Viviendo con radiación

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  XCXCDBAE GEB ]LACLGC×B  XCXCDBAE GEB ]LACLGC×B [E] GNL]JDW D" GEMM F]" HEQEI]LHÏLW AD @L]DB @LWOLTW@C  BLQCEBLJ IDEI]L[NCG L{}cj <3>30 Q}latggc÷b ad GI]* X<8Acg=;<</F=3Acg=;<< Dwql htd}vl cbxcwcmjd qcdbd dj {ead} ad olql} lwï geoe ad gt}l}" Gnl}jdw D" Gemm F}" dwqcol jew {djci}ew s mdbdhcgcew* adwad jl meoml lq÷ocgl s dj }la÷b n lwql jl }laceqd}l{cl* }lsew ^* s dj gebq}exd}qcae qdol ad jl dbd}iïl btgjdl}" Heqei}lhïlw ad @l}db @lwoltw`c" j lgdjd}lae} |td l{tbql l jl glmdvl ad Mebbcd H}ewq wd  {l}dgd lj glü÷b ad }lsew ad tbl blxd dw{lgclj" Lhtd}l adj Jlme}lqe}ce Jly}dbgd Md}`djds* m}cjjl dj wej ad Gljche}bcl" Ladbq}e dj geo{jdfe lgdjd}lae} |td be cbqcocal* ljie jjlolae yemmjd} ntooda* g}dl ·aeblw± ad dbd}iïl" [}ebqe jew cebdw djãgq}cglodbqd gl}ilaew* aìbaejd ocjdw ad xtdjqlw lj lgdjd}lae} ad =;; {cdw ad acìodq}e* jjdil}lb lj gtdjje ad jl W}l" H}ewq* lqlglbae jlw gãjtjlw oljciblw ad wt ge}aeol* tb qtoe} olwcxe |td gtm}d {l}qd ad wt odatjl dw{cblj" ·Dw }laclgc÷b±* od d~{jcgl dj A}" Fewd{n ]" Glwq}e fdhd ad }laceqd}l{cl* ·{d}e be gltwl }lacelgqcxcala alücbl" Be qeal jl }laclgc÷b je nlgd±" \tcd}d adgc} |td jlw {l}qïgtjlw adj lgdjd}lae} be wd q}lbwhe}olb db eq}ew djdodbqew |td adwq}tsdb qdfcaew e gãjtjlw" Ladoìw* dj ndgne |td jew dwqljjcaew ad }laclgc÷b l{tbqlb geb {}dgcwc÷b lj mjlbge nlgd |td dj }cdwie wdl lgd{qlmjd" Jl wdüe}l H}ewq {l}dgïl h}ìicj s xtjbd}lmjd gtlbae dwqlml wtfdql l jl wcjjl ad jl he}ocalmjd ol|tcbl" ·Jl {}cod}l xdv* do{dgã l jje}l}* s |td}ïl ntc}* qeae je |td {eaïl colicbl} d}l |td jjdil}ïl Al}qn Xlad}* s dbqebgdw dbq}e dj A}" Glwq}e±* acgd web}cdbae" Od nlmïl dbgebq}lae geb dj A}" Glwq}e geb lbqd}ce}cala" Wdülj÷ ljie |td* nd l{}dbacae adwad dbqebgdw* iemcd}bl glal lw{dgqe ad xcxc} geb jl }laclgc÷b6 ·Wcdo{}d dwqlw mljlbgdlbae }cdwiew gebq}l {ewcmjdw mdbdhcgcew±" Nes* adw{tãw ad wdcw wdolblw ad q}lqlocdbqe* dj qtoe} ad jl wdüe}l H}ewq dwqì mlfe gebq}ej* qlj geoe dj >; $ ad jew glwew q}lqlaew db dj jlme}lqe}ce Md}`djds" Be nls atal ad je |td  {cdbwl lgd}gl adj xlje} adj q}lqlocdbqe6 ·Jlw {d}weblw admdb dwql} e}itjjewlw ad dwqe* dw tb twe mtdbe s {ewcqcxe ad jew co{tdwqew s xlsl |td je xljd±" Oc wlqcwhlggc÷b geb dwql ncwqe}cl ad ã~cqe gebq}lwql geb ocw wdbqcocdbqew ad nlgd tblw wdolblw db Fl{÷b* db dj {eje e{tdwqe adj otbae ad jl }laclgc÷b" Ylbi Wtbi Jdd s wt dw{ewl* Sebi Jd Mdc* dwqlmlb wdbqlaew h}dbqd l tb dwg}cqe}ce db dj ad{l}qlodbqe ad lstal l jew wem}dxcxcdbqdw ad jl meoml lq÷ocgl ad Nc}ewncol" Db dj dwg}cqe}ce h}dbqd l jl {l}dfl ge}dlbl dwql tb ol{l ad Nc}ewncol geb gï}gtjew gebgãbq}cgew |td cbacglb cbg}dodbqew ad odace `cjeodq}e adwad dj d{cgdbq}e ad jl {}cod}l meoml lq÷ocgl adflal gld} db tbl gctala" Wc adotdwq}lb |td dwqtxcd}eb d~{tdwqew ac}dgqlodbqd l jl }laclgc÷b ad jl meoml* wd}ìb djdicmjdw {l}l dj q}lqlocd bqe o ãacge i}lqtcqe" Od {}ditbqe {e}|td dw{d}l}eb nlwql <3>> {l}l {}dwdbql}wd geoe wem}dxcxcdbqdw ad jl meoml lq÷ocgl" Dj W}" Jdd od d~{jcgl |td qdbïl aew ncflw db |td {dbwl}" Ltb|td blgcd}eb lüew adw{tãw adj lql|td* jew dw{ewew {eqdbgcljdw jlw gebwcad}l}ïlb idbãqcglodbqd jdwceblalw s be wd glwl}ïlb geb djjlw0 jl co{d}hdggc÷b hïwcgl dw tbl olbgnl db Fl{÷b" Lwï |td jl {l}dfl nlmïl dw{d}lae* gebhclbae db |td wtw ncflw wd glwl}ïlb" Db Fl{÷b adwgtm}ï |td dj dwqciol wegclj dw tbe ad jlw olbchdwqlgcebdw oìw d~qdbacalw d cbgt}lmjdw ad jew dhdgqew ad jl }laclgc÷b" laclgc÷b* achïgcjodbqd eq}l {ljlm}l db gtlj|tcd} jdbitlfd idbd}l oìw lbwcdala" S xcxc} geb }laclgc÷b  {tdad wd} ad ndgne lqd}}lae}" Jlw {jlbqlw |td hlm}cglb olqd}cljdw {l}l l}olw btgjdl}dw qlomcãb gebqlocblb btdwq}e lomcdbqd" Qn}dd Ocjd Cwjlba s Gnd}bemsj* lwï geoe eq}ew lggcadbqdw db {jlbqlw ad dbd}iïl btgjdl} bew nlb ljl}olae" Jew adw{d}acgcew btgjdl}dw wd lgtotjlb" Ltb lwï jl }laclgc÷b* ftbqe geb dj cbidbce ntolbe* }dljcvl otgnlw em}lw mdbãhcglw qlomcãb6 adwq}tsdbae jlw gãjtjlw oljciblw adj qtoe} ad Mebbcd H}ewq* dwqd}cjcvlbae {}eatgqew oãacgew s ljcodbqcgcew lj olql} mlgqd}clw alücblw* }lwq}dlbae dj {}ei}dwe ad odacglodbqew l q}lxãw adj gtd}{e geb }lacecw÷qe{ew s lqlglbae gãjtjlw glbgd}ïidblw adwad adbq}e* alqlbae dxdbqew l}|tdej÷icgew s idej÷icgew geb jl qlwl ad adglcocdbqe }lacelgqcxe* gebxc}qcdbae dj litl db xl{e} {l}l emqdbd} dbd}iïl djãgq}cgl* s ¼{}ebqe/ {l}l adqdgql} d~{jewcxew  {jìwqcgew db xljcflw" Dwqe wcibchcgl |td {l}l mcdb e {l}l olj* jl }laclgc÷b  {d}olbdgd}ì geoe tbl {l}qd co{e}qlbqd ad btdwq}lw xcalw" Xcxc} geb }laclgc÷b dw we{dwl} wtw }cdwiew gebq}l wtw  mdbdhcgcew" Aebad|tcd}l |td xclflml* dwgtgnlml dwqd admlqd* dbgebq}ã |td jlw }dw{tdwqlw adhcbcqcxlw d}lb dxlwcxlw* dj gebegcocdbqe gcdbqïhcge {}degt{lbqdodbqd cbgeo{jdqe* s jl e{cbc÷b geb h}dgtdbgcl gebq}lacgqe}cl" ·Dw cbgebqdwqlmjd |td jew }cdwiew ad jl }laclgc÷b web oìw i}lbadw |td jew {tmjcglaew±" Acgd dj A}" @l}j V" Oe}ilb* tb  {cebd}e db hïwcgl ad jl wljta" [d}e acgd dj A}" Be}olb G" ]lwotwwdb* cbidbcd}e btgjdl} adj Cbwqcqtqe ad Qdgbejeiïl ad Olwwlgntwdqqw6 ·Nls otgnl dxcadbgcl ad |td mlflw aewcw ad }laclgc÷b be weje be gltwlb alüe wcbe |td {tdadb wd} mdbãhcglw" Adw{tãw ad qeae jl ntolbcala dxejtgcebe db tb otbae ad }laclgc÷b blqt}lj ad  mlfe bcxdj±" ]cgnl}a Itcoeba ad jl Lidbgcl ad [}eqdggc÷b D ] 

description

Artículo de la National Geographic, Abril 1989.Esta fuerza invisible tiene el poder de matar así como de curar. Charles E. Cobb Jr. estima los peligros y beneficios, desde la bomba atómica y el radón hasta la radioterapia, rayos X, y el controvertido tema de la energía nuclear. Fotografías de Karen Kasmauski. Los hibakusha de Hiroshima, personas afectadas por la bomba, y otras victimas, ademas de los efectos de la radiación ionizante en el cuerpo.

Transcript of Viviendo con radiación

Page 1: Viviendo con radiación

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 XCXCDBAE GEB ]LACLGC×B

 XCXCDBAE GEB ]LACLGC×B[E] GNL]JDW D" GEMM F]"HEQEI]LHÏLW AD @L]DB @LWOLTW@C

 BLQCEBLJ IDEI]L[NCG L{}cj <3>30 Q}latggc÷b ad GI]* X<8Acg=;<</F=3Acg=;<<

Dwql htd}vl cbxcwcmjd qcdbd dj {ead} ad olql} lwï geoe ad gt}l}" Gnl}jdw D" Gemm F}" dwqcol jew {djci}ew s mdbdhcgcew* adwad jl meo

lq÷ocgl s dj }la÷b nlwql jl }laceqd}l{cl* }lsew ^* s dj gebq}exd}qcae qdol ad jl dbd}iïl btgjdl}" Heqei}lhïlw ad @l}db @lwoltw`c"

j lgdjd}lae} |td l{tbql l jl glmdvl ad Mebbcd H}ewq wd {l}dgd lj glü÷b ad }lsew ad tbl blxd dw{lgclj" Lhtd}ladj Jlme}lqe}ce Jly}dbgd Md}`djds* m}cjjl dj wej ad

Gljche}bcl" Ladbq}e dj geo{jdfe lgdjd}lae}  |td be cbqcocal*ljie jjlolae yemmjd} ntooda* g}dl ·aeblw± ad dbd}iïl"[}ebqe jew cebdw djãgq}cglodbqd gl}ilaew* aìbaejd ocjdw adxtdjqlw lj lgdjd}lae} ad =;; {cdw ad acìodq}e* jjdil}lb ljgtdjje ad jl W}l" H}ewq* lqlglbae jlw gãjtjlw oljciblw ad wtge}aeol* tb qtoe} olwcxe |td gtm}d {l}qd ad wt odatjldw{cblj"

·Dw }laclgc÷b±* od d~{jcgl dj A}" Fewd{n ]" Glwq}e fdhd ad}laceqd}l{cl* ·{d}e be gltwl }lacelgqcxcala alücbl" Be qeal jl}laclgc÷b je nlgd±" \tcd}d adgc} |td jlw {l}qïgtjlw adjlgdjd}lae} be wd q}lbwhe}olb db eq}ew djdodbqew |td adwq}tsdbqdfcaew e gãjtjlw" Ladoìw* dj ndgne |td jew dwqljjcaew ad}laclgc÷b l{tbqlb geb {}dgcwc÷b lj mjlbge nlgd |td dj }cdwiewdl lgd{qlmjd"Jl wdüe}l H}ewq {l}dgïl h}ìicj s xtjbd}lmjd gtlbae dwqlmlwtfdql l jl wcjjl ad jl he}ocalmjd ol|tcbl" ·Jl {}cod}l xdv*do{dgã l jje}l}* s |td}ïl ntc}* qeae je |td {eaïl colicbl} d}l|td jjdil}ïl Al}qn Xlad}* s dbqebgdw dbq}e dj A}" Glwq}e±* acgdweb}cdbae"Od nlmïl dbgebq}lae geb dj A}" Glwq}e geb lbqd}ce}cala"

Wdülj÷ ljie |td* nd l{}dbacae adwad dbqebgdw* iemcd}bl glallw{dgqe ad xcxc} geb jl }laclgc÷b6 ·Wcdo{}d dwqlw mljlbgdlbae}cdwiew gebq}l {ewcmjdw mdbdhcgcew±"Nes* adw{tãw ad wdcw wdolblw ad q}lqlocdbqe* dj qtoe} ad jlwdüe}l H}ewq dwqì mlfe gebq}ej* qlj geoe dj >; $ ad jew glwewq}lqlaew db dj jlme}lqe}ce Md}`djds" Be nls atal ad je |td

 {cdbwl lgd}gl adj xlje} adj q}lqlocdbqe6 ·Jlw {d}weblw admdbdwql} e}itjjewlw ad dwqe* dw tb twe mtdbe s {ewcqcxe ad jewco{tdwqew s xlsl |td je xljd±"Oc wlqcwhlggc÷b geb dwql ncwqe}cl ad ã~cqe gebq}lwql geb ocwwdbqcocdbqew ad nlgd tblw wdolblw db Fl{÷b* db dj {ejee{tdwqe adj otbae ad jl }laclgc÷b"Ylbi Wtbi Jdd s wt dw{ewl* Sebi Jd Mdc* dwqlmlb wdbqlaewh}dbqd l tb dwg}cqe}ce db dj ad{l}qlodbqe ad lstal l jewwem}dxcxcdbqdw ad jl meoml lq÷ocgl ad Nc}ewncol" Db djdwg}cqe}ce h}dbqd l jl {l}dfl ge}dlbl dwql tb ol{l ad Nc}ewncolgeb gï}gtjew gebgãbq}cgew |td cbacglb cbg}dodbqew ad odace`cjeodq}e adwad dj d{cgdbq}e ad jl {}cod}l meoml lq÷ocgladflal gld} db tbl gctala" Wc adotdwq}lb |td dwqtxcd}ebd~{tdwqew ac}dgqlodbqd l jl }laclgc÷b ad jl meoml* wd}ìbdjdicmjdw {l}l dj q}lqlocdbqe oãacge i}lqtcqe"

Od {}ditbqe {e}|td dw{d}l}eb nlwql <3>> {l}l {}dwdbqgeoe wem}dxcxcdbqdw ad jl meoml lq÷ocgl" Dj W}" Jdd d~{jcgl |td qdbïl aew ncflw db |td {dbwl}" Ltb|td blgcdlüew adw{tãw adj lql|td* jew dw{ewew {eqdbgcljdw gebwcad}l}ïlb idbãqcglodbqd jdwceblalw s be wd glwl}ïlb djjlw0 jl co{d}hdggc÷b hïwcgl dw tbl olbgnl db Fl{÷b" Lwï jl {l}dfl nlmïl dw{d}lae* gebhclbae db |td wtw ncflwglwl}ïlb" Db Fl{÷b adwgtm}ï |td dj dwqciol wegclj dw tbe adolbchdwqlgcebdw oìw d~qdbacalw d cbgt}lmjdw ad jew dhdgqejl }laclgc÷b"

laclgc÷b* achïgcjodbqd eq}l {ljlm}l db gtlj|jdbitlfd idbd}l oìw lbwcdala" S xcxc} geb }laclg

 {tdad wd} ad ndgne lqd}}lae}" Jlw {jlbqlw |td hlm}olqd}cljdw {l}l l}olw btgjdl}dw qlomcãb gebqlocblb btdlomcdbqd" Qn}dd Ocjd Cwjlba s Gnd}bemsj* lwï geoe elggcadbqdw db {jlbqlw ad dbd}iïl btgjdl} bew nlb ljl}olJew adw{d}acgcew btgjdl}dw wd lgtotjlb"Ltb lwï jl }laclgc÷b* ftbqe geb dj cbidbce ntolbe* }dlotgnlw em}lw mdbãhcglw qlomcãb6 adwq}tsdbae jlw gãjoljciblw adj qtoe} ad Mebbcd H}ewq* dwqd}cjcvlbae {}eatoãacgew s ljcodbqcgcew lj olql} mlgqd}clw alücblw* }lwq}dldj {}ei}dwe ad odacglodbqew l q}lxãw adj gtd}{e

}lacecw÷qe{ew s lqlglbae gãjtjlw glbgd}ïidblw adwad adbalqlbae dxdbqew l}|tdej÷icgew s idej÷icgew geb jl qlwladglcocdbqe }lacelgqcxe* gebxc}qcdbae dj litl db xl{e} {emqdbd} dbd}iïl djãgq}cgl* s ¼{}ebqe/ {l}l adqdgql} d~{jew

 {jìwqcgew db xljcflw"Dwqe wcibchcgl |td {l}l mcdb e {l}l olj* jl }laclg

  {d}olbdgd}ì geoe tbl {l}qd co{e}qlbqd ad btdwq}lw xXcxc} geb }laclgc÷b dw we{dwl} wtw }cdwiew gebq}l

  mdbdhcgcew" Aebad|tcd}l |td xclflml* dwgtgnlml dwqd admdbgebq}ã |td jlw }dw{tdwqlw adhcbcqcxlw d}lb dxlwcxlwgebegcocdbqe gcdbqïhcge {}degt{lbqdodbqd cbgeo{jdqe* se{cbc÷b geb h}dgtdbgcl gebq}lacgqe}cl"·Dw cbgebqdwqlmjd |td jew }cdwiew ad jl }laclgc÷b web i}lbadw |td jew {tmjcglaew±" Acgd dj A}" @l}j V" Oe}ilb

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  mlfe bcxdj±" ]cgnl}a Itcoeba ad jl Lidbgcl ad [}eqdg

D

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 {eqlwce }lacelgqcxe db btdwq}ew oöwgtjew"Jl }laclgc÷b ndgnl {e} dj neom}d ¼dj eq}e <>$/ {}excdbd adhtdbqdw geqcaclblw* {}cbgc{ljodbqd }lsew ^ oãacgew" Jewwdbwe}dw }lacelgqcxew lgqcxlb =8 ocjjebdw ad adqdgqe}dw adntoe aeoãwqcgew" Dj t}lbce m}cbal dj m}cjje l jew acdbqdw

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ad adglcocdbqe" Dwl dbd}iïl /e }laclgc÷b/ {}eatgd {l}qïgtjlwgl}ilalw e cebdw l {l}qc} ad {l}qïgtjlw ljitbl xdv bdtq}lw"Wc jew qdfcaew e gãjtjlw ge}{e}ljdw wd cebcvlb* {tdadb egt}}c} lbe}oljcaladw db dj LAB" Dj gìbgd} s adhdgqew gebiãbcqewqlomcãb {tdadb }dwtjql} ad jl d~{ewcgc÷b l }laclgc÷b cebcvlbqd"Ljitblw }laclgcebdw qeolb jl he}ol ad {l}qïgtjlw6 ljhl s mdql"Ljitblw xcdbdb db jl he}ol ad ebalw djdgq}eolibãqcglw ad ljqldbd}iïl6 }lsew ^ s }lsew ilol" S qlomcãb dwqìb jew bdtq}ebdw*ljitbew docqcaew {e} acw{ewcqcxew ntolbew"Jl dbd}iïl ad jl }laclgc÷b wd otdxd ad olbd}l cbxcwcmjd* je|td lstal lj qdoe} |td cbwqcjl" Xc jl dxcadbgcl ad jl }laclgc÷bdb jew Jlme}lqe}cew Blgcebljdw Wlbacl db Ljmt|td}|td* BtdxeOã~cge" Jlw ml}}lw geomtwqcmjdw ad tb }dlgqe} btgjdl} 

dwqlmlb docqcdbae {l}qïgtjlw mdql db litl g}cwqljcbl ad q}dcbql {cdw ad {}ehtbacala" Gebhe}od wd adwlgdjd}lb g}dlb tbl wtlxdjtv lvtj gebegcal geoe }laclgc÷b Gd}db`ex" ·Olbqdbdoew djlitl {t}l±* od acgd dj cbidbcd}e Qndeae}d Wgnocaq* ·{tdadw

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j {ead} ad jl }laclgc÷b s dj ocwqd}ce d~lgd}mlb tbl {}ehtbal lbwcdala gtjqt}lj"·Jew ocqew wd nlb xtdjqe l{dilaew l jl }laclgc÷b±* od

acgd dj A}" W{dbgd} Ydl}q* ac}dgqe} adj Gdbq}e {l}l jl Ncwqad jl Hïwcgl db dj Cbwqcqtqe Lod}cglbe ad Hïwcgl" ·tbe adoìw xcdfew dw dj wcomejcwoe ad jew }lsew±"Adwad nlgd otgne qcdo{e db jl ncwqe}cl ntolbl* jew }lsenlb lwegclae geb jew acewdw* ljitblw xdgdw cjtocblbae coìidbdw* ljitblw xdgdw jlbvlaew geb htd}vl adwq}tgqcxl" }lsew ad jl otd}qd* geoe db jlw ncwqe}clw ad Mtg` ]eidcbgcbd}lbae* q}lbwhe}olbae* dwgjlxcvlbae/ nlb jjdblae bexdjlw ad gcdbgcl hcggc÷b" S jl jjdilal ad l}olw btgjdl}d}dhe}vlae dwl xcdfl colidb" ·Db qlbqe jlw {d}weblw

  {}degt{db ad jl adwq}tggc÷b btgjdl}* jl }laclgc÷b gltlbwcdala±* acgd Ydl}q"Ladoìw* dj wdg}dqe nl dbxtdjqe otgnew {}esdgqew }laclgc÷b* s geb dj wdg}dqe l}}cmlb jl wtw{cglgcl s jl

 {l}qcgtjl}odbqd db gtdwqcebdw ad wljta s wdit}cala {ömjcgl·Qd xlw l jl glol geb oljdwql}dw s aeje}dw* s jew aegqe}dqd acgdb blal" S }d{dbqcblodbqd adwgtm}dw |td qcdbdw gìbl|tï s ljjì* s bc wc|tcd}l je wlmïlw" S dbqebgdw qd {}ditµ|tã aclmjew wtgdad l|tï5±" Mem I}c~ dw tbe ad tb dwqcoad =;;*;;; ocjcql}dw xdqd}lbew |td {l}qcgc{l}eb db jlw {}tdbtgjdl}dw lqoewhã}cglw" Glwc =;*;;; geo{}eodqcaew olbcem}lw ad q}e{l gd}gl ad jl vebl gd}e {ege adw{tãdwqljjcaew ad {}tdml" Eq}ew <8;*;;; ·xdqd}lbew lq÷ocg

htd}eb {l}qd ad jlw htd}vlw ad egt{lgc÷b db Nc}ewnco Blilwl`c dbq}d <314/18"Ljitbew dwqlaetbcadbwdw htd}eb do{jdlaew geoe ·gebdfcad cbacl btgjdl}dw±" Ljitbew htd}eb adjcmd}lalocbsdgqlaew geb t}lbce s {jtqebce db d~{d}cod

  {lq}egcblaew {e} jew {}dadgdwe}dw adj ad{l}qlodbqdbd}iïl" Ljitbew d~{d}codbqlae}dw cbgjtwe ljcodbql}eb lwtfdqew geb jjtxcl }lacelgqcxl {}exdbcdbqd ad tbl {}tdml

 meoml lq÷ocgl* jdw ncgcd}eb }dw{c}l} lc}d }lacelgqcxe* e ge {dwglae }lacelgqcxe"Dbq}d qeae* oìw ad tb ocjj÷b ad dwqlaetbcadbwdw nlb d~{tdwqew l glbqcaladw ad }laclgc÷b oìw i}lbadw ad je be}oq}lmlflae}dw db cbwqljlgcebdw ad l}olodbqe* qãgbcgew

new{cqljdw* nlmcqlbqdw gd}gl ad jl vebl ad {}tdml ad Bdxocbd}ew ad t}lbce"Db acgcdom}d ad <3>9 dj Ad{l}qlodbqe ad Dbd}iïl }d{e}}lb|td÷ db qã}ocbew ad }cdwie <44 glwew ad gebqlocblgc÷b<8 {jlbqlw ad l}olodbqe s jlme}lqe}cew" Db tbe ad jew {dglwew* db dj Jlme}lqe}ce Blgceblj ad Cbidbcd}ïl ad Ca.CBDJ#* dj adw{d}acgce }lacelgqcxe nlmïl dwq}e{dlae .q}cqce# dj lgtïhd}e adj Wbl`d ]cxd}"At}lbqd jlw {}cod}lw aãglalw ad e{d}lgc÷b dj CBDJ {twe lad dbh}clocdbqe ad adw{d}acgce* |td gebqdbïl mlfew bcxdjd}lacebögjcaew* adbq}e ad tb {eve ad cbsdggc÷b ad litladw{d}acgce* tbl {}ìgqcgl adwgebqcbtlal nlgd lüew" Jl ol

  {l}qd ad jl }laclgc÷b d}l adj q}cqce* ad xcal odacl ge}ql

olse} {l}qd adj gtlj nl adglïae" Lne}l be d~gdad dwqìbal}dw ad litl {eqlmjd* s be dw adqdgqlmjd oìw ljjì adjïocqdw adj wcqce" [NCJC[ L" LBAD]WEB* Lgladoclgcdbgclw ad Calne"

  Ltb|td |tdal {dbacdbqd tb otdwq}de oìw adqljjla

ad{l}qlodbqe ad dbd}iïl gljchcgl lj q}cqce db dj lgtïhd}e d

  CBDJ geoe tbl lodblvl {eqdbgclj adj lomcdbqd s jl w

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 XCXCDBAE GEB ]LACLGC×B

Otgnew gcxcjdw nlb cbqd}{tdwqe adolbalw gebq}l dj iemcd}be*jl olse}ïl nlwql lne}l wcb ã~cqe" Ad jl jdicwjlgc÷b cbq}eatgcaldb dj gebi}dwe db hlxe} ad jlw {emjlgcebdw {ewcmjdodbqdd~{tdwqlw* jl oìw co{e}qlbqd mtwgl }dodacl} jl jds |td

 {}enïmd wewqdbd} lj iemcd}be hdad}lj }dw{ebwlmjd db glwew ad}laclgc÷b |td cbxejtg}lb {ejïqcglw blgcebljdw" Tb qdol gcdbqïhcge wcb }dwejxd} slgd geoe }lïv ad qeaew dwqewglwew6 µGtìbql }laclgc÷b dw adolwclal5 Jl }dw{tdwql lhdgql djg÷oe xcxc}doew geb }laclgc÷b db dj htqt}e"Jew dhdgqew ad jl }laclgc÷b web adqd}ocblaew {e} jl glbqcala eaewcw }dgcmcal* jl gjlwd ad }laclgc÷b* s aebad s geoe dwc}}laclae dj gtd}{e"Jl glbqcala ad }laclgc÷b lmwe}mcal {e} i}loe ad qdfcae wdd~{}dwl db }la" Dwd qã}ocbe dwqì wcdbae }do{jlvlae {e} tblbtdxl tbcala cbqd}blgceblj gebegcal geoe i}ls .< i}ls ? <;;}la#" Gtlj|tcd} aewcw admd wd} xlje}lal {l}l alüe {eqdbgclj*d~{}dwlae db }do" Jl tbcala cbqd}blgceblj dw tb wcdxd}q .<wcdxd}q ?<;; }do#"Jew alüew ad i}lbadw glbqcaladw ad }laclgc÷b web mcdbgebegcaew" Tbl aewcw ad <;;*;;; }do olql}ì }ì{calodbqd* lq}lxãw adj alüe lj wcwqdol bd}xcewe gdbq}lj" Tbl aewcw ad 7;;}do }dgcmcal {e} dj gtd}{e geo{jdqe dw jdqlj db dj 4;$ ad jewglwew" Dbq}d 7;; s <;; }do dw {ewcmjd tbl jdwc÷b {e} 

}laclgc÷b"

ew }cdwiew web d~q}l{ejlaew nlwql gd}e* db je |td jewgcdbqïhcgew adbeocblb tbl wt{ewcgc÷b jcbdlj" Wcbdoml}ie* dwql wt{ewcgc÷b dw xcwql geoe gebwd}xlae}l

db dj wdbqcae db |td {ea}ïl d~lid}l} jew }cdwiew ad jl }laclgc÷bad mlfe bcxdj" Jew dhdgqew admlfe ad <; }do web {ege gjl}ew*db {l}qd {e}|td web do{lülaew {e} qealw jlw eq}lw cbhjtdbgclw|td lhdgqlb btdwq}l wljta" Jew }dwcadbqdw ad Btdxl E}jdlbw}dgcmdb jl ocqla ad jl }laclgc÷b |td jew nlmcqlbqdw ad Adbxd}*wcb doml}ie* jl qlwl ad otd}qd {e} gìbgd} db Btdxl E}jdlbw dwolse} |td db Adbxd}" Dwqd dw dj }dwtjqlae ad eq}ew ·hlgqe}dwad gebhtwc÷b± qljdw geoe htol}* jew ltqeo÷xcjdw* e cbgjtwe

nìmcqew ljcodbqcgcew* ad ndgne d~cwqdb oìw ad 7;; lidbqdwladoìw ad jl }laclgc÷b |td {}eatgdb gìbgd}"µD~cwqd ljitbl {ewcmcjcala |td jew odglbcwoew ge}{e}ljdw

  {l}l }d{l}l} dj alüe admcae l jl }laclgc÷b {tdalb wd} oìwdhcgcdbqdw l mlfew bcxdjdw5 Acgne ad eq}l he}ol6 µd~cwqd tbtom}lj admlfe adj gtlj jl }laclgc÷b be qdbil bcbiöb dhdgqe5Nes db aïl {egew gcdbqïhcgew je g}ddb" ·Gtlj|tcd} }lwq}dlae} }lacelgqcxe {tdad* db {}cbgc{ce* ad{ewcql} jl wthcgcdbqd dbd}iïl

 {l}l gltwl} tbl otqlgc÷b±* acgd dj A}" L}qnt} G" T{qeb adjad{l}qlodbqe ad odacgcbl lomcdbqlj adj gdbq}e oãacge ad jltbcxd}wcala ad Btdxl Se}`" [d}e* dj A}" T{qeb je d~qcdbad* l

 mlfew bcxdjdw wd}ïl tbl ql}dl {}eacicewl adoewq}l} gtìj dw djdhdgqe mcej÷icge"

Jl adqdggc÷b l mlfew bcxdjdw* acgd dj A}" T{qeb* ·dw geoeq}lql} ad dwgtgnl tb weje xcejïb gtlbae qeal jl e}|tdwql dwqìqeglbae* be {tdadw dwgtgnl}je±" Dwqe dw admcae l |td djotbae gcdbqïhcge be dwqì dwgtgnlbae je wthcgcdbqdodbqd ljqe*l}itodbql dj A}" Fenb Ieholb* tbe ad jew aew gcdbqïhcgew dblcwjl} jl {}cod}l glbqcala q}lmlflmjd ad {jtqebce db dj otbae sgeadwgtm}cae} adj t}lbce =77"Dj lbìjcwcw adj A}" Ieholb ad jew wt{d}xcxcdbqdw ad jl meomllq÷ocgl je gebatfe l jl we}{}dbadbqd gebgjtwc÷b ad |td dj

}cdwie ad otd}qd {e} gìbgd} {e} }do ltodbql gebhe}oaewcw ad }laclgc÷b acwocbtsd" Ãj jjlol l dwqe wt{}ljcbdljc·Be wlmdoew |td odglbcwoe je gltwl* {d}e dj dhdgqe a}laclgc÷b dw oìw lgdbqtlae l mlfew bcxdjdw±* }dgebegd"[egew gcdbqïhcgew geb jew |td {jlqc|td dbgtdbq}lb wt qdg}dïmjd" ·Be d~cwqd {}tdml ad |td tb ocjc}do ad aewcw gltbe gltwd ljie" Tbe dwqì db jl {ewcgc÷b ad nlgd} dwqcolaacgd dj A}" T{qeb"Ltb lwï {l}dgd {ege {}tadbqd adwgl}ql} {e} geo{jdqe adwgtm}cocdbqew adj A}" Ieholb" Jew dwqìbal}dw ad }laclgltb dwqìb dxejtgceblbae" Xl}cew dwqtacew wticd}db |tdq}lmlflae}dw d~{tdwqew l jl }laclgc÷b {ea}ïlb dwql} d~{tdwqew ad je |td lbqd}ce}odbqd wd {dbwlml" S* db gcdbgcl cbd~lgql* {l}dgd |td jlw xegdw ad jl ocbe}ïl nlb dwoìw lgd}qlalw |td d|tcxeglalw"

l xcal s jl otd}qd* jl dw{d}lbvl s dj ocdae* je gebes adwgebegcae* qeae dwqì dbjlvlae db jl }dljcalaxcxc} geb }laclgc÷b"

Nc}ewncol6 jtbdw 8 ad liewqe ad <314* >6<4 ad jl olü·D}l tb aïl ots mebcqe" ]d{dbqcblodbqd geoe tb hl{liìbaewd* tb gcd}qe geje} lvtj gtm}c÷ jl gctala geo{jdqe±* }dgtd}al jl W}l" Htocd @lqlslol* |tcdb acgd n

dwqlae l 3;; odq}ew adj nc{egdbq}e ad jl meoml"Djjl nts÷ nlgcl jlw gejcblw |td }eadlb jl gctala" Gebhege}}ïl glïl tbl jjtxcl bdi}l* gltwlal {e} dj q}dodbae glj

 {ejxe |td gneglmlb geb lqoewhd}l ndjlal" [ewqd}ce}odbqW}l" @lqlslol wd dbqd}l}ïl |td jew }dwqew |td dbbdi}dgïljjtxcl d}lb }lacelgqcxew"Adwad wt }dhtice db jlw gejcblw oc}÷ l q}lxãw ad jl gctadxlwqlal" ·Dj ntoe s htdie wd }dqe}gïlb geoe wcd~qdbacd}lb nlwql dj gcdje±" Dbqebgdw tb odw adw{tãw6 glmdjje geodbv÷ l gld}wd* ocw gdflw qlomcãb0 qdbcl mebgdflw lbqdw ad jl meoml±"Db Nc}ewncol* jl meoml s wtw gebwdgtdbgclw web tb ol}ge}dhd}dbgcl wcdo{}d {}dwdbqd" Glwc tb qd}gce ad jew |td xcx

lbqdw ad |td jl meoml htd}l jlbvlal ltb dwqìb xcxew" Otggeoe jl W}l" @lqlslol {cdbwlb |td glal {ladgcocdbqe lwegclae geb jl meoml" ·Be {tdadw dwgl{l} ad jew dhdoljcibew ad jl }laclgc÷b±* od acgd djjl"Dwqtacew d~nltwqcxew ac}cicaew db Nc}ewncol otdwq}lb |tdncml`twnl* {d}weblw lhdgqlalw {e} jl meoml* oìw d~{tdqcdbdb tbl {ewcmcjcala =3 $ olse} ad je be}olj ad oe}cgìbgd}"·Gtlj|tcd} {d}webl |td nlmjl ad }laclgc÷b wcdo{}d tbtdwq}ew alqew±* acgd A}" Flgem Qncdwwdb ad jl Htbalgc÷b {jl Cbxdwqcilgc÷b ad jew Dhdgqew ad jl ]laclgc÷b .]D]H#gtlj dw hcblbgclal db gebftbqe {e} jew iemcd}bew ad Fl{÷Dwqlaew Tbcaew" Dj ]D]H s wt {}dadgdwe} nlb dw

cbxdwqcilbae jew dhdgqew ad jl }laclgc÷b adwad <319"Cbgjtwe l|tï be qeae dwqì gjl}e" ·Be {eadoew adqd}ogtìjdw web weje jew dhdgqew ad jl meoml lq÷ocgl±* od d~{dj A}" L`ce Lyl* |tcdb ac}cid dj ad{l}qlodbqe ad idbãqcgl]D]H" ·Jew wem}dxcxcdbqdw jjdxlb tbl xcal citlj l jl btdLjitbew htolb* eq}ew geodb {dwglae lwlae±* eq}l htwew{dgnewl ad glbgd}ïidbew"Glwew db d~gdwe ad jdtgdocl geodbvl}eb l l{l}dgd} l hcbad jew <31;w* {d}e l {}cbgc{cew ad jew <39;w wd bcxdjl}eb

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 XCXCDBAE GEB ]LACLGC×B

nlwql dj ad jl {emjlgc÷b idbd}lj" Nes jl dw{d}lbvl ad xcal adjew ncml`twnl dw jcid}lodbqd olse} |td jl ad jew fl{ebdwdw bed~{tdwqew* |tcvì admcae lj q}lqlocdbqe oãacge oìw }ditjl}"[l}l dwqcol} jl d~{ewcgc÷b ad jlw xïgqcolw ad jl meomllq÷ocgl* dj iemcd}be ad jew Dwqlaew Tbcaew gebwq}ts÷ db jew<38;w tbl gctala ad {}tdml db Bdxlal s jl d~{twe l tb}dlgqe} btgjdl} wcb dwgtae" Jew wdbwe}dw }dicwq}l}eb jlw aewcw lacxd}wlw acwqlbgclw s db achd}dbqdw gebacgcebdw ad {}eqdggc÷bdb glwlw s eq}lw dwq}tgqt}lw" Jew }dwtjqlaew {}e{e}gcebl}eb jlw

 mlwdw {l}l jew {}cod}ew dwqcolaew ad jdwc÷b {e} aewcw"Nes db aïl dj ]D]H wd al gtdbql ad |td jlw glwlw ad {}tdmld}lb oìw dbadmjdw |td jlw glwlw fl{ebdwlw" Ltb olwco{e}qlbqd* dj lc}d wdge ad Bdxlal hcjq}lml {egew bdtq}ebdw ¼ tbl gltwl {}col}cl ad gìbgd}" Dw lwï |td jew ncml`twnl}dgcmcd}eb odbew }laclgc÷b ad bdtq}ebdw ad je |td wd dwqcolmle}cicbljodbqd"Lwï |td6 µjew glbgd}dw cbatgcaew {e} jl meoml web }dwtjqlaead aewcw odbe}dw5 Wï* acgd dj ]D]H" ·Dj btdxe wcwqdol adaewcodq}ïl nl glomclae jlw aewcw wem}d jlw gtljdw wd gljgtjl dj}cdwie* }dwtjqlbae db tb cbg}dodbqe wc do{jdloew jl aewcw dbjl wt{d}hcgcd adj gtd}{e±* d~{jcgl dj A}" Qncdwwdb"µ\tã nls adj dw{dgq}e ad adhe}ocala idbãqcgl5 Ad olbd}llweom}ewl db tbl otdwq}l ad <8*;;; bcüew* jl ocqla ad jew

gtljdw blgcd}eb ad jew ncml`twnl* jl h}dgtdbgcl ad alüe dbg}eoeweol htd ad 4 {e} glal ocj db dj i}t{e d~{tdwqe s 8 {e} glal ocj db dj i}t{e ad gebq}ej"We}{}dbadbqdodbqd bcbitbl dxcadbgcl idbãqcgl wticd}d |td jlwidbd}lgcebdw {e} xdbc} dwqãb gebadblalw" Jlw {}tdmlw db}lqebdw s oewglw ad h}tql otdwq}lb }dwtjqlaew alücbew"Dbqebgdw µ{e} |tã be db ntolbew5 Lme}qew dw{ebqìbdew*|tcvì* e tb dhdgqe ad }dodace db dj jl}ie {d}ceae ad idwqlgc÷bntolbe" ·Bew itwql}ïl dbgebq}l} ljiöb dhdgqe ac}dgqlodbqdgtlbqchcglmjd" Db dwqd oeodbqe be xdoew bcbitbe±* acgd djA}" Qncdwwdb"

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 {l}dgd dwqlbglal* dwqì db wditbae jtil} weje wt{d}lal {egl}m÷b geoe htdbqd ad dbd}iïl djãgq}cgl* {}exdsdbae <Q}dgd blgcebdw ad{dbadb oìw htd}qdodbqd ad jl dbdbtgjdl} |td jew Dwqlaew Tbcaew" H}lbgcl dbglmdvl jl jcwql }dlgqe}dw |td {}eatgdb 9;$ ad wt djdgq}cgcala"Gjl}lodbqd jew twew djãgq}cgew s bdgdwcaladw dbd}iãqcglw d

djdxìbaewd" Jew geomtwqcmjdw h÷wcjdw web ad {}excwc÷b hcbcjlw {}degt{lgcebdw wd lgtotjlb lgd}gl adj dhdgqe cbxd}blaµJl dbd}iïl btgjdl} dw jl }dw{tdwql5·Wcb dj gl}m÷b dw jl öbcgl e{gc÷b |td qdbdoew {l}l i}lbglbqcaladw ad djdgq}cgcala±* acgd Fenb I}lnlo ad jl Wegcd

  Btgjdl} Dwqlaetbcadbwd" ·Nls odfe}dw ljqd}blqcxlw}dw{ebad @db Mewwebi* ac}dgqe} adj {}esdgqe od dbd}iïlolwl g}ïqcgl adj gctalalbe {ömjcge* dwqlmjdgcae db <391 {e{ebd}wd l jl dbd}iïl btgjdl}" ·Jl dhcgcdbgcl dbd}iãqcgl swcwqdolw }dbexlmjdw qcdbdb oìw wdbqcae±"Jl }lacelgqcxcala dwql db dj gdbq}e adj admlqd* d~{jcgl dj W{dbgd} Ydl}q" ·Jl e{ewcgc÷b }dwtjql ad jlw }lïgeodbvlbae geb jlw mlqljjlw wem}d jl jjtxcl }lacelgqcxl ad

  {}tdmlw ad meomlw lq÷ocglw" Jl cbatwq}cl btgjdl}* lweggeb jl dbd}iïl lq÷ocgl s {e} qlbqe geb jl meoml* wd xe}dgebegcal geoe tbl cbatwq}cl {djci}ewl s gebqlocblbqd±htwc÷b ad Qn}dd Ocjd Cwjlba .QOC# db <393 g}cwqljcve qdoe}dw btgjdl}dw"D~cwqdb <<; {jlbqlw btgjdl}dw geb jcgdbgcl db jew DwqlTbcaew" [d}e |tcvì dj böod}e oìw wcibchcglqcxe web jlw

 {jlbqlw ad dbd}iïl btgjdl} glbgdjlalw dbq}d <3>; s <>>1wd nl e}adblae bcbitbl adwad <39>"Jew }dlgqe}dw dbh}claew {e} litl geoe jew ad QOC aeocblcbatwq}cl" Web gewqewew* geo{jcglaew* s geoe qeaew }dlgqe}dw* be {tdadb wd} ndgnew qeqljodbqd wdit}ew" Adbq}tb gebqdbdae} adj }dlgqe} ad {l}da i}tdwl* jlw ml

geomtwqcmjdw ¼}dgtmcd}qlw geb ljdlgc÷b ad vc}gebce/ gebqcd {djjdqw geomtwqcmjdw ad e~cae ad t}lbce" Gtlbae dj t}lbchcwcebl* jl dbd}iïl gljcdbql dj litl nlwql gebxd}qc}jl db xloexcdbae idbd}lae}dw |td l glomce {}eatgdb djdgq}cgcalalitl qlomcãb dxcql |td jl ljdlgc÷b |td }dgtm}d dj t}lbcehtbal"Jl wdit}cala lj}dadae} ad jew }dlgqe}dw dbh}claew geb litgebwq}tsd lj}dadae} adj gebgd{qe ad ·adhdbwl db {}ehtbacaWc ljie wljd olj* xl}cew wcwqdolw cbidbcd}cjdw wd lgqcxlb {

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 XCXCDBAE GEB ]LACLGC×B

l{lil} dj wcwqdol ¼l odbew |td wdl }dmlwlae {e} jewgeolbaew ntolbew geoe wtgdac÷ db Qn}dd Ocjd Cwjlba"D~cwqdb* wcb doml}ie* btdxew acwdüew |td jew {}e{ebdbqdwgjlolb |td web cbnd}dbqdodbqd wdit}ew" Gl}lgqd}ïwqcglw adwdit}cala ·{lwcxlw±* l}itodbqlb* eh}dgdb olse} {}eqdggc÷b|td jl adhdbwl db {}ehtbacala cbidbcd}cj"

b glbacalqe dw dj }dlgqe} dbh}clae {e} ilw* nes dbadwl}}ejje" Jew geo{ebdbqdw lgqcxew ad jew }dlgqe}dwdbh}claew {e} litl ¼jlw meomlw {e} dfdo{je/ {tdadb

adwgeo{ebd}wd" ·Tb }dlgqe} dbh}clae {e} ilw be qcdbd meomlw*bc idbd}lae}dw acdwdj bc blal |td wd adwgeo{ebil db djwcwqdol ad dod}idbgcl* je ncgcoew wco{jd±* acgd ]cgnl}a Adlbl gl}ie adj adwl}}ejje adj }dlgqe} db Idbd}lj Lqeocgw"Admcae l |td dj }dlgqe} dwql mlfe dj wtdje* acgd* db glwe adlggcadbqd jl qcd}}l ocwol olbqdba}ïl dj }dlgqe} jewthcgcdbqdodbqd dbh}clae {l}l dxcql} jl htwc÷b" ·Dj {tmjcge

 {ea}ïl lgd}gl}wd nlwql jl gd}gl ad jl {jlbql s xd}bew }dwejxd} dj {}emjdol±* acgd dj W}" Adlb"Dj A}" Alxca ]ewwcb* lbqcite wdg}dql}ce lwcwqdbqd {l}l jldbd}iïl btgjdl} adj ad{l}qlodbqe ad dbd}iïl acgd6 ·Se bejjloe l bcbiöb }dlgqe} ·cbnd}dbqdodbqd wdit}e±" Ad ndgne*ltb dwqloew dw{d}lbae dwgtgnl} wc dw |td jl geocwc÷b

}ditjlqe}cl btgjdl} l{}eml}l jlw }dlgqe}dw |td gl}dgdb ad jewaeoew ad gebqdbgc÷b ad btdwq}lw {jlbqlw gebxdbgcebljdw±"[d}e qljdw {l}dadw he}vl}ïlb tb }dacwdüe adj wcwqdol addbh}clocdbqe {lwcxe adj }dlgqe} dbh}clae geb ilw" Dj qlolüe

 {d|tdüe nlgd {ewcmjd dj ltqe/dbh}clocdbqe* {d}e }d|td}c}ïl tblaegdbl ad o÷atjew citljl} jew <*9;; odil ylqqw e}cicbljdw adQOC" Wd}ïl odfe}* dj A}" ]ewwcb g}dd* cbge}{e}l} gl}lgqd}ïwqcglwad wdit}cala {lwcxl d cbidbcd}ïl odbew geo{jcglal adbq}e adjl qdgbejeiïl ad dbh}clocdbqe geb litl ¼tb {}egdwe |td slgeodbv÷"Jl wdit}cala {lwcxl {tdad nlmd} djcocblae dj d}}e} ntolbe|td qtxe jtil} db dj lggcadbqd ad QOC* db dj gtlj jl adhdbwl ad

  {}ehtbacala adj }dlgqe} ad jl tbcala = gejl{we" Oìw ad jl

ocqla adj bögjde ad jl tbcala wd htbac÷ at}lbqd =;; ocbtqewgtlbae {d}ac÷ jl olse} {l}qd ad wt litl ad dbh}clocdbqe" Wejejlw öjqcolw jïbdlw ad adhdbwl* jlw {l}dadw adj gebqdbdae} s djdachcgce ad gebqdbgc÷b* }dwcwqcd}eb"Ntmcd}l {}dhd}cae {lwl} oc qcdo{e acwh}tqlbae ad jl }dic÷bLocwn gd}glbl l Qn}dd Ocjd Cwjlba* wdbqïl |td dj }ceWtw|tdnlbbl od lq}lïl {l}l {dwgl}" [d}e ftwqe db jlw lhtd}lwad Ocaajdqeyb od ac}ciïl nlgcl jlw qe}}dw ad gebg}dqe ad QOC*aebad dj litl adj }ce dbh}ïl jlw ml}}lw adj }dlgqe}" Nlmïl cae lxcwcql} l jew neom}dw |td wd lgd}glb qlbqe geoe {tdadb l tbxejgìb }lacelgqcxe* }dqc}lbae dj geomtwqcmjd adj bögjde ad jltbcala =" Djjew jd jjlolmlb ·q}lmlfl} db jl ejjl±"·Bew dwqloew gebatgcdbae l q}lxãw ad cbwq}todbqew±* acgd

Ide}id @bdqv db dj gdbq}e ad geolbae" Jew q}lmlflae}dw  {d}olbdgïlb db tb {tdbqd wem}d dj bögjde adj }dlgqe}*gtmcd}qew ad q}lfdw {}eqdgqe}dw"Itclaew {e} geo{tqlae}l* gìol}lw ad xcade s oebcqe}dw*olbc{tjlb tbl lbqe}gnl ad l}ge ad {jlwol ad 4;*;;; i}laew lq}lxãw ad tbl }lbt}l ad <> {tjilalw mlfe 74 {cdw ad litl {l}lge}ql} {jlglw ad lgd}e }lacelgqcxe ad jl dwq}tgqt}l cbhd}ce} adl{ese adj bögjde adj }dlgqe}" Jlw ml}}lw geomtwqcmjdw wdlwdbql}eb db dwql dwq}tgqt}l" Tbl xdv |td jlw {jlglw wdlb

djcocblalw* jew q}lmlflae}dw {tdadb geodbvl} l d~q}ld} adj geomtwqcmjd htbacae"Jew }dwqew dbwtgcl}eb dj litl* s jew q}lmlflae}dw {eaïlb

  {ege l q}lxãw" Tb l}ge {cjeqe do{jdlae {l}l dbgdbadlbqe}gnl h}lglwe lj geocdbve" Jlw }cwlw s jl glol}lage}ql}eb jl qdbwc÷b ad jl gebgdbq}lgc÷b cbqdbwl" ·Wcãbqdwdwtic}c÷ ljitcdb lj ac}dgqe} dbgl}ilae ad }dqc}l} dj geomtwqWlbas Jdxcb" ·Be i}lgclw* dwqes albae l jtv l|tï ocwoe

 {tdae wdbql}od±* }dw{ebac÷"Ncgcd}eb aew mtdbew ge}qdw lbqdw ad |td jl lbqe}gnl hljjl}dbqebgdw wljcd}eb l {dwgl} olqd}clj }lacelgqcxe geb ljcglqd1; {cdw" ·Dw geoe l}}lbgl}qd jlw gdflw db jl ewgt}cala±* Qeo Ewqd}netaq* e{d}lae} xdqd}lbe adj }dlgqe}"Od {}ditbqd lgd}gl adj }cdwie {l}l jew q}lmlflae}dw" d~{ewcgc÷b {e} ne}l {}eodace db jl {jlqlhe}ol dw glwc adocjc}do" Dw geoe nlgd}wd tbl {jlgl ad }lsew ^ adj {dgne gne}l" Jew qt}bew web ad 7 l 1 ne}lw"Jlw gtla}cjjlw |td djcocblb dj geomtwqcmjd q}lmlflb db jl

 {e} tbl wdolbl s db gtlj|tcd} eq}l {l}qd jlw wcitcdbqdw gcacgd dj A}" Nlbw Mdnjcbi* laocbcwq}lae} ad wljta }lacej÷iJl jds hdad}lj jcocql l tb q}lmlflae} l tb oì~coe ad <= }dolüe" ·Be {d}ocqcoew |td tbl {d}webl d~gdal tbl aewcw lad 4 }do* db gtlj|tcd} oeodbqe {eadoew gebegd}

d~{ewcgc÷b* odbwtlj* q}codwq}lj e lbtlj adj q}lmlflQdbdoew dj odfe} wcwqdol ad }lwq}de geo{tql}cvlae dbotbae±* acgd dj A}" Mdnjcbi" Db {}eodace jew q}lmlflae}djl tbcala = }dgcmcd}eb 9<; ocjc}do db <3>9* ots {e} admad jew jcocqdw hdad}ljdw {d}e qlomcãb citlj l 4; d~ìodbd}lsew ^"

bgjtwcxd oìw |td dj lggcadbqd ad Qn}dd Ocjd Cwjlbad~{jewc÷b ad jl {jlbql ad dbd}iïl ad Gnd}bemsj dbTg}lbcl Wexcãqcgl gebhc}oe jew {de}dw qdoe}dw btgjdl

Dj {em}d acwdüe olibchcge jl bdijcidbgcl db jl e{d}lgltwlbae dj adwlwq}d"Db lm}cj ad <3>8* jew e{d}lae}dw cibe}l}eb jlw laxd}qdbgcl

xl}cew wdbwe}dw d cbgjtwe adwgebdgql}eb dj wcwqdoldbh}clocdbqe ad dod}idbgcl adj bögjde" Jew bdtq}ebdwwljcd}eb ad gebq}ej0 dj xl{e} wd lgtotje db jlw qtmd}ïlwd~{jewc÷b }dwtjqlbqd dbxc÷ jlw {jlglw ad i}lhcqe adj bögjde}dlgqe} l q}lxãw adj qdgne* dbgdbacãbaejlw s dwgt{cdolqd}clj }lacelgqcxe l q}lxãw adj otbae" Xdcbqd {e} gcdbqeseae }lacelgqcxe ad jl {jlbql dwgl{e* ftbqe geb <;/=;$gdwce }laclgqcxe s tbl odvgjl ad eq}ew }lacecw÷qeCbgjtsdbae {jtqebce" Q}dcbql {d}weblw ot}cd}eb s wth}cd}eb jdwcebdw {e} }laclgc÷b wdxd}lw"Dj lc}d dwqlml ndjlae gtlbae cbcgcd oc glocbe nGnd}bemsj* {d}e jew m}eqdw ad hje}dw l je jl}ie adj glo}dhjdflmlb dj geocdbve ad jl {}colxd}l"

 Be d}l tbl {}colxd}l e}acbl}cl db jl ·vebl±" Gcdbqe wdqdbbtdxd {tdmjew /<74*;;; {d}weblw/ nlmïlb wcae dxlgtlaltb }lace ad 7; `cj÷odq}ew" Dj wtdje }lacelgqcxe nlmïl djcocblae s jew ì}mejdw ge}qlaew"Lme}ad tb ltqemöw ·wtgce±* lj |td wd jd {d}ocqd xclfl} wejjl vebl" Glocebdw gebatgcaew {e} q}lmlflae}dw geb olwg

  mjlbglw ntodadgïlb dj glocbe {l}l olbqdbd} dj {}lacelgqcxe db dj wtdje"

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·Adwad dj {tbqe ad xcwql qãgbcge* dj lggcadbqd be {ea}ïlwtgdad} eq}l xdv±* od acfe Idbblac Sl}ewjlxqwdx db jl {jlbql"Dbq}d jew glomcew ndgnew adwad dj lggcadbqd6 btdxlw }dijlw dbdj }dqc}e ad jlw ml}}lw ad gebq}ej* oìw ml}}lw ad lmwe}gc÷b adbdtq}ebdw* olse} db}c|tdgcocdbqe ad geomtwqcmjd {l}l jcocql} jew cbg}dodbqew }ì{caew ad dbd}iïl s dbq}dblocdbqe lacgceblj

 {l}l jew e{d}lae}dw"Wcb doml}ie* jl {jlbql dwqlml mlfe dj htdie {ejïqcge" Ftwqelbqdw ad oc xcwcql dj {d}c÷acge adj {l}qcae geotbcwql [}lxal*lgtwe l jew ehcgcljdw ad Gnd}bemsj s dj @eomcblq ¼jle}ilbcvlgc÷b |td xcicjl jl {jlbql s jl jco{cdvl/ ad oljewolbdfew* bd{eqcwoe s lmtwew ad wdit}cala"Qlj geoe jew ncml`twnl ad Fl{÷b* jew gctalalbew wexcãqcgewd~{tdwqew l Gnd}bemsj dwqlmlb oewq}lbae tbl we}{}dbadbqd}dwcjdbgcl" [d}e dw adolwclae {}ebqe {l}l gebegd} gtìjdw wd}ìbjew dhdgqew db jl wljta" Jew gcdbqïhcgew emwd}xlbgtcalaewlodbqd"Jl A}l" Lbidjcbl Itw`exl* ac}dgqe}l ad gcdbgcl oãacgl db djCbwqcqtqe ad Mcehïwcgl ad Oewgö* adwg}cmd jew }dwtjqlaew addwqtacl} l 838*;;; {d}weblw" Tb qd}gce d}lb bcüew"·Mìwcglodbqd be dbgebq}loew ljiöb dhdgqe nlwql lne}l±* acgddjjl"Ad oìw ad =*;;; bcüew blgcaew ad otfd}dw |td xcxïlb adbq}e

ad jl vebl gtlbae egt}}c÷ dj lggcadbqd* qeaew {l}dgdbwljtalmjdw* ad lgtd}ae geb dj {}ehdwe} Cjsl Js`nql}sex" Wdoewq}e we}{}dbacae* ·{dbwloew |td nlm}ïl lbe}oljcaladw dbjl qc}ecadw* {d}e be {l}dgd wd} dj glwe" S be nls dhdgqewoewq}ìbaewd db jlw ola}dw" Adwad jtdie jdw al}doewwditcocdbqe at}lbqd qealw wtw xcalw±"Jd {}ditbqd lj A}" Js`nql}sex wt {}eb÷wqcge ad cbg}dodbqe adgìbgd} db jl Tbc÷b Wexcãqcgl" ±Db jew {}÷~coew =; lüew {cdbwe|td xd}doew tb cbg}dodbqe ad ;";1$ ad cbg}dodbqe adgìbgd}±" Dj A}" Jdebca Cjscb* |tcdb ac}cid dj cbwqcqtqe ad

 mcehïwcgl* acfe dj acl}ce ]twcl Wexcãqcgl* ·Dj {djci}e co{jcglaedw olw qd÷}cge |td {}lgqcge±"Od {}ditbqd geoe wd wdbqïlb jew q}lmlflae}dw ad jl {jlbql" Db

Wjlxtqsgn* htd}l ad jl vebl* l glwc 1; `cj÷odq}ew adj neslmlbaeblae {tdmje ad q}lmlflae}dw [}c{slq* dj }tcae ad jew  mtja÷gd}dw* odvgjlae}lw ad gdodbqe s glocebdw |td {lwlblbtbgclb tbl btdxl geotbcala |td wd d}cid" Sl wd nlbotalae 4= hlocjclw* s wd dw{d}l |td 7*;;; oìw je nlilb {l}ldj hcblj adj lüe"[jlqc|td geb jew nlmcqlbqdw* {d}e wcdo{}d l q}lxãw adq}latgqe}dw adj iemcd}be s lgeo{lülae {e} ehcgcljdw" D}lgeoöbodbqd achïgcj wlmd} wc gebwditïl e{cbcebdw idbtcblw"Ljitblw xdgdw d~{}dwcebdw ots jl}ilw db }twe* wd q}latgïlb db

 {eglw {ljlm}lw" Wdbqï |td be emqdbïl dj oljdwql} d~{}dwlae"Db tbl btdxl glwl db Wjlxtqsgn* Wxdqjlbl Wqlbcwjly mdwlml lwt dw{ewe* Xljdbqcbd* {l}l adw{dac}je gebhe}od wd ac}ciïl l wt

  {}cod} aïl db jl {jlbql" Djjl dwqlml lxd}iebvlal {e} oc}d{dbqcbl xcwcql" Nlmïl glflw wcb adwdo{lgl} l{cjlalw db tblnlmcqlgc÷b" Dwqlml q}lqlbae ad ljcodbql} l wtw aew ncfew* ad aews acdv lüew"·Xljdbqcbd |td}ïl xdbc}* {d}e se dwqlml db gebq}l" Hcbljodbqdod gebxdbgc÷±* od acfe djjl" µDwqlw }dljodbqd gebxdbgcal5 Jd

  {}ditbqd" ·Mtdbe* qeaew jew {la}dw wd {}degt{lb {e} wtwncfew±* od }dw{ebac÷* ad ljitbl he}ol* {dbwã* ac}cicdbae tbl

}ì{cal oc}lal l wtw ncfew* |tcdbdw od ac}ciïlb wtw qïooc}lalw nlgcl oï"

j e{qcocwoe ad jew gcdbqïhcgew s ad jew q}lmlflae}djl {jlbql be {l}dgïl {}dxljdgd} db jl olse} {l}qdTg}lbcl e db Oewgö" Dj ocdae l jl }laclgc÷b nl g}d

admcae l Gnd}bemsj s dw {d}wcwqdbqd" Jew gcdbqïhcgew je jjlo·}lacehemcl±"·Ljitcdb dwqe}btal db @cdx* s djjew {cdbwlb |td dw admcatbl dbhd}odala ad jl }laclgc÷b wt}ical ad Gnd}bemsj±|tdfl dj A}" Jc`nql}sex" ·Db dj {}cod} odw .adw{tãw lggcadbqd# d}l litae* lne}l dw g}÷bcge±" Od oc}l ad olb

  {dbdq}lbqd s dbqebgdw web}ïd" ·[tacwqd nlmd} dwgeicae oìw wem}d je gtlj dwg}cmc}" [d}e qdbclw |td dwg}cmc} weGnd}bemsj±"Gnd}bemsj qlomcãb adfe wtw ntdjjlw wem}d Dt}e{l6 tb dwqtad jl Geotbcala Dt}e{dl ocjdw ad otd}qdw d~q}l {e} gìbdb jew wcitcdbqdw 4; lüew" [d}e dwd böod}e* d cbgjtwe edwqcolaew oìw ljqew* wd adwxlbdgd gebq}l jl d~{dgqlqcxl adocjjebdw ad otd}qdw {e} glbgd}dw ·blqt}ljdw± wem}d dj oc

 {d}ceae"Wcb doml}ie* dj lggcadbqd ad Gnd}bemsj sl nl dwqlmjdgcae

 {}dgce" Nlwql }dgcdbqdodbqd ocjdw ad exdflw db dj be}qd a

I}lb M}dqlül be {eaïlb wd} wlg}chcglalw {l}l gebwtoe adml jl }laclgc÷b" Olblalw ad }dbew db Wtdgcl admïlb adljdflalw ad jï|tdbdw gebqlocblaew" Wc ljitcdb wd mdbdhadw{tãw ad Gnd}bemsj* htd jl cbatwq}cl ad jl geocal gebidadj be}qd ad Dt}e{l0 jlw xdbqlw wd djdxl}eb"Jl olse} {l}qd adj otbae btgjdl}* adwad meomlw n

 {jlbqlw ad dbd}iïl* l jl odacgcbl* gebxd}id db dj Wcqce Nlbdb dj wt}dwqd ad dwqlae ad Ylwncbiqeb" L|tï qlomcãb dqealw jlw {}ditbqlw"Nlbhe}a dw {l}qd ad tbl }da ad cbwqljlgcebdw l}olodbqce{d}lalw {e} dj ad{l}qlodbqe ad dbd}iïl" [eglw geotbcalnlb wcae qlb ol}glalw {e} jl d}l lq÷ocgl"Nlbhe}a wd d~qcdbad wem}d 48; ocjjlw gtla}lalw ad qd}}

cbn÷w{cqe db tb }dgeae adj }ce Gejtomcl" Wt lcwjlocdbqncve cadlj {l}l jl {}eatggc÷b ad {jtqebce* ad l|tï {}excbcdjlw dbq}lülw ad jl meoml |td l}}lwe Blilwl`c" Adwad dbqebwtw lgqcxcaladw wd d~{lbacd}eb {l}l cbgjtc} {}esdgqewadhdbwl* cbxdwqcilgc÷b ad }dlgqe}dw* olbdfe ad adw{d}acg}em÷qcgl d cbxdwqcilgc÷b db gcdbgclw mceoãacglw s ad jl xDj wcwqdol ad wtocbcwq}e ad dbd}iïl {tmjcgl ad Ylwncbigebegcae geoe ·ynee{w±" E{d}l tb }dlgqe} btgjdl} ad <*odilylqq db qd}}dbew ad Nlbhe}a gebgdwceblaew {e}ad{l}qlodbqe ad dbd}iïl"Db tb wdbqcae ots }dlj* xd} l Nlbhe}a dw oc}l} l jl gtjbtgjdl}" Dj tbl xdv acocbtqe {tdmje ad ]cgnjlba wdgebxd}qcae db tbl gctala {d|tdül* geb wt dgebeoïl wcd

co{tjwlal {e} jl dbd}iïl lq÷ocgl ad Nlbhe}a"j gebatgc} lj}dadae} ad ]cgnjlba* mcdb {ea}ïl nlmdwqlae nlgcdbae db gtlj|tcd} eq}e ad jew {d|td

  {tdmjew ad Dwqlaew Tbcaew" [lwd jew ljolgqcdbalw* ilwejcbd}lw* d cbgjtwcxd dj mejcgnd geoöb" [dw{d}db6 wd jjlol jew {lwew lq÷ocgew" Qlomcãb dwqìb jl qcdlq÷ocgl* dj {lwe {}eq÷b* dj {lwe btgjdl}" Dj d|tc{e ad htqme

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jl {}d{l}lqe}cl wd jjlol jew meoml}ad}ew* wt domjdol dw tblbtmd db he}ol ad nebie* jlw {e}}cwqlw qlomcãb je xcwqdb"·Wcdo{}d ndoew litlbqlae dj }caïgtje admcae l btdwq}e l{esel jl cbatwq}cl±* acgd Ocgnldj He~* cbidbcd}e ad Nlbhe}a"·Qdbdoew gcdbqïhcgew d cbidbcd}ew |td web jïad}dw ad jlgeotbcala" Weoew {d}weblw adgdbqdw s e}itjjewlw ad djje±"Gjchh I}ehh* xcgd{}dwcadbqd ad Hlocjcl Nlbhe}a* he}olal db<3>8 {l}l geomlqc} jl e{cbc÷b bdilqcxl wem}d dj ì}dl* htd oìwdbhìqcge6 ·Be nls blal olje geb wd} {l}qd ad jl cbatwq}cl ad jladhdbwl" Dw {l}qd ad btdwq}l nd}dbgcl* ad btdwq}l ncwqe}cl"

 Beweq}ew lstaloew l qd}ocbl} jl wditbal itd}}l otbaclj* sdwqes e}itjjewe ad dwe±"Dj e}itjje adhcbd jl lgqcqta ad dwql geotbcala" E}itjje adj

 {lwlae* e}itjje adj q}lmlfe lgqtlj"Dj A}" Al}}djj Hcwnd} dw laocbcwq}lae} adj {}esdgqe {l}l tbbtdxe q}lqlocdbqe adj gìbgd} |td cbxejtg}l jl cbsdggc÷b adlbqcgtd}{ew }lacelgqcxew adbq}e adj gtd}{e {l}l adwq}tc} gãjtjlw glbgd}ïidblw" ·Geo{l}loew jl dhdgqcxcala adachd}dbqdw }lacebtjdcaew±* d~{jcgl" ·Jew docwe}dw ljhl {tdadbwd} odfe}dw gebq}l qtoe}dw achtwew* docwe}dw mdql gebq}lqtoe}dw w÷jcaew" Jew qtoe}dw adwl{l}dgcd}eb db tb {d}ceae ad7 l 8 wdolblw db {lgcdbqdw dbhd}oew geb gìbgd} qd}ocblj adjlw ijìbatjlw jcbhìqcglw±"

Jl ewqde{e}ewcw cbxìjcalbqd ad ntdwew* tbl dbhd}odala |tdlhjcid l ocjjebdw ad otfd}dw ad dala lxlbvlal* d}l dj mjlbgead adj cweqe{e adj A}" ]emd}q Wgndbqd}" Wt {}eodqdae} 

  {}ei}lol do{jdl jlw {}e{cdaladw ad aclibewqcglae}lw adjilaejcbce <47* tb {}eatgqe }lacelgqcxe adj }dlgqe} ad hjtfe}ì{cae ad Nlbhe}a" [}eatgd ilaejcbce s eq}ew cweqe{ew adolbd}l oìw dhcgcdbqd |td eq}ew }dlgqe}dw" Dj }dlgqe} qlomcãbdw htdbqd ad {}degt{lgc÷b ad |tcdbdw qdodb {e} wt {l{dj db djadwl}}ejje ad }dlgqe}dw ad {}eatggc÷b"[e} lüew Nlbhe}a qlomcãb nl wcomejcvlae dj jlae ewgt}e ad jld}l lq÷ocgl" Jew g}ïqcgew nlgdb ncbgl{cã db jlw odacalw adwdit}cala cbladgtlalw* d|tc{e xcdfe s jl {em}d wt{d}xcwc÷b"Qlomcãb mtw|td dwlw xegdw"

·[}dwcebl} wem}d jlw odacalw ad wdit}cala dw tbl olbd}lwdit}l ad xejxd}wd co{e{tjl} l|tï±* acgd Da M}cg`d}* e{d}lae} db jlw i}lbflw qlb|td aebad wd ljolgdbl s oebcqe}dl djadw{d}acgce wtmqd}}ìbde" Dwqd blqcxe ad ]cgnjlba dw tbnlmcqlbqd ad Nlbhe}a ad qd}gd}l idbd}lgc÷b"Da do{dv÷ l |tdfl}wd nlgd gcbge lüew gtlbae q}lmlflml db jl

 {jlbql ad lglmlae ad {jtqebce" Dwqlml {}degt{lae {e} dj {egegtcalae db dj olbdfe adj {jtqebce* jl hljql ad {}egdacocdbqewad wdit}cala* jew e{d}lae}dw wcb gd}qchcgl} db jl wljl ad gebq}ej*s jew {jlbew cbidbcd}cjdw |td be wcdo{}d }d{}dwdbqlmlb djd|tc{e |td dwqlml db }dljcala gejeglae"·Od {}ditbql}eb* ·µ|tã d}dw* ljitbl gjlwd ad mtwgl {jdcqew5±*jdw }dw{ebaï* ·Be* wes tb q}lmlflae} ad wdit}cala±" [e} ljiöb

qcdo{e dj ad{l}qlodbqe ad dbd}iïl gd}}e jl {jlbql" ·Beweq}ewqdbdoew ljitbew ad jew odfe}dw gd}dm}ew adj {lïw" Lj odbewljitbew ad jew {}emjdolw wd {tdadb }dwejxd}" Be wã wcqdbiloew dj jcad}lvie {l}l nlgd}je±* acgd Da"Dj adw{d}acgce btgjdl} db Nlbhe}a dw tb {}emjdol dbe}od" Wdnl lgtotjlae gtlq}e aãglalw ad adw{d}acgce s dj gewqe adjco{cdvl wd}ì dbe}od" Tbl jco{cdvl olse} gewql}ïl 49

 mcjjebdw ad a÷jl}dw" Cbgjtwcxd tbl jco{cdvl odbe}* adflbae dj

adw{d}acgce aebad wd dbgtdbq}l s dwqlmcjcvl} dj qd}}dbe aeslgd* gewql}ïl dbq}d = s 7 mcjjebdw ad a÷jl}dw"·Weoew jlw xïgqcolw ad dwqew oljew olbdfew±* acgd geb c}i}lbfd}e Qeo Mlcjcd" Ãj dwqlml dbht}dgcae {l}qcgtjl}odbqdjlw }dxdjlgcebdw adj Lgql ad Jcmd}qla ad Cbhe}olgc÷b wem}ddxdbqe |td d~{twe l jl }laclgc÷b l ocjdw ad gctalalbew"Db jew <31;w s 4;w aewcw olwcxlw ad seae <7< }lacelghtd}eb jcmd}lalw adjcmd}lalodbqd l q}lxãw adj {lgcbe}edwqd" Dwqlw aewcw do{d|tdüdgïlb db adgdblw ad ocjdxdgdw jl wdxd}cala ad jew <4 gt}cew jcmd}laew db Qn}dd OCwjlba"Jlw jcmd}lgcebdw jjdilmlb wcb laxd}qdbgcl* s otgnew eadqljjdw {d}olbdgdb gjlwchcglaew" [l}dgdb wd} {l}qd ad tb {ad jl itd}}l h}ïl {l}l jegljcvl} {jlbqlw ad {jtqebce db jl TbWexcãqcgl0 jlw docwcebdw ad Nlbhe}a wd}xc}ïlb gecbacglae}dw ad je |td nlmïl |td mtwgl}"Tb dwqtace {}djcocbl} dwqcol |td ljitbew cbhlbqdw W{e`lbd* Ylwncbiqeb* {ea}ïlb nlmd} }dgcmcae nlwql =48 db jl qc}ecadw db <314* s ljitbew |td xcxïlb ftbqe l Nlbnlwql =*=34 }do" Ad lgtd}ae geb dj A}" Fco ]tqdbmd}gdbq}e ad gebq}ej ad dbhd}odaladw* jl glbqcala d~lgql}laclgc÷b lmwe}mcal {e} glal nlmcqlbqd ad{dbad ad jl glbqcad xdidqljdw s jdgnd jegljdw |td glal tbe gebwtoc÷

wd{qcdom}d {lwlae dj gebi}dwe lwcibe <"1 ocjjebdw ad a÷j  {l}l dwqlmjdgd} qlj dwqtace" Jew dwqlaew ad YlwncbE}di÷b s jlw q}cmtw cbaclw adj ì}dl lge}al}eb db <geodbvl} tb dwqtace ad <4 ocjjebdw ad a÷jl}dw ad gcbge lqlomcãb"·Ad xd}ala {cdbwe |td ljitcdb admd}ïl c} l jl gì}gdj lwdwcblqe±* acgd Qeo Mlcjcd" Ltb|td jl }laclgc÷b {tdad be wdl jl gltwl ad jew {ladgcocdbqew ad wt hlocjcl* ãj {cd|td wï0 {d}e be wd {tdad {}eml} {e} dj oeodbqe" Tb {}blgc÷ geb {ljlal} ndbacae" ·Blgï geb adhdgqew gebiãbcdwqes mlfe q}lqlocdbqe ad jl qc}ecadw" Ad lgtd}ae geb Qeoad jew =9 neil}dw lj}dadae} adj wtse nlb wcae lhjcicaew gìbgd}* adhdgqew gebiãbcqew* e {}emjdolw gl}aclgew"

·Dj adwlhïe dw }djlgcebl} jl dbhd}odala geb jl d~{ewcgQeo Mlcjcd acgd |td jew aegqe}dw jegljdw atalb ad Nlbhe}a wdl dj gtj{lmjd" ·Djjew acgdb6 ·Qö be g}ddw db gewl lbqcbtgjdl}* µe wï5±"

d dwqì xejxcdbae glal xdv oìw achïgcj be g}dd} db gewl lbqcbtgjdl}±" Dj {lwlae egqtm}d* db odace}dxdjlgcebdw ad oljew olbdfew* xcejlgcebdw

wdit}cala* s {ewcmjd {djci}e l jl wljta {ömjcgl* dj iemcdhdad}lj gd}}÷ q}dw }dlgqe}dw s tbl {jlbql db wcqcew olse}dl}olodbqe btgjdl}" Tb dwqtace {}d{l}lae {e} dj ad{l}qload dbd}iïl gebgjtse |td ntme btod}ewlw ·adhcgcdbwcibchcglqcxlw± db jl e{d}lgc÷b s laocbcwq}lgc÷b"

Eq}ew }d{e}qd wticd}db |td q}lmlflae}dw db jlw {jlbqlwl}olodbqe {ea}ïlb dwql} adwl}}ejjlbae qlwlw cbtwtljoljqlw ad glbgd}dw }djlgceblaew geb jl }laclgc÷b" Db jl {jlbq]eg`s Hjlqw db Iejadb* Geje}lae* aebad wd hlm}cglb {l

 {l}l meoml* tb dwqtace dbgebq}÷ |td jl qlwl ad otd}qdwqtoe}dw gd}dm}ljdw dbq}d q}lmlflae}dw mjlbgew d}l dj aemjdgeo{l}lgc÷b geb tb i}t{e wcocjl} be d~{tdwqe l }laclgc÷b±"

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Cbgjtwe dj ad{l}qlodbqe ad dbd}iïl .AED# adgjl}e dbaegtodbqew ad jl ge}qd |td ·gtlj|tcd} glbqcala ad d~{ewcgc÷bcbbdgdwl}cl l jl }laclgc÷b* ltb|td {d|tdül±* qcdbd tb }cdwieg}dgcdbqd ad dhdgqew laxd}wew db jl wljta"Db wt }d{e}qd ad acgcdom}d dj AED acgd* l{esl}ì {l}ldwqlmjdgd} {}ce}caladw {l}l jco{cl} cbwqljlgcebdw adl}olodbqe" Jew gewqew dwqcolaew {l}l jjdxl} l glme dwqed~gdad}ìb {e} otgne dj gdbqdbl} ad mcjjebdw ad a÷jl}dw* s djq}lmlfe gebqcbtl}ì {e} aãglalw"Cbgjtwe wc jlw gtdwqcebdw ad wdit}cala s laocbcwq}lgc÷b wd}dwtdjxdb db jlw {jlbqlw ad l}olodbqe* je |td wd admd nlgd} geb jew adw{d}acgcew btgjdl}dw ad jl blgc÷b {d}olbdgd geoetbl {jlil* qlbqe {ejïqcgl geoe qdgbej÷icgl" Blacd jl |tcd}d" Snls oebqebdw6 adw{d}acgce ad mlfe bcxdj* ad ljqe bcxdj* ad

  {jlbqlw btgjdl}dw geod}gcljdw* cbwqljlgcebdw ad adhdbwl*new{cqljdw s }djefdw xcdfew" Dwql ljolgdblal db gcdbqew adjtil}dw"L}jdb Ntbq* laocbcwq}lae} db jl {jlbql {cjeqe ad lcwjlocdbqead adwdgnew .YC[[# acgd6 ·Jl wlj dw tb mtdb jtil} {l}lljolgdbl}" Wc jl wlj adwl}}ejjl i}cdqlw* geoe }dwtjqlae ad tbqd}}doeqe* wt blqt}ljdvl {jìwqcgl wdjjl}ì dwlw i}cdqlw±"Jl YC[[ dw tb geo{jdfe dbe}od ad ge}}dae}dw ad ocjjlw adjl}ie s qc}ew ad xdbqcjlgc÷b d~glxlaew db ad{÷wcqew ad wlj l

oìw ad =*;;; {cdw ad {}ehtbacala db dj adwcd}qe gd}glbe lGl}jwmla" Dwqì wcdbae dwqtaclae geoe tb wcqce adljolgdblocdbqe {d}olbdbqd {l}l jew adwdgnew q}lbwt}ìbcgewidbd}laew {e} jlw cbwqljlgcebdw ad {}eatggc÷b ad jl adhdbwl ¼ 

 {e} dfdo{je* nd}}locdbqlw ad odqlj s lm}ciew ad jlme}lqe}ce"Dwgejqlae {e} Mcjj Gd|tdjcb s Ydbadjj Ydl}q* dbq}d l tbdjdxlae} s jdbqlodbqd adwgdbaï =*<;; {cdw" Nlgïl h}ïe db djhebae0 dj lc}d dbq}lml adwad tb qc}e ad xdbqcjlgc÷b" Dj adjilaenlv }efe ad tb jìwd} itclml l jew q}lmlflae}dw |td lftwqlmlb jlw

 {l}dadw ad }egl ad tb qöbdj ad lggdwe"Ydbadjj d~{jcgl ljitbew ad jew d~{d}codbqew |td wd jjdxlb lglme db dj qöbdj" ·Qdbdoew |td odac} jl glbqcala ad ntodaladb jl wlj {l}l adqd}ocbl} jl xdjegcala ad ge}}ewc÷b s wc dw |td

dj litl q}lbw{e}ql}l jew adwdgnew± /{}degt{lgcebdw wd}clw {e}   {l}qd ad jew g}ïqcgew ad jl YC[[" ·Qlomcãb bdgdwcqloewgebegd} jl }l{cadv l jl gtlj jl wlj wd adw{jlvl" Jl cadl ad tbljolgdblocdbqe wdit}e slgd db jl dbgl{wtjlgc÷b db wlj ad jewadw{d}acgcew±" Adwad oc xcwcql* jlw cbqd}}eilbqdw db qe}be l ljacwdüe s gebwq}tggc÷b ad jl YC[[ nlb gltwlae |td djad{l}qlodbqe ad dbd}iïl }dq}lwd jl l{d}qt}l adj ad{÷wcqe"Ladoìw ad jew adwdgnew ad jl adhdbwl* jlw ml}}lw geomtwqcmjdwad jew }dlgqe}dw geod}gcljdw wd gtdbqlb {e} ocjjebdw s dwqìbljolgdblalw db dwqlb|tdw db jew wcqcew ad jew }dlgqe}dw"Jjlolalw d|tcxeglalodbqd geoe geomtwqcmjd ·ilwqlae±*gebqcdbdb jew {}eatgqew lgtotjlaew ad jl hcwc÷b s weboe}qljdw admcae l wt }lacelgqcxcala ad ljqe bcxdj"

Gd}gl ad Mthhlje* Btdxl Se}`* dj ad{l}qlodbqe ad dbd}iïldwql {cjeqdlbae jl cbge}{e}lgc÷b ad adw{d}acgce btgjdl} jï|tcaead ljqe bcxdj adbq}e ad xca}ce ad me}ewcjcglqe ¼ tb w÷jcaedwqlmjd |td wd}ì olbqdbcae db qlome}dw" Wd dw{d}l |td qljdw

adwdgnew {tdalb wd} ljolgdblaew ad olbd}l {d}olbdbqd doebqlül Stggl db Bdxlal l geocdbvew adj wcitcdbqd wcijeJew adwdgnew btgjdl}dw qlomcãb dbgcdbadb dj admlqd wem}dbd}iïl btgjdl}" ·Wc be {tdadw adwnlgd}qd ad djjew* |tcd}

 {}eatggc÷b gd}}lal±* acgd Ol}xcb ]dwbc`ehh* gcdbqïhcge qcq {l}l jl glo{lül ad adwdgnew }lacelgqcxew"Alaew jew dbe}odw {}emjdolw {l}l adwnlgd}wd ad adw{d}acgcew btgjdl}dw* nls lj odbew tbl gcd}ql c}ebïl dndgne ad |td tb {}emjdol gebgd}bcdbqd l jl }laclgc÷b bee}cicblae {e} dj neom}d wcbe blqt}lj6 }la÷b"[}eatgqe adj adglcocdbqe adj }lace db dj wtdje* dj }la÷b

 {tdad wd} xcwqe* ejcae e wdbqcae" Dj ilw dw wtggceblae l q}lad jlw i}cdqlw adj w÷qlbe* s tbl xdv adbq}e ad jlw glwlw* dhcgcdbqdw db dbd}iïl* be {tdad dwgl{l}" Adw{tãw ad cbnljdj }la÷b gebqcbtl adglsdbae* {}eatgcdbae }laclgc÷b ljhl

 {tdad gltwl} gìbgd} ad {tjo÷b"Tb lbìjcwcw hdad}lj ad =;*;;; glwlw db <9 dwqlaew dbgebq}÷oìw adj =4$ qdbïl bcxdjdw ad }la÷b {eqdbgcljodbqd }cdwie·Dw dj olse} {}emjdol ad wljta ad }laclgc÷b lomcdbqlj lhjcid l jew dwqlaetbcadbwdw±* acgd ]cgnl}a Itcoeba alidbgcl ad {}eqdggc÷b lomcdbqlj"S lülad dj A}" Lbqnebs Bd}e adj jlme}lqe}ce Jly}dMd}`djds6 ·Dwqlw nlmjlbae ad dbe}odw aewcw db geo{l}lg

geb qealw jlw eq}lw }laclgcebdw ad hebae" Geb dj }la÷b dw geqdbd} = e 7 Gnd}bemsj glal lüe±"Lhe}qtblalodbqd dj }la÷b dw hìgcj ad adqdgql} s be adolwcgewqewew ad ge}}dic}" Jew {}eatgqew {l}l lbljcvl}je dacw{ebcmjdw {e} ge}}de s wtw gewqew xlb ad <; l <4 a÷jlglal tbe" Jl odacal ge}}dgqcxl oìw wco{jd dw jl xdbqcjlgblqt}lj6 lm}c} jlw xdbqlblw adj w÷qlbe" Sl |td dj }llq}lxcdwl jew ntdgew |td jjdilb nlwql dj wtdje* wdjjl acocbtqlw i}cdqlw s lmd}qt}lw lj}dadae} ad jlw qtmd}ïlw*tbcebdw dbq}d jew {cwew s {l}dadw" Jew wcwqdolw ad xdbqcjlgad wtdje {l}l meomdl} dj lc}d gl}ilae ad }la÷b adwad admad jl glwl gtdwqlb dbq}d 9;; l =*4;; a÷jl}dw" Geb <*=;=*4;; a÷jl}dw wd {tdad geo{}l} tb wcwqdol ad xdbqcjlgc÷b

}dgt{d}lgc÷b ad glje}"Gebhe}od dod}iïl dj {}emjdol adj }la÷b* adwgtm}ï |tnlmïl alae jl xtdjql lj gï}gtje ad }di}dwe l je emxce}laclgc÷b dw tb ndgne ad jl xcal"Jlw xegdw gebqcbtl}lb dbh}dbqìbaewd wem}d }cdwiew ge

 mdbdhcgcew* {d}e cbgjtwcxd geb jl gebq}exd}wcl od itwql {d|td ilbl}doew" \tcvì nlm}ì }dlgqe}dw btdxew s oìw wdit\tcvì qlomcãb jco{cl}doew jew {djci}ewew adwdg}lacelgqcxew dw{l}gcaew l q}lxãw adj {lïw s lj}dadae} otbae" Gcd}qlodbqd jew }lacecw÷qe{ew nl}ìb btdgebq}cmtgcebdw lj aclib÷wqcge s q}lqlocdbqe oãacge" Qlom

 {cdbwe |td l{}dbad}doew wem}d dj {djci}e ad jl }laclgc÷  mlfe bcxdj" ]dgdoew {e} |td be wd {}dwdbqd tbl i

btgjdl}"Xcxc} geb }laclgc÷b idbd}l {}ditbqlw s achcgtjqladw" [admdoew xcxc} geb djjl"

Db tbl oì~col {}tdml {l}l dj ftcgcentolbe* jl }laclgc÷b bew m}cbal dj {ead} 

ad ol~cocvl} btdwq}e otbae e adwq}tc}je"[l}l Mebbcd H}ewq* jl }laclgc÷b jd eh}dgd

tbl dw{d}lbvl db wt {djdl gebq}l dj gìbDb dj jlme}lqe}ce ad Jly}dbgd Md}`djd

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jl Tbcxd}wcala ad Gljche}bcl jew aegqe}dwwdüljlb dj qtoe} |td {}dwcebl wt oãatjldw{cblj odaclbqd tb dwgìbd} ad qeoei}lhïlgeo{tql}cvlal* s jl q}lqlb geb }laclgc÷b adcebdw {dwlaew" Jl oìwgl}l s lm}lvlad}lolbqcdbdb wt glmdvl {d}hdgqlodbqd |tcdql"[1;=

Jew lql|tdw adwad dj dw{lgce l q}lxãw adl}olw {}eatgqe}lw ad }laclgc÷b webwcotjlaew geb jl ol|tcbl Wlqt}be db djJlme}lqe}ce Blgceblj Wlbacl db BtdxeOã~cge" Tbe ad jew wcqcew ad {}tdmlw {l}ljl Cbcgclqcxl {l}l jl Adhdbwl Dwq}lqãicgl.·Wql} Yl}w±#" Adwad dj {d}ïodq}e ad 38

  {cdw ad acìodq}e* tb lgdjd}lae} ad 78o÷atjew acw{l}l 4; q}cjjebdw ad ylqqw ljgdbq}e* aebad dj {tjwe ad djdgq}ebdwlicqlaew wd gebxcd}qd db tb nlv ad}laclgc÷b ad ljql dbd}iïl be gebqlocblbqd|td dwqcotjl jew }lsew ^ {}eatgcaew {e} d~{jewcebdw ad l}olw btgjdl}dw" Db djbögjde adj Wlqt}be* dj nlv dw dbheglaewem}d gc}gtcqd}ïl s geo{ebdbqdw ocjcql}dw*

  {}emlbae lwï wt gl{lgcala {l}l }dwcwqc} 

aewcw olwcxlw mlfe htdie" [1;1Lm}lwlae {e} jl meoml* dj wem}dxcxcdbqdad Nc}ewncol Mlwt`d Wncoed* >4 lüew*otdwq}l jl gnlol}}l |td xdwqïl dj 8 adliewqe ad <314* gtlbae jl meoml d~{jeqe l<"7 `cj÷odq}ew ad acwqlbgcl" Dj glje} ad jld~{jewc÷b |tdoe wt gtd}{e s htwcebe jewadaew ad wt olbe ad}dgnl {d}e*we}{}dbadbqdodbqd* ãj s wt }e{lwem}dxcxcd}eb" Tb g}tvlae {e} dj adwl}od*Wncoed otdwq}l wt }e{l gnlotwglal dbgtlbqe jlw {ljlm}lw hljqlb {l}l adwg}cmc} djwth}cocdbqe |td ãj s eq}ew ncml`twnl* ewt{d}xcxcdbqdw lq÷ocgew* d~{d}codbql}eb"

Wt dw{ewl d ncfl dwqlmlb dbq}d jlw =<;*;;;  {d}weblw |td ot}cd}eb db <314 ad jew  meoml}adew ad Nc}ewncol s Blilwl`c" Ãjgeomlqd dj gìbgd}* tb {ewcmjd dhdgqe ljl}ie {jlve ad wt d~{ewcgc÷b" [1;8

Meoml}adlae adwad lmlfe* dj adwcd}qe db djWcqce ad [}tdmlw ad Bdxlal* otdwq}l jewg}ìqd}dw }dwtjqlaew ad glwc 8;; {}tdmlw

  mlfe qcd}}l ac}cicalw gd}gl ad Jlw Xdilw  {e} jew Dwqlaew Tbcaew s I}lb M}dqlül"Jew g}ìqd}dw wd he}olb gebhe}od dj wtdjeadw{jlvlae {e} jlw d~{jewcebdw wd }dlwcdbql db jlw glxcaladw ad 4;; nlwql =*4;;

  {cdw ad {}ehtbacala" Db jew <34;w s

 {}cbgc{cew ad jew <38;w* dwql cbwqljlgc÷b adjqlolüe ad ]nead Cwjlba jjdxe l glme tbgdbqdbl} ad {}tdmlw db jl wt{d}hcgcd" Jlolse} {l}qd ad jlw {}tdmlw htd}ebwtmqd}}ìbdlw db <387 geb jl hc}ol adjQ}lqlae ad [}tdmlw Jcocqlalw" [l}ldbqebgdw jew dwqljjcaew lqoewhã}cgew nlmïlblülacae glwc 9$ l jl aewcw ad }laclgc÷b|td }dgcmcoew ad olbd}l blqt}lj" Db jewlüew |td nlb q}lbwgt}}cae adwad dbqebgdw*

dj dwqcolae wd }datgcae l odbew adj <$"[1;>

Ljcxclal ad wt oìwgl}l cboexcjcvlae}l*Mebbcd H}ewq wd wcdbql ¼cjdwl/ adw{tãw adtbl aewcw ad }laclgc÷b" Dj qc{e ad }laclgc÷bdo{jdlal db wt q}lqlocdbqe jcmd}l geb

 {}dgcwc÷b {cgew ad dbd}iïl l wt qtoe}* je|td {d}ocqd l jew aegqe}dw tbl aewcwwcibchcglqcxlodbqd olse} geb {ege alüe ljqdfcae wlbe" [1<<

Gebhe}od jew aegqe}dw d~locblmlb jld~q}lül |tdolat}l ad D}bdwqe Hlmclbe.cv|"#* ãj jdw gebqlml lgd}gl ad jl {d|tdül

 {lwqcjjl ad {ejxe lvtj |td nlmïl {lwlae adolbe db olbe db wt xdgcbal}ce db Iecbcl*M}lwcj" Citlj |td dj ol|tcjjlfd ad gl}blxlj*jl {lwqcjjl qdbïl tb m}cjje c}}dwcwqcmjd* lwï|td {twe tb {dalve db wt mejwcjje" Lne}lãj achïgcjodbqd {tdad glocbl}"[e} aebad |tcd}l db Ieclbl dj {ejxejtocbcwgdbqd nlmïl qdbcae dhdgqewcitljodbqd {d}qt}mlae}dw" Dj xdbadae} adgnlql}}l* |td je nlmïl adwgtmcd}qe adbq}e

ad tb gcjcba}e ad lgd}e* dbhd}oexcejdbqlodbqd" Lwï geoe wt bcdql ad wdcwlüew* |tcdb je nlmïl h}eqlae gebq}l wt gl}l

  ftilbae* adw{tãw geoc÷ tb wìbaycgn"[}ebqe wd gebegc÷ jl ne}}cmjd xd}ala6 djgcjcba}e d}l {l}qd ad tbl ol|tcbl ad}laceqd}l{cl* adwgtmcd}ql dbq}d jl mlwt}l adtbl gjïbcgl lmlbaeblal db <3>9" Dj {ejxed}l dj oe}qlj cweqe{e gdwce <79"Db qeqlj* =13 {d}weblw wd gebqlocbl}ebat}lbqd dj lggcadbqd" Gtlq}e ot}cd}eb*cbgjtsdbae jl bcdql adj xdbadae} adgnlql}}l" Qeaew htd}eb dbqd}}laew dblqlöadw }dgtmcd}qew ad {jeoe* |td weboebcqe}dlaew ad gd}gl db mtwgl ad

}laclgqcxcala* je |td lqdwqcitl jl bdgdwcalaad tbl odfe} }ditjlgc÷b" [1<4

Tb wcjdbgce dw{dgq}lj lgeo{lül l tbd|tc{e ad jco{cdvl wexcãqcge db jlwadwcd}qlw gljjdw ad [}c{slq .ad}"#* jl gtljljitbl xdv ljmd}ie l 14*;;; }dwcadbqdw*otgnew ad djjew q}lmlflae}dw db jl {jlbqlad dbd}iïl btgjdl} db Gnd}bemsj l gcbge`cj÷odq}ew ad acwqlbgcl" Dwe glomc÷ dj =8ad lm}cj ad <3>8 gtlbae tbl d~{jewc÷bdwq}dodgc÷ dj }dlgqe} böod}e 1 adGnd}bemsj* d~{tjwlbae qebdjlalw adgeomtwqcmjd ad t}lbce* gdwce s eq}ewgebqlocblbqdw lj gcdje db tbl btmd

}lacelgqcxl ad gcbge `cj÷odq}ew ad ljqe"Ftbqe geb qeaew jew }dwcadbqdw db tb }lacead 7; `cj÷odq}ew* jew nlmcqlbqdw ad [}c{slqhtd}eb dxlgtlaew" Jew bcxdjdw ad }laclgc÷bad nes db aïl web je wthcgcdbqdodbqd mlfew

  {l}l {d}ocqc} |td q}lmlflae}dw wcb  {}eqdggc÷b dbq}db l [}c{slq db xcwcqlwge}qlw0 dj }dlwdbqlocdbqe löb dwql laãglalw ad acwqlbgcl"

Ltb|td 7; {d}weblw ot}cd}eb dbq}lidacl* jl olse} {l}qd ad jew gctala|td xcxïlb db jlw gd}glbïlw dwgl{l}eaewcw gebwcad}lmjdw ad }laclgc÷b" Löbdj lggcadbqd .odbew wdxd}e |tcvì |tdd~{jewc÷b {ege gebegcal ad olq}lacelgqcxe gd}gl ad Gnd}slmcbw` db <jew adfl l jew q}lmlflae}dw ad jco{cdvgljvebgcjjew lj {lwl} l q}lxãw ad tb adqdad }laclgc÷b lbqdw ad {ead} ac}cic}glwl" S db dj cbwqcqtqe ad }lacejeiï@cdx aew nd}olblw ad [}c{slq .wci"# d~locblalw }ditjl}odbqd db mtwglwïbqeolw qdo{}lbew ad jdtgdocl

  {}emjdolw ad jl qc}ecadw" Djjlw oebcqe}dlalw ad {e} xcal {e} dj cbwqc|td lstal l d~locbl} glwc 9;;

 {d}weblw* tb qd}gce ad djjlw bcüew"Oìw achïgcj ad odac} dw* |tcvì* dj q}l

  {wcgej÷icge ad xcxc} gd}gl ad Gnd}bJew aegqe}dw wexcãqcgew nlb beqlae qdbadbgcl ad gtj{l} l jl }laclgc÷bgtlj|tcd} {ladgcocdbqe ¼tbl lhjcggc÷bdjjew adbeocblb }lacehemcl" [1<8

Acwdülae {l}l dj adwlwq}d* dwqd xli÷bhd}}egl}}cj h}lbgãw htd gebwq}tcae l{}dwt}l} jl lwcwqdbgcl oãacgl dod}idbgcl s jew adqdgqe}dw ad }laclgcjew wcqcew ad lggcadbqdw btgjdl}dw" Dj xlad 7"4 ocjjebdw ad a÷jl}dw {tdad dwqlgtlj|tcd} {l}qd ad H}lbgcl db <= ne}lgtlj|tcd} {l}qd ad Dt}e{l db =1* s {d~locbl} l 4*;;; {d}weblw {e} aïl" [1=

Geb }laclgc÷b db jlw {dvtülw* jlw olbad }dbew ad Wtdgcl s Be}tdil ht

 mlülalw geb jjtxcl }lacelgqcxl at}lbqdadw{tãw adj lggcadbqd ad Gnd}bemsj" jew jï|tdbdw |td djjew geodb ¼s jew }

ocwoew/ löb {}dwdbqlb ljqew bcxdjdgdwce <79" [l}l {}eqdid} l gebwtocae}dw* lomew {lïwdw oebcqejew }dbew xdbacaew geod}gcljodbqd"cbw{dgqe} be}tdie .cv|"# gndgl l jew }db dj glo{e" Jl olblal .l}}cml#

  ftvilal adolwclae }lacelgqcxl {lgebwtoe ntolbe" Jew }dbew ljmcbewotqlbqdw blqt}ljdw" [1=7

Db acgcdom}d ad <3>1 {eglw {d}wnlmïlb dwgtgnlae nlmjl} adj }la÷b* gtljl hlocjcl Ylq}lw ad Mesd}qe[dbbwsjxlbcl .l}}"#* }dgcmc÷ tbl glwoljlw beqcgclw {l}l blxcala" [e} wdo

tb cbq}cilae Wqlbjds Ylq}lw nlmïl dwdbgdbacdbae jew adqdgqe}dw ad }laclgc÷jl {jlbql ad dbd}iïl btgjdl} ad Jcodaebad q}lmlfl geoe cbidbcd}e gebwq}tggc÷b ¼jdfew ad gtlj|tcd} olq}lacelgqcxe" Dbqebgdw qãgbcgew ad jl {lbljcvl}eb wt glwl s dbgebq}l}eb }l.{}eatgqe} ad gìbgd}# geb gebgdbq}lgc÷b ocjdw ad xdgdw olse}

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jew gtlq}e {cgegt}cew |td jl D[L do{jdlgeoe }dhd}dbgcl"·Htd dbqebgdw gtlbae ad xd}ala jjdie djqd}}e}" Oc hlocjcl nlmïl dwqlae xcxcdbae dbtbl btmd }lacelgqcxl±* }dgtd}al Ylq}lw"Jl hlocjcl ad cbodaclqe wd otae l tboeqdj" Dbqebgdw jl geo{lüïl djãgq}cgl adHcjladjhcl* jdw eh}dgc÷ xejxd} wt glwl l

  {}tdml ad }la÷b geoe {l}qd ad wtcbxdwqcilgc÷b db dj ilw }lacelgqcxe" Jewcbxdwqcilae}dw adwgtm}cd}eb |td jl glwl wdgebwq}tse wem}d tb mje|td ad i}lbcqe |tdgebqdbïl t}lbce* |td adgld db }lace* sadw{tãw db ilw }la÷b" Dj }dwqe ad jewxdgcbew lbljcvl}eb wtw glwlw sadwgtm}cd}eb eq}l ad jlw {dgtjcl}caladw adj}la÷b6 qlb dw{dgchcge ad tb jtil} dw dj ilw|td otgnew dbgebq}l}eb bcxdjdwcbwcibchcglbqdw"Adw{tãw ad tbl cbxd}wc÷b ad !7=*;;;a÷jl}dw db xdbqcjlgc÷b adj wtmwtdje*qt}mcblw s oebcqe}dw* jl glwl ad jew Ylq}lwwd gebwcad}e geoe nlmcqlmjd ¼s jl hlocjcl}di}dwe"Nes jew Ylq}lw wd {}degt{lb {e} dj lüe

|td {lwl}eb }dw{c}lbae jlw {l}qïgtjlw ljhl s mdql docqcalw {e} dj }la÷b gebhe}od adgld"·Wt{ebdoew je {de}* s }dvloew {e} jeodfe}±* acgdb" Nlgdb dj jjlolae l eq}ew lbe qeol} lj ilw l jl jcid}l" ·Cbgjtwcxd dbbtdwq}l glwl wt{tdwqlodbqd l}}dijlal* jewbcxdjdw ad }la÷b xl}ïlb glal aïl" Jl

  {ljlm}l dw lbìjcwcw* {tbqe" Wcibe add~gjlolgc÷b±* acgd Wqlbjds" Db tbl glwldb I}dlq Hljjw* Xc}icbcl* wd {d}he}l}ebnesew db dj {cwe adj w÷qlbe .cv|"# ntoe

  {l}l lbljcvl} }dxdjl {}dwc÷b bdilqcxladbq}e ad jl glwl* jl gtlj {tae nlmd} wtggceblae }la÷b" [1=4

Tb ·w{l ad }la÷b± db Ocwlwl* Fl{÷b*eh}dgd htdbqdw qd}oljdw }lacelgqcxlw {l}ll|tdjjew |td g}ddb |td dj }la÷b {}eotdxdjl wlblgc÷b" Jl olse} {l}qd ad jewgcdbqïhcgew gebwcad}lb alücblw jlwdocwcebdw ljhl* mdql s ilol adj }la÷b"Ocwlwl neb}l l tbl {cebd}l ad jl }laclgc÷bgeb dj hdwqcxlj lbtlj Olalod Gt}cd" [1=9

Jlw atblw }lacelgqcxlw ad jl {jlbql adt}lbce Neodwql`d ad Btdxe Oã~cge dwqìbndgnlw ad gejlw .adwdgnew ocbd}ljdw#* jew}dwqew {}eatgcaew gtlbae dj t}lbce dwd~q}lïae adj ocbd}lj" Oìw ad =;; ocjjebdwad qebdjlalw ad dwqd adwdgne* |td docqdb

  mlfew bcxdjdw ad }la÷b s }lsew ilol* wdl{cjlb l gcdje lmcd}qe l q}lxãw adj edwqd adjew Dwqlaew Tbcaew* co{tjwlbae tbjjlolae {e} tbl jco{cdvl oebtodbqlj"[1=3

[}d{l}ìbaewd {l}l geomlqc} l tb dbdociecbxcwcmjd* tb qãgbcge cbxejtg}lae db jljco{cdvl ad tb mcjj÷b ad a÷jl}dw ad Qn}ddOcjd Cwjlba* wd {ebd tb q}lfd {l}l dbq}l} lj

dachcgce adj }dlgqe} ad jl tbcala =* dwgdblad jl htwc÷b ad <393"[l}l mje|tdl} jlw {l}qïgtjlw }lacelgqcxlw*jew q}lmlflae}dw }dw{c}lb l q}lxãw ad tb}dw{c}lae}* xcwqdb }e{l ad {l{dj s wdjjlb djq}lfd d~qd}ce} geb gcbql" Jl d~{ewcgc÷b l}lsew ilol dw oebcqe}dlal ad gd}gl"Do{jdlbae nd}}locdbqlw ad 1; {cdw adjl}ie s gìol}lw ad QX* jew q}lmlflae}dwadwolbqdjlb dj }dlgqe} jjdbe ad litl* sdo{lglb jew }dwqew db gcjcba}ew ad lgd}ecbe~calmjd .l}}"# {l}l doml}gl}jew nlgcl djwcqce ad ljolgdblocdbqe db Calne" [17<

Dw tb {}emjdol |td be adwl{l}dgd ¼ljodbew at}lbqd dj ocjdbce |td jdw qeol}l lgcd}qew cweqe{ew }lacelgqcxew adgld}" Gebadwdgnew oe}qljdw lgtotjìbaewd db jlw

  {jlbqlw ad l}olodbqe l q}lxãw ad jewdwqlaew tbcaew .ol{l#* gebqcbtl jl

  möw|tdal ad he}olw wdit}lw {l}ladwnlgd}wd ad ocjjebdw ad qebdjlalw adgeomtwqcmjd ilwqlae* adwdgnew ad ljqebcxdj s eq}ew wtm{}eatgqew jdqljdw" [ea}ïlqeol} aãglalw {}d{l}l} wcqcew {d}olbdbqdw

  {l}l djcocblgc÷b ad adwdgnew" Ocdbq}lwqlbqe wd bdgdwcql jco{cl} glwc 1; lüew adadwdgnew ljolgdblaew wcb gtcalae admcael jl hljql ad {}ìgqcglw ad wdit}cala ecbwqljlgcebdw emwejdqlw"D~{lbacae ad olbd}l l{}dwt}lal {l}l

 {}eatgc} jl meoml lq÷ocgl |td gls÷ wem}d  Blilwl`c* dj wcqce Nlbhe}a db Ylwncbiqeb.l}}cml ad}dgnl# dw lgqtljodbqd dj ad{÷wcqead adwdgnew btgjdl}dw oìw i}lbad ad jlblgc÷b" [d}e jew jï|tcaew ge}}ewcxew*ljqlodbqd }lacelgqcxew nlb adxe}lae jewqlb|tdw ad ljolgdblocdbqe ad Nlbhe}a adjl d}l ad jl wditbal itd}}l otbaclj s dwqìbwcdbae glomclaew* l tb gewqe ad ocjjebdw

ad a÷jl}dw* l jew qlb|tdw adljolgdblocdbqe ad lgd}e lj gl}mebeoebcqe}dlaew {e} geo{tqlae}l ad jlwi}lbflw qlb|td ad Nlbhe}a" Lj}dadae} adj

  {lïw jl jco{cdvl ad adwdgnew ocjcql}dw {ea}ïl qeol} aãglalw s gewql} oìw ad tbgdbqdbl} ad mcjj÷b ad a÷jl}dw" [17=

Geoe xïgqcol lq÷ocgl* St}c`e Nlqlbl`l.d~q}dol cv|"#* dw tbl ad jlw tbl ad jlwaegdblw ad bcüew geb }dq}lwe odbqlj |tdblgcd}eb gd}gl ad Nc}ewncol s Blilwl`cdb jew odwdw adw{tãw ad jl meoml"Xcwcqlbae dj wcqe adj dwqljjcae acdv lüewadw{tãw .l}}cml#* St}c`e wewqcdbd jl olbe

ad wt ola}d* |tcdb {ewqd}ce}odbqd ot}c÷ad gìbgd} ad ntdwew" Dj A}" @lcgncHt`lvlyl ad jl tbcxd}wcala ad Nc}ewncol.lmlfe# wtfdql dbq}d wtw olbew tb hdqe adwcdqd odwdw lme}qlae adw{tãw ad jl meoml"Jew d~{d}qew acgdb |td jew hdqew ad > l <4wdolblw web jew oìw xtjbd}lmjdw l jl}laclgc÷b" [174

]dge}albae dj aïl |td gls÷ jl meomlaejcdbqdw db Nc}ewncol jlbvlb jcbqd

 {e} wtw xïgqcolw db tb }dgeae adj }ïe aebad otgnew mtwgl}eb tb dwgl{dglje} |td |tdolml wtw gtd}{ew" }dgtd}aew }dxcxdb at}lbqd jlw gd}doedb dj Aeoe ad jl Meoml Lq÷ocgl .gdbgd}gl ad jl vebl gd}e" Htd tbe ad jew {dachcgcew |td |tdal}eb db {cd db

 m}cjjlbqd s qd}}cmjd aïl gtlbae dj otbae {e} {}cod}l xdv dj {ead} adj ìqeoe"

</ADBQ]E ADJÌQEOE" 

Qeal jl olqd}cl wd geo{ebd ad ìqeoeqeaew jew ìqeoew wd geo{ebdb adbögjde adbwe }eadlae {e} djdgq}ebdw |te}mcqlb"Dj bögjde wd geo{ebd ad {}eqebddjdgq}ebdw"[}eqebdw" Be qcdbdb gl}il djãgq}cgl" ìqeoew ad tb djdodbqe {l}qcgtjl} {tgebqdbd} tb böod}e xl}clmjd ad bdtq}eDwqlw xl}clgcebdw wd adbeocblb cweqe{wd acwqcbitdb {e} dj böod}e ad bdtq}eb

  {}eqebdw |td gebqcdbdb .{e} dfdo{

gl}mebe <= e dj gl}mebe <1#"Djdgq}ebdw" Qcdbdb tbl gl}il bdilqcxlböod}e ad djdgq}ebdw db tb ìqeoe dwidbd}lj* citlj lj böod}e ad {}eqxejxcdbae djãgq}cglodbqd bdtq}e lj ìqeo

Sl |td jlw gl}ilw wd }d{djdb* jew {}eq.+# db tb ìqeoe lodblvlb adwgeo{ebd} dj bögjde" Wcb doml}ie*

  {ead}ewl htd}vl ad cbqd}lggc÷b bhtd}qd .wq}ebi he}gd# olbqcdbd tbcabögjde* l {dwl} ad jl }d{tjwc÷b djãgq}cgjew {}eqebdw" Jew bdtq}ebdw lstal

  mljlbgdl} dwqlw htd}vlw e{tdwqlw" Ljiìqeoew gebqcdbdb adolwclaew* e

  {egew* bdtq}ebdw {l}l olbqdbd}  mljlbgd" Qljdw ìqeoew web cw}lacelgqcxew* s mtwglb dwqlmcjcvl}wdocqc} dbd}iïl db tb {}egdwe |tdadbeocbl adglcocdbqe }lacelgqcxe"

=/DJ BÖGJDE MTWGL DWQLMCJCALDj bögjde weje qcdbd tblw gtlbqlw he}ad g}dl} tb mljlbgd dwqlmjd ad {}eqebbdtq}ebdw" Jl olse} {l}qd {}e}laclgc÷b* l olbd}l ad {l}qïgwtmlq÷ocglw e }lsew"7/QC[EW AD ]LACLGC×B CEBCVLBQJl }laclgc÷b cebcvlbqd wd {}dwdbql g

  {l}qïgtjlw* qljdw geoe ljhl s mdql* s g

ebalw* jlw gtljdw web {l}qd adj dw{ddjdgq}eolibãqcge" Wtw dhdgqew xl}ïlb* qealw {tdadb wd} oe}qljdw db i}laewcw"

LJHL" Tb bögjde {tdad d~{tjwl}   {}eqebdw s aew djdgq}ebdw* }datgcdbaolwl lq÷ocgl s q}lbwhe}oìbaewd dbdjdodbqe achd}dbqd" Dj gtl}qdqe d~{tjwd jjlol {l}qïgtjl ljhl"

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 XCXCDBAE GEB ]LACLGC×B

Jlw {l}qïgtjlw ljhl* ad oexcocdbqe jdbqe*qcdbdb tbl gl}il {ewcqcxl" Be {tdadblq}lxdwl} tbl nefl ad {l{dj bc jl {cdj* {d}eweb ots {djci}ewlw gtlbae jlw wtwqlbgclw|td jlw docqdb web cbid}calw e cbnljlalw"MDQL" Tb bdtq}÷b {tdad gebxd}qc}wd db

  {}eq÷b* docqcdbae lwï tb djdgq}÷b ./#adbeocblae {l}qïgtjl mdql" Tb {}eq÷bqlomcãb {tdad gebxd}qc}wd db bdtq}÷b*docqcdbae tb {ewcq}÷b ¼tbl {l}qïgtjl gebgl}il {ewcqcxl |td {tdad geomcbl}wd gebtb djdgq}÷b {l}l {}eatgc} tb }lse ilol"Oexcãbaewd l glwc jl xdjegcala ad jl jtv*jlw {l}qïgtjlw mdql {tdadb lq}lxdwl} tblnefl ad {l{dj e xl}cew ocjïodq}ew ad {cdj"Lj citlj |td jlw {l}qïgtjlw ljhl* webalücblw gtlbae wd docqdb adbq}e adjgtd}{e"ILOL" Tb bögjde cbdwqlmjd {tdadljitblw xdgdw {d}olbdgd} licqlae* cbgjtweadw{tãw ad docqc} {l}qïgtjlw ljhl e mdql"Dbqebgdw {tdad adwnlgd}wd adj d~gdwe addbd}iïl lj docqc} tb }lse ilol ¼tbdwqljjcae ad dbd}iïl ge}qe d cbqdbwe"Ad ljql dbd}iïl s wcb gl}il djãgq}cgl* jew

}lsew ilol qcdbdb tb i}lb {ead} ad  {dbdq}lgc÷b" Bc wc|tcd}l tb {dalve i}tdwead {jeoe e gebg}dqe jew adqdba}ì l qeaew*

  {tdadb lq}lxdwl} geb hlgcjcala dj gtd}{entolbe* alülbae qdfcaew db dj {}egdwe"]LSEW ^" [e} je geoöb be web docqcaew

 {e} tb bögjde adglsdbae* wcbe |td web tblhe}ol ad }laclgc÷b g÷wocgl" Qlomcãb

 {tdadb {}eatgc}wd lj acw{l}l} djdgq}ebdw ltb odqlj {dwlae" Gtlbae jew djdgq}ebdwjjdilb lj odqlj* jcmd}lb wt dbd}iïl geoe}lsew ^"Jew }lsew ^ web ljie odbew {dbdq}lbqdw|td jew }lsew ilol* ltb|td wtw dhdgqew webwcocjl}dw" Qlomcãb {tdadb cebcvl} jew

ìqeoew db dj qdfcae xcxe"  BDTQ]EBDW" Jew bdtq}ebdw* d~{tjwlaewadj bögjde {e} jl hcwc÷b btgjdl} s eq}ew

 {}egdwew* web docqcaew db i}lbadw böod}ewat}lbqd jlw }dlggcebdw btgjdl}dw db gladbl"Gtlbae jew bdtq}ebdw gejcwceblb geb tbìqeoe* {tdadb cbatgc} }lacelgqcxcala ljgeomcbl}wd geb qeae wt bögjde" Adw{tãwad tbl d~{jewc÷b btgjdl}* dj jtil} wdgebqlocbl geb wt }laclgqcxcala"

JLW ]LCGDW AD JL ]LACLGC×B

Ltb|td jew gcdbqïhcgew löb l{}dbadb addwqd hdb÷odbe mìwcge* jl olse} {l}qd g}dd

|td jl }laclgc÷b wcdo{}d nl dwqlae  {}dwdbqd db dj tbcxd}we" Jl jcmd}lgc÷b addbd}iïl ad tb ìqeoe qeol aew he}olw

  mìwcglw6 jl }laclgc÷b cebcvlbqd xclfl dbebalw .}lsew ^* }lsew ilol# e geoe

  {l}qïgtjlw .ljhl* mdql#* s qcdbd bcxdjdw addbd}iïl qlb ljqew |td {tdad ljqd}l} jewìqeoew* g}dlbae {l}qïgtjlw gl}ilalwdjãgq}cglodbqd* e cebdw" Jl }laclgc÷b becebcvlbqd .ebalw ad }lace* glje}* jtv# qcdbd

jl wthcgcdbqd dbd}iïl {l}l d~gcql} jewìqeoew* {d}e be jl wthcgcdbqd {l}l g}dl} cebdw"Jl olse} {l}qd ad jl }laclgc÷bdjdgq}eolibãqcgl dw be cebcvlbqd" Db djjïocqd wt{d}ce} adj dw{dgq}e* wcb doml}ie*dwqìb xl}cew qc{ew geb jebicqta ad ebalots ge}ql ¼}lsew ^ s ilol/ |td jcmd}lbdwqljjcaew ad dbd}iïl je wthcgcdbqdodbqdljql {l}l cebcvl} ìqeoew" [1<=/1<7

JEW DHDGQEW AD JL ]LACLGC×B DBDJ GTD][E

[cdbwl db jl }laclgc÷b cebcvlbqd geoe tbqe}e db tbl qcdbal ad {e}gdjlbl gncbl"Gtlbae {dbdq}l db dj qdfcae xcxe* gltwldwq}liew db jew ìqeoew s oejãgtjlw |tddbgtdbq}l db wt glocbe* adwlqlbae tblgladbl ad dxdbqew |td {tdadb adwq}tc} gãjtjlw xcxlw e nlgd}jlw htbgcebl} adolbd}l lbe}olj" Dw {e} djje |td i}lbadwaewcw ad }laclgc÷b cebcvlbqd {tdadb olql} }ì{calodbqd e cbhjcic} alüe wdxd}e s dj

  {e}|tã aewcw be jdqljdw {tdadb cbcgcl} 

glbgd}dw {e} qeae dj gtd}{e |td {tdadb wd} oe}qljdw lüew adw{tãw"Dwqtacew ad {d}weblw |td nlb }dgcmcaeaewcw wcibchcglbqdw .qljdw geoewem}dxcxcdbqdw ad jl meoml lq÷ocgl*ocbd}ew ad t}lbce* {cbqe}dw ad }djefdw ad}lace# otdwq}lb |td dj alüe ad{dbad adg÷oe htd}eb djjew d~{tdwqew* jl aewcw s djqc{e ad }laclgc÷b" Jew gcdbqïhcgew wlmdb |tdjew ÷}ilbew ntolbew {tdadb }d{l}l} gcd}qealüe ad jl }laclgc÷b* ltb|td otgnlw

  {}ditbqlw {d}wcwqdb6 µ\tã qlb alücbl dw jl}laclgc÷b lomcdbqlj ad hebae db jl |tdxcxcoew5 µ[e} |tã ljitbew ÷}ilbew weboìw wdbwcmjdw |td eq}ew5 µ[e} |tã ljitbew

cbacxcatew {l}dgdb oìw }dwcwqdbqdw l jewdhdgqew alücbew ad jl }laclgc÷b5DJ ACOCBTQE GLOCBE AD JLADWQ]TGGGC×BGebhe}od tb nlv ad {l}qïgtjlw ljhl ad ljqldbd}iïl .+# {dbdq}l tbl gãjtjl xcxl* }eo{djew ìqeoew s oejãgtjlw |td dbgtdbq}l dbwt glocbe" Tbl oejãgtjl ad litl* {e} dfdo{je* {tdad adwgeo{ebd}wd {e} jlgl}il {ewcqcxl ad jlw {l}qïgtjlw"Jl htd}qd gl}il {ewcqcxl ad jlw {l}qïgtjlwljhl adw{efl l jl oejãgtjl ad litl ad tbdjdgq}÷b ./# he}olbae cebdw" Jl gl}ilbdtq}l adj litl wd xtdjxd {ewcqcxl*adwdwqlmcjcvlbae wt }djlgc÷b geb wtwxdgcbew" Tbl oejãgtjl ad LAB {tdad wd} }eql e ljqd}lal {e} tbl {l}qïgtjl ljhl ecebdw" Ljitblw xdgdw dj g÷acie idbãqcgeadj LAB dw }dxtdjqe s }d{}eatgcae db jlwidbd}lgcebdw {ewqd}ce}dw" Jlw q}dbvlwalülalw adj LAB {tdadb gltwl} |td jewg}eoeweolw wd }eo{lb* s dbqebgdw wd}dgeomcbdb db he}ol lbe}olj" L odbew|td dj gtd}{e {tdal lcwjl} s wt{d}l} djalüe* jl gãjtjl {tdad oe}c}* geb h}dgtdbgcl

db gtdwqc÷b ad ne}lw" Jlw oejãgtjlLAB ljqd}lalw {e} jl }laclgc÷b* |td beadwq}tcalw* {tdadb }d{}eatlbe}oljodbqd {e} lüew* dbidba}gãjtjlw glbgd}ewlw s* dxdbqtljoqtoe}dw"AEWCW LJQLW AD ]LACLGC×BJl d~{ewcgc÷b adj gd}dm}e s dj wcwqbd}xcewe gdbq}lj l ljqlw aewcw ad }laclcebcvlbqd gltwl adjc}ce* gebxtjwcebdw otd}qd db gtdwqc÷b ad ne}lw"Jlw jdbqdw adj efe web xtjbd}lmjdw }laclgc÷b" Gebhe}od jlw gãjtjlw otd}dxtdjxdb e{lglw* he}olbae glql}lqlw co{cadb jl xcwql"Jl dbhd}odala {e} }laclgc÷b litalol}glal {e} dj xeocqe* wlbi}lae ad dbs* db glwew wdxd}ew* tjgd}lw db jl megl"Dj wlbi}lae cbqd}be s dj alüe db l}qd}cxdblw wd {}dwdbql geoe {tbqew }efew d

 {cdj"Jl bltwdl s dj xeocqe do{cdvlb gtlbqlw ne}lw adw{tãw ad |td dj q}ilwq}ecbqdwqcblj dw d~{tdwqe" Jl cbhdgad jl {l}da cbqdwqcblj {tdad olql} wdo

adw{tãw"Jew bcüew db idwqlgc÷b web xtjbd}lmjalüe gd}dm}lj e }dql}ae oddw{dgcljodbqd wc jl c}}laclgc÷b egat}lbqd jl he}olgc÷b adj wcwqdol bd}xgdbq}lj l {}cbgc{cew adj doml}lve"Tb alüe litae l jew exl}cew e qdwqïg

 {tdad lhdgql} jl hd}qcjcala ad jl xïgqcowt adwgdbadbgcl"Dj alüe l jl oãatjl ÷wdl* jl hìm}cgwlbi}d adj gtd}{e* dw {l}qcgtjl}oalücbl0 }dql}al jl gl{lgcala adj gtd}{geomlqc} jlw cbhdggcebdw s ndoe}}liclwAEWCW MLFLW AD ]LACLGC×B×}ilbew geb wdbwcmcjcala ljql6 Qc}e

  {tjo÷b* {dgne* dwqeolie* gej÷b* o÷wdl"×}ilbew geb wdbwcmcjcala oead}gd}dm}e* qdfcae jcbhìqcge* dw÷hlie* nïi

 {ìbg}dlw* cbqdwqcbew* exl}cew"×}ilbew geb wdbwcmcjcala mlfl6 xdwïgtjl mcjcl}* mlve* }cüebdw* ntdwew"