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Photovoltaic
Power System
INDIA 2011-14
SOLAR RADIATION:
SOURCE OF LIGHT ENERGY
FOR DIRECT CONVERSIONTO ELECTRIC POWER
SOLAR CELL: TO CONVERT
SUNLIGHT DIRECTLY TO
ELECTRICITY
TYPES OF PV MODULESBALANCE OF SYSTEM:
Inverter, Controller, Battery
etc.
PV SYSTEMCOMPONENTSAND FUNCTIONS OF
COMPONENTS
APPLICATIONS
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SOLAR RADIATIONSOURCE OF LIGHT ENERGY
FORCONVERSION TO ELECTRICITY
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Insolation in India: An Energy Resource
Solar radiation is perennial,environment-friendly and well suited
for decentralized applications.
Most parts of India receive 47 kWh
(kilowatt-hour) of solar radiation per
square metre per day.
There are 250300 sunny days in a
year.The highest annual radiation energy is
received in western Rajasthan.
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SOLAR CELLSUNLIGHT CONVERSION TO ELECTRICITY
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TYPES OF PV CELLS
AND
MODULES
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Module
Every single photovoltaic cell has small
dimensions and generally produces a
power between 1 and 3 watts and 0,5Volts,
at the standard test conditions (STC) of1000W/m.
To get a bigger power and voltage, it is
necessary to connect several cells among
themselves to create bigger units calledmodules
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The modules in a PV array are usually first
connected in series to obtain the desired voltage;
the individual strings are then connected in
parallel to allow the system to produce morecurrent. They are then protected by
encapsulation between glass and a tough metal,
plastic or fiberglass back. This is held together by
a stainless steel or aluminum frame to form a
module.
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These modules, usually comprised of about 30
PV cells, form the basic building block of a solar
array. Modules may be connected in series or
parallel to increase the voltage and current, and
thus achieve the required solar array
characteristics that will match the load. Typical
module size is 50Wp and produces direct current
electricity at 12V (for battery charging for
example).
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PV SYSTEM COMPONENTS
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The photovoltaic system structures
Systems with fixed inclination - (fixedsupporting structure)
Systems with active tracking - single/double
axis tracking systems (characterized by step bystep motors and control electronics)
Self contained systems or stand alone
Network connected systems or gridconnected
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Applications of Solar PV Systems
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Solar Lantern The solar lantern is a portable lighting system. Being
light in weight, it is easy to carry around and thereforeideal for both indoor and outdoor usage.
A typical solar lantern consists of a PV module of 8 Wpto 10 Wp capacity, a sealed maintenance-free battery of
12 V, 7 AH (ampere hours) capacity, and a compactfluorescent lamp (CFL) of 5 W or 7 W rating. A solarlantern is usually meant to provide light for three tofour hours daily, and designed to have a three-day
autonomy, that is, to function in this manner forthree days without sunlight.
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Solar home system -1
A solar home system (SHS) provides a
comfortable level of illumination in one or
more rooms of a house. There are several
SHS models featuring one, two, or four
Compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFL). It is also
possible to run a small DC fan or a 12-V DC
television with the system.
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Solar home system - 2
The SHS consists of a PV module of 18, 37 or74 Wp (Watt peak) capacity; a sealed,
maintenance-free, or flooded leadacid
battery of 12 V and 20, 40 or 75 AH capacity;
and CFLs of 9 W or 11 W rating.
The system is designed to provide service
for three to four hours daily, with an
autonomy of three days, that is, the systemcan function for three cloudy days.
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Operation
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Operation
A PV module is usually mounted on the roof of the
house so that it is exposed to direct solar radiationthroughout the day, avoiding any
shadow.
The module converts incident radiation into
electricity, which, in turn, charges the battery,which is placed inside the house.
The battery provides power to the CFLs, and to thetelevision and/or fan as required. A change
controller prevents overcharging and deepdischarge of the battery.
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Solar street lightingsystem
A solar street-lighting system (SLS) is anoutdoor lighting unit used to illuminate
a street or an open area usually in
villages. A CFL is fixed
inside a luminaire which is mounted on
a pole.
The PV module is placed at the top of
the pole, and a battery is placed in a
box at the base of the pole. The
module is mounted facing south, sothat it receives solar radiation
throughout the day, without any
shadow falling on it.
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A typical street-lighting system consists of a PVmodule of 74 Wp capacity, a flooded leadacid
battery of 12 V, 75 AH capacity, and a CFL of 11 Wrating. This system is designed to operate from duskto dawn (that is, throughout the night). The CFLautomatically lights up when the surroundingsbecome dark and switches off around
sunrise time.The cost of an SLS is about Rs 19 000. Variations in thecost are possible on account of local taxes,additional transportation costs, etc.
The Ministry of New & Renewable Energy Sourcesprovides financial assistance for the promotion ofsome of the above solar lighting systems amongeligible categories of users.
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SPV Pumping System
An SPV water pump is a DC or AC, surface-mounted or submersible or floating pump thatruns on power from an SPV array.
The array is mounted on a suitable structure and
placed in a shadow free open space with itsmodules facing south and inclined at locallatitude.
A typical SPV water-pumping system consists ofan SPV array of 2003000 Wp capacity,mounted on a tracking/non-tracking type ofstructure.
The array is connected to a DC or AC motorconnected to pump of matching capacity.
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The array is connected to a DC or AC motorconnected pump of matching capacity that can be
of s u r f a c e - m o u n t e d , submersible, orfloating type. Interconnecting cables andelectronics make up the rest of the system.
SPV water pumps are used to draw water for
irrigation as well as for drinking. The normal pumpingheads are in the range of 10 metres (m) forirrigation, and 30 m for drinking water. It is possibleto use pumps with even greater head, especially fordrinking water supply. The SPV array convertssunlight into electricity and delivers it to run themotor and pump up water. The water can be storedin tanks for use during non-sunny hours, if necessary.
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The SPV array converts sunlight into electricity anddelivers it to run the motor and pump up water. The
water can be stored in tanks for use during non-sunny hours, if necessary. For maximum poweroutput from the SPV array, the structure on which it ismounted should track the sun. Electronic devices are
used to do this in some models, thereby enabling thesystems to operate at maximum power output. Thepower from the SPV array is directly delivered to thepump in the case of DC pumps. In the case of ACpumps, however, an inverter is used to convert the
DC output of the array into AC. No storage batteries
are used in an SPV pump.
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An SPV pump based on a one-horsepower motor
can irrigate about 1
1.5 hectares of land under avariety of crops except paddy and sugar cane
(assuming a 10-m water table). Using the same
pump along with drip irrigation, it is possible to
irrigate up to 6 hectares of land for certain crops. A
two-horsepower SPV pump could irrigate about 23
hectares of land under many crops except paddy
and sugar cane (again assuming a 10-m water
table).
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SPV Pumping System
The cost of an SPVpump depends on thecapacity and type ofpump. For example, aDC surface pump with
a 900 W array may costabout Rs 150 000; asimilar pump of 1800 Wmay cost about Rs 300
000; and an 1800 W ACsubmersible pump maycost about Rs 422 000.
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Sagar Island - Solar Island
Sagar Island is in the southwestern corner of theGanges Delta, in India. The West Bengal RenewableEnergy Development Agency (WBREDA) has beenworking on Sagar Island since 1996 to address the
problem of energy supply. Since then it has set up atotal of 11 small solar PV power plants, on SagarIsland and its neighbour Maushuni Island. Each planthas its own mini-grid system that distributes electricpower to the surrounding villages. The grids areswitched on for six hours a day, from 6pm tomidnight, and are managed by cooperativesocieties formed by the villagers that use the power.
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Sagar Island - Solar Island
The 11 power plants in operation supplying stable and
reliable 400 / 230V, 3 phase, 50Hz power for six to
seven hours a day through local distribution lines. The
combined capacity of the plants is 400Kw and
WBREDA estimates that a further 400Kw is needed in
order to electrify all the villages in the two islands.
Source: Ashden Trust Awards for Sustainable Energy
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SOLAR CELL & MODULE MANUFACTURERS IN INDIA
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SOLAR CELL & MODULE MANUFACTURERS IN INDIA
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SOLAR CELL & MODULE MANUFACTURERS IN INDIA
SOLAR CELL & MODULE MANUFACTURERS IN INDIA
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Solar PV Projects News
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Solar PV Projects News
PV Technologies India (a subsidiary ofMoser Baer), Titan Energy Systems,
Reliance Industries Ltd, Tata BP Solar Power
are among the 12 Solar Photo Voltaic
projects filed under Special IncentivePackage Scheme (SIPS), which have
received in-principle clearance from the
Government.
Together, these 12 projects would entail aninvestment of Rs 76,500 crore over a 10-
year period.
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Indian Perspective-2010
JAWAHARLAL NEHRU NATIONAL SOLAR MISSION
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The Energy & Resources Institute, [TERI]
New Delhi
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New Delhi
FROM SUNLIGHT TO ELECTRICITYA practical handbook on solar photovoltaic
applications
(Second Edition), 2010
ISBN 978-81-7993-156-1TERI Press
TERI, Darbari Seth Block,
IHC Complex, Lodhi Road,
New Delhi 110 003
www.teriin.org
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SOLAR ELECTRICITY
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SOLAR ELECTRICITY,(second Edition),Editedby Tomas Markvart, University ofSouthampton, UK, John Wiley & sons, 2000
Contents
1 Electricity from the Sun
2 Solar Radiation
3 Solar Cells
4 Photo voltaic Engineering
5 Applications6 Environmental Impacts of Photovoltaics
7 Advanced and Specialised Topics
134
Reference books
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S. Roberts: Solar Electricity A practical guide to
designing and installing photovoltaic
systems. Prentice Hall, 1991.
G. Foley: Photovoltaic Applications in Rural Areas of
the Developing World. World Bank, 1995.
International Energy Agency Photovoltaic
Power Systems Programme
www.iea-pvps.org/
Useful websites
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Use u ebs es
http://www.pvpower.com/
Contains a wealth ofinformation includingPV glossary,bibliography, system
design software, PVstandards, units andconversion factors,and environmental
safety and health
information
http://www.iea-pvps.org/
Web site of the PhotovoltaicPower Systems Programmeof the International EnergyAgency.
Awealth of information andIEA reports: many can be
downloaded from the site.Newsletter of the IEA PVPS
programme can be found
at
http://www.oja-services.nl/iea-
pvps/pvpower/home.htm
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Solar electricity
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Volume 6 of UNESCO energy
engineering series UNESCO energy engineering
series: Energy engineeringlearning package
Author T. Markvart
Editor T. Markvart
Edition 2, illustrated
Publisher John Wiley andSons, 2000
ISBN 0471988529,9780471988526
Length 280 pages
Designing with solar power: a source book for
building integrated photovoltaics (BiPV)
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building integrated photovoltaics (BiPV)
Designing with Solar Power is the resultof international collaborative researchand development work carried outwithin the remit of the InternationalEnergy Agency's Photovoltaic PowerSystems Programme (IEA PVPS), where
world-wide and interdisciplinary
expert experience on building-
integrated photovoltaics has been
brought together .
140
Eastern Economy Edition books
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1. SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAICS, Chetan Singh Solanki
Fundamentals, Technologies and Applications,
Second Edition, 2011
2. PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEMS, Analysis and Design
A.K. Mukerjee and Nivedita Thakur, 2011
Published by: PHI Learning pvt Ltd, New Delhi, 110001