the Commissioner has the power to arrest and detain

petitioners pending determination of eistence of probable cause.

/ 4hether or >ot there was unreasonable searches and sei%ures by C-$

agents.

=/ 4hether or >ot the writ of Habeas Corpus may be granted to

petitioners.

Held: 4hile pedophilia is not a crime under the 1evised Penal Code, it

violates the declared policy of the state to promote and protect the physical,

moral, spiritual and social well being of the youth. The arrest of petitioners

was based on the probable cause determined after close surveillance of =

months. The eistence of probable cause )ustified the arrest and sei%ure of

articles lin3ed to the offense. The articles were sei%ed as an incident to a

lawful arrestB therefore the articles are admissible evidences 1ule 7,

"ection of 1ules on Criminal Procedure/.

The rule that search and sei%ures must be supported by a validwarrant of

arrest is not an absolute rule. There are at least three eceptions to this

rule. ./ "earch is incidental to the arrest. ./ "earch in a moving vehicle.

=./ "ei%ure of evidence in plain view. -n view of the foregoing, the search

done was incidental to the arrest.



The filing of the petitioners for bail is considered as a waiver of any

irregularity attending their arrest and estops them from @uestioning its

validity. ;urthermore, the deportation charges and the hearing presently

conducted by the ?oard of "pecial -n@uiry made their detention legal. -t is a

fundamental rule that habeas corpus will not be granted when confinement

is or has become legal, although such confinement was illegal at the

beginning.

The deportation charges instituted by the Commissioner of-mmigration are

in accordance with "ec=# a/ of the Philippine-mmigration Act of <6 in

relation to sec7< of the 1evised Administrative code. "ection =# a/ provides

that aliens shall be arrested and deported upon warrant of

the Commissioner of-mmigration and $eportation after a determination by

the ?oard of Commissioners of the eistence of a ground for deportation

against them. $eportation proceedings are administrative in character and

never construed as a punishment but a preventive measure. Therefore, it

need not be conducted strictly in accordance with ordinary Court

proceedings. 4hat is essential is that there should be a specific charge

against the alien intended to be arrested and deported. A fair hearing must

also be conducted with assistance of a counsel if desired.

*astly, the power to deport aliens is an act of the "tate and done under the

authority of the sovereign power. -t a police measure against the

undesirable aliens whose continued presence in the country is found to be

in)urious to the public good and tran@uility of the people.



S$+# ). 'e#p*e

J. C#rte >19?

A i-#rm$ti# -#r t!e rime #- Et$-$ t!r#"(! %$*i-i$ti# #- $C#mmeri$*#"met 0$ -i*e/ $($it t!e !erei petiti#er,R$m# SAKSON be-#re t!e C%I #-4$i*$

'r#e"ti#: Veri#

A b*$ US /#**$r !e #- B$ #- Ameri$ $me it# t!e p#ei# #- SAKSON.it! itet t#/e-r$"/ #e Eret# R"-i# $/@#r t!e B$ #- Ameri$,SAKSON$**e(e/*+ -i**e/ #"t $i/ b*$ !e $/ m$/e it $ppe$r $ t!#"(! $i/ !e 0$i"e/ t# #e Att+. N#rbert#'ere >$ p$+ee? i t!e $m#"t #- USM 2,2; b+ t!eB$. B+me$ #- imi*$r /eeit, SAKSON $**e(e/*+ i/"e/ R"-i# t#!$(e t!e!e $t t!e pre)$i*i( e<!$(e r$te, t!e t#t$* "m$m#"ti( t# '13, ;.

8

SAKSON 0$ /"*+ $rr$i(e/ 0ere !e p*e$/e/ #t ("i*t+. T!e,tri$* e"e/. epitee)er$* p#tp#emet, t!e pr#e"ti#rete/ it $e

Time -#r t!e /e-ee t# preet it e)i/ee

# t!e!e/"*e/ /$+ #- t!e !e$ri(, #*+ SAKSON $ppe$re/ i #"rt.He $i/ t!$t !i#"e* !$/ $#t!er $e i $ /i--eret #"rt.C#tr$r+ t# "! t$temet, i t!e



m#ri( #- t!e $i/ /$+, !i#"e* !$ et $ te*e(r$m t# t!e #"rtre="eti($e**$ti# #- t!e !e$ri( be$"e !e 0$ i

TC /eie/ t!e m#ti# -#r p#tp#emet $/ t!e $e 0$#i/ere/ "bmitte/ -#r/eii# 0it!#"t petiti#ere)i/ee

TC "*tim$te*+ -#"/ $"e/ SAKSON ("i*t+ #- t!e rime!$r(e/ $/ etee/ !imt# $ i/etermi$te pe$*t+ #-

pri# #rrei#$*

$/ t# p$+ $ -ie #- '2,., 0it!"bi/i$r+ impri#met

Up# $ppe$*, t!e CA $--irme/ b"t m#/i-ie/ t!e pe$*t+ b+imp#i( i< m#t! #-

$rret# m$+#r

$/ e*imi$ti( t!e -ie

U$ti-ie/, SAKSON #me #0 0it! t!i petiti# -#r re)ie0# erti#r$ri r$ii( t!e-#**#0i(

ISSUE

ON SAKSON 0$ /eie/ /"e pr#e 0!e !e 0$"$b*e t# preet !i e)i/ee$/ #)ite/ t!ere"p# NO

HEL

T!e it$t petiti# i ENIE $/ t!e /eii# #- t!e CAi A%%IR4E

i t#t#

RATIO



T!e ri(!t t# be !e$r/ b+ !ime*- $/ #"e* i #e #- t!e#tit"ti#$* ri(!t #- t!e$"e/. B"t 0!i*e t!e $"e/ !$"! $ ri(!t, t!e $me i #t e<empt -r#m t!er"*e # AIVER$ *#( $ t!e 0$i)er i #t #tr#)erte/ t# *$0, p"b*i #r/er,p"b*ip#*i+, m#r$* #r (##/ "t#m #r pre"/ii$* t# $ t!ir/per# 0it! $ ri(!tre#(ie/ b+ *$0

T!ere i #t!i( i t!e C#tit"ti# #r i $+ *$0pr#!ibiti( "! 0$i)er.

A#r/i(*+, /ei$* #- /"epr#e $#t be "e-"**+ i)#e/ 0!ere $)$*i/0$i)er #- ri(!t !$ bee m$/e

SAKSON, !#0e)er, $)er t!$t !e 0$ #t i*ie/ t# 0$i)e !iri(!t t# preete)i/ee $/ !i $t"$ti# /"ri( tri$* #*+"((et t!$t !e 0$ )e!emet*+$erti( "! $ ri(!t b+ 0$+

8

I !$)e #mitte/ #me e<iti( -$t # !#0 !e (#t !i !$/ #t!e b*$ !e $

/ !#0 !e 0$ $"(!t. B"t i $e +#":reiterete/, !ere: $ (it #- 0!$t!$ppee/ SAKSON 0$ -rie/

0it! t!e pri)$te eret$r+ #- R"-i# >#0er #- t!e$tre i ee/e//#**$r?. Hi -rie/,!#0e)er, e0 !im #t $ SAKSON b"t $%i$*@Att+. N#rbert# 'er

e. !e !e *e$re/ t!$t !i -rie/:

b# >R"-i#? ee/e/ /#**$r, !e #--ere/ !i per"re/ !e -#re<!$(e. R"-i#

i"e/ !im !e i pe#. !e SAKSON 0et

t# t!e b$ t# e$! R"-i#: !e i !i $me >p#i( $ Att+.

'ere?, t!e b$ te**er, bei( $ /i*i(et emp*#+ee $ !e i,i="ire/ $/ )eri-ie/ $**t!e /#"met !e !$ preete/ t# !er-#r e$!i( p"rp#e. S!e $**e/ t!ep!#e "mber !epr#)i/e/, et $ mee(er t# t!e !#me $//reSAKSONpr#)i/e/, et. !e !e -#"/ #"t $** #- t!em 0ere *ie, !e



$**e/ $/ #ti-ie/ R"-i# $/ t!e p#*ie. T!$t: !#0 !e (#t

$"(!t.

A t# !#0 !e (#t t!e b*$ !e, it $ppe$r t!$t !et#*e t!em 0!i*e t!e b*$!e 0ere bei( !ippe/ -r#m S$%r$i# t# t!e 4$i*$ br$! #- t!e B$ #-Ameri$.#- !i )erb$* m#ti# #- p#tp#emet /"e t# $bee #- #"e*

/e p$rte

U-#rt"$te*+ -#r SAKSON, it i t## 0e** et$b*i!e/ $ r"*e t!$t t!e (r$t #r re-"$*#- $ $pp*i$ti# -#r #ti"$e #rp#tp#emet #- t!e tri$* *ie 0it!i t!e #"//ireti# #- t!e #"rt. A/ t!e r"*i( #- t!e #"rt 0i** #t be /it"rbe/ #$ppe$* it!e $bee #- $ *e$r $b"e #- /ireti#

!e t!e /ireti# #- t!e #"rt i e<erie/ 0it! $ re$#$b*e/e(ree #- "/ii$*

$"me $/ -$ire, it i #e 0!i! t!e!i(!er #"rt i *#$t! t# re)ie0 #r /it"rb. T!e tri$* "/(e m"t be t# $ ert$i e<tet -ree t# e"re pee/+ $/e<pe/iti#"tri$* 0!e "! pee/ $/ e<pe/iti# $re #t i#itet 0it! -$ire

A "!, t!e TC i $--#r/e/ t!e -$)#r$b*e pre"mpti# #- re("*$rit+ i r"*i( #

#ti"$e #r p#tp#emet. Tri$* "/(e $re i t!e bet p#iti# t# -#rm t!e #rret #pii#"p# t!e $ebe-#re t!em /"e t# t!eir pe"*i$r >per#$*?#0*e/(e #- $** re*e)$t ir"mt$epreete/.

It 0#"*/t$e $ e<treme $e #- $b"e #- /ireti# t# m$e t!e$ti# #- t!e tri$*#"rt $ /ei$* #- /"e pr#e



IN THE CASE AT BAR, t!e i-#rm$ti# 0$ -i*e/ # 4$r! 1982b"t t!e $rr$i(met0$ !e*/ eember t!e -#**#0i( +e$r $PT!e pr#e"ti# t$rte/ preeti( it

e)i/ee 4$r! 198$/ $-ter 1 +e$r, 1 m#t! $/ 1 /$+, #*+ t!e /i/ it retit$e. "ri( t!i 0!#*e time, SAKSON !$/ $*re$/+ e"re/ 8p#tp#emetP

T!i i $ #t#ri#"*+ p#tp#e/ $ePHee, t!e "/(e 0$ ri(!t t# /e*$re t!$t 7t!e/e-ee !$/$b"e/ t!e r"*e.7 N# (r$)e $b"e #- /ireti# i /e+i(t!epetiti#er m#ti# -#r p#tp#emet $ be imp"te/ t# t!etri$* #"rt

I $+ $e, t!e /ei$* #- SAKSON: m#ti# t# p#tp#e i

#t 0it!#"t #t!er b$i.

%#r t$rter, it 0$ -i*e/ #"t #- timet!ere 0$ # &/$+ #tie $ re="ire/ b+ t!er"*e >R"*e 1;,Se 3, ROC? m#ti# 0$ $*# #t $#mp$ie/ b+ $ $--i/$)it #r $me/i$* erti-i$te t# "pp#rt t!e $**e(e/ i**e #- #"e* $ re="ire/ "/er R"*e22, Se ; *$t*+, t!ere 0$ $

#-*it bet0ee SAKSON: e<"e -#r !i #"e*: $bee$/ !i #"e*: #0#rr+ e<"e 0it! t!e #"rt !e et )i$

te*e(r$m

!i m#ti# -#r p#tp#emet 0$ pr#per*+ /eie/P

#0 #me t!e re*e)$t i"e -#r #"r p"rp#e



A*#, it !$ bee repe$te/*+ !e*/ t!$t 0!e $ #--ee !$**!$)e bee /eribe/ it!e #mp*$it 0it! "--iiet ert$it+$ t# i/eti-+ t!e $t, $ err#e#" $**e($ti#$ t# t!e per#i"re/ !$** be /eeme/ imm$teri$* $ t!e $me i $ mere-#rm$*/e-et 0!i! /i/ #t te/ t# pre"/ie $+ "bt$ti$*ri(!t #- t!e /e-e/$t

T!e $b#)e r"*i( -i/ "pp#rt i t!e R"*e #- Crimi$*'r#e/"re 0!ere /epite t!ere="iremet t!$t t!e#mp*$it@i-#rm$ti# !#"*/ t$te t!e $me $/ "r$me #-t!e per# $($it 0!#m #r $($it 0!#e pr#pert+ t!e#--ee 0$ #mmitte/ #r$+ $ppe**$ti# #r i$me b+0!i! "! per# !$ bee #r i #0 $/ i- t!erei #better 0$+ #- i/eti-+i( !im, !e m"t be /eribe/ "/er $-ititi#" $me>R"*e 11, Se 12, ROC?, t!e /ei($ti# #- t!e$me #- t!e #--e/e/ p$rt+ i #t

$b#*"te*+ i/ipe$b*e -#r

1

Crim'r# >'$rt 9&1?

AJ Q Ami Q C!$ Q J$ Q J"*i# Q 4$rti Q Vie

$ *#( $ t!e rimi$* $t !$r(e/ i t!e #mp*$it #ri-#rm$ti# $ be pr#per*+i/eti-ie/

IN THE INSTANT CASE %OR

Et$-$

0!i! i $ rime $($it pr#pert+ "/er t!e Re)ie/ 'e$* C#/e, ie t!e !e,0!i!0$ t!e "bet&m$tter #- t!e #--ee, 0$ /eribe/ 0it! "!p$rti"*$rit+ $t# pr#per*+ i/eti-+ t!e #--ee !$r(e/, it be#me imm$teri$*, -#r p"rp#e #-#)iti( t!e $"e/,t!$t it 0$ et$b*i!e/ /"ri( t!e tri$* t!$t t!e #--e/e/p$rt+0$ $t"$**+ 4e)er %i*m $/ #t Eret# R"-i#, Sr. #r B$ #- Ameri$ $$**e(e/ i t!e i-#rm$ti#



t!e "bmii# #- t!e $e. !$t i 0#re i t!$t t!e /eii# i 0r#(. E*eteri#$#t be #)ite/ #- )i#*$ti( Geer$* Or/er N#. 6 i re*. t# ' N#. 9 be$"e t!ee#/ e*emet >m#ti)e -#r $rr+i( -ire$rm i i -"rt!er$e #- rebe**i#,"b)eri#, i"rreti#, *$0*e )i#*ee, rimi$*it+, !$# #r p"b*i /i#r/er? i#t $**e(e/ $t $**. A** t!$t i $**e(e/ i t!$t E*eteri# p#ee/ $ "*iee/

-ire$rm 0it! t0# *i)e b"**et #"ti/e !i rei/ee. It i $ 0#/er t!$t J"/(e A($$/i/ #t ee t!i )er+ #b)i#" #mii#. 'er!$p !e !#e #t t# ee it.

H#0e)er, E*eteri# i #t etire*+ ("i*t*e. He $ be #)ite/ -#r i**e($*p#ei# #- -ire$rm "/er t!e pr#)ii# #- Seti# 2692 #- t!e Re)ie/A/miitr$ti)e C#/e. U/er t!i pr#)ii#, mere p#ei# #- $ "*iee/ -ire$rmi m$*"m pr#!ibit"m $/ i p"i!$b*e re($r/*e #- *$ #- rimi$* itet #r pr##-#- t!e #0er!ip #- t!e -ire$rm b+ $#t!er per#.



'e#p*e ) J$r/i

'etiti# -#r erti#r$ri # /eii# #- C%I "e#/imii( t!e rimi$* $e $($it$"e/emetri# J$r/i be$"e !i #tit"ti#$* ri(!t t#pee/+ tri$* 0$ $**e(e/*+

)i#*$te/.

%ACTS

& T!e rimi$* pr#e"ti# #ri(i$te/ -r#m $ *etter&#mp*$it #- t!e 'r#)ii$*A"/it#r #- "e#re="eti( t!e 'r#)ii$* %i$* t# -i*e t!e ee$r+rimi$*$ti# "/er Arti*e 218 #- t!e Re)ie/ 'e$*C#/e $($it emetri# J$r/i -#rm$*)er$ti# #- p"b*i -"/ t!r" -$*i-i$ti# #- p"b*i /#"met #i< #"t.

>1968?

& T!i $e i -"** #- /e*$+i( t$ti&'I 1

$"e/ m#)e/ t# p#tp#e 3 time, $/-$i*e/ t# $ppe$r e)er+time.& 'I 0$e)ert!e*e #/"te/. A/ t!e i< rimi$*i-#rm$ti# 0ere -i*e/ i C%I.&

AR 1

$"e/ m#)e/ t# p#tp#e 3 time, e)er$ppe$re/ #"e* $e/ -#rrei)eti($ti# # t!e(r#"/ t!$t t!e $"e/ 0$ #t (i)e t!e#pp#rt"it+ t#preet !i /e-ee /"ri( t!epre*imi$r+ i)eti($ti#. C#"rt (r$te/ m#ti#.&

'I 2

$"e/ m#)e/ t# p#tp#e m$+ time, -$i*e/ ti** t# $ppe$r. !e !e -i$**+$ppe$re/ 0it!!i #"e*, t!e+ $e/ -#r 1; /$+ t# -i*emem#r$/"m. T!emem#r$/"m 0$ e)er -i*e/, #t!e i)eti($ti( -i$* -i*e/ $ m$i-et$ti#be-#ret!e #"rt t!$t t!e re#r/ #- t!ee $e be ret"re/$/ t!e tri$* # t!emerit #- t!e $me be et.& T!e #"rt tr$-erre/ t!e $e t# e0 br$! #-C%I"e# 0it!#"t $ti( # m$i-et$ti#.Arr$i(met /$te 0$ et.&

AR 2

m#re p#tp#emet $t it$e #- $"e/ m#)e/ -#r rei)eti($ti# $($i.C#"rt (r$te/.&

'I

reet be$"e # !#0. C#"e* t!e $e/-#r ; /$+ t# -i*e 0ritte 0#rt$temet #- $"e/$ /e-ee. N# t$temet 0$ "bmitte/ # t!ere#r/ #- t!e$e 0ere ret"re/ t# #"rt. A /$te0$ et -#r $rr$i(met.&



AR

$"e/ $e/ -#r p#tp#emet. &

Arr$i(met -i$**+ !$ppee/ # Sept ,198

. A"e/ p*e$/e/ NOT GUILTK $/ $e/ -#rtri$* t# be p#tp#e/. O p#tp#e//$te, $"e/$e/ -#r $#t!er p#tp#emet.& Ot 198, $"e/ $/ #"e*0ere $t tri$* b"t ##e $ppe$re/ -#r pr#e"ti#, e<ept -#r $ t$te0ite.C#"e* m#)e/ >#r$**+? -#r /imi$*,i)#i( $"e/ ri(!t t# $ pee/+ tri$*.C#"rt(r$te/ m#ti# $/ /imie/ t!e $e.

ISSUES

1. ON $"e/ $ i)#e ri(!t t# pee/+ tri$*2. ON t!i $ppe$* p*$e t!e$"e/ i /#"b*e e#p$r/+

HEL1. NO& T!e rep#/et #"rt #mmitte/ $ (r$)e $b"e #- /ireti# i /imii(t!e $e $/ i b$i( t!e/imi$* # t!e #tit"ti#$* ri(!t #- t!e $"e/t#pee/+ tri$*.& T!e ri(!t t# $ pee/+ tri$* me$ t!$t t!e $"e/i -ree -r#m)e<$ti#", $prii#", $/ #pprei)e/e*$+, it $*"t$r+ #beti)e bei( t# $"ret!$t $i#et per# m$+ be -ree -r#m $<iet+ $/e<pee #- $ #"rt *iti($ti##r, i- #t!er0ie, #- !$)i( !i ("i*t /etermie/ 0it!i t!e !#rtetp#ib*e time#mp$tib*e 0it! t!e preet$ti# $/#i/er$ti# #- 0!$te)er *e(itim$te /e-ee!e m$+iterp#e.& T!e /e*$+ i t!e pr#e"ti# #- t!e #--ee 0ere$** $"e/ b+t!e $"e/ # !e $#t i)#e#tit"ti#$* ri(!t t# pee/+ tri$*. B+ !i

#0/e*iber$te $t, !e i /eeme/ t# !$)e 0$i)e/ #r$b$/#e/ !i ri(!t t# $ pee/+tri$*2. NO& T!e /imi$* #- t!e rimi$* $e $($it t!e$"e/ b+ t!erep#/et #"rt # t!e (r#"/ t!$t!i ri(!t t# pee/+ tri$* !$/ bee )i#*$te/ 0$/e)#i/#- -$t"$* $/ *e($* b$i.& I #r/er t!$t t!e pr#teti# $($it /#"b*e

e#p$r/+m$+ i"re t# t!e bee-it #- $ $"e/, t!e -#**#0i(re="iite m"t bepreet i t!e -irt pr#e"ti#>$? $ )$*i/ #mp*$it #r i-#rm$ti#>b? $ #mpetet#"rt>? t!e /e-e/$t !$/ p*e$/e/ t# t!e !$r(e $/>/? t!e /e-e/$t 0$$="itte/, #r #)ite/, #r t!e$e $($it !im 0$ /imie/ #r#t!er0ietermi$te/ 0it!#"t !i e<pre #et.& T!e *$t re="iite i #t preetbe$"e t!e #r/er#- t!e C%I "/(e 0$ "** $/ )#i/.

ip#iti)e

'etiti# (r$te/. T!e rimi$* $e $rereit$te/ $/ t!e pr#per re(i#$* tri$* #"rti#r/ere/ t# pr#ee/ 0it! $** /e*iber$te pee/ i t!ee$e.



Se. 12, p$r. 1 RIGHT TO RE4AIN SILENT AN TO COUNSEL&&NO ENIAL O% UE'ROCESS HERE A''ELLANTS RIGHT AGAINST SEL%&INCRI4INATION AS NOT

VIOLATE

'EO'LE O% THE 'HILI''INES

).

CARLITO LINSANGAN

G.R. N#. ;9. Apri* 16, 1991.%ACTST!i i $ $ppe$* -r#m t!e /eii# /$te/Apri* 26, 19, #- t!e Re(i#$* Tri$* C#"rt , -i/i( t!e$"e/ ("i*t+ #- t!e rime #-Vi#*$ti# #- Seti# 3 #- Arti*e II i re*$ti# t# Seti# 21, Art. IV #- Rep"b*i At

632; >T!e $(er#" r"( L$0?, $ $me/e/, etei( !im t# "--er t!epe$*t+ #-

re*"i# perpet"$

0it! $** t!e $e#r+ pe$*tie #- t!e *$0, $/ t# p$+ $ -ie #- '2, p*" #t.It0$ et$b*i!e/ /"ri( t!e tri$* t!$t i e$r*+ N#)ember, 198, p#*ie #per$ti)e #-t!e r"(E-#remet Uit, '#*ie St$ti# N#. #- t!e eter '#*ie itrit 0erei-#rme/ t!$t t!ere 0$r$mp$t /r"( "i( $/ p"!i( # i$*"pi!$ Street,

T#/#, 4$i*$. T!e p"!er 0$ /eribe/ t# t!em$ $ b#+ #- $b#"t 2 +e$r, ;;7 i!ei(!t, $/ #- #r/i$r+ b"i*/. He $**e(e/*+ #*/ m$ri"$$ t# $+b#/+,re($r/*e #-

$(e.I *i(!t #- t!ee rep#rt, '#*ie Lie"te$t 4$"e* C$e( $/ t!e #t!er member#- t!e "it#r($ie/ $ 7b"+&b"t7 #per$ti# , t# e--et t!e $rret #- t!e #t#ri#"/r"( p"!er. O N#)ember 1,198 $t 1 #*# i t!e m#ri(, be-#re t!e (r#"p*e-t t!e #--ie -#r t!e $re$ #- #per$ti#, t0# >2? te&pe# bi** 0ere (i)e t# '$t.C#rp" 0!# !$/ m$re/ t!em 0it! !i iiti$* 7T.C.7 He ($)e #e #- t!em$re/ bi**t# t!e i-#rmer. T!e $i/ m$re/ bi** 0$ t!e -#"/ t"e/ i t!e 0$it #- t!e$"e/$-ter !e 0$ -rie/ $/ $rrete/ b+ t!e p#*ie -#r !$/i( #)er t# t!ei-#rmer $/ p#*ie p#e"r&b"+erte >1? i($rette ti #- !$/ r#**e/m$ri"$$.Li$($ /eie/ t!e !$r(e. He $**e(e/ t!$t $t $r#"/ 1 i t!em#ri( #- N#)ember 1,198, !e 0$ i t!e )e/#r t$/ #- !i ei(!b#rEmeteri# B$*b#$, $*i$ Re+ G$*"((#(, # i$*"pi!$Street t# b"+ !i bre$-$t,

-#r !e !$/ "t $0$ee/. He *i)e/ 0it! !i 0i/#0e/ m#t!er, Er*i/$, # t!e(r#"/-*##r #- $ t0#&t#re+ !#"e # t!e $**e+ $t 123 i$*"pi!$ Street, T#/#, 4$i*$.

T!e "pper-*##r 0$ #"pie/ b+ !i m#t!er br#t!er, Ge#it# i$, 0!# i e($(e/i t!e e#/&!$/ tireb"ie. A*t!#"(! #e i $ 0!i*e, !i "*e !e*pe/ t!em-i$i$**+, !e e$re/ !i *i)i( b+ /ri)i( $tri+*e # $ ; p.m. t# 12 p.m. !i-t.He $/mitte/ t!$t !e !$/ 0itee/ #me me i i$*"pi!$e($(e/ i /rii(pree $/ m#i( m$ri"$$.ISSUE!et!er #r #t t!e *#0er #"rt erre/ i #t



!#*/i( t!$t 0!e t!e p#*ieme re="ire/ !im t# iiti$* t!e'1&bi**, t!e+ )i#*$te/!i #tit"ti#$* ri(!t t# #"e*, t# rem$i i*et, $/ #t t# irimi$te !ime*-0!i*e "/er "t#/i$* i)eti($ti#.HELT!e $ppe$* !$ # merit. T!e $ppe**$t0$ #t /eie/ /"e pr#e /"ri( t!e "t#/i$* i)eti($ti#.A*t!#"(! !e 0$ #t$ite/ b+ #"e* 0!e !e iiti$**e/ t!e '1&bi** t!$t t!e p#*ie -#"/ t"e/

i!i 0$it, !i ri(!t $($it e*-&irimi$ti# 0$ #t )i#*$te/ -#r !i p#ei# #-t!e m$re/ bi** /i/ #t#tit"te $ rime t!e "bet #- t!e pr#e"ti# 0$ !i$t #- e**i( m$ri"$$ i($rette. Hi#)iti# 0$ #t b$e/ # t!e preee #-!i iiti$* # t!e '1 bi**, b"t # t!e -$t t!$t t!e tri$* #"rtbe*ie)e/ t!e tetim#+#- t!e p#*ieme t!$t t!e+ $rrete/ !im 0!i*e !e 0$ $t"$**+ e($(e/ ie**i(m$ri"$$ i($rette t# $ member #- t!e $rreti( p$rt+. T!e tri$* #"rt ($)em#re re/ee t# t!eir$te(#ri$* /e*$r$ti# t!$ t# t!e $ppe**$t /ei$*. T!$ti $ it !#"*/ be -#r $ *$0 e-#rer, t!e+$re pre"me/ t# !$)e per-#rme/ t!eir#--ii$* /"tie i $ re("*$r m$er. T!eir t$ #- $ppre!e/i(per# e($(e/ it!e /e$/*+ /r"( tr$/e i /i--i"*t e#"(! 0it!#"t *e($* $/ pr#e/"r$* te!i$*itiet#m$e it /#"b*+ #.



Peole !s" Linsangan

People vs. LinsanganPost under #$rison$ent for Debt , Political Law Case Digests

No person shall be imprisoned for debt or nonpayment of a poll tax.

Facts:

*insangan was prosecuted for non8payment of the cedula or poll ta under section 6=<,

inconnection with section #(, of the 1evised AdministrativeCode. After due trial, he was

sentenced to suffer imprisonment for five days, and to pay the costs. ;rom this )udgment he

appealed, alleging that the trial court erred in not declaring said sections 6=< and #( of

the 1evised Administrative Code unconstitutional and void.

Held:

This case was tried and decided in the court below before the Constitution of the Philippines

too3 effect. ?ut while this appeal was pending, the said Constitution became effective,

and, section , clause , of Article --- thereof provides that no person shall be imprisoned

for debt or nonpayment of a poll ta. This introduces a new element into the case, for while

our previous organic law provided that no person should be imprisoned for debt, it

contained no epressprovision against imprisonment for non8payment of a poll

or cedula ta.

Turning again to the particular @uestion raised in this case, section of Article D& of the

Constitution, provides:

All laws of the Philippine -slands shall continue in force until the inauguration of the

Commonwealth of the PhilippinesB thereafter, such laws shall remain operative, unless

inconsistent with this Constitution, until amended, altered, modified, or repealed by

the >ational Assembly, and all references in such laws to the Eovernment or officials of thePhilippine -slands shall be construed, in so far as applicable, to refer to the Eovernment and

corresponding officials under this Constitution.

-t seems too clear to re@uire demonstration that section #( of the

1evisedAdministrative Code is inconsistent with section , clause , of Article --- of the

Constitution, in that, while the former authori%es imprisonment for nonpayment of the poll

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or cedula ta, the latter forbids it. -t follows that upon the inauguration of the Eovernment

of the Commonwealth, said section #( of the 1evisedAdministrative Code became

inoperative, and no )udgment of conviction can be based thereon. (People vs. Ambrosio

Linsangan, G.R. No. L-43290, December 2, 93!"



T$t$/ ). S$/i($b$+$ GR L&82;&9, 21 4$r! 19

E B$, K$p >J? 13 #"r

%$t S#metime i Ot#ber 1983, At#i# /e *# Re+e, -#rmer He$/ E<e"ti)eAit$t #- t!e t!e

ep$rtmet #- '"b*i I-#rm$ti# >'I? $/ Ait$t O--ier&i&C!$r(e #- t!eB"re$" #- Br#$/$t, -i*e/ $

-#rm$* rep#rt 0it! t!e Le($* '$e*, 'rei/eti$* Se"rit+ C#mm$/ >'SC?, !$r(i(%r$i# S. T$t$/, 0!#

0$ t!e Seret$r+ $/ He$/ #- t!e ep$rtmet #- '"b*i I-#rm$ti#, 0it! $**e(e/)i#*$ti# #- Rep"b*i

At 19, #t!er0ie #0 $ t!e Ati&Gr$-t $/ C#rr"pt 'r$tie At. App$ret*+,# $ti# 0$ t$e #

$i/ rep#rt. T!e, i Ot#ber 1989, #r ; +e$r *$ter, it be$me p"b*i*+ #0 t!$t T$t$/ !$/ "bmitte/ !i rei($ti# $ 4iiter #- '"b*i I-#rm$ti#, $/ 2 m#t!$-ter, #r # 12 eember 1989, At#i# /e *#

Re+e -i*e/ $ #mp*$it 0it! t!e T$#/b$+$ >TB' C$e ;&16&8? $($it T$t$/,$"i( !im #- (r$-t $/

#rr"pt pr$tie i t!e #/"t #- !i #--ie $ t!e Seret$r+ #- '"b*i I-#rm$ti#.

T!e #mp*$it repe$te/

t!e !$r(e emb#/ie/ i t!e pre)i#" rep#rt -i*e/ b+ #mp*$it be-#re t!e Le($*'$e*, 'rei/eti$* Se"rit+

C#mm$/ >'SC?. O 26 J$"$r+ 19, t!e rei($ti# #- T$t$/ 0$ $epte/ b+'rei/et %er/i$/ E.

4$r#. O 1 Apri* 19, t!e T$#/b$+$ re-erre/ t!e #mp*$it #- At#i# /e *#Re+e t# t!e Crimi$*

I)eti($ti# Ser)ie >CIS? -#r -$t&-i/i( i)eti($ti#. O 16 J"e 19, R#bert#

'. i#, CIS

I)eti($t#r #- t!e I)eti($ti# $/ Le($* '$e*, 'SC, "bmitte/ !i I)eti($ti#Rep#rt, 0it! t!e -#**#0i(

#*"i#, 7e)i/ee ($t!ere/ i/i$te t!$t -#rmer 4iiter T$t$/ !$/ )i#*$te/Se. >e? $/ Se. 8 #- RA



19, repeti)e*+. O t!e #t!er !$/, 4r. At#i# L. C$ter# i $*# *i$b*e "/erSe. ; #- RA 19,7 $/

re#mme/e/ $ppr#pri$te *e($* $ti# # t!e m$tter. T$t$/ m#)e/ t# /imi t!e#mp*$it $($it !im,

*$imi( imm"it+ -r#m pr#e"ti# b+ )irt"e #- ' 1891, b"t t!e m#ti# 0$/eie/ # 26 J"*+ 192 $/

!i m#ti# -#r re#i/er$ti# 0$ $*# /eie/ # ; Ot#ber 192. O 2; Ot#ber192, $** $--i/$)it $/

#"ter&$--i/$)it 0ere 0it! t!e T$#/b$+$ -#r -i$* /ip#iti#. O ; J"*+ 19;,t!e T$#/b$+$ $ppr#)e/ $

re#*"ti#, /$te/ 1 Apri* 19;, prep$re/ b+ Spei$* 'r#e"t#r 4$ri$ B"#,re#mme/i( t!$t t!e

i-#rm$ti# be -i*e/ $($it T$t$/ be-#re t!e S$/i($b$+$, -#r >1? )i#*$ti# #-Seti# , p$r$(r$p! >e? #-

RA 19 -#r (i)i( Gr#"p, $ pri)$te #rp#r$ti# #tr#**e/ b+ !i br#t!er&i&*$0,"0$rr$te/ bee-it,

$/)$t$(e #r pre-eree i t!e /i!$r(e #- !i #--ii$* -"ti# t!r#"(! m$i-etp$rti$*it+ $/ e)i/et b$/

-$it! >2? )i#*$ti# #- Seti# , p$r$(r$p! >b? #- R.A. 19 -#r reei)i( $ !e #-'12;,. -r#m

R#bert# V$**$r, 'rei/et@Geer$* 4$$(er #- Amit+ Tr$/i( C#rp#r$ti# $#i/er$ti# -#r t!e re*e$e #- $

!e #- ';,. t# $i/ #rp#r$ti# -#r priti( er)ie re/ere/ -#r t!eC#tit"ti#$* C#)eti#

Re-ere/"m i 198 $/ >? )i#*$ti# #- Seti# 8 #- R.A. 19 # t!ree >? #"t-#r !i -$i*"re t# -i*e !i

St$temet #- Aet $/ Li$bi*itie -#r t!e $*e/$r +e$r 198, 1986 $/ 198.7

A#r/i(*+, # 12 J"e19;, i-#rm$ti# 0ere -i*e/ 0it! t!e S$/i($b$+$ $($it T$t$/ >Crimi$* $e1399 t# 1;?. O 22

J"*+ 19;, T$t$/ -i*e/ 0it! t!e S$/i($b$+$ $ ##*i/$te/ m#ti# t# ="$! t!ei-#rm$ti# # t!e (r#"/



t!$t, $m#( #t!er, 7t!e pr#e"ti# /epri)e/ $"e/&m#)$t #- /"e pr#e #-*$0 $/ #- t!e ri(!t t# $

pee/+ /ip#iti# #- t!e $e -i*e/ $($it !im, $m#"ti( t# *# #- "ri/iti# #--i*e t!e i-#rm$ti#.7

O 26 J"*+ 19;, t!e T$#/b$+$ -i*e/ it #pp#iti# t# petiti#er ##*i/$te/m#ti# t# ="$!. O A"("t

9, 19;, t!e S$/i($b$+$ re/ere/ it re#*"ti# /e+i( T$t$/ m#ti# t#="$!. O 1 A"("t 19;, t!e

T$#/b$+$ -i*e/ $ $me/e/ i-#rm$ti# i Crimi$* C$e 1;, !$(i( t!e/$te #- t!e #mmii# #-

t!e #--ee t# September 1983. O A"("t 19;, T$t$/ -i*e/ $ ##*i/$te/m#ti# -#r re#i/er$ti#

0!i! 0$ /eie/ b+ t!e S$/i($b$+$ # 18 September 19;. O 16 Ot#ber19;, T$t$/ -i*e/ $ petiti#

-#r erti#r$ri $/ pr#!ibiti#, 0it! pre*imi$r+ i"ti#, be-#re t!e S"preme C#"rt.I"e !et!er t!e *#( /e*$+ i te! termi$ti# #- t!e pre*imi$r+ i)eti($ti# b+t!e T$#/b$+$ )i#*$te/

t$t$/: ri(!t t# /"e pr#e $/ pee/+ /ip#iti# #- $e.

He*/ A p$it$i( re)ie0 #- t!e -$t $ #t b"t *e$)e t!e imprei# t!$tp#*iti$* m#ti)$ti# p*$+e/ $

)it$* r#*e i $ti)$ti( $/ pr#pe**i( t!e pr#e"t#ri$* pr#e i t!i $e. %irt*+,t!e #mp*$it $me t# *i-e,

$ it 0ere, #*+ $-ter petiti#er T$t$/ !$/ $ -$**i( #"t 0it! 'rei/et 4$r#.Se#/*+, /ep$rti( -r#m

et$b*i!e/ pr#e/"re preribe/ b+ *$0 -#r pre*imi$r+ i)eti($ti#, 0!i!re="ire t!e "bmii# #-

$--i/$)it $/ #"ter&$--i/$)it b+ t!e T$#/b$+$ re-erre/ t!e #mp*$it t# t!e

'rei/eti$* Se"rit+C#mm$/ -#r -$t&-i/i( i)eti($ti# $/ rep#rt. T!e C#"rt $#t emp!$ie t##tr#(*+ t!$t pr#e"t#r

!#"*/ #t $**#0, $/ !#"*/ $)#i/, (i)i( t!e imprei# t!$t t!eir #b*e #--ie ibei( "e/ #r pr#tit"te/,



Lo%ano !s" &artine%GR L-63419, 18 December 1986 En Banc, Yap (J): 9 concur

FACTS: 'atas Pa$bansa 22 ('P22) 'ouncing Chec* Law+ was aro!ed on -ril .9/9" he etitionsarose fro$ cases in!ol!ing rosecution of offenses under 'P22" (Florentina -" Lo%ano !s" 1C udge

-ntonio &" &artine% 3&anila, 'ranch 5 in 61 L784.9, Lu%!i$inda F" Lobaton !s" 1C ecuti!eudge 6licerio L" Cru% 3Le$ery 'atangas, 'ranch ;5 in 61 L788<9742, -ntonio and =usan Datuin !s"1C udge rnani C" Pano 3>ue%on City, 'ranch L;###5 in 61 /.8?4, @scar ;iolago !s" 1C udgernani C" Pano 3>ue%on City, 'ranch L;###5 in 61 /4?2472?, linor -bad !s" 1C udge Aicolad -"6erochi r" 3&a*ati, 'ranch .95 in 61 /?.22749, -$able and =yl!ia -guilu% !s" Presiding udge of'ranch .?4 of Pasig in 61 /?<.27., Luis &" Boas !s" 1C udge =enen Penaranda 3Cagayan de @ro,'ranch 5 in 61 /2?8?78/, and Peole !s" 1C udge Da!id Aitafan 3&anila, 'ranch ?25 and hel$a=ar$iento in 61 /?/<95" Lo%ano, Lobaton, Datuin, ;iolago, -bad, -guilu%, Boas and =ar$iento $o!edseasonably to uash the infor$ations on the ground that the acts charged did not constitute an offense,the statute being unconstitutional" he $otions were denied by the trial courts, ecet in one case, whichis the subect of 61 /?/<9 (Peole !s" Aitafan+, wherein the trial court declared the law unconstitutional

and dis$issed the case" he arties ad!ersely affected ha!e co$e to the =ure$e Court for relief"

ISS!: Whether 'P 22 is a !alid legislati!e act"

"!L#: Ees" #t is within the authority of the legislature to enact such a law in the eercise of the oliceower" #t is within the rerogati!e of the law$a*ing body to roscribe certain acts dee$ed ernicious andini$ical to ublic welfare" -cts $ala in se are not the only acts which the law can unish" -n act $ay notbe considered by society as inherently wrong, hence, not $alu$ in se, but because of the har$ that itinflicts on the co$$unity, it can be outlawed and cri$inally unished as $alu$ rohibitu$" 'P 22 isai$ed at utting a sto to or curbing the ractice of issuing chec*s that are worthless, i"e" chec*s that endu being reected or dishonored for ay$ent" he thrust of the law is to rohibit, under ain of enalsanctions, the $a*ing of worthless chec*s and utting the$ in circulation" he law unishes the act notas an offense against roerty, but an offense against ublic order" #t is not the non7ay$ent of an

obligation which the law unishes, nor is it intended or designed to coerce a debtor to ay his debt"Further, a statute is resu$ed to be !alid" !ery resu$tion $ust be indulged in fa!or of itsconstitutionality" Where it is clear that the legislature has o!ersteed the li$its of its authority under theconstitution, the Court should not hesitate to wield the ae and let it fall hea!ily on the offending statute

http://xyckriz.blogspot.com/2010/11/lozano-vs-martinez.html

http://xyckriz.blogspot.com/2010/11/lozano-vs-martinez.html



'EO'LE ) RELOVA

13 SCRA 292

CANIZA ) 'EO'LE >AGLORO?

1;9 SCRA 16%ELICIANO 4$r! 1, 19

NATURE

'etiti# -#r 'r#!ibiti# $/ erti#r$ri /irete/ $t 1?t!e C%I Or/er #- N#). 28, 1989i"e/ b+ Br$! 2#- C%I #- 4$i*$ i Crimi$* C$e 3686 $/ 2? $i/#"rt: Or/er#- 4$r! 2, 19 i t!e $me $e/e+i( C$i$: 4#ti# -#r Re#i/er$ti#

%ACTS

& 4$r! 2, 1983 Ait$t Cit+ %i$* #- 4$i*$ -i*e/$ I-#rm$ti# -#r -$*i-i$ti##- p"b*i /#"met$**e(e/*+ #mmitte/ # N#). ;, 196 b+ C$i$.& 4$+ 23, 1983C$i$ -i*e/ 4#ti# t# "$! $+i(t!$t $**e($ti# i t!e i-#rm$ti# /i/ #t#tit"te$ #--ee, $/ t!$t t!e i-#rm$ti# #t$ie/$)ermet 0!i!, i- tr"e,0#"*/ #tit"te $ *e($*e<"e #r "ti-i$ti#& tri$* #"rt (r$te/ 4#ti# t# "$!,/imie/ $e$($it C$i$& %i$*: 4#ti# -#r Re#i/er$ti# #- t!i Or/er0$/eie/& J"e 1, 1989 $ e#/ I-#rm$ti# >/#ete/ $Crimi$* C$e 3686? 0$-i*e/ !$r(i( C$i$ 0it!"bt$ti$**+ t!e $me #--ee $ t!$t !$r(e/ "/ert!epre)i#" i-#rm$ti#& C$i$ m#)e/ t# ="$! t!i e#/ i-#rm$ti# #t!e(r#"/ t!$t 1? t!e #--ee !$r(e/ !$/ $*re$/+preribe/, 2?="$!$* #- t!e -irt

I-#rm$ti# !$/bee # t!e merit, ?t!e $**e($ti# #- t!e e#/I-#rm$ti# /i/#t #tit"te $/ #--ee& Rep#/et "/(e i"e/ $ #r/er /e+i( t!em#ti# t#="$!& He $*# /eie/ C$i$: m#ti# -#r re#i/er$ti#

ISSUES

1. ON t!e #--ee !$r(e/ !$/ $*re$/+ preribe/2. ON t!e -i*i( #- t!e e#/I-#rm$ti# !$p*$e/ t!e $"e/ i e#p$r/+ #- p"i!met -#r t!e$me #--ee $e#/ time

HEL

1. NO

Re$#i(&

; +e$r, 3 m#t!, $/ 16 /$+ !$/ e*$pe/bet0ee N#)ember ;, 196 >t!e /$te #-#mmii##- t!e $**e(e/ #--ee? $/ 4$r! 2 1983 >/$te #- -i*i( t!e -irti-#rm$ti#? 3 +e$r, 2 m#t! $/ 12/$+ !$/ e*$pe/ bet0ee Apri* , 198;>/$te #- /ei$* b+ t!e tri$* #"rt #- t!e %i$*: m#ti# -#rre#i/er$ti#? $/ J"e



!i#tit"ti#$* ri(!t $($it /#"b*e e#p$r/+ -#r t!ere$# t!$t !e e--eti)e*+pre)et t!e tri$* #"rt-r#m pr#ee/i( t# tri$* # t!e merit $/ re/eri($

"/(met #- #)iti# $($it !im& App*i$ti# #- t!e $-#ret$te/

/#trie #- 0$i)er

,!#0e)er, i "bet t# t0# >2?

ie ="$ #

#/iti# -irt, /imi$* m"t !$)e bee #"(!t #ri/"e/ b+ t!e /e-e/$t,eit!er per#$**+ #rt!r#"(! #"e* $/ e#/,

"! /imi$* m"t #t !$)e bee # t!e merit $/ m"t #t ee$ri*+ $m#"tt# $ $="itt$*

. I t!i repet,t!e re#r/ !#0 t!$t petiti#er C$i$ m#)e/ t#="$! t!e

-irt I-#rm$ti#

>Crimi$* C$e N#. 1689?# (r#"/ t!$t t!e $**e($ti# m$/e t!erei /i/#t#tit"te $ #--ee $/@#r t!$t t!e -irt I-#rm$ti##t$ie/ $**e($ti#0!i!, i- tr"e, #tit"te/ $*e($* e<"e #r "ti-i$ti#. T!ee (r#"/, "p#0!i!t!e tri$* #"rt $!#re/ it 28 N#)ember 1983Or/er #- /imi$*, $re *e$r*+/irete/ $t t!e"--iie+ #- $i/ i-#rm$ti# t# "t$i t!e#)iti# #- petiti#erC$i$ $/, !ee, i/i$tet!e $bee #- t!e -irt re="iite i /#"b*e&

e#p$r/+.%"rt!erm#re, $/ m#re imp#rt$t*+, /imi$* #- $rimi$* $ti# # t!ib$i i #t pr#per*+#i/ere/ $ $m#"ti( t# $

$="itt$* # t!emerit

-r#m $ *e($* t$/p#it, t!e /e-e/$t i/eeme/ $ #t !$)i( bee !$r(e/ 0it!t!e#mmii# #- $+ #--ee 0!$t#e)er "/er t!e/e-iiet i-#rm$ti#.C#e="et*+, petiti#erC$i$ p*e$ #- e#/ e#p$r/+ $#t be"t$ie/ !ee--eti)e*+ 0$i)e/ !i ri(!t t# $ertt!$t p*e$ 0!e !e m#)e/ t# ="$! t!e-irtI-#rm$ti# -i*e/ $($it !im.

ip#iti)e

'etiti# -#r 'r#!ibiti# $/ erti#r$ri iIS4ISSE. T!e eember 19 Re#*"ti#

#- t!iC#"rt (i)i( /"e #"re t# t!e 'etiti# i 0it!/r$0$/ t!e /ip"te/ Or/er/$te/ 28 N#)ember 1989$/ 2 4$r! 19 i"e/ b+ rep#/et "/(e iCrimi$*C$e N#. 3686 $re !ereb+ A%%IR4E. T!i$e i rem$/e/ t# t!e #"rt

$ ="#

-#r tri$* # t!emerit



Case #igest on People v. $elovaAo!e$ber .0, 20.0

Fa%ts:& Feb ., .9/? Police searched the ice lant owned by @ulencia) they disco!ered electric wiring, de!ices and

contrations had been installed without necessary authority fro$ city go!t

' Ao! 24, .9/? -sst" City Fical filed info against @ulencia for !iolation of a city ordinance which rohibits

unauthori%ed wiring installations"

( @ulencia leaded not guilty and filed $otion to dis$iss on the ground that the cri$e had alrdy rescribed (offense

charged was a light felony wGc rescribes 2 $os fro$ disco!ery thereof"+

) Lower court dis$issed the case

* -cting City Fiscal filed another info for theft of electric ower

+ @ulencia filed &otion to >uash uon the ground of double eoardy

, udge 1elo!a granted $otion and dis$issed the case"

- &otion for 1econ denied, hence this aeal

Isse: W@A there was double eoardy$atio #e%idendi: - erson who was charged for !iolating a city ordinance for ha!ing installed a $etering de!ice to

lower his electric bills which was dis$issed for rescrition of the offense $ay not be charged again for theft of

electric ower under the 1PC

$easons:

& he second sentence of -rt" #; =ec" 22 e$bodies an ecetion to the gen" Proosition: the consti rotection,

against double eoardy is a!ailable although the rior offense charged under an ordinance be different fro$ the

offense charged subseuently under a national statute such as the 1PC, ro!ided that both offenses sring fro$

the sa$e act or set of acts

' Where an offense is unished by different sections of a statute or different statutes, the inuiry, for uroses of

double eoardy is on the ien!i!" o# o##en$e$ c%ar&e 'H where an offense is enali%ed by an ordinance and a

statute, the inuiry is on the ien!i!" o# ac!$'

=ince the dis$issal of the case against @ulencia for !iolation of an ordinance alrdy a$ounted to an acuittal, he canno longer charged with an offense unishable under a statute which arise fro$ the sa$e act



R"-i# N"e ) S$/i($b$+$ t!e'e#p*e #- t!e '!i*ippie

on November 15, 2010

“Equal Protection” – Creation of the Sandiganbayan

N"e $$i* t!e )$*i/it+ #- t!e ' 136 re$ti( t!e S$/i($b$+$ $ $me/e/ b+ '

166. He 0$ $"e/ be-#re t!e S$/i($b$+$ #- et$-$ t!r#"(! -$*i-i$ti# #- p"b*i $/

#mmeri$* /#"met #mmitte/ i #i)$e 0it! !i #t!er #&$"e/, $** p"b*i

#--ii$*, i e)er$* $e. It i t!e *$im #- N"e t!$t '136, $ $me/e/, i )i#*$ti)e #-

t!e /"e pr#e, e="$* pr#teti#, $/ e< p#t -$t# *$"e #- t!e C#tit"ti#. He *$im

t!$t t!e S$/i($b$+$ pr#ee/i( )i#*$te N"e: ri(!t t# e="$* pr#teti#, be$"e W$ppe$* $ $ m$tter #- ri(!t be$me miimie/ it# $ mere m$tter #- /ireti# W $ppe$*

*ie0ie 0$ !r" $/ *imite/ #*+ t# ="eti# #- *$0, e<*"/i( $ re)ie0 #- t!e -$t $/

tri$* e)i/ee $/ t!ere i #*+ #e !$e t# $ppe$* #)iti#, b+ erti#r$ri t# t!e SC,

ite$/ #- t!e tr$/iti#$* t0# !$e 0!i*e $** #t!er et$-$ i/itee $re etit*e/ t# $ppe$*

$ $ m$tter #- ri(!t #)eri( b#t! *$0 $/ -$t $/ t# t0# $ppe**$te #"rt, i.e., -irt t# t!e

CA $/ t!ere$-ter t# t!e SC.

ISSUE: !et!er #r #t t!e re$ti# #- S$/i($b$+$ )i#*$te e="$* pr#teti# i#-$r $

$ppe$* 0#"*/ be #ere/.

HELD: T!e SC r"*e/ $($it N"e. T!e 198 C#tit"ti# !$/ pr#)i/e/ -#r t!e re$ti# #- $

pei$* #"rt t!$t !$** !$)e #ri(i$* "ri/iti# #)er $e i)#*)i( p"b*i #--ii$* !$r(e/

0it! (r$-t $/ #rr"pti#. T!e #tit"ti# pei-i$**+ m$e meti# #- t!e re$ti# #- $

pei$* #"rt, t!e S$/i($b$+$, preie*+ i rep#e t# $ pr#b*em, t!e "r(e+ #- 0!i!

$#t be /eie/, $me*+, /i!#et+ i t!e p"b*i er)ie. It -#**#0 t!$t t!#e 0!# m$+

t!ere$-ter be trie/ b+ "! #"rt #"(!t t# !$)e bee $0$re $ -$r b$ $ J$"$r+ 18, 198,

0!e t!e preet C#tit"ti# $me it# -#re, t!$t $ /i--eret pr#e/"re -#r t!e $"e/

t!erei, 0!et!er $ pri)$te itie $ petiti#er i #r $ p"b*i #--ii$*, i #t ee$ri*+

#--ei)e t# t!e e="$* pr#teti# *$"e #- t!e C#tit"ti#. %"rt!er, t!e *$i-i$ti#

t!erei et -#rt! met t!e t$/$r/ re="iri( t!$t it 5m"t be b$e/ # "bt$ti$*

/ititi# 0!i! m$e re$* /i--eree it m"t be (erm$e t# t!e p"rp#e #- t!e *$0 it

m"t #t be *imite/ t# e<iti( #/iti# #*+, $/ m"t $pp*+ e="$**+ t# e$! member #-



t!e *$.F %"rt!er ti**, /eii# i t!e S$/i($b$+$ $re re$!e/ b+ $ "$im#"

/eii# -r#m "tie & $ !#0i( t!$t /eii# t!erei $re m#re #ei)$b*+ $re-"**+

re$!e/ t!$ #t!er tri$* #"rt.

Read full text

Justice Makasiar concurrin! " #issentin!$

'er# 0!# $re !$r(e/ 0it! et$-$ #r m$*)er$ti# #- -"/ #t be*#(i( t# t!e

(#)ermet #r $+ #- it itr"met$*itie #r $(eie $re ("$r$tee/ t!e ri(!t t# $ppe$* t#

t0# $ppe**$te #"rt W -irt, t# t!e CA, $/ t!ere$-ter t# t!e SC. Et$-$ $/ m$*)er$ti# #-

pri)$te -"/ $re # t!e $me $te(#r+ $ (r$-t $/ #rr"pti# #mmitte/ b+ p"b*i #--ier,0!#, "/er t!e /eree re$ti( t!e S$/i($b$+$, $re #*+ $**#0e/ #e $ppe$* W t# t!e

SC %ar& ', Sec& (, )&D& No& 1*0*$& T!e -$t t!$t t!e S$/i($b$+$ i $ #**e(i$te tri$*

#"rt /#e #t (eer$te $+ "bt$ti$* /ititi# t# )$*i/$te t!i i)i/i#" /irimi$ti#.

T!ree "/(e itti( # t!e $me $e /#e #t e"re $ ="$*it+ #- "tie better t!$ t!$t

mete/ #"t b+ $ tri$* #"rt prei/e/ b+ #e "/(e. T!e "*tim$te /eii)e -$t#r $re t!e

ite**et"$* #mpetee, i/"tr+ $/ ite(rit+ #- t!e tri$* "/(e. B"t $ re)ie0 b+ t0#

$ppe**$te trib"$* #- t!e $me $e ert$i*+ e"re better "tie t# t!e $"e/ $/ t#

t!e pe#p*e. T!e $($i, p$r #- Se 8 #- ' 166, b+ pr#)i/i( t!$t t!e /eii# #- t!e S$/i($b$+$

$ #*+ be re)ie0e/ b+ t!e SC t!r#"(! erti#r$ri, *ie0ie *imit t!e re)ie0i( p#0er #- t!e

SC #*+ t# ="eti# #- "ri/iti# #r (r$)e $b"e #- /ireti#, $/ #t ="eti# #- -$t #r

-i/i( #r #*"i# #- t!e tri$* #"rt. I #t!er rimi$* $e i)#*)i( #--ee #t $

eri#" $ (r$-t $/ #rr"pti#, $** ="eti# #- -$t $/ #- *$0 $re re)ie0e/, -irt b+ t!e CA,

$/ t!e b+ t!e SC. T# repe$t, t!ere i (re$ter ("$r$tee #- "tie i rimi$* $e 0!e

t!e tri$* #"rt: "/(met i "bet t# re)ie0 b+ t0# $ppe**$te trib"$*, 0!i! $ $ppr$ie

t!e e)i/ee $/ t!e *$0 0it! (re$ter #beti)it+, /et$!met $/ imp$rti$*it+ "$--ete/ $t!e+ $re b+ )ie0 $/ pre"/ie t!$t m$+ be e(e/ere/ /"ri( t!e tri$*.

Limiti( t!e p#0er #- re)ie0 b+ t!e SC #- #)iti# b+ t!e S$/i($b$+$ #*+ t# i"e #-

"ri/iti# #r (r$)e $b"e #- /ireti#, *ie0ie )i#*$te t!e #tit"ti#$* pre"mpti# #-

http://www.uberdigests.info/2012/08/nunez-vs-sandiganbayan/

http://www.uberdigests.info/2012/08/nunez-vs-sandiganbayan/



i#ee #- t!e $"e/, 0!i! pre"mpti# $ #*+ be #)er#me b+ pr##- be+#/

re$#$b*e /#"bt >Se. 19, Art. IV, 198 C#tit"ti#?



Ti# ) Vi/e#(r$m Re("*$t#r+ B#$r/on November 12, 2011

Political Law – The Embrace of nly ne Sub!ect by a "ill

Ti# i $ )i/e#(r$m #per$t#r 0!# $$i*e/ t!e #tit"ti#$*it+ #- ' 198 etit*e/ 5A At

Cre$ti( t!e Vi/e#(r$m Re("*$t#r+ B#$r/F 0it! br#$/ p#0er t# re("*$te $/ "per)ie t!e

)i/e#(r$m i/"tr+. T!e ' 0$ $*# rei-#re/ b+ ' 1993 0!i! $me/e/ t!e N$ti#$*

Iter$* Re)e"e C#/e. T!e $me/met pr#)i/e t!$t 5t!ere !$** be #**ete/ # e$!

pr#ee/ )i/e#&t$pe $ette, re$/+ -#r p*$+b$, re($r/*e #- *e(t!, $ $"$* t$< #-

-i)e pe# 'r#)i/e/, t!$t *#$**+ m$"-$t"re/ #r imp#rte/ b*$ )i/e# t$pe !$** be

"bet t# $*e t$<.F T!e $i/ *$0 0$ br#"(!t $b#"t b+ t!e ee/ t# re("*$te t!e $*e #-

)i/e#(r$m $ it !$ $/)ere e--et t# t!e m#)ie i/"tr+. T!e pr#*i-er$ti# #- )i/e#(r$m

!$ i(i-i$t*+ *eee/ t!e re)e"e bei( $="ire/ -r#m t!e m#)ie i/"tr+, $/ t!$t

"! *# m$+ be re#)ere/ i- )i/e#(r$m $re t# be t$<e/. Se 1 #- t!e ' imp#e $ X

t$< # t!e (r# reeipt p$+$b*e t# t!e LGU. Ti# #"tere/, $m#( #t!er, t!$t t!e t$<

imp#iti# pr#)ii# i $ ri/er $/ i #t (erm$e t# t!e "bet m$tter #- t!e '.

ISSUE: !et!er #r #t t!e ' embr$e #*+ #e "bet.

HELD: T!e C#tit"ti#$* re="iremet t!$t 5e)er+ bi** !$** embr$e #*+ #e "bet 0!i!

!$** be e<pree/ i t!e tit*e t!ere#-F i "--iiet*+ #mp*ie/ 0it! i- t!e tit*e be

#mpre!ei)e e#"(! t# i*"/e t!e (eer$* p"rp#e 0!i! $ t$t"te ee t# $!ie)e. It i

#t ee$r+ t!$t t!e tit*e e<pre e$! $/ e)er+ e/ t!$t t!e t$t"te 0i!e t#

$#mp*i!. T!e re="iremet i $ti-ie/ i- $** t!e p$rt #- t!e t$t"te $re re*$te/, $/ $re

(erm$e t# t!e "bet m$tter e<pree/ i t!e tit*e, #r $ *#( $ t!e+ $re #t i#itet

0it! #r -#rei( t# t!e (eer$* "bet $/ tit*e. A $t !$)i( $ i(*e (eer$* "bet,

i/i$te/ i t!e tit*e, m$+ #t$i $+ "mber #- pr#)ii#, # m$tter !#0 /i)ere t!e+

m$+ be, # *#( $ t!e+ $re #t i#itet 0it! #r -#rei( t# t!e (eer$* "bet, $/ m$+

be #i/ere/ i -"rt!er$e #- "! "bet b+ pr#)i/i( -#r t!e met!#/ $/ me$ #-

$rr+i( #"t t!e (eer$* #bet.F T!e r"*e $*# i t!$t t!e #tit"ti#$* re="iremet $ t#

t!e tit*e #- $ bi** !#"*/ #t be # $rr#0*+ #tr"e/ $ t# ripp*e #r impe/e t!e p#0er #-

*e(i*$ti#. It !#"*/ be (i)e $ pr$ti$* r$t!er t!$ te!i$* #tr"ti#. I t!e $e $t

b$r, t!e ="eti#e/ pr#)ii# i $**ie/ $/ (erm$e t#, $/ i re$#$b*+ ee$r+ -#r t!e

$#mp*i!met #-, t!e (eer$* #bet #- t!e ', 0!i! i t!e re("*$ti# #- t!e )i/e#



i/"tr+ t!r#"(! t!e VRB $ e<pree/ i it tit*e. T!e t$< pr#)ii# i #t i#itet 0it!,

#r -#rei( t# t!$t (eer$* "bet $/ tit*e. A $ t##* -#r re("*$ti# it i imp*+ #e #- t!e

re("*$t#r+ $/ #tr#* me!$im $ttere/ t!r#"(!#"t t!e '. T!e e<pre p"rp#e #- t!e

' t# i*"/e t$<$ti# #- t!e )i/e# i/"tr+ i #r/er t# re("*$te $/ r$ti#$*ie t!e

"#tr#**e/ /itrib"ti# #- )i/e#(r$m i e)i/et -r#m 're$mb*e 2 $/ ; #- t!e $i/ '

0!i! e<p*$i t!e m#ti)e #- t!e *$0m$er i preeti( t!e me$"re. T!e tit*e #- t!e ',

0!i! i t!e re$ti# #- t!e VRB, i #mpre!ei)e e#"(! t# i*"/e t!e p"rp#e

e<pree/ i it 're$mb*e $/ re$#$b*+ #)er $** it pr#)ii#. It i "ee$r+ t#

e<pre $** t!#e #beti)e i t!e tit*e #r t!$t t!e *$tter be $ i/e< t# t!e b#/+ #- t!e '.



B$t$$ S!ip+$r/ E(ieeri( C#., I.) 'rei/eti$* C#mmii# # G##/G#)ermet

on November 1+, 2012

#$% SCR& #'# – "u(ine(( rgani)ation – Cor*oration Law – & Cor*oration Cannot +n,o-e the

Right &gain(t Self.+ncrimination

!e 'rei/et C#r$# A="i# t## p#0er, t!e 'rei/eti$* C#mmii# # G##/

G#)ermet >'CGG? 0$ -#rme/ i #r/er t# re#)er i** (#tte 0e$*t! $**e(e/*+ $="ire/ b+

-#rmer 'rei/et 4$r# $/ !i r#ie. A="i# t!e i"e/ t0# e<e"ti)e #r/er i 196

$/ p"r"$t t!eret#, $ e="etr$ti# $/ $ t$e#)er #r/er 0ere i"e/ $($it B$t$$

S!ip+$r/ e(ieeri( C#., I. >BASECO?. BASECO 0$ $**e(e/ t# be i $t"$*it+ #0e/

$/ #tr#**e/ b+ t!e 4$r#e t!r#"(! t!e R#m"$*/e -$mi*+, $/ i t"r, t!r#"(! /"mm+

t#!#*/er.

T!e e="etr$ti# #r/er i"e/ i 196 re="ire/, $m#( #t!er, t!$t BASECO pr#/"e

#rp#r$te re#r/ -r#m 198 t# 196 "/er p$i #- #tempt #- t!e 'CGG i- it -$i* t# /# #.

BASECO $$i* t!i #r/er $ it $)er, $m#( #t!er, t!$t it i $($it BASECO: ri(!t $($it

e*- irimi$ti# $/ "re$#$b*e e$r!e $/ ei"re.

ISSUE: !et!er #r #t BASECO i #rret.

HELD: N#. %irt #- $**, 'CGG !$ t!e ri(!t t# re="ire t!e pr#/"ti# #- "! /#"met

p"r"$t t# t!e p#0er (r$te/ t# it. Se#/, $/ m#re imp#rt$t*+, ri(!t $($it e*-&

irimi$ti# !$ # $pp*i$ti# t# "ri/i$* per#. T!ere i $ reer)e ri(!t i t!e

*e(i*$t"re t# i)eti($te t!e #tr$t #- $ #rp#r$ti# $/ -i/ #"t 0!et!er it !$ e<ee/e/

it p#0er. It 0#"*/ be $ tr$(e $#m$*+ t# !#*/ t!$t $ t$te, !$)i( !$rtere/ $

#rp#r$ti# *ie BASECO t# m$e "e #- ert$i -r$!ie, #"*/ #t, i t!e e<erie #-

#)erei(t+, i="ire !#0 t!ee -r$!ie !$/ bee emp*#+e/, $/ 0!et!er t!e+ !$/ bee

$b"e/, $/ /em$/ t!e pr#/"ti# #- t!e #rp#r$te b## $/ p$per -#r t!$t p"rp#e.

Neit!er i t!e ri(!t $($it "re$#$b*e e$r!e $/ ei"re $pp*i$b*e !ere. T!ere 0ere

# e$r!e m$/e $/ # ei"re p"r"$t t# $+ e$r! 0$ e)er m$/e. BASECO 0$

mere*+ #r/ere/ t# pr#/"e t!e #rp#r$te re#r/.

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