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CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENTIn various construction jobs, use of equipments is common to all types of works, but
heavy and special machinery and plant will be essential for large construction projects.
Adoption of mechanized construction and precast construction techniques need thesetting up of plants to handle the works on a large scale and to achieve quick progress
and effectively quality control.
Various Equipment used in construction site include-:Earth excavation and moving machineries-: Shovels, Bulldozers, Graders, Drag liners,
Trench excavators etc.
Earth compaction units-: Smooth or plain surface rollers, Sheep foot rollers, Frog
compacters, Vibratory rollers, etc.
Drilling and Blasting Equipment.
Grouting Equipment, Guniting Equipment.
Pumping and Dewatering units.
Dredgers and Silt clearing Equipments.
Concrete Mixing and Batching Plants.
Transport and Conveyance Equipment.
Tankers and Storage.
Lifting and Hoisting Equipment.
Miscellaneous Equipment-: Cutting, Welding, Casting etc.
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Concrete cutters trenching equipment-:It is used for following purpose.
Used for Working repair and replacement projects on
streets and roadways.Used for patch and joint placement on interstates,
streets and highways.
Cutting highway and bridge relief joints.
Creating lateral ditches for highway drainage.
Work on street and airport lighting projects and etc.
Manufactured by Vermeer, Koehring, FMC etc.TRENCHING EQUIPMENTTrenching machines, also called as Ditchers or
Trenchers, are used for digging trenches for-:
Water, gas, and oil lines
Telephones cable lines
Sewer linesDrainage ditches
Other similar underground items and endeavors
DIFFERENT KIND TRENCHING EQUIMENTS
ARE-:
The size & type of machine selected for a particular job depends on the size &
depth of the trench needed & on soil, site, & the other condition.
There are basically two types of trenching machine-:
Wheel type Ladder type
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They are designed for help in fast digging, with good
control of depths ranging from 1.37m to 4.37m( 4.5 to
15ft ) and width 38cm to 137cm( 15 to 5.5ft )
The machine moves with speed of 0.s to 3km/hour.
The rotating wheels or buckets are lowered to desireddepth and the machine unit moves forward.
The buckets cut and pick the earth and deposit on the
belt conveyor, which unloads at the desired place or on
either side
The ladder type have better flexibility of operating on
varying depths and widths.The ladder type cannot be used in rocky soils, unstable
deposits and where groundwater is met in large
quantities.
Apparatus of trenching equipment-:
Rotating Wheels Cutting Buckets
Digging chains
Ladder
Cabin
Mount
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TRENCHERS:-A trencheris piece of construction equipment used
to dig trenches, typically for laying pipes orcable,
or fordrainage.Trenchers may range in size. Depending on the
type of digging implement, a trencher may be
classified as a chain trencher or a rockwheel.
The trenching machine
allows simultaneous
excavation and backfilling
without an open trench
Chain trencher A chain trencher cuts with a digging chain that
is driven around a rounded metal frame, orboom. It resembles a giant chainsaw. This type of trencher can cut ground that istoo hard to cut with a bucket-type excavator. The angle of the boom can be adjusted tocontrol the depth of the cut.
It can dig the ground upto 18 feet deep in
no time.
It can trench around of 300 to 400 ft /day
in a ground full of rocks.
Manufactured by- Vermeer, Koehring, FMC
To cut a trench, the boom is held at afixed &le while the machine creepsforward.
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A rock wheel is a toothed metal wheel
effectively a giant circular saw.
Rock wheels can cut harder ground thana chain trencher, including cutting through
solid stone.
They are also used to cut pavement for
road maintenance and to gain access to
utilities under roads.
The teeth on a rock wheel are
removable and made of high strength
steel or tungsten.
When the machine is under heavy use,
the teeth may need to be replaced as
frequently as every day.
ROCKWHEEL
It consist of 1" (3 cm) shank rotarycarbide teeth and feature infinitely
variable tip speeds up to 750 fpm, for
fast and efficient performance.
Manufactured by- Vermeer, Koehring,
FMC etc.
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CONSISTS OF : power driven wheel,
on which are mounted a number ofremovable buckets, equipped with cutter
teeth.
Buckets are available in varying widths
to which side cutters may be attached
when it is necessary to increase the
width of a trench. WORKING : Operated by lowering the
rotating wheel to the desired depth,
while the unit moves forward slowly.
The earth is picked up by the buckets
& deposited onto an endless beltconveyor that can be adjusted to
discharge the earth on either side of the
trench.
WHEEL TYPE TRENCHING
MACHINE
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LADDER TYPE TRENCHING MACHINE The excavating part of the machine
consists of two endless chains thattravel along the bottom, to which there
are attached cutter buckets equippedwith teeth.
Shaft mounted side cutters may beinstalled on each side of the boom toincrease the width of a trench.
As the bucket travel up the underside of
the boom. They bring out earth anddeposit it on a belt conveyor thatdischarges it along either side of thetrench.
DISADVANTAGE : not suitable for excavating trenches in rock or wherelarge quantities of groundwater,
combined with unstable soil, prevent thewalls of a trench remaining in place.
SELECTING SUITABLEEQUIPMENT FOREXCAVATING TRENCHES The job conditions.
The depth and width of the trench. The class of soil. The extent to which groundwater is
present. The width of the right of way for disposal
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Sewer line trenching
Water line trenching
Shoulder line
trenching
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A shovel is usually a hand tool, which
normally consists of a wide blade withedges on its sides that are fixed to
accommodate length handle.
BLADE
HANDLE
HOLD OR CONTROL
The main parts of a power shovel are
mounting, cabin, boom, dipper stick or arm
& the excavator or dipper bucket.
SHOVEL
Travel unit
Revolving unit
Front add attachment
BLADE
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TRAVEL
UNIT
CRAWLER WHEEL
TRAVEL UNIT MAY BE IN THE FORM OF CRAWLER MOUNTING OR
WHEEL MOUNTING AND ACCORDINGLY THE EXCAVATORS ARE KNOWN
AS CRAWLER MOUNTED OR WHEEL MOUNTED EXCAVATOR.
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REVOLVING UNIT CONSIST OF
OPERATER CABIN CAN BE
REVOLVED IN DESIRED POSITION
AS IT RESTS ON A DECK ORREVOLVING PLATEFORM
THIS REVOLVING UNIT IS BASIC MODULE PRESENT IN MANY EXCAVATOR UNITONLY THE FRONT ATTACHMENT IS CHANGED AS PER BEHAVIOUR OF
EXCAVATOR IT MOSTLY DIGS ABOVE MACHINE BASE LEVEL AND HAS A
LIMITED DIGGING CAPACITY BELOW BASE LEVEL. IT HAS A QUICK DIGGING
CYCLE AND DOES THE WORK OF DIGGING COMPACT OR HARDER WORKING
FACES . THE DIGGING AND DUMPING ARE PERFORMED WITH GOOD
CONTROL AND ACCURACY
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DRAGSHOVEL OR BACK-ACTERThis machine is chiefly employed for
digging TRENCHESfor drains, sewers,
water pipes etc.. It is used for excavating
basements,
especially on confined sites which
preclude the use of the shovel at the
required level
This is called backacter for, like the
dragline ,the bucketat the end of the
dipper handle of drag shovel has a
backward cutting actions towards the
machine
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It can easily dig down to a depth of
about 4 m below the tracks.
Apart from digging, the bucket is
also used for demolition and fortamping fill.
A bucket can be changed, or
replaced with a hydraulic breaker.
They can be used with or withoutATTENDANThaulage vehiclessince the spoil can be placedalongside the excavation for usein backfilling.
These machines will require a lowloader transport vehicle for travelbetween sites
The dipper handle of this pivot atthe at end of the boom, which isof robust construction.
The maximum capacity of the
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It has certain ADVANTAGESof both Dragline And Shovel
for example:
It resembles the dragline inthat it digs below its ownlevel.
But as the bucket can be
firmly held whilst excavating(like the shovel) the dragshovel will dig heavier soilsthan will a dragline of thesame size..
The machines are available
as a universal power unitbase machine or as apurpose designed hydraulicunit.
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CAPACITY
The maximum capacity of the bucket
is 2cu.mt.
The width of the trench can be
increased ifside cutters are fitted to
the bucket ;
The with can be further increased if
side wings and teeth are fixed to the
bucket.
BUCKET CAPACITY 0.7cu.mt.
without side cutter: 0.6 mt.
With side cutter: 0.76 mt.
With side wings and teeth 0.9-1.2 mt
A 0.5 m3 bucket with side wings and teeth can
dig a trench up to 1.7m in width (or 1 m
with side cutters and 0.9m without).
Wider trenchers are excavated by taking two or more cuts as required.The
larger machines can excavate to a maximum depth of 5.5 to 6m.
The trench output is dependent upon the pace of the men following up with
the necessary timbering.
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Skimmer is the equipment which is efficient for shallow work as for
levelling building sites & playing fields & for road constructionupto a
depth of 300 mm where great accuracy in level is required.When this is used the result in the form of absolutely clear leveled
surface is achieved.
This equipment is useful for mud shifting where the dump of the
escavated material do not exceed 1.2m to 1.5m and stripping thin layers
of over burden.
SKIMMERS
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Process: These machines consist of a bucket sliding along a horizontal jib. The bucket
slides along the jib digging away from the machine.
To discharge the spoil, the boom or jib is raised and the power unit is rotated until
the raised bucket is over the attendant haulage vehicle, enabling the spoil to bedischarged through the opening bottom direct into the haul unit.
The bucket travels the length depending upon the boom for a 4m long boom
the travel is about 3m.
The capacity of the bucket varies from 0.3m to 0.8m
When the bucket is full ,the boom is raised and the material collected to level
the surface is dumped into the lorry or wagon.
They have an output of about 50 bucket loads per hour.
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A dragline is an excavating machine
It consists of a rotating deck (the upper
works), a base (the lower works), and a
boom.
An operator, sitting in the house, controls a
digging bucket suspended from the end of
a boom by a hoist line
The bucket is filled by dragging it towards
the machine.
The bucket and contents are then hoistedclear of the ground. The ability of the deck
to rotate means the buckets contents can
be dumped anywhere within the radius of
the swing of the end of the boom.
Draglines are used in coal mining, rock
quarries, and sand and gravel pits.
DRAGLINE
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PARTS OF A
DRAGLINE
Boom
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Dragline bucket system consists of a
large bucket which is suspended from
a boom (a large truss like structure). The bucket is maneuvered by means
of a number of ropes and chains.The hoist-rope, powered by large
diesel or electric motors, supports the
bucket and hoist-coupler assembly
from the boom.
The dragrope is used to draw the
bucket assembly horizontally.
By skillful maneuver of the hoist and
the dragropes the bucket is controlled
for various operations
WORKING
CRAWLER-MOUNTED DRAGLINE
WALKING DRAGLINE
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LIFTING
OPERATION
SWINGOPERATION
DUMPINGOPERATION
DRAGLINE
IN
OPERATION
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ADVANTAGES Inherent with their construction, a dragline
is most efficient excavating material belowthe level of their tracks.
Draglines remain popular with manymines, due to their reliability, andextremely low waste removal cost.
DISADVANTAGES The primary limitations of draglines are
theirboom height and boom length. This
limits where the dragline can dump thewaste material.
A dragline is not suitable to load piled upmaterial
Extreme capital cost