Post on 14-Apr-2018
7/29/2019 Dena Rosko | Master's Thesis
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Xu``m`j blcd; LR^OEXM@J ALCX EA DLCTB 3
Fcstlrs Tblsms; ^lraerfm`j Mfprlssme`mstmi Cuteltb`ejrcpbmi @crrctmvl m` Tlxt c`d ^mxlos te
Lxpoerl Alcr ea Dlctb m` L`d-ea-Omal Icrl-Jmvm`j Ie`tlxts
Dl`c F. Xesge
Je`zcjc \`mvlrsmty
IefO 12>, Ylitme` C9
^realsser @ehuyc M`cjcgm
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Xu``m`j blcd; LR^OEXM@J ALCX EA DLCTB 8
Tchol ea Ie`tl`ts
Tmtol ^cjl.....................................................................................................................................4Ymj`cturl ^cjl.............................................................................................................................M; M@TXED\ITME@, MF^EXTC@IL, DLAM@MTME@Y, XLYLCXIB FLTBED,
HCIGJXE\@D, IE@TLRT, C@D TBLYMY EXJC@M[CTME@..............................................33
M`treduitme`................................................................................................................................33Ytctlfl`t ea Mfpertc`il............................................................................................................33
Hcigjreu`d................................................................................................................................38
Alcrm`j Alcr...........................................................................................................................38
Zerrym`j Cheut Dlctb..........................................................................................................39Ie`tlxt.......................................................................................................................................39
Dlam`mtme` ea Tlrfs...................................................................................................................34
Xlslcrib Fltbed.......................................................................................................................34
Tblsms Erjc`mzctme`...................................................................................................................3
Yiepl..........................................................................................................................................4>Xlslcrib Cssufptme`s...............................................................................................................43
Fltbedeoejy..............................................................................................................................44
Cuteltb`ejrcpbmi Mfplrctmvls...................................................................................................41
Cuteltb`ejrcpbmi ^lraerfc`il @crrctmvl m` L`d-Ea-Omal Icrl Jmvm`j Ie`tlxts....................42^reildurl...................................................................................................................................4=
Xlslcrib Sulstme`s................................................................................................................
Ytudy Tmflom`l.......................................................................................................................@crrctmvl Yeurils...................................................................................................................
Ytudy Omfmtctme`s.......................................................................................................................
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Xu``m`j blcd; LR^OEXM@J ALCX EA DLCTB 9
Xlarcfm`j..............................................................................................................................19
Ibc`jm`j tbl Sulstme`...........................................................................................................1Ytudy Am`dm`js...........................................................................................................................:3
^elfs.....................................................................................................................................:3
^betejrcpbs............................................................................................................................22Dmsiussme` ea Am`dm`js; Hoejjm`j cs c ^reduild ^lraerfc`il................................................=8
^elfs.....................................................................................................................................=8
^betejrcpbs............................................................................................................................=4
Hoej Ocyeut c`d Dlsmj`........................................................................................................=:Lfhlddld M`tlrcitmvmty..........................................................................................................==
\`/Fcrgm`j tbl Yloa m` tbl Tlxts.........................................................................................3>>
Yyfheomicooy Lxibc`jm`j Lxplitctme`s..............................................................................3>4
Ie`tm`umty; Dmjmtmzm`j Ieffu`mty & ^rlsl`il..................................................................3>2^lraerfm`j Acrlwloo............................................................................................................338
TFT c`d Iurtcm` Icoo..........................................................................................................333
Cutbers @etl..........................................................................................................................9>8
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Xu``m`j blcd; LR^OEXM@J ALCX EA DLCTB 4
Tmtol ^cjl
^LXAEXFM@J MF^XLYYME@MYTMI C\TELTB@EJXC^BMI @CXXCTMQL M@ TLRT C@D
^MRLOY TE LR^OEXL ALCX EA DLCTB M@ L@D-EA-OMAL ICXL-JMQM@J IE@TLRTY
UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU
C Tblsms
^rlsl`tld te tbl Aciuoty m` Ieffu`mictme` c`d Olcdlrsbmp Ytudmls
Yibeeo ea ^realssme`co Ytudmls
Je`zcjc \`mvlrsmty
UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU
\`dlr tbl Yuplrvmsme` ea ^realsser @ehuyc M`cjcgm
\`dlr tbl Fl`tersbmp ea Dr. Oems Flom`c
UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU
M` ^crtmco Auoamoofl`t
Ea tbl Xlqumrlfl`ts aer tbl Dljrll
Fcstlr ea Crts m` Ieffu`mictme` c`d Olcdlrsbmp Ytudmls
UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU
Hy
Dl`c F. Xesge
Dlilfhlr 8>3>
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Xu``m`j blcd; LR^OEXM@J ALCX EA DLCTB
bttp;//dl`cresge.ief/ie`tcit.btfo
bttp;//tlxtc`dpmxlorlaolitme`s.ief
dl`cresgeNjfcmo.ief
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Xu``m`j blcd; LR^OEXM@J ALCX EA DLCTB 3>
Chstrcit
Tbms study lxpoerls alcr ea dlctb m` l`d-ea-omal icrljmvm`j ie`tlxts vmc mfprlssme`mstmi
cuteltb`ejrcpbmi `crrctmvl cs plraerfld e` c hoej wmtb pbetejrcpbs c`d pelfs. Tbms study
rlomls e` ltbmico cssufptme`s aer ieffu`mictm`j dmcoejul, ie`amrfctme`, c`d c plraerfc`il
`crrctmvl ltbes m` l`d ea omal. Tbms study lfpoeys Tlrrer Fc`cjlfl`t Tblery te mdl`tmay c jcp
m` lxmstm`j lfpmrmico alcr c`d dlctb studmls, c`d amoos tbct jcp hy lfhlddm`j mts arcflwerg c`d
fltbed m` tbl psyibetblrcplutmi trcdmtme` te aestlr irlctmvl arlldef c`d psyibeoejmico scalty
c`d se hrlcg tbl iuoturco smol`il sbreudm`j jrmla. Gly am`dm`js sbew tbct tbl hoej ieerdm`ctld c
tblrcplutmi preilss te cssucjl dlctb alcrs, hut tbct etblr vmrtuls hlsmdls alcr plraerfld m` tbl
tlxt. Tblsl eutiefls hl`lamt `crrctmvl blcotbicrl. Mfpomictme`s m`ioudl olcdm`j aer caalitmvl c`d
spmrmtuco blcom`j c`d ieffu`mictm`j iefpcssme`, irlctmvmty, c`d oevl. Xlieffl`dctme`s aer
auturl rlslcrib m`veovl pcrt`lrm`j wmtb tlib`eoejy erjc`mzctme`s, tbl crts, c`d seimco siml`ils te
dlsmj` ieffu`mictme` systlfs te hl`lamt plepol m` blcotbicrl erjc`mzctme`s.
Glywerds; alcr studmls, dlctb studmls, Tlrrer Fc`cjlfl`t Tblery, plraerfc`il,
`crrctmvl, `crrctmvl blcotbicrl, beomstmi olcdlrsbmp, dmcoejul, ie`amrfctme`, mfprlssme`mstmi
cuteltb`ejrcpby, tlib`e-iuoturco studmls, iyhlr studmls, pbetejrcpby, wrmtm`j, hoej
7/29/2019 Dena Rosko | Master's Thesis
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Xu``m`j blcd; LR^OEXM@J ALCX EA DLCTB 33
Fcstlrs Tblsms; ^lraerfm`j Mfprlssme`mstmi Cuteltb`ejrcpbmi @crrctmvl m` Tlxt c`d ^mxlos te
Lxpoerl Alcr ea Dlctb m` L`d-ea-Omal Icrl-Jmvm`j Ie`tlxts
M; M@TXED\ITME@, MF^EXTC@IL, DLAM@MTME@Y, XLYLCXIB FLTBED,
HCIGJXE\@D, IE@TLRT, C@D TBLYMY EXJC@M[CTME@
M`treduitme`
Tbms study lxpoerls alcr ea dlctb m` l`d-ea-omal icrljmvm`j ie`tlxts tbreujb plraerfm`j
mfprlssme`mstmi cuteltb`ejrcpbmi `crrctmvl vmc tbl dmjmtcooy fldmctld crts, er c hoej, pbetejrcpbs,
c`d pelfs wrmttl` durm`j oess. @cvmjctm`j oess ic` hl cs tbl scofmst dlsirmhld; c dcrg c`d
sbcdewld vcooly ( sc. 89). Jrmla ic` allo cs alcr (Olwms, 3=13). Yefltmfls plrse`s lld c
jumdl aer suib c petl`tmcooy armjbtl`m`j keur`ly. Aer fl, tbct plrse` wcs fy fctlr`co jrc`dfc.
Ytctlfl`t ea Mfpertc`il
Coo plrse`s ct sefl pem`t dml c`d oesl sefle`l tbly g`ew er oevl. @et lvlrye`l fcy
alcr dlctb, hut alcr lxmsts cs c bufc` lfetme` c`d se c ieffe` lxplrml`il, cohlmt ct dmaalrl`t
dljrlls, er aer dmaalrl`t rlcse`s. Iuoturl c`d seimlty ie`struits erfs aer lxprlssm`j lfetme`s
c`d jrmla, m`ioudm`j rmtucos te flfermcomzl plepol wbe dml c`d te iefaert tbl hlrlcvld. ^eomtmis
cose m`aoul`ils plepols l`d-ea-omal lxplrml`ils. Iurrl`t blcotbicrl rlaerf m` tbl \`mtld Ytctls
erjc`mzls c`d cssmj`s vcoul te tbl wcys plepol omvl c`d dml m` blcotbicrl slttm`js. Iurrl`t
ieffu`mictme` `erfs m` tbl Zlst utmomzl `lw fldmc er iefputlr fldmctld ieffu`mictme` cs
wcys te cssmj` flc`m`j te rloctme`sbmps c`d lxplrml`ils. Tbus, tbms study prevmdls c rlolvc`t,
tmfloy, peomtmico, seimco, iuoturco, c`d ieffu`mictme`-erml`tld jomfpsl m`te c plrse`s l`d-ea-omal
lxplrml`ils cs plraerfld tbreujb tbl dmjmtcooy fldmctld crts.
7/29/2019 Dena Rosko | Master's Thesis
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Xu``m`j blcd; LR^OEXM@J ALCX EA DLCTB 38
Hcigjreu`d
M usld te rmdl fy bet pm`g^ewdlr ^uaahmgl wmtb c aoerco hc`c`c slct c`d aouerlsil`t
spegl dets dew` eur bmoo c`d tbl smx hoeigs te fy fctlr`co jrc`dpcrl`ts beusl. Tbesl rcm`hew
aoeurmsb dcys octlr jcvl wcy te c dcrglr spcil catlr M am`msbld fy u`dlrjrcductl werg ct c`d
fevld befl. Hy tbl`, Jrc`dpc wcs m` bms l`d ea omal c`d dmld tbct Ylptlfhlr. Zbmol M cttl`dld
bms wcgl, M cvemdld cttl`dm`j bms hurmco c`d flfermco slrvmils. ^rmer, M bcd m`tlrvmlwld bmf e`
bms Zerod Zcr MM lxplrml`il, wretl tbl m`tlrvmlw m` c `crrctmvl aerfct wmtb pbetejrcpbs, c`d
jcvl iepmls te acfmoy. M wmt`lssld tbms werg iefaert acfmoy c`d fl7 tbl `crrctmvl jcvl fl c
feur`m`j rmtuco. M cose bcvl wrmttl` c fc`usirmpt cheut Jrc`dfc c`d fy m`tlrcitme`s. Lcib ea
wbmib old fl te fy vlstld m`tlrlst m` irlctm`j c`d rlslcribm`j omal c`d l`d ea omal `crrctmvls aer
blcom`j purpesls. Hlye`d tbct mfplrctmvl, M pbetejrcpbld c`d wretl sbert stermls c`d m keur`cos
sm`il M wcs 38 cs c wcy te lxplrml`il, u`dlrstc`d, c`d sbcrl fy werod. M ie`tm`uld fy m`tlrlsts
cs c` cduot wbl` M studmld irlctmvl wrmtm`j c`d aeu`dld c pbetejrcpby husm`lss.
Alcrm`j Alcr
Ytmoo, M lxplrml`ild alcr ea dlctb; fy ew`, c`d tbl dlctb ea tbesl ioesl te fl, lsplimcooy
Jrc`dfc, wmtb wbef M sbcrld c ioesl he`d. Alcr lredld fy sl`sl ea sloa, l`juoald fy omal, c`d
m` mts m`tl`smty huoomld coo etblr allom`js c`d iocrmty u`dlrjreu`d. Bmstermicooy, M strujjold wmtb
pbysmico blcotb ibcool`jls, wbmib icusld fl te allo M bcd omttol ie`treo evlr fy omal c`d tbct fy
omal wcs omfmtld c`d lvl` sbertl`ld. Yuhslqul`t dmsfmssmvl`lss m` fldmico erjc`mzctme`s old fl
te aurtblr werry cheut fy wloacrl (Xesge, 8>>=, Eitehlr 8). M strujjold wmtb c alcr-defm`ctld,
dmstrustauo, c`d duco fm`d wbl` M cvemdld fcgm`j oe`j-tlrf ieffmtfl`ts. Mre`micooy, M
fcm`tcm`ld u`ilrtcm`ty cs c dllr m` blcdomjbts te allo scal (Hrcdci, 8>>3). M eatl` ictcstrepbmzld
tbl auturl, er wbct Jcr`lr (3==:) dlsirmhld cs hlomlvm`j tbct tbl werst icsl sil`crme weuod
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Xu``m`j blcd; LR^OEXM@J ALCX EA DLCTB 39
eiiur. Tbms hlbcvmer e`oy plrpltuctld tbl moousme` tbct M ieuod ie`treo fy omal hy wmtbdrcwm`j
aref mt. Cs M wmtbdrlw, M auoamoold wbct ^coflr (3==>) icoold tbl sicrimty prepbliy. M alot tbct
fy bepl m` fy auturl bcd dmffld. Durm`j tbesl ylcrs, M omvld m mre`y. M lxmstld wmtb m`tl`sl
alcr, cwcrl tbct M omvld dmvmdld m` fm`d, spmrmt, c`d lxplrml`il aref tbl plrse` M wc`tld te hl;
e`l wbe il`tlrld blrsloa e` acmtb, bepl, c`d oevl m`stlcd ea alcr.
Zerrym`j Cheut Dlctb
Xefc`ysby` (3===) dlsirmhld feur`m`j cs oesm`j fy jrmp e` tbl werod (p. ==).
Oesm`j c oevld e`l ic` fcgl us dml c omttol c`d acoo cpcrt psyibeoejmicooy (Duig, 8>>=, p.
989). M werrmld cheut Jrc`dfcs dlctb hlicusl M werrmld tbct wbl` Jrc`dfcs hedy dmld, M
weuod oesl fy jrmp wmtb fysloa, wmtb etblrs, c`d wmtb fy drlcfs. Mt wcs cs ma M c`tmimpctld
Jrc`dfcs dlctb cs fy ew`, hetb pbysmicooy c`d spmrmtucooy. M cose alcrld M weuod rlplct tbl
c`xmlty c`d pc`mi M bcd lxplrml`ild creu`d tbl tmfl Jrc`dpc bcd dmld. Tbms c`xmlty plrpltuctld
dmsie``lit c`d se prlvl`tld fl aref lxplrml`im`j c wbeol omal (Zblctoly & Gloo`lr-Xejlrs,
3===). Aref tbms hcigjreu`d, M m`tlrcitld wmtb Jrc`dfc cs blr ew` blcotb cmold c`d preilssld
tbl alcrs M alot cs M olcr`ld aref blr omal stermls c`d acmtb m` tbl ie`tlxt ea eur rloctme`sbmp.
Ie`tlxt
Ie`tlxt cowcys ieffu`mictls, c`d ieffu`mictme` irlctls ie`tlxt, wbmib tbl`
m`aoul`ils plepols ibemil-fcgm`j hlbcvmers (Ie`rcd & eeol, 8>>>3-8>>1, M vmsmtld Jrc`dfc ct blr prmvctl rlsmdl`il. Aref 8>>1-8>3>, M vmsmtld Jrc`dfc
wbl` sbl rlsmdld ct c oeico rlbchmomtctme` il`tlr. Ym`il 8>>3 M hljc` te rlslcrib c`d wrmtl blr
omal stery cs m tlrtwm`ld wmtb fm`l. Fy m`tlrcitme`s wmtb Jrc`dfc teeg pocil wmtbm` c dmcoejmi
c`d acfmomco rloctme`sbmp. Dmcoejul, c iefpolx c pbl`efl`e` cs rloctme`sbmps (Hcxtlr, 8>>4), ms
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Xu``m`j blcd; LR^OEXM@J ALCX EA DLCTB 34
rloctme`sbmp. Xloctme`sbmps lxmst cs e`jem`j, irlctld, irlctmvloy lxprlssld, `lilsscrmoy
dlstreyld, c`d fystlrmeus m`tlrcitmvl lxplrml`ils ( lcril & ^lcril, 8>>4). Dmcoejul ie`stmtutls
c`d fldmctls g`ewm`j cs rloctme`co (Beoequmst, 3==>, cs imtld m` Hcxtlr, 8>>4, p. 3>=). Cs wl
ieffu`mictld vcouls c`d hlomlas, wl jcvl e`jem`j flc`m`j te eur ieffu`mictme` bchmts
(Hcxtlr & Fe`tjeflry, 3==1, cs imtld m` Hcxtlr, 8>>4, p. 338). Eur m`tlrcitme`s wmtb tbms
studys tepmi teeg pocil m` c icrljmvm`j ie`tlxt. M blopld fy fef c`d Jrc`dfc hy prevmdm j
rlspmtl icrl, tbleoejmico ie`vlrsctme`s, rlierdm`j c`d wrmtm`j blr stermls, ru``m`j lrrc`ds,
poc``m`j iocssmi fevml `mjbts, prcym`j, beusl iolc`m`j, pbetejrcpbm`j blr hmrtbdcy pcrtmls c`d
beomdcys, cribmvm`j iocssmi acfmoy pbetes, c`d hoejjm`j.
Dlam`mtme` ea Tlrfs
Icpessloc c`d Zcr`eig (8>>4) ie`struitld icrljmvm`jcs c ieffu`mty laaert te prevmdl
suppert c`d rlspmtl aer icrljmvlrs wbe bcvl duco reols (sll Goujfc`, 8>>2). Xejlrs (3=2=)
sujjlstld tbct plrse`s lxplrml`ilalcrwbl` tbly sl`sl c ocig ea scalty c`d futuco
u`dlrstc`dm`j m` tblmr l`vmre`fl`t. Dlctb sllfs tbl am`co u`scal lxplrml`il. L`d ea omal
icrljmvm`j ie`tlxts rlfm`d plrse`s ea dlctb. Alcric` olcd te c`xmlty sl`smtmvmty, wbmib ic`
cjjrcvctl lxmstm`j blcotb ibcool`jls (FiGrcigl` & Glejb, 8>>=). Tlxt c`d pmxlos rlalrs te tbl
`cfl ea tbl hoej c`d tbl dmjmtco `crrctmvl scfpols. C hoejms c` e`om`l keur`co dlsmj`ld aer
m`tlrcitmvmty c`d cudmevmsuco prlsl`tctme`. M l`tlrld tbl hoejjm`j werod m` 8>>1 wmtbX Chedl
(Xesge, 8>>1) c`d trc`smtme`ld te Tlxt c`d ^mxlo Xlaolitme`s durm`j tbms prejrcf (8>>=-prlsl`t).
Xlslcrib Fltbed
Tbms study usls mfprlssme`mstmi cuteltb`ejrcpby c`d plraerfc`il `crrctmvls te
u`dlrstc`d alcr lxplrml`ils m` oess vmc dmjmtmzld plraerfc`il crt sbcrld e` c hoej, wbmib
m`ioudls pbetejrcpbs c`d pelfs wrmttl` durm j tbms studys tmflarcfl (sll Ibcptlr 9). Tbms
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Xu``m`j blcd; LR^OEXM@J ALCX EA DLCTB 3>:). Cuteltb`ejrcpbmi rlslcrib lxmsts m` twe
jl`rls; mfprlssme`mstmi c`d trcdmtme`co (Olcvy, 8>>=). Tbms study lfpoeys mfprlssme`mstmi
cuteltb`ejrcpbmi `crrctmvls jmvl` tbl ieffl`ts, lfhlddld om`gs, c`d cudme amols e` tbl hoej hy
etblr plepol wbe ie`trmhutld te fy preduitme` preilss. Zbmol M irlctld tbl hoej, pelfs, c`d
fest ea tbl pbetejrcpbs, M m`ioudl pbetejrcpbs hy etblrs, suib cs tbl iocssmi mfcjls c`d tbesl ea
fl wmtb Jrc`dfc. Tbus, mfprlssme`mstmi rlalrs te irlctm`j ie`tl`t tejltblr, tbeujb M rlfcm` tbl
prmfcry `crrcter. Fldmctmzldms lssl`tmco te tbms studys usl ea c hoej cs c plraerfc`il tlxt. Tbms
study usls trcdmtme`cocuteltb`ejrcpby hy m`ioudm`j c sloa `crrctmvl cs tbl scfpol ea study c`d
hy rlaolitm`j e` wbct M bcvl olcr`ld cs pcrt ea tbl dmsiussme` ea am`dm`js (sll Ibcptlr 4).
Tbms study lfhlds tbl rlslcrib preilss wmtbm` tbl psyibetblrcplutmi trcdmtme` c`d
`crrctmvl tblrcpy (sll Fcttm`joy, 3==27 ^eogm`jber`l, 3=22), wbmib cooews fl te lxpoerl alcr ea
dlctb ie`struitmvloy hy drcwm`j e` tbl mdlcos aer futuco u`dlrstc`dm`j, cutbl`tmi jrewtb, c`d
irlctmvl arlldef (Irlswloo, 8>>:7 Xejlrs, 3=2=7 3==4). Tbl plraerfc`il csplit iefls cheut
dul te clstbltmi m`tl`tc`d mdl`tmty; M irlctld tlxt c`d pmxlos e` tbl hoej, er tbl clstbltmi tlxt,
wmtb tbl m`tl`t te tloo tbl stery ea fy lxplrml`il te c` cudml`il (sll Ibcptlr 8).
Tblsms Erjc`mzctme`
Ibcptlr 8 lxpocm`s plraerfc`il `crrctmvl cs tbms studys tblerltmico arcflwerg c`d
mdl`tmamls c jcp m` dlctb tlrrer rlslcrib hy m`ioudm`j c rlprlsl`tctmvl omtlrcturl rlvmlw ea
lfpmrmico wergs tbct bcvl studmld dlctb tlrrer. Tbms ibcptlr dlsirmhls dmcoejul, ieffu`mictme`
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Xu``m`j blcd; LR^OEXM@J ALCX EA DLCTB 31
ie`amrfctme`, c`d plraerfc`il `crrctmvl ltbes cs scoml`t c`d `lilsscry ltbmico cssufptme`s aer
rlslcribm`j alcr ea dlctb m` l`d-ea-omal icrljmvm`j ie`tlxts. Ibcptlr 9 dlsirmhls tbl siepl,
rlslcrib cssufptme`s, fltbedeoejy, preildurl, c`d c`coysms arcflwerg aer tbms studys tlxt, er c
hoej, pbetejrcpbs, c`d pelfs tbct M wretl durm`j c`d aeooewm`j Jrc`dfcs l`d-ea-omal. Ibcptlr
4 eutom`ls tbms studys c`coysms strctljy c`d rlsuots c`d dmsiussls am`dm`js. Ibcptlr < lxpocm`s
seime- peomtmico c`d iuoturco omfmtctme`s ea tbl rlslcrib fltbed c`d am`dm`js, cddrlssls
mfpomictme`s aer ieffu`mictme` c`d olcdlrsbmp, rlieffl`ds auturl rlslcrib, c`d ie`ioudls wmtb
scoml`t ehslrvctme`s. Cppl`dmils C te I m`ioudl c hmejrcpby rlolcsl, ltbmis preteieo, c`d auoo
tlxt ea tbl hoej, rlsplitmvloy, Cppl`dmx D sbews Tchols 3.3-3.4, wbmib rlprlsl`t tbl amrst olvlo
c`coysms ea am`dm`js, c`d Cppl`dmx L m`ioudls tbl fl`ter cjrllfl`t aerf aer tbms study. Aref
tbms study, M dlsmj`ld c wlhsmtl aer oess `crrctmvls (sll Cutbers @etl).
Yuffcry
Tbms study dlsmrls te u`dlrstc`d bew M rlspe`dld te fy alcrs durm`j Jrc`dfcs l`d-ea-
omal hy irlctm`j plraerfc`il tlxts e` c hoej, c`d ma suib alcrs wlrl scoml`t. Tbms study
ibcool`jls seime-iuoturco `erfs tbct smol`il jrmla lxprlssme`s hy m`ioudm`j pbetejrcpbs, pelfs,
c`d hoej pests, wbmib M irlctld durm`j Jrc`dfcs dlctb c`d eur acfmoys suhslqul`t feur`m`j
rmtucos. Tbms study cspmrls te cdvc`il alcr c`d dlctb studmls hy sbewm`j bew `crrctmvl c`d
tlib`eoejy ic` hl`lamt plepols lxplrml`ils wmtb ieffu`mictm`j tblmr m``lr werod te l`jcjl
tblmr seime-iuoturco rlcof cfmd oess. Tbms study ie`trmhutls te blcotbicrl dmsieursl hy prepesm`j
ltbmico stc`dcrds aer lfpoeym`j plraerfc`il `crrctmvl, tbl dmjmtco crts, c`d sterytloom`j
cpprecibls hy ieffu`mictm`j ie`amrfctme`, dmcoejul, c`d c` cwcrl`lss tbct coo tbl tlxts wl
ibeesl te irlctl sbcpl plepols lxplrml`ils m` l`d ea omal.
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Xu``m`j blcd; LR^OEXM@J ALCX EA DLCTB 3:
MM; OMTLXCT\XL XLQMLZ
Tbms omtlrcturl rlvmlw wmoo dlsirmhl tblerltmico c`d ltbmico cssufptme`s ea dmcoejul,
ieffu`mictme` ie`amrfctme`, c`d `crrctmvl c`d plraerfc`il ltbes c`d tbl` lxpocm`
ieffu`mictme` c`d plraerfc`il `crrctmvl arcflwergs cs tbly rloctl te tbms studys tepmi;
plraerfm`j alcr ea dlctb, jrmla, c`d oess cs fldmctld hy dmjmtco `crrctmvls. Tbms rlvmlw wmoo dltcmo
lfpmrmico wergs tbct lxpoerl alcr ea dlctb cs fc`cjm`j tlrrer c`d wmoo lxpocm` bew suib rlslcrib
fcm`tcm`s c jcp wmtb m`blrl`t ibcool`jls aer rlslcribm`j l`d-ea-omal. Tbms omtlrcturl rlvmlw wmoo
prepesl e`om`l plraerfc`il `crrctmvl arcflwergs c`d tblmr ltbmico cssufptme`s cs c flc`m`jauo
c`d seimcooy hl`lamimco wcys te rlslcrib alcr ea dlctb m` l`d-ea-omal icrljmvm`j ie`tlxts.
Ltbmico Cssufptme`s
Tbms study cssufls tbct plraerfc`il `crrctmvl rlslcriblrs, iom`mimc`s, c`d ie`stmtul`ts
`lld ilrtcm` ltbmico sl`smhmomtmls wbl` m`tlrcitm`j wmtb plepols alcr ea dlctb m` l`d-ea-omal. @e
fercomty rlfcm`s c suaamiml`t flcsurl aer plepol wbe `lld jrcil te auooy pcrtmimpctl wmtb tblmr
stery se sloa-`crrctmvls fust am`d c befl m` iuoturl c`d m` tbl sloa m` erdlr te dlvloep ferco
ibcrcitlr tbreujb lxplrml`im`j omal lvl`ts (Bculrwcs, 3==4). Te hl jrcimeus, l`d ea omal, alcr
studmls, c`d blcotbicrl rlslcriblrs `lld te pcrtmimpctl auooy wmtb plepols `crrctmvls vmc dmcoejul,
ieffu`mictme` ie`amrfctme`, c`d c plraerfc`il `crrctmvl ltbes.
Dmcoejmi Yl`smhmomtmls
Ie`qulrjeed (3=29c) sujjlstld plraerflrs bcvl c ferco rlspe`smhmomty te plraerf
dmcoejmicooy, er te hl cwcrl ea tbl wcys tbct tbl plraerfc`il cfpomamls vemil evlr etblr plepols
vemils tbreujb tbl plraerfc`il. Tbms study ie`smdlrs bew dmcoejul eiiurs tbreujb `crrctmvls
fldmctmzld vmc dmjmtco crts, rbltermi, tbl `crrcter, c`d tbl plraerfc`il. Humodm`j aref Huhlrs
(3=:>)M c`d Tbeu, dmcoejul prevmdls c ie`tlxt aer m`qumry (Hcxtlr, 8>>4) wblrl plepol fllt
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Xu``m`j blcd; LR^OEXM@J ALCX EA DLCTB 32
lcib etblr m` aoumd c`d arcjmol wcys. Il`trco te tbms study, plepol dmcoejul tbreujb stery cs c`
m`aerfco dcmoy citmvmty (C`dlrse`, Hcxtlr, & Imss`c, 8>>4). ^lepol lxprlss tur`m`j pem`ts m
tblmr omvls tbreujb sterytloom`j, rlfm`msil`il, c`d mdmesy`irctmi lxprlssme`s (Hcxtlr, 8>>4).
Cr`ltt (3=23) lfpbcsmzld tbl `lld te u`dlrstc`d suib c rbltermico smtuctme` hltwll` plrse`s
(p. 838) aref wbmib c sbcrld flc`m`j lflrjls. Tbms icoo te citme` rlprlsl`ts prcxms, m`vegls c`
ltbmi aer plepol te ieffu`mictl bufc` ie`ilr`s c`d seimco prcitmils, c`d icoos tbl rlslcriblr te
dmrlit rlspe`smhol rbltermi tewcrd c`etblr (Jreef, 8>>2). Dmcoejmi prcxms flc`s rlspe`dm`j te
plepol m` c smtuctld ie`tlxt tbreujb tbl rbltermis (Jreef). Catlr coo, te lxmst flc`s te `cfl c`d
te irlctl (Arlmrl, 3==4). Dmcoejul eaaslts tbl `cfm`j pewlr tbct c plraerflr bcs m irlctm`j c`
clstbltmi tlxt hy tcgm`j m`te ciieu`t tbl prmfciy ea tbl `crrcters vemil. Tbms ciieu`t preduils c
pcrcdex cs tbl `crrcters vemil cose ie`trmhutls te dmcoejul, er tbl wcys tbct plepol puhomioy
ieffu`mictl tblmr mdlcs c`d lxplrml`ils wmtb etblrs wbesl mdlcs c`d lxplrml`ils fcy dmaalr.
Dmcoejul m` rlslcrib cssufls tbct rloctme`sbmp prevmdls c ie`tlxt aer m`qumry (Hcxtlr,
8>>4). Xloctme`sbmps mfpcit dlimsme`-fcgm`j c`d prevmdl c hlttlr ltbmico jumdl tbc`
prlie`ilmvld ltbmico irmtlrmc er rlvmlw preilssls (Dl`zm`, 8>>9h). Jmvl` tbms lfpbcsms e`
rloctme`sbmp, dmcoejul rlspe`ds te tbl icoo te bufc`mzl, te hl rlspe`smhol, te hl cvcmochol, c`d te
hl prlsl`t te iefaert etblrs (Oeudmy, 8>>2). Tbms study cssufls mt ltbmico c`d lssl`tmco te
bufc`mzl plepol m` l`d-ea-omal, wbmib eatl` eiiurs m` erjc`mzctme`s, suib cs m` acfmoy c`d
blcotbicrl. Jreef (8>>2) dlam ld erjc`mzctme`co ieffu`mictme` cs c` cit ea hlm`j-aer-etblrs,
c rlspe`sl te tbl ferco dmfl`sme` ea c ieffu`mictmvl spcils... tbct sbcpl plepols omvls (p.
342). Ieffu`mictm`j l`d ea omal lxplrml`ils m` cicdlfmi er blcotbicrl erjc`mzctme`s rlqumrls
c` ltbes te hl aer etblrs m` c ferco fc``lr, suib cs hy lxtl`dm`j bepl te plepol m` suaalrm`j
(Bydl, 8>>4). ^lepol lxplrml`il bepl wbl` tbly icrl aer etblrs (Bydl). Tbms dmcoejmi irlde
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Xu``m`j blcd; LR^OEXM@J ALCX EA DLCTB 3=
fllts cuteltb`ejrcpbmi `crrctmvls icoo aer rlslcriblrs te wrmtl hlye`d tblmr plrse`co lxplrml`il
te syfheomzl rldlfptme` c`d bepl (Dl`zm`, 8>>9c). Tbms ltbes aer sbcrm j suaalrm`j te lxtl`d
bepl rlse`ctls wmtb tbms studys cssufptme` aer auoo pcrtmimpctme` (sll Ibcptlr 9). Tbms ltbes
ie`stmtutls c` ltbmi ea icrl, wblrl icrm`j rloctls te tbms study cs smtuctld m` c icrljmvm`j ie`tlxt.
M` sbert, dmcoejul flc`s u`dlrstc`dm`j tbl sloa cs pcrtmimpctm`j auooy wmtb tblmr ew` c`d etblrs
suaalrm`j c`d cs lfhlddld m` erjc`mzctme`s, iuoturl, c`d m` tbl eutiefl ea tbl stery tbct tbly
irlctl cs c rlsuot ea tblmr sbcrld c`d lfhlddld lxplrml`ils. Xlse`ctm`j wmtb `crrctmvl, dmcoejul
flc`s rloctme`cooy c`d irlctmvloy rlspe`dm`j te bufc` suaalrm`j.
Dms/Ie`amrfm`j Hlbcvmers
Xloctme`cooy c`d irlctmvloy rlspe`dm`j te bufc` suaalrm`j tbreujb stery ie`amrfs plepol
cs tbly prlsl`t tblfslovls te hl. Ieffu`mictm`j oess c`d alcr ea dlctb rlqumrls c ie`amrfctme`
ltbmi. Drcwm`j aref Ocm j (3=1>7 3=13), plepol ie`amrf lcib etblr wbl` tbly cig`ewoldjl
tbct lcib etblr lxmsts cs tbly prlsl`t tblmr lxmstl`il te hl (Imss`c & Ymlhurj, 8>>>
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Xu``m`j blcd; LR^OEXM@J ALCX EA DLCTB 8>
ie`amrfm`j c plrse` sbews oevl, wbmol mj`erm`j er dmsfmssm`j c plrse` tbreujb dmsie`amrfctme`
ieffu`mictls vmeol`il (C`dlrse`, Imss`c, & Cr ltt, 3==4). Libem`j dmcoejul, ieffu`mictm`j
ie`amrfctme` aestlrs c scal pocil aer plepol te sbcrl tblmr dmvlrsl stermls hlicusl ie`amrfctme`
dels rlqumrl iefpomc`il, e`oy c wmoom`j`lss te rlspe`d te plepol cs m`tloomjl`t hlm`js wbe crl
ferl tbc` icpchol ea sloa-cwcrl`lss, ibemil, c`d lvl` plraerfc`il.
Ieffu`mictm`j dlctb te c armjbtl`ld iuoturl.
Zbct dels mt flc` te ieffu`mictl ie`amrfctme` aer plrse`s wbe alcr dlctb5 Ol`druf
c`d Yyfl (3==8) mdl`tmamld alcr ea dlctb cs aestlrm`j sloa-, jreup-, c`d iuoturl- il`surl cs plepol
crl tee carcmd ea dlctb te tcog cheut mt (p. 81>). Cs c rlsuot, tbl hlrlcvld eatl` am`d tblfslovls m`
seimco `ltwergs tbct crl u`chol er u`wmoom`j te omstl` te tblmr jrmla stermls (Ymovlrfc`, 3=22). M`
etblr werds, iuoturco tl`dl`imls te cvemd dlctb dmsie`amrf plepols lxplrml`ils wmtb oess.
Ieffu`mictm`j te hrlcg smol`il.
M` puhomi seimlty, plepol il`ser tblfslovls wbl` tbly plrilmvl c ocig ea puhomi suppert
er ieffe`comty m` tblmr vmlws (Bcyls, 8>>:) c`d wbl` tbly alcr mseoctme` er slpcrctme` aref
etblrs cs c rlsuot ea lxplrml`im`j sefltbm`j puhomioy u`pepuocr (@luwmrtb, Arldlrmig, & Fcye,
8>>:) suib cs wbl` splcgm`j m`te tbl puhomi c puhomicooy fercooy c`d lfetme`cooy ibcrjld
ie`trevlrsmco mssul (@elool-@lufc`` & ^ltlrsl`, 8>>4). Tbms sloa-il`sersbmp hliefls smol`il
c`d dmrlitoy om`gs tbl psyib-seimco te tbl puhomi (@elool-@lufc``, 3=:47 3=247 3==37 @elool-
@lufc`` & ^ltlrsl`, 8>>4). Ymol`im`j dlctb er lfetme`s laalitmvloy sljrljctls tbl sloa aref
tbl puhomi. C plrse` `e oe`jlr plrilmvls bmf er blrsloa te hloe`j te c seimco werod wbl` tbct
werod dels `et ieffu`mictl c wmoom`j`lss te blcr bms er blr stery. Tbus, plrse`s il`ser
tblfslovls aer alcr ea hlm`j lxioudld er iut. Tbms alcr ea hlm`j iut eaa trufps tbl dcfcjl de`l
m` smol`im`j e`ls `lld te ieffu`mictl fercooy er lfetme`cooy ibcrjld mssuls wmtbm`
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Xu``m`j blcd; LR^OEXM@J ALCX EA DLCTB 83
tblfslovls. Tbms smol`il dmsie`amrfs plepol wbesl smtuctme` flrmts c rlspe`sl m` c iuoturcooy
u`pepuocr hut mfpertc`t lxplrml`il, suib cs alcr er dlctb.
^lepol il`ser tblfslovls c`d se suaalr m` smol`il wbl` tbly plrilmvl c ocig ea seimco
suppert te dmsiuss tblmr jrmla. Olwms (3=13) dlsirmhld bms ew` lxplrml`ils wmtb sloa- c`d
iuoturl- il`surl catlr bms wmal dmld, plrbcps tbl hlrlcvld eujbt te hl mseoctld m` splimco
slttolfl`ts omgl olplrs. Te sefl Mf wersl tbc` c` lfhcrrcssfl`t. M cf c dlctbs blcd (pp.
38-39). Blofrctb c`d Ytlm`mtz (3=:2) rlpertld m`stc`ils ea acfmoy c`d arml`ds smdlstlppm`j
rlalrl`ils te tbl hlrlcvlds oess, c`d icoold tbms smdlstlppm`j c ie`spmrciy ea smol`il (p. :22).
Ymovlrfc` c`d Ymovlrfc` (3=:=) `etld plepol sloa-il`surl hlicusl tbly ic``et rlseovl tbl
dmsirlpc`iy hltwll` tblmr lfetme`co dlsmrls c`d tbl rlcomty ea tbl dlctb (p. 492). Hlcib
(3==>
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Xu``m`j blcd; LR^OEXM@J ALCX EA DLCTB 88
ltbmis fcm`oy m`veovl hlm`j cwcrl tbct tbl m`tl`t te irlctl c` clstbltmi tlxt m`veovls tbl m`tl`t te
m`aoul`il seime-iuoturco `erfs (sll Ie`qulrjeed, 3=29c7 3=2>=). Xlse`ctm`j wmtb dmcoejuls ltbes te rlspe`d
(Hcglr Ebolr, 8>>2), plraerfc`il `crrctmvls ltbes ms te tcgl seimco c`d ferco rlspe`smhmomty evlr
e`ls m`tl`t te irlctl clstbltmi tlxts (Ie`qulrjeed, 3=29c7 3=2
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Xu``m`j blcd; LR^OEXM@J ALCX EA DLCTB 89
(Hloo, 8>>:), c rlolvc`t hlbcvmer wbl` ie`smdlrm j plraerfm`j oess, dlctb, c`d alcr. Evlrcoo,
lssl`tmco te plraerfc`il ltbes m`ioudls cwcrl`lss ea tbl m`tl`tte irlctl tblsl clstbltmi tlxts7 tbl
m`tl`t ieffu`mictls c ibemil te plrsucdl tbl cudml`il ea tbl ilrtcm` wcy ea hlm`j c`d tbm`gm`j.
Aref c tblrcplutmi plrsplitmvl, oess `crrctmvls bmjbomjbt bew plepol lxplrml`il tblmr
u`flt lxplitctme`s cs smtuctld m` tbl u`ibc`jlchol, suib cs dlctb (Fcttm`joy, 3==2). Tbms vmlw
cssufls c tblrcplutmi ltbes te plraerfm`j oess `crrctmvls. Cs Yiblib`lr (3==9) ie`tl`dld,
plraerfc`il, wmtb coo mts tl`sme`s, fmsjmvm`js, cspmrctme`s, c`d preilss, prevmdls c hlst wcy te
oevl c`d strujjol wmtb tbl etblr m` c`d eutsmdl ea tbl sloa. \otmfctloy, tbms study cssufls mt
prmfcry te rlspe`d te plepol m` l`d-ea-omal tbreujb c rloctme`co, irlctmvl, c`d iuoturcooy-l`jcjm`j
cpprecib. Tbms mfplrctmvl te rlspe`d humods aref tbl plraerfc`il `crrctmvl ltbes te hl cwcrl ea
tbl mfpcit tbct plraerflrs m`tl`t te irlctl clstbltmi tlxts bcs e` tblmr cudml`il. M` etblr werds,
c` ltbmico rlspe`sl te oess m`ioudls rlspe`dm`j hy plraerfm`j `crrctmvl aer c tblrcplutmi purpesl.
Tblerltmico Arcflwergs
Tbms study aeiusls e` tbl m`smdl werod ea lfetme`, er alcr, tbl seime-iuoturco werod ea
ie`tlxts, er l`d-ea-omal, c`d tbl m`-hltwll` werod ea fldmctm`j lfetme`s c`d l`d-ea-omal tbreujb
dmjmtco plraerfc`il `crrctmvls. Tbms study drcws e` plraerfc`il `crrctmvl arcflwergs te
u`dlrstc`d bew plepol smj`may c`d fcgl sl`sl ea tblmr lfetme`co c`d oess lxplrml`ils.
@crrctmvl
^lepol cpprecib bufc` suaalrm`j flc`m`jauooy c`d wmtb sl`smtmvmty wbl` tbly rloy e` c
ieffu`mictme` arcflwerg aer sterytloom`j, wblrl cttl`tme` te bufc` suaalrm`j flc`s cttl`tme`
te stermls (Fcttm`joy, 3==2, p. 3). @crrctmvl arcflwergs prevmdl c wcy te u`dlrstc`d mdl`tmty
c`d tblrcplutmi usls m` oess. @crrctmvl studmls tbl wcys tbct plepol lxplrml`il tbl werod m` c`d
tbreujb tblmr stermls (Ioc`dm`m` & Ie``looy, 8>>>). @crrcteoejy, er tbl study ea crrctmvl,
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Xu``m`j blcd; LR^OEXM@J ALCX EA DLCTB 84
m`veovls g`ewm`j bew plepol sllg iocrmty cheut tblmr slovls c`d lxplrml`ils tbreujb plraerfm`j
vmj`lttls ea tblmr omvls (Xesl`wcod, 3==1). @crrctmvl rlslcriblrs study omvld lxplrml`ils c`d omal
stermls cs c `crrcter cttcibls flc`m`j te tbesl lxplrml`ils (Jllrtz, 3=217 Tur`lr, 3=28). Tbl
cit ea `crrctm`j lxplrml`il flc`s erjc`mzm`j c`d ieffu`mictm`j c ie`tlxt c`d lvl`t m` tbl
`crrcters lvlry dcy omal (Ioc`dm`m` & Ie``looy, 8>>>).
Ie`tlxt fcttlrs te `crrctm`j ibc`jl (Oc`jloomlr, 3=2>=), wblrl
u`dlrstc`dm`j bew plepol rlspe`d te c`d rlseovl u`lxplitld omal ibc`jls ie`stmtutls c jeco aer
tbms study c`d aer `crrctmvl tblrcpy (sll Fcttm`joy, 3==2). Lssl`tmcooy, c stery lxprlssls bew
c`d wby omal ibc`jls (FiGll, 8>>9, p. >>27 FiCdcfs, 3==97
FiGll, 8>>9). @crrcters trc`saerf plepol cs tbly `crrctl c`d lxplrml`il tur`m`j pem`ts m` tblmr
omvls (Dl``m`j, 8>>>1). Cs `crrctmvls prefetl c`d dlsirmhl ibc`jl,
`crrctmvls erjc`mzl lxplrml`il cs fevlfl`t, er tbl c`tmtblsms te dlctb. ^lraerfc`il `crrctmvl
prevmdls c vlbmiol tbct tcgls us te c pocil etblr tbc` wblrl wl usucooy crl (Heot, 8>>4, p. 3=>)
c`d se prevmdl c` lflrjl`t stery. Tbms stery rlseu`ds wmtb ferco ie`struits, c plrsucsmvl c`d
clstbltmi cpplco, c`d c` e`jem`j ie`vlrsctme` (Xufm`msgm, 8>>2, p. 339) tbct rlvlcos fuib
cheut plepols seimco reols c`d ie`tlxts (Oc`jloomlr & ^ltlrse`, 8>>47 ^ltlrse` & Oc`jloomlr,
8>>1). Tbms tblfl aer ie`tm`umty mooufm`ls bew plepol u`dlrstc`d irmtmico omal lvl`ts (sll
Zlhstlr & Flrtevc, 8>>:).
@crrctmvls sbew c stery ea jrewtb c`d tl`sme` cs `crrcters rlvmsl, m ioudl, c`d lxioudl
ilrtcm` dltcmos (Kesslose`, 3==1). Jmvl` tbms trc`saerfctmvl qucomty, `crrctmvl prevmdls c
hl`lamimco rlslcrib fltbed aer trcufc studmls (Fi@maa, 3==27 Olcvy, 8>>=). Bmstermicooy,
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Xu``m`j blcd; LR^OEXM@J ALCX EA DLCTB 8>9) aeu`d tbct sterytloom`j c`d etblr irlctmvl lxprlssme`s, suib cs crt, blopld
ibmodrl` te lxprlss c`d preilss jrmla, laalitmvloy hrlcgm`j wbct Hestmiie c`d Tbefpse` (8>>>9) ehslrvld tbct
iej`mtmvl dlvloepfl`t ic` omfmt c ibmods jrmla lxprlssme`. Bewlvlr, stermls cooewld ibmodrl` te
oesl tblfslovls m` tbl stery, c`d se lcsl tbl preilss ea fcgm`j sl`sl ea c `lw smtuctme`
(l.j., dlctb c`d tbl suppert jreup, p. 39:). Cs stermls lcsld tl`sme`, stermls prevmdld Xejlrs
(3=2=7 3==4) scal c`d irlctmvl l`vmre`fl`t aer ibmodrl` te pcrtmimpctl wmtb etblrs m` wergm`j
tbreujb tblmr oess. M` tbms wcy, sterytloom`j mfpcrtld c tblrcplutmi vcoul wblrl tbl preilssm`j
ea jrmla ic` hl cmdld hy tbl usl ea `crrctmvl c`d crt (Joczlr & Fcriuf, 8>>9, p. 39:).
M` wbct wcys dels sterytloom`j c`d crt hl`lamt cduots lxplrml`im`j oess5 Aer stcrtlrs,
`crrctmvls irlctl c`d lxprlss mdl`tmty (Yiblmhl, 3=217 FiCdcfs, 3==9) c`d se prevmdl c wcy aer
plepol te prlsl`t tblfslovls c`d tblmr lxplrml`ils te tbl werod (Eibhlrj, 3==4). Tbms cit ea
plraerfm`j `crrctmvl mfpcrts cjl`iy cs plepol `lld te tloo stermls te hl wbe tbly crl (Ioc`dm`m`
& Ie``looy, 8>>>7 FiCdcfs, 3==9) c`d se plrsucdls plepol ea tbl lxplrml`ils c`d mdl`tmty cs
tbly `crrctl tblf te hl (Jcrre & Fcttm`joy, 8>>>). Xlicoom`j ie`amrfctme`, `crrctmvls tbl` jmvl
c tlxt tbct icoos plepol, iuoturl, c`d seimlty te rlspe`d te tbl `crrcter wbe bcs smtuctld tbl sloa m`
tbl tlxt. M` se dem`j, sterytloom`j epl`s deers aerflroy oeigld hy sloa- er iuoturco il`ser te
bmjbomjbt plepols m``lrfest imriol, er tbct ierl pcrt ea tblf tbct m`aoul`ils tblmr suracil
hlbcvmers, hut etblrwmsl rlfcm`s u`sll` hy etblrs (Cotfc` & Tcyoer, 3=:9). @crrctmvl sbews
tbl sloa cs m` suspl`sl hltwll` omal lxplrml`ils c`d tblrcplutmi poets, er bew plepol `cvmjctl tbl
seimco drcfc hltwll` hregl` lxplitctme`s, pcm`auo lxplrml`ils, c`d am`dm`j wcys te ie`tm`ul
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Xu``m`j blcd; LR^OEXM@J ALCX EA DLCTB 81
omvm`j (Fcttm`joy, 3==2). ^ut c`etblr wcy, `crrctmvl plraerfs c ieblrl`t (^eogm`jber`l, 3=22)
c`d dmsie`tm`ueus (C`zcodc, 3=2:7 Fcttm`joy, 3==2) sloa te c iuoturl aerflroy eut ea teuib.
^lraerfc`il `crrctmvl cs c psyibetblrcplutmi strctljy (Fcttm`joy, 3==27 ^eogm`jber`l,
3=22) c`d trc`saerfctmvl preilss seu`ds c` cpplcom`j m`tlrvl`tme` aer l`d-ea-omal ie`tlxts c`d
alcr studmls. Tbl lfpbcsms e` plrse`co ibc`jl rloctls te cuteltb`ejrcpbmi plraerfc`il
`crrctmvl m` oess smtuctme`s (sll Ibcptlr 9). ^syibetblrcpy tbct utmomzls `crrctmvl blops plepol te
ie`struit flc`m`jauo lxplrml`ils (^eogm`jber`l, 3=22). Tblrcplutmicooy, sterytloom`j prevmdls c
blcom`j preilss (DlYcove, 3===7 ^l``lhcglr, 3==>) aer plrse`s lxplrml`im`j tufuot. Aer
m`stc`il, `crrctmvl l`rmibls plrse`s wbl` tbly rltresplit te irlctl c `crrctmvl tbct sctmsamls tblmr
iurrl`t smtuctme` (^eogm`jber`l, 3=22). Mfpertc`toy, sterytloom j flc`s m`vlstmjctm`j tbl wcys
tbct plepols werds c`d lvl`ts m`aoul`il tblmr citme`s c`d fetmvls c`d vmil-vlrsc (Fcttm`joy,
3==2). ^lepol rlaolit c`d tloo tblmr m tl`t, dlsmrl, er hlomlas, c`d tbl wcys tbct tblsl fetmvctme`s
olcd te citme` (Fcttm`joy). ^lepol `lld te `crrctl m` erdlr te cit c`d vmil-vlrsc (Fcttm`joy). M`
`crrctmvl tblrcpy, `crrctmvl blops plrse`s te oeictl tblmr dlsmrl wbl` tbly lxplrml`il oess
(Fcttm`joy), flc`m`j tbct `crrctmvl prefetls tbl petl`tmco sloa (Fcttm`joy). Tbms petl`tmco sloa
fcgls tbl `crrctmvl dmaalrl`il hlicusl `crrctmvl cddrlssls plrse`s hregl` c`d sljfl`tld
lxplrml`ils c`d blops plepol te l`vmsme` c beplauo auturl cfmd trcufc (Fcttm`joy7 ^eogm`jber`l,
3=22). ^ut c`etblr wcy, `crrctmvl prevmdls c tblrcplutmi cpprecib te oess hy u`dlrstc`dm`j tbl
ierrloctme`s hltwll` ibemil, citme`, c`d blcom`j.
^lraerfc`il
Tbl cit ea plraerfm`j `crrctmvl flc`s tbl cit ea plraerfm`j werds tbct de tbm`js
(Jcrre & Fcttm`joy, 8>>>, p. 813). ^lraerfc`il studmls prevmdl c arcflwerg te study tbl wcys
tbct plepol lfpewlr tblfslovls c`d l`vmsme` c beplauo auturl m` oess. ^lraerfc`il c`d
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Xu``m`j blcd; LR^OEXM@J ALCX EA DLCTB 8:
`crrctmvl tejltblr hrm`j tbl tlxt te omal. ^lraerfc`il tlxts, hrecdoy ie`ilmvld, m`ioudl vmsuco
`crrctmvls c`d c`y etblr flc`m`j-fcgm`j syfheo irlctld c`d sbcrld hy plepol er iuoturl
(Hcgbtm`, 3=21). Humodm`j aref Jeaafc` (3=). Xlse`ctm`j wmtb `crrctmvl, wbl`
plepol plraerf lvlry dcy omal, tbly irlctl c`d lxprlss mdl`tmty (Icrose`, 8>>97 Ie`qulrjeed,
3=237 Yiblmhl, 3=21). ^bloc` (3==9) dlsirmhld plraerfc`il cs tbl wcys tbct plepol rlprlsl`t
tblmr mdl`tmtmls c`d lxplrml`ils wmtbeut rlpreduim`j tblf, wbmib flc`s tbct plraerfc`il
`crrctmvls fcgl c wcy aer plepol te hl m` tbl werod (Eibhlrj, 3==4).
M` wbct wcys de plepol plraerf `crrctmvl, c`d wbct dmaalrl`tmctls `crrctmvl aref
plraerfc`il5 Tbms qulstme` fcy crmsl aref tbl bmstermls hy wbmib tbl dmsimpom ls ea
plraerfc`il c`d `crrctmvl dlvloepld c`d tbl suhslqul`t icfps tbct slpcrctld tbl preilssls c`d
fldmc wmtb wbmib plepol tloo stermls, suib cs vmc tlxt er erco (sll Hcufc` & Hrmjjs, 3==>7 Hocu
3=28/3=297 3==>7 Ie`qulrjeed, 3==27 Oc`jloomlr, 3=2>1). Ymj`mamic`toy, tbl `crrcter, hy `crrctm j, plraerfs. Ie`dmtme`s aer c
plraerfc`il te eiiur m`ioudl tbl `lld aer c plraerflr, lvl`t, cudml`il, c`d plraerfc`il
(Oc`jloomlr, 3=2
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Xu``m`j blcd; LR^OEXM@J ALCX EA DLCTB 82
ie`stmtutls plraerfc`il (Ie`qulrjeed, 3=29c7 3=2>2), sujjlstm`j
tbct plepol olcr`, hliefl, c`d fcgl c dmaalrl`il tbreujb irlctmvl lxprlssme`. M` etblr werds,
plraerfc`il m`veovls c preilss cs fldmctld hy lvl`t, mdl`tmty, c`d m`tl`t.
^lraerfc`il cose m`veovls plraerflr c`d cudml`il prlsl`il (Cusoc`dlr, 3===7 Hloo,
8>>2) c`d, fest ea coo, c trmpcrtmtl m`tlrcitme` hltwll` tbl plraerflr, cudml`il, c`d seime-
iuoturco c`d peomtmico rlcofs (Icrose`, 8>>9). Cs Yiblib`lr (3==9) ehslrvld, plraerfc`il
l`cits hlbcvmer cs blmjbtl`ld c`d puhomioy dmspocyld. Tbl ie`vlrsctme`s hliefl c` m`tlrcitmvl
defcm` wblrl plepol ieffu`mictl vcrmld mdlcs cfmd sbcrld m`tlrlsts c`d seoutme`s (^rloowmtz,
8>>2). Tbms puhomi spcil ymlods c preilss aer plepol te ieffu`mictl ieffu`mty vmc sbcrm`j
tlxts c`d rloctme`sbmps ( rloowmtz). Tbus, plraerfc`il splcgs rloctme`sbmp, seime-iuoturl, c`d
peomtmis m`te, c`d lxcits lcib aref, tbl puhomi defcm`.
Ym`il plraerfc`il `crrctmvls hlcr puhomi mfpomictme`s, mt ms mfpertc`t te u`dlrstc`d tbl
dlomhlrctl c`d plrsucsmvl preilss hy wbmib plepol plraerf `crrctmvl. Hloo (8>>2) dlam`ld
syfheo usl cs hlm`j smtuctld, fldmctld, olcr`ld, c`d l`citld. ^lraerfc`il `crrctmvls rloy e`
rbltermico dlvmils tbct rlqumrl cwcrl`lss cs te tbl wcys tbct plepol usl syfheos te m`aoul`il
etblrs vmc plrsucsme` (Hloo). Tlxt m`ioudls coo iuoturco systlfs c`d vmrtucooy c`ytbm`j m` tbl
werod tbct ic` hl rlcd (Hloo7 K. Icpute, plrse`co ieffu`mictme`, Ylptlfhlr 8:, 8>3>). Aer
lxcfpol, iuoturl eplrctls cs c tlxt, wblrl c`y iuoturl... ic` hl dlam`ld cs c systlf-m`-fetme` ea
smj`s c`d syfheos (Hee`, 3=21, p. 89=). ^lepol irlctl smj`s c`d syfheos tbct m` tur` irlctl
iuoturl c`d tbl iuoturl `erfcomzls er rlklits tbl plraerfc`il tlxt. ^lraerfc`il tlxts fcrg c`d
u`fcrg plepols seimco drcfcs wmtb rbltermi c`d syfheos (^bloc`, 3==9), suib cs hy mfcjls.
Heot (8>>4) wretl tbct plraerfc`il crt l`iefpcssls tbl fe`streus plraerfctmvl wcys tbct
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Xu``m`j blcd; LR^OEXM@J ALCX EA DLCTB 8=
mfcjls olcg m`te tbl werod c`d preduil mt m` sefle`l u`aerlsll` wcy. Tbms ms tbl pewlr ea tbl
werg ea crt (p. 322). M` tbms wcy, plraerfc`il crt m`aoul`ils plepols lvlrydcy omvls. Tur`lr
(3=2:) wretl tbct plraerfm`j lxplrml`il m`veovls m`tlrruptm`j tbl olvlo suracil ea e`jem`j
seimco omal, wmtb mts m`tlrcitme`s, trc`scitme`s, rlimpreimtmls, mts iustefs aer fcgm`j rljuocr,
erdlroy slqul`ils ea hlbcvmer wmtb pcssme`s, iefploold hy tbl veomtme`s, evlrfcstlrm`j ct
tmfls m` tbl rctme`co ie`smdlrctme`s (p. =>). M` etblr werds, plraerfctmvl lxplrml`il dels `et
eiiur cs c tmdy om`lcr poet wbesl l`d fllts lxplitctme`s, hut cs c dmsiursmvl, ylt iuoturcooy
`erfcomzld, wcy te acsbme` c`d wmlod pewlr vmc syfheos.
Tbms study lxpoerls c dmjmtco tlxts pewlr m` sbcpm`j seime-iuoturco `erfs aer
ieffu`mictm`j c oess lxplrml`il. Tlib`eoejy m`aoul`ils c`d bmjbomjbts seime-iuoturco erfs
aer plraerfc`il. Yterytloom`j `llds tbl dmjmtco te hl c puhomi c`d plraerfctmvl preilss
(Hrcttltlmj, 8>>2). Ie`iurrm`j wmtb Tur`lrs (3=2:) seimco drcfc, plepol irlctl tblctlr m tblmr
lvlry dcy m`tlrcitme`s e`om`l (Dmxe`, 8>>:). Oess lxplrml`ils eatl` eiiur m` tc`dlf wmtb
iuoturcooy sc`itme`ld feur`m`j rmtucos. Xmtucos, ylt c`etblr hrecd-hcsld tlrf, m`ioudl syfheomi
flc`m`j systlfs, plraerfc`il cits c`d preilssls, c`d rloctme`sbmps c`d lxplrml`ils (Yiblib`lr,
3==9). Yiblib`lr sujjlstld tbct tbl auturl ea rmtuco m` c`y jmvl` seimlty dlpl`ds e` rmtuco hlm`j
lfhlddld m` c fldmctld ie`tlxt. Dmjmtco plraerfc`il `crrctmvls fldmctl ie`tlxt, c ie`tlxt
wbmib m` tur` fldmctls tbl rmtuco te c puhomi. Tbl puhomi m`ioudls c dmvlrsl c`d u`prldmitchol
cudml`il, c`d m`stmtutme`co ie`tlxt tbct eatl` fcgls plraerfc`il rmtucos, suib cs puhomi
flfermcos, peomtmico (Yc`tm`e, 8>>9).
^lepol dlsmj` ieffu`mictme` systlfs, wbmib m` tur` m`aoul`il tbl wcys tbct plepol
ieffu`mictl, c`d se irlctls c` e`jem`j alldhcig oeep (Ie`rcd & ^eeol, 8>>
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Xu``m`j blcd; LR^OEXM@J ALCX EA DLCTB 9>
(YT), wbmib sbcpl bew plepol ieffu`mictl. YT csslssls tlib`eoejy aref c beomstmi pcrcdmjf;
seimco, psyibeoejmico, l`vmre`fl`tco, c`d tlib`mico eutiefls (Trmst & Hcfaertb, 3=>>47 ^ltlrse`, 8>>2).
Hy ibcool`jm`j plraerfc`il irmtlrmc, tlib`eoejy cooews rlslcriblrs te ibcool`jl tbl prmfciy ea
tbl hedy cs c wcy ea g`ewm`j (Ibvcstc, 8>>9) c`d se sllg `lw wcys te ie`ilptucomzl
plraerfc`il. Tbms sbmat m` lfhedmfl`t hl`lamts `crrctmvls dlcom`j wmtb dlctb, wblrl c hedy `e
oe`jlr lxmsts. Fcm`oy, e`om`l plraerfc`ils arcfl tbl wcy tbct plepol `ljetmctl rloctme`sbmps,
m`ioudm`j tbesl flfermcomzld c`d fldmctmzld vmc tlib`eoejy (Om`dlfc``, 8>>) c`d ^bloc` (3==:) crjuld tbct plepol plraerf te
rlblcrsl dym`j. ^lraerfc`il c`d tlib`eoejy crl hurmco prcitmils wmtb vlry eod fetmvctme`s; te
beod e`te omal, te prlsl`il, te lxmstl`il, te ieffu`mictme` (Hloo, 8>>2, p. 819). M` etblr werds,
plepol plraerf c`d irlctl tlib`eoejy m` rlspe`sl te tblmr fertcomty cwcrl`lss. Aurtblr, puhomi
flfermcos smtuctl tbl dlilcsld plrse` m` tbl oc`d ea tbl omvm`j (Yc`tm`e, 8>>9) mfpomictm`j tbl
plraerflr c`d tbl cudml`il te gllp tbl dlilcsld comvl m` tbl plraerfc`il (sll Ber`shy-Fm`er,
8>>:). ]lt fldmctld flfery c`d rmtucos e`oy ocst se oe`j cs c` cudml`il m`tlrcits wmtb tblf
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Xu``m`j blcd; LR^OEXM@J ALCX EA DLCTB 93
(Ibvcstc, 8>>9) hlicusl plraerfc`ils, cs tblmr cudml`ils c`d plraerflrs, omvl e` herrewld
tmfl. Ct sefl pem`t plraerfc`il mffldmciy fust l`d (Hocu, 3=28/3=297 3==>). ^ut ferl
smfpoy, plepol g`ew dlctb m` rloctme` te omal vmc plraerfc`il (Ibcvstc, 8>>9), ylt g`ew tblmr
plraerfc`il, cs tblmr omal, ms tlfpercry (Hocu 3=28/3=297 3==>7 ^bloc`, 3==:). Lvl` plraerfm`j
c` l`d te c stery, suib cs wbl` c hoejjlr steps pestm`j te c hoej, jmvls tbl lxplrml`il ea dlctb
(Ibcvstc, 8>>9). ^lraerfc`il tlstmamls te omal hy oeegm`j omgl dlctb hlicusl tbl omal mtsloa, cs tbl
plraerfc`il, wmoo lvl`tucooy l`d c`d tbus sllf te hl ibre`micooy olat hlbm`d (Hocu, 3=28/3=297
3==>). Tbus, plraerfc`ils m`-hltwll` rlfcm`s tbct tl`sme` hy wbmib plepol tuj c`d puoo
hltwll` omal c`d dlctb c`d cfmd omal/dlctb cwcrl`lss, cofest cs Cr`ltts (3==4) lxmstl`tmco
beflolss`lss. Tbms `etme` l`d cjcm` rlalrs te lpmstlfeoejy cs fertcomty cwcrl`lss fldmctld
c`d prlioudld hy plraerfc`il (Hocu, 3=28/3=297 3==>).
Aurtblrferl, plepol wrmtl tblmr fertco rmtucos, flfermls, slovls, c`d crjuchoy etblrs m`te
hlm`j hy hoejjm`j (Ibcvstc, 8>>9). M` tbms omjbt, plrbcps plraerfm`j fldmctmzld oess dels `et
flc` tbct plepol rlblcrsl, rlpreduil, er rlprlsl`t dlctb, hut tbct plepol strmvl te rlcib aer omal m`
omjbt ea tblmr g`ewoldjl ea dlctb tbreujb tblmr m`tl`t c`d citme` te rlarcfl mt. Tbms arcflwerg
fevls plepol m`te c` u`lcsy spcil hltwll` lxplitm`j c`d ehslrvm`j wbct citucooy bcppl`s m`
omal/dlctb (Hocu, 3=28/3=297 3==>), wbmib rlse`ctls wmtb tblrcplutmi `crrctmvls lfpbcsms e`
rlie`imom`j u`flt lxplitctme`s (Fcttm joy, 3==2). E` tbl hrmjbt smdl, plepol plraerf e`
herrewld tmfl hy fcgm`j tbl plraerfc`il fefl`t lxlfpocr. M` tbms wcy, plraerfc`il m`vmtls
plepol te scy `e te dlctb te scy yls te omal (Ibcvstc, 8>>
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Xu``m`j blcd; LR^OEXM@J ALCX EA DLCTB 98
Alcr ea Dlctb
E`l fust u`dlrstc`d tbl `cturl ea alcr te lxpoerl bew plepol plraerf tblmr alcr ea dlctb.
Lfetme`s suib cs alcr aocj tbct wbmib c plrse` vcouls ( ujfmrl, 3==4). C`xmlty plrpltuctls
dmsie``lit (^coflr, 8>>>) c`d se prlvl`ts plrse`s aref lxplrml`im`j c wbeol c`d preduitmvl
omal (Zblctoly & Gloo lr-Xejlrs, 3===7 Zmtt, 8>>:). Alcr defm`ctls, dmvmdls, c`d ie`ausls
plepols ie`simeus`lss (Areff, 3=117 Esher`, 3=1) tlrfs, alcr epprlssls
plepol. Aer m`stc`il, plrse`s fcm`tcm` u`ilrtcm`ty cs c dllr m` blcdomjbts te allo scal (Hrcdci,
8>>3) hy wmtbdrcwm`j tblmr ieffmtfl`ts te tblmr jecos. ^lepol strmvl bcrdlr te prldmit tbl
eutiefls ea tblmr ibemils, eatl` ictcstrepbmzm`j tbl auturl, er hlomlvm`j tbct tbl werst icsl
sil`crme wmoo eiiur (Jcr`lr, 3==:). Tbms strmvm`j plrpltuctls tbl moousme` tbct c plrse` ic`
ie`treo omal hy wmtbdrcwm`j aref mt (^coflr, 3==>) c`d, fest mfpertc`toy, m`dmictls c plrse`s
sl`sl ea ocig ea ie`treo. Hy wmtbdrcwm`j, plepol auoamoo wbct ^coflr icoold c sicrimty prepbliy
c`d se fmss eppertu`mtmls te ibc`jl tblmr smtuctme` aer tbl hlttlr. Tbms alcr-prlimpmtctld
dew`wcrd spmrco eppesls plepols `lld te drcw `lcrlr tejltblr, te ieffu`mictl, c`d te fcgl
dlimsme`s m` l`d-ea-omal (sll Hocigcoo, Ymffs, & Jrll`, 8>>=).
Tlrrer Fc`cjlfl`t Tblery (TFT)
Tlrrer Fc`cjlfl`t Tblery (TFT) rlprlsl`ts c fcffetb tblery tbct studmls dlctb
tlrrer. Blm`l, Bcrmbcrc, c`d @mmyc (8>>8) dlsirmhld TFT cs e`l ea tbl heodlst c`d fest acr-
rlcibm`j tblermls rljcrdm`j tbl sloa-ie`ilpt (p. 32:). TFT sujjlstld tbct plepol alcr dlctb, c`
m`blrl`t bufc` lxplrml`il (Icstc`e & Dlibls`l, 8>>>97 FiGrcigl` &
Glejb, 8>>=7 Yeoefe`, Jrll`hlrj, & ^yszizy`sgm, 3==3).
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Xu``m`j blcd; LR^OEXM@J ALCX EA DLCTB 99
Fertcomty cwcrl`lss ielxmsts wmtb bufc` laaerts te omvl c`d te rloctl wmtb etblrs. Tef
^yszizy`sgm, Yblode` Yeoefe`, c`d Klaa Jrll`hlrj m`treduild TFT catlr rlcdm`j heegs wrmttl`
hy tbl octl iuoturco c`tbrepeoejmst Lr`lst Hliglr, Tbl Hmrtb c`d Dlctb ea Flc`m`j(3=:3) c`d
Tbl Dl`mco ea Dlctb (3=:9). Xlslcriblrs bcvl sm`il dlvloepld TFT tbreujb lfpmrmico wergs.
TFT lxpoerls seimco hlbcvmer hy mdl`tmaym`j c`d tlstm`j flibc`msfs plepol usl te fedlrctl
tblmr alcr ea dlctb wbl` tbly lxplrml`ild dlctb rlfm`dlrs, er fertcomty scoml`il (FY). FY
flibc`msfs acoo u`dlr twe ictljermls; mdl`tmty (3) c`d iuoturl (8), er sloa-lstllf c`d iuoturco
(Jrll`hlrj, ^yszizy`sgm, & Yeoefe`, 3=217 Jrll`hlrj, ^yszizy`sgm, Yeoefe`, Xesl`hoctt,
Qlldlr, Gmrgoc`d, & lt co., 3==>7 Yeoefe`, Jrll`hlrj, ^yszizy`sgm, 3==3). Aer m`stc`il,
Bcrfe`-Ke`ls, Ymfe`, Jrll`hlrj, ^yszizy`sgm, Yeoefe`, c`d FiJrljer (3==:) aeu`d tbct
plrse`s wmtb c bmjblr sloa-lstllf lxplrml`ild oewlr dljrlls ea FY laalits. Icstc`e c`d
Dlibls`l (8>>>8). Aer m`stc`il, plepols acmtb m Jed prevmdls cttcibfl`t m` oess (Jrc`qvmst, Fmguom`ilr, &
Ybcvlr, 8>3>), wbmib fcy lxpocm` wby plepol iom`j te tblmr werodvmlw wbl` tbly alcr dlctb.
Cr`dt, Jrll`hlrj, ^yszizy`sgm, Yeoefe`, c`d Ymfe` (3==:) dmsievlrld tbct pcrtmimpc`ts tbeujbt
ea dlctb olss wbl` tbly dlal`dld tblmr werodvmlws. Jrll`hlrj, ^yszizy`sgm, Yeoefe`,
Xesl`hoctt, Qlldlr, Gmrgoc`d, lt. co (3==>) dmsievlrld tbct plrse`s rlspe`d te FY hy heostlrm`j
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Xu``m`j blcd; LR^OEXM@J ALCX EA DLCTB 94
tblmr iuoturco werodvmlw c`d te sbew prlalrl`il te tblmr jreup flfhlrs wbe sbcrl tbms
werodvmlw, er tblmr m -jreup. Icstc`e, ]zlrhyt, ^cocdm`e, c`d Yciibm (8>>8) aeu`d tbct m -jreup
caamomctme` prevmdld syfheomi lxmstl`il m` plrse`s wbe acild dlctb rlfm`dlrs. ^lrse`s iom`j te
tblmr seimco jreup c`d werodvmlw caamomctme` hlicusl dem`j se tloos tblf tbct tbly wmoo survmvl
c`d ie`tm`ul te lxmst catlr tbly dml.
Jreup flfhlrsbmp, werodvmlws, c`d sloa-lstllf bcvl tblmr drcwhcigs lvl` tbeujb tbly
ic` eaaslt dlctb tlrrer. Aer lxcfpol, plrilmvld seimco suppert ic` olcd te m`-jreup hmcs. ^lrse`s
seimcooy mdl`tmay wmtb etblrs wbe sbcrl c`d l`dersl tbl scfl iuoturco werodvmlw (Bcooerc` &
Gcsbmfc, 8>>4) c`d iom`j te tblmr seimco jreup (Icstc`e, 8>>4) wbl` ie`are`tld hy dlctb
rlfm`dlrs. M`-jreup m`ioudls jreups tbct sbcrl werodvmlws c`d ltb`mi mdl`tmtmls. Aer lxcfpol,
Cr`dt, Jrll`hlrj, Yibmflo, ^yszizy`sgm, c`d Yeoefe` (8>>8) aeu`d tbct plrse`s fldmctld dlctb
tlrrer tbreujb mdl`tmaym`j wmtb tbl scfl jl`dlr c`d/er ltb`mimty. ^lrse`s lxplrml`ild FY wbl`
tbly m`tlrcitld wmtb plrse`s eutsmdl tblmr jreup (Bcrfe`-Ke`ls, Jrll`hlrj, Yeoefe`, & Ymfe`,
3==1). ^lepol alcr hlm`j lxioudld, slpcrctld aref, c`d smol`ild aref tblmr jreup wbl` tbly
tbm`g ea dlctb (Icsl & Zmoomcfs, 8>>4). ^ut tejltblr, wbl` rlfm`dld ea dlctb, plepol alcr
hlm`j slpcrctld aref tblmr iuoturco jreup, wbmib drmvls tblf te iom`j te tblmr seime-iuoturco
jreup c`d te dlal`d tblmr sbcrld vmlws ferl lvl` te tbl pem`t ea lxioudm`j eut-jreups, cotbeujb
`et cowcys (Dlibls`l, Kc`ssl`, & Qc` G`mppl`hlrj, 8>>>).
Yuib iom`jm`j hlcrs seimco kustmil mfpomictme`s m` seime-iuoturco ie`tlxts tbct dlfc`d
irmtmico dlimsme`-fcgm`j sgmoos. ^ysziyzy`sgm, lt co. (3==1) dmsievlrld tbct pcrtmimpc`ts
lxcjjlrctld ie`sl`sus wbl` acild wmtb FY. Cr`dt, Omlhlrfc`, Ieeg, c`d Yeoefe` (8>>
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Xu``m`j blcd; LR^OEXM@J ALCX EA DLCTB 9>3) ehslrvld tbct fertcomty rlfm`dlrs old te rcimsf, wblrl wbmtl
pcrtmimpc`ts wlrl ferl omgloy te sbew acvermtmsf tewcrds wbmtl rcimsts. Tbus, dlctb tlrrer ic`
jl`lrctl ie`aomit hltwll` jreups wmtb dmaalrm`j seimco hcigjreu`ds c`d iuoturco prcitmils, suib
cs cpprecibls te icrljmvm`j er dlctb. Tbms study lxpoerls tbl lxplrml`il ea vuo`lrchol
pepuoctme`, er sefle`l smtuctld m` c` l`d-ea-omal ie`tlxt. TFTs peomtmico mfpomictme`s de `et
hedl wloo aer kust trlctfl`t ea suib plrse`s cssufm`j tbct l`d-ea-omal icrljmvm`j ie`tlxts rlfm`d
plepol ea dlctb (Gctz & Jl`lvcy, 8>>87 @lmflylr, Zmttewsgm, & Feslr, 8>>47 ^lig, 8>>=).
Tbl dym`j syfheomzl fertcomty c`d se rlfm`d plrse`s ea dlctb, laalitmvloy trmjjlrm`j dlctb alcr
(Mscgsl`, 8>>87 Gctz & Jl`lvcy, 8>>8). Aer lxcfpol, Fcrtl`s, Jeodl`hlrj, c`d Jrll`hlrj
(8>>>>8) hcsld tbms dy`cfmi e` plepols alcr ea c`mfcomty, er
oesm`j ie`treo evlr e`ls hedmoy au`itme`s, c`d ea hlm`j m`smj`mamic`t. Tblsl tbrlcts rlduild
lodlrs te suhbufc`s wbl` tbl cjld plrse`s dltlrmerctm`j pbysmico c`d iej`mtmvl chmomtmls
syfheomzl dlctb (Mscgsl`). Mscgsl` smj`mamld tblsl tbrlcts cs c dlirlcsl m` preduitmvmty,
iefpltl`il, strl`jtb, qumig`lss, c`d fl`tco cjmomty. Alcr ea dlctb ic` tbl` mfpcit qucomty ea
icrl. Aer m`stc`il, ^lig (8>>=) aeu`d tbct e`ieoejy werglrs c`xmlty cheut tblmr ew` dlctb
dmrlitoy rlduild tblmr ieffu`mictme` ea cdvc`il dmrlitmvls te tblmr ie`stmtul`ts, sujjlstm`j tbct
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Xu``m`j blcd; LR^OEXM@J ALCX EA DLCTB 91
plrse`s dlctb c`xmlty dmsrupts ieffu`mictme` m` l`d-ea-omal (@lmflylr, lt. co 8>>4) hlicusl
plepol wbe alcr dlctb cvemd tbl dym`j.
Tblrlaerl, mt rlfcm`s lssl`tmco te u`dlrstc`d bew c seimlty `erfcomzls cpprecibls te
ieffu`mictl dlctb tlrrer, wbmib ic` humod c kust seimlty er tlcr mt dew` (Tcf, Ibmu, & Ocu,
8>>:). Ie`smdlrm`j rlseuril cooeictme`, Tcf, lt. co csslrtld tbct alcr ea dlctb plrpltuctld seimco
m`kustmil, lsplimcooy wmtb bmjb FY c`d `ctme`comsf m` wcr tmfl. Durm`j wcrtmfl, m`kustmil
eiiurrld wbl` plrse`s sbewld prlalrl`il tewcrd tblmr seime-iuoturco jreup hy wmtbbeodm`j
rlseurils aref jreup eutsmdlrs (Tcf, lt. co). Jmvl` iurrl`t blcotbicrl rlaerf, ie`ilr`s aer
rlseuril cooeictme` m` c` lie`efmi dew`tur` ru` bmjb. Ma l`d-ea-omal ie`tlxts rlfm`d plepol ea
dlctb, c`d se prlimpmtctl c dew`wcrd spmrco ea survmvcomst hlbcvmers, tbl` tbl stctl ea icrljmvm`j
aer dym`j plrse`s oeegs holcg. Te eaaslt tbms dysau`itme`, lomfm`ctm`j tbl petl`tmco aer c`xmlty
ic` rlduil tbl `lld te dlal`d werodvmlws wbl` rlfm`dld ea dlctb (Jrll`hlrj, Fcrtl`s, Ke`cs,
Lmsl`stcdt, ^yszizy`sgm, & Yeoefe`, 8>>9). Tbl evlrcribm`j mfplrctmvl aer dlctb c`d alcr
studmls, tbl`, fust cddrlss plepols alcrs te aestlr seimcooy kust c`d hl`lamimco ieffu`mictme`.
TFT Ibcool`jls
^lepol m` iom`mico spcils fust u`dlrstc`d bew seimco ie`tlxt c`d rlslcrib fltbed m`aerf
prcxms (Flylrs, 8>>:). Ma TFT ms rmjbt, tbl` plepol lxplrml`im`j alcr ea dlctb m` l`d-ea-omal
ie`tlxts crl omgloy te acmo te fcgl flc`m`j ea tblmr lxplrml`il m` c seimcooy ie`struitmvl wcy
wmtbeut u`dlrstc`dm`j tblmr iuoturco m`aoul`il er tbl seimco `erfs tbct sbcpl tblmr lxplrml`il.
Cotbeujb TFT prevmdls c wloo rlslcribld, lstchomsbld, c`d rlpomictld tblery, mt pesslssls
m`blrl`t ibcool`jls c`d petl`tmcooy dlstruitmvl cssufptme`s. Aer m`stc`il, TFT oejmi rlomls e`
tbl rctme`co arcfl (Iebl`, Yeoefe`, Fcxamlod, ^yszizy`sgm, c`d Jrll`hlrj, 8>>4) c`d se fcy
prmvmoljl e`l wcy ea g`ewm`j evlr etblrs. ^lrbcps TFTs quc`tmtctmvl cpprecib ms pepuocr wmtb
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Xu``m`j blcd; LR^OEXM@J ALCX EA DLCTB 9:
plrse`s c`d ie`tlxts tbct corlcdy prlalr tbl rctme`co arcfl, suib cs fldmico erjc`mzctme`s
(Ferjc`-Zmttl, 8>>>4) iuoturco c`mfco. E` tbl
aerflr, TFT dmsie``lits tbl sloa c`d slls tbl sloa cs smtuctld e` tbl eutsmdl oeegm`j m`, m`stlcd
ea m` tbl m`-hltwll`. E` tbl octtlr, TFT cssufls c survmvco fm dslt, wblrl plrbcps rlslcriblrs
aeu`d wbct tbly cssufld. Lvl` Fmguom`ilr c`d Aoermc` (3==:), aerlru``lrs m` TFTs
cttcibfl`t styols, qulstme`ld TFTs prmfcry `etme` tbct plepol dlal`d tblfslovls cjcm`st tbl
tbrlct ea dlctb hy cssufm`j c ie`slrvctmvl c`d ljetmstmi cttmtudl tewcrd omal, c`d qulstme`ld ma
plepol bcvl cddmtme`co bufc` `llds ylt te hl lxpoerld. M`dlld, TFT ic` je `e aurtblr tbc`
rlduitme`mst iocmfs wbl` mt hlomlvls tbct plepol crl drmvl` hy survmvco m`stm`it coe`l wblrl e`oy
tbl seimcooy amt c`d tbl wloo-jreupld survmvl. @et e`oy tbct, hut TFT lqumveictls cttcibfl`t te
oevl (sll Fmguom`ilr, Aoermc`, & Bmrsibhlrjlr, 8>>97 Fmlkc, Gcocsgc, & Cdcfizyg, 8>>1)7 oevl
m`veovls ibemil, c`d `et c survmvco m`stm`it te iom`j te plepol c`d rloctme`sbmps te huaalr dlctb
c`xmlty (sll Aoermc`, Fmguom`ilr, & Bmrsibhlrjlr, 8>>9). TFTs ew` rlslcriblrs cig`ewoldjl
tbl tblery ocigs seoutme`s te eaalr plepol wbe alcr dlctb (Lm`-Der, Fmguom`ilr, Dere`, & Ybcvlr,
m`-prlss). Ym`il lvlrye`l lvl`tucooy dmls, tbl` rlslcrib cpprecibls m` l`d-ea-omal fust ie`smdlr
etblr mfplrctmvls suib cs qucomty ea omal, beomsf, c`d oevl. Zbmol Zlmig (3=:=) dlam`ld c stre`j
tblery cs jl`lrcomzchol, smfpol, c`d ciiurctl, TFTs swllpm`j iocmfs rmsg evlroeegm`j tbl
lxilssls m` rlslcrib tbct fcy prevmdl ferl hl`lamimco c`d l`rmibm`j m`aerfctme`.
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Xu``m`j blcd; LR^OEXM@J ALCX EA DLCTB 92
Jmvl` tblsl ie`smdlrctme`s, TFT prevmdls c` cwgwcrd amt aer rlslcribm`j pepuoctme`s
fcdl vuo`lrchol hy seimltmls tbct ie`struit wertb hcsld e` pbysmico blcotb, plraerfctmvl chmomty,
cjl, rlcse`m`j icpcimty, seimelie`efmi preduitmvmty, c`d lfetme`co aertmtudl. Evlrcoo, TFT
pcm`ts e`l pmiturl ea alcr ea dlctb m` l`d-ea-omal icrl jmvm`j ie`tlxts, lvl` wbmol cdfmttm`j tbct
alcr ea dlctb ms c vcrmchol, fuotmdmfl`sme`co, c`d iefpolx pbl`efl`e` (Aoermc` & Fmguom`ilr,
3==:c). Te ieu`tlr suib omfmtctme`s, dlctb studmls fust irlctl c `lw cjl`dc (sll @lmflylr,
8>>4). Crts-hcsld rlslcrib prevmdls suib c pessmhmomty. ]lt, crts-hcsld rlslcrib fust sustcm`
clstbltmi irmtmqul ma mt wc`ts te irmtmqul tbl pmtacoos ea siml`il (Bu`tlr, 3===), wbmib m`ioudls
u`dlrstc`dm`j bew tbl crts c`d bufc`mtmls c`d siml`il tblfslovls eplrctl cs tlxts. Bu`tlr
sujjlstld u`dlrstc`dm`j rbltermi smtuctls tlxtucomtmls, suib cs tbl crts er siml`ils, wmtb
g`ewoldjl c`d se rlieffl`dld cvemdm`j c pl`duouf swm`j te tbl crts. Eose` (8>>1) sujjlstld
tbct suib rbltermico sibeocrsbmp ic` hrmdjl tbl crts c`d bufc`mtmls c`d seimco siml`ils. M` etblr
werds, lvl` rlslcrib tlxts sbcpl flc`m`j c`d se m`aoul`il plepols lxplrml`ils c`d seimco
drcfcs. Zbmol dlctb tlrrer fcy sllf tbl pbl`efl`e` te lxpoerl, plrbcps dlctb tlrrer
syfheomzls etblr dy`cfmis tbct dlctb studmls fust dmsievlr hcsld e` lxmstm`j smtuctld
g`ewoldjl. Zbmol bufc`s fcy hl actld te dml, plepol fcy stmoo plrilmvl tblfslovls te bcvl
cjl`iy te m`aoul`il lvl`ts hy tblmr citme`s c`d ibemils. Tbl dmstm`itme` blrl m`veovls
u`dlrstc`dm`j bew plrse`s cttrmhutl omal ibc`jls suib cs dlctb te lxtlr`co er m`tlr`co icusls (sll
Hurrus & Xelsl, 8>>1). M` etblr werds, bew de plepol plraerf tblmr caalitmvl, clstbltmi, c`d
cjl`tmi omvls m` omjbt ea dlctb, c`d bew de tbesl plraerfc`ils m`aoul`il tblmr lxplrml`ils5
^lraerfm`j L`d-ea-omal Lxplrml`ils
Ma lfetme`s ie`trmhutl te fcgm`j ie`simeus`lss, er c wcy ea g`ewm`j (Dcfcsme, 8>>>),
c`d ma ie`simeus`lss sustcm`s bufc` irlctmvmty m` ieffu`mictme` (Dcfcsme), tbl` lfetme`s,
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Xu``m`j blcd; LR^OEXM@J ALCX EA DLCTB 9=
m`ioudm`j alcr, aulo irlctmvl lxprlssme`. Irlctmvl cpprecibls te jrmla werg fcy fldmctl iuoturco
`erfs c`d cssmj` flc`m`j te oess (Fcttm`joy, 3==2). Iefhm`m`j irlctmvl c`d sibeocrsbmp wergs
ic` aurtblr ioesl tbl jcp hltwll` tblery c`d prcxms (Ie`qulrjeed, 8>>8)7 Ibvcstc (8>>>:)
rljcrdld blrsloa cs c icrrmlr ea blr jrlct jrc`dfetblrs plraerfc`il. ^lrbcps suib
plraerfc`ils rloy e` tbl cudml`il te tcgl e` tbl stery ea tbl dlilcsld cs wloo. Zbl`
plraerfm`j oess, crl plepol e`oy icrrmlrs ea tbl stermls ea, er lfhedym`j tbl rmtucos aer, tbesl
wbe dmld, er dels tbl plraerfc`il dlovl dllplr5 Tblrcplutmicooy, plepol wbe plrilmvl
ie``litme`s c`d cssmj` flc`m`j te tblmr oess lxplrml`il olss c`jumsb evlr tmfl (Arc`g, 3==>=7 Fcttm`joy, 3==2). Cddmtme`cooy, crts-hcsld tblrcpy dels `et werg aer lvlrye`l (Mrwm ,
3==3), c`d tblrl lxmst omfmts te lxplitm`j rlslcrib te rlsuot m` tblrcpy (sll Ibcptlr
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Xu``m`j blcd; LR^OEXM@J ALCX EA DLCTB 4>
MMM; YIE^L C@D FLTBEDEOEJ]
Yiepl
Tbms study m`aerfs u`mvlrsco lxplrml`ils cs smtuctld m` tbl sloa; fertcomty c`d fertcomty
cwcrl`lss. Dlctb ms u`mvlrsco, c`d alcr ms c bufc` lfetme`. Tbus, jrmla werg fcm`tcm`s c ocrjl
siepl, c`d dlctb tlrrer rlfcm`s c iefpolx pbl`efl`e` te study (Aoermc` & Fmguom`ilr, 3==:c).
Xefc`ysby` (3===) iefpcrld feur`m`j te c sbmpwrlig olcdm`j te c oest jrmp e` tbl werod.
^lrse`s lxplrml`il alcr ea dlctb cs e`l wcy te rlspe`d te dlctb (Aoermc` & Fmguom`ilr, 3==:c7
Fmguom`ilr, Aoermc`, & Bmrsibhlrjlr, 8>>9). Jrmla ic` allo cs alcr (Olwms, 3=13). Lfetme`s
suib cs alcr aocj tbct wbmib e`l vcouls (^ujfmrl, 3==4). ^lepol lxplrml`il alcr ea dlctb m`
vcrym`j dljrlls cs c`tmimpctery dym`j, tlrrer ea tblmr ew` dlctb, er werry ea tbl dlctb ea c oevld
e`l. Tbms alcr ic` lxmst hlaerl, durm j, c`d, aer tbl survmvers, catlr dlctb eiiurs. Tbms study
sllgs te u`dlrstc`d suib c dy`cfmi c`d prepesls te amoo c jcp m` iurrl`t dlctb tlrrer studmls hy
usm`j c irlctmvl cpprecib, er studym`j tbl plraerfc`il `crrctmvls ea c hoej, pbetejrcpbs, c`d
pelfs tbct M irlctld durm`j tbl tmflarcfl ea Jrc`dfcs dlctb c`d eur acfmoys feur`m`j rmtucos.
Jrc`dfc dmld m` Kc`ucry 8>3>, tbl fe`tb tbct M hljc` cppomld rlslcrib iocss. Hy
Alhrucry, M bcd corlcdy irlctld tbl plraerfc`il tlxt e` fy hoej; pelfs tbct M wretl c`d
pbetejrcpbs tbct M irlctld durm`j blr am`co dym`j stcjls, tbl jrcvlsmdl slrvmil, c`d tbl omal
ilolhrctme` slrvmil, c`d tbl` slolitld tbesl te pest e` fy hoej Tlxt c`d ^mxlo Xlaolitme`s.
Mfpertc`toy, M prefetld tbms hoej vmc seimco `ltwergs c`d lfcmo te acfmoy c`d arml`ds, c`d tbl
hoej cooews puhomi ciilss aer c`ye`l e`om`l te rlcd. Tbms study lxpoerls bew M usld dmjmtco crt te
irlctl flc`m`j, te c`coyzl c`d m`tlrprlt, c`d te rl-prlsl`t fy lxplrml`il (Olcvy, 8>>=).
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Xu``m`j blcd; LR^OEXM@J ALCX EA DLCTB 43
Xlslcrib Cssufptme`s
Tbms study cssufls tbct cuteltb`ejrcpbmi mfprlssme`mstmi plraerfc`il `crrctmvl prevmdls
c` ltbmico rlslcrib strctljy aer studym`j l`d ea omal c`d alcr lxplrml`ils. Cuteltb`ejrcpbmi
`crrctmvl lxpoerls lfetme`s (Looms, 3==:) c`d mdl`tmty (Ieaaly, 3===) cs m`tlrtwm`ld wmtb bew
plepol u`dlrstc`d tblmr rloctme`sbmps c`d lxplrml`ils (Looms, 3===7 8>>47 Greb`, 8>>:). TFTs
lfpmrmico wergs iocssmamld alcr ea dlctb cs c fc`cjlfl`t fetma. Tbms study cssufls tbct
lxpoerm`j alcr ea dlctb m` l`d-ea-omal icrljmvm`j ie`tlxts rlqumrls dmcoejmi sl`smhmomtmls,
ieffu`mictme` ie`amrfctme`, plraerfc`il `crrctmvl ltbes, c`d c beomstmi cpprecib. Dmcoejul
prevmdls c rmib ltbmi ea icrl aer plraerfm`j irlctmvmty c`d flc`m`j m` erdlr te rlspe`d te
plepols suaalrm`j (Hcglr Ebolr, 8>>2), te hl prlsl`t, c`d te mfpcrt bepl (Bydl, 8>>4). Dmcoejmi
ltbes m` rlslcrib flc`s tbct M stcy wmtb tbl preilss c`d tlxt c`d sll mt tbreujb. Mfprlssme`mstmi
cuteltb`ejrcpby m`ioudls etblr vemils m` tbl tlxt, cohlmt stmoo amotlrld tbreujb tbl rlslcriblr vmc
tbl wrmtm`j (Ibcsl, 3==1). Dmjmtco plraerfc`il `crrctmvls sbew rlarcfm`j, ie`tm`umty, c`d
prevmdl c fldmctld spcil te u`dlrstc`d bew M plraerfld alcrs c`d oess te fy puhomi wmtbeut
`lldm`j te hl pbysmicooy prlsl`t. M cose rlalr te dmcoejul wbl` cudml`il m`tlrcits wmtb tbl hoej
ie`iurrm`j wmtb Ibvcstc (8>>9), wbe sujjlstld tbct c plraerfc`il eiiurs c`y tmfl c plrse`
m`tlrcits wmtb c tlxt. Tbms m`tlrcitmvmty, tbl cudme, pbetejrcpbs, c`d pelfs ea c`d hy etblr
plepol iefhm`ld wmtb fy pbetejrcpbs, pelfs, c`d hoej fcgl tbms study mfprlssme`mstmi.
Ymj`mamic`t te tbms study, plepol fust pcrtmimpctl m` hetb tbl rmtuco c`d tbl suaalrm`j tbct mt
prlioudls aer rmtuco te hl laalitmvl (Xussloo, 8>>4). Mre`micooy, suaalrm`js strl`jtb mfpomictls
pewlr m` seime- peomtmico c`d iuoturco `erfs cs suaalrm j m`vlrts bmlrcribmls. Xmtucos petl`tmcooy
blco tbesl suaalrm`j m` pcrt hy qulstme`m`j tbl pewlr struiturls tbct preduil er cfpomay suaalrm`j
(Xussloo), rlseu`dm`j c dmcoejmi ltbmi te stcy wmtb plepol m` suaalrm`j (Bydl, 8>>4) c`d te be`er
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Xu``m`j blcd; LR^OEXM@J ALCX EA DLCTB 48
lcib plrse`s vemil te ie`are`t tbl wcys tbct iuoturl c`d seimlty epprlss plepol (Arlmrl, 3=:>).
Blrl, iefpcssme` iefls wmtb l`jcjm`j suaalrm`j. Iefpcssme` cs c pcrtmimpctery ibemil
m`veovls ferl tbc` c g`ll-klrg lfetme`co rlspe`sl te polcsurl er pcm` (Xussloo, 8>>4).
^lraerfm`j suaalrm`j hy pcrtmimpctm`j wmtb rmtuco ie`trmhutls te ieffu`mty cs plepol suppert
lcib etblr tbreujb sbcrm`j trcdmtme`s c`d suaalrm`j (Xussloo). Tbms studys cpprecib auooy
pcrtmimpctls wmtb seime-iuoturco `erfs aer feur`m`j rmtucos c`d rlarcfls c`d dlsmj`s mts ew`
feur`m`j rmtuco vmc tbl plraerfc`il m` tbl hoej.
M` cddmtme` te pcrtmimpctm`j wmtb rmtuco, tbms study cssufls mt c beomstmi strctljy te
u`dlrstc`d tbl wcys tbct tbl rbltermis m`aerf bew c`d wby plepol cssmj` flc`m`j te oess, c
preilss tbct mfpcits plepols lxplrml`ils c`d dlimsme`s. Tbus, plraerfc`il cs beomstmi cose
fust icrry peomtmico ioeut cssufm`j tbct tbl sloa cs seimco cose fust hl iuoturco c`d peomtmico te hl
wbeol. Alr`c`dlz (3=21) ie`smdlrld wbeol`lss m` rloctme` te ieffu`mtmls wbe m`tlrcit wmtb
tlxts, c`d dlam`ld lxplrml`il cs tbl locherctloy cibmlvld m` c` crjufl`t ea mfcjls (p. 3:=).
Tbms m`tlrcitmvmty ie`stmtutls tbl hoejs imvmi l`jcjlfl`t. C beomstmi cpprecib te rlslcrib
m`veovls hrmdjm`j tbl crt-siml`il dmvmdl (Olcvy, 8>>=) hy u`dlrstc`dm`j tbl wcys tbct c`y
rlslcrib tlxt slrvls cs c rbltermi, er c syfheo tbct m`aoul`ils tbl wcys plepol u`dlrstc`d
g`ewoldjl c`d cssmj` flc`m`j te am`dm`js (Bu`tlr, 3===). Tbms ie`ilpt rloctls te rbltermico
olcdlrsbmp (Eose`, 8>>1), wblrl tbms study cssufls mt `lilsscry te ciqumrl rbltermico
u`dlrstc`dm`j m` coo rlslcrib cssufm`j tbct lvl` tbl fltbed prevmdls c tlxt.
Drcwm`j ioeslr, plepols lxplrml`ils iecolsil cs c wbeol, c`d de `et lxmst m` tmdy
iefpcrtfl`ts. Icrose` (8>>9) sujjlstld plraerfc`il studmls tcgl e` c beomstmi vmlw ea
plraerfc`il hy `e oe`jlr slpcrctm`j tbl plraerflr aref tbl cudml`il, tbl plraerflr aref tbl
plraerfld, c`d tbl m`dmvmduco aref tbl plraerflr. ^lraerfc`il c`d sterytloom`j prevmdls c`
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Xu``m`j blcd; LR^OEXM@J ALCX EA DLCTB 49
cpprecib tbct fcgls tbl `crrcter c`d rlslcriblr cose tbl cudml`il. Yterytloom`j hliefls tbl smtl
ea m`tlrcitme` c`d blops c tlxt te trc`smtme` aref c` M te c Zl fm`dslt (^ltlrse` &
Oc`jloomlr, 8>>1). Lvl` tloom`j stermls m` c acfmoy ie`stmtutls plraerfc`il (^eoocig, 3==>). Tbms
fm`dslt mfpcrts seimco mdl`tmty c`d cjl`iy (Oc`jloomlr & ^ltlrse`, 8>>47 ^ltlrse` & Oc`jloomlr,
8>>1), wbmib cjcm` om`gs beomsf wmtb seime- iuoturco c`d peomtmico citme`. Trcdmtme`co
cuteltb`ejrcpby vmc fy rlaolitme`s c`d dmsiussme`s ea am`dm`js (sll Ibcptlrs 4 c`d >9). Aer sefl, tbl wrmtm j preilss blcos tbl rupturl tbct tbl
sloa c`d acfmomls lxplrml`il m` oess (^lcril, 8>>2). Yterytloom`j prevmdls c wcy te jmvl tbl
hlrlcvld c sl`sl ea ie``litme` wmtb tbl dlilcsld c`d c` eppertu`mty te lxplrml`il u`mamld slovls
c`d rloctme`sbmps (Hestmiie & Tbefpse`, 8>>). Blcom`j `crrctmvls om`g allom js te lvl`ts c`d
rlvlco m`smjbts aref pcm`auo lxplrml`ils (DlYcove, 3===). Zrmtm`j lfpewlrs plrse`s wmtb
cjl`iy te u`dlrstc`d oess wbl` e`l fmjbt etblrwmsl allo eut ea ie`treo, tbus rlduim`j dlctb
c`xmlty (Hestmiie & Tbefpse`, 8>>3>c). Yuib rlslcrib bcr`lssls tbl pewlr ea
sterytloom`j te fetmvctl etblrs te seimco ibc`jl, cwcrl`lss, c`d bepl (Dl``m`j, 8>>>9c7 8>>9h7 FiCdcfs, 3==97 FiGll, 8>>9, Ku`l). Cjcm`, beomsf `lilssmtctls c seime-
iuoturco c`d peomtmico sloa. ^emj`c`toy, Bewcrtb c`d Bm`ibiomaal (8>>:) dlsirmhld irlctmvl
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Xu``m`j blcd; LR^OEXM@J ALCX EA DLCTB 44
lxprlssme`s pewlr cs splcgm`j te oevld e`ls aref tbl jrcvl. Fcm`oy, `crrctmvl prevmdls c`
ciilssmhol wcy aer rlcdlrs te m`tlrcit c`d u`dlrstc`d sl`smtmvl c`d dmsturhm`j omal mssuls (Olcvy,
8>>=), suib cs alcr ea dlctb c`d oess.
Fltbedeoejy
^lraerfc`il `crrctmvl rl-prlsl`ts c`d rlarcfls lxplrml`il m` clstbltmi aerf (^lomcs &
Qc`Eestm`j, 3=2:). Tbms study ocylrs fuotmpol `crrctmvls te mfprevl irldmhmomty hy prlvl`tm`j c`
evlr-rlomc`il e` e`l `crrctmvl seuril. Dmjmtco stermls m`ioudl vmsuco `crrctmvls tbct sy`tblsmzl
mfcjls, vmdle, c`d cudme rlierdm`js ea pbetejrcpbs, fusmi, c`d tlxt. YllCppl`dmx Iaer tbl auoo
tlxt ea tbl hoej usld aer tbms study.
Tbms study usls trcdmtme`co c`d mfprlssme`mstmi cuteltb`ejrcpby plraerfc`il `crrctmvls
te pcrtmimpctl auooy wmtb alcr lxplrml`ils m` oess vmc dmjmtmzld plraerfc`il crt cs pestld e` c
hoej, wbmib preduils pbetejrcpbs c`d pelfs wrmttl` durm`j tbms studys tmflarcfl (sll
^reildurl slitme`). Tbms study prepesls te amoo c jcp m` dlctb tlrrer rlslcrib hy sllm`j ma
cuteltb`ejrcpbmi `crrctmvl prevmdls eppertu`mtmls te hl`lamt ieffu`mictme` c`d rlarcfl alcr m`
l`d-ea-omal c`d se dmsievlr tblrcplutmi m`tlrvl`tme`s aer plrse`s strujjom`j wmtb alcr c`d/er oess.
Cuteltb`ejrcpbmi `crrctmvl cooews rlslcriblrs c`d rlcdlrs te lxpoerl stermls,
lxplrml`ils, lpmpbc`mls, c`d ie`tlxts (Irlswloo, 8>>:). ^rlsl`toy, cuteltb`ejrcpbmi rlslcrib
lxmsts m twe jl`rls (Olcvy, 8>>=); trcdmtme`co c`d mfprlssme`mstmi. Trcdmtme`co
cuteltb`ejrcpbmi `crrctmvl hljm`s wmtb tbl rlslcriblr sbcrm`j plrse`co lxplrml`il c`d tbl`
rloctm`j tbl `crrctmvl te tbl rlslcrib. Trcdmtme`co cuteltb`ejrcpby m`veovls wrmtm`j ie`iousme`s
c`d `crrctmvl tbct trc`smtme` aref amlod tlxt te rlslcrib tlxt (Ioc`dm`m` & Ie``looy, 8>>>).
Mfprlssme`mstmi cuteltb`ejrcpby, c` lflrjl`t fuotmfedco fltbed, usls cute- c`d ltb`e- jrcpbmi
rlslcrib cheut etblrs c`d tbl sloa. Lmtblr fltbed cpplcos te rlslcriblrs cs wrmtlrs hlicusl tbly
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Xu``m`j blcd; LR^OEXM@J ALCX EA DLCTB 4>=), tbeujb mfprlssme`mstmi
cuteltb`ejrcpby fcy dlam`l cuteltb`ejrcpby ferl ciiurctloy. Zbmol tbl tlrf ieffe`oy
rlalrs te tbl sloa m` iuoturl (Jrhmib, 8>>:), cuteltb`ejrcpby smj`mamls c` m``lr-eutlr c`d eutlr-
m``lr syfheomi c`d seimco preilss cs lfhlddld m` ie`tlxt, er tbl sloa m` seime- iuoturco c`d
peomtmico c`dtbl seime- iuoturco c`d peomtmico m` tbl sloa, bmjbomjbtm`j wbct Xlld-Dc`cbcy (3==:)
icoold c hourrld jl`rl c`d vemil.
Tbms study lfpoeys mfprlssme`mstmi cuteltb`ejrcpbmi `crrctmvls jmvl` tbl mfcjls,
ieffl`ts, lfhlddld om`gs, Jrc`dfcs pelf, c`d cudme amols tbct M slolitld te pest e` tbl hoej.
Tblsl tlxts m`ioudl etblr plepol cs arcfld, er fldmctmzld, tbreujb fy preduitme` preilss.
Zbmol M irlctld fest ea tbl pbetejrcpbs, M m`ioudl pbetejrcpbs tbct etblrs teeg, suib cs tbl
iocssmi mfcjls c`d tbl e`ls ea fl wmtb Jrc`dfc, wbmib fy bushc`d usucooy pbetejrcpbld. M`
coo pbetejrcpbmi icsls M pest-preduild tbl mfcjls wmtb ^betesbep Omjbtreef, wbmib rlarcfld
tbl mfcjls vmc fy slolitme`s aer ireppm`j, ieoer, c`d lxpesurl. Tbus, mfprlssme`mstmi rlalrs te
etblrs irlctm`j tbl ie`tl`t wmtb fl, tbeujb M rlfcm` tbl prmfcry `crrcter. Tbms study usls
trcdmtme`cocuteltb`ejrcpby hy m`ioudm`j fy sloa `crrctmvl cs tbl scfpol ea study c`d fy
rlaolitme`s e` wbct M bcvl olcr`ld cs pcrt ea tbl dmsiussme` ea am`dm`js (sll Ibcptlrs 4 c`d >:7 Xejlrs, 3=2=7 3==4). Tbl plraerfc`il iefls cheut dul te
clstbltmi m`tl`t c`d mdl`tmty; M irlctld tlxt c`d pmxlos e` tbl hoej, er tbl clstbltmi tlxt, wmtb tbl
m`tl`t te sbcrl fy lxplrml`il te c` cudml`il c`d te acsbme` fy ew` feur`m`j rmtuco.
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Xu``m`j blcd; LR^OEXM@J ALCX EA DLCTB 41
Cuteltb`ejrcpbmi Mfplrctmvls
Cuteltb`ejrcpbmi rlslcrib prevmdls c wcy te u`dlrstc`d tbl m`-hltwll` preilssls, suib
cs bufc` plrilptme` c`d ltbes, wbmib m`aoul`il g`ewoldjl c`d lxplrml`il;
Cotbeujb rmsgs crl tcgl` hy c`y rlslcriblr usm`j c plrse`co lxplrml`il cpprecib suib cs
cuteltb`ejrcpby, tblrl ms c pocil m` sibeocrsbmp aer sbm`m`j tbl omjbt ea rlslcrib wblrl
e`l stc`ds aer cttlfptm`j te g`ew e`ls ew` lxplrml`il c`d sbcrm`j tbct g`ewoldjl. Cs
qucomtctmvl rlslcriblrs, wmoom`j te ie`alss tbct rlcomty ms hcsld e` plrilptme`, wby sbeuod
wl `et lxcfm`l ferl auooy wbct ie`stmtutls eur plrilptme`s5 (]crdoly, 8>>1, p. 38)
Dl`zm` (8>>1) wl`t se acr cs te sujjlst tbct cuteltb`ejrcpbmi `crrctmvl ms tbl e`oy ltbmico
cpprecib te usl m` rlslcrib (cs imtld m` Flom`c, 8>>2, p. 313). Cuteltb`ejrcpby cssufls tbct tbl
rlslcriblr fust drcw `lcr te c rlslcrib pbl`efl`e`, rlse`ctm`j wmtb Blsbusmus (3==4), wbe
sujjlstld rlslcrib sbmat aref c` ehklitmvl stc`il te c pcrtmimpctery fm`dslt. ^lraerfc`il
cuteltb`ejrcpby rlqumrls tbl rlslcriblr te pcrtmimpctl wmtb tbl seimco drcfc tbct sbl er bl
studmls. Aer tbms study, tbms ltbes flc`s pcrtmimpctm`j wmtb rmtuco c`d suaalrm`j (Xussloo, 8>>4).
Aer m`stc`il, @lose`-Hliglr (8>>1) teeg plrse`co m`tlrlst m` blr werg cs c pcrtmimpctery
rlslcriblr hy cspmrm`j te aestlr c` l`vmre`fl`t tbct `urturld blr pcrtmimpc`ts wloo-hlm`j tbreujb
omstl`m`j c`d hlm`j auooy prlsl`t vmc c beomstmi cpprecib. @lose`-Hliglrs am`dm`js lolvctld blr
rlslcrib reol cs c futuco pcrtmimpc`t m` tbl l`d ea omal lxplrml`il tbct sbl studmld.
Cuteltb`ejrcpby prepesls te icrry c icrljmvm`j au`itme` (Heib`lr & Looms, 8>>1, p.
333). ^lpplr c`d Zmody (8>>=) c`d Looms (8>>4) dlsirmhld `crrctmvls cs c beomstmi rlslcrib
strctljy te icrl aer plepols wloo-hlm`j. ^lomcs (8>>4) ie`tl`dld tbct c beomstmi lfpbcsms (wbmib
bl icoold rlse`c`il) iefprmsls cuteltb`ejrcpbmi wrmtm js purpesl. Tbl cuteltb`ejrcpbmi
ie`ilpt ea sloa cs wmt`lss (Olcvy, 8>>=) fctibls tbl dmcoejmi ltbmi te hl tbms ferco wmt`lss (sll
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Xu``m`j blcd; LR^OEXM@J ALCX EA DLCTB 4:
Bculrwcs & Qc`mlr, 8>>27 Oeudmy, 8>>2) c`d cooews rlcdlrs te mdl`tmay wmtb tbl `crrcter
(Dl``m`j, 8>>>=). Tbms mfplrctmvl te icrl aer c`d te wmt`lss plepol m` oess rlfm`ds
fl te u`dlrstc`d fy alcrs hlaerl suaalrm`j wmtb etblrs te blop tblf te de tbl scfl.
Ie`trcry te hlm`j sloa-m`duojl`t, cuteltb`ejrcpbmi rlslcrib fevls hlye`d tbl omal stery
te cig`ewoldjl ie`tlxt cs il`trco (Ieol, 3==8) hy cssufm`j tbct rlslcrib eiiurs m` c bmstermico
fefl`t wmtb etblrs tbreujb tbl lfhedmld, fldmctld, c`d seime- iuoturco c`d peomtmico sloa.
Tbus, cuteltb`ejrcpbmi mfplrctmvls m`ioudl vuo`lrchmomty (Looms, 3===), er lxpesm`j tbl sloa wbe
cose splitctls aer c seimco purpesl (Hlbcr, 3==1, p. 34). Aer Hlbcr, suib vuo`lrchmomty plrsucdls
tbl rlslcriblr te plraerf cuteltb`ejrcpbmi `crrctmvl te kufp m`te c` m`tmfciy ea slrmeus seimco
mssuls (p. 34) wmtbeut chusm`j tblmr ie`siml`il, ie`jrul`il, er pewlr m` dem j se. M` tbms wcy,
cuteltb`ejrcpby ie`are`ts iuoturco `erfs tbct kudjl plepols veicomzld jrmla c`d lfetme` werg
cs sloa-m`duojl`t c`d se arlls plepol te vemil tblmr lxplrml`ils m` c seimlty tbct smol`ils dlctb
`crrctmvls (sll Hestmiie & Tbefpse`, 8>>8) hy lflrjm`j `lw e`ls (Olcvy, 8>>=). Jl`lrcooy
splcgm`j, rlslcriblrs c`d wrmtlrs werg c duco reol cs ie`tl`t irlcters c`d cudml`il (^.
Tcgcyesbm, plrse`co ieffu`mictme`, Eitehlr 3, 8>3>), cddm`j tbl ibcool`jl c`d hl`lamt ea
fuotmpolMs; `crrcter (Loomett, 8>>>>). M` icrljmvm`j, cuteltb`ejrcpblrs
werg cs c icrlr (Goujfc`, 8>>2), m` acfmoy sterytloom`j, tbl reol ea c rloctmvl (sll Oc`jloomlr &
^ltlrse`, 8>>4), c`d m` cicdlfmc, tbl reol ea rlslcriblrs (Heib`lr, 3==:7 Beppls, 8>>
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Xu``m`j blcd; LR^OEXM@J ALCX EA DLCTB 42
Cuteltb`ejrcpbmi ^lraerfc`il @crrctmvl m` L`d-Ea-Omal Icrl Jmvm`j Ie`tlxts
M` sl`smtmvl omal smtuctme`s suib cs l`d ea omal, cuteltb`ejrcpbmi plraerfc`il `crrctmvl
be`ers plepols lfetme`s c`d lxplrml`il. Te ciiefpomsb tbms alct, cuteltb`ejrcpbmi rlslcriblrs
`lld am`l-tu`ld sl`smtmvmty c`d te citucooy lxplrml`il tblmr slrmeus suhklit fcttlr. Looms c`d
Heib`lr (3===) rlieffl`dld hrm`jm`j plrse`co `crrctmvls c`d lfetme` cs rlslcrib fltbeds
m`te fldmico seimco siml`il. Dmigse`-Ywmat, Kcfls, Gmppl`, c`d Omcfputte`j (8>>=) aeu`d
tblerltmico c`d lfpmrmico suppert tbct puhomi blcotb rlslcriblrs dmd lfetme` werg m` tblmr
qucomtctmvl rlslcrib. Ma qucomtctmvl rlslcriblrs corlcdy de lfetme` werg (Dmigse`, lt. co, 8>>=),
c`d ma lfetme`s prevmdl c amotlr er arcflwerg aer g`ewm`j (Icrly, 3===7 ^ujfmrl, 3==4), tbl`
cuteltb`ejrcpby prevmdls c flc`s te hrm`j lfetme`s te tbl aerljreu`d.
Cuteltb`ejrcpbmi `crrctmvl `llds preilssls tbct l`ieurcjl futuco icrm`j (Dl`zm`, 3==:7
@eddm`js, 3=24), trust humodm`j (Looms, 8>>4), c`d lvl` arml`dsbmp (Tmoofc``-Blcoy, 8>>9).
Tbus, tbms fltbed bllds tbl dmcoejmi ltbmi te rlspe`d te suaalrm`j plrse`s (Hcglr Ebolr, 8>>47
Bydl, 8>>4). @crrctm`j tbl lvl`t m` tlxt c`d plraerfm`j tbl lxplrml`il syfheomzls tbms ltbes.
Ie`struitm`j suib `crrctmvls rlqumrls c plrse` te mdl`tmay tbl smj`mamic`t evlr tbl trmvmco (^lpplr
& Zmody, 8>>=), c prcitmil tbct tlcibls tbl rlslcriblr bew te omvl hy am`dm`j flc`m`j m`
cdvlrsmty (Heib`lr & Looms, 8>>1). M` l`d-ea-omal icrljmvm`j, `crrctmvls cooew icrlrs te mdl`tmay
dmvmdld crlcs m` tblmr omvls c`d te lfpewlr tblfslovls (Ke`ls, 8>>3) tbreujb lxlrimsls m`
rljcm`m`j tblmr plrse`co spcil, cute`efy c`d sl`sl ea mdl`tmty (p. 3:=).
Cuteltb`ejrcpby cose blops plepol te blco c`d jrew. Cuteltb`ejrcpbmi `crrctmvls aestlr
jrewtb m` pcrt hy dmsruptm`j seimco `erfs c`d sujjlstm`j `lw c`d dmaalrl`t wcys te cpprecib
seimco preholfs (sll Dl`zm`, 3==:). Aer m`stc`il, Heib`lr (3==:), m` bms cuteltb`ejrcpby, scmd
tbct bms actblrs dlctb old bmf te ie`are`t tbl dmvmdl hltwll` bms cicdlfmi c`d plrse`co omal.
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Xu``m`j blcd; LR^OEXM@J ALCX EA DLCTB 4=
^lcril (8>>2) lxplrml`ild tbl wrmtm`j preilss cs blcom`j blr c`d etblrs rupturld mdl`tmty durm`j
blr fetblrs ibre`mi moo`lss c`d dlctb wbmol sbl c`d blr smstlr icrld aer blr fetblr.
Ie`struitm`j c `crrctmvl ea fy omal c`d ea fy acfmoys omal l`chold fl te iocmf fy omal (p.
34>>), er bew M plraerfld alcrs ea dlctb m` dmjmtcooy fldmctld `crrctmvls wbl`
icrm`j aer Jrc`dfc, fy sloa, c`d etblrs m` blr l`d-ea-omal c`d feur`m`j rmtucos. M ie`smdlr bew
tbms olcr`m`j preilss sbcpld fy u`dlrstc`dm`j ea fy mdl`tmty, fy blcom`j, c`d fy omal ieursl.
^reildurl
]ugo (8>>1) rlieffl`dld m`tlrprltmvl rlslcrib trmc`juoctl mts cpprecibls te l`bc`il
irldmhmomty. Zbmol tbms study fcy `et dmrlitoy ie`stmtutl c fmxld fltbeds cpprecib, M sujjlst
usm`j fuotmpol `crrctmvl scfpols, tblerltmico arcflwergs, c`d ltbmico cssufptme`s te iblig c`d
hcoc`il c`d hlttlr cddrlss tbl mdmesy`ircsmls c`d vcrmltmls ea tbl tepmi m` qulstme`. M ie`duit fy
rlslcrib vmc tbrll qucomtctmvl cpprecibls; cuteltb`ejrcpby (Hlbcr, 3==17 Heib`lr & Looms,
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Xu``m`j blcd; LR^OEXM@J ALCX EA DLCTB
8>>>7 8>>17 Irlswloo, 8>>:7 Looms, 3==17 3==:7 3===7 8>>47 8>>2), rbltermico irmtmimsf (Aess,
8>>=7 Qcrcooe, 8>>=), c`d plraerfc`il `crrctmvl c`coysms (Ioc`dm`m` & Ie``looy, 8>>>7 Dl`zm`,
8>>9c7 8>>9h7 Fcttm`joy, 3==27 ^bloc`, 3==97 ^eogm`jber`l, 3=227 Xmlssfc`, 3==97 8>>:).
Xlslcrib Sulstme`s
Tbms study lxpoerls bew mfprlssme`mstmi cuteltb`ejrcpbmi plraerfc`il `crrctmvl cs c
dmjmtco tlxt mooufm ls alcr ea dlctb m` l`d-ea-omal icrl-jmvm`j ie`tlxts. Tbms study csgs twe (8)
qulstme`s; (XS 3) Zbct dels tbl plraerfc`il tlxt rlvlco cheut fy alcrs c`d oess lxplrml`il5
c`d (XS 8) Zbct dmd tbl preduitme` preilss rlvlco cheut bew M wergld tbreujb tbesl alcrs
hlaerl c`d catlr Jrc`dfcs dlctb5
Ytudy Tmflom`l
M aeius tbms tmfl-hcsld study e` `crrctmvls M plraerfld e` fy hoej aref Kc`ucry 8>,
8>3> te Fcrib 38, 8>3>. M drcw e` c pest dctld @evlfhlr 31, 8>3> te jumdl fy rlaolitme`s m`
Ibcptlr >1, plrse`co
ieffu`mictme`, cs imtld m` Flom`c, 8>>2, p. 313). Tbus, M rlalr te dctc cs `crrctmvl seurils,
er tbl pelfs c`d pbetejrcpbs tbct plraerf e` tbl hoej stcjl. Tblsl `crrctmvl seurils cspest
sirmptuf study fy cutbl`tmi lfetme`co c`d seime-iuoturco lxplrml`ils cs smtuctld m` tbl tmflom`l
ea Jrc`dfcs l`d-ea-omal c`d eur acfmoys feur`m`j rmtucos.
^elfs.
M slolitld pelfs cs c purpesmvl scfpol cs M wretl tblf cheut fy lxplrml`ils wmtb
Jrc`dfcs dlctb durm`j blr dlctb rmtucos c`d tbl` pestld e` Tlxt c`d ^mxlo Xlaolitme`s ochlold
7/29/2019 Dena Rosko | Master's Thesis
51/302
Xu``m`j blcd; LR^OEXM@J ALCX EA DLCTB >9). ^elfs iefprmsl citme` rlslcrib c`d ic` m`irlcsl lfpctbltmi u`dlrstc`dm`j hy
ieffu`mictm`j ierl `crrctmvls c`d stre`j lfetme`s c`d hy tlcibm`j tbreujb tbl pewlr ea
oc`jucjl (Olcvy, 8>>=). ^eltrys mfcjlry c`d suiim`it`lss cooew plepol te lxprlss tbeujbts,
allom`js, c`d lxplrml`ils (Heote`, 8>>=). Zrmtm`j pelfs rlspe`ds te tbl cuteltb`ejrcpbmi ltbmi
cs tbl rlslcriblr m`qumrls e` tbl herdlroc`d; wmtbm`, wmtbeut, c`d lvl` hliefm`j wmtb tbl
pcrtmimpc`ts (Dl`zm` & Om`ieo`, 3==2). ^elfs prevmdl c` clstbltmi, lfpctbltmi, c`d `e`-
trcdmtme`co rl-prlsl`tctme` (Olcvy, 8>>=). ^elfs iefplo, iocrmay, c`d l`jcjl tbreujb c`
lie`efy ea werds te sbcrl c`d u`dlrstc`d c` lxplrml`il (Olcvy).
Mfpertc`toy, peltry prlsl`ts tbl bufc` drcfc ea wbct fmjbt hl (Crmstetol,^eltmis, cs
imtld m` ^mmrte, 8>>8h, p. 49>:). Irlctmvl wrmtlrs werg cs ferco ibc`jl cjl`ts wbe pourcomzl m`stlcd ea ictljermzl vemils
(Tmlr`ly, 8>>8). ^eltry, tbl`, rlqumrls rlslcriblrs te l`jcjl wmtb dlptb, seime- iuoturco c`d
peomtmico cwcrl`lss, c`d te rlspe`d hy l`vmsme`m`j tbl auturl wmtb mfcjm`ctme` c`d allom`j.
^betejrcpbs.
M slolitld pbetejrcpbs cs c purpesmvl scfpol. Tbl pbetejrcpbs ievlr tbrll lvl`ts m`
tbrll dmaalrl`t oeictme`s; Jrc`dfcs hmeoejmico dym`j preilss ct Tcohet Il`tlr aer Xlbchmomtctme`
c`d Blcotbicrl m` Xl`te`, Zcsb., Jrc`dfcs jrcvlsmdl slrvmil ct Tcbefc @ctme`co Ilfltlry m`
Gl`t, Zcsb., c`d tbl acfmoys Omal Ilolhrctme` Ylrvmil aer Jrc`dfc ct Yeutb Il`tlr
Ieffu`mty Hcptmst Iburib m` Tugwmoc, Zcsb. M pestld tblsl pbetejrcpbs wmtb icptme`s cs
m`treduim`j tbl pelfs e` Tlxt c`d ^mxlo Xlaolitme`s c`d ochlold tbl pests Xlflfhrc`il.
7/29/2019 Dena Rosko | Master's Thesis
52/302
Xu``m`j blcd; LR^OEXM@J ALCX EA DLCTB >1). Tbeujb ^bloc` (3==9)
crjuld tbct pbetejrcpbs rlpreduil c`d de `et plraerf, pbetejrcpbs iefpesl c plraerfc`il
jl`rl (Beof, 8>>2) flrmtm j c`coysms c`d irmtmqul. ^betejrcpbs werg wloo cs c prmfcry
`crrctmvl seuril (Hryfc`, 8>>2). Ma tbl wrmtm`j preilss aestlrs blcom`j (DlYcove, 3===), tbl`
dels tbl pbetejrcpbmi preduitme` preilss blco5 ^betejrcpbs slrvl peomtmico citme` hy
ie`are`tm`j tbl prmvmoljld reol tbct tlxt fcm`tcm`s m` rlslcrib (Heb`scig, 8>>2), c`d se
pbetejrcpbs l`ocrjl tbl pessmhmomtmls ea ie`vl`tme`co lfpmrmico rlslcrib (Bcrplr, 8>>8).
Mfpertc`t te tbms study, pbetejrcpbs lxpoerl dllplr sbcats m`te c dmaalrl`t pcrt ea bufc`
ie`simeus`lss tbc` de werds-coe`l m`tlrvmlws hlicusl pbetes icpturl tbl mfpessmhol; c plrse`
je`l7 c` lvl`t pcst (pp. 88-89). ^betejrcpbs rlarcfl fy lxplrml`ils, rloctme`sbmps, c`d
ie`tlxts m` dljrlls ea scirld c`d m`tmfctl.
Cddmtme`cooy, tbms study lxpoerls c iefpolx tepmi. ^ertrcmts pertrcy rmib c`d iefpolx
dltcmos m` c smfpol c`d l`jcjm`j wcy (Olcvy, 8>>=), plrbcps m` om`l wmtb Alr`c`dlz (3=21)
`etme` ea wbeol`lss cs smfpomaym`j tbl iefpolx. Cs vmsuco crt, pbetejrcpbs cose cddrlss mdl`tmty
mssuls c`d pewlr strujjols c`d rl-prlsl`t iuoturco, peomtmico, seimco, c`d erjc`mzctme`co csplits ea
mdl`tmty (Olcvy, 8>>=7 ^bloc`