GRAMÁTICA INGLESA I

José Luis Martínez Sánchez

GRAMÁTICA INGLESA

Índice Nota:..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 4

Bibliografía:....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 4Unidad 1............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 5

Partículas interrogativas................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 5Present simple............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 5Notas para trabajar con la estructura pregunta respuesta............................................................................................................................................................... 6There is/there are........................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 6Verbs to be, to have got, can… Present simple............................................................................................................................................................................... 7Pronombres personales................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 8Determinantes posesivos............................................................................................................................................................................................................... 8Resumen de los pronombres personales y determinantes posesivos.............................................................................................................................................. 8Determinantes demostrativos......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 9Preposiciones de lugar estáticas (Los seres o cosas no tienen movimiento, están parados)..........................................................................................................10

Preposiciones in, on, at para lugar............................................................................................................................................................................................ 10Otras preposiciones estáticas de lugar...................................................................................................................................................................................... 11

Unidad 2.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 12Questions and answers with verbs to be and to have got.............................................................................................................................................................. 12Imperative.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 12Can/can’t...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 13Present simple............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 14Caso posesivo.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 15

Genitivo sajón (possesive case)................................................................................................................................................................................................ 15Unidad 3.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 16

Present continuous = Presente continuo o progresivo................................................................................................................................................................... 16Diferencia de uso entre el presente simple o habitual y el presente continuo o progresivo.............................................................................................................17Uso de los verbos “to go“, “to play” y “to do” para hablar de deportes y actividades físicas............................................................................................................17Verbos to like, to love y to hate..................................................................................................................................................................................................... 18Sugerencias, ofrecimientos e invitaciones "How about ...?", "Would you like ...?".......................................................................................................................... 18

Making suggestions.................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 18Offering something.................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 18Inviting someone....................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 18

Obligación verbo to have to ......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 18Adjetivos...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 19Grados del adjetivo: comparativo y superlativo............................................................................................................................................................................. 19Verbo to be: past simple............................................................................................................................................................................................................... 20

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Unidad 4.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 21Countable and uncountable nouns................................................................................................................................................................................................ 21Determinantes "a" y "an"............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 21Determinantes "some" y "any”...................................................................................................................................................................................................... 21Past simple (Regular and irregular verbs)..................................................................................................................................................................................... 22Should / shouldn't........................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 23Present simple and present continuous........................................................................................................................................................................................ 23

Diferencia de uso entre el presente simple o habitual y el presente continuo o progresivo.........................................................................................................23Verbo to be: past simple............................................................................................................................................................................................................... 23¿Para qué sirven las cosas?......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 23Descripciones de lugares y cosas................................................................................................................................................................................................. 23

Unidad 5.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 24Present simple............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 24Past simple.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 24Imperatives.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 24Comparative adjectives................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 24Prepositions of movement (gráficos)............................................................................................................................................................................................. 25Determinantes indefinidos a lot of, more, much, many, a little, a few, fewer, less,...................................................................................................................... 27Adverbio de cantidad a lot........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 27Adverbs of frequency always, usually, often, sometimes, hardly ever, never,............................................................................................................................. 28

Unidad 6.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 29Past simple.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 29Superlative adjectives................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 29Verb patterns................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 29Have got: past simple................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 30

Bibliografía:Títulos Autores EditorialThe Heinemann Elementary English Grammar. Digby Beaumont. Heinemann.Password. Student’s book 1. Bill Bowler & Sue Parminter. Oxford University Press.Teenage English S.M.

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UNIDAD 1PARTÍCULAS INTERROGATIVASWhat…? = ¿Qué…? Where…? = ¿Dónde…? Who…? = ¿Quién…? How…? = ¿Cómo…?When…? = ¿Cuándo…? Whose…? = ¿De quién…? Which…? = ¿Cuál…?, ¿Cuáles…? Why…? = ¿Por qué…? How much…? = ¿Cuánto/a... ? How many… ? = ¿Cuántos/as... ? How often…? = ¿Cuántas veces…? How far…? = ¿A qué distancia...?How long...? = ¿Cuánto tiempo…? How fast...? = ¿A qué velocidad...? How high...? = ¿Qué altura...? (cosas) How tall…? = ¿Qué altura…? (seres)

PRESENT SIMPLEESTRUCTURASAfirmativa (Yes), My mother goes to the supermarket every week

Sujeto Verbo principal(Nombre o pronombre) En infinitivo SIN TO Si el sujeto es 3ª persona de singular se le añade –S o -ES

InterrogativaWhere does she study English?Partícula Verbo auxiliar Sujeto Verbo principalinterrogativa DOES Si el sujeto es (Nombre o(si la hay) DO/DOES 3ª persona de singular. pronombre) En infinitivo sin “to”. SIN NINGUNA TERMINACIÓN.

DO Con los demás sujetos Negativa (No), I do not play volleyball every week

Sujeto Verbo auxiliar Negación verbal Verbo principal(Nombre o DOES Si el sujeto espronombre) DO/DOES 3ª persona de singular. NOT En infinitivo sin “to”. SIN NINGUNA TERMINACIÓN.

DO Con los demás sujetos

don’t / doesn’tUSOa). Se utiliza para hablar de cosas que ocurren repetidamente.EjemplosI cycle to work every day. My dog’s name is Lady; I feed her twice a day. Why do not you buy your brother a mouse? They eat meat and fish.When does the zoo open? Bruce’s fish, Spot, lives in the sitting room. He eats meat and biscuits, cereals and bones. I don’t smoke.I sometimes go windsurfing. I usually play tennis at weekends. Bruce changes Spot’s water every Saturday. Josie likes people.I often go swimming. My cat does not drink water, only milk. He chases cats and he eats our toys too. She eats a lot.He likes nuts and chocolates. Do you usually work on Saturdays? She always listens to the news at 10 o’clock. He drinks water.He does not like baths or cats. He sleeps on the sofa or outside in the sun. My dog, Roger, lives in our house and garden. He loves children.b). Se usa también para hablar sobre hechos que son verdaderos generalmente.EjemplosElephants live in Africa and India. Where do alligators live? Maria does not live in Milan. She lives in Rome. Where do polar bears live?Llamas don’t live in grasslands. They live in South America. Indians use them as work animals. They eat grass and plants.

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NOTAS PARA TRABAJAR CON LA ESTRUCTURA PREGUNTA RESPUESTAQUESTIONS ANSWERSa). Sin partícula interrogativa. a). Empieza por YES o NO.b). Con partícula interrogativa. b). No comienza en YES ni NO.c). Sujeto en 2ª persona. c). Sujeto en 1ª persona.d). Sujeto en 3ª persona. d). Sujeto en 3ª persona.e). Determinantes posesivos del sujeto o de los complementos en 1ª persona. e). Determinantes posesivos del sujeto o de los complementos en 2ª persona.f). Determinantes posesivos del sujeto o de los complementos en 2ª persona. f). Determinantes posesivos del sujeto o de los complementos en 1ª persona.g). Determinantes posesivos del sujeto o de los complementos en 3ª persona. g). Determinantes posesivos del sujeto o de los complementos en 3ª persona.EjemplosWhat’s your name? My name’s Peter.How old are you? I’m twenty years old.How are you? I’m fine, thanks. And you?What are you? I’m a doctor.Where do you live? I live in Paris.Where does your sister live? My sister lives in Oxford.Where is she now? She is at work.How old is their mother? Their mother is thirty years oldWhat’s the time? It’s three past seven.Where were you yesterday? We were at the restaurant.When is your birthday? My birthday is in January.What is her name? Her name is María.Where are you from? I’m from Italy.How often does she wash her hair. She washes her hair twice a week.Are you a teacher? No, I am not. I’m a student.How many girls are there in our class? There are twelve girls in your class.Is your father at home? Yes, My father is at home.THERE IS/THERE AREESTRUCTURASAfirmativaSingular There is (There’s) + nombre en singular… Plural There are + nombre en plural…InterrogativaSingular Is there + nombre en singular…? Plural Are there + nombre en plural…?NegativaSingular There is not (isn’t) + nombre en singular… Plural There are not (aren’t) + nombre en plural…USOSe utilizan como formas impersonales (sin sujeto) del verbo haber. Equivalen al castellano “HAY”EjemplosThere’s a stereo in the car. There are five rooms in the flat. Is there a bank near here? No, there isn’t. There’s a computer in the car.There are two phones. There is a snack bar in the zoo. There are lots of interesting animals in London Zoo. There isn’t a fax machine.There is a video too. How many kangaroos are there? There are some people at the door. There is a car outside.There is a film on TV. There are some stamps in my room. Is there a TV? Yes, there is a TV.

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VERBS TO BE, TO HAVE GOT, CAN… PRESENT SIMPLE ESTRUCTURASAfirmativa (Yes), I am English

Sujeto Verbo principal(Nombre o AM Sujeto 1ª persona de singularpronombre) Be IS Sujeto 3ª persona de singular

ARE Resto de los sujetos InterrogativaWhen are your friends at school?Partícula Verbo principal Sujetointerrogativa (Nombre o(si la hay) pronombre)

AM Sujeto 1ª persona de singular Be IS Sujeto 3ª persona de singular

ARE Resto de los sujetosNegativa (No), My brother is not a football player

Sujeto Verbo principal Negación verbal(Nombre o pronombre) NOT

AM Sujeto 1ª persona de singularBe IS Sujeto 3ª persona de singular

ARE Resto de los sujetosisn’t aren’t

EjemplosLucy is a small, black dog. How tall are black rhinos? What is your favourite animal? Llamas are part of the camel family.My dog’s name is Lady. He’s 2 1/2 years old. He’s brown and black. Roger is soft and cuddly.He’s very friendly. He’s also very noisy. Tom has got a pet snake called Josie. My dog, Roger, has got light brown eyes.Sonia’s got a cat. Sonia has got a dog. Adult llamas aren’t two metres tall. They have got (they’ve got) long hair.Bats can fly in the dark. Roger can jump high. Llamas can survive up to two weeks without water. They can climb mountains.They can carry heavy things. He (Roger) can run fast.

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PRONOMBRES PERSONALESSe utilizan en lugar de los nombres de las personas o cosas que intervienen en una conversación.Sustituyen al nombre de: Sujeto Complemento Quien habla 1ª persona I ME Quien escucha 2ª persona YOU YOUUNO SOLO Hombre o chico (Masculino) HE HIM(Singular) Alguien de quien hablamos o algo de lo que hablamos 3ªpersona Mujer o chica (Femenino) SHE HER Animal o cosa (Neutro) IT IT Quienes hablan 1ª persona WE USMÁS DE UNO Quienes escuchan 2ª persona YOU YOU(Plural) Algunos de quienes hablamos o varias cosas de las que hablamos 3ªpersona THEY THEM

DETERMINANTES POSESIVOSIndican a quien pertenece el nombre al que acompañan.El nombre pertenece a: Quien habla MY These are my books Quien escucha YOUR What’s your name?UNO SOLO Hombre o chico (Masculino) HIS Alex has got his camera(Singular) Alguien de quien hablamos o algo de lo que hablamos Mujer o chica (Femenino) HER Mary is with her father Animal o cosa (Neutro) ITS This classroom has got its blackboard Quienes hablan OUR This is our suitcaseMÁS DE UNO Quienes escuchan YOUR Your (vuestro) friend is very clever(Plural) Algunos de quienes hablamos o varias cosas de las que hablamos THEIR That man is their father (John and Mike)

RESUMEN DE LOS PRONOMBRES PERSONALES Y DETERMINANTES POSESIVOSNúmero Persona Género PRONOMBRES PERSONALES DETERMINANTES POSESIVOS Sujeto Complemento 1ª I ME MY 2ª YOU YOU YOURSingular Hombre o chico HE HIM HIS

3ª Mujer o chica SHE HER HER Animal o cosa IT IT ITS

1ª WE US OURPlural 2ª YOU YOU YOUR

3ª THEY THEM THEIR Nunca acompañan a un nombre Siempre acompañan a un nombre

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USOPRONOMBRES PERSONALESa). Detrás de preposición, siempre se usa un pronombre complemento. NUNCA un pronombre sujeto.EjemplosGive the book to me, please. I give a book to him. Give it to me, please. Show the photos to us.b). El pronombre complemento no se pone NUNCA delante del verbo.EjemplosTake it to table number eight. I give him a book I’ll help her. Indian use them as work animals. Show us the photos. I give it him.DETERMINANTES POSESIVOSa). Se colocan siempre delante del nombre.EjemplosHe eats our toys too. Roger lives in our house and garden.b). Es obligatorio usarlos delante de nombres que se refieren a partes del cuerpo o prendas de vestir.EjemplosHe has broken his leg. Put on your coat.

DETERMINANTES DEMOSTRATIVOSIndican la situación o posición del nombre.Acompañan a nombres que están: Singular PluralCerca de quien habla THIS THESELejos de quien habla THAT THOSE

I can see this traffic light and that plane.

These armchairs and those clouds are grey

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PREPOSICIONES DE LUGAR ESTÁTICAS (LOS SERES O COSAS NO TIENEN MOVIMIENTO, ESTÁN PARADOS)

PREPOSICIONES IN, ON, AT PARA LUGAR IN EN (dentro de un lugar con tres dimensiones) Ejemplos There’s a shower in the bathroom. My passport is in my suitcase. Roger lives in our house and garden. Mary is in the zoo

ON (sobre una superficie o sobre una línea) Ejemplos

Washington is on the Potomac River. The newspaper is on the table. He sleeps on the sofa. Look, there’s something on the floor. Sidney is on the south-east coast of Australia.

AT EN (en un punto concreto de un lugar)

. Ejemplos

There’s a phone box at the end of West Street. Meet me at the airport.

USOa). Con TO BE: BE + AT WORK BE + AT HOME BE + AT SCHOOL, UNIVERSITY, … EjemplosNick isn’t at work today. He’s at home. I was at home yesterday watching a football match. Is Mike at school today? Betty is a student at university.b). Con edificios puede utilizarse AT o IN. Pero si nos referimos al propio edificio debe usarse IN.EjemplosDiana sometimes stays in the Grand Hotel. She sometimes stays at the Grand Hotel. There are two hundreds rooms in the Grand Hotel.c). Con direcciones se debe emplear: IN + CITY OR TOWN IN + STREET, AVENUE, SQUARE, ROAD, … AT + HOUSE NUMBER ON + FLOOREjemplosHe lives in Brighton. I was born in Madrid in 1976. My friends live in Portland Street. We live at 42, Hill Street. My flat is on the first floor.

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ON THE WARDROBE

NEAR THE WARDROBE

IN THE WARDROBE

BEHIND THE WARDROBE

UNDER THE WARDROBE

NEXT TO THE WARDROBE

IN FRONT OF THE WARDROBE

OPPOSITE THE WARDROBE

OTRAS PREPOSICIONES ESTÁTICAS DE LUGAR

SUPERMARKET OPPOSITE THE HOTEL

CINEMA HOTEL CAFE BANK

BETWEEN THE CINEMA NEXT TO THE CAFE AND THE CAFÉ

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UNIDAD 2QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH VERBS TO BE AND TO HAVE GOTNinguno de los dos llevan verbos auxiliares. En frases interrogativas hacen la inversión de sujeto con verbo.QUESTIONSEjemplosAre they your brothers? Has he got curly hair? Are you a “Take That” fan?ANSWERSEjemplosI’ve got one brother. He has got long, dark hair. She is tall with long fair hair and blue eyes. He’s got one sister and two brothers.His name’s Mark. He’s got long, fair hair. She is really cute and intelligent too. His favourite film star is Arnold Schwarzenegger.She is British. She is twenty years old. He’s got three sisters and one brother. My favourite pop star is Kim Kelly.His eyes are blue. His hair is straight. She’s got two brothers. He hasn’t got a girlfriend.This is my best friend. She is a brilliant dancer.

IMPERATIVEUSOSe utiliza para:a). Instrucciones Open your booksb). Avisos o advertencias Be careful. Don’t drop it.c). Invitaciones Come in.d). Ofrecimientos Have some more coffee.e). Consejos Stay in bed. Don’t go to work today.f). Peticiones Pass the salt, please.NOTAEl imperativo en inglés se usa poco. En muchas ocasiones es más correcto utilizar construcciones con los verbos CAN o MAYEjemplosCan I have that postcard, please? Can you pass me the salt, please? Can you say that again, please?ESTRUCTURASAFFIRMATIVE.- Sin sujeto, sólo el verbo en infinitivo SIN “TO”.Listen to the tapeVerbo principal en infinitivo SIN “TO” ComplementosNEGATIVEDo not close the door, pleaseVerbo auxiliar DO Negación verbal NOT Verbo principal en infinitivo SIN “TO” Complementos

DON’T

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CAN/CAN’TCAN es un verbo defectivo porque sólo existe en presente CAN / CAN’T y en pasado simple COULD / COULDN’T.USOSe utiliza para indicar:Habilidad para hacer algo.Capacidad para hacer algo. En todos los casos se traduce al castellano con PODERPosibilidad de hacer algo.Permiso para hacer algo.ESTRUCTURASAfirmativa (Yes), she can speak English

Sujeto Verbo principal Verbo en infinitivo sin TO(Nombre opronombre) Presente CAN

Pasado COULD InterrogativaWhen can your friends stay at school?Partícula Verbo principal Sujeto Verbo en infinitivo sin TOinterrogativa (Nombre o(si la hay) pronombre)

Presente CANPasado COULD

Negativa (No), My brother can not run very fast

Sujeto Verbo principal Negación verbal Verbo en infinitivo sin TO(Nombre o pronombre) NOT

Presente CAN Pasado COULD CANNOT / CAN’T / COULDN’T

Notas sobre las estructurasNo añade “-s” a la tercera persona de singular del presente.No se construye con los auxiliares DO, DOES ni DID en las formas interrogativas y negativas de presente ni de pasado.En frases interrogativas hace la inversión de sujeto con verbo.Siempre va seguido de un verbo en infinitivo sin TO.EjemplosHe can play the guitar. Can they swim? He can’t sing. Can he speak French? She can play the piano and the violin.

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PRESENT SIMPLENOTASa). En frases afirmativas con sujeto en tercera persona de singular, al verbo se le añade “-S” o “-ES”.EjemplosMy mother works in a factory and my father teaches French. He goes to the same school as me. He studies a lot every evening. He never watches TV.He sometimes helps me with my homework. He does the cooking at home. He does the ironing at home. He wears glasses.He practises the guitar for four hours every night. He plays the guitar and loves all music. She writes her own songs. She works hard.Kim plays the electric guitar and sings. She writes new songs in the afternoon. She lives in Manchester. She plays the piano too.Kim exercises for half an hour then practises all mornings. She goes to or gives concerts in the evening.b). En frases interrogativas y negativas hay que utilizar los auxiliares:DOES Si el sujeto es tercera persona de singular.DO Si el sujeto es cualquier otra persona distinta de la tercera de singular.EjemplosDo his parents work in a shop? He does not study in the morning. Does she like Bob Marley? We do not speak English.

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CASO POSESIVOEn inglés la posesión de algo se indica con:Los determinantes y pronombres posesivos. She has a book. It is her book. It belongs to hers.La preposición OF, cuando el poseedor no es una persona. The windows of this classroom are very small.El genitivo sajón (Possesive case). His sister’s name’s Julie and his brothers’ names are Paul and Alex.GENITIVO SAJÓN (POSSESIVE CASE).USOEs obligatorio su uso cuando el poseedor o poseedores son personas, o animales que tenemos en casa.ESTRUCTURAMary’s family is in the gardenNombre del poseedor + ‘s o sólo (‘) objeto poseído (SIN DETERMINANTES)EjemplosBruce’s fish, Spot, lives in the sitting room. The horse’s legs are thin. My dog’s name is Roger.NOTAS SOBRE SU ESTRUCTURAa). Si el nombre del poseedor termina en –S, sólo se pone detrás el apóstrofe (‘) Those boys’ books were here.NUNCA se ponen determinantes al objeto poseído.EjemplosBruce changes Spot’s water every Saturday. Betty’s father is a doctor. My dog’s name is Lady.b). Si hay una lista de poseedores, sólo el último va en genitivo sajón. Peter and Jane’s friend is Tom.c). Si el poseedor está definido por varias palabras, sólo el último nombre va en genitivo sajón. I like the Queen of England’s country house.d). Se suelen omitir las palabras: SHOP, CHURCH, HOUSE, COLLEGE y HOSPITAL después del genitivo sajón.EjemplosI’m going to the baker’s. We are coming to Peter’s.Se usa el genitivo sajón sin el objeto poseído para evitar la repetición. This is my car and that is Mrs. Brown’s.NOTAS SOBRE SU USOa). Se utiliza con pronombres indefinidos que se refieren a personas: SOMEBODY, SOMEONE, NOBODY, ... It must be somebody’s book.b). Se usa también con expresiones de tiempo, distancia, peso y valor. A week’s rest / A month’s holiday / Last year’s crop / An hour’s walk / A day’s journey.c). Se emplea en personificaciones, en el lenguaje literario y en algunos modismos Britain’s glory / Night’s dark mantle.EjemplosSin caso posesivo (Con nombres de cosas)The corner of the room. The end of the holiday. The top of my head.Con caso posesivoMike’s camera is here. Your friend’s mother is a nurse. That is María Rossi’s bag. Frank’s sister is a student. Where is your friend’s house?My parents’ coats are grey. This isn’t my camera. It’s Mike’s. Those men’s car is very fast. My brother’s room is dirty. My brothers’ room is very big.Nick’s sister has got a cat. I like my friends’ holiday. Your dog’s head is white.

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UNIDAD 3PRESENT CONTINUOUS = PRESENTE CONTINUO O PROGRESIVOESTRUCTURASAfirmativa

(Yes), She is looking at meSujeto Verbo auxiliar Verbo principal(Nombre o pronombre) En gerundio Infinitivo sin TO + terminación ING

AM Sujeto 1ª persona de singular To be IS Sujeto 3ª persona de singular

ARE Resto de los sujetosInterrogativa

When are your friends going to school?Partícula Verbo auxiliar Sujeto Verbo principalinterrogativa (Nombre o(si la hay) pronombre) En gerundio Infinitivo sin TO + terminación ING

AM Sujeto 1ª persona de singular

To be IS Sujeto 3ª persona de singularARE Resto de los sujetos

Negativa

(No), I am not writing a letterSujeto Verbo auxiliar Negación verbal Verbo principal(Nombre o pronombre) NOT En gerundio Infinitivo sin TO + terminación ING

AM Sujeto 1ª persona de singular To be IS Sujeto 1ª persona de singular ARE Resto de los sujetos

isn´t aren’t

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USOa). Se utiliza para acciones que están ocurriendo en el momento de hablar.EjemplosI'm leaving now. Goodbye. Are you working at the moment? Look at him, he is eating an apple.Look! It is raining. What are you doing now? I’m writing a letter. Listen! The man upstairs is playing the violin.I can’t go out today. I am studying for my exam. Where is Tom? He is doing some photocopying. It’s snowing now.Gemma can’t come out now, she is studying. Who is Lali helping? I’m studying Spanish at school.We're staying near the beach.b). También se usa para hablar sobre algo que está ocurriendo ahora, pero no necesariamente en el momento de hablar.EjemplosI'm looking for a job at the moment. (But perhaps I'm not looking at the moment I speak). Can you drive? No, but my father is teaching me.c). Por último, se usa el presente continuo con sentido de futuro, cuando hablamos de una acción futura con la que nos hemos comprometido ya anteriormente.EjemplosDavid is going to the doctors next Wednesday (He has got an appointment with the doctor). I’m meeting a friend this evening (I have arranged to meet him). What are your plans for next week? I am going on holiday next week. What are you doing tomorrow?When are you meeting Jane? I'm going to Spain this summer to visit my penpal.DIFERENCIA DE USO ENTRE EL PRESENTE SIMPLE O HABITUAL Y EL PRESENTE CONTINUO O PROGRESIVOPRESENTE HABITUAL Acciones que ocurren normalmente pero no en el momento de hablar:I usually go by car, it takes longer but it costs less.John is a journalist. He writes for a newspaper.Michael is a mechanic. He repairs cars.What do you do? I work in a shoe shop.Paul has breakfast at 7.30 every morning.Does Diana often play golf?She always listens to the news at 10 o'clock.Keenan studies two languages at school.Keenan lives in Kaneohe.Keenan's dad works with animals.What do you do at the weekend?

PRESENTE CONTINUOAcciones que ocurren mientras se está hablando sobre ellas:but this week I am going by train;You are writing English now.John is repairing his car at the moment.Michael is writing a letter at the moment.What are you doing? I'm making some tea.It's 7.35. Paul is having breakfast.Where is Diana? Is she playing golf?It's 10 o'clock now. She is listening to the news.He is studying French now.Now he is going to school.He is going to work at the moment.

USO DE LOS VERBOS “TO GO“, “TO PLAY” Y “TO DO” PARA HABLAR DE DEPORTES Y ACTIVIDADES FÍSICAS TO GO + verbo en gerundio (-ING).TO PLAY + nombre para deportes o juegos de mesa en los que se juega contra alguien.TO DO + nombre para deportes o actividades físicas en las que no se precisa jugar contra alguien.EjemplosI go running at weekends. How often do you go swimming? I never play table tennis. They play chess. What sports do you do?Do you do gymnastics? Keenan likes doing watersports.NOTA.- Los nombres de deportes o juegos que siguen a 'to play" y "to do", no llevan nunca el determinante artículo “the”.

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VERBOS TO LIKE, TO LOVE Y TO HATEEstos verbos pueden ir seguidos de un nombre o de otro verbo en gerundio. My brother loves playing with the computer. He's really into computer games.ESTRUCTURAS… LIKE + nombre ... I like her music very much. ... LIKE + Verbo en gerundio (con terminación -ING) I like walking to work.

What sports do you like? I don't like playing computer games.Does she like Tom Cruise? I don't like playing chess.

Keenan likes doing Hawaiian dances.Do you like watching TV? What else do you like doing? What are your hobbies? I like watching TV.

... LOVE + nombre ... I love tennis and horse riding. ... LOVE + Verbo en gerundio (con terminación -ING) I really love watching football on TV. I'm a Manchester United fan.

I love writing and getting letters. I love swimming.... HATE + nombre ... What does your father hate? ... HATE + Verbo en gerundio (con terminación -ING) He hates driving. He hates golf.

Mike hates going to the dentist. SUGERENCIAS, OFRECIMIENTOS E INVITACIONES "HOW ABOUT ...?", "WOULD YOU LIKE ...?"MAKING SUGGESTIONSEstructuraHow about + verbo en gerundio …? How about going to the cinema?

OFFERING SOMETHINGEstructuraWould you like + nombre ... ? Would you like a newspaper?INVITING SOMEONEEstructuraWould you like to + verbo en infinitivo ...?EjemplosWould you like to go to a concert on Saturday? Which museum would you like to visit tomorrow? Would you like to come to a party tomorrow?

OBLIGACIÓN VERBO TO HAVE TO ...La obligación de hacer algo se expresa en inglés con "have to" (obligación moral o eludible).ESTRUCTURASAfirmativa Interrogativa NegativaSujeto + HAVE / HAS + infinitivo con TO DO / DOES + Sujeto + HAVE + infinitivo con TO ...? Sujeto + DO / DOES + NOT + HAVE + infinitivo con TO...EjemplosI have to go to bed at 10 o'clock. Do you have to do your homework? She doesn't have to go to school today.I have to telephone my friend Natalia. Do you have to get up early?I have to look after my little brother. What do you have to do?

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ADJETIVOSSe utilizan para describir (decir cómo son) las personas, los animales o las cosas.Son invariables, es decir, tienen la misma forma en singular, plural, masculino o femenino.

AN OLD MAN AN OLD WOMAN AN OLD HOUSETWO OLD MEN TWO OLD WOMEN TWO OLD HOUSES

POSICIÓN EN LA FRASEEn una oración, el adjetivo puede ir:Delante de un nombre Adjetivo + nombreI've got some new shoes. Hula is a difficult kind of dancing. María has got lovely hair. There's a great museum in Honolulu. He is a tall man.Detrás de verbos "to be", "to look", "to feel", “to seem"Here I am in London! it’s fantastic and very different to Madrid That man is tall These shoes are new Two cultures are important in HawaiiHawaii is very popular with tourist María's hair looks lovely This room feels cold. I'm bored

GRADOS DEL ADJETIVO: COMPARATIVO Y SUPERLATIVOGRADO COMPARATIVO. Se utiliza para comparar dos cosas, dos animales o dos personas.COMPARATIVO DE IGUALDAD. Sirve para decir que dos seres o dos cosas son iguales o no lo son.Estructuras

… AS + Adjetivo + AS The buildings are as old as in Madrid. I'm as intelligent as you are… NOT AS + adjetivo + AS England is not as big as Spain. You are not as pretty as Mary

COMPARATIVO DE SUPERIORIDADEstructurasAdjetivos cortos. Una sola sílaba ... adjetivo + terminación ER + THAN ... The streets are wider and cleaner than in Madrid.

England is smaller than Spain Today is hotter than yesterday.

Dos sílabas en adjetivos que acaban en consonante más "y" ... adjetivo - letra Y + terminación IER + THAN Frank looks happier than George.Adjetivos largos.La mayoría de los de dos sílabas y todos los de tres o más sílabas ... MORE + adjetivo + THAN ... I thought London is more dangerous than Madrid, but

I haven't had any problems.This car is more expensive than that one.

GRADO SUPERLATIVO. Se usa para comparar tres o más personas, animales o cosas.EstructurasAdjetivos cortos.Una sola sílaba … THE + adjetivo + terminación EST (IN / OF) He is the youngest in his family.

This is the oldest car of the three. Oahu is the second biggest island in Hawaii.

Dos sílabas en adjetivos que acaban en consonante más "y" … THE + adjetivo - letra Y + terminación IEST (IN/OF) George is the heaviest in this classroom

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Adjetivos largos.La mayoría de los de dos sílabas y todos los de tres o más sílabas ... THE MOST + adjetivo (IN)... This flat is the most expensive of the three. You are the most intelligent person I know. It’s the most interesting museum in London! The "Mona Lisa" is the most expensive painting in the worldNOTASa). Algunos adjetivos tienen las formas de comparativo y superlativo irregulares:

Adjetivo Comparativo SuperlativoGOOD BETTER THAN THE BEST My shoes are better than yours. Ronaldo is the best footballer there.BAD WORSE THAN THE WORST My book is worse than yours.

b). Después de "than" y "as", se utiliza generalmente un pronombre complemento en el lenguaje corriente o familiar. En un lenguaje más formal o más culto, se usa un pronombre sujeto con un verbo.EjemplosMy sister is taller than me My sister is taller than I am I'm not as thin as her I'm not as thin as she isVERBO TO BE: PAST SIMPLEESTRUCTURASAfirmativa (Yes), She was at home yesterday

Sujeto Verbo principal(Nombre opronombre) Be WAS Sujeto 1ª y 3ª persona de singular

WERE Resto de los sujetos InterrogativaWhen were your friends there?Partícula Verbo principal Sujetointerrogativa (Nombre o(si la hay) pronombre)

Be WAS Sujeto 1ª y 3ª persona de singular WERE Resto de los sujetos

Negativa (No), I was not a teacher in 1980

Sujeto Verbo principal Negación verbal(Nombre o pronombre) NOT

Be WAS Sujeto 1ª y 3ª persona de singular WERE Resto de los sujetos

wasn’t weren’tEjemplosHe was a very famous writer. Where were you yesterday evening? When were you at the beach? Where was she at six o’clock?

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UNIDAD 4COUNTABLE AND UNCOUNTABLE NOUNSCONTABLES son los nombres de cosas, personas o animales que podemos contar.Los nombres contables tienen una forma de singular y otra de plural.Los nombres contables, cuando hacen de sujeto en una oración, pueden ir con un verbo en singular o en plural.Delante de nombres contables en singular, en inglés se usan normalmente los determinates "a" o "an". NUNCA "some" ni "any".INCONTABLES son nombres de cosas que no podemos contar.Los nombres incontables sólo se usan en singular.Los nombres incontables, cuando hacen de sujeto en una oración, llevan siempre el verbo en singular.Delante de nombres incontables y de nombres contables en plural, en inglés se ponen los determinantes "some", "any" o ningún determinante. NUNCA "a" ni "an".Algunos nombres incontables ingleses: advice, bread, fumiture, hair, information, money, news, weather, spaghetti, rice, flour, petrol, snow,

DETERMINANTES "A" Y "AN"Se utilizan delante de nombres contables en singular. NUNCA con nombres contables en plural, NI con nombres incontables.EjemplosHave you got a bicycle?We’ve got an umbrella. She has got a suitcase. I’d like an English-Portuguese dictionary, please.I'd like a tin of dog food, please.Es obligatorio usarlos delante de nombres de profesión, dedicación u oficio EN SINGULAR.EjemplosMaría Rossi is a journalist. Tom Cruise is an actor,A Se usa delante de palabras que empiezan con sonido consonántico. This is a recipe for a Spanish omeletteAN Se utiliza delante de palabras que empiezan con sonido vocálico. I have got an onion.NOTA.ONE Sólo se usa para hablar sobre números. I’ve only got one suitcase. My sister has got two.

DETERMINANTES "SOME" Y "ANY”Se utilizan delante de nombres contables en plural para hablar de una cantidad no definida.EjemplosThere are some birds in the tree. There aren't any cats under the car. Are there any pencils in this drawer? We've got some green jeans.También se usan delante de nombres no contables.EjemplosWe've got some milk, but we haven't got any coffee. You don't need any bread.SOME Se usa normalmente en oraciones afirmativas, en peticiones y en ofrecimientos.ANY Se utiliza en preguntas y en oraciones negativas.EjemplosWe've got some oil but we haven't got any eggs. Are there any cups in the cupboard. There isn't any soap in the bathroom.Could I have some water, please? Would you like some tea? We haven't got any Spanish oranges.Have you got any AA batteries?.

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PAST SIMPLE (REGULAR AND IRREGULAR VERBS)ESTRUCTURASAfirmativa(Yes), I went to the theatre yesterday

Sujeto Verbo principal(Nombre o Verbos regulares Infinitivo sin “to” + “ED”pronombre)

En pasado Verbos irregulares Forma especial de pasado

InterrogativaWhere did she study English?Partícula Verbo auxiliar Sujeto Verbo principalinterrogativa (Nombre o(si la hay) DID pronombre) En infinitivo sin “to” (SIN “ED”)

Negativa(No), she did not play volleyball last week

Sujeto Verbo auxiliar Negación verbal Verbo principal(Nombre o pronombre) DID NOT En infinitivo sin “to” (SIN “ED”)

didn’tUSOSe utiliza para acciones acabadas en el pasado en una fecha determinada, que normalmente figura en la frase.EjemplosDid George draw a picture last year? Yes, he drew a picture in 1997. Men wore hats in the 1930sWhen did Europeans drink chocolate for the first time? I bought "Match" magazine last week.Reinhold Berger designed a smaller thermos flask. He invented the first thermos flask.The Norwegians put up a seven metre high statue in 1989 Jeans became popular in the 1950s and 60sWhat did people wear in the 1970s? He invented the paperclip in 1900.She rode on a bike last Sunday.For 36 years a British man, Joseph Hanway (1712-1786) carried an umbrella every time he went outside.

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SHOULD / SHOULDN'T Para decir lo que pensamos que es bueno o correcto hacer, se usa "should", y para lo que consideramos que no es adecuado realizar, se utiliza "shouIdn't".ESTRUCTURASAfirmativa NegativaYOU SHOULD + infinitivo SIN "TO" YOU SHOULDN'T + infinitivo SIN "TO"Ejemplos EjemplosI feel tired all the time. You should have a holiday. You shouldn't work so hard.You should go soon. You shouIdn't spend the time.You should re-use old envelopes and recycle paper. You shouldn't drop litter in the street.PRESENT SIMPLE AND PRESENT CONTINUOUSDIFERENCIA DE USO ENTRE EL PRESENTE SIMPLE O HABITUAL Y EL PRESENTE CONTINUO O PROGRESIVOPRESENTE HABITUAL PRESENTE CONTINUOAcciones que ocurren normalmente, pero no en el momento de hablar: Acciones que ocurren mientras se está hablando sobre ellas:Ejemplos EjemplosEvery day my sister says my clothes are gross. In this photo she is wearing jeans.He does his homework every night. They're dancing in this picture.VERBO TO BE: PAST SIMPLEEjemplosJohan Vaaler was Norwegian. Sir James Dewar was British. The first thermos flask was not popular with ordinary people.¿PARA QUÉ SIRVEN LAS COSAS?Una de las formas de decir en inglés para qué sirven las cosas es con la siguienteESTRUCTURAVerbo TO BE + FOR + verbo en gerundio (-ING) ...Ejemplosit’s stuff for putting on shoes. They're things for fixing bits of wood together. The first thermos flasks were not for keeping hot drinks in.DESCRIPCIONES DE LUGARES Y COSASPara describir lugares y cosas se utilizan las siguientesESTRUCTURAS...verbo TO BE + adjetivos ...verbo TO BE + preposiciones de lugar THERE IS / AREEjemplos Ejemplos EjemplosElderton is a small town. It is in the North of England. There's a newsagent's in Elderton.it’s famous for its fish. It’s on the coast. There are six fish shops in the town.lt's old and quiet. lt's opposite the church in North Road, near the park. There's a flower shop next to the church.The people in Elderton are very friendly. Three of them are in Elderton High Street, There's a snack bar in North Road.

Two are in Church Road, and one is in North Road.… verbo TO BE + nombre … lt's between the flower shop and the fish shop. THERE IS / ARE NOT EjempIos EjempIos The main streets in Elderton are Elderton High There isn't a cinema in Elderton, and there aren't anyStreet, North Road and Church Road. video shops in the town.

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UNIDAD 5PRESENT SIMPLEEjemplosWe've got Maths last thing on Friday morning. When does Diwali take place? It takes place in October or November. Which town is Ravi from? He lives in Bombay.Do Hindus sing Diwali songs? No, they don't. I don't mind geography and maths. Do Hindus give Diwali presents? Yes, they do.Where do they put lights? In all the windows. Who do they welcome home? Prince Rama and his wife. What is the Ramayana? An old Hindu poem.What do Hindu families do before Diwali? They clean their houses from top to bottom.

PAST SIMPLEEjemplosUncle Andrew, what kind of primary school did you go to? Well, it was a state primary school, not a private school.What was it called? It was called Saint Andrew's School. That's because it was next to Saint Andrew's Church.Was it a single sex school? For boys only, I mean. No, no it wasn't. It was coeducational, for boys and girls.I see. And did you have a school uniform? Yes, we certainly did. It was blue and white, I remember.And did you have a different uniform for summer and winter? The girls did, they had summer dresses and a winter uniform, but we boys wore short trousers all yearround, summer and winter too. Of course we wore jumpers under our blazers, and we put on coats, gloves and hats to go to school in the really cold weather.And what about the different lessons? Did you like all of them? No, I didn't. I hated maths, actually. And I was very bad at it. I hated the maths teacher too. But I really loved French. We had a very nice French teacher.

My father went to boarding school when he was five. My sister did not go to school, yesterday. My mother did not wear school uniform at her old school.What did they do to Ravana? They killed him. Who went with Rama to get his wife back from Lanka? His best friend.At half past nine in the morning Pat walked to the post office. He/she posted a letter to his/her Spanish penfriend.From half past ten to half past eleven, he/she watched TV. At half past eleven his/her cousin phoned.He/she invited Pat to supper. At one o'clock in the afternoon Pat went to his/her friend's house for lunch.From half past two to five o'clock they played computer games together. At half past five Pat hurried home.At six o'clock in the evening he/she showered and changed his/her clothes. He/she didn't have time to dry his/her hair.At half past six he/she cycled to his/her cousin's house. At seven o'clock his/her aunt cooked spaghetti for supper. Everyone loved it.From half past seven to half past eight Pat and his/her cousin listened to some CDs together, and at nine o'clock Pat returned home.

IMPERATIVESUSOSe utiliza para dar órdenes o instrucciones, y para indicar direcciones. No se usa para pedir a alguien que haga algo.ESTRUCTURASAfirmativa NegativaVerbo en infinitivo SIN TO ... DO NOT (DON'T) + verbo en infinitivo SIN TO ... EjempIo EjempIoGo into the hall and turn right. Don’t touch the ball with your hands.

COMPARATIVE ADJECTIVESEjemplosTheir house is bigger than ours. A toilet's more important than a TV. His bedroom's dirtier than mine.

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PREPOSITIONS OF MOVEMENT (gráficos)

CINEMA CINEMA

INTO the cinema = dentro de (al) OUT OF the cinema = fuera de (del)

OFF the roof = fuera de (del) ONTO the roof =encima de (al)

UP the mountain = arriba de (al) ALONG the road = a lo largo de (por)

DOWN the mountain = abajo de (del)

ACROSS the road = a lo ancho de (por)

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THROUGH the pipe = a través de (por)

AROUND the tree = alrededor de

OVER the fence = por encima de

UNDER the fence = por debajo de

BUS Stop

PAST the bus stop = pasado / a

ROUND the corner = alrededor de; doblar, volver, girar

BEACH

FROM the beach = desde, de TO the beach = hacia, a

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DETERMINANTES INDEFINIDOS A LOT OF, MORE, MUCH, MANY, A LITTLE, A FEW, FEWER, LESS,... Se usan delante de nombres, para hablar sobre cantidad no concreta.A LOT OF Se usa normalmente en frases afirmativas.EstructurasA LOT OF + nombre incontable. A LOT OF + nombre contable en pluralEjempIosJapanese people eat a lot of fish and seafood. I have a lot of work. There are a lot of eggs.MUCH / MANY Se utilizan en preguntas, formando las partículas interrogativas "How much ... ?" y How many ... ?", y en negaciones.EstructurasMUCH + nombre incontable. MANY + nombre contable en plural.EjemplosHow much petrol is there in the car? How much cheese is there in the fridge? How many brothers and sisters have you got? There are not many potatoes.He has not much time. How much bread do Japanese people eat? Japanese people don't eat many milk products.A LITTLE / A FEW Se utilizan en frases afirmativas e interrogativas.EstructurasA LITTLE + nombre incontable. A FEW + nombre contable en pluralEiemplosWe've got a little bread. I have a little money to spend. The baby has got a few toys.MORE / FEWER / LESS Se usan para establecer comparaciones sobre cantidades. Normalmente en frases afirmativas y negativas.EstructurasMORE + nombre incontable. MORE + nombre contable en plural. FEWER + nombre contable en plural. LESS + nombre incontable.EjemplosEnglish people eat fewer eggs than Japanese people. English people eat less rice than Japanese people.CANTIDADES QUE REPRESENTAN

Más cantidad

A LOT OF, MUCH, MANY mucha MORE más A LITTLE, A FEW poca FEWER, LESS menos

Menos cantidadRESUMEN

Con nombres contables en plural Con nombres incontablesFrases interrogativas MANY, A FEW. MUCH, A LITTLE.Frases afirmativas A LOT OF, MORE, A FEW, FEWER. A LOT OF, MORE, A LITTLE, LESS.Frases negativas MORE, MANY, FEWER. MUCH, LESS.ADVERBIO DE CANTIDAD A LOTA LOT Es un adverbio de cantidad que acompaña a un verbo y modifica su significado.Estructura... verbo principal + A LOT ...EjemplosI studied a lot last summer. I did not paint a lot when I was young.

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ADVERBS OF FREQUENCY ALWAYS, USUALLY, OFTEN, SOMETIMES, HARDLY EVER, NEVER,... Contestan a la pregunta "How often ...?" = ¿Con qué frecuencia ... ?, ¿Cuántas veces ...? How often do they play volleyball?.USOSe utilizan para indicar la frecuencia con que se realizan las acciones. Normalmente acompañan a un verbo en presente simple.COLOCACIÓN EN LA FRASECon el verbo "to be"Inmediatamente detrás del verbo.EjemplosDiana is always at work at 8.30. We are sometimes tired in the mornings. I am never bored, It's never quiet during carnival,Carnival is usually very noisy. There are always lots of parties.Con cualquier otro verboDelante del verbo principal.EjemplosMy sister sometimes drinks tea for breakfast. She sometimes drives to work. Spanish people often have fruit for dessert. They often feel bad.I usually stay at home in the afternoon. We generally start school at 8.30. They never come here.People sometimes wear national costumes. Children often make paper lanterns. They hardly ever go to sleep at carnival time.

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UNIDAD 6PAST SIMPLEEjemplosIn the end, Joanna stayed with the Zebrataurs and the doctor returned to the time machine.Where did Matilda Krum go in the film “Daughter of Adventure”? To an island. Why don’t we fight for you?, said Joanna.What piece of equipment did Matilda lose down the mountain? Her camera. What did Matilda Krum draw on Makana? Flowers and plants.Doctor Preston and Joanna Ward travelled into the future. Later Zeeron told the doctor and Joanna his story.The next day the robots came to Zeeron’s house. The doctor and Joanna destroyed them with their laser guns.No, said the doctor. We have to return to our time. Long John Silver liked Jim and did not kill himPlease stay with us, he said. Haven’t you got any guns? asked the doctorHow did she travel? By boat. They asked for Zeeron. What was the weather like? Foggy. Why don’t we kill the dragon?, said Matilda.The pirates left the island in 1761. The man told me his name. He found the treasure last month. He travelled back to 1996 without JoannaWhere were you yesterday evening? How long did the journey take? She didn’t hitchhike to India. She travelled around the world by bike.It was a sunny day. They were in a hot, exotic jungle. They walked north. They discovered a city in the jungle.There were no people in the streets. Joanna saw Big Ben. They followed Zeeron to his house. My people need help, he said.Suddenly the robots attacked. Then Zeeron was very happy.

SUPERLATIVE ADJECTIVESEjemplosWhich is the most expensive holiday camp? = Which holiday camp is the most expensive?VERB PATTERNS.- Hay verbos que van seguidos de otro verbo.ESTRUCTURASHay dos modelos de estructuras:... LOVE ... NEED... LIKE ... WOULD LIKE... ENJOY + verbo EN GERUNDIO (con terminación ING) ... WANT + verbo EN INFINITIVO (con TO delante)... MIND ... PLAN... HATE ... LEARNEjemplos EjemplosDo you like going camping? Which camp would you like to go to? I’d like to go to the Nature Camp. No, we don’t like fighting, said Zeeron. It’s in the north-west of Ireland.Why don’t we take a train? Because I hate travelling by it. I don’t want to cycle there. The pirates wanted to kill Jim. When are you catching the plane? I plan to catch it on Wednesday morning.

The robots in the north of the city want to kill us.

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HAVE GOT: PAST SIMPLEESTRUCTURAS.- En pasado no lleva nunca GOTAfirmativa(Yes), They had red hair

Sujeto Verbo principal(Nombre opronombre) HAD

InterrogativaWhere did she have her camera?Partícula Verbo auxiliar Sujeto Verbo principalinterrogativa (Nombre o(si la hay) DID pronombre) En infinitivo sin “to” (HAVE)

Negativa(No), she did not have a country house

Sujeto Verbo auxiliar Negación verbal Verbo principal(Nombre o pronombre) DID NOT En infinitivo sin “to” (HAVE)

didn’tUSOa). Se utiliza para decir lo que poseíamos o teníamos.EjemplosThey didn’t have any camping equipment.b). También se usa para describir seres o cosas.EjemplosCan you describe the monster on Mount Mabubu? It had long white hair and red eyes. It didn’t have a big head. How many legs did the creature have?The strange animal had a zebra´s tail. It had a soft voice. They had red eyes and metal claws.

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