Post on 17-Feb-2018
7/23/2019 Confirmation Seminar Presentation_Rafiyya
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Thesis Title:
Women’s experience of
empowerment in the tourismsector: The Maldives
Presented by: Aishath RafiyyaU3080338
Supervisory Panel:
Chair: Dr Angela Benson
Seondary: Dr !raey Di"son
7/23/2019 Confirmation Seminar Presentation_Rafiyya
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Women’s experience of empowerment in the tourism sector: The Maldives
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!he #aldives reahed five out of the eight #illenniu$ Develop$ent%oals &#D%' &U(DP #aldives) *0+,'- Despite this) poverty still
e.ists /ith inrease in urban poverty- Disparities in other
di$ensions suh as gender ineuity and ino$e disparity bet/een
the Capital City #ale1 and island o$$unities are seen- #aldives
has failed to ahieve third #D%: 2to pro$ote gender euality and
e$po/er /o$en1) /hih indiates hallenges in gender euality in
the ountry- Une$ploy$ent is appro.i$ately 3+ a$ong /o$en)
o$pared to 8 for $en &U(DP #aldives) *0+,'-
!ouris$ is the $a5or ino$e generating soure of the #aldives that
ontributes to 36-7 of the ountry1s %DP- !ouris$ reated +8)*675obs during *0++ and is the largest e$ploy$ent setor of the
/or"fore &#!) !ouris$ 9ear Boo") *0+3'- !hus) touris$ an be an
avenue to fill the gap in the une$ploy$ent rate of /o$en to that
of $en) and also it an be a tool to e$po/er /o$en in #aldives-
1. Introduction
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2. Literature Review
*-+ Conept of $po/er$ent$po/er$ent is a proess through /hih the soiety suh as
individuals) organisations and the o$$unity the$selves gain
$astery over their lives by enhaning their apaity (Conyers, 1975;
Sen, 1985; Arai 1996; Malhotra et al. 2002; Narayan, 2002;
Rappaport, 198 !ite" in So#iel", 200$%
!he /ord e$po/er$ent first a$e to the aade$i literature in
relation /ith ivil rights) addressed during +;76 in an artile alled
2!o/ard Bla" Politial $po/er$ent < Can the Syste$ Be
!ransfor$ed1 &Conyers) +;76' /hih /as then follo/ed by a nu$ber
artiles to e$po/er the bla" soiety-
As the agree$ent of $illenniu$ develop$ent poliies) and ever
sine the literature started disussing the poor and vulnerable
soieties) inluding /o$en and people $arginali=ed by poverty)
e$po/er$ent is given onsiderable i$portane globally-
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Women’s experience of empowerment in the tourism sector: The Maldives
Page of 17 Re#eren!e (Narayan, 2005%
M!"WRM#T
a$enc%
self&sufficienc%
freedom
'ontri(ution
li(eration
Involvement
'onfidence
P>R!ower over
relationship o# a&thority
an" s&'or"ination.
!ower toena'le to proress the s)ills an" a!!ess
the ne!essary reso&r!es to "e!ision*
+a)in an" a!hiee one-s oals
!ower withena'le to o'sere esta'lish share"
interests an" to attain the+ toether 'y
their relations, in#l&en!e.
!ower withinena'le to !lear oals
an" /ays to !hane.
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Women’s experience of empowerment in the tourism sector: The Maldives
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Present study selets three basi understandings of
e$po/er$ent?
+- $po/er$ent shall be a ontinuous soial
proess (Conyers, 1975; Arai 1996; Malhotra et al. 2002; Narayan, 2002%
*- @t is $ultidi$ensional as it e$po/ers a person
holistially inluding eono$i) psyhologial) soialand politial aspets (Arai, 1996; S!heyens, 2002; Alsop, ertelsen an"
ollan", 2006%
3- @t ours at three levels na$ely individual) group
and o$$unity level in relation to one another (Arai,
1996; S!heyens, 2002; Malhotra, 2002; So#iel", 200$; Alsop, ertelsen an" ollan",
2006; Sa++an an" Santos, 2009% and realisation of e$po/er$ent
depends on the soiety and traditions (Malhotra an" Mather,
1997; Mason, 2005; Narayan, 2005; 'rahi+ an" Al)ire, 2007%
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Women’s experience of empowerment in the tourism sector: The Maldives
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*-* >o$en e$po/er$ent !ouris$
• !he literature lin"ing /o$en e$po/er$ent /ith touris$ is
li$ited (Ch&h, 2012%.
• iterature sho/s /o$en are pro$inent in develop$ent of rural
touris$ /ith their s$all sale enterprise providing a valuable
alternative for the$ to ontinue to play their traditional gender
role of do$esti /or" at ho$e and serve tourists (3ar!ia*Ra+on,
Canoes an" 4al"oinos, 1995%
• >o$en onsists 80 touris$ 5obs) but only +0 in leadership
positions (3R, 2010%
• !ouris$ has brought eono$i develop$ent /hih has the
potential to e$po/er the loal /o$en) thus an be a vehile to
reah #D%3 (3R, 2010; er&son, 2010%
• !ouris$ 5obs opened $any opportunities li"e e.posure and
trainings) and it has the potential to e$po/er /o$en by
inreasing /o$en1s onfidene level thereby beo$ing
independent (Chant, 1997; S!heyens, 2002%
• ono$i gain of touris$ 5obs) inresed bargaining po/er of
/o$en in the household and soiety
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Women’s experience of empowerment in the tourism sector: The Maldives
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2.2 o+en e+po/er+ent o&ris+ !ont…
• Atel5evi Peeters &*00;': touris$ is a proess of soial
innovation and added to the positives of touris$ setor by
identifying si. $ain for$s of /o$en e$po/er$ent through
touris$-
!hey are?
i' $ploy$ent opportunityii' Co$$unity develop$ent initiation
iii' Poverty alleviation
iv' Aess to eduation) infor$ation and training)
v' Business develop$ent and
vi' Soial entrepreneurship
!hus) the study of Atel5evi Peeters &*00;' is i$portant in
lin"ing /o$en e$po/er$ent and touris$ /ith
entrepreneurship lens-
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Women’s experience of empowerment in the tourism sector: The Maldives
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*-3 !ouris$ /o$en e$po/er$ent in #aldives
!ouris$ is the $a5or ino$e generating soure) ontributes to 36-7
of the ountry1s %DP-
!ouris$ reated a large nu$ber of e$ploy$ent opportunities both
infor$al and for$al)
largest e$ploy$ent setor of the /or"fore &#!) *0++'-
Despite) opportunity for /or") the touris$ industry onsists only 7
of /o$en in salaried 5obs and is lo/est in the touris$ setor &#!)
*0++'-
!here is la" of statistial data related to e$ploy$ent in the touris$
industry of #aldives &Sha"eela) Ruhanen) and Brea"ey) *0++'
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Women’s experience of empowerment in the tourism sector: The Maldives
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2.3 o&ris+ /o+en e+po/er+ent in Mal"ies.. !ont..
Sha"eela et al- &*0++' : 2!ouris$ in the #usli$ >orld1 desribes the
/o$en1s involve$ent in the #aldivian touris$ industry fro$ areligious perspetive- Reveals nu$ber of fators /hih li$its
#aldivian /o$en hoosing a areer in the touris$ industry these
inlude: ultural) religious and fa$ily obligation &none.istene of
hildare failities and /ea" transportation syste$s to travel resorts
li$ited aade$i studies : /o$en in touris$ setor #aldives-(atural and ultural differenes a$ong different ountries)
generalisation is i$possible-
An e.tensive study is reuired to address the shorto$ings in lin"ing
the "ey onept together i-e- /o$en) e$po/er$ent) and touris$
setor- As suh) this study intends to further /or" arried out byboth Atel5evi and Peeters &*00;') and Sha"eela et al- &*0++' and
provide researh speifi to /o$en e$po/er$ent in the touris$
setor of #aldives-
!hus) this study /ill be uniue in the onte.t and intends fill the gap
in the e.isting literature-
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Women’s experience of empowerment in the tourism sector: The Maldives
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). Research *uestions+ aims , o(-ectives
!o evaluate #aldivian >o$en1s e.perienes of e$po/er$ent in the
touris$ setor)
Researh Euestions
+- Fo/ #aldivian /o$en /ho have e.periene in the touris$ setor
define) and oneptuali=e e$po/er$entG
*- Fo/ does touris$ e$ploy$ent affet the di$ensions of /o$en1s
e$po/er$ent &i.e. psy!holoi!al, e!ono+i!, so!ial an" politi!al'G
3- Fo/ does touris$ e$ploy$ent affet the levels of /o$en1se$po/er$ent &i.e. in"ii"&al leel, ho&sehol" leel an" !o++&nity leel'G
Ai$s b5etives• !o revie/ the literature to underpin /hat is "no/n on /o$en1s
e$po/er$ent speifially /ithin the touris$ onte.t-• !o ritially analyse ho/ /o$an /ith touris$ e.periene in #aldives
define and oneptuali=e e$po/er$ent-• !o e.a$ine ho/ touris$ e$ploy$ent affet the di$ensions of
/o$en1s e$po/er$ent &i.e. psy!holoi!al, e!ono+i!, so!ial an" politi!al'-• !o e.a$ine the effet of touris$ e.periene in different levels of
/o$en1s e$po/er$ent &i.e. in"ii"&al leel, ho&sehol" leel an"
!o++&nity leel'-•
inall%+To conclude how women’s experience in Tourism can (e a tool of empowerment in Maldivian context.
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Women’s experience of empowerment in the tourism sector: The Maldives
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!he paradig$: soial onstrutionis$-
hins are a!)no/le"e" or &n"erstoo" 'y so!ieties or ro&ps o# people instea" o# a sinle person an" )no/le"e is !reate" 'y so!ial
pro!esses an" relationships /ithin the !o++&nity proi"in a
#ra+e/or) #or +eanin rear"in !ertain pheno+ena an" +o"ellin
per!eptions o# "esira'le a!tions (Cottone, 2007, aly 2007%-
•
ntology < /hat the nature of "no/ledge Hor realityG• piste$ology ho/ /orld is a"no/ledged) H relationship
bet/een the researher and things to be studiedG• #ethodology ho/ "no/ledge about the /orld is obtainedG
#ethods: Case study < #aldives as a ase
Se$istrutured intervie/
Sa$pling: Conveniene Sa$pling? Sno/ ball
>o$en /ho /or"ed for 6 years in touris$
Analysis: @nitial Coding) foused oding) theoretial oding (I@I
thial onsiderations
Pilot study: 3 intervie/s to he" the uestions
/. Research Methodolo$%
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Women’s experience of empowerment in the tourism sector: The Maldives
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- partiipants /ill be reruited by resorts) there $ay be a
possibility of $anage$ent influene-- !i$e an be li$ited this /ill be $ini$ised by using telephone
intervie/s in ase site visits are not possible due to bad /eather
or other ondition-
0. Limitations
. Resources Reuired!his study: /ill reuire the follo/ing resoures
ibrary servies and support
Co$puting failities &#s >ord) .el) Po/erPoint) et-'
Printing failities
Photoopying failities Reording failities
Stationery
Photographi euip$ent
!ravel e.penses on the return 5ourney to different islands of
the #aldives that /ill be sponsored by the Sun Joundation
&#aldives'-
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Women’s experience of empowerment in the tourism sector: The Maldives
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3. Wor4flow Time ta(le
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3. References
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3. References
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5. 6c4nowled$ement
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Than4 %ou