Miles Lewisthe evolution of the timber frame
Entramado en Madera, Su Evolución
Universidad de ChileNovember 2007
Troy VI, c1800-1200 BC; Hattusas, c 1250 BC; Altintepe; PersepolisBase plan: Colin McEvedy, The Penguin Atlas of Ancient History (Harmondsworth [Middlesex]1967), p 35
1 Troy
2 Hattusas3 Altintepe
4 Persepolis
pillared hallsRecintos sobre Pilares
Building C, Troy VI (c1800-1200 BC)with central timber columns / con columnas al centro
Robertson, Greek and Roman Architecture, p 24
Hattusas: remains of building D,Restos del Edificio D
Büyükkale, c 1250 BC: view & planVista y planta
Miles LewisAkurgal, Ancient Civilizations, p 300
building D, Büyükkale, Hattusas, C13th
plan of surviving foundationsplanta de fundaciones aún existentes
reconstruction plan with columns Planta reconstruida con columnas
reconstructed interior viewReconstrucción de vista interior
Kurt Bittel, A Guide to Bogazköy (Ankara, no date), p 27
presumedcross-heads
Urartu Temple at Altintepe, Turkey, C8th, reconstruction by M Akok / reconstrucción por M. Akok
Temizer, Museum of Anatolian Civilisations, p 122
Persepolis: aerial viewStierlin, Monuments de l'Antiquité, no page
PersepolisPlan / planta
Frankfort, Ancient Orient, p 219
Persepolisconstruction of a column
from the Treasury /
Construcción de una Columna del Tesoro
Frankfort, Ancient Orient, p 221
Hall of the Hundred Columns, Persepolis, reconstructed viewSalón de las Cien Columnas, Persépolis, vista reconstruida
Frankfort, Ancient Orient, pl 186
PersepolisHall of the Hundred Columns, reconstruction of a column
double-headed bull capital / reconstrucción de una columna con capitel de doble cabeza de toro
Frankfort, Ancient Orient, p 222Middle Eastern Studies, no 27
House Mill, Bromley-by-Bow,Newham, London, 1776
C A Hewett, English Historic Carpentry(London 1980), p 255
industrial timberConstruction / Construcción
Industrial en Madera
square posts /Columnas de Sección cuadrada
chamfer-stopped arrises / aristas chanfleadas
spreaders /barras
beams (later barrups) /vigas
Portarlington Flour Mill, Australia, by Andrew McWilliams, 1857detail of chamfer-stopped post,spreader & beam (later wedges)
Detalle de poste con capitelchanfleado, barra y viga (cuñas
posteriores)
Miles Lewis 1987
scarfed and braced joints, USA, 1859Uniones en ángulo y de machi-hembrado
W E Bell, Carpentry Made Easy (Philadelphia 1859), plate 13
general framing for a heavy barn /Entramado general para un granero
W A Radford, Framing: a Practical Manual (Chicago 1909), p 240
a pioneering example of the ‘shed’ principle Ejemplo pionero del principio “shed”
the Oriental Spinning and Weaving Company's cotton mill near Bombayby William Fairbairn, and Sons, before 1863: sections
William Fairbairn, Mills and Mill-Work (4th ed, London 1878 [?c 1860]), pl XV
Dennys Lascelles woolStores, Geelong, Australia
Jacob Pitman's section &roof plan / corte y planta de techo
modern view of the show floorVista actual del área de exhibición
Selenitsch, 'Geelong Wool Stores' fig 4,from Melbourne University Archives
Miles Lewis 1984
Dalgety Wool Stores, Gheringhap Street & Western Beach, Geelong: the 1901 portionMiles Lewis 1985
Dalgety Store, 1901 building, show floor,showing cross-heads, trussed beams (barrups) and a sawtooth roof
mostrando capiteles, cerchas y techo en forma de serruchoSelenitsch, 'Geelong Wool Stores' fig 4, from Melbourne University Archives
the Crystal Palace, London, by Joseph Paxton, 1850-1the roofing system, showing queen post barrups
Complejo de Techumbre, mostrando vigas maestrasBrino, Crystal Palace, p 43
trussed beams(barrups)Cerchas
G L Sutcliffe [ed], The Modern Carpenter Joiner and Cabinet-Maker(8
vols, London 1903), IV, pp 396, 387
C F Mitchell, Building Construction and Drawing (5th ed, London 1900), p 87
No 8 wharf Warehouse, Walsh Bay, Sydney:detail of roof framing
Detalle del entramado de techoBalint, Warehouse and Woolstores, p 73
Sunshine Harvester Works, Devonshire Road, Sunshine: view in 1906Science Museum of Victoria
Sunshine Harvester Works, details of trussed beam and droppersDetalles de cerchas y elementos intermedios
Miles Lewis 1987
Class C housing, Sewell, Chile, showing timber pillars and
cross-headsMostrando pilares del entramado y capiteles
ICOMOS recommendations on Sewell, April 2006
square timber pillars
cross-heads
angle braces
earthfast constructionConstrucción con elementos
hincados en suelo
Neolithic buildings in EuropeEdificios neolíticos en Europa
Palisades / Empalizadas
stave churches / Iglesias en base a duelas
huts in / cabañas en Africa, Bangladesh, Gilbert Islands, South China Sea &c
the forested areas of Northern EuropeÁreas boscosas del norte de Europa
Vaclac Mencl, Lidova Architektura v Ceskoslovensku (Prague 1980), p 562
palisade construction,
DenmarkConstrucción de Empalizadas en
Dinamarca
Gorm Benzon, GammeltDanske Bindingsværk
(Copenhagen 1984), p 19
early stave building, Hemse, Gotland, SwedenEdificio antiguo en base a duelas
MUAS 5,284
reconstruction of a typical long house, Neolithic village of Köln-Lindenthal (near Cologne), Germany, c 4000 BC
Reconstrucción de una casa alargada típica
John Bradford, 'Building in Wattle, Wood, and Turf', in Charles Singer et al [eds], A History of Technology, Volume I, From Early Times to Fall of Ancient Empires (Oxford 1954), p 309
palisade construction earthfast post & wattle construction
reconstruction of a Neolithic house at Haldon, England
Crossley, Timber Building in England, p 75
house at Ezinge (Groningen), Netherlands, C4th-C3rd BCsectional perspective reconstruction by Price & Schwarz
(earthfast post and wattle construction)Corte en perspectiva reconstruido
Lorna Price, The Plan of St Gall in Brief (Berkely [California] 1982), p 82
House of Romulus, Rome: reconstruction drawingFrank Sear
Takayuka hut, Kyushu
South China Sea, AD 200
J H Acland, Medieval Structure: the Gothic Vault
(Toronto 1972), p 11
Hut / cabaña in the South Camerouns, AfricaMUAS 12,068
initiates' hut, Gilbert Islands, Pacific
Ocean
John Hockings, Traditional Architecture in the Gilbert Islands (St Lucia [Queensland] 1989), p
126
construction of a house in the Chittagong Hill Tracts, BangladeshDilshad Ara
a house in the Chittagong Hill Tracts, BangladeshDilshad Ara
evolution of the box frame
the mortice & tenon / caja y espigathe ground sill / sobrecimiento
the brace / abrazaderafachwerkbau
half timbering / media madera
earthfast versus ground sill constructionConstrucción empotrada vs de solera de asiento
John Bradford, 'Building in Wattle, Wood, and Turf', in Charles Singer et al [eds], A History of Technology,vol I, From Early Times to Fall of Ancient Empires (Oxford 1954), p 320
the failure of an unbraced frame: the need for triangulationLa falla de un marco no arriostrado: la necesidad de triangulación
the mortice & tenon jointUnión de caja y espiga
Glastonbury, England, c 200 BCoverlapping ends of two planks with square mortices for wattles, and a larger one
presumably for a corner post
John Bradford, 'Building in Wattle, Wood, and Turf', in Charles Singer et al [eds], A History of Technology, vol I, From Early Times to Fall of Ancient Empires (Oxford 1954), p 320
interpretation of a structure from Valkenburg, Netherlands,
of the Roman periodframing and wattling in
trenches
E M Jope [ed], Studies in Building History (London 1961), p 21
interpretation of a structure from Valkenburg, Netherlands,of the Roman period
framing and wattling in trenches
E M Jope [ed], Studies in Building History (London 1961), p 21
decay
DECAY
excavation of a structure at Valkenburg,Netherlands, of the Roman period, indicating framing and wattling on sole plates
Jope, Studies in Building History, p 21
reconstruction of a structure at
Valkenburg, with framing
and wattling on sole plates
Jope, Studies in Building History, p
21
the rediscovery of the ground sillconjectural reconstruction of a Saxon Hall, say 10th century
El redescubrimiento del sobrecimiento,reconstrucción supuesta de un salón Sajón, s.X
MUAS 15,858
sulehaus frameDenmark
Benzon, GammeltDanske Bindingsværk, p
199
building frame, (supposedlyNoah’s ark)
from the Bedford Hours, early C15th
Sistema de entramado(supuestamente del Arca de Noé),
extraido de Bedford Hours
Donald Matthew, Atlas of Medieval Europe (Oxford 1983), p 145
English box frame house, cutaway view Entramado inglés de una casa, vista interior
MUAS 10,207
masonryplinth
box frame
jetty(or corbel)
second box frame
English half-timbered box frameshalf-timbered house in Hildersham,
Cambridgeshire; House in Winchester, C16th; Speke Hall,
LancashireEjemplos de entramado en media
madera
MUAS 8,381, 637, 10,949
Compound farmstead/ Conjunto rural from Klein-Hoeselt, Limburg, C16th-18th, now in the Bokrijk Museum
Marc Laenen, no 94
Granary/ graneroBokrijk
MuseumBelgium
Marc Laenenno 71
French half timbered pigeon houses/Palomares en media madera francès
Midi-Pyrénées region; border of the Tarn, Garonne & Lot departments
Bertrand de Vivies, Pigeon-Houses of the Midi Pyrenees Region (Albi 1994), pp 11, 25
English box frame house, cutaway viewVista interior entramado
inglès
MUAS 10,207
eighteenth century timber framing and nineteenth century trussed partitionEntramado y cerchas siglo 18 y 19
Francis Price, The British Carpenter (London 1753), plate CR S Burn, Building Construction (London 1877), p 49, fig 231
the roles of the brace and the stud in a box frameEl rol de la abrazadera y el pilar en el sistema de
entramado de cajón
the frame is like a truss, and the diagonals are important members el marco escomo una cercha, y las diagonales son elementos importantes
the studs merely fill in the panels in between Los pie derechos son elementos intermedios en los paneles
the diagonals are at least as large as the studs, often much largerLas diagonales son al menos del mismo largo que los pie derechos, casi
siempre más largos
where a diagonal meets a stud, the diagonal is continuous and the stud is cutEn el encuentro entre un pie derecho y una diagonal, la diagonal es continua y
el pie derecho es el que se corta
English barn design, 1781Diseño de granero inglés
William Pain, The Carpenter's Pocket Directory; containing the Best Methods of Framing Timber Buildings
... with the Plan and Sections of a Barn (London 1781),plates i & iid
timber barn, 1807Granero en madera
Robert Lugar, The Country Gentleman's Architect (London 1807), plate 20
'Barwon Bank', Riversdale Road, Chilwell (Geelong),by T R Yabsley, 1852-3: detail of hall partition wall / detalle del tabique
Miles Lewis 1981
Australasian Steam NavigationCo, 5 Hickson Road, Sydney,
by W W Wardell, 1883:details of a partitionon the upper floor
Detalle del tabique en el piso superior
Miles Lewis 1991
'Glenown', Glenmaggie, Victoria, c 1871Miles Lewis 1994
'Glenown', view of rear wall / vista del muro traseroMiles Lewis 1994
'Glenown', top corner joint in the rear wall, showing the square corner stud and the housingof the brace, compared with a butting joint on display at Carpenters Hall, Philadelphia
Miles Lewis 1994 & 1992
'Glenown', the bracing of the rear wall, and the base,showing stud and brace descending below floor level
Miles Lewis 1994
house at the Bokrijk Museum, BelgiumMarc Laenen, no 59
'Elevation of two studd work cottages of the smallest size,
with brick gables', by Nathaniel Kent, 1776
Elevación de dos cabañas pequeñas, con frontones de
ladrillo
Nathaniel Kent, Hints to Gentlemen of Landed Property (2nd ed, London 1776),
facing p 263
house at the Bokrijk Museum
'Elevation of two studd work cottages of the smallest size, with brick gables', by Nathaniel Kent, 1776
Nathaniel Kent, Hints to Gentlemen of Landed Property (2nd ed, London 1776), facing p 263
St Mary's Church, Chicago, 1833 Sigfried Giedion, Space, Time and Architecture: the Growth of a
New Traditions (4th ed, Cambridge [Massachusetts] 1963), p 345
balloon frame of a 1½ storey house, USA, c 1845-1859
sills 8 x 8 [200 x 200]studs 2 x 4 in [50 x 100]
puncheons 4 x 4 [100 x 100]corner posts undefined
ribbon x x 1 or 6 x 1[100 x 25 or 150 x 25]
W E Bell, Carpentry Made Easy(1859) , plate 5
Bell’s balloon frame house
sills 8 x 8 [200 x 200]studs 2 x 4 in [50 x 100]puncheons 4 x 4 [100 x
100]
Kent’s studd-worke
cottagesstuds 3 x 5 [77 x 125]
puncheons 5 X 6 [235.
W E Bell, Carpentry Made Easy(1859) , plate 5
Kent, Hints to Gentlemen of Landed Property
balloon frame of a two storey house, USA, c 1845-1859
sills 3 X 10 [75 X 250]
W E Bell, Carpentry Made Easy(1859) , plate 5
Bell’s balloon frame 1½ storey house
sill 8 x 8 [200 x 200]
stud 2 x 4 in[50 x 100]
puncheon 4 x 4[100 x 100]
ribbon 4 x 1 [100 x 100] or 6 x 1 [150 x 25]
? corner post unspecified
characteristics of the US balloon framefrom Europe
Características europeas existentesen el Balloon-frame de USA
close studding / pie derechos próximos entre sí
the horizontal girt / el trabe horizontal
new industrial characteristicsnuevas características industriales
smaller sizes of timber / dimensiones menores de la maderastandardised sizes of timber / piezas estandarizadas
simplified timber joints / uniones simplificadasextensive use of nails / abundante uso de clavos
I.C.S. Reference Library, 'Carpentry' (1900 [1897]), in [vol 14] Carpentry Joinery
Stair Building &c (Scranton [Pennsylvania] 1904), fig 72
balloon frame, USA
factors responsible for the balloon frame in the USA
Factores de la aparición del Balloon Frame en USA.
high cost of labour / altos costos de mano de obramakes complicated joints and shapes impractical
efficient sawmills / aserraderos eficientesmake smaller and standardised timber sizes more
economic than larger and more varied ones
cheap cut and wire nails / clavos a bajo costomake nailed joints cheaper than traditional ones
the social acceptability of timber / aceptación de la construcción en madera
makes two storey timber houses common
details of an American balloon frame(simplified joints and skew nailing)
R S Burn, Building Construction (London 1877), pp 90, 91
the American balloon frame& Haddon’s illustration of
the Australian stud frame, 1908
G E Woodward, Woodward's Country Homes, 1869reproduced in Sigfried Giedion, Space,
Time and Architecture: the Growth of a NewTradition (4th ed, Cambridge [Massachusetts] 1963), p 345
Robert Haddon, Australian Archi-tecture(Melbourne, no date [1908]), p 327
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