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Chapter 1
The Well-Construction Process
Claire Davy, EITICAT, ano
Bernt
S. Aadnoy, University of Stavanger
This
bao
has be eu cornpiled priu cipall y
10
lc ad
wrl ellt incels Ihrough
nrlvauccd
dlilllll~
.uid
lI'ell-desi~n
n-chnology. Thc well-construcuon procexs provirlcs rhc flllll;IlICIlI;d hackhonc 10 SIlPJlOrl xuch wcll desigll
ami complerion designo \Ve also
wj
ll intruducc thc ncvv Icchnology 1111IS
.ipplied
in rhe design
01'
wcllx uud
in lile drilling proccsx.
Idmllced Drillillg
a u d 1 1 1 1 /
I-lllllllogy
is
aimcd
,11
th c app l
ic.u ion
nf luu damental
well-clcxigu
tc chuiqucs.
hui
i t al so adclres scs la r more coniplcx chullcngc- : ihe
SPJ-: Ic.\lbOOK /l/lrUI1I1'/I{lIl.l n(
Drillun;
L//gi//eC/ ;l1g
(Mitche}l 2(09) holds wcalth o inoruuuion on rhe tund.uncutuls. Thc objcctivc of IlIis hook is to c.rpture rhe
vaxt develo pmcnt th.u has raken place in drilling dllling rhc pasr dcc adc ro address mcetiug rhe rcqurrcrucnts
01'
designing more-challcngiug IITlIs mi comph-rions. Signilic;lnl
arlv .mce s ha vc be cn scc n
in
dc cpwarer
orill-
ing,
uud crbalauce d
drilling. loggillg while drillill~.
and
prcxsurc .nut rempcr.uurc rueasurementx clurillg drilling ,
as a tew exumples. These rwo SPE books
are
dosel)' lied logelha .uul
wi
ll be
conxidcrcd
complcrneuuuy.
In short. this hook will link thcorv lo praciical applic.u ion-, ,Iml uuludcx dcruilcd case sllIdies whcrc
ap pr op riate. Alth ough some
derivnuons 01 fund.uucruals
,1Il: rcqui rcd.
lile idea is ro refer lo
Fundumcntnls
ojDrilling.
Dlgil1la;l1g
10 a Irfe cxtcnt.
This chapter scts out the
Iramework
01rhe well-cuasuuction prOlCSS inro which. in pruciice, the dcsi gu
icc hniqucs are drawn Hit ,1/ a time at rhe appropriarc pOillIS. Ofrt'll. st'vn,iI altcrn.uivc IV
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2
AcJvancecl Orilllng and Well Technology
lile 11\'c'IYICW1)(;1 wcl projcel includex ull
ihc
high-Icvcl proces-es (1/ IV:11design. implcmrnt.uion rcport-
ill~. ;11)(1kedh;d; Th,:SL' Jmc:sscs Io rrn p.ut nI' th c wc ll-dclivcrv pro cc sx ami thc dccision -. 1lI;ldc thcrciu.
more I'I/y de~cri :d in O~q;ll/ (20()(1)1. which are lile outcome 01' xound projcct 11l;llIagcillclll
Tlu: IIL'/I-del ivcry prllccss cnco mpa ss cs all rhe aclil'itics required lO gel lrr un xt.ut lo li nivh ;llld is th c
ICSplllhlhilily lllglSl 1>/ /l~,,'IT()lr cllgincl'rl. ;11Il1;11 Ihe il1lcrfan:s
lur
rcpnrtiug 10 exiernal parrics such ;1.\ rcgulatnry
1
Id Il',.
Thc
\\cll-dcliI'L'ly pt'llL'CS' J;I\
bccn
v icwed
ami dctincd
lrum
many
perspccuvcs=-espccialty in
ihc
IHe
1
1
)')1)'-'-111
ord c r
ID
Iinc
[une :111\1ighlighl
rh c
cftccrivcuess
01 ' thc part s 01 ' th e
process Ih;H were signiticlIlIly
inlp;lditlg Ihe k cv IK'I'I'orlll:lllu: itltlil'alnrs (Kctly 199-'1;Robins and Robcus 11)1)6;Dudouet ami
Detiui l
laumc
199.~:
Dupui: .. I
lJ1)7: /'vlorg\I,~Itt)UI hy
vvc
l l illll'gl'ily-;ssurallrt: processcs.
1,2.1 Arl
vanccd
\Vd I Design, Exccllc.u
advauccd
wcll
dexign
ix thc rhreud that su\lains a xuccessfu: 11'1:'11-
dcliv r
rv
pt'\ln's~,
Thc Ili'I)L'lS
of .u lv anced wcl
desigll
ix x imil.u '
lO ihat
usc d
al
a ha sic levcl:
hOI\'CI'Cr. rhrrc
;Irc' 111'11rinv ipa l ditfnclln's ;1\ rhc dl'~igll procccdx:
Ah crn.u i
v r
\I;)S
(Ir
fllllilling IhC nccds are consunu
ly
considcrcd.
Thc designer h;s I() push out (Ir lile couvcntional box .uul somerimcs beyund lile comfort zonc of borh
IIIC tlt'SlgllU :lld his
m hc r
pccrs.
Dcs ig n rnlcs
rhut muy
llave bee n
sel previouxly IIHISI he challen~,'
ClIIl\isllllly. \Ve IIIIISI alll':l)'s re
I 'Cr IlO
[h e objcct ivc s wc are trying lo achieve and not rcmain bouud by
Ir~ldili()lI;d dC~I:;ll tlll:llj()d{llo~:y.
Tu he skillcd in ;llh;llIl'ed IITII desigll. tl : designcr must lirsl bccome conversan: with thc Icchllnlll IC'
Ih;1I :II\~ .rv.ul.ibk: lIT h.ivc al our dispusal')
Thc wc l l II
i
l l he ICljuc,
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:.
The WellConslruclion Process 3
1l11ISr e eslahlshctI ro enablc releusc llf Illwllces Io r thc project.
TtJ
csi im .ue the :lLIrhuri/:liOIl for cx pcnditurc
(AFE). lile xpecific rcsourccs rcquircd to c.u ry out rhc work pruurum muxt also be eSI:lhlisiled.
'1'0 conuneuce thc journcy along rhc wcli-dctivcry prtKes.\. I\C hcgill with what i - ; normal. good pracricc :11
the st.ut: In delinc the objccrivcs of rhc wcl. The objecuvcx will dcpend un rhc purpnsc ot rhe \\'cI11II
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, Advanced Orilling and Well Technology
' he rcqu irement lor 100 many casing scutx rraditionally has Iorccd rhc dcsigllcr inro a xrnn l lcr-t hau-
pr.rct
icabl c tin al
wcllborc
sizc. or
into having ver)' Iargc
xur tac c
casing sil.es, Severul rechnulng ies
ha vc
rccc utl
y
curuc lo rhc torc trunt
lo
.uldrexs thcse challcnpcx: cxpandab lc caxing. 11100n;gc:d-prcsslIlc drilling.
and casing drillint,
rXp;lIId;lble casings have the poieruiul to
otlcr
an cruirely diflcrcnt IV;Y of sclting out c;lsing cOllllgllr,llions
withiu ihc wcll. cnabling Ihe rcservoir wcllbore sife rhat is
ideal
Ior produc ion lU be rc;/i/,ed, Ex p.uulublc
c;lsings C;1I1cvcn cnable OCIISun oplirniling Ihe hole SI/e withoui comprollll,lng rcxervoir wcllhore si/,e
(l',g .. where Sexicnded-reach wells requirc un idl';t1 hule xizc In the high',lIIgJc portion. nr require h,l\'illg;
uouhlc ((lIlC
cascd oll carly).
f3cing ahle lo puxh casing se; ts clown Iarth cr is onc 01' lile many pox iiiv c unrihutc-; 01' rhc 1II,lIl;gecJ-prcsslll'C
tlrilllllg tecluuquc. which is dcscribed in Chaprer
9.1 1 1 1
some C;lSCS.IIlIS techniquc
i,
comhincd
wilh
C1',ng
tlrillillg lu e 11 urc thc auainmcnt ofrhc cas ing-sear dcprh. The icchniquc 01'casing drilltng 1;;,,1'0 dcxcribcd in
Ch.rp ier
l),2.
a nd
i t h,l'
bec n us ed
in innovativc
wa) 's
lo OI'\:ITOI11C
Ioss 01 '
linal
we
llborc slle
ca use d
by
hoc
prohlcm.
Scveral '1'1I aalllples
ha ve
rcvulutionizcd complerion designo wirh thc prodnrt iun
pa ckcr
now bcing
xcntecl
in
produciion
casing
nbove
a
seu led liner
10p, logelher
with
pruducuou-well kill pllilo,upltic, Iltal
do
11tHrcquire k il l llui d in ihc aunulus cloxe 10 thc rescrvoir. Th ese ex amplcx in 111mreduce thc l';sing (Ir linc r
sile
nec dcd
anoss
the
rcscrvoir
and
are we
ll
illusuntcd in
rhc
over-pressurcd gas
wclls
nf lile xourhcrn
North
Sea.
Monohore completions are now nccepted praciice in some areas where corroxion ur lile l'asillgs is unlikcly
ro I)('CIII dllrillg Ihe producrion life 01' t he we 11The principie 01'desiring lile i(]e,j lublllgsilX spCCirlcalinn
1111hce(llll~'s cvcn more important because it is now possible 10 obtuin Ihis,
COIIIJl/eIf)// //1tervals Are lile zoncx ro be produccd all to
be
open
lrom the
OIlISCl'l Is Iher.: ; likclihood
01'dillerill2 prcssurc regimos
Iroru
one zone to unother? Is lile rescrvoir prexsurr pledicl;lblc bclurc lile /llll(~~
are pcuctruretl hy dri ll ing? Will the pure pressure be derectable al the time of drilling',1
The
answer 10
th es e
questions
and the
certainty of
cach wil] lcad wcll
designt'rs tu ensille 1/;11
hey
II,IVC
conlingclll pl;lIlS in place 10
avoid
wasting lime
(a ud
money) in re
sponding lo
a posviblc U1I1CUIIlCIor
whirh
ihere is no established plan,
Fortntttiou livaluation
Requirements.
The big:gest
advance
in Ihis rexpect IS lile use
ol un dc rba lnncc d-
drilling rcchniqucs. which can offcr nor only thc bcnctit 01' reducing impuinnent blll Iso the ;tlllll\'anCt' 01
welllt'Sling whilc drillillg (see
Chapte r
1),1),
Thcre is considerable rcwurd rol'
dc signcrs
inlllinilllil.illg he
criticnl p.uh
time 1'01'rig opcrations A.s
thcs c
are he ight eued turther. innovation is creeping in 10 removc acriviries Irorn th c cruical p.uh . inclllding Iorn
1 0 1 ,
tion cvaluat iun acuviucs. Openhole logging tools have bccorne cranuncd into xhoncr unu x 10 cnablc cornbi-
u.uinn nJIIs to rcplace xeveral runx of
lo ggi ng too ls and
10
bcc ome
a nonn,
Likcw ise .
long.::r coring rllllS ~II\'
achicvablc in une uucmpt. More focus is placer on enlighteniug thc rustorner w ith Ihe C()~I Ir infunuauon
g;lincd in lhcse lI'ay' 10 cnablc cnmpromises to be seuled IIpOl1. Logging results derived Irom rucnsurcmcut-
whilc-rlrillinj: techniques are now widely accepted as dcfinitivr survcys Ior Ioruun iou cvalu.uiou jllllpUSCS 111'
oil rompanicx and rcgulatory bodics. although thcrc is controvcrsy ovcrthc ourcomc rcading s. Unlortuuatclv.
i t
is xtill neccssary ro spend lime 0 1 1a gyru survcy lO define dirccrional p.uhs of wclls
iha t
mav l.ucr huvc ot hcr
wcllx nc .u hy
01' are to
be
sidctracked in or near a reservoir.
ferfnmliOI/ Strategies
and Sand Control.
Thc Iirxt design choice
would be
111pertor.ue ()I' ro havc ;11;
opcnholc complcrion 01' surts. Perfor.uion iechnolop
y
has moved nhc.ul. ami rhc choice 1'01'xclrcuou no:
Sp;IIIS wid r,lIIge,
Once the we ll (lt:signer h;s infnrrnation about pore p'essures and rcservoir charactcriz.uion. incllldillg the
cxicut ami thickncxs 01' inrcrbcds aud
ihe
narure of
ihc
rescrvoir rock anel ils pel'llleahilily llleCh;lIlisIlIS. a) rct',
Illcnl (;11I
lx:
reached on h(l\\' perfllralinn inlervals will
he
c/oscll---whal Ing lhe)' lllay nced lO
he
basecl UpOl1.
lhe: illlensity of perforation IsllolS per foot),
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The Well-Construclion Process 5
Opcnh ule completions ca n hav e screens or slortcd pipc sct aeross rhern. or simply can ha ve raw snn d-
[are exposcd. The use ol ex pnndable sand scrccns ami s.uulpack have chnnged thc oprions Ior
corn ple
tion
cxtt'lIsivc/y.
1.3 .2 D efine the N ecds of the
\Vell. J)iITerellli;lIing
rh e nccdx
01;1
well
al
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6 Advanced Orilling and Well Technology
() Thc n.u urc
01'
eac h of the
geological Iormarionx
am i thci r
drill 'lhilil)'. wcll-bore
stubi lity
pcrt or-
ma ncc al
vario us
holc anglcs 1('1.2. Tire pore
pressulc and fracture pres sure plot w irh dcpth are the kcy lO derermining which en;lbling tcchnulogy could
;Hld value by rctercnce lO 'rabie 1.3.
-_
.
_-_ . . ._ __ __ _ . .._
TABlE 1.1- DATA COllATI0N AND ANAlYSIS TOPICS IN THIS BOOK
Data Callalion and
Analysis Tapie
Chapler fa r Relerence
Chap.5.1
Chap.6.1
Chap 6.2
Geamechanics and Wellbore Slability
Images While Drilling
Geasleering
Wellbare slabilily
Pare pressure
Chap.5.2
Normalizalion and Inversion Melhads
--_- TABLE 1.2-ESSENTIAl WEll-PlANNIG TO~ICS IN lHIS-_BOK ~ = j
Well-Pl3nnong Tapie Cnapter for Referenec
Casing seat placemenls Chap 2 Advanced Casino and Tubll1g De s iqn
Casing confiqurations 1
Tubing seleclion
Completion delails
Chap.3.4 Laads. Friction and Buckling
Well palhs-lrajeclory design Chap. 3.1 Advanced Orill51ring Oesign
Welleonlrol modeling
Chap.4.2 WellCanlrol Modeling
._._ _ .._ ____
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..........
_... ......_
The WelJConstruclion Process 7
TABLE 1 3-ENABLlNG-TECHNOLOGIES TOPICS IN THIS BOOK
Enablinq- Technologies Topie Chapler rar Reference
Using underbalanced-dnrlinq fluid Chap. 9.1 Uncerbalanced-Drunnq Opcralions
hydroslalics
Using at-balanced-drillinp fluid Chap.9.3 Managed-Pressure Drilling
hydrostatics
Using toarn as drilling fluid Chap.4.3 Foam Onlling
Cilsing while jnlling Cllap.9.2 Casing While Orilling
1.3.3 Assur:lllcc lo Arhieve th e Dexign. Once thc wcl l des ign is outlincd. i t will be irn poru uu lo cnsure Ih;1I
the complete tlri Iling progr.un can SlIppOrl ihc req ui rcmcnt s 10 tulfi l rhe objectivex 0'- rhe wcll. Axsuruucc 111;11
thc wcll can huvc cnnrinucd inlcgrily will bccornc prouressiv ely more nf a conc ern In s:llisry th c l'cgu ;llOry
aut hori Iics.
\-lanagclllcnl will ncc d 10 be pr eseuted with several way s lo dcsign the well, with lile eOSI for cnch sel OUI
und ;1 lisl
ni
the slreng lh s. wenkuesscs. opportunii ies, and lh reals presented by cuch. Axxu ran ce Iha l the
dcsigncd wcll can be put in Ih e , 'rtlum l \ViII need to be ju stif icd. The more non-standard lid th c more dcv ia-
liom lrorn Iradilinll,t1 icchnolog y ihar are proposcd. the grea ter the dcpth 01 ' sr udy 10 pr ove ihc projcct v iable.
ld enu lica tion 01 th c opportunitic s thut the des ign offers is highly val uable al this sragc. The re servoir cllgi
ncers xhouk] be cncourugc d lo share th cir v ision of how rh e well w ill continu e lo drain ih e icld dllring ih lite.
including production r.ues. tluid rypcs, ;1I1dwheth er water i n f l u x or x an d p ro du ctio n will Iike ly occur ;Irtn.l
spccific numbcr 01' y cnr s.
Ccrtu in p;rlS of Ihis book provide guiclance 011 ho w
this
can be udd resscd within
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8 Advanced Drilling and Well Technology
TABLE 1.5-SPECIA~IST ENVIRONMENTAL_ CONDITION TOPICS IN.THIS BooK-
l
Specialist Environmental
Condition Tapie Chapter for Reference
---O-eepwater wel;s---- Chap. 7 Oeepwater Onlllng
J
Hiqh-pressure/hiqh-ternperature Chap.B High-PressureIHigh- Temperalure
wells Well Oesign and Onlling
..........
_----_._--
I.J.4 Rcsources lo Meet These Rcquircmcnts. Resourcc-, 10
cnahle
the dcsi~ncd \\cIIIO be put in place ar
ncx t dctcrm iucd
hy
the aclvanccd
well-design engineer. In particular, il
is detcnu incd what
i\ uvailublc
.uid
what is :Ipprtlplllle with respect lO
Dri Iling rigs or worko ver unirs
Servicc cquipmcut
Acccxs rourc s lo supply the drilling ri~ anrl thcir limii.uions
Local asxistan cc,
support,
un d any co nstraints
Ex pcrt perxonncl to deliver th e requ ired objectiv es
Ncw technologics llave cmcrged wi thin the provisin of n11111)'erviccx rcquircd Ior l'llilSlrllcling and servic-
ing
wcl s.
L:x:lIllples are
ser
out in Chapter
9.4, Coiled Tubing
Drilling alld Chaptcr
9 ..1.
Novel Drilling
Techniqucs
Tire complete wcll des ign and the rcsources
10
be uscd are normully do cum ented 111~Idrilling programo
Appeudices ol this
prograrn provide
rhe ou tlin e
0 1
how spec iul componcnrs
olrhc progfillll
such as rhe mud
m thc clircc tional program will be execured. For operarions on ihe United Kingdolll COlltilll:nlill Shelf
e u
KCS) ,
the drilling. progralll is referred to as the Hcalth and
Satety
Executive (HSE) Submissiou.
1\
in many couu-
trics, i t
muxt be
submined
to
Ilre regulatory aurhoruy Ior approval
or
acccprnnce prior 10
pcnn ixxion
beillg
grillllccI 1'01'rhe oi 1 co rnpa ny lo construct rhe well.
The
dc
tai lcd proccdures for
ull rhe
plann ed
activirics
ihcn are
compilcd
1111 tlcl~ldetl drilling prngram.
Thc wcll cnginccr perf rmns sig uificuu t planning with all 01' the rcquired partirs ~Ind ;rlSIJ urg~lnilxs loruml
risk asseSSlllcllts th ar addrcss the adclitional risks crcaterl
by
th e intcractivity nf rh c v.uious couuibuunx
(which are ovcr and above thc risk assessmcnis rhnt euch serv ice providcr pcrtonn -, in-houxc un thc re-
t ivu ics ror which cach is wholly respousiblej . It is importnnt not to miss thc lisJ..:s
prcx cnicd by
hringing
tugclher cliffcreur tc.uns ofservice providers: No
111'0
wcll
des igns
are idcruical:
ihu s. m y riud
ofrisks are
prexcutcd Io r which miuimiznrion, mirigation, and rcsponxes need
10
be IIHlughl th rough tormally bcforc
activiry o n-site.
A ty pical m .magcmcn t sy srcm Io r c orn pa nies
opcrating on
thc UKCS fonn alizcx
1\'11;11
in l'lel Icnd.s In
work
we
ll
nnywhcre. Exccrpr s
01 '
tlow charts Irom
thix mnnugcmcru xysrcm
are proviclcd
in
Figs.
1.1
th rough 1.4
ID show ho,v thc design proeess is rigorously integrated: rhe chanx iucludc dctiuirc stcl's aud chcck s by lile
wcll cx.unincr Inr wcll in tcgrii y , and risk asscssm cnt acrivitics are in jcc tcd as the design dcvclups righ: rom
rhc basis ol dc;;ign through ihe wel -driiling progr;1ll und Oll through ihe dcvclopmcnt ni' dcrnilcd proccdurcs.
Wcll design an rl complcrion cksign are ud dresscd in the
sarne
rigor ous manncr.
The man agcment sy srcm gocs 011lo point OUI in pa rticular the SIC));;in which \\'cll-lnll'gr-iIY conccrns wouid
he idcn ti licd as the wcll is construrtcd (or as th c c omp le rion i, pu t in rhc ground). ,1;;rCJlortin, ,111(.1undovcr
or the
product
wel lo thc cuxrorner is
achicverl.
ami as revicw
occurx.
1.4 Implementatiol1
1.4.1 Dcliv('ry of the Advauccd Well Dl'sign. Enahling OIl-SiIC dclivcry ol thc lk\lgn 1L:lluires xevcru KL\
s)'\tellls
lo
be in place. The si/.e or rh e projcct to which Ilris wcll ronlribulcs C,III v~lry grt:;i1ly. Whcrc lile \wll
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Responsible Team
[ 1 J Cornpany asset
[J Company operations
o
Well examiner
AFE
supporting
documentation
Completion
basis
0 1
design
Risk assessment
Subsea-systems
basis of design
Risk assessment
The Well-Construction Process 9
L_-'-- _
Signature Authority
Asset manager
liI
Enqincer
Operations manager
i l
Weli examiner
Peer
Process Requirements
. __ _ ~
Manoatory II required
Outline well-operations
program and health and salety 1.
executive notilication
Drilling
basis of design
Detailed well
- ; ; - ; ; - l
flO,PlejJirlaltio_n s_p_ro_g_r_a 'lm~ --_-----l Well examinati~
Well-test
basis of design
,
L
Well exarnination
rogram changes
End 01 well report
Fig. 1.1-0verall well-planning process-document and signature requirements (courtesy 01 Chris Dykes
International).
is a luue cx
plor.u
inn
well.
sysll'1l1S
wi l be
strenmlincd
and likely cuxtomived. Where the wcll is
(li le
ol
m.iny .
i t oficn rcquirex support by ,1 corporntc set of sy SICIllS that also support. Ior cxample. the production opera-
tiullS 01- a pl .ufnnn .
Thcrc
,11(:.
however. S)stCIllS
nf
nnportunce 111,lt are
noied
here as ideall
y
rcquircd
10
SOIllC scalc.
whurcvcr
Ih e P IOJCCI. Thc systelm uecc lcd 10 support rhe su ccc ssf u l consuuciion of the de sigued well compuse. ,IS a
minimum. SySlC111S
ih.u
pcriorrn rhc folloll 'llg tasks:
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10 Advanced Orilling and Well Technology
Responsible Team
O Asset
O
Operations
O
EH&S
O Well examiner
O Well partner
. S ~ f ~ J 9 Y ' t M r ;~ ~ i 1
.'.slteSlJwey,,\.:
t
cnjracto(/:,~
Prepare and submit
PON
15
Prepare and submit
oit spill
contingency plan
ALJditsi(esJ'rvey ..
. c6ntractr'
Prepare AFE supporting
docurnenlation for long lead time
well materials, goods and services
Approve FE r6rlo~g lead time
well
rnaterlals; gi:iods and services
. . ..
Order long lead time
well malerials, goods and services
Fig, 1.2-Well-planning process-preplanning phase (courtesy
01
Chris Dykes International).
Clc.u ly define and documcut res ponsibili ries an d accoumubiluics
P ubl ish po lic ies am i procederes. pa rt icu lar ly to ensure
sarCI)'
al sile
Monitor tor actual operations:
as-huilt
vs. planncd to derert and m.mnge change
Alcn rol' vnri.uio ns in
local
d. ua that rnay
cornpromise thc
dcsign
Euab le eflcctive communicuriou
Ensurc follow-through on authoriuuive direciions
Clcurly Define and Documont Responsibitities and Accountubiities.
\ mee ting 10
d ril/ lile 11 ,11
11 P{/Ir'f
C;11I be cttcc tiv e in ac hi cving the se definitions. Usual ly . rcxpnnsibilities a 11(1 ncc ou nt .rhiliues \ViII be dOCII-
mcuicd i11 the managcmcn: systcm.
j
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The Well-Construetion Process 11
Responsible Tearn
J Assel
[J
Opera1ions
[J
EH&S
1,''':''''::,,+, .: '0 -' ..... ,.,.
i
I
1,
,e.o :-'/;'. : ...., .
1
[] Supply chain
L
DECC consent to locate
G Well examiner
Notify fisheries lederation]
t
I
I
r
Initiate weekly planning
Contracts
I
I
meeting
I
I Consents and notifications
. . .
Oil spill eontingency plan
J
~.
Rig selection process
Conduet offset data review
SMS: bridging and SC docs
. ..
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12 Advanced Drilling and Well Technology
Submit--da~ydrilling reports
Submit 5/7 -day operations
look ahead
Issue weekly operational and
emergency response
dut rotation
Submit well-activity reports
casing running
cementation fishing
Submil lessons to company
database
Complete EEMS
chemical-useage reports
Asset
Responsible Team
O Operations O EH&S
Drilling O
contractor
Well examiner
Conduct well
operations
Submit weekly
HSE activity report
Prepare activity
work
instruclions
Prepare and submit
PON
1
reports
Prepare and subrnit
PON
1
reports
Prepare and submit
RIDDOR reports
Prepare and submit
RIDDOR reports
Prepare well
change request
WCR
Fig. 1.4-Well-planning process-program (courtesy
01
Chris Dykes tnternational).
Cement job Iais
Siuck casing muxt be xet high
Act ual gcology ur porr pressurc is not as predic te d
Alert for Variations iu Local lrata That May Compromisc tlt e Desigu. Var i.uionx that oc cur
on
xitc
II111st
1l0
he pcrm iu cd
to
comprom iso
designo
For cx ample, gcolo :') ' picks
coming in ton higil
m
not at
al l
\ViII
;Jlcct tlu: l-;l.si llg setting depth.
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The Well-Construction Process t3
E/laMe CO/llIII/lllicafioll P ]IIlS . including ex ec ution rcspo nxihilities . nec d ro be re luy cd trom IO\I-'n lu kcy
perso
lll1c l
al site. From lile well-sire the reslIl ls 01 monitoring are Icd bn ck 10 IOWI1 by rhe con rrn ctorx daily .
weekly , 01' monthly.
Ensure Follow-Through
011
Authoritative Uirections. The oil cO lllpan)' repr escnu.rivc ;1\ rhc wctlsitc is
[h e fo cus and coc oor dinator Io r
oversccing
communications au d Io r cnsur ing
ihar the
oil com pan y di rec t
ives
are impl clllenled.
1.5 Reporting and Feedback
1. 5 .1 \N IH II Is Reported? M inimum rcpor ring rcquircm ents are very suict.
They are
use d fo r ihe rolln \V in g
pl lrpo ses:
To mee t obJ igalory res puu sibi li tie am i sari sfy reg ul atory
nuthoriiics
Toinfonu orh er s in the si re tcr nnund nil
compauy ,
which is uhimately uanslate d into be ing
Ior
satery
or comrncrciul
)lllrJloses
Il is rn and atory that all deta ilx dC llIonslral ing \V l'1I imcgriry am i cornpliancc to [h e appr ove d pr og ram are
reponed.
How D o e s Reporting Occur? Rcporring can occur in a number 0 1 format s and trequen cies Irom daily
drilling repo rts to w cek ly xumrnarie s , am i. att er
ihe
wef l is lini shcd. th e Ia ctx will be rcc ordcd in
un
cnd uf
well reporto R epo rts are by the oil cornpany drilling superv isor ur repr es cntutiv c to the oi l company office
res ponsible
Ior the licensc.
They ;:.Isn may uriginalc from rhe serv ice corn pany and drilling contractor.
1.6 How Best To Use Advanced Technologies in the Overall Advanced Well Design
Using
ad vancc d techn oJog ies in th e ovcrull advancc d wcll dcsign rcquircs:
l. COIH.:Cpl
op tions to be generutcd
2. A robus t busin ess case rol' the preferred choice
3. A sound depl oy rncnt Irumework
4. Excellcnce in project management
Thi s bo ok prov ides th e wcll-des ign engineer with infor rnarion 011rh c IICW rcc bn olo gics ihat are available for
well construct ion aud giv cs examples of how ihose rc chnolog ics can be us ed in advanc ed well des igno Engi-
ncers w ill find thcse exam pl es useful in lak ing their ca pa bilities bey ond rhe basics,
As (h e cngin ee r follows specific examplcs , il is also use lu l
10
con sider what oihcr innov ative appl ica tions
the re miglu
be
Io r thal particular rec hn olug y . In the evolv ing energy ind uxrry , creariv iry ami rcx pon sib le de -
ploy meut 01' IlCW technolog ie s w ill prov ide the cornperirive cd ge.
Thi s book se rvex on ly
lo
introduce th c rcchnotogi es am i some cx amplcx of rh cir upp hc.uion. lur thc r
rcx eur ch 10 gain full Iamilia ri ty w irh rh e particular rcch nology of inrcrcst is hi ghly rec on uneuded .
A cauiion is ncedcd he re ab out inco rporatin g new rcc hnolou y into wcll designo The cxtent to whi ch new
technolngy dep loy rne nt ca n benetit Irorn go od project munagem cur cann ot he oversr.ued. The ups u e is that
ncw tcc hnology implcnicntation ca n impro ve sy slc lns performance bccause so much aueutiou has In he paid
lo dctnil. The dowus ide is th at ir such auention and
,1
rigorou s approa ch
lo
ri sk numag cruc u: are uot madc. thc
app lica tion 01 th e new lcc ilnology may be doomcd . Thc pr cparntion of propos als need s, ih crcfo rc. ro iucor -
porate an analysis of th e stren grhs. wea kncsse s. opporrunities and thr euts (SWOTs) Io r ca en option so that
lhese are tho roughl y co nsid crcd prior ro a managcmcnt cha llen ge.
C a s
Study.
W hcn addr e,~ing case studies. the dev elopment 01' dcs igu optious broad ly Iollow s th c srcps
sc t oUI in thi s cha pt er. Referen ce SIH lU lt he mude by the dcs igner lo the rclevunt technolug y in Ihis book .uu l
in pub lished paper suc h as thnx e tound in the
SP E
li tcr.uur e. For ca ch wcll -dc xign np t iuu uulicu ted , rhe
aCliv ir ics o well co ns truction. inclu ding ihe completion. should be xet ou t by the des ig ne : cach cng inccri
likcly to
CIllI
rhis cx crc ixe wiih sligluly ditfe rcnt uu tcumcs.
---- ..
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14 Advanced Drilling and Well Technalagy
Obicctivc. To illustrare the valuc
1 1 1 :1 1 ;\
hn rizon tal well would havc compa red lo a trad iri oual verti cal wcll.
I'nr an oil rompa n)' th .u is unfum ilia r witl: (, r.1.ip prchcusivc about ) horizuntnl wel lx.
IdclI/i ril/g Hotuulruv
ontlitions
Rcx cr vo ir
Plnn. Th e salid
tre nd
is in [he
uo rth/sot uh
dircction within thc
rcscrvoir. Wluu is li le optimum
dirccrion
1'01':1 ho rizontal wel in this rcscrvoir? Fig.
5
is a sketch of a pl an
;11
rescrvoir
level .
with North oric nr cd
tlp ihe pag c, showing
hr ui ded
sands.
\sSCSSIII('f /1.
l. A horizonml
we l]
with
ca st/w cst oricntanon is
needed
lO
Irns
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TIlO Welt-Conslruction Process 15
such aualy se s
lO
sc reeu th c av ailabl e dc sign options
~1 I1C 1
preve rhe ca se
tor
rhe appl icnu on
01'
ncw vs, uadi-
tional Icchnology.
P ro ject
Management,
Excell ence in pr oj cct-m an agcmcnt
rcchniques is
re qui red lO lacilinuc an d bcuelir
troru thc use 01 ' th e new tcc hnologics,
P ropo sals Ior th e application ofn ew
iechnology are
id cally supportcd by i
nformatiou
to
present
the st.u c of
thc artorninimize risk, and maximizc valuc. Typical srudics rhat
can
he undertak eu 10 prov idc this in tornuui on
includ c:
TABLE 1_6-COMPARISON OF VERTICAL ANO
HORIZONTAL WELLS
._
....
_ _ .. . _ . ._ ..
ldenrification of rhc new tcchnology bencfirs where they
apply In
explor.uiou
wcls
Tcch nolog y gap nnn ly sis al th e
conceptual
stages ol a proj cct tu dcm onstr .ue which tech nologies llave
lile porenrinl to add value
The
position of cach ncw rechnology to be uscd in projecl-scl out in
thc
tcchnology dcploymeut plan
lo support
the field dev elopm cnt
plan or
rhc
fi eld rcdcvclop mcu t
plan
Technicnl asscssmcnt 01the
in teg ration
of uew/ncw and ncw/uaditioual iechnolog
ic s
10
ac hi cvc
the
be si-v aluc well over a well 's en tire li fc cy cle
The cost and potcnrial value geueraied
by
thc new rechnology: tnr ex.uuplc.how ihe correct applic.uion
of the new rechnology
can
\' lmprove projeci cconouucs
o l.iber.uc reser ves of eithcr bypasscd oil or prcviouxly
ununainnblc
res erves
Sl,lIlIS of the maturity of
ca ch
rcchnology, Ilaming cxumplcs in which dcployincut has occurrcd in
sim ilar circum stanccs
The dcgree of
reliabil iry
1 thc cquipmcnt componcnts
Thc
level of contidcncc wirh
whi ch
the technulog
y
can he dcploycd in
thc
purticul.u
selling or which
i t is intcnded-c-onshorc/offshorc. local country. or b, 1S1I1
The
nmount of plalllling
rh nt
ix
necded
lo
succ ess fully dcploy
ihc ICC]IlOlogy
Thc ro ot ca use s tluu han- um lcrpinned cx isuug succ c:
Slmies
The back ground aud rhc
lIlldcrlyillg
ca use of rclcvaui
luilurcs
of
Ihis
tc chuo lop y
Conuiburing
Inct ors
lik ely ro id succexs m 10
uuderminc
Ihc dcpl()ynll'nt
---
Tradilionat Vertical Well Horizontat Well
Is simple and relatively
inexpensive
Well design is easily
accepted as a proven
melhod wilh a low cost,
bul is it a good value?
May not intcrscct any of
Ihe pay sano channel
Longer zone in lhe pay
sands
Greater confidence in
peneuatinq Ihe reservoir
Concern over perceived
nsks 01achieving Ihe
well
Higher imlial well cost
and interventions
Accesses more reserves
Reservoir depletion is
less understood (e.q.,
well may have a shorter
life ,f cones water anc
less of a
cnoxe
etfeel
around lt1e wellhore)
Increased production
rate
s
likely lo
acceler ate prooucnon
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16 Advancec Drilling and Well Technology
A c< ll~ log of th e man-h ours rcqui re d lo effc ctively achieve rhc voluruc of planning rcquired 10 br ing thix
tcc hnology dcp loy mcnt to re.ui iy without cost
overruns
Thc wcl l cng incer w ill nncl that it is usc ful
lO
ge l a Ieel l'or rh e above maucrs so that they are we ll cquippc d
lO
respond to cu srom er re ques is tor use 01' ncw cr technologies in a realistic manuer . Thi s bno k is iu tended
IS
a good sla rt ing poiut
ror
bo rh ihos c
cousidering
su ch implcmcnt atio n an d also
10
support thosc who huve
dep loy cd cennin ne wer technolog ics and ca n ben efi t from
prompts.
kno wledge nnd methodo logies rhat apply
1 .0 othcr te chn ologies as yC I IIIt1ri.d. 1 I i, hoped thut rhe informarion prov ided
ca n
hclp w ith prcparing thc
businesxes cases 10
bring
cuch 10
[ruition. Kecping
updated with rcsults aud
I'in dings
Irom othcr
indu stry
col-
lcagucs and oth er
SPE
co llengucs \V iII co mplement what y ou lind in this
book .
Acknowledgments
Figs. 1.1
th rough lA .
which xhnw the diag r;l Ill S of
li le
wcll
engin eering
mauagement system,
are couu esy nf
Cluix Dy kes interuauonal.
al
Id
: t
spcc ia] acknowledgm ent gocs 10 Chris D y kes for his kind perm ixs ior: to
rcprint rhcse.
References
Dud ouet, M . and D eGui llau mo. 1. 199 .1 . Ma in Contrac tor 's V iewpoint of th e Lekhw air T urnkcy P roj cct : Case
Hisrory . P aper
SP E 29417
pres eni ed al thc
SPEI/ADC
Dri lIing Con tere nce, Amsterdam, 2S February-?
M urch.
Dupuis. D .
19 97.
Tru e Line 0 1 Buxincxs: D ri llin g P roject Managemeni. Paper SPE 37633 presented at the
SPE/lADC
Drilliug
Conference. Amxicrdam , 4-6 March,
Kelly, J.H. 1994. Tcamwork:
Thc
Methodology
for
Succ csxtully D rilling
the Judy/Joanne Devclopment.
P aper SP E 28862
pres enrcd
at th e Europe an P etroleum Confe rcncc , Lond on, 25 -27 October.
M itchell, R.1'v1.(ed). 200
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