Cbse term - 1
★ Tenses Hacks★ Modals Hacks★ Subject Verb Concord Hacks★ Determiners Hacks★ Reported Speech Hacks
1. Sakshi Sinha2. Devyani3. Khushi4. Jaswant Siva5. Harsh 6. Anushka Trehan7. Priyasha Sharma8. Yashvi9. Catherine Rony10. Nandini Phartyal
In my class you will learn to Be a Reader, a Writer and an Achiever.
Amit Rohra English
● 10+ Years of teaching experience.
● Taught & mentored more than 40,000 students.
★ Grammar Syllabus
➔ Tenses
➔ Modals
➔ Subject-Verb Concord
➔ Determiner
➔ Reported Speech
Tenses
Tenses is one of the vital parts of the English
grammar. Students can score perfectly if they are
aware of the tenses rules and avoid mistakes. To
memorize and understand the Tenses rules here is
a tabulated representation.
Tense Tense Rules
Past Simple Tense Subject + V2 + Object
Tense Tense Rules
Past Simple Tense Subject + V2 + Object
Past Perfect Tense Subject + Had + V3 + Object
Tense Tense Rules
Past Simple Tense Subject + V2 + Object
Past Perfect Tense Subject + Had + V3 + Object
Past Continuous Tense Subject + was + V1 + ing + Object (Singular)
Subject + were + V1 + ing + Object (Plural)
Tense Tense Rules
Past Simple Tense Subject + V2 + Object
Past Perfect Tense Subject + Had + V3 + Object
Past Continuous Tense Subject + was + V1 + ing + Object (Singular)
Subject + were + V1 + ing + Object (Plural)
Past Perfect Continuous Tense
Subject + had been + V1 + ing + Object
Tense Tense Rules
Present Simple Tense Subject + V1 + s/es + Object (Singular)
Subject + V1 + Object (Plural)
Tense Tense Rules
Present Simple Tense Subject + V1 + s/es + Object (Singular)
Subject + V1 + Object (Plural)
Present Perfect Tense Subject + has + V3 + Object (Singular)
Subject + have + V3 + Object (Plural)
Tense Tense Rules
Present Simple Tense Subject + V1 + s/es + Object (Singular)
Subject + V1 + Object (Plural)
Present Perfect Tense Subject + has + V3 + Object (Singular)
Subject + have + V3 + Object (Plural)
Present Continuous Tense
Subject + is/am/are + V1 + ing + object
Tense Tense Rules
Present Perfect Tense Subject + has + V3 + Object (Singular)
Subject + have + V3 + Object (Plural)
Present Continuous Tense
Subject + is/am/are + V1 + ing + object
Present Perfect Continuous Tense
Subject + has been + V1 + ing + Object
(Singular)
Subject + have been + V1 + ing + Object
(Plural)
Tense Tense Rules
Future Simple Tense Subject + will/shall + V1 + Object
Tense Tense Rules
Future Simple Tense Subject + will/shall + V1 + Object
Future Perfect Tense Subject + will have/shall have + V3 +
Object
Tense Tense Rules
Future Simple Tense Subject + will/shall + V1 + Object
Future Perfect Tense Subject + will have/shall have + V3 +
Object
Future Continuous Tense
Subject + will be/shall be + ing + V1 + Object
Tense Tense Rules
Future Simple Tense Subject + will/shall + V1 + Object
Future Perfect Tense Subject + will have/shall have + V3 +
Object
Future Continuous Tense
Subject + will be/shall be + ing + V1 + Object
Future Perfect Continuous Tense
Subject + will have been + V1 + ing +
Object
Modals
● Here are the three basic rules to follow to
avoid the common mistakes that are made
with the modal verbs.
1. Use the modal verb as is.
Don’t change its form and turn it into the present,
future, or past forms. Don’t add anything to it. You
can’t add s, ed, or ing.
Modals
● Here are the three basic rules to follow to
avoid the common mistakes that are made
with the modal verbs.2. Use the base form of the verb after a modal.
Don’t use “to” or the full infinitive verb “to”.
Modals
● Here are the three basic rules to follow to
avoid the common mistakes that are made
with the modal verbs.3. If you need to use modals in the negative
form, then use only “not” AFTER the modal verb.
Don’t add any extra words anymore. So,
don’t use words like “isn’t”, “doesn’t”,
“don’t”, “won’t”, “wasn’t”, “aren’t”.
Subject - Verb ConcordThese are some important points you need to keep in mind for this topic:
Subject - Verb ConcordThese are some important points you need to keep in mind for this topic:
● Subject: Doer of the verb.
Subject - Verb ConcordThese are some important points you need to keep in mind for this topic:
● Subject: Doer of the verb.● Object: Receiver of the Verb
Subject - Verb ConcordThese are some important points you need to keep in mind for this topic:
● Subject: Doer of the verb.● Object: Receiver of the Verb● Verb: Action or state in a sentence.
Subject - Verb ConcordThese are some important points you need to keep in mind for this topic:
● Subject: Doer of the verb.● Object: Receiver of the Verb● Verb: Action or state in a sentence.● Basic rule of subject verb agreement: A
subject must agree with its verb in number.
Subject - Verb ConcordThese are some important points you need to keep in mind for this topic:
● Subject: Doer of the verb.● Object: Receiver of the Verb● Verb: Action or state in a sentence.● Basic rule of subject verb agreement: A
subject must agree with its verb in number.
This has two implications:
1. A singular subject takes a singular verb.
Subject - Verb ConcordThese are some important points you need to keep in mind for this topic:
● Subject: Doer of the verb.● Object: Receiver of the Verb● Verb: Action or state in a sentence.● Basic rule of subject verb agreement: A
subject must agree with its verb in number.
This has two implications:
1. A singular subject takes a singular verb.2. Plural subjects take plural verbs.
● Subject-Verb Agreement: Advanced Tricks
➔ Trick 1: Some indefinite pronouns are
considered singular and require singular
verb forms.
The following is the list of indefinite pronouns:
anyone, anybody, anything, No one, nobody,
nothing, someone, somebody, something,
everyone, everybody, everything, whatever and
whoever.
Example: Everyone wants to watch the movie.
(Notice the singular verb 'wants' in this case).
● Subject-Verb Agreement: Advanced Tricks
Trick 2: Five indefinite pronouns can be either
singular or plural, depending on the usage.
Which are these pronouns? These are the SANAM
pronouns: Some, Any, None, All, More / Most. You
can use this handy mnemonic, SANAM, to keep
this in mind.
Now the important thing is the basis on which we decide whether the noun is singular or plural. There is one simple rule that is followed here:
■ If the noun is a countable noun (nouns for which the plural form exists), then the verb is plural.
■ If the noun is an uncountable noun (nouns for which only the singular forms exists), then the verb is singular.
Example:
Sentence 1: Some of the girls are going out.
Sentence 2: Most of the money was lost.
Determiners
In the English language, we use determiners to
provide information about a noun or to introduce
a noun.
Determiners ➔ Tips for using Determiners:1. Determiners always come first in the noun
phrase.
Determiners ➔ Tips for using Determiners:1. Determiners always come first in the noun
phrase.2. Determiners are required with singular
nouns.
Determiners ➔ Tips for using Determiners:1. Determiners always come first in the noun
phrase.2. Determiners are required with singular
nouns.3. To speak about a singular noun generally,
use an indefinite article (a or an).
Determiners ➔ Tips for using Determiners:1. Determiners always come first in the noun
phrase.2. Determiners are required with singular
nouns.3. To speak about a singular noun generally,
use an indefinite article (a or an).4. To speak about a plural noun generally, do
not use a determiner.
Determiners ➔ Tips for using Determiners:1. Determiners always come first in the noun
phrase.2. Determiners are required with singular
nouns.3. To speak about a singular noun generally,
use an indefinite article (a or an).4. To speak about a plural noun generally, do
not use a determiner.5. To speak about a singular noun specifically,
use a definite article, demonstrative pronoun, possessive pronoun, or quantifier.
Determiners ➔ Tips for using Determiners:1. Determiners always come first in the noun
phrase.2. Determiners are required with singular
nouns.3. To speak about a singular noun generally,
use an indefinite article (a or an).4. To speak about a plural noun generally, do
not use a determiner.5. To speak about a singular noun specifically,
use a definite article, demonstrative pronoun, possessive pronoun, or quantifier.
6. To speak about a plural noun specifically, use a definite article, demonstrative pronoun, possessive pronoun, or quantifier.
Reported Speech
● Tips on Direct & Indirect Speech:
Reported Speech
● Tips on Direct & Indirect Speech:
1. Conversion Rules as per the Reporting Verb
a. When the reporting or principal verb is
in the Past Tense, all Present tenses of
the direct are changed into the
corresponding Past Tenses.
Reported Speech
● Tips on Direct & Indirect Speech:
1. Conversion Rules as per the Reporting Verb
a. When the reporting or principal verb is in the
Past Tense, all Present tenses of the direct
are changed into the corresponding Past
Tenses.
b. If the reporting verb is in the Present or
Future Tense, the tenses of the Direct
Speech do not change.
Reported Speech
● Tips on Direct & Indirect Speech:
2. Conversion Rules of Present Tense in Direct
Speech
a. Simple Present Changes to Simple Past
Reported Speech
● Tips on Direct & Indirect Speech:
2. Conversion Rules of Present Tense in Direct
Speech
a. Simple Present Changes to Simple Past
b. Present Continuous Changes to Past
Continuous
Reported Speech
● Tips on Direct & Indirect Speech:
2. Conversion Rules of Present Tense in Direct
Speech
a. Simple Present Changes to Simple Past
b. Present Continuous Changes to Past
Continuous
c. Present Perfect Changes to Past Perfect
Reported Speech
● Tips on Direct & Indirect Speech:
2. Conversion Rules of Present Tense in Direct
Speech
a. Simple Present Changes to Simple Past
b. Present Continuous Changes to Past
Continuous
c. Present Perfect Changes to Past Perfect
d. Present Perfect Continuous Changes to Past
Perfect Continuous
Reported Speech
● Tips on Direct & Indirect Speech:
3. Conversion Rules of Past & Future Tense
a. Simple Past Changes to Past Perfect
Reported Speech
● Tips on Direct & Indirect Speech:
3. Conversion Rules of Past & Future Tense
a. Simple Past Changes to Past Perfect
b. Past Continuous Changes to Past
Perfect Continuous
Reported Speech
● Tips on Direct & Indirect Speech:
3. Conversion Rules of Past & Future Tense
a. Simple Past Changes to Past Perfect
b. Past Continuous Changes to Past
Perfect Continuous
c. Future Changes to Present Conditional
Reported Speech
● Tips on Direct & Indirect Speech:
3. Conversion Rules of Past & Future Tense
a. Simple Past Changes to Past Perfect
b. Past Continuous Changes to Past
Perfect Continuous
c. Future Changes to Present Conditional
d. Future Continuous Changes to
Conditional Continuous
Reported Speech
● Tips on Direct & Indirect Speech:
4. Changes in Modals
a. CAN changes into COULD
Reported Speech
● Tips on Direct & Indirect Speech:
4. Changes in Modals
a. CAN changes into COULD
b. MAY changes into MIGHT
Reported Speech
● Tips on Direct & Indirect Speech:
4. Changes in Modals
a. CAN changes into COULD
b. MAY changes into MIGHT
c. MUST changes into HAD TO/WOULD
HAVE TO
Reported Speech
● Tips on Direct & Indirect Speech:
4. Changes in Modals
a. CAN changes into COULD
b. MAY changes into MIGHT
c. MUST changes into HAD TO/WOULD
HAVE TO
d. Modals that DO NOT Change: Would,
Could, Might, Should, Ought to.
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