What is Biodiesel ?
Biodiesel refers to a non-petroleum-based diesel fuel consisting of
short chain alkyl (methyl or ethyl) esters, made by
Transesterfication of vegetable oil or animal fat , which can be used
(alone, or blended with conventional petro-diesel) in unmodified
diesel-engine vehicles.
"Biodiesel" is standardized as mono-alkyl ester.
History of Vegetable Oil Based Fuels
1900 - Rudolph Diesel debuted the first diesel engine running on peanut oil at the World’s Exhibition in Paris He likely used peanut oil at the request of the
French Government, who were interested in its use in their African colonies
After Diesel’s mysterious death in 1913, development focused on the use of petroleum-based fuels
The use of vegetable oils as engine fuels may seem insignificant today but the such oils may become, in the course of time, as important as petroleum and the coal tar products of the present time.
-Rudolph Diesel, 1912
Globally, transportation accounts for 25% of energy demand and nearly 62% of oil consumed. The generation of electricity is the single largest use of fuel in the world.More than 60 % of power generated comes from fossil fuels.
Security Of Supply
Reduction Of Green House Gas Emissions
Social Structure & Agriculture
FUEL ANALYSIS BIODIESEL
WASHING&
DRYING
ATMOSPHERIC DISTILLATION
TRANSESTERIFICATIONESTERIFICATION
PRETREATMENT
COLLECTED
OIL
6
Pretreatments
FILTERING HEATING H20
CALCULATING FFA
FFA=
•This is the process of separating the fatty acids from their glycerol
backbone to form biodiesel and glycerine.
• Transesterification is the reversible reaction of oil with an alcohol
(methanol or ethanol) to form fatty acid alkyl esters and glycerol.
• The vegetable oil molecules is reduced to about 1/3rd its original
size, lowering its viscosity, making it similar to diesel.
Transesterification
Transesterification reaction
Washing biodiesel with water is the oldest and most common method
of cleaning biodiesel. Methanol is a solvent, it captures soap and
other impurities and holds them dissolved in the biodiesel. Water
soaks up that methanol, releasing impurities to be washed away with
water.
Type of Water washing used :
Water Washing
Air / Bubble Washing
Washing and Drying
INDIAJatropha,Waste oil
USASoybean,Waste oil
CANADACanola,
Animal Fat
GERMANYRapeseed
MALAYSIAPalm
INDONASIAPalm
Jatropha
AUSTRALIAWaste oil
Animal Fat
RUSSIARapeseedSoybean
Sunflower JAPANWaste oil
CHINAJatropha,Waste oil
BRAZILSoybean
PalmCotton oil
UKRapeseedWaste oil
FEEDSTOCKS FOR BIODIESEL
Electricity production
TransportationRailwaysShipsAutomobiles
Railway usage• The British businessman RichardBranson's Virgin Voyager train number220007 Thames Voyager,billed as theworld's first "biodiesel train".
AIRCRAFTFeb 2009• The first flight by a commercial airline to be partly powered by biofuels and billed asheralding a eco-friendlier and cheaper era ofairline travel took place
Indian Initiatives
National Mission on Biodiesel has been launched by GOI
State Governments designated special authorities/bodies to manage
Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas notified biodiesel purchase policy
Government Institutes are working on technology and promotion
Public and private sectors are working on processing and end use
Some more practicalities
The former President of India, Late Dr. Abdul Kalam, is one of the strong advocaters of Jatropha cultivation for production of bio-diesel.
The State Bank of India provided a boost to the cultivation of Jatropha in India by signing a MoU with D1 Mohan, a joint venture of D1 Oils plc, to give loans to the tune of 1.3 billion rupees to local farmers in India.
Older diesel Mercedes are popular for running on biodiesel
Biodiesel : First trial run on train
First successful trial run of a superfast passenger train was conducted on Dec 31, 2009
Delhi - Amritsar Shatabdi Express used 5% of biodiesel fuel.Railway annual fuel bill = Rs 3400 crore (for Diesel)10% mixture with Diesel = reduced
(Rs.300-400 crore / annum)5% substitution is accepted.
Andhra Pradesh has entered into a formal agreement with Reliance Industries for Jatropha planting. The company has selected 200 acres (0.81 km2) of land at
Kakinada to grow Jatropha for high quality bio-diesel fuel.
Chhattisgarh has decided to plant 160 million saplings of Jatropha in all its 16 districts during 2006 with the aim of becoming a bio-fuel self-reliant state by 2015.
On Nov 2005, the Maharashtra Government aimed to cultivate
Jatropha on 600 km² in the state.
September 2007-Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Limited(HPCL)
joined hands with the Maharashtra State Farming Corporation
Ltd(MSFCL) for a Jatropha seed-based bio-diesel venture.
Jatropha plant would be grown on 500 acres (2 km²) in Nashik and
Aurangabad.
05/02/23
Land Availability
Certified High Yielding Varieties
Plant Health
Availability of labor
Irrigation
Costs
High yielding certified seed / planting material
Dedicated Government Financial SupportAllotment of funds to promote Energy Crop plantations Nil VAT/ST on “Biodiesel Portion” of blended HSD.Direct investments by Corporate to be treated as R&D expense / CSR
activity Waste Land Allotment Policy : Integrated (revenue cum
forest) wasteland allotment policy
Bio diesel is environmental friendly. It can help reduce dependency on foreign oil. It helps to lubricate the engine itself, decreasing engine wear. It offers similar power to diesel fuel. It is safer than conventional diesel. It can be made from waste products.It can be made at home easily.
Its storage for long period is not suitable for engine operation.
It becomes gel in cold weather. It has water content. (Hygroscopic) It has higher (10%) Nox emissions. It decreases horsepower. (25%)
By mixing of 20 per cent biodiesel with diesel will help India to save 7.3x106 tones of diesel per year.
In India about 33 million hectares of wasteland is available and can effectively be used for cultivation of jatropha plants.
It offers business possibility to agricultural enterprises and rural employment.
Biodiesel is least-cost-strategy to comply with state and federal regulations.
Use of biodiesel does not require major engine modifications. The only thing that changes is air quality.
Biodiesel has positive attributes such as increased cetane, high fuel lubricity & high oxygen content.
Biodiesel reduces by as much as 65 % the emission of small particles of solid combustion products.
The ozone (smog) forming potentials of hydrocarbons is less than diesel fuel.
Sulfur emissions are essentially eliminated with pure biodiesel .
Biodiesel contain no petroleum, but can be blended with conventional diesel fuel.
These fuel can be used in any diesel engine without any modification. Biodiesel is degradable , non toxic and free from sulphur and lead.
Graboski MS,McCormick RL. (1998)Combustion of fat and vegetable oil derived fuels in diesel engines.
Lapuerta M, Armas O, Rodriguez-Fernandez J. (1999)Effect of biodiesel fuels on diesel engine emissions. Basha SA, Raja Gopal K, Jebaraj S. (2011)A review on biodiesel production,
combustion, emissions and performance. Aydin H, Bayindir H. (2012)Performance and emission analysis of cottonseed
oil methyl ester in a diesel engine. Hazar H. Effects of biodiesel on a low heat loss diesel engine. Andree, A. & Pachernegg, S.J. (1969) Ignition conditions in diesel engines.
Society of Automotive Engineering Transaction Babu, A.K. & Devaradjane, G. (2003) Vegetable oils and their derivatives as
fuels for CI engine
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