Post on 07-Apr-2018
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The views expressed in this paper/presentation are the views of theauthor and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the Asian
Development Bank (ADB), or its Board of Governors, or thegovernments they represent. ADB does not guarantee the accuracy of
the data included in this paper and accepts no responsibility for anyconsequence of their use. Terminology used may not necessarily be
consistent with ADB official terms.
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The Transition of Water Governancein China: An Overview 1999~2008
Yahua Wang
Associate ProfessorSchool of Public policy and Management
Deputy DirectorCenter for China Studies,
Tsinghua University, China
New Thinking on Water Governance Conference1-4 July 2009,National University of Singapore
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Outline
¾ I. Water Crisis Confronted by China¾ II. China’s New Thinking on WaterGovernance¾ III. The Transition of China Water Policy¾ IV. China's Water Management System
Reform¾ V. Taking the Reform of Water rights
Institution for Example¾
VI. Conclusions
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I. China Water Crisis in the New Era
¾ Water pollution
¾ Water scarcity¾ Aquatic ecosystem degradation
¾ Water-related hazards¾ Water challenges in the context of climate
change
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Proportion of river courses length worse than
class III in China’s Seven Major River Basin
Sources: China Water Resources Quality Bulletin 2000 2005,http://www.hydroinfo.gov.cn/ gb/szyzlnb.asp
0
20
40
60
80
100
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
P r o p o r t i o n
o f r i v e r c o u r s e s
l e n g t h /
Nationwide
Hai River
Yellow River
Huai River
Yangtze River
Taihu Lake
Pearl River
Songhua & Liao
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Renewable fresh water per capita
cubic meters728
2183
3380
3386
4513
9621
13,233
17,848Myanmar
U.S.
ThailandChina
North China
Japan
Vietnam
Indonesia
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Low efficiency of water use in China
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
Brazil China France Germany India Japan Russia UK USA
Cubic meterper $ GNI
Cubic meterper $ PPP GNI
Cubic meter
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Water in YR
S u
p p or t
YR Water allocation situation in China
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Water Shortage in the Yellow River Basin
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A drying river
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II. China’s New Thinking on Water
GovernanceWang Shucheng (1999) : the proposal regarding the
new thinking of China’s water resourcesdevelopment in the coming 21st century.
¾ Updating water governance ideas
¾ Reforming management system
¾ Advocating policy innovation
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New Water Governance Ideas
¾ Keeping a harmonious relationship between human and nature ¾ Insisting on the sustainable utilization of water resources
¾ Human-oriented water policies
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III. The Transition of China Water
Policy¾ 1. Changes of flood control policy¾ 2. Unified allocation and managementfor water resource within watershed¾ 3. Comprehensive building of a water-
saving society¾ 4. Caring about the health of rivers¾ 5. Ensuring drinking water safety in
countryside¾
6. Pricing reform
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Building a Water-Saving Society
¾ From 2002, Zhangye city is the area which
firstly initiates regional comprehensivewater-saving pilot program in China.
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National Rural Drinking Water
Safety Project ¾ In 2006, the State Council proposed that the
drinking water safety problems for the ruralpopulation shall be solved within ten years.
¾ During the “Eleventh Five-year” period(2006-
2010), drinking water safety problems for 160millions of rural population shall be solved atfirst.
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IV. China's Water Management
System Reform¾ 1. Integrated management of water
resources has been improved¾ 2. Watershed management is strengthened
and reinforced¾ 3. Watershed planning is being regarded in
practice¾ 4. Regional water unified management
move forward rapidly¾ 5. Reform progress in water worksmanagement system¾ 6. Rapid development of water user
association
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Integrated Watershed Planning
¾ In 2002, the nation-wide water resources
comprehensive planning was initiated, andthe work has been done.
¾ Since 2007, a new comprehensiveplanning for watershed water resourceswas started.
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Development of water user association
¾ In 2005, the Government issued a regulation
document of “Opinions on strengtheningbuilding of farmer association of water”.
¾ There are over 4,000 water user associationshave been founded in 2004, and grew toover 7,000 in 2005, and increased to over 20,000 in 2006 nationwide.
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V. Taking the Reform of Water Rights Institution for Example
¾ 1. Theoretical framework of water rights system¾ 2. “Water Law” 2002 made progress in water rights
system¾ 3. More cases of water rights market appears¾ 4. Large-scale, cross-sector of water rights transfer
has emerged in the upper Yellow River Basin¾ 5. Legislation building of water rights and water
market speeds up¾ 6. The effects of water right institutional building
are appearing gradually
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Water Rights Reform in the YRB
¾
Draw more detailed water allocation scheme¾ Implement total amount control strictly
¾ Carry out Integrated water diversion by the YRCC
¾ Stimulate riparian provinces water saving activity
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Changes of water uses after institutional
reform (1999-2003)
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Percentage of water overused by Yellow
River riparian provinces (1988-2003)
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Contrast between Runoff and Cut-off of Yellow River (1991-2003)
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Water Market in the YRB
Water market as one instrument topromote water efficiency hastransformed from theory to practice.
In Ningxia and Inner Mongolia, water
right transfer from irrigation to industryhappened in the past several years.
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VI. Conclusions
¾ China is confronted with severe water crisis,which brings challenges and opportunitiesfor water governance transition.
¾ China has made great achievements in thewater governance transition, but it can only beregarded as a good start to responding towater crisis.
¾ The transition of China’s water governancestill has a long way to go, and there are lots oftheoretical and practical issues to be resolvedahead.
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Thanks